Table of Contents Exhibit Theme……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3 National Significance of the Rideau Canal………………………………………………………………………………….4 The Beginnings of the Rideau Canal…………………………………………………………………………………………..5 Noteworthy Historical Figures……………………………………………………………………………………………………6 Working and Living Conditions for Rideau Canal Builders…………………………………………………………..8 Influence of the Rideau Canal on Early Settlement of the Country………...………………………………..10 Interesting Lock Facts………………………………………………………………………………………………………………11 How a Lock Functions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………13 Ottawa Locks Site Attractions………………………………………………………………………………………………….15 Smiths Falls Connection and the Visitor Information Centre……………………………………………………18 The Tay Canal………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….19 The Rideau Canal under Government Protection…….……………………………………………………………...19 Parks Canada Role……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………20 Recreational Activities……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..23 The Rideau Canal in the Mobile Age…………………………………………………………………………………………24
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UNESCO World Heritage Site……………………………………………………………………………………………………30 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….30
Exhibit Theme The history of the Rideau Canal Locks system is rich, interesting, and well documented. Our aim is to create an energetic space recording the development of the Ottawa Locks from 1832 to present day, which will be used to enhance the space Parks Canada will use to sell merchandise.
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Introduction The story of the Rideau Canal is rich and an important chapter in the history of Canada. Operated by Parks Canada, the Rideau Canal comprises 202 km of the Rideau and Cataraqui rivers from Ottawa south to Kingston Harbour on Lake Ontario, 47 masonry locks and 52 dams.1 Although a major feat of human engineering in and of itself, the story of the Rideau Canal is much more than a tale of this triumph. It is a story of the transformation of a waterway used for industrial and military purposes into a significant Canadian historic site, internationally known and protected by governmental regulations. In order to better understand why the
1 Parks Canada, Working Towards A Shared Future: Rideau Canal Management Plan (Ottawa: Canadian Heritage, 1996), 3.
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Rideau Canal is an important historic site for Canadians, this essay will examine several major themes. These themes include: •
the historical context surrounding the construction and maintenance of the Rideau Canal;
•
the influence of the Rideau Canal on Canadian identity and development as a nation;
•
the shift from its strategic, military role to a major tourist and recreational site, attracting both Canadians and international visitors;
•
Parks Canada’s strategy in managing natural resources like the Rideau Canal.
The Rideau Canal has become an important feature of national heritage not only for Ottawans but also all Canadians: “The Rideau Canal is not just waterway; it is the lifeblood of the region.” 2
National Significance of the Rideau Canal The Rideau Canal has many significant facts attached to its site. The site was one of the first canals to be designed specifically for steam-powered vessels 3. It is the best-preserved example of a slackwater canal in North America, using European technology on a monumental scale.4 It was named a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 2 Gord Brown, “Rideau Canal National Historic Site of Canada: Quotes,” modified January 31, 2014, accessed November 9, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhn-nhs/on/rideau/plan/plan4/plan4a.aspx, par. 1. 3 CTV News, “Rideau Canal Joins Pyramids as world heritage site,” published June 28, 2007. Accessed November 9, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.ctvnews.ca/rideau-canal-joins-pyramids-as-world-heritage-site-1.246772, par. 9. 4 CTV News, “Rideau Canal Joins Pyramids as world heritage site,” published June 28, 2007. Accessed November 9, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.ctvnews.ca/rideau-canal-joins-pyramids-as-world-heritage-site-1.246772, par. 23.
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(UNESCO) World Heritage site in 2007 because “it bears witness to the fight for control of the north of the American Continent.”5 It is also the only canal dating from the early 19th century to remain in continuous operation with many of its original structures intact. 6 According to Parks Canada, the value of the Rideau Canal from a cultural heritage perspective is based on the following criteria: “the magnitude, impact and engineering accomplishments of the construction of the Canal, its role in the military strategy for the defence of 19th century Canada, its role as an immigration and trade route and its impact on settlement and industry in eastern Ontario, and its continuous operation in essentially the same manner for over 160 years while preserving excellent examples of 19th century engineering in a natural and historic setting.”7 This criteria also played a major role in why the Rideau Canal was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1925, a Canadian Heritage River in 2000, and a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2007.8 The Beginnings of the Rideau Canal Named by Samuel de Champlain in 1613 during his exploration of the Ottawa and Rideau Rivers, the Rivière du Rideau first appeared on maps circa 1694. 9 The building of the Rideau Canal was an idea originally conceived out of military necessity; there were documents
5 UNESCO, “Rideau Canal,” accessed November 9, 2014. Retrieved from http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1221, par.3. 6 UNESCO, “Rideau Canal,” accessed November 9, 2014. Retrieved from http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1221, par.1. 7 Parks Canada. Working Towards A Shared Future: Rideau Canal Management Plan (Ottawa: Canadian Heritage, 1996), 3. 8 Ken Watson, “History of the Rideau Canal,” accessed November 9, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.rideauinfo.com/canal/history/hist-canal.html, pars. 61, 65, 66. 9 Ken Watson, “History of the Rideau Canal,” accessed November 9, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.rideauinfo.com/canal/history/hist-canal.html, par. 1.
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during the War of 1812 that showed that the United States had intended to invade the British colony of Upper Canada via the St. Lawrence River, which would have severed the lifeline between Montreal and Kingston.10 It wasn’t until after the War of 1812 that the project would be seriously considered as a solution to defending Canada from the possibility of an American attack. In 1816 Lieutenant Joshua Jebb undertook a survey to find an alternative route, but he decided the expense of improving the Rideau Canal would be too costly; in 1821 the government of Upper Canada looked into ways they could improve navigation within the province.11 The commission hired a civil engineer by the name of Samuel Clowes to make a more detailed survey of the Rideau; he recommended building the Rideau Canal. 12 Because the benefit of building the canal was primarily military and the Duke of Wellington (of Napoleon’s defeat at the Battle of Waterloo fame) was personally interested in the matter, the project was given the support and financial backing of the British government.13 Ground was broken on September 21, 1826.14 The 7th and 15th companies of the Royal Engineers arrived in the fall of 1827 to build the canal.15 So began one of the most important construction projects in Canadian history. Noteworthy Historical Figures 10 Robert Leggett, Rideau Waterway (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986), 24. 11 Peter Conroy, Our Canal: The Rideau Canal in Ottawa (Renfrew, Ontario: General Store Publishing House, 2002), 2. 12 Ken Watson, “History of the Rideau Canal,” accessed November 9, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.rideauinfo.com/canal/history/hist-canal.html, par. 11. 13 Peter Conroy, Our Canal: The Rideau Canal in Ottawa (Renfrew, Ontario: General Store Publishing House, 2002), 2. 14 Robert Serré, Bytown At Your Fingertips (Ottawa: Bytown Museum, 2011), 57. 15 Robert Serré, Bytown At Your Fingertips (Ottawa: Bytown Museum, 2011), 57.
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Colonel John By A member of the Royal Engineers, Colonel By oversaw the construction of the Rideau Canal from 1826-1832.16 Colonel By was one of the important figures to argue that the locks should be designed to accommodate the new steam boats.17 It was Colonel By who implemented 250 foot corridors along each side of the canal in order to improve air circulation and changed the design in several places to minimize labour requirements and lessen the chance of workers becoming infected with malaria.18 At the time it was not known that malaria is actually caused by mosquitos, not “bad air” as originally thought. He was not publicly recognized for the role he played during the construction of the Rideau Canal during his lifetime. Thomas McKay Thomas McKay was “selected by Colonel By to perform the masonry work on the eight entrance locks of the canal that was to link Bytown with Kingston.”19 McKay was one of four contractors to receive a hand-crafted silver cup, which was engraved in England for his service during the construction of the canal.20 McKay is also credited with building Rideau Hall, present day residence of Canada’s Governor-General.21 16 Robert Serré, Bytown At Your Fingertips (Ottawa: Bytown Museum, 2011), 57. 17Ken Watson, “History of the Rideau Canal,” accessed November 9, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.rideauinfo.com/canal/history/hist-canal.html, par. 17. 18 Katherine M. J McKenna, ed., Labourers on the Rideau Canal: 1826-1832: From Work Site to Heritage Site (Borealis Press, 2008), 35. 19 Robert Serré, Bytown At Your Fingertips (Ottawa: Bytown Museum, 2011), 103. 20 Edward F. Bush, The Builders of the Rideau Canal 1826-1832, manuscript report no. 185 (Ottawa, Ontario: Parks Canada, 1976), 16. 21 Parks Canada, Ottawa Locks Walking Tour (brochure). Retrieved from http://www.rideaufriends.com/documents/pc-ottawa-walking-e.pdf, par. 6.
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Thomas Burrowes Thomas Burrowes was assistant overseer of works on the Rideau Canal project in 1830, and by 1832 he had become permanent overseer of the project; he was an engineer and a surveyor who had training in drawing and sketching.22 115 of Burrowes’ water colours and sketches in the Ontario Archives make up one of the largest collections of physical environments, cultural landscapes and social history in eastern Ontario during the years of 1828 and 1866 23. Canadians can see much of the progress of the construction of the Rideau Canal through his artistic works.
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John McTaggart
22 Robert Serré, Bytown At Your Fingertips (Ottawa: Bytown Museum, 2011), 87. 23 Brian Osborne, “Thomas Burrowes and the Rideau Corridor” in Rideau Canal Reports (Parks Canada, 1982), 2. 24 Thomas Burrowes, “First Eight Locks of the Rideau Canal, the North entrance from the Ottawa River, 1834.” Watercolour. Archives of Ontario. Reference Code: C 1-0-0-0-13. Retrieved from http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/burrowes/entrance_locks.aspx
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McTaggart was given the task of investigating possible routes for the first few miles of the canal (between Bytown and Hog’s Back). He was one of the first clerk of works on the staff of Colonel By.25 George Ramsay Appointed governor-in-chief of British North America in 1820, he was the first man to contemplate establishing a settlement at the entrance of the Rideau Canal. 26 Working and Living Conditions for Rideau Canal Builders Workers were subject to extremely harsh working conditions, including dangerous tasks, fourteen to sixteen hour work days (six days a week), and an extreme climate while building the Rideau Canal27. One of the major risks to the builders was illness. An Englishman tells the tale of men being so sick that they cannot even stomach tea: “The fever and ague of Canada are different, I am told, from those of other countries: they generally come on with an attack of bilious fever, dreadful vomiting, pains in the back and loins, general debility, loss of appetite, so that one cannot even take tea, a thing that can be endured by the stomach in England when nothing else can be suffered.”28 The builders also tended to fight a lot, as one account suggest: “It is with deep regret, that I have the honour to acquaint you…that the public peace is most dreadfully disturbed-and 25 Robert Serré, Bytown At Your Fingertips (Ottawa: Bytown Museum, 2011), 104. 26 Robert Serré, Bytown At Your Fingertips (Ottawa: Bytown Museum, 2011), 107-108. 27 Katherine M. J McKenna, ed., Labourers on the Rideau Canal: 1826-1832: From Work Site to Heritage Site (Nepean, Ontario: Borealis Press, 2008), 27. 28 Katherine M. J McKenna, ed., Labourers on the Rideau Canal: 1826-1832: From Work Site to Heritage Site (Nepean, Ontario: Borealis Press, 2008), 34.
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the lives and property of the inhabitants in danger day and night in this new Town, by drunken, riotous, persons employed on the works of the Rideau Canal, as there is not an evening passesnot even the Sabbath excepted- wherein there is not a riot and general fight.� 29 These labourers lived in work camps and urban shanty towns. They consumed four to five pounds of food and drink a day and enjoyed a free supply of grog (a variety of alcoholic beverages). It was not uncommon to purchase a half pound of tobacco and a gallon of whiskey a week. 30 They took a certain group pride in their ability to endure in the face of daily dangers. 31 They were hard workers who tried to make the most out of what little leisure time they did have.
29 Katherine M. J McKenna, ed., Labourers on the Rideau Canal: 1826-1832: From Work Site to Heritage Site (Nepean, Ontario: Borealis Press, 2008), 38. 30 Katherine M. J McKenna, ed., Labourers on the Rideau Canal: 1826-1832: From Work Site to Heritage Site (Nepean, Ontario: Borealis Press, 2008), 29. 31 Katherine M. J McKenna, ed., Labourers on the Rideau Canal: 1826-1832: From Work Site to Heritage Site (Nepean, Ontario: Borealis Press, 2008), 27.
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Influence of the Rideau Canal on Early Settlement of the Country When the canal was inaugurated by the steamboat Pumper (which was renamed Rideau) on May 29, 183233 it was impossible to know the important role the Rideau Canal would play in the development of the country. Many credit the building of the Rideau Canal with the creation of the city of Ottawa itself.34 Moreover, one of the most important contributions of the Rideau Canal was to immigration and early settlement. Traveler’s accounts offered this advice: “For emigrants with large families and cumbersome luggage, destined for the upper province… 32 Thomas Burrowes, "Brewer's Lower Mill View down the Cataraqui Creek, & and Clearing made for the Canal. Excavation for the Lock just commenced, 1829." Watercolour. Archives of Ontario. Reference Code: C 1-0-0-0-67. Retrieved from http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/burrowes/big/big_36_lower_mill.aspx. 33 Edward Bush, Commercial Navigation on the Rideau Canal, 1832-1961 (Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1982), 7 34 The Cable Public Affairs Channel, History of the Rideau Canal (video). Narrated by Puneet Birgi. Ottawa, Ontario: February 10, 2014.
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the Rideau Canal is their only proper route.”35 Many small communities started to pop up around the shores of the Rideau Canal: Smiths Falls, Perth, Westport, Merrickville and many others; these communities now have the advantage of being located not only on a site of national significance but also one of the most important tourist sites in Canada.
36
The Rideau Canal also played a crucial role in international trade. Transporting goods through waterways was the easiest, cheapest and safest way in Canada. Important materials such as timber, potash, feldspar, mica, iron ore and phosphate were transported along the canal by steamer or barge.37 A triangular pattern of trade soon emerged after the completion of the Rideau Canal in 1832. Goods arriving from Britain arrived in Montreal, towed by steamboats up the Ottawa River to Bytown and transported down the Rideau to Kingston. The goods going back to Britain left from Kingston to Montreal via the St. Lawrence River. The Rideau had 35 Robert B. Sneyd, “Rideau Boom Years: British Immigration to Upper Canada, 1832-46” in Rideau Reflections (Winter/Spring 2008). Retrieved from http://www.rideau-info.com/canal/articles/sneyd-immigration.html, par. 2. 36 Parks Canada, Kingston Mills: Lockage and Boats (Folder). 1414.jpg 37 Parks Canada, Ottawa Locks Walking Tour (brochure). Retrieved from http://www.rideaufriends.com/documents/pc-ottawa-walking-e.pdf, par. 3.
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become the vital link in inter-provincial trade. 38 Furthermore, farming, lumbering, mining, milling of various types (grist, lumber, carding), cheese factories, distilleries, and other small businesses that were operating locally could use the Rideau Canal to transport their goods internally.39 Eventually the St. Lawrence and the age of railways would take over as the main modes of transportation between Kingston and Montreal; however, the importance of the Rideau Canal in the early settlement of the country cannot be denied.
Interesting Lock Facts •
The amount of water used in an average Rideau Canal lock lift is 1.3 million litres. To drink a lock dry, one would have to drink 5.6 million cups of water.40
38 Robert B. Sneyd, “Rideau Boom Years: Commercial Success” in Rideau Reflections (Fall 2007). Retrieved from http://www.rideau-info.com/canal/articles/sneyd-commercial.html, par. 4. 39 Ken Watson, Watson’s Guide 2014 Guide to the Rideau Canal. Revised June 20, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.rideaufriends.com/documents/watson-guide.pdf, 69. 40 Friends of the Rideau, How a Lock Works (brochure). Retrieved from http://www.rideaufriends.com/lockworks/how-a-lock-works-brochure.pdf, bullet #1.
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•
The gates of the locks are made with Douglas Fir in Smiths Falls, Ontario. They last an average of 20 years before they need to be replaced. 41
•
It cost £822,000 to build the canal in 1832. It would cost over well over $500 million to replace all the canal structures today.42
43
How a Lock Functions Using locks as a means of boat navigation dates back well over two thousand years; the system uses water, gravity, human power and a basic system of levers and gears to move boats 41 Friends of the Rideau, How a Lock Works (brochure). Retrieved from http://www.rideaufriends.com/lockworks/how-a-lock-works-brochure.pdf, bullet #2. 42 Friends of the Rideau, How a Lock Works (brochure). Retrieved from http://www.rideaufriends.com/lockworks/how-a-lock-works-brochure.pdf, bullet #7. 43 Parks Canada, Boating Safely: Everything you need to know! (brochure) (Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Chief Executive Officer, 2011), 16 (image).
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up and down the Rideau Canal.44 In 1485 the Duke of Milan's engineer Bertola da Novato built the Bereguardo Canal, an example of the first modern lock use. The gates used were mitre shaped, which may be based on earlier designs by Leonardo da Vinci.45 The mitre gate is so efficient in its design that it is still the most common lock gate and was used in Rideau Canal construction.46 The lock system on the Rideau Canal is based on the slackwater model, which involves flooding the area between one lock and the next to allow vessels to navigate through the waterway; Colonel By chose this method because it would involve less extensive excavation than other methods.47 The locks are able to accommodate boats up to 27.4 m in length and 7.9 m in width.48
44 Friends of the Rideau, How a Lock Works (brochure). Retrieved from http://www.rideaufriends.com/lockworks/how-a-lock-works-brochure.pdf, par. 1. 45 Friends of the Rideau, How a Lock Works (brochure). Retrieved from http://www.rideaufriends.com/lockworks/how-a-lock-works-brochure.pdf, par. 4. 46 Friends of the Rideau, How a Lock Works (brochure). Retrieved from http://www.rideaufriends.com/lockworks/how-a-lock-works-brochure.pdf, par. 4. 47 The Cable Public Affairs Channel, History of the Rideau Canal (video). Narrated by Puneet Birgi. Ottawa, Ontario: February 10, 2014. 48 Parks Canada, Kingston to Ottawa Ontario (brochure) (Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Chief Executive Officer, 2014), par. 21.
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The Parks Canada brochure explains the mechanics and anatomy of the locks in the following image:
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49 Friends of the Rideau, How a Lock Works (brochure). Retrieved from http://www.rideaufriends.com/lockworks/how-a-lock-works-brochure.pdf (image).
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Ottawa Locks Site Attractions The Rideau Canal begins with the eight locks that connect the Ottawa River to the Rideau Canal. Lock masonry was changed in the 1920s when the stone facing of locks 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 were replaced with solid concrete blocks matching the original stone courses. 50 These locks are now flanked by the Parliament Buildings and the Chateau Laurier Hotel. 51
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50 Robert Passfield, Building the Rideau Canal: A Pictorial History (Don Mills, Ontario: Fitzhenry & Whiteside Ltd., 1982), 54. 51 Ken Watson, Watson’s Guide 2014 Guide to the Rideau Canal. Revised June 20, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.rideaufriends.com/documents/watson-guide.pdf, 35. 52 Library and Archives Canada, “Rideau Canal Locks” (MIKAN no. 3335587). Modified March 19, 2008. Retrieved from http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php? fuseaction=genitem.displayEcopies&lang=eng&rec_nbr=3335587&rec_nbr_list=4134592,496636,496634,3326194, 3326205,3335587,2266600,2836160,2897080,3326184&title=Rideau+Canal+Locks.+&ecopy=a032188-v6 (image)
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The following locations are the major attractions on the site: Sappers Bridge Made entirely of stone, it connected Upper and Lower Bytown before being demolished in 1912. Initial attempts at demolishing the bridge failed because it had been constructed too well, so it had to be brought down by repeatedly dropping large weights. 53 Blacksmith Shop Built by Thomas McKay c. 1826, very little information on this building is known. 54 Lockmaster’s Office This building was built in 1884 for the lockmaster and toll collector’s use. 55 Past Ottawa Lockmasters include: •
William Addison, sergeant, 7th Company, Royal Sappers and Miners (1832-1871)
•
William G. Addison, former lockmaster at Long Island (1871-1890)
•
N.W. Clarke, labourer at Davis and Jones Falls (1890-1907)
•
W.H. Bishop (1907-1921) 56
53 Parks Canada, Ottawa Locks Walking Tour (brochure). Retrieved from http://www.rideaufriends.com/documents/pc-ottawa-walking-e.pdf, par. 8. 54 Parks Canada, Ottawa Locks Walking Tour (brochure). Retrieved from http://www.rideaufriends.com/documents/pc-ottawa-walking-e.pdf, par. 9. 55 Parks Canada, Ottawa Locks Walking Tour (brochure). Retrieved from http://www.rideaufriends.com/documents/pc-ottawa-walking-e.pdf, par. 10.
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Commissariat Building Originally constructed as a warehouse for military and canal supplies and the oldest stone building in Ottawa, it now houses the Bytown Museum.57 Royal Engineers Office This building acted as the headquarters of the Rideau Canal during construction from 18281832.58 Eventually this office was turned into a private residence in 1868. However, vibrations from passing trains eventually caused too much damage, and it was torn down in 1912. The foundations of the building can still be seen today.59 Major’s Hill Park Colonel John By’s stone house was built here, but it was lost in 1849 due to fire. His statue now stands at the top of the hill.60 56 Judith Tulloch, Rideau Canal: Defence, Transport, and Recreation (Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1981), 120. 57 Parks Canada, Ottawa Locks Walking Tour (brochure). Retrieved from http://www.rideaufriends.com/documents/pc-ottawa-walking-e.pdf, par. 11. 58 Carleton University. Heritage Passages: Bytown and the Rideau Canal. Accessed November 9, 2014. Retrieved from http://passageshistoriques-heritagepassages.ca/ang-eng/emplacements-locations/vallee_daccesentrance_valley/batiment_des_royal_engineers-ordnance_office, par. 1. 59 Parks Canada, Ottawa Locks Walking Tour (brochure). Retrieved from http://www.rideaufriends.com/documents/pc-ottawa-walking-e.pdf, par. 12. 60 Parks Canada, Ottawa Locks Walking Tour (brochure). Retrieved from http://www.rideaufriends.com/documents/pc-ottawa-walking-e.pdf, par. 13.
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61 Parks Canada, Ottawa Locks Walking Tour. Illustrated by Dorothea Larsen, modified September 16, 2013. Retrieved from http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhn-nhs/on/rideau/activ/sentier_trail/sentier_trail_ottawa.aspx (image).
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Smiths Falls Connection and the Visitor Information Centre Halfway between Ottawa and Kingston, the Rideau Canal waterway passes through the town of Smiths Falls; the town expanded rapidly after the completion of the Rideau Canal. The Rideau Canal Headquarters Office is located at Smiths Falls; the staff here is responsible for the overall administration of the Canal, which requires much collaboration and specialized skill sets due to the complex demands that occur during the operation of a historic canal. 62 The Visitor Information Centre contains exhibits on the history and importance of the Rideau Canal, including a 15 minute video presentation.63 The original 3-lift manual system built by Colonel John By in 1829 is found near the centre.64 The Rideau Canal Locks are a key tourist attraction for the town of Smiths Falls. Moreover, the architectural heritage found along the Rideau waterway, particularly in the Smiths Falls area, reflects years of canal history. 65 Parks Canada has developed several educational programs for children and adults which attempt to reinforce the theme of environmental protection and learning about the importance of national historic sites like the Rideau Canal. These include Club Parka, the Xplorers program,
62 Parks Canada, “Administration and Operations.” Retrieved from http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/docs/r/on/rideau/pd-mp/page_10.aspx, par. 1. 63 Parks Canada, “Rideau Canal Visitor Centre.” Retrieved from http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhnnhs/on/rideau/visit/accueil_info.aspx, par. 1. 64 Parks Canada, “Rideau Canal Visitor Centre.” Retrieved from http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhnnhs/on/rideau/visit/accueil_info.aspx, par. 3. 65 Parks Canada, Rideau Canal National Historic Site: Kingston to Ottawa Ontario (brochure). 2011. Retrieved from http://www.rideaufriends.com/documents/rideau-canal-brochure-web.pdf, par. 12.
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and the “Treasures of the Rideau” Voyageur Canoe Tours, all of which can be enjoyed at the Smiths Falls location.66
The Tay Canal An addition to the Rideau Canal was built in 1834 called the Tay Canal. The project was a private venture built by the settlers of Perth. It connected the Rideau Canal by five wooden locks and ensured that Perth played a major role in the early commercial trade of Upper Canada. It was later replaced by a second Tay Canal.67 The Rideau Canal Under Government Protection The Rideau Canal remained under the control of the British Ordnance Department until 1856 when the provincial board of works of the united colonies of Upper and Lower Canada assumed responsibility for the canal. In 1868 responsibility was transferred to the federal government, the Department of Railways and Canals (later to be called the Department of Transport) eventually taking control of the Rideau Waterway.68 In 1972, control of the Rideau was transferred to the Canadian Parks Service, now called Parks Canada, part of the Federal Department of Canadian Heritage.69 Originally called the Dominion Parks Branch, the agency 66 Parks Canada, “Rideau Canal Visitor Centre.” Retrieved from http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhnnhs/on/rideau/visit/accueil_info.aspx, pars. 6&7. 67 Parks Canada, Rideau Canal National Historic Site: Kingston to Ottawa Ontario (2011). Retrieved from http://www.rideaufriends.com/documents/rideau-canal-brochure-web.pdf, par. 9. 68 Ken Watson, “History of the Rideau Canal,” accessed November 9, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.rideau-info.com/canal/history/hist-canal.html, par. 55. 69 Ken Watson, “History of the Rideau Canal,” accessed November 9, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.rideau-info.com/canal/history/hist-canal.html, par. 55.
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was renamed the National Parks Branch in 1930, the Parks Canada Program in 1973, the Canadian Parks Service in 1984, and the Parks Canada Agency in 1998. 70 The government directed Parks Canada to shift its “emphasis in the management of the canal systems from transportation to historic restoration, preservation and interpretation; natural environmental preservation and interpretation and the optimum use of federal lands.” 71 Nowadays, the Rideau Canal is protected by a significant amount of governmental legislation. One of the most important documents is the Historic Canal Regulations, which “address the management, maintenance, proper use and protection of historic canals administered by Parks Canada. They empower the Superintendent to operate and manage the Canal and regulate Canal activities.”72 There has been a significant amount of progress in the protection of the Rideau Canal as a heritage site in the last forty years. Parks Canada Role The creation of a new unit within the Department of the Interior, to be called the Dominion Parks Branch, was created by the Canadian government in 1911; it was the first time in history that any country had created an agency devoted to managing its national parks. 73 This points to the importance Canadians place on their national historic sites. Moreover, every year
70 Claire Elizabeth Campbell, “Governing a Kingdom: Parks Canada 1911-2011,” in A Century of Parks Canada, ed. Claire Elizabeth Campbell (Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary Press, 2011), 2. 71 Ken Watson, Watson’s Guide 2014 Guide to the Rideau Canal. Revised June 20, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.rideaufriends.com/documents/watson-guide.pdf, 70. 72 Ken Watson, “Government Legislation,” accessed November 9, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.rideauinfo.com/local/local_legislation.html, par. 2. 73 Claire Elizabeth Campbell, “Governing a Kingdom: Parks Canada 1911-2011,” in A Century of Parks Canada, ed. Claire Elizabeth Campbell (Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary Press, 2011), 2.
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Parks Canada welcomes 25 million visitors to its parks and national historic sites. 74 This is further evidence for the argument that Parks Canada plays a major role in protecting heritage and resources for Canadians. More specifically to the Rideau Canal, the protection of historic canals has been specifically built into Parks Canada vision. The organization bases its administration of historic canals on the following two underlying principles: 1)
All maintenance of the historic canals will be administered in an environmentally sound manner.
2)
The importance of environmental stewardship is a key message Parks Canada will deliver to the public through their programs.75
This theme of stewardship permeates all aspects of the Parks Canada organization, which has taken an interest in relaying this message to the visitors of national historic sites like the Rideau Canal. Parks Canada protection of the Rideau Canal directly relates to their overall mandate, which is as follows: “On behalf of the people of Canada, we protect and present nationally significant examples of Canada's natural and cultural heritage and foster public understanding, appreciation and enjoyment in ways that ensure their ecological and commemorative integrity for present and future generations.”76 Furthermore, Parks Canada protection of the Rideau Canal directly relates to their vision of the Rideau Canal’s future role in the lives of its visitors. 74 Sheila Fraser, “Protection of Cultural Heritage in the Federal Government,” in Report of the Auditor General of Canada to the House of Commons (Ottawa, Ontario: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2003). Retrieved from http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/docs/20031106ce.pdf, 3. 75 Parks Canada, “Administration and Operations.” Retrieved from http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/docs/r/on/rideau/pd-mp/page_10.aspx, par. 4. 76 Parks Canada, “Parks Canada Mandate,” modified August 3, 2011. Retrieved from http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/agen/index.aspx, par. 1.
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Their vision for the future, which also emphasizes the theme of stewardship, contains the following principles: •
“Canadians, residents and visitors cherish the Rideau Canal as a symbol of Canada’s identity and take pride in their contribution to preserving this national treasure for future generations.”77
•
“The cultural and natural resources under the stewardship of Parks Canada are protected for the benefit of this and future generations.” 78
•
“The values of the Rideau Waterway Canadian Heritage River are widely understood and protected through public and private stewardship.”79
•
“Rideau Canal staff are proud of their stewardship role and through their actions display leadership in resource protection, sustainable use, and heritage presentation.” 80
Parks Canada staff also plays a crucial role in physically guiding boaters through the locks in the summer months. Maintenance of the Rideau Canal is undertaken by Parks Canada staff. They maintain the 1.5 m water level throughout the navigation season (Victoria Day weekend to Thanksgiving weekend).81 Parks Canada staff also continue the long tradition of hand77 Parks Canada, “Vision and Guiding Principles.” Retrieved from http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/docs/r/on/rideau/pdmp/page_03.aspx, par. 4. 78 Parks Canada, “Vision and Guiding Principles.” Retrieved from http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/docs/r/on/rideau/pdmp/page_03.aspx, par. 5. 79 Parks Canada, “Vision and Guiding Principles.” Retrieved from http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/docs/r/on/rideau/pdmp/page_03.aspx, par. 10. 80 Parks Canada, “Vision and Guiding Principles.” Retrieved from http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/docs/r/on/rideau/pdmp/page_03.aspx, par. 11. 81 Parks Canada, Kingston to Ottawa Ontario (brochure) (Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Chief Executive Officer, 2014).
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operating the locks at most of the 24 lockstations.82 Furthermore, they are responsible for ensuring the safety of the visitors to national historic sites in Canada. 83 Staff at Ottawa Locks, Hogs Back, Long Island, Burritts Rapids, Smiths Falls, Poonamalie, Lower Beveridges, Narrows, Newboro, Chaffeys, Jones Falls and Kingston Mills provide navigation charts, which are essential documents for safe boating practices.84 The following image shows the extensive services offered by Parks Canada at each of the lockstations:
85
Essentially, Parks Canada staff act as guides on the site, providing the visitors to the Rideau Canal with a unique, safe and comfortable experience. 82 Parks Canada, Kingston to Ottawa Ontario (brochure) (Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Chief Executive Officer, 2014). 83 Department of Transport Act, Historic Canal Regulations SOR/93-220 s. 4 (Ottawa, Ontario: Minister of Justice, 1993). Retrieved from http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/sor-93-220/. 84 Parks Canada, Kingston to Ottawa Ontario (brochure) (Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Chief Executive Officer, 2014). 85 Parks Canada, Kingston to Ottawa Ontario (brochure) (Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Chief Executive Officer, 2014) (image).
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Parks Canada has also made some progress in the area of exploration and conservation of archaeological heritage of the Rideau Canal. In 1998 a team of underwater archaeologists from Parks Canada began an underwater survey of the Rideau Canal, and many different types of underwater archaeological sites were found.86 This project is still in the early stages of development. Nevertheless, the protection of natural and cultural heritage, which is built into the Parks Canada mandate, should include archeological heritage as well. One of the necessary stages to protect a nationally historic significant place is initial surveying and assessment of the site, steps currently being undertaken by Parks Canada. Parks Canada’s role in protecting national historic sites also involves addressing the many challenges the site may face in the coming years. The 2003 Auditor’s General Report pointed out one of the main problems Parks Canada currently faces: many of the national historic sites administered by Parks Canada are showing signs of deterioration. 87 However, they also determined that Parks Canada has reasonably reliable information on the condition of the national historic sites they administer.88 The federal government recommended strengthening the agency’s conservation policies of national historic sites. 89 The 2007 Auditor’s General Report on the Conservation of Federal Built Heritage concluded that Parks Canada has made 86 Parks Canada, “Submerged Cultural Resources Inventory.” Retrieved from http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhnnhs/on/rideau/natcul/natcul3.aspx, par. 2. 87 Sheila Fraser, “Protection of Cultural Heritage in the Federal Government,” in Report of the Auditor General of Canada to the House of Commons (Ottawa, Ontario: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2003), Retrieved from http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/docs/20031106ce.pdf, 1. 88 Sheila Fraser, “Protection of Cultural Heritage in the Federal Government,” in Report of the Auditor General of Canada to the House of Commons (Ottawa, Ontario: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2003), Retrieved from http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/docs/20031106ce.pdf, 8. 89 Sheila Fraser, “The Conservation of Federal Built Heritage,” in A Status Report of the Auditor General of Canada to the House of Commons (Ottawa, Ontario: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2007). Retrieved from http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/docs/20070202ce.pdf, 6.
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satisfactory progress in implementing the recommendations outlined in the 2003 report. 90 Parks Canada has made the conservation of national heritage a priority and will continue to do so in the future, especially nationally historic sites as significant as the Rideau Canal.
Recreational Activities Although the operation of the canal itself has changed very little from 1832 to present day, what the Rideau Canal is now used for and how humans experience the Rideau Canal has changed drastically. The Rideau Canal history can be divided into three categories: military, transportation and recreational. The Rideau Canal may have originally been designed to keep Americans from militarily invading Canada, but nowadays these waterways are undergoing a different type of infiltration. Americans now come to the Rideau Canal to use it as a recreational tool. The recreational activities that take place on the Rideau Canal are fun and varied. The two main activities are fishing in the summer and skating in the winter. Fishing is a major recreational activity undertaken on the Rideau due to the variety of fish found in the canal and its connecting lakes, including bass, pike, crappie, lake trout, and pickerel.91 Largemouth bass fishing is prohibited by law on the Rideau Canal until the third 90 Sheila Fraser, “The Conservation of Federal Built Heritage,” in A Status Report of the Auditor General of Canada to the House of Commons (Ottawa, Ontario: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2007). Retrieved from http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/docs/20070202ce.pdf, 6. 91 Ken Watson, Watson’s Guide 2014 Guide to the Rideau Canal. Revised June 20, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.rideaufriends.com/documents/watson-guide.pdf, p. 58.
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Saturday in June in order to protect the fish population; following the catch-and-release philosophy is not an adequate alternative, as predators are quick to eat unguarded eggs, and there is only a 50% chance the bass will return to their nest after being caught. 92 Failure to follow this law may result in fines of up to $100,000 and confiscation of boats, gear, and vehicles.93 By the late 19th century, the Rideau region was renown across North America for its bass fishing.94 In the 1970s there was some discussion at city hall that the Rideau Canal should be paved over and made into an expressway.95 However, eventually it was decided that turning the Rideau Canal into a skating rink for the public may prove to be a better idea. The Rideau Canal was first opened for skating in 1971, after the National Capital Commission employees armed with brooms and shovels cleared a small section of ice near the National Arts Centre. 96 In 2005, the Rideau Canal Skateway made it into the Guinness Book of World Records for being the largest naturally frozen ice rink in the world.97 The Rideau Canal Skateway is the equivalent of 90 Olympic-sized rinks (165,621 square metres), and it is 7.8 kilometres long. 98 92 Ken Watson, Bass Watch (brochure). Retrieved from http://www.rideau-info.com/documents/basswatch2.pdf, 2 93 Ken Watson, Bass Watch (brochure). Retrieved from http://www.rideau-info.com/documents/basswatch2.pdf, 2. 94 Ken Watson, Watson’s Guide 2014 Guide to the Rideau Canal. Revised June 20, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.rideaufriends.com/documents/watson-guide.pdf, p. 69. 95 Clive Doucet, Urban Meltdown: Cities, Climate Change and Politics-as-Usual (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers, 2007), 15. 96 National Capital Commission, “Rideau Canal Skateway.” Retrieved from http://www.ncc-ccn.gc.ca/places-tovisit/rideau-canal-skateway/ice, par. 2. 97 National Capital Commission, “Rideau Canal Skateway.” Retrieved from http://www.ncc-ccn.gc.ca/places-tovisit/rideau-canal-skateway/ice, par. 27. 98 National Capital Commission, “Rideau Canal Skateway.” Retrieved from http://www.ncc-ccn.gc.ca/places-tovisit/rideau-canal-skateway/ice, par. 30.
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The Rideau Canal skateway is on splendorous display during the month of February for Winterlude, an annual celebration of winter and one of Ottawa’s most important tourist attractions. There has been an attempt in the last few years to teach Canadians heritage while experiencing it in an outdoor setting. For example, during Winterlude, Library and Archives Canada put on the “Portraits on the Ice” outdoor exhibition on the Rideau Canal. This exhibit showcases 10 portrait art reproductions of figures during the War of 1812, “designed to offer Canadians an unexpected encounter with their country’s heritage in an outdoor setting.” 99 Parks Canada has also implemented this concept of showcasing Canadian heritage in an outdoor environment. The agency is in charge of “Ghost and Echoes of the Rideau Canal” 100; this is an interactive performance of ghost stories, legends, folklore and re-enactments on the Rideau Canal put on during the summer. The goal of Parks Canada is to make the country’s heritage more accessible to Canadians. One of the ways they accomplish this is providing one of a kind experiences in the setting they are promoting through interactive audience participation activities and provide Canadians with greater insight into the importance of their country’s heritage. The Rideau Canal in the Mobile Age Carleton University has created the free Rideau Timescapes App for Apple iOS devices that allows the visitor to interact with the visual heritage of lockstations along the canal in a
99 Library and Archives Canada, Collaboration (video), last modified September 23, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/news/videos/Pages/collaboration.aspx, Time 1:43. 100 Ottawa Festivals, “CANADIAN, CAPITAL AND UNIQUE: THE 33RD WINTERLUDE AND THE 41ST SEASON OF THE RIDEAU CANAL SKATEWAY.” Retrieved from http://www.ottawafestivals.ca/news/canadian-capital-and-uniquethe-33rd-winterlude-and-the-41st-season-of-the-rideau-canal-skateway/, par. 14.
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very modern way.101 More than 700 zoomable historic photographs, bilingual histories of the canal and the lockstations, and the ability to overlay historical photographs with contemporary scenes are available through this interface.102 Carleton University has also created the Heritage Passages: Bytown and the Rideau Canal virtual museum exhibit. This site contains many animations of architectural and design elements along the Rideau Canal. It is a visually appealing and modern way of allowing visitors to experience the Rideau Canal. The Heritage Passages Live Virtual Museum application also exists to bring the history of the Rideau Canal into the 21st century. Users of the app are able to experience the Rideau Canal at their own leisure, “presenting the canal's history and features through the stories, images, and animated reconstructions most relevant to the landscape around you.”103 Heritage Passages has also made the Forgotten Worker quest application that places emphasis on the lives of the Rideau Canal workers and allows users to learn about what life was like for them while trying to avoid harsh working conditions.104 Both applications use GPS smartphones and begin at the north side of the Wellington Street Bridge in downtown Ottawa.105 UNESCO World Heritage Site
101 Carleton University. “Rideau Timescapes.” Retrieved from http://rideau.timescapes.ca/. 102 Carleton University. “Rideau Timescapes.” Retrieved from http://rideau.timescapes.ca/. 103 Carleton University. Heritage Passages: Bytown and the Rideau Canal. Accessed November 9, 2014. Retrieved from http://passageshistoriques-heritagepassages.ca/ang-eng/application_mobile-mobile_application, par. 1. 104 Carleton University. Heritage Passages: Bytown and the Rideau Canal. Accessed November 9, 2014. Retrieved from http://passageshistoriques-heritagepassages.ca/ang-eng/application_mobile-mobile_application, par. 2. 105 Carleton University. Heritage Passages: Bytown and the Rideau Canal. Accessed November 9, 2014. Retrieved from http://passageshistoriques-heritagepassages.ca/ang-eng/application_mobile-mobile_application, par. 3.
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The Rideau Canal is Canada’s 14th World Heritage Site and the only one in Ontario.106 This designation is the most significant global recognition that a historic site can receive. 107 Being chosen as a UNESCO World Heritage site implies not only that the site is significant to the country’s history but also as an example of the ingenuity and commitment of humankind. World Heritage sites “must be of outstanding value to humanity and of universal significance.”108 The Rideau Canal was chosen as a World Heritage Site based on the following criteria: •
It is marked by “ingenuity of adaptive design, high quality of construction and workmanship, and performance in the face of physical challenges.” 109
•
It “represents a brilliant achievement in applying and adapting British technology of the canal-building era to the Canadian wilderness, as well as a significant example of British geopolitical strategy in the North American context.”110
•
It is an “outstanding example of a technological ensemble (a transportation corridor) which illustrates British imperial defence through early 19 th-century transformation of the Canadian wilderness into the canal which survives with exceptionally high integrity today.”111
106 Parks Canada, Kingston to Ottawa Ontario (brochure). Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Chief Executive Officer, 2014. 107 Ron Corbett, The Rideau Canal: Then and Now (Ottawa, Ontario: Magic Light Publishing, 2007), 142. 108 Anna Leask and Alan Fyall, Managing World Heritage Sites (New York, NY: Routledge, 2006), 42. 109 Ron Corbett, The Rideau Canal: Then and Now (Ottawa, Ontario: Magic Light Publishing, 2007), 142. 110 Ron Corbett, The Rideau Canal: Then and Now (Ottawa, Ontario: Magic Light Publishing, 2007), 142. 111 Ron Corbett, The Rideau Canal: Then and Now (Ottawa, Ontario: Magic Light Publishing, 2007), 142.
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It is also important to note that UNESCO World Heritage status may be taken away if the site is not protected and maintained. It is not a common occurrence, but it is possible and greatly embarrassing for the country the site resides in. Not only does it imply that the country doesn’t have the funds necessary for upkeep of the site but it also implies that the country does not give priority to their own cultural heritage. This makes Parks Canada role in protecting the site even more important. Given the designation of being a UNESCO World Heritage site, “the Rideau Canal is of sufficient importance to be the responsibility of the international community as a whole.”112 Conclusion The Rideau Canal is one of the most important historic sites in Canada. Preserving the legacy of this historic waterway now falls under the responsibility of Parks Canada. However, it has become increasingly difficult for Parks Canada to fulfill their mandate of protecting nationally significant examples of Canadian cultural heritage due to a lack of financial support from the government. Parks Canada was forced to cut the budget of the Rideau Canal by 20% in 2012, removing most of the heritage support for the canal; in 2012 the maintenance backlog for the Rideau Canal was $104.3 million.113 Although these cuts are discouraging, Parks Canada message of the importance of environmental stewardship and relaying this message to the public remains positive for the future of the Rideau Canal.
112 Parks Canada, Rideau Canal National Historic Site: Kingston to Ottawa Ontario (2011). Retrieved from http://www.rideaufriends.com/documents/rideau-canal-brochure-web.pdf, par. 4. 113 Ken Watson, “History of the Rideau Canal,” accessed November 9, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.rideauinfo.com/canal/history/hist-canal.html, par. 68.
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The Rideau Canal is important to many different types of people: boaters, cottagers, skaters, nature lovers, history buffs, and the list goes on. It is “a national historic site that feels new each time you visit.”114 This site must be protected for many reasons. Perhaps Sheila Fraser, Auditor General of Canada from 2001-2011, said it best in the 2007 report on the conservation of federal built heritage: “These places recall the lives and history of the men and women who built this country, and they foster awareness of how Canadian society evolved. They help us to better understand the present and prepare for the future. They contribute in important ways to Canadians' sense of belonging to their community. When important parts of Canada's built heritage are lost, future generations of Canadians are deprived of access to key moments of their shared history.”115
Image Citations Burrowes, Thomas. “First Eight Locks of the Rideau Canal, the North entrance from the Ottawa River.” Watercolour. Archives of Ontario. Reference Code: C 1-0-0-0-13. Retrieved from http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/burrowes/entrance_locks.aspx Burrowes, Thomas. "Brewer's Lower Mill View down the Cataraqui Creek, & and Clearing made
114 Parks Canada, Kingston to Ottawa Ontario (brochure). Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Chief Executive Officer, 2014. 115 Sheila Fraser, “The Conservation of Federal Built Heritage,” in A Status Report of the Auditor General of Canada to the House of Commons (Ottawa, Ontario: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2007). Retrieved from http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/docs/20070202ce.pdf, 1.
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for the Canal. Excavation for the Lock just commenced, 1829." Watercolour. Archives of Ontario. Reference Code: C 1-0-0-0-67. Retrieved from http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/burrowes/big/big_36_lower_mill.asp x. Friends of the Rideau. How a Lock Works (brochure). Retrieved from http://www.rideaufriends.com/lockworks/how-a-lock-works-brochure.pdf (image). Library and Archives Canada, “Rideau Canal Locks� (MIKAN no. 3335587). Modified March 19, 2008. Retrieved from http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/pam_archives/index.php? fuseaction=genitem.displayEcopies&lang=eng&rec_nbr=3335587&rec_nbr_list=413459 2,496636,496634,3326194,3326205,3335587,2266600,2836160,2897080,3326184&title =Rideau+Canal+Locks.+&ecopy=a032188-v6 (image) Parks Canada. Boating Safely: Everything you need to know! (brochure) (Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Chief Executive Officer, 2011), 16 (image). Parks Canada. Kingston Mills: Lockage and Boats (Folder). 1414.jpg Parks Canada. Kingston to Ottawa Ontario (brochure) (Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Chief Executive Officer, 2014) (image). Parks Canada. Ottawa Locks Walking Tour. Illustrated by Dorothea Larsen. Modified September 16, 2013. Retrieved from http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhnnhs/on/rideau/activ/sentier_trail/sentier_trail_ottawa.aspx (image). 35
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