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AXEL GENANNT
Folklore für variables Instrumentalensemble Folk Music for Variable Instrumental Ensemble
Lesepartitur / Reading Score
Spielmaterial auf CD-ROM / Performance Material on CD-ROM von / by Roswitha Bruggaier
BR EITKOPF & HÄRTE L
WIESBADEN · LEIPZIG · PARIS
Kammermusik-Bibliothek 2285
Printed in Ger many
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Vorwort
Die vorliegenden Bearbeitungen entstanden im Rahmen meiner langjährigen Arbeit mit Folkensembles an der Musikschule Bad Vilbel. Es sind die Lieblingsstücke des Ensembles Ascolta!, das über sieben Jahre bestand, ehe seine jugendlichen Mitglieder vom Schüler- ins Ausbildungs- bzw. Berufsleben traten. In dieser Zeit bewährten sich die ausgewählten Partituren bei zahlreichen Aufführungen, von einfachen üblichen Vorspielen an der Musikschule, Seniorennachmittagen und Hochzeiten im kleineren Kreis über Straßenmusik, örtliche städtische Kulturveranstaltungen sowie eigene Konzerte vor großem Publikum bis hin zu internationalen Festivals; sie sind also im besten Sinne praxiserprobt. Neben dem Einstieg in eine stilistische und kulturelle Vielfalt soll dieses Heft es ermöglichen, unterschiedlich weit fortgeschrittene und interessierte Schüler im gemeinsamen Musizieren zusammenzubringen und ihnen so den Erwerb musikalischer und sozialer Kompetenz („Ascolta!“ heißt auf Italienisch „Hör zu!“) und Erfolgserlebnisse zu ermöglichen. Ab Seite 34 finden Sie allgemeine und speziellere Hinweise und Anregungen zur Arbeit mit den vorliegenden Arrangements. Es empfiehlt sich jedoch, die Erläuterungen vorab im Ganzen durchzusehen, da sich einzelne Tipps durchaus auf mehrere Stücke übertragen lassen.
Danken möchte ich neben Martina Engelhardt für das Beisteuern ihres Satzes zu Schon schtil is in Gesl, meinen Kolleginnen und Kollegen an der Musikschule für die Unterstützung und viele instrumentalfachliche Ratschläge, Elena Mera Ponce, die bei der Recherche und Übertragung lateinamerikanischer Texte große Hilfe geleistet hat, sowie meinem Lektor Friedhelm Pramschüfer für die konstruktive und anregende Zusammenarbeit. Danken möchte ich auch meinen jugendlichen Ensemblemitgliedern, die ihrem „Chef“ so manches Mal geholfen haben, die eine oder andere musikalische „Schreibtischgeburt“ auf den Boden musizierrealistischer Tatsachen zu holen.
Ich wünsche viel Vergnügen bei der musikalischen Reise zu anderen Horizonten.
Frankfurt am Main, im Frühjahr 2012 Axel Genannt
Preface
The arrangements in this book originated during my many years of work with folk ensembles at the Bad Vilbel Music School. They are the favorite pieces of the Ascolta! Ensemble, which existed for more than seven years before its young members left the school to commence their professional training or embark on their careers. The scores selected for this volume proved their value over and again during these years, either as simple recital pieces played at the music school or at afternoon concerts in smaller circles, such as weddings or for senior citizens; they were also performed as outdoor music, at local municipal cultural events and independent concerts in front of a large audience, and even at international festivals. They have thus given ample proof of their practicability in performance. In addition to introducing young players to a stylistic and cultural variety of music, this book aims to bring together students of various levels of proficiency and of different interests, and to have them play together, thus letting them acquire musical and social competence (“Ascolta!” means “Listen!” in Italian) and gather successful experiences along the way. Starting on page 39 you will find general and specific tips and comments on working with these arrangements. Nevertheless, we recommend that you read through the entire comments before starting, as several tips can be applied to a number of different pieces.
I would like to thank Martina Engelhardt for contributing her piece Schon schtil is in Gesl, as well as my colleagues from the Bad Vilbel Music School for their support and advice on instrumental matters. I am also grateful to Elena Mera Ponce, who was of great assistance in researching and translating Latin-American texts, as well as my publishing-house editor Friedhelm Pramschüfer for his constructive and stimulating collaboration. Further, my thanks also go out to my young ensemble members who came to the aid of their “boss” on more than one occasion and brought some of his high-flying fantasies back down to the sober reality of actual music-making.
I wish you lots of fun on this journey to new musical horizons.
Inhalt / Contents
1 Anda jaleo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spanien / Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Buenos Aires . . . . . . . . . . . . . Argentinien / Argentina . . . . . . . . . 6
3 Chacarera doble . . . . . . . . . . Argentinien / Argentina . . . . . . . . . 9
4 Di grine Kusine . . . . . . . . . . . Jiddisch / Yiddish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5 Die blaue Flagge . . . . . . . . . . Deutschland / Germany . . . . . . . . . 14
6 Dorogoj dlinnoju . . . . . . . . . Russland / Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7 Java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frankreich / France . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8 Kritikós . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Griechenland / Greece . . . . . . . . . . 19
9 Modestie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frankreich / France . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
10 Moliendo café . . . . . . . . . . . Venezuela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
11 Schon schtil is in Gesl . . . . . . Jiddisch / Yiddish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
12 Širto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bulgarien / Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
13 Vals venezolano . . . . . . . . . . Venezuela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
14 Whiskey in the Jar . . . . . . . . Irland / Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Hinweise und Anregungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Tips and Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Trad. aus Spanien Arr.: A. Genannt
Dies ist eine Leseprobe.
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Zu den Stücken im Einzelnen
Für mit * gekennzeichnete Titel finden Sie eine freie Übertragung des Liedtextes im entsprechenden PDF-Dokument auf der CD.
1 Anda jaleo* (S. 5)
Besetzung: Violine, Flöte(n), Gitarre, Cello/Kontrabass, Hände (Klatschen) und Füße (Absätze)
Anda jaleo ['and a xa'leo] ist ein traditionelles, aus dem Süden Spaniens stammendes Stück, das von Federico García Lorca (1898–1936) entdeckt und aufgeschrieben wurde. Besonders der Bass des vorliegenden Arrangements folgt hier dem Rhythmus der Bulería, einem der schnellsten und schillerndsten andalusischen (Flamenco)-Rhythmen. Zum Erlernen des zugrunde liegenden Metrums, einer abwechselnden Folge von je einem 6/8- und einem 3/4-Takt, eignet sich Leonard Bernsteins „I want to be in A- | me-ri-ca“ aus der West Side Story als Wortspielhilfe. Eine passende Perkussionsbegleitung ergibt sich aus dem Gitarrenbegleitmuster (siehe S. 5), wenn die nach unten gehalsten Noten mit dem Fuß gestampft und die nach oben gehalsten mit den Händen geklatscht werden. Reizvolle Variante und nicht ganz einfach, z. B. für die Takte 9–12: Ein Ensemblemitglied klatscht durchgehend Viertel, ein zweites Achtel im Offbeat dagegen.
2 Buenos Aires (S. 6)
Besetzung: Akkordeon (Musetteregister vermeiden, wenn möglich 8’+4’ oder 16’+4’ registrieren; siehe auch die Hinweise und Anregungen auf S. 34), Violine, Flöte(n), Gitarre, Cello/ Kontrabass
Ablauf: A à B á A à B á A | Coda
Buenos Aires ist ein „urwüchsiger“ Tango, wie er in den einschlägigen Hafenkneipen von Montevideo und Buenos Aires Ende des 19. Jhs. entstanden (und u. a. aus der Habanera hervorgegangen) ist. Sein Stil wird auch als „Tango argentino“ bezeichnet, damit er vom moderneren, auf Astor Piazzolla (1921–1992) zurückgehenden „Tango nuevo“ zu unterscheiden ist.
3 Chacarera doble* (S. 9)
Besetzung: Violine, Flöte, Akkordeon (Musetteregister vermeiden; vgl. Buenos Aires), Gitarre (auch als Gitarrentrio bzw. -quartett möglich), Harfe, Cello/Kontrabass, tiefe Trommel (Bombo)
Chacarera doble [t∫aca'rera 'dob le] ist ein in Argentinien verbreiteter Gesellschaftstanz, der trotz des unüberhörbar indianischen Einflusses kreolischen1 Ursprungs ist. Der Name Chacarera bezieht sich auf „Chacra“, ein Wort, das sowohl „Maisfeld“, „Acker“ wie auch „Bauernhof“ oder „kleine Farm“ bedeuten kann und das aus der indianischen Quechua-Sprache stammt.
Rhythmische Vorübung: 3/4-Takt mit dem Fuß klopfen und 6/8-Takt dazu klatschen. Das zur Einstudierung hilfreiche Wortspiel „Pa-pi-to, pa-pa“ stammt original aus Argentinien. Wenn die Takte 1–4 des A-Teils zu hoch sind, diese wie in den Takten 5–8 eine Oktave tiefer spielen. Auf diese Weise kann auch der gesamte A-Teil als Gitarrensolo bzw. -duo ausgeführt werden.
4 Di grine Kusine* (S. 11)
Besetzung: Klarinette, Violine, Akkordeon, Hackbrett, Gitarre, Cello/Kontrabass, Chicken Shakes Ablauf: A à B 4x á A | Coda
Leseprobe Sample page
Das Lied erzählt die Geschichte einer grünschnäbeligen jiddischen Cousine, die (wie der Komponist und Klezmer-Geiger Abe Schwartz, 1881–1963) Ende des 19. Jhs. in die USA auswanderte, um ihr Glück zu machen. Das schrille Arrangement der fünften Strophe soll die dort ausgedrückte Verbitterung („Brennen soll Kolumbus’ Land!“) klanglich illustrieren.
5 Die blaue Flagge (S. 14)
Besetzung: Violine, Akkordeon, Gitarre, Cello/Kontrabass
Die blaue Flagge stammt von den nordfriesischen Inseln. Angeblich ist es ein Abschiedslied von Seeleuten, möglicherweise auch Auswanderern, denen das Hissen des „Blauen Peters“ (einer blauen Flagge mit weißem Quadrat) das Auslaufen des Schiffes und damit das Ende des Landgangs, letztlich die Trennung von der Heimat signalisierte.
6 Dorogoj dlinnoju* (S. 15) Besetzung: Violine, Akkordeon, Holzblasinstrumente (Klarinette!), Gitarre, Cello/Kontrabass, eventuell ein Schellenring (Tamburin)
Dieses Lied basiert auf einem alten russischen oder – genauer – ukrainischen Volkslied. Übersetzt heißt der Titel etwa „den weiten Weg entlang“. Im Text dient eine Schlittenfahrt als Sinnbild für den Lebenslauf. Mary Hopkin sang das Lied mit dem englischen Text (Those Were The Days) von Gene Raskin, angeblich auf Anregung Paul McCartneys, Mitte der 1960erJahre und machte es international bekannt.
Der A-Teil (rezitativisch frei) kann begleitet werden, indem neben den ganzen Noten der Bassstimme Töne gemäß den Akkordsymbolen (Streicher, Gitarre im Tremolo) gespielt werden.
7 Java (S. 17)
Besetzung: Akkordeon, Klarinette o. a. Holzblasinstrumente, Violine, Gitarre, Cello/Kontrabass
Typisch sind die Überlagerung von 6/8- und 3/4-Takt sowie die Betonung auf die Drei. Entgegen der weit verbreiteten Gewohnheit ist deshalb hier ein 3/4-Takt vorgezeichnet.
1 Criollo (port. Crioulo) = urspr. „reinrassiger“ Nachkomme spanischer (bzw. portugiesischer) Eroberer; kreolisch ≠ indianisch
Der Java [ʒa'va] war eine in den 1920er-Jahren kurzzeitig in Mode gekommene Variante des Musettewalzers. Ein „Muss“ für diese Musik ist das Akkordeon, ebenso wie Instrumente, die nicht am Spiel notierter Stimmen beteiligt sind. Sie spielen auf den Zählzeiten Zwei und Drei perkussive Töne (staccatissimo) nach den Akkordsymbolen. In der zweiten Stimme des A-Teils ist eine kleine Hommage an die berühmte Chansonsängerin Édith Piaf (1915–1963) eingearbeitet.
8 Kritikós (S. 19)
Besetzung: Klarinette, Violine, Mandoline, Hackbrett, Akkordeon, Schellenring (Tamburin)
Frei übertragen bedeutet das Wort Kritikós etwa: Kretisch, d. h. hier: von der griechischen Insel Kreta. Ausprobieren: Pralltriller, z. B. auf die Eins bzw. Eins-Und, mit tiefalterierten oberen Nebennoten. Das ergibt eine zwar musikethnologisch nicht ganz korrekte, aber geeignete reizvoll-orientalische Klangfarbe. Apropos orientalisch: Das als türkisch geltende Zupfinstrument Saz (!) [sa:z] wurde und wird oft in der griechischen (!) Rembétika, einer um 1900 entstandenen populären Liedform (oft als „der griechische Blues“ bezeichnet), eingesetzt.
9 Modestie (S. 20)
Besetzung: Akkordeon mit Tremolo-Register (8’+8’ oder 8’+8’+16’), Klarinette o. a. Holzblasinstrument, Violinen, Cello/Kontrabass
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Ablauf: A B A C A
Die Überleitung zum Dal } al fine (T. 38b–40) bereitet hin und wieder und je nach Instrument spieltechnische Probleme. In diesem wie in manchem anderen Fall empfiehlt sich statt sturen Übens der Versuch des Variierens. Unter den im Kleinstich zitierten Takten (die auch aus Improvisation entstanden) sind Alternativen vorgeschlagen. Da der zweite Lauf (T. 39/40) immer eine Reaktion auf den vorigen (T. 38b/39) ist, können die „Frage- und Antwort-Figuren“ beliebig kombiniert werden. Die Vorschläge können zwar genau wie abgedruckt umgesetzt werden, sinnvoller und zur Spielpraxis dieser Musik passender ist allerdings das Improvisieren.
11 Schon schtil is in Gesl* (S. 26)
Leseprobe
Modestie ist ein Musettewalzer – eine französische Variante des Walzers, die bis auf Ludwig XIV. zurückgeht und deren Name angeblich vom barocken Dudelsack (Musette) stammt – im „klassischen“ (Akkordeon-)Stil des Pariser Gesellschaftstanzes.
Musiziervorschlag: Die erste Stimme sollte von einem Akkordeon gespielt werden (ggf. ohne Bässe). In Trio II (Buchstabe C) kann das Akkordeon die zweite und ein anderes MelodieInstrument die erste Stimme übernehmen.
Instrumente, die nicht an der Melodie oder der Ausführung anderer notierter Stimmen beteiligt sind, spielen auf die Zählzeiten Zwei und Drei perkussive Töne (staccatissimo!) nach den Akkordsymbolen.
10 Moliendo café (Orquídea)* (S. 23)
Besetzung: Violine, Flöte(n), Klarinette, Gitarre, Harfe, Cello/ Kontrabass, Chicken Shakes Ablauf: Intro A B A C A Orquídea ist ein schneller, mit dem kolumbianischen Bayón verwandter Tanz auf afro-kubanischer Basis, der von dem venezolanischen Harfenisten und Komponisten José Manzo Perroni (angeblich zu Ehren der Orchidee, der Nationalblume Venezuelas) Ende der 1950er-Jahre kreiert worden sein soll. In der Literatur finden sich dazu allerdings widersprüchliche Angaben.
Besetzung: Klarinette, Violine, Akkordeon, Hackbrett, Gitarre, Cello/Kontrabass
Mordejai Gebirtig (1877–1942) war einer der größten jiddischen Liedermacher seiner Zeit und kam im Krakauer Ghetto ums Leben. Das Lied beschreibt den Spaziergang eines jungen Paares durch die abendlichen Gässchen und dessen Träume und Zweifel über die gemeinsame Zukunft.
12 Širto (S. 27)
Besetzung: Klarinette o. a. Holzblasinstrument, Violine, Mandoline, Akkordeon, Hackbrett, Cello/Kontrabass, Schellenring/Tamburin
Der bulgarische Širto ['∫irto] ist namentlich verwandt mit dem griechischen Sirtaki (= kleiner Širto), den Mikis Theodorakis (*1925) für den Film Alexis Sorbas komponierte und der zum Modetanz avancierte. Der Širto steht in dem auf dem ganzen Balkan verbreiteten (hier gnädig langsamen) 7/8-Takt. Als Lernhilfe für diese uns eher weniger geläufige Taktart kann die Wortfolge „O-ma-ma, O-pa, O-pa“ dienen.
Spielbeschreibung für die Tamburinbegleitung: Bei jedem Richtungswechsel des Tamburins von der Weg- zur Hinbewegung klingen (nur) die Schellen; beim Auftreffen des Tamburins auf der Handfläche entsteht eine Betonung (in den Abbildungen durch fett gesetzte Bezifferung gekennzeichnet). Beachten: Wegen des ungeraden Metrums ändert sich die Bewegungsfolge (Abb. a1–a7) in jedem zweiten Takt (Abb. b1–b7). Mit Blick auf einen unangestrengten und ggf. auch schnellen Bewegungsablauf empfiehlt sich die Wahl eines kleinen Tamburins oder Schellenrings (Durchmesser ca. 20cm).
Die Fotos sind zur Veranschaulichung zu einer Animation zusammengefügt. Sie finden diese auf der CD unter dem Dateinamen „Širto Tamburin“.
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13 Vals venezolano (S. 29)
Besetzung: ausnahmsweise möglichst wie angegeben, d. h. Melodiestimme Akkordeon mit 8’+16’ (8va bassa); evtl. auch Violine oder anderes Melodie-Instrument, die nach oben gestrichenen Noten der Gitarrenstimme auch mit Mandoline; (Oktav-)Gitarre(n), Harfe, Cello/Kontrabass
Der Legende nach soll Ende des 19. Jhs. in Kolumbien ein gestrandetes Schiff, das unter anderem mit Akkordeons beladen war, geplündert worden sein; so soll sich dieses Instrument von dort in Venezuela und der Karibik verbreitet haben.
14 Whiskey in the Jar* (S. 32)
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Besetzung: Violine, Flöte (Tin Whistle), Akkordeon, Harfe, Gitarre, Cello/Kontrabass; als Perkussionsbegleitung in freiem, metrisch passendem Rhythmus eignet sich traditionellerweise ein Paar Esslöffel.
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Dieses traditionelle irische Stück fand Eingang in die Popmusik durch die Rockbands Thin Lizzy (1972) und Metallica (1998).
Das Arrangement bietet den Titel in zwei Tonarten an. Beide Fassungen können nacheinander oder in beliebigem Wechsel gespielt werden. Es kann auch nur eine der beiden Fassungen gespielt und auf den Tonartenwechsel verzichtet werden. Bordunbegleitung ausprobieren!
Leseprobe Sample page
Für jene, denen der Gebrauch von Suppenlöffeln als Musikinstrument neu ist, mögen die folgenden Bilder der Anregung dienen.
Die nächsten Fotos sind zur Veranschaulichung zu einer Animation zusammengefügt. Sie finden diese auf der CD unter dem Dateinamen „Whiskey Löffel“.
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Literaturtipps
Broughton, Simon (Hrsg.): Weltmusik – Rough Guide. Stuttgart, Weimar: Metzler 2000
Liebermann, Julie Lyonn: Planet Musician – The World Music Sourcebook For Musicians. Bluemond: Hal Leonhard Corp. 1998
String Thing (Susanne Paul, Nicola Kruse, Jens Piezunka, Mike Rutledge): Groovy Strings. Rhythmus & Groove im Streicherunterricht. Wiesbaden: Breitkopf & Härtel, 2009
Wicke, Peter; Ziegenrücker, Kai-Erik u. Wieland: Handbuch der populären Musik. Mainz: Atlantis-Schott 52005
Tips and Comments
About this Edition
Even if it is possible to play the arrangements note for note as written, the present edition is to be understood first and foremost as a basis for improvisation. Its material is presented in scores disposed in such a way as to let the musicians play without turning pages. This is a prerequisite for the uncomplicated exchange of parts, which means that several play-throughs (stanzas) can be arranged with alternating instrumentation. At the same time, the ensemble members can see what their fellow musicians are playing, and have the possibility to react if they so wish. Moreover, one’s hands are free, which helps minimize the uncertainties that can arise from nervousness or weather (outdoor music!). Irrespective of this, the mid-term goal should be to play such music from memory.
In order not to overload the music pages, I have provided articulation marks only where I felt that they were particularly important.
The chordal symbols are limited to the root position. Bass notes that depart from this principle are not taken into account since the execution of bass notes that diverge from the keynote – which can present certain difficulties on the guitar – is only necessary if no bass instrument is available. Wherever uncertainties arise, it is urgently recommended to familiarize oneself with the various ethnic-musical idioms. In view of the varying designations of the notes “h” and “b” in the Germanic and Anglo-Saxon linguistic areas, I deliberately chose an overly clear solution: the German “H” is written “H” (in contrast to the English “B”); for the flattened H, however, we write “Bj” (instead of the German “B”).
The beaming was selected for every piece in such a way that, on the one hand, the underlying meter is visually supported and, on the other, the musical intent is given expression. The bass parts are oriented on the range of the violoncello.
Scoring
Yes, it really is as simple as it sounds: anything goes, as long as it convincingly conveys the character of the genre in question, or can simulate its sound if need be. This is why the comments on the scoring (see the notes on the individual pieces) are to be understood as suggestions and not as prescriptions notated in the music. The aim is to inspire the players to be adventurous. One exception can be found at the Vals venezolano (p. 29), in which the suggested scoring is both uncommon and original – which may come as a surprise to many. Wherever a certain scoring seems obvious (e. g. the accordion in Java, p. 17), I have mentioned this in the comments on the pieces.
guitar version is conceivable for a guitar ensemble both in view of sound and practicability.) They distinguish themselves from the other versions mainly in that the bass part can be played by guitarists who have no knowledge of the F clef. Inasmuch as their polyphonic performance (such as on the violin) is too difficult, the notated offbeat accompaniments can be distributed among two melody instruments, or performed by only one part. The voice leading is less important here than the percussive-rhythmic sound effect.
Leseprobe Sample page
Whenever the clarinet seems stylistically less suited as the leading melody instrument in a piece (such as in the Chacarera doble and Vals venezolano), it can be “parked” in the bass part; this is why the bass line of the B-flat parts in question is written in such a way that it can be played by the clarinet. Alternatively, it is also possible to play offbeats (see the comments on Java, p. 41, and Modestie, p. 42). An acoustically preferable solution might be to entrust the student in question with the percussion. Upon looking into this matter more closely, however, it often emerges that students have a rudimentary knowledge of other instruments as well. This can be used creatively if you are bold enough to experiment with various solutions both in a professionally responsible way and in keeping with the instrument’s technique.
One fine example for this is the accordion. Although this instrument has been enjoying a renaissance for some time now, it is still often treated with prejudice and relegated to the sidelines of musical instruments. I have used it in my ensembles without basses, as a pure melody instrument, and assigned it to youths taking piano lessons as a secondary instrument, thus allowing them to achieve positive results relatively quickly with the piano accordion and its keyboard. The question as to how to treat the bellows can be answered at least provisionally by referring to elementary processes (breathing!). As to the registration of the accordion: for musette waltzes and similar pieces, one should choose 8’+8’ (socalled tremolo register) or 8’+8’+16’. For South-American pieces, you can obtain a bandoneon-like sound with 16’+8’ or 16’+4’, whereby the latter only applies to four-voice instruments.
The versions for B-flat parts serve solely to make certain parts playable on an instrument with this tuning, such as the clarinet. They are not intended exclusively for performance by B-flat instruments. This applies analogously to the guitar versions. (An exception here is the Chacarera doble on p. 9, whose
Basically, it is worthwhile and rewarding to try new directions in school music. While the dulcimer, which is used in Yiddish, Slavonic and oriental pieces, may not be found in every music school, everyone with a knowledge of recorder technique and the urge to try something new will be able to entice sounds from a “tin whistle” (also called “penny whistle” because of its low cost), and octave guitars can be used to imitate a balalaika or tone colors similar to the charango. Mandolin fingering is similar to violin fingering, and an old washboard found at a flea market can, when played with thimbles, become an authentic-sounding rhythm instrument. In today’s media age, there should be no problem in exploring the feel and sound of different genres of music; it will soon become clear to one and all that there are practically no limits to musical fantasy when it comes to finding suitable instruments!
Arrangement
We warmly recommend the following tip to every player: the tempo markings always refer to the pulse or “groove” that should underlie each piece and that sports its own dance-like character. This is why you will often find an Alla breve or, at waltzes and similar pieces, the duration of an entire measure instead of for the quarter note alone. Even without strictly observing the respective metronome marking, this is an indispensable groundwork for a shared body perception when performing and thus for establishing the ensemble’s overall stage presence. If you bear this in mind and are aware of the general effect, you can simplify passages that are technically difficult whenever there are doubts about their performability; sometimes even a radical simplification is feasible (see the notes to Moliendo café, p. 42).
Taking Java (p. 17) as my model, I would like to show some of the possible arrangement constellations (“play-through” is used here to indicate one complete execution of the score):
First play-through: Upper part accordion; second part (e.g. clarinet) joins in at the repeat; violins (offbeat on two and three!), guitar and bass form the dance-like, rhythmic groove.
Second play-through: Clarinet and accordion exchange parts; the others remain.
Third play-through: Violin takes over melody; clarinet, accordion, guitar, bass switch to the rhythm group.
Fourth play-through: Like the first. Moreover, the instruments can also alternate with one another, be exchanged or combined differently in the A or B sections as well, which results in further possibilities of variation for a longer, but still exciting arrangement.
The music of most pieces can be repeated at will, just as with the strophic song. Whenever this is not the case, I have indicated this for those pieces which are usually based on genre-typical, traditional music-making practices and dance sequences.
Variations
Folk music is ideally suited for introducing players to free variation techniques and improvisation due to its partly simple harmonic progressions and its easily graspable formal structure. Suggestions are provided for Dorogoj dlinnoju (p. 15) and Whiskey in the Jar (p. 32), and in the appendix to Moliendo café (p. 23). They are intended to encourage the players to apply these principles to other pieces as well. The most promising way to be successful here is by trying out simple ornamentations of the melodic tones at first, or by playing broken chords in keeping with the harmony. Offbeat accompaniments can also be improvised (see notes at Modestie, p. 42).
Performance
should come on stage holding the instrument that will first be played; the other instruments should be placed where they belong prior to the instrumentalists’ arrival on stage.) At the end, the performers should bow to the audience more or less synchronously. Both procedures should be rehearsed just like the musical works themselves.
The question of clothing should also be cleared up early enough. A black suit and evening dress do not go particularly well with folk music, even at festive events. More appropriate is a mix of casual clothing with some additional minor touch of elegance. What one can truly do without, however, is the stopgap solution “white top, black bottom” because of its association with waiters’ attire.
Leseprobe Sample
For outdoor music, the clothing canon is much less of an issue. In outdoor playing, it is important to think of sheet-music clasps (which should all be in the same color) on account of the wind, and of a way of setting aside instruments that are not being used at the moment. It is recommended to place the instruments on (black) terry towels; this system has proven itself on normal stages as well. And remember: whatever is already on the floor can’t fall down anymore! At many (especially open-air) events, tuning devices with pickups are recommended because of the noisy environment. When performing at unfamiliar venues, it is recommended to inquire about the size of the stage beforehand in order to be able to simulate the spatial conditions, since it is often impossible to hold a dress rehearsal there. In my view, it is an absolute no-go to conduct such music. Instead, it is essential to encourage eye contact – absolutely necessary! – among the players, to train it and even rehearse it. The goal of successful ensemble directing is ultimately to make oneself as superfluous as possible.
What is often given short shrift in music schools are stagings and choreographies. Following is a suggestion that is suitable for both Dorogoj dlinnoju (p. 15) and Schon schtil is in Gesl (p. 26): the ensemble sits on the stage and plays the second and third parts, or the harmony and bass parts of the A section, or, alternatively, the harmonies in tremolo according to the chordal symbols. The player who takes up the melody has been standing offstage and now walks onto the stage slowly, heading toward the middle of the stage while playing the solo melody. There he joins the others in the B section. Such a presentation makes it necessary to play by memory (at least the A section), to listen very concentratedly to one another and to rehearse under the circumstances of the performance. However, it also encourages and trains the ability for musical interaction among the ensemble members. Whoever wishes to dismiss such performance aspects as cheap showmanship can feel free to do so – but after trying it out.
A treat for the eyes: one should not underestimate the visual component of a musical performance. As banal as this may sound, it is important to ensure an appearance of order at trial performances and all the more at concerts. (Usually, the player
Individual Notes
For the titles marked with an asterisk (*) one can find a free translation of the song lyrics in the respective PDF file on the CD.
1 Anda jaleo* (p. 5)
Scoring: violin, flute(s), guitar, cello/double bass, hands (clapping) and feet (heels)
Anda jaleo ['anda xa'leo] is a traditional piece that originated in southern Spain and was discovered and transcribed by Federico García Lorca (1898–1936). In particular, the bass of the present arrangement follows the rhythm of the Bulería, one of the fastest and most dazzling Andalusian (flamenco) rhythms. To learn the underlying meter – an alternating sequence of one 6/8 measure and one 3/4 measure – you can use Leonard Bernstein’s “I want to be in A- | me-ri-ca” from West Side Story as a mnemonic aid. An ideal percussion accompaniment can be produced by the guitar accompaniment pattern (see p. 5) when the down-stemmed notes are beaten with the foot and the upstemmed ones are clapped with the hands. You can produce an appealing, albeit slightly difficult, variant at measures 9–12, for example: one member of the group consistently claps quarter notes while a second claps eighth notes against it offbeat.
2 Buenos Aires (p. 6)
Scoring: accordion (avoid the musette register; if possible, register 8’+4’ or 16’+4’; see also the Tips and Comments on p. 39), violin, flute(s), guitar, cello/double bass
Sequence: A à B á A à B á A | Coda
Buenos Aires is a vigorous, “home-grown” tango of the type that arose in the typical port taverns of Montevideo and Buenos Aires in the late 19th century (and was derived from the habanera a.o.). Its style is also called “tango argentino” in order to distinguish it from the more modern “tango nuevo” that goes back to Astor Piazzolla (1921–1992).
3 Chacarera doble* (p. 9)
Scoring: violin, flute, accordion (avoid musette register; see Buenos Aires), guitar (also playable as guitar trio or quartet), harp, cello/double bass, low drum (bombo)
Chacarera doble [t∫aca'rera 'dob le] is a social dance that is widely known in Argentina and which, in spite of the unmistakable Indian influence, is of Creole1 origin. The name chacarera refers to “chacra”, a word which can mean “cornfield,” “agricultural land,” “farm” or “small farm.” It stems from the Indian Quechua language.
too high, they can be played an octave lower, as in measures 5–8. In this manner, the entire A section can be performed as a guitar solo or duo.
4 Di grine Kusine* (p. 11)
Scoring: clarinet, violin, accordion, dulcimer, guitar, cello/ double bass, chicken shakes Sequence: A à B 4x á A | Coda
The song tells the story of a greenhorn Yiddish cousin who (like the composer and klezmer fiddler Abe Schwartz, 1881–1963) immigrated to the U.S. in the late 19th century to make a new life for herself. The shrill arrangement of the fifth stanza should evoke the bitterness expressed there in sound (“May Columbus’ land burn!”).
5 Die blaue Flagge (p. 14)
Scoring: violin, accordion, guitar, cello/double bass
Die blaue Flagge hails from the North-Frisian islands. It is allegedly a farewell song of seamen, possibly of immigrants as well, for whom the hoisting of the “Blue Peter” (a blue flag with a white square) signalized the sailing of the ship and thus the end of shore leave, and ultimately the separation from home.
6 Dorogoj dlinnoju* (p. 15)
Scoring: violin, accordion, woodwinds (clarinet!), guitar, cello/ double bass, possibly jingle ring tambourine
This song is based on an old Russian or – more precisely –Ukrainian folk song. Translated, the title means more or less “along the long road”. In the text, a sleigh-ride serves as a metaphor for the course of one’s life. In the mid 1960s Mary Hopkin sang this song with English lyrics by Gene Raskin (Those Were the Days), allegedly at the suggestion of Paul McCartney, and made it known throughout the world.
The A section (free recitative) can be accompanied in such a way that notes can be played according to the chordal symbols along with the whole notes of the bass line (strings, guitar in tremolo).
7 Java (p. 17)
Leseprobe Sample page
Scoring: accordion, clarinet or other woodwind instrument, violin, guitar, cello/double bass
Typical is the overlapping of 6/8 and 3/4 time as well as the emphasis on the third beat. This is why we have prescribed a 3/4 meter here, contrary to the general practice. Here is a preliminary rhythmic exercise: beat your foot in 3/4 time and clap your hands in 6/8 time along with it. The linguistic aid “pa-pito, pa-pa,” which is helpful while learning the piece, originally comes from Argentina. If the measures 1–4 of the A section are
1 Criollo (Port. Crioulo) = originally “pure-race” descendant of Spanish (or Portuguese) conquerors; Creole ≠ Indian
The Java [ʒa'va] was a variant of the musette waltz that was briefly fashionable in the 1920s. A “must” for this music is the accordion, along with instruments that do not play notated parts. Instead, they play percussive tones (staccatissimo) on the second and third beats according to the chordal symbols. A little homage to the famous singer Edith Piaf (1915–1963) has been worked into the second part of the A section.
8 Kritikós (p. 19)
Scoring: clarinet, violin, mandolin, dulcimer, accordion, jingle ring (tambourine)
Freely translated, the word Kritikós means more or less: from Crete, that is: from the Greek island of Crete. Try out inverted mordents, e.g. on beat one or “one-and,” with flattened upper
auxiliary notes. This yields a tone color that is not quite correct from a musico-ethnological viewpoint, but is nevertheless a suitably charming oriental tone color. And as for oriental: the instrument saz, [sa:z], which is regarded as a Turkish plucked instrument, was and is often used in the Greek (!) Rembétika, a popular song form that arose around 1900 (often designated as “Greek blues”).
9 Modestie (p. 20)
Scoring: accordion with tremolo register (8’+8’ or 8’+8’+16’), clarinet or other woodwind instrument, violins, cello/double bass
Sequence: A B A C A
Modestie is a musette waltz – a French variant of the waltz that goes back to Louis XIV and whose name allegedly stems from the Baroque term for bagpipes (musette) – in the “classical” (accordion) style of the Paris social dance.
Performance suggestion: The first part should be played by an accordion (also possible without basses). In Trio II (cue C), the accordion can play the second voice while another melody instrument plays the first voice.
In this case, and in similar cases, it is recommended to attempt variations instead of stubbornly practicing the difficult passage. Alternatives (which also arose from improvisation) have been suggested below the measures in small type. Since the second run (m. 39/40) is always a reaction to the preceding one (m. 38b/39), the “question and answer figures” can be combined at will. Although the suggestions can be implemented exactly as printed, improvisation is more helpful and better suited to the performance of this type of music.
11 Schon schtil is in Gesl* (p. 26)
Scoring: clarinet, violin, accordion, dulcimer, guitar, cello/ double bass
Leseprobe
Mordejai Gebirtig (1877–1942) was one of the greatest Yiddish songwriters of his time and was killed in the Krakow Ghetto. The song depicts a young couple dreaming and worrying about their future together as they stroll through the evening streets.
12 Širto (p. 27)
Scoring: clarinet or other woodwind instrument, violin, mandolin, accordion, dulcimer, cello/double bass, jingle ring/tambourine
Instruments that do not play the melody or participate in the execution of other notated parts can play percussive notes (staccatissimo!) on beats two and three according to the chordal symbols.
10 Moliendo café (Orquídea)* (p. 23)
Scoring: violin, flute(s), clarinet, guitar, harp, cello/double bass, chicken shakes
Sequence: Intro A B A C A
Orquídea is a fast dance related to the Colombian Bayón. It is based on an Afro-Cuban dance that is said to have been created by the Venezuelan harpist and composer José Manzo Perroni (allegedly in honor of the orchid, the national flower of Venezuela) in the late 1950s. There are contradictory indications about these origins in secondary literature, however. Depending on the instrument, the transition to the Dal } al fine (m. 38b–40) can cause performance problems every now and then.
The name of the Bulgarian Širto ['∫irto] is related to the Greek Sirtaki (= little Širto), which Mikis Theodorakis (*1925) composed for the film Zorba the Greek and which later became a fashionable dance. The Širto is in 7/8 time, a meter found throughout the entire Balkan peninsula (and here taken mercifully slow). As a study aid for this type of meter (which we are generally unfamiliar with), one can use the word sequence “Grand-fa-ther, Gran-ny, Gran-ny.”
Performance instruction for the tambourine accompaniment: Every time the tambourine changes direction – from a “moving-away” movement to a “moving to” movement, (only) the jingles are heard; when the tambourine is struck by the flat of the hand, an accent is produced (this is marked by bold-print numbers in the illustrations). Please note: due to the irregular meter, the sequence of movements changes (ill. a1-a7) in every second measure (ill. b1-b7). In order to proceed without stress and, perhaps, with greater speed, it is recommended to use a little tambourine or jingle ring (c. 20 cm in diameter).
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13 Vals venezolano (p. 29)
Scoring: exceptionally, it would be preferable to use exactly the instruments listed, i. e. the melody part in the accordion with 8’+16’ (8va bassa); also possible is the violin or another melody instrument, and the up-stemmed notes of the guitar part with mandolin as well; (octave) guitar(s), harp, cello/double bass
Legend has it that in the late 19th century a ship carrying a load of accordions stranded on the coast of Colombia and was plundered. The instrument then spread from there to Venezuela and the Caribbean.
14 Whiskey in the Jar* (p. 32)
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Scoring: violin, flute (tin whistle), accordion, harp, guitar, cello/double bass; traditionally, a pair of tablespoons makes for an ideal percussion accompaniment in a random, metrically appropriate rhythm.
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This traditional Irish piece entered pop music through the rock band Thin Lizzy (1972) and Metallica (1998).
The arrangement presents the piece in two keys. Both versions can be played one after the other or in random alternation. It is also possible to play only one of the two versions and to omit the change of key. Try out the drone accompaniment!
Leseprobe Sample page
Bibliographical Tips
Broughton, Simon (ed.): Weltmusik – Rough Guide. Stuttgart, Weimar: Metzler, 2000
Liebermann, Julie Lyonn: Planet Musician – The World Music Sourcebook For Musicians. Bluemond: Hal Leonhard Corp., 1998
String Thing (Susanne Paul, Nicola Kruse, Jens Piezunka, Mike Rutledge): Groovy Strings. Rhythmus & Groove im Streicherunterricht. Wiesbaden: Breitkopf & Härtel, 2009
Wicke, Peter; Ziegenrücker, Kai-Erik and Wieland: Handbuch der populären Musik. Mainz: Atlantis-Schott, 52005
Axel Genannt
studierte in Frankfurt am Main Klassische Gitarre an Dr. Hoch’s Konservatorium und Musikpädagogik sowie Pädagogische Psychologie an der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität. Seit 1988 unterrichtet er Gitarre und leitet Folkloreensembles an der Musikschule Bad Vilbel. Darüber hinaus war er zeitweise als Lehrbeauftragter für das Anleiten gemischter Spielkreise im Fach Musizierpraxis an der Hochschule für Musik und Darstellende Kunst in Frankfurt tätig. Mit Ensembles der Bad Vilbeler Musikschule nahm er u. a. an den Europäischen Jugendmusikfestivals in Budapest (2007), Linz (2009) und Rimini (2012) teil.
Axel Genannt
Axel Genannt studied classical guitar at Dr. Hoch’s Conservatory in Frankfurt am Main, and music pedagogy and pedagogical psychology at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University. Since 1988 he has been teaching the guitar and conducting folklore ensembles at the Bad Vilbel Music School. Moreover, he was temporarily employed as associate lecturer for the direction of mixed performance circles in the field of musical practice at the Frankfurt Hochschule für Musik und Darstellende Kunst. With ensembles of the Bad Vilbel Music School, he has taken part in various festivals such as the European Youth Music Festivals in Budapest (2007), Linz (2009) and Rimini (2012).
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heißt „Hör zu!“ und war der Name eines Instrumentalensembles, das der Autor über viele Jahre an der Musikschule Bad Vilbel betreute . In dieser Zeit entstanden und bewähr ten sich die vorliegenden Par tituren in üblichen Musikschulvorspielen, bei Hochzeiten und anderen Anlässen im privaten Kreis, bei Straßenmusik und in Konzer ten vor größerem Publikum bis hin zu internationalen Festivals; sie sind also im besten Sinne praxiserprobt Die stilistisch und kulturell vielfältige Zusammenstellung von eignet sich besonders gut dazu, unterschiedlich for t geschrittene und interessier te Schülerinnen und Schüler zusammenzubringen und ihnen neben einem Eintauchen in die Welt internationaler Folklore auch den Erwerb und die Weiterentwicklung musikalischer (und „musikantischer“!) Fähigkeiten zu ermöglichen.
enthält 14 Folklorestücke aus der Mitte , dem Süden und Osten Europas, aus der Klezmermusik und aus Lateinamerika Spielmaterial auf beiliegender CD-ROM in C , in B und in Gitarrenversionen kurze Informationen zu Herkunft bzw. Hintergrund der einzelnen Stücke bei im Original mit Text überliefer ten Titeln eine freie Über tragung des Liedtextes zur inhaltlichen Orientierung Vorschläge zu einer praxisgerechten und dennoch dem Stil angenäher ten Instrumentierung, inklusive Hinweisen zur Begleitung durch Perkussion Anregungen zum Vereinfachen, Variieren und Improvisieren Tipps zur Aus- und Aufführung bei Vorspielen innerhalb und außerhalb der Musikschule
Die CD-ROM enthält das Spielmaterial zum Ausdrucken im PDF Format
Systemvoraussetzungen mind. 512 MB RAM Windows: ab Windows® XP; Mac: PowerPC® ab G3, ab OS X v10.4 neuere Linux-Systeme
means “Listen!” and was the name of an instrumental ensemble that the author directed for many years at the Bad Vilbel Music School This is when the pieces in this book were written and proved themselves at typical music-school events, weddings and other private occasions, but also as outdoor music , in concer ts before large audiences and all the way up to international festivals They have thus amply shown their value in performance
The stylistically and culturally varied collection of pieces in is par ticularly suited to bringing together students of various levels of proficiency and different interests, and to allowing them not only to become acquainted with the world of international folklore , but also to discover and fur ther develop their musical (and “musicianly”!) abilities contains 14 folkloric pieces from central, southern and eastern Europe , from Latin America and the klezmer reper toire performance material on the enclosed CD-ROM in C , B flat and in guitar versions succinct information on the origin and background of the various pieces free translations of the original vocal lyrics as an aid for understanding the contents suggestions for a practical and stylistically adequate instrumentation with tips on percussion accompaniment suggestions for simplifying, var ying and improvising tips for execution and performance inside and outside the music school
The CD-ROM contains the performance material for printing in PDF format
System prerequisites min. 512 MB RAM Windows: from Windows® XP Mac: PowerPC® from G3, from OS X v10.4 more recent Linux systems