The Spring: Intergenerational Connections by brookeblanchette

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BROOKE BLANCHETTE ID 422 SENIOR THESIS SPRING 2021

In memory of Ruby Elnora Cornell My number one fan and motivator. I wouldn’t be the person I am today if it wasn’t for you.

1931-2020

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PROJECT OVERVIEW

7-15

THESIS DEVELOPMENT

17-73

SCHEMATIC DESIGN

75-91

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT REFERENCES

93-107 109

Project Overview

BRIDGING THE GAP How can design be used to influence connections between older adults and children to improve social interaction, mental stimulation, and physical activity?

IMMERSIVE

CONNECTIONS

MOVING TOWARDS A CONNECTED FUTURE People cycle through different stages of their lives. From birth and exploration to stillness and reflection, their involvement with others and the world around them can dwindle. Nowadays, there is a cultural shift where cross-generational families are no longer living under one roof or nearby, causing a divide between the young and old, which can affect mental and physical longevity. Without a support system, more than 40 percent of older adults regularly experience loneliness, which can lead to a higher risk of declining health (Stonegate,2020). Likewise, children who do not grow up around elders can have more emotional and behavioral issues as well as lower self-esteem and depression. To bridge the generational gap and enhance wellness among these two populations, a cross-generational center will encourage interactions of aging adults and children, allowing them to engage and learn from one another. By creating an immersive experience, the shared space will promote exploration, connection, and overcoming barriers, while encouraging physical interaction to

improve health, socialization, and overall well-being.

INTERGENERATIONAL DAYCARE Cohesively merging varying generations is a complex process requiring an extensive amount of research and analysis. Each generational cohort lives through different experiences that influence perception and behavior. When designing a facility that houses the far left and the far right of the generational timeline, considerations about age and ability drive the programming. As people age, their mental and motor function decreases. Unfortunately, when they reach a point when they are no longer able to take care of themselves, crucial decisions are made on their behalf. Even though the majority of seniors prefer to age in place, lack of finances, services, and declining health are factors that prohibit them from taking care of themselves. If families and loved ones are unable to host and nurture seniors, their remaining options are nursing homes and assisted living communities in which quality of life is poor. A solution for seniors to live in place or allow their caretakers some help is adult daycares. Daycares are programs that entertain aging adults by allowing them a safe place to socialize. Seniors need a safe place to explore, create, and interact. In order to motivate and encourage seniors to leave isolation, the adult daycare will merge with a child daycare. Like seniors, children are reliant on others to take care of them as they develop and grow. Children encourage movement, curiosity, and friendly exchanges with seniors without fear of judgment. At the same time, seniors become mentors to the children. Children, in particular, tend to develop stronger communication and social skills, develop language and reading, and increase their confidence and self-esteem when interacting with older adults. The benefit of one-on-one time with any adult is monumental and offers plenty of opportunities to test out ideas and get into sustained shared thinking. The first few years of a person’s life are crucial to development. If parents are unable to provide emotional connection and support with their children, they are at risk of living their lives in poverty with poor social connections. While children gain a support system, seniors regain a new purpose in life. Integrating and utilizing a daycare facility for seniors and children provides convenience and opportunities for both parties to grow and increase their overall well-being. By surrounding the building and functions to the natural environment as well as incorporating biophilic design, seniors and children experience peace and exploration that increases mental health and critical thinking.

PROPOSAL A great way to learn and live longer is through intergenerational connections, play, and exposure to nature.

INTERGENERATIONAL CONNECTIONS

EXPOSURE TO NATURE

PLAY

CURRENT OBSTACLES

Financial Stability

SENIORS

CHILDREN

Minimal Attachment

Loneliness

Average Cost per Year in Michigan (Assisted living In Michigan, 2020)

Nursing Home: $88,330 Memory Care: $69,348 Assisted Living: $42,750

Quality of Education

Isolation

Lack of Services

Relocation

Home Caregiver: $40,320 Independent Living: $33,180 Adult Daycare: $24,820

Lack of services and support systems are driving seniors to prematurely admit into assisted living and nursing homes. (Stempniak, 2019) More than 40 percent of seniors regularly experience loneliness, increasing the likelihood of mortality by 26 percent. (Stonegate,2020)

The stress of relocation on elderly persons can prove detrimental to their life satisfaction and longevity. (Damon, 1982)

Children born into families struggling with poverty have limited access to a quality education and social programs. (Miller, 2020) Young children who receive low-quality early education struggle in school and are more likely to have behavior problems and drop out. (Miller, 2020) Children in poverty are significantly more likely to be insecurely attached to their parents creating a negative domino effect in their lives. (Miller, 2020) Socially isolated children are at an increased risk of health problems, lower educational attainment, and being a part of a less advantaged social class. (Lacey, Kumari & Bartley, 2014)

Thesis Development

RESEARCH

Connecting Two Worlds Through An BENEFITS OF AN INTERGENERATIONAL DAYCARE SENIORS Social interaction can help make massive improvements in mental health, helping to battle depression, loneliness, and dementia. The energy and activity of young children can help encourage more physical movements, generally making the adults more mobile and improving their strength. The shared experience can help residents get more comfortable with conversation and have something to talk about with each other. Those confined to their home find their home has suddenly become a cross-generational place, opening up their experience once again. Care homes may have people who are disabled or suffering from dementia, and young children are often the least prejudiced in society – helping the older people to see themselves as just another person. Some older people who might not have been able to have children or grandchildren of their own get to experience that close relationship with a young child. Flexibility, can go once a week or every day Cost significantly less than alternative options Allows seniors to age in place or in their independent communities If living with family, allows caregivers time to their self and or a chance to work

INTERGENERATIONAL COMMUNITY CHILDREN The benefit of one-on-one time with any adult is huge, and offers plenty of opportunities to test out ideas and get into sustained shared thinking. Children, in particular, tend to develop stronger communication and social skills, develop language and reading, and increase their confidence and self-esteem. It can help to develop empathy, care, and kindness, as well as improving their understanding of disability. Children tend to spend less time around their grandparents than in previous generations, and so it’s really important to meet and understand older people. It’s a chance to develop and hear about the local history and community. It can be a chance to take on the responsibility of ‘looking after’ an older person, as they teach them about what they know and ground their knowledge in real life interactions. Parents anecdotally report children being gentler with family pets, showing more empathy towards school friends and talking more positively about aging and old people. Spending time with an older person can help to ground a child’s idea of time and place, as they experience someone with a longer history of the world.

(Arnerich, 2020)

ONE is the LONELIEST number 6%

U.S.-born seniors live with relatives

4:1

by 2030 caregivers will drop to 4 caregivers for every senior

25%

of U.S. population will be >65 in 2050

(Hoak, 2014)

Lonely doesn’t mean alone

43% of surveyed older adults felt lonely only 18% lived alone

(Kim, 2021)

WHY? The death of one’s spouse

The fear of becoming a burden

Children moving away

The fear of going out and incurring an injury

A change in living environment

Illness (particularly dementia)

The deterioration of a friend network (often due to death)

Difficulty communicating (i.e. language barriers and hearing problems)

“When your spouse dies, there’s a missing space in your heart. You still want to know that someone cares about you. Connection to other people becomes even more important at this point in your life.” 85-year-old jazz singer Barbara Dane

Socially isolated children are at an increased risk of health problems, lower educational attainment, being a part of a less advantaged social class, and are more likely to be psychologically distressed in adulthood

(Lacey, Kumari & Bartley, 2014)

LONELINESS SYMPTOMS SADNESS OR FEELINGS OF DESPAIR LOSS OF INTEREST IN HOBBIES, SOCIALIZING, OR OTHER DAILY ACTIVITIES LACK OF ENERGY OR MOTIVATION SLEEP DISTURBANCES AND MEMORY PROBLEMS UNEXPLAINED OR AGGRAVATED ACHES AND PAINS NEGLECT OF PERSONAL HYGIENE AND OTHER ROUTINES

(Fottrell, 2018)

Negative Effects of LONELINESS

REDUCED PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH

People who are lonely report 5 percent more severe symptoms in the common cold than those who are less lonely. Lacking social connections is as damaging to health as smoking 15 cigarettes a day.

INCREASED RISK OF MORTALITY

Increases mortality by

26%

INCREASED RISK OF COGNITIVE DECLINE AND DEMENTIA Lonely individuals have a

64% increased chance of developing clinical dementia.

INCREASED RISK OF DEPRESSION

1 in 4 seniors report anxiety or depression

INCREASED RISK OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE AND LONG-TERM ILLNESS Loneliness increases blood pressure by the same amount that weight loss and exercise decrease it. (Stonegate,2020)

Early childhood lessons that are foundational to healthy social development are in danger during isolation:

How to join in with others Taking turns Conversation skills Emotional regulation Frustration tolerance Emotional expression Understanding the value of friendships Discovering what traits they value most

“When we focus on the social and emotional aspect of working together on a science, math, literacy activity, we create a balanced experience that helps children in all aspects of development.” - Ellen Booth Church

Crist, C. (2017, December 26). Leaving the house linked to longevity in older adults. U.S. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-healthelderly-goingout-longevity/leaving-the-house-linked-to-longevity-in-older-adults-idUSKBN1EK19N

Leaving the house linked to longevity in older adults A study is conducted on 3,375 adults ages 70, 78, 85, and 90 to analyze the correlation between leaving the house to longevity. Participants were grouped into three categories: frequently (six or seven days per week), often (two to five times per week), or rarely (once a week or less) based on how often they left the house. The research finds that leaving the house and social factors are essential to the process of aging. They state that “people who left the house frequently at any of the ages examined were significantly more likely to live to the next age group.” The researchers also discovered that the people who left home less frequently developed severe health problems. The people who did not leave their homes as much were less-educated males. Due to the lack of movement and socialization, these males experienced “higher rates of loneliness, financial difficulties, poor health, fatigue, poor sleep, less physical activity, bladder and bowel problems, history of falling in the last year, fear of falling, visual and hearing impairments, chronic pain and frailty.” Overall, the study shows the importance of leaving your home, especially when people get older. Some solutions to encourage interactions outside of a home is to create friendly walkways that are inviting as well as incorporating benches for rest and socialization. In short, leaving the house is all-around beneficial and will increase a person’s longevity.

Implication for Thesis: Highlighting the importance of getting out of the house will not only benefit a person at the moment but will actually make them live longer Listing the negative effects of staying at home Incorporating pleasant walkways and access to nature Include activities to encourage social interaction

Suttie, J. S. (n.d.). How Social Connections Keep Seniors Healthy. Greater Good. Retrieved February 15, 2021, from https://greatergood. berkeley.edu/article/item/how_social_connections_keep_seniors_healthy

How Social Connections Keep Seniors Healthy The article summarizes several case studies about the benefits of social connections in senior communities. Many seniors may not have access or finances to move to senior living communities; however, programs are developed to connect the isolated seniors. The reason communities are beneficial is having people around to support and engage with you. Studies have found that healthy and active communities promote longevity because people are looking out for one another by encouraging their fellow seniors to go to the doctors and participate in activities. Because healthy is the norm, people catch diseases faster and increase their overall well-being. Findings also show that the increase of activity will allow seniors greater independence in function and thinking. In fact, “the rate of cognitive decline was 70 percent less in people with frequent social contact than those with low social activity.” Even though some seniors can not live in a senior community, programs like volunteering are developed to encourage socialization; also, the programs allow seniors to have a purpose. Having a purpose in life is significant with older age because as people get older, they have less in their life to look forward to, creating a decline in health. Overall, people with a strong sense of purpose, who are involved in social activities, and those who get out of the house will increase their independence, life, and happiness.

Implication for Thesis: Have community houses on-site for those who want to be a part of the community Create programs (activities, volunteering, transportation) for those who want to be a part of the community but cannot leave their home by themselves Create a welcoming culture through interactive design Have places of structure, but places where people have control to do their own thing Incorporate mental stimulations through design

Arnerich, M. (2020, July 15). Intergenerational Care in the Early Years: How to Get Started. Famly. https://famly.co/blog/management/ intergenerational-care-early-years/

Intergenerational Care in the Early Years: How to Get Started The article seeks to not only explain the benefits of integrating generations between children and seniors but also, mentions how the children in the process will grow up understanding the importance of socialization, inevitably decrease the number of seniors who require care at that time. A major benefit for both parties is the ability to have quality one-on-one time. The abundance of adults with patient ears allows talkative children to try out ideas, ask questions, practice their communication skills, and have one-on-one story time. Additional benefits for children include stronger communication and social skills, an increase in their confidence and self-esteem, and strong development in language and reading. Not only do children get a better understanding of older people while understanding disabilities, but they also develop empathy, care, and kindness. Through real-life interactions, children get a chance to understand the responsibility of looking after an older person as they learn skills that can help them better take care of pets or even treating their friends better. Likewise, social interactions also benefit seniors. Improvements in mental health are found during social interactions, as well as helping to battle depression, loneliness, and dementia. Also, active children help encourage more physical movements among the seniors, which improves their strength. The integration of generations also helps others like staff, parents, and caregivers. Staff will have a higher workload; however, their experiences will expand. Parents will become more involved in their community based on their child’s experience, and caregivers will have time to themselves to catch up on their personal life. Overall, intergenerational daycares are beneficial for all parties involved. Implication for Thesis: Create a daycare with collaboration spaces Make sure to have the right ratio of staff to members Educate seniors and children on the importance of movement and socialization Provide see-through partitions so they can see each other and interact Emphasis on sound control so they can hear each other

Benefits of Nature for Kids. (n.d.). Bright Horizons®. Retrieved February 15, 2021, from https://www.brighthorizons.com/ family-resources/children-and-nature#:%7E:text=Nature%20provides%20countless%20opportunities%20for,hypotheses%20 %E2%80%94%20thereby%20developing%20inquisitive%20minds.Arnerich, M. (2020, July 15). Intergenerational Care in the Early Years: How to Get Started. Famly. https://famly.co/blog/management/intergenerational-care-early-years/

BENEFITS OF NATURE FOR KIDS Children who are exposed to nature benefit intellectually, emotionally, socially, physically, and environmentally. Children use their senses when playing outside, which provides them opportunities to discover, create, problemsolve, and use STEM education. They are exposed to challenges and experiences that require critical thinking. Because they are taking chances and risks, children gain resilience and confidence. The outdoor environment allows children to explore with limited restrictions and be as loud and goofy as they want. The adventurous activities relax and reduce tension, anxiety, and restlessness. In many cases, energetic children can slow down to appreciate and watch insects or the leaves blowing in the wind. The article states that “several studies have found that exposure to nature can reduce symptoms of ADHD and anxiety.” Kids also have social benefits when it comes to being exposed to nature. Playing outside increases interactions, imagination, and can lead to empathy. One of the more obvious benefits of playing in nature is physical activity. Activity and exposure to vitamin D will contribute to a child’s strong immune system and overall fitness. Additionally, if children are exposed to nature, they will gain an appreciation for it, which will encourage them to protect the environment and preserve the planet. Overall, having children interact with nature will benefit them in several ways.

Implication for Thesis: Create interactive outside environment with a variety of terrain Provide barrier so children don’t wander off Bring outdoors inside Incorporate plants inside to increase attention

Hollabaugh, K. (2019, August 6). Health Benefits of the Outdoors for Seniors. Meadow Ridge. https://www.meadowridge.com/blog/ the-benefits-of-nature-and-the-outdoors-for-seniors/

The Benefits of Nature and the Outdoors for Seniors Graduate students at the University of Minnesota conducted research that proved outdoor spaces improve the health and well-being of seniors. They state that “seniors who spend ample time in blue and green outdoor areas, such as parks or near ponds, enjoy increased feelings of connectedness and renewal.” Seniors who spend time outdoors see improvements in mental health and help eliminate fatigue. Nature improves mood and increases overall feelings of happiness. It also helps eliminate mental fatigue; in fact, one study found that looking at nature images helped mental energy bounce back compared to those looking at city scenes. Spending time in nature increases seniors’ sense of purpose and accomplishment. While they are out and about, they can socialize, minimizing boredom, isolation, and loneliness. As mentioned previously, nature helps create positive moods, helping fight depression and anxiety. Due to nature’s beneficial effect on seniors, their overall risk of early death declines. In short, The article stresses the importance nature has on seniors in all aspects of their lives.

Implication for Thesis: Incorporate gardens, so they have a purpose and something to take care of Have plenty of walking paths Provide sight lines to nature Design an outdoor feel inside Have a nature inspired color palette

Miller, S. R. (2020, September). Secure Attachment. Startearly. https://www.startearly.org/app/uploads/2020/09/PUBLICATION_SecureAttachment.pdf

Secure Attachment This paper explores how young children experiencing poverty or other risk factors can break the cycle of poverty through secure relationships between parents and caregivers along with high-quality programs for infants, toddlers, and their families that ready children to enter and succeed in school alongside their more advantaged peers. Children born into poverty lose valuable time learning and gaining meaningful relationships with their parents due to the parent’s primary focus on daily challenges. Once those children reach the age to go to kindergarten, they have difficulties engaging in learning processes and are unable to control their behavior. Introducing low-income families to high-quality infant and toddler programs can significantly change the parent’s relationship and benefit the child so much they may be able to break away from intergenerational poverty. A parent’s physical and emotional connection with their baby determines the baby’s sense of self and ability to regulate emotions. Those parents who are unavailable may not understand their baby’s cues and will not respond in an appropriate way making the baby feel confused and insecure. They will then grow to have attachment issues that limit their ability to explore and be at ease. To break a cycle of poor attachment, programs are created to help mothers, best when they are still pregnant, prepare and educate about having a strong relationship with their child. The program goes to the parent’s home for scheduled visits to help and council. Participants of this program found that they have more positive interactions and discipline, they are more confident in parenting, and they are more attached to their children. Additionally, families are more likely to have health insurance, have their children immunized, have healthier birth intervals, have fewer problems with drug abuse, and less involvement in child welfare and criminal justice systems. The children also benefit. They show improved early literacy, language, problem-solving, social awareness and competence, basic skills; and they demonstrate better school performance in elementary school and higher rates of high school graduation. To have the best results from child care programs, the staff and program have to center around care and security, because children learn and grow the best when they feel safe and loved. In conclusion, to break the poverty cycle, programs that support low-income families and engage with their children from birth to help them develop and prepare for school will provide children with successful learning skills so they can continue to higher education. Implication for Thesis: Provide early parenthood home visit program along with early education Chose a site where people are in poverty so they have a chance to break the cycle 31

Learning in the baby to preschool years. (2019, June 24). Raising Children Network. https://raisingchildren.net.au/babies/play-learning/ learning-ideas/learning-baby-to-preschool

Learning in the baby to preschool years From birth, babies learn and develop. The best way for children to learn is through plenty of practice in stimulating environments with varying activities to learn and play. Babies learn best through warm and engaging relationships, and as they grow up, young children learn best “through everyday play and exploration in a safe and stimulating environment.” Actively engaging in their environment, children learn by observing things, listening to sounds, making sounds and singing, exploring, asking questions, stimulating their senses, experimenting with textures, and playing with objects and materials like water, sand, or dirt. Children also benefit by being involved in their learning. Some examples include choosing books to read, pointing to pictures in books, and choosing objects and toys to play with. Children learn in a variety of different ways, so it is important that they explore different activities in varying environments. For example, explore outside and be physically active, or learn how to be quiet and interested in doing activities inside. In the early years, children learn who they are and how to form relationships, language and communication, understanding the environment and where they place themselves, health and fitness, numbers, literacy, handwriting, and music. Overall, it is important to provide a versatile environment for children to explore and discover who they are.

Implication for Thesis: Create a variety of spaces for discovery Provide designated music room Make the inside as adventurous as the outside

Pruchno, R. A. (2000, August 1). The Effect of Long-Term Care Environments on Health Outcomes. Gerontologist. https://academic.oup. com/gerontologist/article/40/4/422/641852

The Effect of Long-Term Care Environments on Health Outcomes The study analyzes the trajectories of cognitive status, functional ability, depression, and subjected health for older people in nursing homes and assisted living facilities. Assisted living facilities are not comprised of as medically skilled staff compared to nursing homes. However, they are created to help maintain senior’s independence and personalization. There is evidence that people experience health declines and an increased mortality rate in nursing homes, so this study is created to see if the same thing is true for seniors living in an assisted living facility. The study is conducted on 158 older adults who either lived as one of the 76 participants in a 350-bed nursing home, or one of the 82 participants in a newly opened 66-apartment assisted living residence. The data suggests, “people living in assisted living facilities and nursing homes have similar trajectories of morbidity and mortality.” They suggest that since the trajectory is the same, it is cheaper to join an assisted living facility and seniors can have some independence. Additionally, medicare should also transfer to assisted living facilities, not just for nursing homes. Due to the decrease of cognitive and physical function and an increase in depression and morality, seniors should either age in place or live with alternative caregivers before going into one of these facilities. Overall, attention to seniors’ quality of life should be addressed for them to feel comfortable and healthy.

Implication for Thesis: Promote aging in place Provide intergenerational daycare for seniors who need to get out of the house Include shared housing on site for seniors who want to leave their homes for a community Make sure to allow for independence and personalization Ensure activities and programs so seniors have a purpose

Robinson, L. (2020, October). The Benefits of Play for Adults - HelpGuide.org. Help Guide. https://www.helpguide.org/articles/mentalhealth/benefits-of-play-for-adults.htm

The Benefits of Play for Adults The article summarizes that people should not grow out of play because it is beneficial to people’s well-being and happiness. Adults and seniors have lives full of stressors; playing with people will fuel their imagination, creativity, problem-solving abilities, and emotional well-being. Play is crucial for a child’s development; however, play is beneficial as people continue to age. Play releases endorphins that relieve pain, ultimately relieving stress. Social interactions through play help decrease stress and depression, and playing challenging activities can help prevent memory problems and improve brain function. People also improve relationships and connections to others with play because you share laughter and express empathy, compassion, and trust. Continuing to play allows adults to keep feeling young and energetic. Additional benefits include developing and improving social skills, cooperating with others, and healing emotional wounds. For those adults who have not retired yet, play is beneficial at work because it keeps you functional under stress, refreshes your body and mind, encourages teamwork, increases energy and prevents burnouts, triggers creativity and innovation, and helps you see problems in new ways. In short, play is not just for children, it has the potential to change lives, especially for older generations.

Implication for Thesis: Promote play Inclusive playground indoor and outdoor Puzzle and game room Virtual Reality room

Assistance, H. C. (2020, July 27). How Intergenerational Connections Benefit Both Old & Young. Home Care Assistance. https:// homecareassistance.com/blog/intergenerational-connections-benefit-old-young#:%7E:text=Active%2C%20involved%20older%20 adults%20with,more%20hopeful%20for%20the%20future.

How Intergenerational Connections Benefit Both Old & Young Generations are separating, causing a community divide and ageism amongst the younger and older generations. Studies now suggest that combining the departed generations can nurture understanding and mutual respect along with a significant amount of benefits. Nearly half of the elders reported feeling occasional loneliness and 80% of older adults want to remain in their own homes, so multi-generational programs in communities can reduce social isolation and the negative effects associated with it. Connecting with others increases memory retention and cognitive skills. Additionally, older adults that have intergenerational connections report having less depression, better physical health, and higher degrees of life satisfaction. Reaching a historic high of a population over 65 makes older adults a bountiful resource for younger generations. Many older adults are more educated, healthier, and more active and able to work with children. Many parents are stressed and too busy to play and educate their children, causing many children to struggle both academically and emotionally. Elders can make good mentors and can even tutor children. They can also just be friends by playing and sharing stories. “One study showed that when a child is mentored by an adult, they are: 46% less likely to begin using illegal drugs, 27% less likely to begin using alcohol, and 52% less likely to skip school.” Overall, there are several health benefits for both the older and younger generations that will pave the path to an intergenerational movement. Implication for Thesis: Programs for all ages Senior mentors Pen pales Designing inclusive spaces will connect the community

PRECEDENTS

SIS PREP Gurugram, India 8,708 Sqft Urban Architects + PAL Design SIS PREP is a preschool designed to educate through play as, “Playrooms are designed differently to accommodate diverse interests: some are better for music, while others resemble art studios and so on.” To encourage different modalities of learning, organic shapes are used in fun and surprising ways to stimulate the imagination. The space takes inspiration from nature while also allowing an abundance of natural light to stream through. “Taking connection between different areas as a major design consideration, open areas are divided by see-through partitions and progresses one after another in a coherent flow.” The overall design encourages movement due to its importance for a child’s healthy physical and mental development. Implication for Thesis: Incorporating play through the natural environment is an element I want to emphasize. Large windows, biophilic design, and organic shapes will bring in the exterior environment to increase the users’ well-being and health. By providing fascination and interest through the interior, the users of the space, both young and old, will have the chance to explore in a safe environment. With transparent walls, movement will also be encouraged when people see others play and investigate. Even though this design bases around children, adding seniors will still benefit from a playful and fun atmosphere because curiosity and movement will help their strength and memory.

“SIS PREP Gurugram / PAL Design + Urbanscape Architects” 20 Jan 2019. ArchDaily. Accessed 14 Feb 2021. <https://www.archdaily.com/909468/sis-prep-gurugram-pal-design> ISSN 0719-8884

Guardian Childcare & Education Barangaroo, Australia 7,534.74 Sqft Collins and Turner Guardian is an early learning center located in a downtown office building. Acknowledging the constraint of space and access to the environment, Collins and Turner incorporated design elements such as adding mirrors to the ceiling to give the illusion of height. They also incorporated large windows and extensive planting to bring in the exterior environment. To challenge typical learning environments, the designers used free-form landscape as well as natural and recycled materials. Contemporary materials were also used, such as softfall, an impactabsorbing system to serve as a cushion to protect against head and neck injuries. Overall, the designers focused on creating a creative and experiential learning environment while maximizing utility with flexibility.

Implication for Thesis: Maximizing engagement through environmental features and materials will benefit the interactions between generations. Adding additional safety for seniors will allow them to participate with the children, inevitably building socialization and confidence. Incorporating ceiling elements like mirrors or skylights will make the space feel open and increase activity. Additionally, the softfall material can benefit seniors as they are prone to serious injuries if they fall on hard surfaces. Seasonal cold and poor weather conditions limits activity; however, interactions and personal growth can continue by creating an exterior space inside.

Guardian Early Learning Barangaroo __. (n.d.). Collinsandturner. Retrieved February 14, 2021, from https://www.collinsandturner.com/architecture/guardian-early-learning-centre-barangaroo/

Krebsestien Esbjerg, Denmark 124,043.3 Sqft C. F. Moller Architects

Krebsestien is a senior community that provides an assortment of living options based on the older generation’s varying needs and dependabilities. To create a safe and secure environment that eliminates the dreary institution feel, the homes and rooms have a home-like atmosphere. Along with housing, there is a Senior Town giving residents a chance to run errands like they would have done in their day-to-day lives. The mini-town also provides a space for socialization and interaction with different generations from the nearby community. Understanding that nature is therapeutic and has a healing effect, the designers incorporated courtyards, gardens, and provided clearings for nature-integrated activities. The overall project provides a safe and positive space for seniors to continue living instead of going to a typical nursing facility to wither away. Implication for Thesis: Believing that aging in place is optimal for seniors, it may not be suitable for all cases. If seniors can no longer stay at their homes, a senior community is an amazing alternative. Having purpose and independence is a major motivator to having a quality life. Thus, a community designed to engage and promote well-being will make seniors feel like they did not lose everything when they left their own homes and social life. I want to create a community not only in the daycare but around it. Including gardens, walking paths, and outdoor activities will promote health for all ages while also bridging the generational gap.

Krebsestien - nursing homes. (n.d.). C.F. MÃ¸ller. Retrieved February 14, 2021, from https://www.cfmoller.com/p/Krebsestien-nursing-homes-i3457.html

Gardens Orebro, Sweden Marge Arkitekter Gardens is the future of elderly living centers based on three important values: Integration “Integration means being part of something larger than yourself, a sense of belonging and participation- a primary sensation of not being alone. Social isolation is common among the elderly, so environments where they reside should therefore be designed to prevent these issues, maintain community and encourage integration among the residents, staff and visitors.” Attractivity “Studies of the walking habits of the elderly show a connection between what an environment looks like and how much they walk. One study looked at the actual “attractiveness” of the walk in the experienced physical environment. The result showed three main aspects affecting the will to take a walk: how clean it is, the aesthetic value of the surroundings and the presence of other people.” Close to Nature “Research shows how exterior surroundings can act as an important contributor to rehabilitation and wellbeing. It counts both from an interior point of view, such as seeing the garden, and also from an exterior point of view, such as being able to visit the garden. Gardens alleviate stress, and satisfy the need of a social meeting point. The focus of the proposal is the importance of being able to independently use the outdoor space, and the different gardens depending on your changing needs.”

Implication for Thesis: Addressing these three values for the intergenerational daycare and community will create positive experiences and connections. By centering gardens and outdoor activities, people will be encouraged to explore because they see others engaging with nature. It is natural for people to gravitate towards an appealing environment; thus, making sure the grounds are well maintained will keep people interested and excited to go outside. Overall, creating a surrounding environment that is both appealing and interactive is just as important as designing the interiors. As the rendering shows, an interior environment can be created outdoors.

Gardens - Elderly centre in Örebro. (2020, December 13). Architizer. https://architizer.com/projects/gardens-elderly-centre-in-oerebro/

Griffith Business School Australia The Intergenerational Care Project is designed to re-connect communities through the development, implementation, and evaluation of intergenerational programs. Their vision is to have formal interactions to be a part of everyday life. Their program research is for children aged 3 to 5 years, and older adults either in residential care or attending day respite care services. Through a collaborative approach that is based on The Early Years Learning Framework, they designed a program to achieve positive outcomes for all. Included in the learning program were activities and games such as music, singing, art/craft, gardening, and reading. The participants are in a cost-effective program that provides a competitive advantage by providing new and innovative services. Additionally, the program fulfills many of the requirements for the National Quality Standards in early childhood education and care and the Aged Care Accreditation Standards.

Implication for Thesis: An important takeaway is designing a program that is meaningful for both generations. Space should allow for learning through play and socialization. Understanding that this program only had the two generations meet for an hour a week, they had preplanned engaging activities for them. I plan on designing spaces that allow for separation; however, through design, the majority of the spaces will allow for collaboration, exploration, and space to learn. It will be important to have planned activities, but also, there should be time for the cohorts to venture on their own with supervision.

Welcome to the Intergenerational Care Project - Australia. (2020c, December 28). The Intergenerational Care Project. https://www.intergenerationalcare.org/

Mount St. Vincint Seattle, Washington Mount St. Vincint is a nursing home to more than 400 older adults with an intergenerational learning center programmed for child education. Five days a week, residents and the children come together in a variety of planned activities such as music, dancing, art, lunch, storytelling or just visiting. Understanding the child care by age: Infants (6 weeks to 16 months) Adult to child ratio is 1:3. The infant room has two light rooms for babies to explore their senses. The babies visit residents often and are available for view for residents who wander by. Young toddlers (1-2 years) Adult to child ratio is 1:4. A group of 12 toddlers have opportunities to explore physical activities. They also frequently visit the residents. Intergenerational family room (1.5-3.5 years) 14 children with three full-time staff members. Located between nursing center neighborhoods, this classroom gives 2 year-old toddlers the opportunity to be very close to residents. Toddler 2 (18-28 months) 14:3 children to staff. Emphasizes the transitional year by giving the children opportunities to learn about oneself. They have structured and unstructured time with residents. Pre-schoolers (3-5 years) Adult to child ratio 1:7. Two preschool rooms averaging 20 kids. They participate in interactive activities with the residents, go on field trips, and have a fluid curriculum.

