Parts of Speech

13. ( ) Parentheses (something to know but was not necessary to know)

14. / Slash (to that there is a choice)

Capitalization –

1. It came as a great shock to Leif to see Thorfinn alive and well. 2. Thorfinn was in shock as he watched his life ’ s work go all to waste.

NOUNS

Types of nouns: (list three to five words of each type)

· Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or ideas. EX: Vikings, town, tower, book, tree · Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). EX: England, Iceland, London Bridge · Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. EX: eyeball, drawbridge, footprint · Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. EX: Arrow, dagger, sword · Abstract Nouns: name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions, or attitudes. EX: slavery, hatred, freedom

Functions (How nouns are used):

Write one sentence for each function.

· Subject (comes before the verb) Thorfinn followed the group of vikings on their raids.

· Direct Object (comes after the verb and answers what or whom) Thorfinn kept asking Askeladd when he was going to be able to fight him.

· Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom) Askeladd threw him the sword without a second thought.

PRONOUNS

Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established.

Personal:

Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects)

I/we me/us you/you you/you

He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them

Possessive

My, mine

our, ours Your, yours your, yours His, her, hers, its, one ’ s their, theirs

Relative:

Nominative Objective who whom

whose That

that those/ this Possessive

of that

Interrogative:

who, which, what, whatever, whoever

Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves)

Used only: when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction:

to intensify a point:

Demonstrative:

this, these He taught himself how to fight in order to survive. He told himself to keep on fighting.

It was the king himself that came to the island

that, those

Indefinite:

all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such.

VERBS

Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject.

Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses:

simple past past past perfect past progressive simple present present present perfect present progressive present perfect progressive future future perfect

Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) lexical verbs (main verbs) dynamic verbs (indicate action) stative verbs (describe a condition) infinitive verbs (indicate tense) infinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) regular verbs (weak verbs) irregular verbs (strong verbs) transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects)

Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. Active: The vikings got ambushed on a Saturday. Passive: On Saturday there was an attack on the Vikings. (students are the subject but treated as the object)

Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS)

Gerund: word ending in “ing ” used as a noun. · Killing didn ’t bring him joy. Participle: word ending in “ing ” or “ ed” used as an adjective · The crying woman shocked him. · Leif talked to the bored children.. Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to ” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs

· Thorfinn liked to play with the other children.

CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so

Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while

Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to non living object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects)

PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositions and complex prepositions. These are some common one-word prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in

front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.

INTERJECTIONS

Interjections are the final part of speech. Find and copy/paste an alphabetical list of interjections here.

A – Ahh, ahoy, aha, ahem, alas, arrggh, aw B – Blah, brrr, bingo, bravo, bam, bazinga, bleh, boo, boo-yah, bah hambug C – Cheers, congrats, catching, cripes, crud D – Damn, darn, darnit, dang, drat, duh, dear, E – Eureka, eek, eh, er, encore, eww F – Fie, fiddlesticks G – Gak, gee, gee whiz, geez, gadzooks, golly, good grief, goodness, goodness gracious, gosh, gesundheit H – Hey, hmm, hooray, huh, hello, ha, ha-ha, holy cow, hallelujah, holy smokes, humph, hurray, hot dog, huh? K – Ka-ching, O – oh, oh oh, oh dear, oh my, oh my God, oh well, ouch, ow, oww, oops, oy, ooh-la-la, P – Phooey, presto, please, pshaw, pow, phew, pooh R – Rats, S – shoo, shh, shoop-shoop, T – Tut-tut, thanks, U – Uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh, um, umm V – Viva, voila W – Whammo, wham, whew, whoa, wow, whoops, Y – Yay, yeah, yikes, yippee, yes, yuck, yum, yo, yahoo, yummy Z – Zap

Addition

Comparison Transitions of Logic Chart

Milder

a further and and then then also too next another other nor further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last

just as ... so too a similar another... like similarly comparable in the same way likewise

Stronger

Contrast

Time

Purpose

but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely

then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future

to do this so that to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this in order to

Place

Result

Example

Summary and Emphasis

there here beyond nearby next to at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back

so and so then hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence

that is specifically in particular for one thing for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in

in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly