Brazilian Texas DECEMBER - 2014
THE MAGAZINE FOR BUSINESS - SOCIAL LIFE - NEWS - POLITICS
INDUCTION COOKING SYSTEM Induction
Gas
Electric
500ยบF 260ยบC
Ceramic Glass
Oven-Safe Dishwasher-Safe
Tramontina Introduces Induction Cooking in the U.S. Market HOUSTON, TEXAS
5865 Westheimer Rd., Houston, TX 77057 路
713.244.9500
www.chamagaucha.com
Who Produces Niobium and Where
In this issue
P:26
Brazil & World War II The Brazilian Expeditionary Force P:18
Ronaldinho Gaúcho
“Rock of Salt” P:11 Community Afro-Brazilian Descendents from the Historic Night in Houston, Texas for our Magazine. Quilombo of Pedra do Sal Ronaldinho, the Extraordinary, Spetacular, P: 22
Fantastic, Master and Genius of the Ball
Cláudio Teixeira Brazilian Person of the Month
Edir Jacheta Brazilian Nurse, Personality 2014
P:19
P:24
Brazil Independence Day Cocktail P:20
Valter Aleixo Personality of the World P:14
Rio Oil & Gas 2014 Round Ends with Expected Generation of R$164 million
3 Brazilian Texas Magazine 2014
Editorial Ten years Editorial Staff
The year 2014 is about to end, but the battle continues. Once again we will be struggling to bring to our readers the relevant information about the companies either Brazilian or American and the people behind them.
Editor-in-Chief Sergio Lima Foreign Correspondents Brazil Sergio Luis Sergio@braziliantexasmagazine.net Rio das Ostras, RJ Brazil
We pledge to continually improve the selection of our articles in order to make them useful and informative to the companies thinking about doing business in the US market as well as the already in operation. We also will continue to honor the outstanding professionals, and the great people of our Texan community rendering them the deserved recognition.
Leandro Lima Leandro@braziliantexasmagazine.net Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
As editor of the “Brazilian Texas Magazine“ I take the opportunity to express my appreciation to all our collaborators who work with us writing our articles, and also the financial support we have received from several Brazilian companies that, together, make our existence possible.
Mexico Jobell Lima Jobell@braziliantexasmagazine.net Guadalajara, Mexico
During the year of 2014, the “Brazilian Texas Magazine” introduced to the Texas business community, a very important company called Gerdau. This company has been in business for 112 years. It started as a small nail factory called “Ponta de Paris” in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Nowadays this company employs well over forty-five thousand people and operates in fourteen different countries in the three continents: Americas, Europe and Asia. Its factories have a combined capacity of production that exceeds twenty-five million metric tons of steel per year.
Editorial Board Joe Rondan Claudio Teixeira Mario A. Campos Bia Hamann
As we are about to celebrate Christmas, I express to all our readers, families, collaborators and sponsors my personal Season Greetings.
Sergio Lima
Conceição Sigman
Simone Gori
Associate Editor Valter Aleixo Contributing Editor Otto Fanini Cover Joe Rondan Photos Maria Lima Contact Email vidabrasil@hotmail.com sergio@braziliantexamagazine.net Phone: (832) 206 8419 Address 19335 Cypress Peak Ln. Katy,Tx-77449 Members of Brazilian Press International Association Phone: 954-548-5626 E-mail: info@abiinter.
As Brazil and the United States continue to expand their trading relations, Texas is playing an increasingly important role. Texas and Brazil share a solid identity in the oil and gas sector and the Brazil-‐Texas Chamber of Commerce (BRATECC) has been a beacon for companies of that industry. Throughout the last thirteen years of extensive development in the offshore upstream segment in the deep water wells of the Gulf of Mexico and the Campos Field and the Pre-‐Salt area, Bratecc has been providing a highly specialized forum for its members to uncover and seize valuable business opportunities. In the downstream sector, four petrochemical plants owned by Brazilian companies exemplify the degree of investments and commitment to Texas.
Brazil-‐Texas Chamber of Commerce| 10700 Richmond Ave., Suite 315 | Houston, Texas77042-‐4925 Phone: 713.454.7954 | Fax: 281.783.3696 | chamber@braziltexas.org
Tramontina Introduces Induction Cooking in the U.S. Market As a leading cookware manufacturer, Tramontina has long pioneered the production of a series of cookware lines manufactured to be induction compatible. Induction cooktops have been very popular in Asian and European countries for many years. As a global company, Tramontina designed its cookware to be compatible with all cooktops commonly found in the market, with the added feature of being induction compatible. This cooking technology is entering the home of U.S. consumers through many popular cooking shows, media advertising, internet sales and social media. New home builders are now offering the option of induction cooktops. Awareness of the benefits and practicality of induction cooktops has increased among U.S. consumers, and are driving a new sales trend for both induction cooktops and compatible cookware. However, some consumers are still becoming educated about the differences between conventional cooktops, in particular ceramic or vitro-ceramic cooktops vs. induction cooktops. While the two look very similar, the technology and functionality are quite different. The ceramic or vitro-ceramic cooktops are electric coil based and can be used with any type of cookware material, as long as the bottom of the pans are flat for good contact with the surface of the cooktop. Induction cooktops only work with cookware featuring a completely flat ferrous/magnetic bottom. This technology uses a high-frequency coil (below the cooktop’s smooth surface) to create a magnetic field which only heats the cooking vessel and food contents.
somewhat challenging for the average consumer to marry the correct cookware with an induction cooktop. In order to capture this new market trend, Tramontina USA, headquartered in Sugar Land, TX, is introducing its first of many induction cooking systems to the U.S. market. “We have the perfect cookware lines, made from the best materials, excellent quality and the most advanced manufacturing technology, suitable for any cooktops including induction,” said Antonio Galafassi, president and CEO of Tramontina USA, Inc. “It is natural for us to close the gap currently in the market and bring induction cooktops and induction ready cookware together as a system and provide a safe, practical, versatile and innovative way to cook.” Tramontina recently introduced a new 6 Pc. Induction Cooking System, which is available throughout the U.S. at all Sam’s Club locations and online at samsclub.com. The system is being promoted at a very compelling introductory retail price of $99.98 per set. The system includes:
8 in / 20 cm Sauté Pan Tri-Ply Base Induction-Ready
2 Qt / 1.9 L Covered Sauce Pan Tri-Ply Base Induction-Ready
4 Qt / 3.8 L Covered Dutch Oven Tri-Ply Base Induction-Ready Portable Induction Cooktop
Therefore, this technology requires a combination of an induction cooktop plus induction compatible cookware featuring a ferrous/magnetic bottom. The combination of these two elements makes an induction cooking system. Despite its commonality, cookware and cooktops are typically shopped and/or sold separately. As a result, it’s
The induction ready, premium tri-ply base 18/10 stainless steel cookware is dishwasher and oven safe and can also be used on any conventional cooktop. “This is just a teaser for other induction cooking systems that will be introduced in the near future,” said Galafassi. “Future systems under development include double burner hobs and full-size built in induction cooktops, which will always be sold as systems in combination with the induction ready cookware.”
How Induction Works
Induction cooktops use a high-frequency coil (below the cooktop’s smooth surface) to create a magnetic field which heats the cooking vessel and food contents. Tramontina cookware, with a ferrous/magnetic bottom, is constructed to effectively work with any commercial or household induction cooktop. Heat generation stops when the vessel is removed from the induction cooktop or when the cooktop is turned off. This is a new energy efficient way to cook.
Conventional cooktops using gas or electric energy sources combined with Tramontina cookware make a perfect combination for efficient cooking and lasting performance. The tri-ply base construction, with a thick aluminum core sandwiched between the stainless steel vessel and the magnetic stainless steel bottom, absorbs energy from the cooktop source and evenly distributes heat throughout the cooking vessel without hot spots. The combination of materials and vessel construction requires lower heat settings to perform most cooking tasks, thus contributing to more energy efficient cooking.
Benefits and Convenient Features of Induction Cooking Quick Energy is directly transferred from the induction cooktop to the vessel’s magnetic material, making induction heating very fast. Safe There is no open flame or red-hot coil to ignite fumes or flammable materials. Induction cooktop technology only heats the area that comes into contact with the magnetic cookware, leaving the unused portion of the element unheated. Cleaner Since most induction cooktops have a flat and smooth surface without grates or coils, it can easily be cleaned with a damp cloth or sponge.
Tramontina USA Based in Sugar Land, Tramontina USA, Inc. was founded in 1986 and is one of the largest corporate affiliates of the Tramontina Group from Brazil. The Sugar Land campus comprises four separate buildings with an area of more than 2 million square feet, hosting the U.S. corporate office, product and design center, finishing and assembly lines, warehousing and distribution. Tramontina also operates a factory in Manitowoc, Wisc., which produces aluminum cookware receiving the Made in USA stamp. The company currently employs a total of more than 900 people in its Sugar Land and Manitowoc facilities.
Cooler No ambient heat is created since all the heat is being generated in the pan itself. Energy Efficient Induction cooking is more energy efficient than gas or electric ranges, since the heat is going right into the pan, not dispersing within the environment. Control Precision heating controls allow specific temperature settings, which minimize burning or boil-overs.
Ronaldinho Gaúcho
Historic Night in Houston, for our Brazilian Texas Magazine and Vida Brasil Newspapers Sergio Lima and his young son Pedro proudly represented Texas’ Brazilian community in the Press Conference interview held in Houston, TX on Friday evening, November 14, 2014 with Ronaldinho Gaúcho, the famous Brazilian 2002 World Cup champion soccer player, and his brother Roberto Assis. Contrary to the unfriendly and unpopular behavior of many Brazilian artists and musicians that visit Houston, the two brothers provided an informative and friendly interview providing updates on his recent career developments and the warm hospitality he has received in Mexico.
Ronaldinho is playing now with Queretaro Futbol Club since the summer this year. Following the interview Ronaldinho Gaúcho mingled with local fans excited to enjoy his company and his jolly spirit marked by his perennial contagious and jovial smile. Ronaldinho’s compelling and everlasting smile is attractive and charming expressing his joy of life playing soccer what loves the most. As Ronaldinho was walking out of the interview, Sergio Lima and his son Pedro had a brief and unforgettable conversation with the player and posed for a photograph with the famous player.
8 Brazilian Texas Magazine 2014
Ronaldinho Gaúcho
The boy Pedro, who currently plays in Houston’s soccer league, and was overwhelmed and exclaimed with joy and fulfillment: “Daddy! Daddy! I touched Ronaldinho!”. Ronaldinho with his charisma, humbleness, simplicity and a special human touch provided Pedro the precious gift of a memorable moment and a professional inspiring example. The “Brazilian Texas Magazine” had the opportunity to perform an exclusive interview with the soccer player Ronaldinho Gaúcho in luxurious five-star hotel in Houston’s Galleria area. Two questions were asked to the famous player. We all know that you are a very well known world champion, who plays for the Brazilian National Team, and you have been considered twice by FIFA as the best player of the world and you have also played for different Teams in Europe and Brazil. Would you please tell us where the motivation to continue playing comes from?
Thanks to the initiative of Adolfo Rios, Queretaro Futbol Club’s president, Ronaldinho left Atletico MIneiro in July 2014 to join the Mexican team Queretaro. “I chose Mexico for the affection I always received here” said Ronaldinho. Curiously both soccer teams, Atletico Mineiro (Galo) and Queretaro (Galos Blancos), share the same fan nickname Galo. Ronaldinho came to Houston to participate in the soccer game Queretaro versus Santos Laguna held in the BBVA Compass Stadium at 5PM on November 16, 2014. This game had a special significance for Queretaro as the first international game in the team’s history. Dad and son, Sergio and Pedro, could not resist attending this special soccer game and therefore decisively headed to the stadium to cheer for Ronaldinho. Perhaps Ronaldino would score again a spectacular goal or, within his role as Queretaro’s midfielder, prepare a play leading to a goal serve.
He laughed and modestly observed “at last, someone asks me a question in Portuguese”, and replied: “Play soccer is the only thing that I know how to do. I love to play, and for as long as this love prevails, I will keep on playing.” Continuing the interview, we asked: You have played for the most important soccer clubs in the world, and have been successful in all of them, Is there a particular soccer club that has touched deeper your heart? Always laughing he answered: “I started my career at Grêmio de Porto Alegre in Southern Brazil when I was eight years old and remained playing for Gremio until I was 20. Since then I played for Barcelona, Milan, PSV, Flamengo, Atlético Mineiro and nowadays I am playing for Queretaro Futbol Club in Mexico.
Analyzing the game from the professional point of view, we also saw some great moves which reminded us how genius he has been during his long trajectory on the soccer fields throughout the world. We also saw the goalkeeper touching the ball more with his feet more often than the striker player. We cheered for a Ronaldinho goal score but it did not happened in this game. Ronaldinho in possession of the ball, attempted one of his famous dribbling plays, when an opposing player with an uncontrolled rage, hit Ronaldinho from his back with a dangerous and violent foul play. The referee immediately blew his whistle and issued the offending player a red card without hesitation. The offending player was sent off the field for a violent and unprovoked foul as a display of aggression or uncontrolled emotion.
I have loved all of these soccer teams and their fans and I still love all of them.” Ronaldinho is one of the most successful and most important names of Brazilian soccer, admired and respected throughout the soccer world for his performance and behavior inside and outside the soccer field. Ronaldinho is the dribbling king exhibiting his technical brilliance with an unique soccer style and flair. He is the soccer ball control wizard derived from his equally successful past futsal experience. Ronaldinho won the 2002 FIFA Soccer World Cup held in both Korea and Japan. Five years earlier Ronaldinho won the FIFA under -17 World Championship in Egypt. Ronaldinho won twice the coveted award FIFA World Player of the Year)
Fearing a recurring foul play potentially resulting in Ronaldinho’s injury, Queretaro’s coach replaced Ronaldinho 15 minutes into the second half of the game as a preventive measure. Until then we were jumping, shouting and remained standing with so much excitement during most of the game. Ronaldinho’s game field availability is far more crucial for scheduled upcoming very competitive tournament games. Following Ronaldinho’s substitution Pedro, Sergio and many others soccer fans left the stadium putting an end to this historical moment of Ronaldinho´s visit to Houston, TX. For all of us, soccer lovers, Ronaldinho is an extraordinary soccer player - Master of the soccer ball.Although his game plays are not like those in the past, they still have the trademark of one of the most proficient and fine master soccer players. I repeat: Ronaldinho is a soccer genius and geniuses shall be given a standing ovation always.
in 2004 and 2005. This prestigious professional award is called today the FIFA Ballon d’Or.
9 Brazilian Texas Magazine 2014
GOURMET
Prima Tri-Ply Base Our Prima cookware line is made of heavy-gauge 18/10 stainless steel with tri-ply base construction for excellent heat conductivity. Stainless steel lids and handles provide the ultimate in durability and performance. This cookware is oven-safe and compatible with all cooktops, including induction.
MADE IN
INDUCTION-READY COOKWARE
500ยบF 260ยบC
Assembled in The U.S.
Induction
Gas
Electric
Ceramic Glass
Oven-Safe Dishwasher-Safe
TRAMONTINA GOURMET, a collection of premium products engineered and manufactured with the finest design, materials and workmanship, outperforms similar products within the market and delivers the best quality and value to the cooking professional and enthusiast alike. Lifetime Warranty.
Tramontina USA, Inc. 12955 West Airport Blvd., Sugar Land, TX 77478 (T) 800.221.7809 (F) 281.340.8410 www.tramontina-usa.com
GOURMET
Domus Tri-Ply Base Our Domus cookware line is made of heavy-gauge 18/10 stainless steel with tri-ply base construction for excellent heat conductivity. Stainless steel lids and handles provide the ultimate in durability and performance. This cookware is oven-safe and compatible with all cooktops, including induction.
MADE IN
INDUCTION-READY COOKWARE
500ยบF 260ยบC
Assembled in The U.S.
Induction
Gas
Electric
Ceramic Glass
Oven-Safe Dishwasher-Safe
TRAMONTINA GOURMET, a collection of premium products engineered and manufactured with the finest design, materials and workmanship, outperforms similar products within the market and delivers the best quality and value to the cooking professional and enthusiast alike. Lifetime Warranty.
Tramontina USA, Inc. 12955 West Airport Blvd., Sugar Land, TX 77478 (T) 800.221.7809 (F) 281.340.8410 www.tramontina-usa.com
Rio Oil & Gas 2014 Round Ends with Rio Oil & Gas 2014 Round of Business ends with Expected Generation R$164 million expected generation ofof R$164 milhōes Rio de Janeiro mayor confirms: Rio Oil & Gas 2016 will take place in the city Amid concerns of oil market executives, during the largest event of the sector in Latin America, held last week in Riocentro, in Rio de Janeiro, the mayor of the city, Eduardo Paes, confirmed to the President of the Brazilian Petroleum, Gas and Biofuels Institute (IBP), João Carlos de Luca, that the 2016 edition of Rio Oil & Gas will also take place in Riocentro. “There is not the slightest risk that the fair will not happen. Riocentro is only reserved for the IOC during the Olympics period, and the Organizing Committee will disassemble the Games structures in time for the exhibition. There is no question related to this, since it was a prerequisite for the assignment of the space for Rio 2016. I guarantee that Rio Oil & Gas will be held here in Rio, and in Riocentro”, affirmed the mayor. The Business Roundtables promoted by the National Organization of the Oil Industry (ONIP), in partnership with Sebrae, during the Rio Oil & Gas 2014 brought together 176 suppliers entered and 37 companies anchor. The meetings generated a business expectation of R$ 164 milhōes for the next 12 months. During two days were held 828 meetings, evaluated by 88% of the participants as "great" and "good".
The rumors arose among exhibitors, who are already reserving space for the 2016 edition of Rio Oil & Gas. The exhibiting companies got surprised when informed by IBP that they should wait for the definition of the venue, since there was the possibility of transferring the event to the city of São Paulo.
Brazil may become the largest oil producer in Latin America with pre-salt reserves The executive vice president of Shell, Mark Shuster, affirmed that the discovery of the pre-salt layer may lead Brazil to become the largest oil producer in Latin America, redesigning, thus, the world geopolitics. The executive participated in the conference that closed the first day of Rio Oil & Gas 2014. In the occasion, the main changes in the energy sector and their consequences to the planet were discussed. Mediated by the president of the World Petroleum Council (WPC), József Tóth, the plenary meeting also counted on the presence of Antoine Halff, from the International Energy Agency (IEA). According to Shuster, the 40 billion barrels forecasted in the pre-salt reserves have the potential to elevate Brazil to the top of the list of Latin American oil producers – ahead of Mexico and Venezuela – and among top ten producers in the world. However, it is necessary that the government and the industry find out what should be done in order for the country to enjoy this opportunity more efficiently. “The discovery of pre-salt is, undoubtedly, a determining factor that has changed the rules of the game[...] Now, the government and the industry need to be aligned so as to ensure a more effective use of this wealth”, he said. This more effective use, Shuster believes, will only be possible if Brazil becomes more competitive. To that end, he says, changes in the local content rule, for example, are required. “The country has to assess the total capacity that will be needed to develop 40 billion oil barrels in 2030. We have to think how this policy will be managed in order to expand the
production in a competitive and responsible manner”, he said. “Changing is never easy, but the ideal thing is to seek an appropriate solution”, he added.
According to Shuster, the market opening in Mexico and the shale gas revolution in the United States are other determining factors that affect the international geopolitics. “Our industry is global and involves many agents. We live in a free market environment where competitiveness is constant. If it does not make the right decisions, Brazil will be trampled. So, it is crucial that the industry and the government work together in this moment”. Head of the Oil Industry and Markets Division at IEA, Antoine Halff talked about the increase in the energy supply in the United States – due to the shale gas revolution – and the growing demand for energy in Asia, especially China. According to Halff, this scenario represents one of the main challenges faced by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) since its creation, in the 1960s, for it presses the oil price in the short term. “All these transformations indicate a need for adapting the industries all around the world. The idea that the entire oil map is changing indicates a new phase. It is a redesign of the oil geopolitics in the planet”, he said.
Exhibition showcases the new technologies The cutting-edge technology for the oil and gas industry will be exhibited at the Rio Oil & Gas 2014, with booths from 1,300 oil companies, service providers, as well as Brazilian and international institutions representing the market. There will be 14 international pavilions with booths from the following countries: UK, Norway, France, China, Germany, Denmark, United States, Italy, Argentina, Austria, Finland, Poland, Singapore and the Netherlands.
Personality of the World
Valter Aleixo Director of Global Services for Houston Methodist Global Health Care One day, back in October 1990, Valter Aleixo received a call from his long-term friend Maria Conceição Siegmund. They talked about several things and, eventually, hung up the call. A few minutes later, Conceição, as she was known, called Valter back to tell him the reason why she had called him in the first place. It was to tell him that there was an open position for a Portuguese speaking patient liaison at The Methodist Hospital in the Medical Center and she had thought of him.
After 24 years working for Houston Methodist Hospital, the new name of the institution, Valter says “I owe it all to Conceição.” “I felt really bad that I had gotten the position, instead of her, particularly because she had been so thoughtful by referring me”, he says, “But I am eternally grateful to her”. He then adds that he eventually “Went to her house and gave her a box of chocolate”, as a token of appreciation for thinking of him.
After speaking to Conceição for a while about the position and her telling him that she had also applied, Valter thanked her for thinking of him, but would not apply as he did not want to be her competitor. Conceição convinced him that several people would be applying for the position, and, therefore, he was not the only competitor. He decided to give it a try. After three rounds of interviews, he was told he was the new liaison for the Portuguese speaking patients.
Conceição, graciously, told him she was very happy for him. For several years, Valter would assist his patients with various needs, ranging from making travel arrangements, scheduling appointments, interpreting in the doctors’ offices, and providing them with their medical reports. During this time, he decided to expand his knowledge and take advantage of the tuition reimbursement program offered by the hospital to its employees.
14 Brazilian Texas Magazine 2014
Valter Aleixo He would, eventually, learn other languages, such as Spanish, French, Italian and even some Arabic at Rice University, so he could also assist and communicate with other patients who came from ninety-five countries seeking medical care at the hospital. Valter is a kind, empathetic, and a hard working individual. ln 1995, he was selected as Employee of the Year, in the support category, for his uncompromised dedication and unparalleled service to his patients. That same year,Valter was promoted to supervisor of the department and, through his continuous dedication and effort to learn more about the business, he was, several months later, promoted to department Manager; a position he held for the past several years until recently when he was promoted again to Director of Houston Methodist Global Health Care Services, the new name of the subsidiary company of Houston Valter with the Consul General of Methodist Hospital. Brazil in Houston, the Honorable Ambassador Mário Saade
Valter says that this job has given him the opportunity to “Know the world.” He has had a chance to travel to many interesting and fascinating countries for the hospital. One of the countries that he really enjoyed traveling to was the United Arab Emirates, where he got to know the Arab culture more closely. He also enjoyed traveling back to his native country of Brazil, where he had the opportunity to have high level meetings with government officials as well as with presidents and CEOs of leading hospitals in São Paulo and other cities in Brazil.Besides his professional g r o w t h , Va l t e r states that, “This job has given me a chance to have a different perspective in life.” “We are all very vulnerable. Our lives can change from one minute to the next. We never know what the future holds; therefore, live as if you are never going to die, but, Valter with the Consul General of
Valter says he is “Truly honored and humbled by this opportunity given to him.”He is now in charge of international patient operations, financial operations, and Methodist USA. “I never dreamed I’d be doing something as wonderful as this in my life”, he says. “My staff and I get to help people from different parts of the globe and make a difference in their lives,“ he says, proudly.
Saudi Arabia in Houston, Mr. Sultan Alangari
in the process, be as kind to people as you possibly can, because you never know what they are going through.” In his management role, Valter is often invited to be a keynote speaker on international programs, both domestically and abroad. In January of this year, he volunteered for a medical mission trip to Guatemala, where he served as an interpreter for the under-privileged children of that country.
Valter mentions that his department gets to assist patients from all walks of life, including prominent businessmen, Heads of State, celebrities, and members of the Royal family. Throughout his career at the hospital, he has met many interesting people with whom he would establish a special relationship. The new acquired friends would invite him to their children’s weddings, birthdays, and many other important events in their lives.
Valter states that “This was one of the most rewarding and fulfilling moments in my life.” Valter is a member of the Texas Medical Center International Affairs and Advisory Committee as well as the United States Cooperative on International Patients Program. He holds a bachelor’s degree in English from the Federal University of Goiás. He is married, has three children, a grandson, and another on the way. His hobbies include playing soccer,reading, writing, and traveling.
15 Brazilian Texas Magazine 2014
Brazil & World War II
The Brazilian Expeditionary Force
The Brazil World War II
The Brazilian Military action during World War II was not limited to sending an expeditionary force to Europe. In fact, Brazilian involvement started earlier when the Allied realized that the American continent could possibly face an invasion by Axis troops through Northeastern Brazil. Given the short distance Between the Northeastern Brazil coast and Africa it was necessary to fortify defenses in the region, as well as to prepare for the possible landing of Allied forces in Africa in the future. Therefore, between 1941 and 1945, Recife, Natal, Salvador andn the island of Fernando NoronhaNazi not only sheltered 1 September 1939 thedeGerman forces of Adnaval bases Operated both by Brazil andWorld The United States, olf Hitler invaded Poland, beginning War II. Brabutbecame also concentrated 50.000 men from fit for 1942. actual At service. The zil a part of the conflict the time, invasion of North Africa by the Allies in November 1942, the the president was Getúlio Vargas. At first, the Brazilian defeat of German troops in Tunisia in 1943, and the landing position was neutrality. After a few attacks on Brazilin Sicily by the Allied troops, however, eliminated any danger ian ships, Vargas decidedcontinent. to enter Preparing into an agreement of invasion of the American the ground with U.S. President Roosevelt for a more active participation of Brazilian troops in the confor country's participation flict,the Brazil and the United States decided to revise a military in the war.Although the on hisagreement they had signed May 1942. Given the difficulties experienced, military corps eventually contory of the prairiethe- Brazilian diminutive sisted of one Expeditionary Division, a squadron of square, which is welded Infantry - is fighter planes, and the necessary still poorly annotated in Bra- support groups. On July 2nd ,1944 the first 5,000 Brazilian combatants ( pracinhas , zil, Marcus Santiago Firmino as they were know ) left for Europe aboard the ship SS Gen da Silva, coordinator of the Mann. They formed the first combat team. Between July Law Professor Paulo 20.000 Brazilian soldiers 1944 School and February 1945 another Martins, the Federal District, and officers followed the same way transported by US ships and about the Navy vessels. The Brazilwhichknowledgable were escorted by Brazilian ian Expeditionary Force (BEF) was the command of Second World War, states that theunder Brazilian participaGeneral Mascarenhas Morais. According to thewas detion wasJ.B. very important. de “The support of Brazil cisions arrived by theWar Allied theveiled BEF was played during at World II. Command, Somewhat by takthe en tocountries the Italian(Germany, front. It wasIly incorporated toand the US V Army axis and Japan) clearly by led by General Mark Clark and placed as a division of Genthe Allies, especially the Americans, beyond England eral Willis Crittenberg’s IV Corps. The BEF fought together and France” states. first Division, group ofthe Brazilian miliwith the American FirstThe Armored South African tary arrived in Italy in July 1944. The Brazil helped the 6th Division and the Task Force # 45. In fact, on September Americans in the liberation of Italy, which at the time 14 the BEF replaced the Task Force #45 in a section of 9 km was in theathands theinGerman army. alongstill the partially frontline, which the timeofwas the Apennines.
The next day the Brazilian soldiers went through its baptism of fire. Despite the advantageous position and the stronghold the German had over the Apennines, the Brazilian soldiers conquered the cities of Massarosa, Monte Comunale, Monte Camaiore, Monte Prano, Lama di Soto, Fotnaci Barga, Galiciano, Lama di Sopra, Predescello, Pian de los Rios, Collo and San Chirico. In Catelnuovo di Garfagnana the BEF suffered its first setback. The objective of the Allies was to break through the famous “ Gothic Frontline “ before the winter. Our sent Albert aboutKesselring”s 25,000 men of thetried Brazilian Therecountry the General soldiers to stop the Allies’ marchForce towards the Valley of pilots The Po River, Expeditionary (FEB), and 42 and 400where men important of Brazilian Bologna and Turim are located. in supportcities of the Air Force (FAB). The Followprairie ing ordersmajor received from the Allied Command the Brazilian achieve victories against the Germans, taking soldiers attacked the fortified position of Monte strategic cities and regions in power such as theCastelo, Monte which had already been target twice without success by an Castelo, Turin, Montese, among others. Over 14,000 American task force. Although also unsuccessful in its four Germans to theeffort Brazilian, consecutivesurrendered attacks, the Brazilian served towho relievealso the stayed with inspoils thousands of Allies from the German pressure other as parts of the Italian horses, cars and ammunition. The front as well as to turn unexperienced soldiers into experiaction of impossibility the prairie was not easy the for enced fighters. Aware of the to penetrate German defenses atseveral the timereasons. the AlliedFirst, Command decided because the to abandon their slogan “ Bolongna before Christmas Intraining received in Brazil and “the stead they set a more ambitious goal: to win the entire Po United States was not very close Valley by the beginning of reality the spring. Despite 18 degrees to the of the war they found. below freezing temperatures which the Brazilians were not The soldiers were not used to the used to, they remained in their positions until spring, hidcold At climate of the Apennine den in their “fox holes”. the beginning of spring, mounthe Altains, crossing Italy and not “used to lies launched the global attack plan denominated Encore fighting in Brazilian mountainous location. in thealong Battlewith of “.The first Fighter Planes Only Squadron Monte Castelo, there were 400 casualties heavy artillery supported bothover The American and theamong Brazilian movements, allowing the BEFessential to conquer of Brazilians. “Furthermore, it was to positions the war efMonte Castello, La Serra,and Castelnuovo Soprassano. fort assignment of naval air bases and in Brazil. These After a short rest BEF returned to action in the battle of locations had a the decisive participation was Natal, Rio Montese, the fiercest battle in which the Brazilians engaged. Grande do Norte,” says the teacher. The Natal capital They suffered 426 casualties in two days. When the war served as the site for the supply of U.S. warplanes ended on May 8, 1945, the BEF had been in combat 239 and naval base the end and of days, liberated tenthsantissubmarinos.With of cities, suffered 2,000 casualties World II in 1945, the FEB was scrapped 1946. forced War the 148th German Division to surrender in in Fornovo. By: Mario Araujo
Brazil’s participation in World War II history,summary, bibliography
O
18 Brazilian Texas Magazine 2014
The Releitura WORLD WAR II (1939-1945) AND PARTICIPATION OF BRAZILIAN WOMEN
The Brazilian Women and the War
his work, deals with the Second World War took place in the twentieth century, participation of Brazilian women and their professional activities, involving facts arising from this Since the early stages of the war, Brazilian women had exconflict that happened in Europe. Aims with this historical press their desire to serve the country. In 1942 the Brazilresearch draw up a work that is. a reference to women givian Red Cross, a civilian organization, opened applications ing visibility the to the Brazilian are not counted in the history throughout country for condensed books of Brazil and the pioneer of the women in the Forces courses in nursing (called the SamariArmed at a time of abnormality that tans ) as well as crash courseswas forWorld War II. The training of nurses who joined first aid helpers. For those approved the FEB in the(Brazilian courses Expeditionary the opportunityForce) to getwith a staff of seventy-three women, including more actively involved arrived when Army and Brazilian the Air Force. is considerable the ArmyThere started to prepare lack of knowledge of students its Expeditionary Force and for researchers the fight (s) Brazilian on this ticket and a in Italy. The Army request for restricted volun- biography of former members of the FEB and teers to be trained as military nurses FAB (Air Force Brazilian). This situation was answered by hundreds of ladies presentedallasranks a backdrop the Gerfrom of theresentment Brazilian of sociman people targeting the breach of imposing ety and all corners of the country. Training at the Army Treaty of Versailles Warthey heritage in addition hospitals as militaryWorld nurses, were World, prepared to ento other such as fascism in Italy andthe the dure the totalitarian hardships regimes of the wartime life. On July 7, 1944 struggles between cities which sought to maintain the presfirst group of 73 military nurses, all volunteers, were sent ervation of invasion in European to strengthen its to Italy and waited there for the territories, Brazilian troops to arrive. hegemony. In Germany there was a conflict involving the nobility and the middle class that was in rise.
The objective is to specify that, being extremely complex and little discussed, this theme was developed based on readings and surveys from World War II World, which had As agreed within the Allied Command, Brazilian doctors and its origin in the last century. The brutal force and barbarism nurses assisting the Brazilian Expeditionary Force would had no limit. The history of the twentieth century has meanwork in American combat hospitals already installed on ings that compete reflections and other reading about this the front.Working closely with Ameriperiod. After the conquests of the Americas acts with this can nurses in American Hospitals, the feature also occurred as we can cite the Brazilian nurses had to overcome the numerous massacres of Indians. The terribarrier of a different language. They had tory is, however, a wayfamiliarized of organizing also to get rapidly withsociety hosin search of autonomy, because the pitals procedures which most of thepeople time and the sovereign power are essential comwere completely new to them. They were ponents parts for to theovercome conception the ableand nevertheless theof diffistate.culties. HOBSBAWM ensures that in war, "the Their determination increasingly two sides found themselves so committed ensured a feeling of self-confidence to anand insane arms race to mutual destruction made them valiant nurses. During and the type of generals andinnuclear intellec11 months they worked field hospitals tuals whose profession required realize caring for the soldiers wounded in combat. They not worked in this insanity. “ The From this reasoning it seems that the field hospitals that moved constantly following the front line; achievement of peace, it in is something remote and beevacuation hospitals, and stations andvery general hospitals. fore so many atrocities, conflict, death and destruction, With the end of the war, nurses and their patients returned the in rise of women in this panorama should be highlighted and small groups to Brazil. analyzed, even if little recorded in expressive works written By: Mario Araujo by historians.
19 Brazilian Texas Magazine 2014
LOWY, Michael Barbarism and Modernity in the 20th Century . Available in:http://www.dhnet.org.br/fsmrn/biblioteca/71_ michel_lowy2.html. Access to 03/10/2006 16:42. Original texthttp://www.dhnet.org.br/fsmrn/biblioteca/71_michel_lowy2. html.Contribute a better translation
Clรกudio Teixeira Brazilian Person of the Month Former Vice Consul in Houston, musician, and a great friend
Cláudio Teixeira Brazilian person of the month Former Vice Consul in Houston, musician, and a great friend A great human being who, with his charisma, made a big difference in our community during the two times he served is Vice Consul in Houston. He treated everyone with respect, dignity, and affection. He was also a very talented musician who provided us with unforgettable moments. We hope to have him back with to us again in the near future. We thank you, Claudio, from the bottom of our hearts for all that you have done for us. By: Conceição Sigman
Cláudio Teixeira was born in Rio de Janeiro, on Febru-
ary 7, 1956, and was raised, as of the age of 9 years old, in Brasília,Brazil’s Capital. In 1974, at the age of 18 years old,Claudio started his ties with the Brazilian Ministry of External Relations-MRE, first as a local employee hired by the Brazilian Embassy in Moscow, city where he lived for 7 years. Later, in 1978, after participating, in Brasília, of a public governmental contest, he officially joined the MRE. In 1981, back to Brasília, Claudioworked at the CommunicationsDepartment (19811984).Then, as a Chancellery Officer (Oficial de Chancelaria) he worked at the Technical Cooperation Department (19841986) and at the Press Secretariat (1987). He was, then, transferred to the Consulate General of Brazil in New York (1988-1992), where he served as a Vice Consul. In March of 1992, he was sent to the Consulate General of Brazil in Houston, to serve also as a Vice Consul, and was appointed Head of Administration. During his stay in Houston, where he made lots of friends, Cláudio was one of the founders of the Brazilian music group The “Atravessados”, helping the Brazilian community to promote the Brazilian music in Houston, in Dallas, in Austin and in other cities nearby. In November of 1997, he was transferred to the Brazilian Embassy in Bridgetown, Barbados, where he served as a Vice Consul, Head of Administration and Head of the Consular Service of the Embassy.
In September of 2000, Cláudio was called back to Brasília, where he worked in the MRE as supervisor in the Personnel Department (2000-2002). In February of 2003, he served at the General Secretariat, and in November of that same year he was invited to work at the “Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation” (2003-2006) – which is a Governmental agency linked to the MRE – first as the Finance and Administration Coordinator, than as the General Coordinator for Financial and Administrative Affairs, and last as the Director, substitute, of the General Administration Department. In 2006, it was offered to Claudio the opportunity to go overseas again. Because of his strong ties with Houston, he chose to serve, once more, at the Consulate in Houston.Cláudio arrived in Houston, for the second time, in October of 2006, and was nominated Vice Consul. Among his duties, he was first appointed Head of the Visa Department, than Head of the Administration Department and later Head of the Consular Department, which includes services rendered to the Brazilian community. In January 2012, he was transferred from Houston to the Consulate General of Brazil in Mexico City, Mexico, where he served as a Vice Consul and Head of the Consular Department. In September 2014, Cláudio Teixeira was transferred again by the Brazilian Government, at this time to the Embassy on Brazil in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Claudio Teixeira earned a diploma in Business Administration from the Catholic University of Brasília.
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BRAZIL DEPENDENCE DAY COCKTAIL
BRAZIL INDEPENDENCE DAY COCKTAI
BRAZIL INDEPENDENCE DAY COCKTAIL
Honorable Ambassador
The Consul General of Brazil in Houston,His ExcellenMr. Mário Ernani Saade and Mrs. were Márciaboth Saade Guests amazed and highly entertained cy, Embassador Mario Saade and his guests enjoyed when the young singer Ms. Gabriela Sanchez impecThe Consul General of Brazil in Houston,His Excellen- Guests were both amazed and highly entertained an evening of celebration on this last September 5th cably performed the American anthem. Following, Ms. cy, Ambassador Mário Saade and his guests enjoyed when the young singer Ms. Gabriela Sanchez impecfor Brazil’s Independence Day – September 7th. This Claudia Lima delivered an incredibly emotional perforan evening of celebration on this last September 5th cably performed the American anthem. Following, Ms. wonderful was hosted the Grand Ballroom our delivered Brazilian anthem. Ms. Lima was touched for Brazil’sevening Independence Day –atSeptember 7th. This mance Claudiaof Lima an incredibly emotional perforat The Houstonian Hotel, one of Houston’s most trawhen several guests joined her in singing thetouched along. wonderful evening was hosted at the Grand Ballroom mance of our Brazilian anthem. Ms. Lima was ditional landmarks. The most elegant hors d’oeuvres Definitely, an exquisite Independence Day celebration! at The Houstonian Hotel, one of Houston’s most tra- when several guests joined her in singing along. were served along The cocktail and champagne. ditional landmarks. mostdrinks elegant hors d’oeuvres Definitely, an exquisite Independence Day celebration! were served along cocktail drinks and champagne. By: Simone Gori 20 Brazilian Texas Magazine 2014
BRAZIL INDEPENDENCE DAY COCKTAIL
“Rock of Salt”
Is a historical and religious site in Rio de Janeiro, in the neighborhood of Saúde. The site was originally a quilombo village. An association group still lives there: Community Descendents from the Quilombos of Pedra do Sal The site was recognized in 1984 by INEPAC, the Institute for state cultural heritage (Instituto Estadual do Patrimônio Cultural). Pedra do Sal is a place with special significance for Cariocas of African descent and fans of samba and choro music. It is considered the center of the area known locally as "Little Africa", which was full of collective houses of escaped and freed slaves. Great sambistas have played there, including Donga (musician) (pt/de), João da Baiana, Pixinguinha and Heitor dos Prazeres.
History circa 1608 A group of migrants from Bahia moved to the Saúde area as where prices were cheap and the area was close to the port where the men could find work with cargo ships. The first large docks of Rio de Janeiro and warehouses were being built at this time, the alleys and streets extended to Pedra da Prainha, later known as Pedra do Sal, where there was a large slave market.
History circa 1817 AstheBahian population was concentrated around Pedra do Sal, it became a meeting place of the neighborhood. It became a point of cultural reference for the black population. In fact, the Bahian colony had an important impact on all parts of Carioca life, with even leaders of the city visiting the terreiros of Candomblé and festivals in the area. The area gained a tradition of social cohesion, which influenced the whole heterogeneous community of the port. The house of Candomblé belonging to João Alabá was one of the most important places for the Bahians, with many well-known Mães-de-Santos met here, such as Ciata, Bibiana, Mônica and Perciliana. These women gained respect for their central positions in the terreiros and for their participation in the local community, helping integrate African traditions into the city and expanding the cultural life of the city.
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“Rock of Salt” Aunt Ciata
The most famous and influential Mãe-de-Santo was
Hilária Batista de Almeida, known as Aunt Ciata. She is mentioned in all reports about the early growth of samba Carioca and carnival groups. She was born in Salvador, Bahia in 1854, on the day of Saint Hilarius and arrived in Rio de Janeiro when she was 22. She fell in love with another Bahian, Norberto and had a daughter, Isabel. She was a confectioner, and sold her sweets on Rua da Carioca, always in Bahian traditional dress. Later, Aunt Ciata lived with João Batista in a relationship that produced 15 children. A woman of great initiative and energy, she worked constantly and was a founder of the carioca tradition of Bahian "quituteiras" – traditionally clad, snack sellers and unofficial representatives of Bahian culture, including Afro-Brazilian religions. In the first half of the 19th century, she was mentioned in the book titled "Viagem Pitoresca e Histórica do Brasil" by JeanBaptiste Debret. In the terreiro of João Alabá, Aunt Ciata was responsible for preparing offerings for her saint.
Aunt Ciata was the main creator and organisor of the ranchos of the Saúde area. She was one of those responsible for the change in the nature of the early Carnaval parades. Besides those involved in the ranchos, various undesirable types would take to the street in groups and often instigate violence. The Rio carnaval only shed its brutal image in the first half of the 19th century, becoming more festive and eventually with the creation of the modern samba schools.
Location The Saúde neighbourhood, in which Pedra do Sal is located, is in the 1st Administrative Region of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), an area close to the central business district. Officially Saúde is between Praça Mauá and a Barão de Tefé, including the hill of Conceição e Valongo. However, locals consider that the real and historical boundary of the neighbourhood is Gamboa. Pedra do Sal is more than just a part of the culture of black Brazilians, it is a historic and religious monument. It hosts regular samba da roda sessions today.
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Edir Jachetta
Brazilian Nurse, Personality 2014
Edir Jachetta is a Registered Nurse currently living in Houston, Texas. She has held numerous supervisory and managerial roles in leading local health care organizations in the last 20 years. She was born in Itajai (State of Santa Catarina) located in Southern Brazil descendant of Italian immigrants. Edir Jachetta is married and has two children. Her personal inspirational motto summarizes her beliefs and ideals in four words: faith, love, courage and honor.
She graduated with a Master of Science in Nursing and Administration (MSN) from the University of Houston in May 2011. Previously she held a degree in Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) from the Texas Woman’s University (Texas Medical Center Campus) in Houston, Texas obtained on December 2000. She is a distinguished member of The Honor Society of Nursing Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI) founded in 1922 with the objective to develop the Nurse profession as a science promoting practice, education and training high standards for Nurses worldwide. Sigma Theta Tau has 135,000 active Nurses members worldwide in over 90 countries and territories with 431 active student chapters located on 515 college and university campuses. Edir is a member of the Association for Radiologic & Imaging Nursing (ARIN).
By: Oto Fanini
The ARIN was founded in 1981 as the professional organization to promote standards and education assisting nurses who practice in the diagnostic, neuro/cardiovascular, interventional, ultrasonography, computerized tomography, nuclear medicine, magnetic resonance, and radiation oncology. She presently works as an Interventional Nurse in the Interventional Vascular and Trauma Lab in the Memorial Hermann Hospital’s Texas Medical Center campus. She presently works caring for and expediting frequent patient flow through the Inter-department Joint coordination and execution of critical care patient transferred between the Interventional vascular and Trauma Lab department and the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), stroke, transplant cardiovascular surgery and trauma units. She often reviews policies and procedures and often serves as a member of hospital patient safety, compliance, and customer service committees. Between 2008 and 2014 she held positions such as Clinical Radiology Coordinator, Departmental Charge Nurse, Discharge Nurse Expeditor, Department Clinical Manager for the Medical Surgical and Acute patient care Unit in the Memorial Hermann Hospital’s Southwest campus. During this period she also received assignments in other departments such as Oncology and Geriatrics.
24 Brazilian Texas Magazine 2014
Edir Jachetta Brazilian Nurse, Personality 2014
Edir’s professional development was greatly enhanced by working in the Memorial Hermann Healthcare System. The Memorial Hospital System has 12 hospitals, 7 Cancer Centers, 3 Heart & Vascular Institutes, and 27 sports medicine and rehabilitation centers. It was started in 1907 by The Rev. Dennis Pevoto who purchased an 18bed Sanatorium downtown Houston, calling it the Baptist Sanatorium. Prominent local businessman George H. Hermann died in 1914, leaving a large portion of his US $2.6 million estate to further expand the Baptist Sanatorium for Houston’s growing population and rename it as Hermann Hospital. In 1922 the City of Houston annexed the Hermann Hospital site adding about 1,000 acres (400 ha) to its campus. After the expansion project the Hermann Hospital and a co-located School of Nursing were opened in 1925 adjacent to today’s Hermann Park location. In 1943, during the World War II, the hospital was the first in Texas to utilize penicillin, the new wonder drug. In 1946 it was the first hospital to perform a cardiac catheterization. In 1976 the Memorial Hermann Life Flight as the first emergency and critical-care-transport aeromedical ambulance service in Texas, and second in the United States. In 1985 the first liver transplant took place at the Memorial Hermann Healthcare System. It remains the only hospital in the Houston area to have a certified burn-treatment center. Between 2001 and 2008 Edir worked in the Baylor St. Luke’s Medical Center’s Catheterization Laboratory (Cath Lab) and Cardiovascular Telemetry unit. She held positions such as Holding Area Coordinator Nurse, substitute Department Charge Nurse, and Staff Nurse.
She performed patient care pre- and post- cardiovascular procedure assessment identifying urgent and critical intervention procedures to be initiated promptly. Typical nurse support experience in these departments involved critical cardiovascular patient monitoring and administration of medications, Heart Catheterization, Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA) and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) repair, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI), Sheath removal procedures and care, Implant of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) and Pacemaker (PM), Arrhythmia patient care, laboratory samples and test results handling, and Stent graft placement. The Baylor St. Luke’s Medical Center is a leading hospital institution for cardiovascular care in the country. The hospital is affiliated with the Texas Heart Institute. Between 1993 and 1994 started her career in the healthcare industry working as a Primary Care Assistant in the Richmond State School located in Richmond, Texas. Her healthcare assigned duties involved direct care of mentally disabled patients. She assisted in the patient assessment data collection and graph analysis, present and historic data evaluation of physically and mentally disabled patients. Edir’s personal interests include travel, Brazilian Music and Brazilian food Gourmet cooking. She also enjoys the gathering of family and close friends, and often participates in community and voluntary social work. Edir believes that God is the greatest power and she follows the Golden rule philosophy “Do unto to others as you would have them do unto to you” (Matthew 7:12). By: Oto Fanini
Who Produces Niobium and Where Brazil is the world’s largest producer of niobium (92%), followed by Canada. Brazil has two of the largest niobium deposits in the world, the Araxá and the Catalão deposits. The Araxá mine is operated by CBMM, decreasing grades are increasing operating costs at the mine. The Catalão mine owned by Anglo American Brazil, may run out of ore if the deposit size can not be increased. The third-largest producer is the Niobec deposit in Quebec, owned by IAMGOLD Corp. Niobec’s grade of Niobium is falling the deeper they are being forced to mine.Niobium Prices Niobium prices are negotiated between buyers and sellers and does not have a spot price like most commodities. Prices have risen steadily since the year 2000 to $42 a kg in 2014. With only a few producers, the lack of new supply expected to come on stream anytime soon and increasing demand niobium prices are expected to remain high. ALL THREE CURRENT PRODUCERS HAVE ANNOUNCED PRODUCTION INCREASES TO MEET ANTICIPATED DEMAND – We see this as a very strong vote of confidence that additional production is needed from new sources such as Elk Creek. Still this new supply will not keep up with demand. Demand will thus have to be met by one of the main development projects.
CBMM plans to increase capacity from 90,000 tpa to max capacity of 150,000 tpa by 2015, the 2 other producers Iamgold and Anglo combined have a maximum capacity of 20,000 tpa *(if their expansion plans go as scheduled) CAGR (Compounded Annual Growth Rate) for next 5 years is expected to be 4% - 6% Niobium possesses a unique complex of properties like heat resistance, high thermal conductivity, elasticity, corrosion resistance and the ability to form a stable and adhesive layer of oxide. Due to these properties, niobium and its alloys are widely used in chemistry, metallurgy and electronics as well as in the medical, nuclear, and aerospace industries. Uses of Niobium Niobium is used mostly to make stainless steel and high-strength, low-alloy steels. These steels are used in large-diameter pipelines for oil and natural gas, in frames and wheels of cars and trucks and as microalloyed steel in structural applications. Niobium-containing microalloyed steels are used in automobiles, bridges, buildings and oil and gas pipelines: applications where a high strength-to-weight ratio is an important engineering consideration. This reduces weight and fabrication costs. Niobium is also used in cobalt-, iron- and nickel-based superalloys for jet-engine components, rocket subassemblies and combustion equipment: applications where strength at high temperature is an important engineering consideration.
25 Brazilian Texas Magazine 2014
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