Parts of Speech

NOUNS

Types of nouns: (list three to five words of each type) · Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or ideas. EX: Asylum, Witches, Cemetery · Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). EX: BriarCliff Manor, Hotel Cortez, Camp Redwood · Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. EX: antichrist, greenhouse, nightmare · Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. EX: cigarette, shawl, mask · Abstract Nouns: name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions, or attitudes. EX: compassion, hatred, sanity

Functions (How nouns are used):

Write one sentence for each function. · Subject (comes before the verb)

Elsa Mars sang at the show.

Direct Object (comes after the verb and answers what or whom)

Myrtle Snow asked Cordelia to burn her at the stake.

Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom)

Sister Jude gave a punishment to one of her patients.

PRONOUNS

Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established.

Personal:

Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects)

I/we me/us you/you you/you

He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them

Possessive My, mine our, ours Your, yours your, yours His, her, hers, its, one’s their, theirs

Relative:

Nominative who

That Objective whom that those/ this Possessive whose of that

Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves)

Used only: when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: He hates himself more than anyone She taught herself spells to intensify a point: The supreme herself revived Zoe from the dead Even though it was a hard show to put on she did it herself.

Demonstrative:

this, these that, those

Indefinite:

all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such.

VERBS

Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject. Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses: simple past past past perfect past progressive simple present present present perfect present progressive present perfect progressive future future perfect Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) lexical verbs (main verbs) dynamic verbs (indicate action) stative verbs (describe a condition) finitive verbs (indicate tense) nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) regular verbs (weak verbs) irregular verbs (strong verbs) transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects)

Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. Active: The cult members drank the kool aid. (cult members are the subject) Passive: The kool aid was brought to the cult members (cult members are the subject but treated as the object)

Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS)

Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun. · The reality show contestants on “My Roanoke Nightmare” were running in the woods. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective · There really are evil spirits in the haunted house. · Donna helped Brooke escape the heavily guarded prison facility Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs · Mr. March likes to murder people and play cards.

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. · Kinds: Demonstrative, Common, Proper (Give one example of each using words related to your subject) These corpses are rotting, Elsa Mars is a talented singer, The people who run the asylum are nuns and practice the Christian faith.

ADVERBS

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. · Endings (Create one example related to your subject for each) –ly, -wards, -wise · Conversions (Show how three words related to your subject can become adverbs – Example: “Educational” becomes “Educationally”) · Types: Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time

Example Types: (Create one example each related to your subject) Manner –Stevie played the piano beautifully. Time – Mallory will travel back in time to stop Michael, the antichrist, immediately. Place – John Lowe was willingly here at the hotel to stay overnight in rm.64. Degree – Bette and Dot’s exceptionally good performance can’t go unrecognized. Frequency – Certain spirits in the house rarely come out to play.

CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so

Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while

Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to non-living object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects)

PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositions and complex prepositions. These are some common one-word prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.

INTERJECTIONS

Interjections are the final part of speech. Find and copy/paste an alphabetical list of interjections here.

A – Ahh, ahoy, aha, ahem, alas, aw

B – Blah, brrr, bravo, bam, bingo, bleh, boo, boo-yah,

C – Cheers, congrats

D – Damn, darn, darnit, dang, duh

E – Eureka, eek, eh, eww

F – Fie, fiddlesticks

G –, gee, gee whiz, geez, golly, good grief, goodness, goodness gracious, gosh,

H – Hey, hmm, hooray, huh, hello, ha-ha, holy cow, hallelujah, holy smokes, hurray, huh?

K – Ka-ching,

O – oh, oh oh, oh dear, oh my, oh my God, oh well, ouch, oww, oops, oy,

P – Phooey, presto, please, pow, phew,

R – Rats

S – shoo, shh,

T – Tut-tut, thanks

U – Uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh, umm

V – Voila

W – Wham, whew, whoa, wow, whoops,

Addition

Comparison

Contrast

Time

a further and and then then also too next another other nor

just as ... so too a similar another... like

but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather

then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow

Stronger

further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last

similarly comparable in the same way likewise

however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely

meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future

Place

Result

there here beyond nearby next to

so and so then

Example

Summary and Emphasis

that is specifically in particular for one thing

in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this in order to

at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back

hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence

for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in

in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly