Parts of Speech

NOUNS

Types of nouns: (list three to five words of each type) · Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or ideas. EX: Restaurant, Table, Plate. · Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). EX: Los Angeles, McDonald’s, Tommy. · Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. EX: haircut, basketball, rainfall. · Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. EX: music, flower, water. · Abstract Nouns: name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions, or attitudes. EX: brilliance, honor, humor.

Functions (How nouns are used):

Write one sentence for each function. · Subject (comes before the verb) Timmy ate a Cheeseburger at McDonald’s.

· Direct Object (comes after the verb and answers what or whom)

Timmy drove to the restaurant. · Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom) John gave a piece of his food to his friend.

PRONOUNS

Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established.

Personal:

Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects)

I/we me/us you/you you/you

He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them

Possessive

My, mine Your, yours His, her, hers, its, one’s

Relative:

Nominative

Possessive who whose

That of that our, ours your, yours their, theirs

Objective

whom

that

those/ this

Interrogative:

who, which, what, whatever, whoever

Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves)

Used only: when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction:

He bought himself food for breakfast, lunch and dinner.

to intensify a point:

The chef himself delivered the food to our table.

Demonstrative:

this, these that, those

Indefinite:

all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such.

VERBS

Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject.

Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses:

simple past past past perfect past progressive simple present present present perfect present progressive present perfect progressive future future perfect

Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) lexical verbs (main verbs) dynamic verbs (indicate action) stative verbs (describe a condition) finitive verbs (indicate tense) nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) regular verbs (weak verbs) irregular verbs (strong verbs) transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects)

Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. Active: The kids bought ice cream from the truck. (kids are the

subject)

Passive: The truck has brought the ice cream to the kids. (kids are the subject but treated as the object)

Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS)

Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun. · Chris loves trying new foods from around the country. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective · There is no drinking in the · The tired chef went home after a long day of work.

Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs · Jimmy loves to eat Mexican food.

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. · Kinds: Demonstrative, Common, Proper Demonstrative: This, That Common: Delicious Proper: American

ADVERBS

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. · Endings (Create one example related to your subject for each) Delightfully, outwards, unwise · Conversions (Show how three words related to your subject can become adverbs) Delightful becomes delightfully Quick becomes quickly Simple becomes simply

· Types: Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time

Example Types: (Create one example each related to your subject) Manner – John ate the burger quickly. Time – The waiter had to leave to work immediately. Place – Jason was willingly here cooking breakfast. Degree – Manny’s exceptionally good baking cannot be over-recognized. Frequency – The restaurant’s food is consistently pleasant to customers.

CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so

Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while

Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects)

PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositions and complex prepositions. These are some common one-word prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.

INTERJECTIONS

Interjections are the final part of speech.

Absolutely: To express certainty Aha: Exclaiming a great finding or revelation Ahoy: A greeting, particularly in a nautical context Anyhow: To move a conversation along, like "anyway" Behold: To draw attention to something Bingo: To express that something is correct Dang: Exclamation of disappointment

Doh: Popularized by Homer Simpson, used when something goes wrong Hallelujah: A happy expression, literally meaning "God be praised" Hmmm: Thinking or pondering about something Nah: A casual variant of the word "no" Oops: Used in the context of an accident Tut: To express annoyance, more common in British English, as in Winnie the Pooh Waa: Onomatopoeia for crying Woah: Utterance of amazement or surprise Yikes: Used to indicate shock or fear

Addition

Comparison

Contrast Transitions of Logic Chart

Milder

a further and and then then also too next another other nor further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last

just as ... so too a similar another... like similarly comparable in the same way likewise

but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely

Stronger

Time

Purpose

Place

Result

then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future

to do this so that to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this in order to

there here beyond nearby next to at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back

so and so then hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence

Example

Summary and Emphasis

that is specifically in particular for one thing for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in

in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly