BRICS Astronomy Magazine - Issue 2

Mapping the Milky Way and Local Group Galaxies with AMASE

Astronomy Education

and Public Outreach in India

South Africa and China Astrophysics

Joint Collaboration and Exchange Programme

MeerKAT reveals complex and chaotic centre of the Milky Way

Issue 2

42ND MEETING OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA

Hosted by: Indian Institute of Science, Indian Space Research Organisation, Jawaharlal Nehru Planetarium

January 31 - February 4, 2024

Bengaluru

The annual meeting of the Astronomical Society of India (ASI) aims to bring together the Indian astronomy and astrophysics community. It provides a platform for presenting original research and fostering collaborations.

Programme Highlights

Plenary talks

Invited talks

Workshops

Public lectures

Poster sessions

ASI award presentations

Important Dates

1st Aug 2023: Call for workshop proposals

1st Sept 2023: Deadline for submitting workshop proposals

1st Oct 2023: Abstract submission starts

31st Oct 2023: Abstract submission closes 20th Dec 2023: Early registration closes

Further information

ASI Website: https://astron-soc in/asi2024/

LOC contact: asiloc24@gmail com

SOC contact: asi sciorgcomm@gmail com

Scientific Organizing Committee (SOC)

J S Bagla (IISER-Mohali), Chair

B Bhattacharyya (NCRA-TIFR)

I Chattopadhyay (ARIES)

P Chingangbam (IIA)

A Datta (IIT-Indore)

R Gogoi (Tezpur University)

J Jose (IISER-Tirupati)

L Majumdar (NISER)

K K Marhas (PRL)

K Mishra (ARIES), Co-Chair

B Mukhopadhyay (IISc)

K C S Narendranath (ISRO)

G Pandey (IIA)

A K Srivastava (IIT-BHU)

S Tendulkar (TIFR)

Created by: Members of IISc LOC

Background credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA

ASTRONOMY IS ONE OF THE MOST ANCIENT SCIENCES, BUT AT THE SAME TIME IS ON THE FOREFRONT OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNOLOGY, HELPING US TO UNDERSTAND OUR UNIVERSE AND IMPROVING OUR LIFE ON EARTH.

Welcome to the second issue of the BRICS Astronomy magazine, where we hop on a journey through the vast cosmos, seeking to uncover the mysteries of the universe that surrounds us. As we gaze upwards and outwards to explore the cosmos, we also celebrate a momentous occasion in the history of BRICS – the future expansion of our alliance to include six new member countries (Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Argentina, Egypt, Iran and Ethiopia were invited as formal members starting January of 2024). This development marks a pivotal chapter in our shared commitment to scientific advancement and international collaboration.

Incorporating the strengths and insights of not only Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa but also our newly invited partners, we find ourselves equipped with an even more diverse tapestry of perspectives, ideas, and expertise. This expansion serves as a powerful reminder that the pursuit of knowledge recognizes no boundaries. Together, we transcend borders, cultures, and languages to uncover the secrets of the universe, aiming for a sustainable future.

Efforts to enhance our collaboration are being undertaken from both the governmental perspective, through open calls for project funding and fostering the scientists' mobility, as well as, from the astronomy perspective, with new observational infrastructures and new projects. Brazil, through LNA, is in the process of installing advanced 1-meter class telescopes at the Pico dos Dias Observatory, which can be seamlessly integrated into the BRICS Intelligent Telescope and Data Network.

As we navigate through these celestial narratives, let us remain inspired not only by the marvels of the universe but also by the power of unity and collaboration. The inclusion of six new partners is a testament to the enduring spirit of cooperation that underpins BRICS. Together, we strive to deepen our understanding of the cosmos and its intricate workings.

I congratulate the scientists who have lent their expertise to make this issue possible. May this edition of the BRICS Astronomy magazine kindle your curiosity, spark your imagination, and remind you that through collaboration, we chart a course towards the furthest reaches of knowledge.

Clear skies and boundless horizons.

Luciana Santos

Minister of State of Science, Technology and Innovation of Brazil

Planned Sessions include:

5th Shaw-I A U Workshop on Astronomy for Education

29 November –1 December 2023 Registration open now!

1

Astronomy Education Research & Evaluation

This session will focus on research and evaluation into the underlying learning methods and approaches in astronomy education

2

Teaching Methods & Tools

In this session we want to hear about the many innovative ways astronomy is being taught, with practical tips on how to implement them

3

Astronomy Education in Schools in Practice

This session will focus on astronomy education activities for classroom settings: Tell us about your examples for what worked, and/or about how you developed your activity!

4

Science Topic: Planetary Climate

In this session, we will explore the atmospheric dynamics of exoplanets and planets in the Solar System, with special attention to the current issues related to climate change on Earth

5

Special topic: Astronomy Education Beyond the Classroom

In this session we will explore the rich variety of ways and places where astronomy is used for educational purposes beyond the edutainment factor as well as initiatives developed by professionals and amateur astronomers that bring astronomy to school settings

ENDLESS POSSIBILITIES

The vast cosmos serves as a reminder to humankind of our rather insignificant significance in the bigger scheme of things. The cosmos reminds us that we are part of a bigger ecosystem, one we are yet to fully understand. Astronomy as a discipline therefore provides the invaluable key to unlocking the secrets of our universe.

This issue of BRICS Astronomy is published after the expansion of the BRICS consortium that ensured six new member countries were invited. Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Argentina, Egypt, Iran and Ethiopia were invited as formal members starting January 2024. This development will ensure a wider scope for the BRICS countries, which will ultimately ensure that international collaboration and scientific advancement are accelerated in the member states.

In this second issue of the publication, among other topics we take a look Astrotourism which is on the rise. Simply put; Astrotourism involves purposely traveling to nature-rich destinations that experience less light pollution, allowing you to spot stars more easily, as well as visiting observatories and astronomy-related organizations with ecotourism in mind. At its very core, Astrotourism is an activity which offers the night sky observers and appreciators opportunities to gaze at the stars in a more natural environment.

MeerKAT took a remarkable image of the centre of our galaxy. This image is definitely worth looking at as it paints the scope of our universe in a different and fascinating light.

As BRICS enters a new era of expansion the expected collaboration between member countries is certainly something to look forward to. Our publishing team hopes you enjoy this latest edition of the BRICS Astronomy publication as we certainly enjoyed putting this together.

Evans Manyonga Editor BRICS Magazine

CONTENTS

Mapping the Milky Way and Local Group Galaxies with AMASE

Resolutions of the 9th Annual BRICS Astronomy Working Group Meeting 2023

Stars in the making

Astronomy Education and Public Outreach in India

Expanding BRICS

Absence of pulses from Radio Pulsars

BRICS Astronomy Working Group Hackathon Clustering Astronomical Data with Machine Learning

The future of Science

South Africa and China Astrophysics Joint Collaboration and Exchange Programme

Development of Astronomy in Russia

Astrotourism

MeerKAT reveals complex and chaotic centre of the Milky Way

A Visit to Brazil Astronomical Facilities

1 Bridgeway, Century City, Cape Town, South Africa, 7441

Tel: +27 21 830 5240 | Email: nadine@bricsmag.com www.bricsmag.com

PUBLISHING

EDITOR IN CHIEF

PUBLISHING EDITOR IN CHIEF

Evans Manyonga evans@reignmakers.co.za

Evans Manyonga evans@reignmakers.co.za

CHAIRMAN

Madambi Rambuda

HEAD OF PARTNERSHIPS

Madambi Rambuda HEAD OF COORDINATION

Jason Muna

Duduzile Kubheka CONTENT COORDINATOR

SUB-EDITOR

Amanda Rhyn

Nadine Sims GRAPHIC DESIGNER

Stacey Swartz CONTRIBUTORS

Annique Moonsamy CONTRIBUTORS

Lusanda Tamesi, Moleboge Lekoloane, Aniket Sule, Sushan Konar, Sabyasachi Cahttopadhyay

Phenyo Mathapo, Joyfull Mdhluli, Christian Hettiage, David Buckley

Nadine Sims, Lusanda Tamesi, Evans Manyonga, Duduzile Kubheka, Ulisses Barres De Almeida, Bruno Vaz Castilho, Carlos Alexandre Wuensche, Muna Ado

PUBLISHED BY

Address: Tsiba House, 6 Spring Street, Woodstock, Cape Town

+27 66 203 2927 | Email: evans@reignmakers.co.za www reignmakers.co.za

PUBLISHED BY DISCLAIMER

Photo credit: South African Astronomical Observatory

Mapping the Milky Way and Local Group Galaxies with AMASE

(Affordable Multiple Aperture Spectroscopy Explorer)

By Sabyasachi Cahttopadhyay

Optical model spectrograph

The Affordable Multiple Aperture Spectroscopy Explorer (AMASE) project is hosted by the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), and South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) is aiming to be a key collaborator. AMASE is an optical spectroscopic survey of the ionized gas in the Milky Way and all Local Group star-forming galaxies. The survey aims to answer several questions and fill the gap in our understanding of several scientific questions. The data from this survey will be used to uncover the process driving outflows in star-forming regions, to calibrate the metallicity measurements and photoionization models, and to understand the origin of the diffuse ionized gas.

Spectroscopy in any wavelength e.g. optical is a tool to analyse the light to extract physical properties of the source and the medium through which it travelled. Classically in astronomy, a one dimensional slit was used to take spectra of an astronomical object. This was great for point source objects like stars, planets etc. However, for extended objects, this technique was extremely inefficient and cumbersome.

In the last 25 years, development in fiber optics technology has led to the development of systems which can help spectrographs to cover two-dimensional areas on the sky. Such systems are called integral field units (IFU). Use of optical fibers is at the heart of IFU development. Fibers collect light from the telescope focal

plane and deliver it to the input of the spectrograph with minimal throughput loss (<7%) but take much less time (typically less than 10% observing time) to cover the same extended astronomical object.

Since this development, many surveys (e.g. SAURON, CALIFA, SAMI, MaNGA) have used IFU coupled spectrographs to observe galaxies in the near to far universe. The number of sample galaxies observed ranges from tens to tens of thousands. These surveys have discovered many statistical relations of integrated galaxy properties that would have remained unknown without the survey nature of these studies, such as the relations between stellar mass surface density, star formation rate, surface density, and gas-phase metallicity.

However, a key feature of all the surveys is their attempt to observe other galaxies outside our local group. This led to the fact that they could only spatially resolve areas which are several thousands of parsec (1 parsec = 206265 AU, 1 AU is the average distance between earth and sun) in size. Physical processes that are going on in smaller spatial scales are out of bound for these surveys. Theoretical studies have predicted phenomena that drive physical processes like star formation actually originate in molecular clouds and star forming regions which are of the order of a few tens to hundreds of parsec in size.

The Earth’s atmosphere does not allow us observe physical scales of tens to hundreds parsecs in far away galaxies. On the other hand, using existing telescopes to observe local galaxies like Andromeda, Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, Milky Way etc. can be very inefficient since these instruments would resolve spatial scales smaller than tenth of a parsec while observing such nearby objects. Additionally the nearby objects are distributed in several thousands sq. degrees on sky. Hence, heavy multiplexing of spatial scale observation is mandatory.

AMASE

To bridge this gap of spatial resolution, we require telescopes which would look at a large area of the sky and can be small in physical size, such as a camera lens with a fast focal ratio. This can be fed with small fibers (core diameter ~50 micron) that would help keep the diameter of the spectrograph optics small and in turn lead to cost-effective spectrograph components. Finally to address the multiplexing requirement, we need several thousands of fibers in order to capture spectra from a large area on sky simultaneously.

AMASE pairs many identical multi-fibre spectrographs with an array of telephoto lenses to achieve integral field spectroscopy at half-arcminute resolution over a large areas of the sky. This is enabled by a significant reduction in the cost of each spectrograph relative to typical astronomical spectrographs of comparable performance. Cost-reduction is achieved by fibre-coupling and reducing the beam size to match commercial photographic lenses and large-format, small-pixel CMOS detectors. High performance is achieved by recent advances in detectors, optical coatings and new grating technology (fused-silica etched gratings that outperform even volume phase holographic gratings). Replicating the AMASE spectrograph unit is far more cost effective than building a single

large spectrograph that achieves the same survey speed. Each AMASE unit (excluding the ‘telescope’) costs under $150k (USD). No other wide-field spectroscopic system achieves the AMASE spectral resolution.

The AMASE collaboration will develop two prototype telescopes and associated instruments, one for each hemisphere in order to better access the full Milky Way and Local Group science targets. The northern hemisphere component (North AMASE) will be located in Southern China while the southern counterpart (South AMASE) will be located in Sutherland, South Africa. Based on the scientific success of the prototypes, the instrument will be heavily replicated at both sites at the pace fund-raising allows.

Within the scope of the BRICS consortium and beyond, e.g. via interested SALT partners, the AMASE collaboration is expected to provide a platform for engaging both South African and Chinese researchers in cutting edge astronomical engineering and science. CUHK will develop the spectrograph system while SAAO is developing the fiber instrument cable (FIC) for the AMAS-P. For the prototype survey, developing such spectrographs and cables may be suitable within the institute/university facility, however, for the full survey, mass production-assembly of parts will be necessary. Such large scale undertaking is ideal to be contracted out to the local industry. AMASE collaboration would like to commercialise the system fabrication and aims to encourage tie-ups between academia and industry with a larger goal of developing “homegrown” astronomical instrumentation.

It is expected that the instrumentation aspect of the project will require multiple student participation and the work can be a major part of their Masters or PhD thesis. Data from the prototype survey alone should lead to multiple science PhD theses for motivated students across the partnership. For both the prototype and full survey, the collaboration advocates in favour of a public data policy.

Resolutions of the 9th Annual BRICS Astronomy Working Group Meeting 2023

The 2023 BRICS Astronomy Working Group (BAWG) meeting was hosted by the Inter-University Institute for Data Intensive Astronomy (IDIA) at the South African Astronomical Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa, with the support of the BRICS Astronomy Secretariat at the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI).

Distinguished representatives from the governments and scientific institutions of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, as well as several astronomers and students from these countries, attended the BRICS Astronomy Workshop on 16 -17 October, this was followed by a two-day hackathon which was attended by students from the BRICS countries. On the third day, delegates from BRICS member countries embarked on a site visit to the MeerKAT/ SKA and the SALT facilities in the Karoo. The week concluded witthe BAWG business meeting on 19 October where the delegates deliberated on strategic and operational matters. The following resolutions were taken:

1. The meeting started with progress update on work done on the previous resolutions of the 8th Annual Meeting. One of the main points raised was on the establishment of the BRICS Astronomy Association/Society. A decision was made to put this on hold for now and will be reviewed as the need arises in the future once a critical mass of BRICS astronomy collaborations has been reached.

2. It was resolved that the BRICS members should investigate opportunities for participating either as a bloc or in a collaborative manner in large international astronomy facilities. Immediate opportunities to be explored are the Rubin Observatory and the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA).

3. The BAWG agreed to expand its focus and mandate beyond astronomy science to include collaboration in instrumentation and technologies for astronomy. As an immediate step, a directory of companies and agencies providing services and technologies for the astronomy sector should be compiled to assist in facilitating opportunities and tendering by companies within the BRICS countries. The directory should include a reference contact point in each of the partner countries.

4. The BAWG noted the feedback on the BRICS STI Framework and Flagship programmes from the BRICS STI Secretariat (Yaroslav Sorokotyaga). The committee raised issues related to the delays in the BRICS STI Calls adjudicating and funding release to the partners which results in significant synchronisation challenges for implementation.

5. With respect to funding for the BRICS Intelligent Telescope and Data Network (BITDN flagship project, the committee made a recommendation to member countries to engage their respective funding agencies as well the BRICS Infrastructure Working Group (GRAIN) on funding opportunities and to send feedback to the Secretariat by April 2024. Furthermore, the BAWG encouraged the community to continue maturing the BITDN project, including submitting it to the proposed BRICS STI Flagship Call as well as exploring other opportunities to advance the vision.

6. BAWG strongly advocated for the consolidation of efforts to explore alternative open- access and free to publish peer-reviewed astronomy research given the prohibitive costs of publishing introduced by recent developments in scientific journals. The committee recognizes existing discussions within countries and within regional bodies like the African Astronomical Society. South Africa volunteered to coordinate the process of developing proposals for consideration on this issue at the next BAWG meeting.

7. BAWG raised the matter of translating the BRICS Astronomy magazine. Each individual country will explore ways of translating the magazine into their own native languages. Report back is requested by the end of June 2024. The current editorial team will consult with the countries on the existing content material as well as broadening the editorial committee.

8. The BAWG thanked South Africa for successfully hosting the 2023 meeting. Russia will host the next BAWG meeting in 2024 in line with the rotation of the BRICS Presidency. The Secretariat will engage with Russia and will communicate the proposed venue and dates in due course.

Signed by the Secretariat of the BRICS Astronomy Working Group Takalani Nemaungani: Chief Director: Astronomy, Department of Science and Innovation, South Africa

Stars in the making

Stars of the future from the BRICS countries

By Phenyo Mathapo

We're exploring the secrets of the Universe through the work of experienced and aspiring astronomers. Meet young astronomers from BRICS countries making breakthroughs in their research.

Brazil

Dr Bruno Eduardo Morgado

“We always need to collaborate and be part of a community, be part of a group to be able to go further and get more results,” says Bruno E. Morgardo, an astronomy professor at Valongo Observatory of the Federal University in Rio de Janeiro. Having recently published a paper in the Nature Journal, where he was the lead author, about the discovery of a dense ring around the trans-Neptunian object Quaoar, Morgado has made contributions to positional astronomy and planetary systems. His research explores the physical determination of the minor bodies in our solar system to detect their parameters.

Morgado, who states that he was not always interested in astronomy, was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1991. His love for

astronomy emerged from his curious nature and desire to better understand science and work with new data that is ever-changing. “It was very interesting to be a part of this, doing the science and trying to really understand how the physics works, how the universe works,” says Morgado. He completed his undergraduate studies at the Federal University in Rio de Janeiro with a bachelor’s degree in Physics and went on to do his master’s in Astronomy at Valongo Observatory.

In 2018, a paper resulting from his master’s thesis was published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS). Morgado regards this as his first paper as an astronomer. He states that it was an interesting experience as they were developing a new technique to do something quite challenging to do nowadays. They were trying to create new methods to determine the position of the Galilean satellites, which was important for the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) space mission. “We have the JUICE space mission, the Europa Clipper and many other spacecrafts going to these objects and, to be able to get their position here from earth, the position of the Galilean satellites here from earth, this is something that would be very interesting,” says Morgado.

He obtained his doctorate in Astronomy at the National Observatory in 2019. During his doctorate, he spent a year in Paris at the Paris Observatory as a requirement for a sandwich programme and, after completing his doctorate, returned for a year of postdoctoral fellowship. He completed his second postdoctoral fellowship in Brazil at the National Observatory. At the beginning of 2022, he began his position as a professor, teaching Astronomy courses related to astronomical data analysis and programming to undergraduate and postgraduate students.

“It was very interesting to be a part of this, doing the science and trying to really understand how the physics works, how the universe works”

The paper that he collaborated on with Altair Ramos Gomes Júnior, the lead author and a friend and colleague of his, about a software code that they developed called Stellar Occultation Reduction Analysis (SORA) gave him the confidence to venture into research without an advisor. “It was something that came from us. It was a necessity that we thought about and tried to work on, and at the end of the day, it showed me that I am able to be a researcher on my own, I don't need an advisor anymore.”

Morgado hopes to motivate young individuals to be researchers

and scientists in astronomy, starting with the students he teaches. He states that he will always remain interested and passionate about learning new sciences and using new instruments, such as the James Webb Space Telescope and other telescopes that can show us the wonders of the universe.

Russia

Dr Dmitry Chulkov

With his research on minor stars being awarded twice for the best results of the institute in 2020 and 2022, a researcher from the Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INASAN), Dmitry Chulkov, has contributed to the confirmation and discovery of the abundance of twin stars. He has had two papers on visual binary stars published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS).

Chulkov was born in Moscow, Russia, in 1989. He completed his undergraduate degree at Moscow State University. He furthered his studies at INASAN, where he joined the PhD programme and completed his doctorate in 2022. He recalls his interest in astronomy forming around the age of 10 and states that he has been

lucky enough to keep the childhood interest. “I think that many kids are interested in space and the world we live in. However, not many of them continue to keep this interest later in life and, "I was lucky to keep my kid interest.” He further explains that the inspiration for this interest is the beauty of the night sky.

He states the importance of his research on binary stars will be useful to the study and community of astronomy. “It’s very important because these stars are born together, and they help with common age and the common conditions during the formation, and we can compare them, and this can give us a lot of information. It’s like a natural lab,” says Chulkov. He further explains that stars with similar masses are more common in space than expected in our galaxy as there are forces in space which increase the number of binary stars, allowing for the estimation of many of their masses. Nowadays, high-angular resolution surveys of binary stars to study the properties and statistics of stars are performed.

The most important lesson he has learnt in his career has been to always listen to others, even if you may not like their opinions. He states that recognition, such as being cited is important for scientists. “I think people are interested in science, not only because of the stars and their nature, which is interesting, but also because very lovely people are involved in the studies. The astronomical community is very great,” says Chulkov.

His hope for the study of astronomy is that the existing data, such as those from different stellar catalogues, are compiled and combined to decide which interests should be further observed nowadays and how it should be done. Astronomy has had a long heritage through centuries of contributions of many observations and data. Chulkov says, “We hope to perform our own observations and to enlarge our knowledge of particular objects, now we have been doing a survey of binary stars, like hundreds of objects.

India

Dr Barnali Das

“I think that many kids are interested in space and the world we live in however, not many of them continue to keep this interest later in life and I was lucky to keep my kid interest.”

Dr Barnali Das was awarded the Justice Oak Award for an Outstanding Thesis in Astronomy by the Astronomical Society of India in 2022. She is a postdoctoral researcher from the University of Delaware, Barnali Das, has contributed to the discovery of more magnetic massive stars, which were said to be rare. The significance of her doctorate emanates from contributing to the early stages of the field. Her work revolved around studying a particular radio wavelength coming from massive hot stars, and her project aimed to characterize a newly discovered radio emission from those stars.

Born in Assam, India in 1993, Das grew up in a village. She states that growing up, all she knew was that the highest qualification at university was a doctorate, and it was not until she went to Delhi that she got exposed to astronomy. She completed her undergraduate degree at Hansraj College at the University of Delhi in 2014. “I learned that undergrads could do some research

projects, short-term research projects, so that's when I applied in many different places, and I got accepted for a summer program at the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics in Pune, India,” says Das. This is also where she completed her doctorate. It wasn't until she saw an image of the sky at radio wavelengths for the first time that she decided to pursue stellar astronomy. Das says, "I was excited when I first saw the image for the first time. I was the first to see the image, that's where I realized that I love what I do."

Das joined her doctorate work in 2018 and states that the phenomena in which she worked had very little development work done since they were discovered in 2000. From 2000 to 2018, only one star that showed this kind of phenomenon was discovered, thus contributing to her project being considered as risky as its success was not guaranteed. However, by the end of her doctorate, she had discovered 11 more stars. Through this discovery, she could perform a detailed study of the emission.

“I feel that it kind of gave a huge jump to the field itself, so now it's kind of considered as a mainstream field of interstellar astronomy. Previously, it was one sighting which was simple. It was a mystery, we have no idea why, and we don't know how to process something like that, but now it's kind of included in the mainstream, and I can see people showing interest in this work because I think that's why I got that award,” says Das.

Presently, Das' expertise is confined to what she describes as a small area such as massive star radio astronomy. She hopes to make significant contributions to some of the fundamental problems of stellar astronomy, such as the effect of the magnetic field on stellar evolution and the connection between stars, thus creating a unified picture of stellar magnetism. She also hopes to inspire more individuals from her village and state, Assam, to become researchers. “It's like a detective story, I would say. Solving a mystery based on what has already happened,” says Das.

In July she plans to join the position of the Bolton Research Scientist in Australia.

“I learned that undergrads could do some research projects, short-term research projects, so that's when I applied in many different places, and I got accepted for a summer program at the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics in Pune, India”

China

Dr Dongwei Fan

Mainly engaging in research on astronomical information technology, Dongwei Fan, an associate researcher at the National Astronomical Data Center (NADC), has had his research results published in the Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (PASP) and the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS). Fan has also participated in more than ten scientific research projects of the National Development and Reform Commission, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Ministry of Science and Technology. In 2019, he won the second prize of the Tianjin

Science and Technology Progress Award, and in 2020 he won the second prize of the Beijing Science and Technology Progress Award.

Born in Guangxi, China, in 1985, Fan states that he did not know about Astronomy when he was younger as he grew up in a poor village in the south of China. He only knew of Physics, but his curiosity about the universe and what it entails led him to Astronomy. “I wanted to know the universe, I wanted to know where humans came from, how the universe works, and I wanted to know about black holes,” says Fan. He completed his undergraduate degree in Computer Science and Technology at Guangxi Normal University, which has enabled him to do programming and build software for astronomers. It was during his PhD that he began to learn more about Astronomy. He obtained his doctorate in Astronomical technique and method from the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2013. He also attended Johns Hopkins University in the United States of America for a joint research PhD programme between China and the USA.

After his tertiary education, he joined the National Astronomical Observatory Astronomical Information Technology Research Group and the National Astronomical Observatories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (NAOC) to conduct more research on astronomy. He has since consecutively managed three projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and has participated in one national key research and development project as the sub-project leader.

Fan is now also responsible for the LAMOST data publishing system and for building many software programmes to assist astronomers to assess and use data. Thus making it possible for them to work directly on the platform to assess and handle data or create a database and the like rather than downloading large data files onto their personal computers. Fan states that it is currently the largest spectra database in the world, as they have more than 20 million spectra, making it almost twice as large as other databases. “We have to do our best to collect more data for astronomers,” says Fan.

He built a Popular Supernova Project (PSP), which is a supernova search programme for astronomy amateurs, where they can conduct basic astronomical research through the internet, such as comparing two images and trying to find supernovae and novae on the images. It has provided an innovative manner for the effective combination of astronomical learning and web technologies. There have been more than a thousand participants who have studied images on the PSP, with the youngest being

a 10-year-old primary school student who found 3 supernovas on the system. “I think this is the future for astronomers to do research…. Using some computer science technology to help astronomers to do their research better,” says Fan. They are also building more programmes for amateur astronomers to encourage individuals to join their astronomical research.

“We have to do our best to collect more data for astronomers”

South Africa

Munira Hoosain

Meet Munira Hoosain, a second-year PhD. student in Astronomy at the University of Cape Town (UCT), and the South African Astronomical Observatory. Her journey into the fascinating world of Astronomy began in Cape Town, South Africa, where she nurtured her passion for understanding the universe and took advantage of the opportunity to study it using some of the world's best scientific instruments.

Hoosain’s academic journey traces back to her undergraduate years at UCT, where she pursued a degree in Physics and Astronomy. Her dedication and passion for the subject led her to continue her education, embarking on her Honours Degree and eventually a Masters Degree through the National Astrophysics and Space Science Programme (NASSP) at UCT. She is currently busy with her PhD programme at the same institution, delving deeper into the mysteries of the cosmos.

Hoosain’s fascination with the universe was the driving force behind her decision to study astronomy. She was captivated by the prospect of unravelling the mysteries of the cosmos and was inspired by South Africa's remarkable telescopes, such as MeerKAT and SALT. These cutting-edge instruments, located in her homeland, presented her with the perfect opportunity to explore and study the universe.

As part of her current research, Hoosain focuses on the study of hydrogen gas within galaxies. Hydrogen, the simplest and most abundant element in the universe, plays a pivotal role in the formation and evolution of celestial bodies.

To investigate this crucial element, she employs data from MeerKAT to identify the presence of hydrogen gas in galaxies. This is done by measuring the strength of the 21 cm emission line, a fundamental component of the LADUMA (‘Looking At the Distant Universe with the MeerKAT Array’) survey. Her work contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamics and evolution of galaxies.

Hoosain’s dedication and excellence in her field were recently recognised at the South African Women in Science Awards (SAWiSA). These awards celebrate and support the outstanding research achievements of women across various fields of Science. Hoosain was honoured with the DSI-Ndoni Mcunu Fellowship for PhD students, a prestigious award that provides financial support for research activities and travel. The fellowship is named in memory of the late Ndoni Mcunu, founder of Black Women in science, and serves as a testament to Hoosain’s exceptional contributions to Astronomy and her potential to inspire others.

For Hoosain, receiving the DSI-Ndoni Mcunu Fellowship is an incredible honour. She hopes to serve as a role model for young women of colour interested in pursuing careers in astronomy or science. She acknowledges the support of her mentors and the women who have guided her throughout her career and is eager to pay it forward, encouraging and supporting aspiring scientists.

When asked about her advice for young scientists or students considering a career in astronomy, Hoosain emphasises the rewarding and challenging nature of the field. Her message is clear, "if you possess an unquenchable curiosity about the universe and a constant thirst for knowledge, astronomy is a field worth exploring".

Hoosain's journey in astronomy is a testament to the power of curiosity and determination. As she continues to probe the mysteries of the cosmos, she also stands as a beacon of inspiration for aspiring scientists, particularly young women, encouraging them to reach for the stars and explore the infinite wonders of our universe.

ASTRONOMY EDUCATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH IN INDIA

By Aniket Sule

Like its BRICS partners, India is also a country with a diverse population and educational needs. To make matters further complicated, there is no single language which enjoys favour of the majority of the population. Hindi and English are understood by a significant fraction (but still less than half) of the population and the rest of the population is served by about 20-25 major and more than 2000 minor languages and dialects. The cities have high speed cabled internet, cheap cell phone data and a large number of resource rich schools but suffer from extreme light pollution. The hinterlands have pristine skies but poor infrastructure and significantly less awareness about astronomy.

Any education and public outreach (EPO) strategy at a national level must take into account these realities. Most schools and towns may not get a chance to host any astronomer and hear from them. At least half the population will pay attention to any science communication if it is available in their own language. Thus, most projects are designed with a cascade style propagation model. The astronomers or designers of educational materials interact with just a select group of master resource persons and then these resource persons are expected to amplify the message in their respective regions and also translate materials in their own languages.

Indian astronomical research institutes are primarily based in just a few cities but many universities also host 1-2 astronomy faculty members each. Many of these faculty members are passionate

about outreach and it is increasingly common to find dedicated EPO cells at each of the astronomy research institutes. As all these individuals and groups work in their own catchment areas, the Astronomical Society of India’s Public Outreach and Education Committee (ASI-POEC) coordinates with all of them to undertake national level campaigns. Many of the resources created as part of these campaigns can be accessed through ASI-POEC’s website (https://astron-soc.in/outreach/).

Unlike many OECD countries, the Indian school curriculum does not include dedicated astronomy courses. Astronomy content just spans a couple of chapters in middle school geography and science. Naturally, there are no specialist astronomy teachers in schools. Most of the content is just information oriented but teachers struggle to communicate it effectively as their comfort level with astronomy is minimal. At the same time, there are multiple training programmes for teachers and talent nurture programmes for students to ignite interest in astronomy in at least part of the population. India has been participating in the International Olympiad on Astronomy and Astrophysics (IOAA) and the International Astronomy Olympiad (IAO) for more than 2 decades and Indian students tend to do very well in these competitions.

India also recently established the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Office of Astronomy Education – India Center (OAEIndia) at IUCAA, Pune. It is hoped that this center will be a catalyst to establish collaborations for Astronomy Education Research projects, including collaborations with BRICS partners.

ANIKET SULE Associate Professor HBCSE (TIFR), Mumbai www.hbcse.tifr.res.in/

Summer School on Cosmology

DESCRIPTION:

This school provides an introduction to the current state of research in cosmology and astroparticle physics. It is intended for beginning graduate students, as well as more senior non-expert researchers interested in the field.

TOPICS:

Gravity Waves I

D. Figueroa, Valencia University, Spain

Gravity Waves II

P. Ajith, ICTS, Bengaluru, India

Structure Formation I

F. Schmidt, MPA, Garching, Germany

Structure Formation II

E. Krause, University of Arizona, USA

CMB

C. Hill, Columbia University, USA

Dark Matter

L. Hui, Columbia University, USA

Inflation

C. Byrnes, University of Sussex, UK

17 - 28 June 2024

Trieste, Italy

Deadline: 31 March 2024

ORGANISERS:

P. CREMINELLI, ICTP, Italy

M. MIRBABAYI, ICTP, Italy

R. K. SHETH, University of Pennsylvania, USA

FURTHER INFORMATION:

E-mail: smr3945@ictp.it

Web: https://indico.ictp.it/event/10483/ Female scientists are encouraged to apply.

GRANTS:

A limited number of grants are available to support the attendance of selected participants, with priority given to participants from developing countries. There is no registration fee.

The future of science

Technology and innovation among BRICS countries pointing upwards

As the 15th BRICS Summit wrapped up in Johannesburg, science, technology and innovation (STI) remains an important priority of the BRICS nations: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.

The Department of Science and Innovation hosted the BRICS STI Ministerial Meeting from 3 to 4 August in Gqeberha, where the countries adopted the Gqeberha Declaration. The declaration welcomed the further development of the BRICS Network Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology to foster cooperation among the BRICS countries in materials science and nanotechnology, including through the training of scientists, facilitating access to research infrastructures and the sharing of information.

The ministerial meeting was preceded by the BRICS Young Scientist Forum (YSF), which focused on transforming skills development for the future. The YSF brought together 200 Master's Degree and PhD students from BRICS countries, who discussed themes aligned to South Africa's Societal Grand Challenges such as climate change and the future of society, among other things.

The themes were an effort to reform sustainable inclusive development in Africa and the Global South by unlocking economic opportunities through the African Continental Free Trade Area and strengthening post-pandemic socio-economic recovery.

The YSF also included the Young Innovators Prize (YIP). Organised by the South African Department of Science and Innovation entity, the Technology Innovation Agency, the YIP rewarded young scientists for their innovations that are created to benefit society.

The winners were announced during a dinner hosted by the Minister of Higher Education, Science and Innovation, Dr Blade Nzimande. The Minister congratulated the 2023 winners for their work in mining, agriculture, manufacturing and the circular economy.

Prof. Dmitry Yudin from Russia scooped the first prize, winning $25 000, with China's Liu Guangsheng and Brazil's Dr Marlon Wesley Machado Cunico winning $15 000 and $10 000 respectively for the second and third prizes.

Minister Nzimande called for greater collaboration by young scientists and innovators in the BRICS STI partnership, through initiatives such as short-term fellowships with shared interests. He also supported a proposal to create an alumni network of young scientists.

"The YIP addressed priority themes of the STI Decadal Plan such as the unlocking of new sources of economic growth and increasing the competitiveness of our industries," Dr Nzimande said.

The Minister said that finding appropriate mechanisms for enabling cooperation and joint programmes between BRICS and African funders of research and innovation will be a strategic game-changer for pan-African science funding.

Interventions called for by Minister Nzimande to prepare future cooperations included:

• South African participants to work with partners from other African countries under the forthcoming BRICS Framework Programme on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation proposals.

• Providing funding to the South African participants in current BRICS Framework Programme projects to facilitate networking between BRICS researchers and counterparts in other African countries, with the aim of building BRICS-Africa networks.

• Organising a symposium between BRICS funding agencies and their African counterparts to consider possible future joint funding initiatives.

Additional initiatives like the first BRICS Conference on Technology Foresight, hosted by the South African National Advisory Council on Innovation, will be included as part of the Science Forum, South Africa's biggest public science event.

Russia will host the next BRICS STI Ministerial Meeting as it takes over the chairmanship in 2024.

Expanding BRICS

New Horizons for Science and Astronomy

By Nadine Sims

In September 2023, the 15th BRICS Summit convened in Johannesburg, South Africa, marking a momentous event in the world of international collaboration. While the BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) have historically been

known for their collective efforts in addressing political and economic issues, the 15th Summit brought a twist by inviting six new member states—Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates—into the BRICS consortium. This expansion opens new horizons for science and astronomy, promising groundbreaking discoveries and global advancements.

BRICS, a consortium of leading emerging economies, has long recognised the power of scientific cooperation and technological innovation. These nations have combined their intellectual and financial resources to make significant strides in research, development, and innovation across a spectrum of scientific disciplines. The invitation of six new member states propels BRICS into a new era of scientific collaboration and exploration.

One of the scientific disciplines that stands to gain the most from this expansion is astronomy. The study of the cosmos has always been a global endeavour, with the universe's mysteries best unraveled through international cooperation. The addition of these new member states signifies a boom for astronomical research.

Here's how this expansion benefits astronomy and space science:

The inclusion of new member states broadens the geographic reach of BRICS+, providing the potential for joint ventures in building and operating observatories, telescopes, and space missions. This will not only enable synchronised observations of celestial events from various locations on Earth, enhancing the depth and breadth of astronomical research but also aid the on-going effort to establish the BRICS Intelligent Telescope and Data Network (BITDN) Flagship project.

Each new member state brings unique assets and expertise to the field of astronomy. For example, the United Arab Emirates, with its successful Mars Mission, has demonstrated prowess in space exploration and planetary science. Saudi Arabia's investments in space science and technology open doors to a wealth of knowledge, while Egypt has a burgeoning space programme. Iran have experience in building and operating satellites, and Ethiopia's astronomy and space ambitions hold the promise of novel contributions to the field.

The diversity of member states within BRICS+ means that astronomical perspectives, expertise, and approaches to science

communication, public outreach, and education will expand. This diversity can invigorate scientific engagement, sparking the curiosity of new generations and fostering collaboration among students and researchers worldwide.

Astronomy often intersects with the study of climate change, space debris, and celestial events that can impact Earth. The expanded BRICS alliance can play a more prominent role in addressing global challenges, using astronomy as a platform to connect with the broader scientific community.

Astronomy relies on cutting-edge technologies, and the addition of new BRICS member states will undoubtedly lead to accelerated advancements in telescope technology, data analysis, and instrumentation. These technological advancements will not only contribute to astronomical discoveries but will also drive innovation across scientific fields.

The 15th BRICS Summit heralds a new era for science and astronomy within BRICS+. With Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates joining the fold, the scientific possibilities are limitless. The night sky is the limit as BRICS+ embarks on a cosmic journey, unlocking the mysteries of the universe and contributing to a global understanding of the cosmos. The stars are shining brighter than ever, casting a new light on the world of astronomy.

Absence of Pulses from Radio Pulsars

Sushan Konar

NCRA-TIFR, Pune, India

Of the 3500 neutron stars known to date, most are observed as rotation powered Radio Pulsars (RPSR), characterised by short spin-periods ( 10−3 − 102 s) and large inferred surface magnetic fields (Bs ∼ 108 − 1015 G). The characteristic feature of RPSR emission is highly coherent radiation in the form of regular periodic pulses.

The abrupt cessation of this pulsed emission for a number of pulse cycles is known as the phenomenon of nulling, observed in a small subset (∼200) of RPSRs. Even though it is possible that nulling could be caused by certain viewing geometries, the predominantly broadband behaviour is suggestive of a magnetospheric origin.

In general, pulsars are expected to ‘switch off’ when conditions for pair production fail to be met. It has therefore been suggested that the time interval between regular bursts of pulse emission increases with age, (increasing spin-period and decreasing surface field), eventually leading to pulsar ‘death’. A detailed statistical work on the current population of nulling pulsars (NPSR) provides corroboration for this hypothesis and finds no correlation between the fraction of time a pulsar nulls and any of the intrinsic pulsar parameters. Moreover, a recent study also

indicates that pulsars for which emission is predominantly from the polar cap and which have extremely curved magnetic fields (and consequently reside in a particular region of the P s − B s plane), preferentially experience nulling episodes (Konar & Deka 2019). If borne out by future observations, this would pave the way for a theory of nulling which has so far eluded us (Konar, Roy & Bhattacharya 2020).

However, the most extreme case of irregular emission is displayed by the Rotating Radio Transients (RRAT), discovered in 2006 in the Parkes Multi-beam Pulsar Survey. The RRATs, defined as repeating radio sources, with underlying periodicity, are more significantly detectable via their single pulses than in periodicity searches. They were originally considered to be extreme cases of NPSRs (they do occupy the same region of P s − B s space, as in Fig. [1]).

However, overall population characteristics (Abhishek, Malusare, Tanushree, Hegde, & Konar 2022) indicate that - 1. RRATs have higher average P s and B s ; 2. tend to have smaller average dispersion measures (DM) compared to the NPSRs and 3. The statistical distributions of Ps, B s and DM for RRATs and NPSRs do not appear to come from the same underlying distribution. Therefore, RRAT behaviour is unlikely to be a manifestation of extreme nulling, even though they appear in the same region of P s − B s space.

Moreover, treating the RRATs to be a distinct sub-class of neutron stars is not consistent with the observed Galactic supernova rate (must be ≳ to the total neutron star birth-rate). This inconsistency is suggestive of an evolutionary connection of RRATs to other distinct sub-populations of neutron stars. Interestingly, a recent theoretical investigation into magnetar evolution finds that some of the magnetars, as well as most of the high magnetic field RPSRs, are likely to evolve into RRATs (Chowhan, Konar & Banik 2022), as can be seen in Fig. [2])

References:

Abhishek, Malusare N., Tanushree N., Hegde G., & Konar S., 2022, JApA, 43, 75

Chowhan T. T., Konar S. & Banik S., 2022, in Neutron Star Astrophysics at the Crossroads: Magnetars and the Multimessenger Revolution, Proceedings of IAU Symposium No. 363 1 1 Figure 1: Distribution of RRATs and NPSRs along-with normal RPSRs (grey dots) in the P s − B s plane.

Konar S., Deka U., 2019, JApA, 40, 42

Konar S., Roy J., Bhattacharyaa B., 2020, GMRT 38-007

Fig. [1]

Fig. [2]

BRICS Astronomy Working Group Hackathon

Clustering Astronomical Data

with Machine Learning

By Moleboge Lekoloane

The BRICS Astronomy Working Group workshop was succeeded by a two-day hackathon held from the 18th to the 19th of October 2023 at the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO, in Cape Town, South Africa. This event, under the Hack4dev initiative, was designed for postgraduate students residing within the BRICS countries, who possess Python experience and a strong interest in data science and machine learning.

The primary objective was to employ clustering techniques to distinguish between active galactic nuclei (“AGNs”) and star forming galaxies (“SFGs”), ultimately revealing inherent groupings and validating them against established astronomical knowledge. AGNs are galaxies that emit a significant portion of their luminosity from a central supermassive black hole, often overwhelming the typical emissions from the galaxy itself. This intense radiations result from the release of gravitational energy as matter accretes onto the black hole. In contrast, SFGs are characterized by dominant star formation processes, with their radio emissions primarily stemming from synchrotron radiation produced by relativistic electrons and free-free emissions from HII regions. Accurately distinguishing between these two categories is pivotal for advancing our comprehension of galaxy formation and evolution.

The data came from a survey called MeerKAT International GHz Tiered Extragalactic Exploration (MIGHTEE), covering various deep space areas. The survey used the MeerKAT telescope and observed these areas for a long time, totaling about 20 square

degrees. The chosen areas had a lot of data from previous studies, making them interesting for current and future research.

The Hackathon brought together 27 postgraduate students, representating all the BRICS countries. The event was both intense and exhilarating. Despite the tight two-day timeframe for task completion, participants demonstrated an unwavering commitment to achieving technological excellence. The participants were split into six groups for the hackathon. On the final day, each group delivered presentations on their unique approaches to the task. These were carefully assessed and judged. The quality of the presentations across the groups was notably impressive. Each team diligently completed their assigned tasks and presented their work with utmost dedication.

The BAWG hackathon provided a specialized learning environment for emerging talents within the BRICS nations. It provided a valuable opportunity for individuals equipped with Python skills and who have a passionate interest in data science and machine learning to enhance their understanding in the realm of astronomy.

South Africa and China Astrophysics Joint Collaboration and Exchange Programme

By Nadine Sims

The collaboration between the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) and the National Astronomical Observatories of China (NAOC) started in 2016 and has seen almost 20 students and post-doctoral fellows trained through the collaboration programme.

The NAOC is the most prominent astronomy institution in China and Prof. Yin-Zhe Ma from UKZN said he saw the common interests and overlapping technical developments between the two institutions and therefore he took it upon himself to bring the two together and motivate for a collaboration.

In October 2016 the first South African - China bilateral workshop in astronomy took place, which was funded by the National Research Foundation (NRF). The first workshop was called ‘Cosmology with Large Surveys’ and took place in Umhlanga, KwaZulu Natal.

jointly co-supervise students and post-doctoral fellows. That same year, two post-doctoral fellows were enrolled. The position was funded for four years, with those appointed spending two years in South Africa and two years in China.

In 2017, the South African - China Joint Collaboration was organised, with a South African delegation going over to China. The conference was held in Pingtang, Guizhou province, at a hotel close to the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST). Professor Ma was invited to give a presentation on cosmology in this conference.

The following year, the Radio Astronomy Forum 2018 - FASTMeerKAT and SKA Pathfinders Synergies, took place at the same hotel, with a large group of South African, Chinese and international delegates present. Professor Ma and ex-SARChI Professor at the University of Cape Town, Claude Carignan, led the South Africa young research group to attend the conference and visit the FAST site. Many South African students felt that this was an eye-opening experience.

(Photo 3)

In November 2017, UKZN and the NAOC signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU), where it stated that the two countries would

Several conferences and workshops happened between the two countries, but unfortunately, COVID-19 came and halted travelling. The collaborations continued happening online though. Prof. YinZhe Ma explained that the scientific research happening online is still very successful, even having a few students that have graduated and several post-doctoral fellows that have gone into lectureship and professorship positions.

“So far, we have co-supervised 10 students and almost 10 post-doctoral fellows. And many of them have already worked

(Photo 1)

The signature of Memorandum of Agreement between NAOC and UKZN by Dr. Jun Yan (NAOC’s director) and Prof. Albert Van Jaarsveld (UKZN’s Vice-Chancellor) in 2017.

“Cosmology with Large Surveys”, the first SA-China bilateral workshop in 2016, in Umhlanga, KwaZulu-Natal.

The visit of South Africa delegation to FAST site in June 2018, led by Professor Yin-Zhe Ma, and Professor Claude Carignan.

as faculty members in two countries, which is amazing. It means that our pipeline of this joint supervision and collaboration is very successful,” said Prof. Yin-Zhe Ma. He also said, “there is nothing happier than seeing my own students and postdocs become others’ mentors.”

He explained that so far, it’s just about institutional collaboration, but hopefully, in the future, the Department of Science and Innovation in South Africa and the Ministry of Science and Technology in China can step in and provide more funding and support this very efficient collaboration, uplifting it to an inter-governmental collaboration.

Prof. Yin-Zhe Ma moved to Stellenbosch University in September 2023 and hopes the collaboration will continue at his new institution. At Stellenbosch University, he will be starting a new center for astrophysics, which he expressed his excitement about.

Stellenbosch University has been historically very strong in its electrical engineering research, and also strong in data and computations. I am very much looking forward to collaborating with Stellenbosch University colleagues to develop an innovative research program that can utilise and combine the advantages of Stellenbosch instrumental building and data analysis to advance astronomy Prof. Yin-Zhe Ma.

Professor Yin-Zhe Ma’s research group at the University of KwaZulu-Natal in 2018, in which many students and postdocs have become University lecturers and professors.

Stellenbosch University, where Professor Yin-Zhe Ma is moving into, is a world-renowned University in Science and Engineering Research.

Development of Astronomy in Russia

By Mohamad E. Abdelaal

Astronomy has a rich history in Russia, dating back to the 18th century when the country's first observatory was established in St. Petersburg. Since then, Russia has made significant contributions to the field of astronomy and space science, including the discovery of numerous comets, the first flyby of Venus, and the launch of the first satellite, Sputnik 1, in 1957.

One of the most notable Russian astronomers was Mikhail Lomonosov, who lived from 1711 to 1765, and made significant contributions to the study of the atmosphere of Venus and discovered the law of conservation of mass and energy.

Other notable Russian astronomers include Nikolai Lobachevsky, who made important contributions to the study of non-Euclidean geometry. And Sergei Korolev, lead rocket engineer and spacecraft designer, who was instrumental in the development of the Soviet space program. Astronomy and astrophysics remain active fields in Russia, with numerous recent and upcoming projects and missions.

In 2019, Russia launched the Spektr-RG satellite , a joint project with Germany that aims to map the sky in X-rays and study the evolution of galaxies and black holes using two X-ray tele-

scopes, eROSITA & PART-XC. The telescope has already made significant discoveries, including the detection of over 1 million supermassive black holes. Another notable project is the BTA-6 telescope, located at the Special Astrophysical Observatory. With a mirror diameter of 6 meters, BTA-6 is one of the largest telescopes in the world and is used for a variety of studies, including the search for exoplanets and the study of active galactic nuclei.

Russia is also a partner in several international collaborations, including the European Space Agency's Gaia mission, which is mapping the Milky Way and studying the distribution and properties of its stars. Russian scientists are also involved in the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), which has detected several gravitational waves since it began operations in 2015.

Looking to the future, Russia is planning several ambitious projects in astronomy and astrophysics. One of the most exciting is the Spectrum-UV space telescope, which is scheduled to launch in the mid-2020s. The telescope will study a wide range of astronomical objects, from planets and asteroids in our own solar system to distant galaxies and the early universe.

Astrotourism in South Africa

Exploring the Celestial Wonders

By Lusanda Tamesi

South Africa, with its diverse landscapes and vibrant culture, is not only a haven for animal lovers but also is an appealing destination for astrotourism. With its wide-open landscapes, dark skies (when it's not full Moon), and low light pollution in many areas, offers unique possibilities to enjoy the night sky's splendour. In this article, we will delve into the realm of astrotourism in South Africa and highlight some of the best places to visit for an unforgettable night of stargazing.

Sutherland:

Located in the Karoo region of South Africa, the town of Sutherland is a prime astrotourism destination. It is home to the South African Astronomical Observatory, which hosts one of the world's largest optical telescopes, the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT). Visitors can take guided tours of the observatory and even participate in stargazing sessions. With its high altitude and dry climate, Sutherland boasts exceptionally clear dark skies, making it a perfect spot for stargazing and astrophotography. There is also a visitor centre open during the daytime. To book a tour please send an email to: suthbookings@saao.ac.za or phone +2776 900 0308.

Kruger National Park:

Kruger National Park, one of Africa's most renowned wildlife reserves, offers an extraordinary astrotourism experience. During the day, visitors can enjoy game drives and observe the abundant wildlife. At night, the park's remote location and limited artificial lighting allow for stunning stargazing opportunities. The expansive savannah skies offer unobstructed views of constellations, planets, and even the spectacular Milky Way.

For more information please go to: www.sanparks.org

Augrabies Falls National Park:

Situated in South Africa's Northern Cape, the Augrabies Falls National Park province is an excellent destination for astrotourism. With its remote location, the park offers dark skies, ideal for stargazing. Visitors can enjoy designated stargazing platforms, occasional guided tours, and self-guided stargazing opportunities. The park's peaceful ambiance and minimal light pollution create an optimal environment for observing the Milky Way, identifying constellations, and capturing stunning astrophotography. Augrabies Falls National Park combines the wonders of the night sky with the breath-taking beauty of its waterfall and landscapes. For more information please visit: www.sanparks.org

Cederberg Wilderness Area:

The Cederberg Wilderness Area, located in the Western Cape province, is renowned for its rugged mountains, unique rock formations, and ancient San rock art. This pristine wilderness area also provides excellent conditions for astrotourism. Visitors can hike through the rugged terrain during the day and then experience a mesmerizing stargazing session in the clear, dark skies of the Cederberg at night. For more information go to: https://www. cederbergobservatory.org.za

Tswalu Kalahari Reserve:

Tswalu Kalahari Reserve, situated in the northern part of South Africa, offers a luxurious astrotourism experience combined with exclusive wildlife sightings. This private reserve offers luxurious accommodations and exclusive access to a pristine natural environment. With its low population density and minimal light pollution, Tswalu provides an ideal setting for stargazing. Visitors can indulge in guided night drives and witness the celestial wonders of the southern hemisphere's night sky. To find out more about the private reserve go to: www.tswalu.com

With its diversified landscapes and suitable astrotourism conditions, South Africa offers a fascinating trip into the cosmic world. From the starry sky of Sutherland to the isolation of Kruger National Park, the country offers numerous opportunities to discover the wonders of the universe. South Africa's astrotourism destinations will wow you. Explore the amazing majesty of the night sky on a cosmic tour in South Africa.

Astrotourism in Russia

Exploring the Skies of the World's Largest Country

Russia, the largest country in the world by area, is known for its diverse landscapes, rich culture and fascinating history. However, one aspect of Russia that is often overlooked is its potential for astrotourism. With vast expanses of land, minimal light pollution and several modern observatories, Russia offers unique opportunities for stargazing and astrophotography. In this article, we will explore the astrotourism potential of Russia and why visitors should consider experiencing the skies of this vast country.

Where to go for Astrotourism in Russia

A great location for astrotourism in Russia is the town of Zelenchukskaya in the North Caucasus region. The town is home to the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which has several large telescopes and hosts tours and workshops for visitors interested in astronomy.

Lake Baikal:

Situated in Siberia, Lake Baikal is not only the deepest lake in the world but also a remarkable destination for astrotourism. Its remote location and crystal-clear waters provide excellent conditions for stargazing. Visitors can witness the night sky's wonders while being surrounded by the breath-taking beauty of this ancient

lake. The Baikal region is also known for its pristine air quality, further enhancing the celestial viewing experience. Fun fact in 1996 Lake Baikal was declared as a UNESCO World heritage site. For more information visit: www.BaikalNova.com

Altai Mountains:

Nestled in the southern part of Siberia, the Altai Mountains offer a captivating astrotourism experience. This remote and rugged region boasts vast open spaces, minimal light pollution, and diverse ecosystems. Visitors can embark on trekking expeditions and camping trips, immersing themselves in the natural beauty of the Altai Mountains while marvelling at the brilliant night sky. Visitors can stay in Aktash and take guided visits to the Altai Observatory, which has several large telescopes and offers public stargazing sessions. For a guided tour please go to: www.altai-touristic.ru

Lake Teletskoye:

Located in the Altai Republic, Lake Teletskoye is not only a stunning natural wonder but also a fantastic destination for astrotourism. Surrounded by mountains and dense forests, this lake offers a serene and secluded setting for stargazing. Visitors can rent a boat and venture onto the tranquil waters to witness constellations, shooting stars, and perhaps even the elusive aurora borealis. For a guided tour please go to: www.kaichitravel.com website.

Yamal Peninsula:

Situated in the Russian Arctic, the Yamal Peninsula offers a unique astrotourism experience. With its remote location and minimal light pollution, this region provides an opportunity to witness the mesmerizing phenomena of the polar night sky. Visitors can participate in organized tours or join local nomadic reindeer herders to observe the aurora borealis, which dances across the Arctic sky in vibrant hues. For more information visit: www.yamalpeninsulatravel.com

Whether you're interested in the history of space exploration, the natural beauty of the night sky, or exploring Russia's rich culture and traditions, there are many reasons to consider experiencing astrotourism in Russia. From the serene Lake Baikal and majestic Altai Mountains to the secluded Lake Teletskoye and captivating Yamal Peninsula, each location provides a distinct astrotourism experience. Russia's diverse offerings will leave you in awe. Embark on an unforgettable journey of astrotourism in Russia and witness the awe-inspiring wonders of the universe.

Astrotourism in India Discovering the Celestial Delights

India with its diverse landscapes and rich cultural heritage offers a unique opportunity for astrotourism enthusiasts to explore the wonders of the night sky. From the majestic mountains of the Himalayas to the serene beaches of the coastal regions, the country is dotted with astrotourism destinations that provide a glimpse into the captivating universe above. In this article, we will delve into the world of astrotourism in India, highlighting some of the best places to visit and astrostays to enhance your celestial experience.

Ladakh:

Nestled in the northernmost part of India, Ladakh is a picturesque region known for its stunning landscapes and clear skies. The high-altitude location and minimal light pollution make it an ideal destination for stargazing. Visitors can witness the grandeur of the Milky Way, identify constellations, and even catch a glimpse of the elusive aurora borealis. In Ladakh astrotourists have the option to stay in astrostays, which are accommodations designed to provide an immersive stargazing experience. These astrostays offer amenities like telescopes, guided night sky tours, and knowledgeable hosts who can share insights about the celestial objects. For more information visit: www.astrostays.com ww.himachaltourism.gov.in

Jantar Mantar, Jaipur:

One of the most significant astronomical observatories in India, Jantar Mantar in Jaipur is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Built in the 18th century, it consists of a collection of astronomical instruments that were used to observe celestial bodies. Visitors can explore the intricately designed structures, including the Samrat Yantra (a massive sundial) and the Jai Prakash Yantra (used to study the position of celestial bodies). Jantar Mantar provides a fascinating insight into India's astronomical heritage and its connection with the celestial world. For bookings visit: https:// delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/tourist_place/jantar_mantar.jsp

Spiti Valley:

Located in the state of Himachal Pradesh, Spiti Valley is a remote and rugged region that offers breath-taking views of the night sky. Its high-altitude desert landscape, surrounded by snow-capped mountains, creates a serene setting for astrotourism. Visitors can marvel at the celestial wonders amidst the tranquil ambiance of Spiti Valley. Some accommodations in the region provide astrostays, allowing guests to enjoy stargazing sessions, learn about astronomy, and indulge in astrophotography. For guided tours please visit: www.incredibleindia.org

Kanyakumari:

Situated at the southernmost tip of India, Kanyakumari offers a unique coastal astrotourism experience. The convergence of the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Indian Ocean provides a stunning backdrop for stargazing. Visitors can witness the celestial beauty while listening to the soothing sound of the waves. Astrostays in Kanyakumari offer panoramic views of the night sky, allowing guests to soak in the cosmic wonders from the comfort of their accommodations. For more information about the place please visit: www.indianholiday.com

India offers a diverse range of astrotourism destinations, each with its unique charm and celestial delights. From the awe-inspiring landscapes of Ladakh and Spiti Valley to the serene coastal beauty of Kanyakumari and the enchanting desert of Jaisalmer, astrotourists can immerse themselves in the captivating world of the night sky. By opting for astrostays, visitors can enhance their celestial experience with dedicated stargazing amenities and knowledgeable hosts. Embark on an astrotourism journey in India and witness the celestial wonders that unfold above, creating memories that will last a lifetime.

Astrotourism in China

From remote mountain regions to ancient observatories, the country boasts several astrotourism destinations that will leave visitors wanting more. China is a country renowned for its rich history, vibrant culture and breath-taking landscapes, however most people are not aware that the country holds a treasure trove of celestial wonders for astrotourism enthusiasts. With its vast territories, diverse geography and preserved natural areas, China offers a unique opportunity to explore the beauty of the night sky.

The Tibetan Plateau:

Located in the western part of China, the Tibetan Plateau offers a pristine environment for stargazing. With its high altitude and minimal light pollution, this region provides clear and jaw-dropping views of the night sky. Visitors can witness the elegance of the Milky Way stretching across the heavens and marvel at the brilliance of constellations. The combination of the plateau's natural beauty and celestial wonders creates an immersive astrotourism experience like no other. If you want to experience the beauty of the Plateau visit: www.tibettravel.org

Jiuzhaigou Valley:

Situated in Sichuan Province, Jiuzhaigou Valley is renowned for its stunning landscapes, crystal-clear lakes, and cascading waterfalls. Beyond its natural beauty, it is also an excellent destination for astrotourism. Visitors can explore the valley during the day and, as night falls, witness a dazzling display of stars reflected in the pristine lakes. The mixture of vibrant colours from the valley's natural elements and the celestial wonders above create an enchanting atmosphere for stargazing. For more information about the visits go to: www.jiuzhai.com

Gobi Desert:

Spanning across China's northwest region, the Gobi Desert presents a unique astrotourism experience. With its vast expanses of desert landscapes and minimal light pollution, the Gobi Desert provides an unobstructed view of the night sky. Visitors can witness the celestial marvels while embracing the tranquillity of the desert. Camping under the starlit sky and experiencing the vastness of the universe in this remote location is a truly memorable astrotourism adventure. For more information visit: www.viewmongolia.com

Purple Mountain Observatory, Nanjing:

Nestled in the city of Nanjing, the Purple Mountain Observatory is one of China's premier astronomical research centers. In addition to its scientific pursuits, it also offers an opportunity for astrotourism. Visitors can explore the observatory's facilities, learn about astronomical research, and engage in stargazing activities. The knowledgeable staff can provide insights into celestial objects, constellations, and astronomical phenomena, making it an educational and enriching astrotourism destination. For more information visit: www.pmo.ac.cn

Zhangye Danxia National Geological Park:

Located in Gansu Province, Zhangye Danxia National Geological Park is famous for its unique rock formations and vibrant colours. While primarily known for its geological wonders, this park also offers spectacular stargazing opportunities. As night falls, visitors can witness the transformation of the park into a celestial canvas. The colourful rock formations provide an extraordinary backdrop for stargazing, creating a visual spectacle that combines the beauty of the natural world and the wonders of the cosmos. For more information about the park visit: www.chinahighlights. com/zhangye

China's astrotourism destinations offer a captivating blend of natural beauty, cultural heritage, and celestial wonders. Whether exploring the Tibetan Plateau's high-altitude landscapes, witnessing the celestial magic in Jiuzhaigou Valley, embracing the vastness of the Gobi Desert's night sky, delving into astronomical research at the Purple Mountain Observatory, or marvelling at the celestial tapestry in Zhangye Danxia National Geological Park, each destination provides a unique and awe-inspiring astrotourism experience. Embark on a journey to China and uncover the breath-taking beauty of the night sky, where the celestial wonders unfold.

See the night sky in all its splendour!

The South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) is open again for tours in both Cape Town and Sutherland.

Cape Town

Open Nights:

When: 20:00 on the 2nd & 4th Saturday of every month

Where: SAAO HQ, Observatory, Cape Town

Cost: Free

Tours include a talk relating to astronomy/ physics, and a visit to the historic McClean telescope, the observatory museum and the library. On clear nights, you’ll also have the opportunity to observe through telescopes set up for the evening.

Sutherland Tours:

When: Daily, except Sundays & public holidays

Where: SAAO site, just outside Sutherland

Cost: R120 (adults)

Visit the SAAO’s facilities in the Karoo! We offer both day and night tours. The site hosts our major telescopes, including SALT, the largest single optical telescope in the southern hemisphere. School tours are also available.

To book, please visit:

https://www.saao.ac.za/visitus/ Facebook: @SAAOnews

Twitter: @SAAO

Instagram: @saao_astro

Astrotourism in Brazil

Discovering the celestial wonders

Brazil, known for its breath-taking landscapes and vibrant culture, is a hidden gem for astrotourism enthusiasts. With its vast territory and diverse ecosystems, this South American country offers unique opportunities to explore the celestial wonders of the night sky. In this article, we will delve into the world of astrotourism in Brazil and highlight some of the best places to visit for an unforgettable stargazing experience.

Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park:

Located in the state of Goiás, Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park is a true paradise for astrotourism enthusiasts. This protected area boasts clear skies, minimal light pollution, and a rich biodiversity. Visitors can enjoy guided tours, night hikes, and stargazing sessions to witness the beauty of constellations, shooting stars, and even the Milky Way. For more information, please go to their website: www.icmbio.gov.br

Lençóis Maranhenses National Park:

Situated in north-eastern Brazil, Lençóis Maranhenses National Park is renowned for its surreal landscapes and pristine sand dunes. During the day, visitors can explore the mesmerizing sand formations, while at night, they can witness a breath-taking display of stars and constellations. The combination of sand and stars creates an otherworldly atmosphere that will leave you in awe. To visit this splendid park, please see www.icmbio.gov.br website.

Itatiaia National Park:

Nestled between the states of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, Itatiaia National Park is Brazil's oldest national park and a perfect destination for astrotourism. With its diverse flora and fauna, picturesque mountains and clear skies Itatiaia offers a peaceful setting to observe the night sky. Visitors can partake in stargazing events organized by the park or explore the nearby Pico das Agulhas Negras, the fifth highest peak in Brazil, for a breath-taking celestial view. Please go to https://www.icmbio.gov.br/parnaitatiaia/en/guia-do-visitante.html for more information.

Ubatuba:

Located on the northern coast of São Paulo state, Ubatuba is a coastal town that offers both beautiful beaches and stunning astrotourism opportunities. This region benefits from low light pollution and a privileged position on the Atlantic coast, making it an excellent spot for stargazing. Visitors can enjoy stargazing sessions on the beach, where they can witness constellations reflecting on the calm waters.

Astrotourism in Brazil provides a unique blend of natural beauty and celestial wonders. From the vast landscapes of Chapada dos Veadeiros and Lençóis Maranhenses to the arid beauty of the Atacama Desert and the tranquillity of Itatiaia National Park, Brazil offers a diverse range of astrotourism destinations. Whether you are an astronomy enthusiast or simply appreciate the magic of the night sky, these locations in Brazil will leave you with unforgettable memories. Embark on a celestial journey and explore the wonders of the universe in the enchanting country of Brazil.

MeerKAT reveals complex and chaotic centre of the

Milky Way

By Nadine Sims

This image is one of the centre of our Galaxy, showing radio emission from the region with an unprecedented clarity and depth.

The image shows many new and previously-known radio features, which include supernova remnants, compact star-forming regions and the large population of mysterious radio filaments.

MeerKAT is the most sensitive telescope of its kind and penetrates through the intervening dust of this region, which is not possible at other wavelengths, like with an optical telescope.

Lead author of this study, Dr Ian Heywood from the University of Oxford, Rhodes University and the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO) said, “I’ve spent a lot of time looking at this image in the process of working on it, and I never get tired of it.”

The image is the culmination of 3 years of detailed analysis of a survey that was conducted during the telescope’s commissioning phase and 20 separate observations. It took 200 hours of telescope time, covering an area of 6 square degrees, which is 30 times the area of the full Moon. The 100 megapixel scientific image generated 70 terabytes of raw data, explained the news release. The actual image is about 1400 light-years across and the image’s location is approximately 25 000 light-years from Earth.

Dr Fernando Camilo, SARAO chief scientist, said; “The best telescopes expand our horizons in unexpected ways. It’s a testament to the skill and dedication of our South African colleagues who built MeerKAT that it’s making such remarkable discoveries in one of the most intensively studied corners of the radio sky.”

About MeerKAT

MeerKAT is a radio telescope that was inaugurated in 2018. It is located in the Karoo desert in the Northern Cape province of South Africa and consists of 64 dishes spread over a diameter of 8 kilometers. It is the most sensitive telescope of its kind in the world and is the precursor to the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) radio telescope, which is set to be completed within the next decade. MeerKAT will form part of the initial ~200 dish mid-frequency array (SKA Phase 1).

A TRIBUTE TO PROFESSOR CAROLINA ODMAN

Professor Carolina Ödman, one of the founding members of the African Network for Women in Astronomy (AfNWA), left a profound void within the organisation and the global scientific astronomical community upon her passing in November 2022. Though her death had been anticipated due to her five-year battle with pancreatic cancer, the news came as a shock to the entire astronomy community. Carolina's unwavering commitment to her work, community, and family persisted throughout her challenging journey, serving as a constant source of inspiration to all who knew her.

Carolina's influence extended far beyond borders, impacting both the African and international astronomy communities. Her dedication to nurturing astronomy from the grassroots, alongside her academic responsibilities as an Associate Professor in Astrophysics at the University of the Western Cape and as the Associate Director for Development and Outreach at the InterUniversity Institute for Data Intensive Astronomy, was nothing short of remarkable.

Carolina actively engaged in outreach programs designed to promote science as a vital tool for addressing societal challenges. Her leadership of the Universe Awareness global program, which harnessed the power of astronomy to inspire young minds, and her work on science education in African languages garnered significant recognition. In 2018, she received the Special Executive Committee Award for Astronomy, Development, and Education from the International Astronomical Union, followed by the National Science and Technology Forum's Communication Award in 2021 for her innovative approaches to science communication.

Carolina's legacy is defined by numerous impactful projects that have left an enduring mark on the communities they served. Those fortunate enough to have crossed paths with her remember her as a unique and extraordinary individual who left an indelible mark on their lives. Her boundless enthusiasm for astronomy, the natural world, and humanity itself served as a wellspring of inspiration, leaving a lasting set of values for others to uphold in their personal and professional endeavours.

Carolina played an instrumental role in AfNWA-AfAS as a founding member and board member. She tirelessly advocated for the representation of women in science and industry, working towards the empowerment of underrepresented minorities in society. Her contributions to AfNWA were immeasurable. She spearheaded virtual training programs for young individuals, managed communication with the public to increase the visibility of AfNWA's activities, played a pivotal role in establishing the inaugural Awards for Women in Astronomy in Africa, and contributed to drafting recommendations for policies and strategies aimed at enhancing the status of women in science.

AfNWA remains profoundly grateful for Carolina's immense contributions to the organisation and continues to be guided by the legacy of her life's work in advancing the world through astronomy and science. Working alongside Carolina was a privilege, as she held herself and her colleagues to the highest standards.

In recognition of her extraordinary contributions to AfNWA, the Early Research Career Award, an annual accolade bestowed upon young women in astronomy in Africa for their scientific achievements and societal impact, has been renamed the "Prof. Carolina Ödman Early Career Award." Though Carolina's presence is deeply missed in the astronomy community, her legacy will forever remain an inspiring source of kindness, optimism, motivation, and strength.

A Visit to Brazil Astronomical Facilities

By: Duduzile Kubheka BRICS Astronomy Project Coordinator

In pursuit of fortifying partnerships and advancing the flagship project, BRICS Intelligent Telescope and Data Network (BITDN), I went on a visit to various astronomical facilities in Brazil, this visit was from 15 to 25 September 2023. The first leg of the trip started with a visit to Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF) where I was hosted by the BRICS Intelligent Telescope and Data Network (BITDN) Co-Principal Investigator for Brazil, Ulisses Barres de Almeida. Thereafter there was a meeting with Márcio Portes de Albuquerque, the Director of the organisation to discuss institutional cooperation as a means of advancing BRICS Astronomy.

Following the visit to the centre, Patricia Figueiró Spinelli, a senior researcher at the Museum of Astronomy and Related Sciences (MAST), and Eduardo Monfardini Penteado, who serves as both the Brazil National Astronomy Coordinator and the coordinator at the IAU Office of Astronomy for Education (OAE), also participated in the collaborative session that was convened with the aim of brainstorming and refining projects and initiatives that could bring about more transparent and impactful societal benefits through the consortium, while also focusing on Brazil's role in these endeavors.

The journey continued to Planetário do Rio, where I was warmly welcomed by the Director of Astronomy, Leandro Lage dos Santos Guedes, and the President of the planetarium, Gledson Vinícius da Silveira Machado. They graciously guided me through the planetarium's fascinating exhibits and later engaged in further discussions about potential collaboration opportunities.

A visit to the Museum of Astronomy and Related Sciences (Museu de Astronomia e Ciências Afins) followed, where Patricia Figueiró Spinelli graciously hosted the delegation, joined by Dr. Marcus Granato, the deputy director who is also a specialist in Museum Studies, Dr. Josiane Kunzler, the Science Education coordinator who is also a specialist in Paleontology and Education in Museums, as well as Eduardo Monfardini Penteado where we discussed potential avenues for collaboration within the BRICS framework.

On 19 September, I had the opportunity to deliver a colloquium titled, ‘BRICS Astronomy: Bridging Science, Society, and the Universe,’ at Observatório Nacional and thereafter had fruitful engagements with colleagues at the institution.

There was also a visit to Valongo Observatory which included discussions with Helio Jaques Rocha Pinto, the President of the Brazilian Astronomical Society, exploring avenues for the Society's contributions to BRICS Astronomy. Exciting ideas were exchanged, emphasising the pivotal role of astronomical societies in the association.

Thereafter, was a visit to Laboratório Nacional de Astrofísica (LNA) headquarters in Itajubá, hosted by LNA Director, Wagner Corradi Barbosa and BRICS Astronomy Focal point for Brazil, Bruno Vaz Castilho where the engagements and discussions from the past few days were discussed in length and a strategy of how to move Brazil's contribution in BRICS Astronomy forward was discussed. In the meeting with the coordinator was also Luciano Fraga, Head of the Astronomy Department of LNA. After the working meeting, the colleagues went up to Pico dos Dias Observatory, the site owned and operated by LNA for further engagements and a tour of the site and the telescopes.

The final leg involved a visit to the National Institute for Space Research (INPE), hosted by Rafael Duarte Coelho dos Santos. Interactions with key figures from INPE's Space Weather division and the General Coordination of Space Engineering, Technology, and Science provided valuable insights.

The interactions with members of the Brazilian Astronomy community were highly constructive, paving the way for future collaborations and the expansion of the BRICS Astronomy project, ultimately contributing to societal progress. Beyond the professional engagements, the warmth of Brazilian hospitality, the lively culture, and the stunning landscapes made this trip truly enriching.

As we move forward, we anticipate the prospect of significant advancements and fruitful collaborations among all BRICS nations. The journey ahead promises to be one of strengthening partnerships and achieving remarkable milestones in the field of astronomy.

Visit to Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF) hosted by BITDN Co-Principal Investigator for Brazil, Ulisses Barres de Almeida

Visit to the Museum of Astronomy and Related Sciences (Museu de Astronomia e Ciências Afins and Observatório Nacional

We also had the opportunity to visit the Valongo Observatory (Observatório do Valongo - UFRJ), where we had the honor of meeting with Helio Jaques Rocha Pinto, the President of the Brazilian Astronomical Society.

Visit to Planetário do Rio welcomed by the Director of Astronomy, Leandro Lage dos Santos Guedes, and the President of the planetarium, Gledson Vinícius da Silveira Machado.

Duduzile Kubheka delivered a colloquium titled "BRICS Astronomy: Bridging Science, Society, and the Universe" at Observatório Nacional.