Implication for Thesis: The intergenerational learning center provides an abundance of activities that vary based on the age group. It is important to understand what developmental stage a child is in and plan activities and spaces around that. The biggest takeaway is understanding the child to adult ratios and how many kids are at each level of the program.

Intergenerational Learning Center. (n.d.). Providence. Retrieved February 14, 2021, from https://www.providence.org/locations/wa/mount-st-vincent/facility-profile/intergenerational-learning-center

Harper’s Playgrounds Salem, Oregon

Inspired by personal events, the creator of Harper’s Playground is aware of the problems with the accessibility of playgrounds for people with disabilities. Not only should playgrounds address all disabilities, but they should also welcome every member of the community no matter the age. Understanding that play builds selfesteem, confidence, and helps foster empathy, Harper’s Playgrounds incorporated universal design elements to eliminate all segregation. Elements include wheelchair access play mound with double wide slides, group spinner, boulder scramble, interactive water feature, xylophone, and personal bucket swings.

Implication for Thesis: If you design for people who are physically disabled, then you design for all. Incorporating universal playgrounds will promote socialization, inclusion, and community. Physical activity and play benefit everyone who is participating in the intergenerational community.

Playgrounds. (2020, November 26). Harper’s Playground.

Concept Development

DESIGN CONCEPT Creating an immersive experience by combining intergenerational connections, play, and exposure to nature to design one holistic environment will explore and overcome physical, mental, and social obstacles for older adults and children.

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NATURE

Play is essential to development because it contributes to the cognitive, physical, social, and emotional well-being of children and youth. It is through play that children at a very early age engage and interact in the world around them. Play allows children to use their creativity while developing their imagination, dexterity, and physical, cognitive, and emotional (Ginsburg, 2007) strength. Play is not only crucial for childhood development but also beneficial to aging adults. Seniors have lives full of stressors; playing with children will fuel their imagination, creativity, problem-solving abilities, and emotional well-being. Play releases endorphins that relieve pain, and playing can help prevent memory problems and improve brain function. Additional benefits include developing and improving social skills, cooperating with others, and healing emotional wounds. (Robinson, 2020)

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INTERACTIONS

Children who are exposed to nature benefit intellectually, emotionally, socially, physically, and environmentally. They use their senses when playing outside, which provides them opportunities to discover, create, problem-solve, and use STEM education. Additionally, children gain resilience and confidence, experience increases in interactions, imagination, and empathy, and develops strong (Horizons, 2021) immune systems. Outdoor spaces improve the health and well-being of seniors. Seniors who spend time outdoors see improvements in mental health and help eliminate fatigue. Nature improves mood and increases overall feelings of happiness. Feelings of connection and renewal are found in green and blue outdoor areas, such as parks and lakes. Spending time in nature increases seniors’ sense of purpose and accomplishment.

(Hollabaugh, 2019)

In the study, nearly half of the elders reported feeling occasional loneliness and 80% of older adults want to remain in their own homes; meaning, multi-generational programs in communities can reduce social isolation and the negative effects associated with it. Connecting with others increases memory retention and cognitive skills. Additionally, older adults that have intergenerational connections report having less depression, better physical health, and higher degrees of life satisfaction. Children benefit one-on-one time with older adults because it offers plenty of opportunities to test out ideas and get into sustained shared thinking. Children tend to develop stronger communication and social skills, develop language and reading, and increase their confidence and self-esteem. (Assistance, 2020)

PARTI + BRANDING

SPRING

A transitional period that expresses renewal and rejuvenation from a darker period. It is a time when people come back together and embark on new journeys to grow and develop into the best version of themselves.

A circle is a symbol of wholeness with an infinite number of connections. A person inhabits their own space; however, it is important to expand your social circle to gain connections with other people.

The line represents the vast division that separates the generations. Each generation occupies the opposing points on the line; however, they connect.

Watercolor represents fluid interactions and the need to be transparent to make quality connections. Green represents nature and how it creates calming environments to promote healing, security, and balance.

Da The flower bud is a symbol of growth and new life. Specifically, the carnation represents love and the hope that the opposing generations can come together and create longlasting relationships.

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Our Mission

The Spring provides intergenerational,

community-based health and education services in a safe and welcoming environment. We work passionately to offer immersive experiences designed to overcome mental, physical, and social challenges.

Values Explore

Challenge Connect

PONTIAC, MICHIGAN

59,955

Pontiac Detroit

Population

Race

48.3% 25% 15.2%

Black or African American White Hispanic

Population by Age Range

50 to 80+

28%

18%

17% 13%

13%

12% 9% 4%

0-9

10-19

20-29

30-39

40-49

50-59

60-69

70-79

3% 80+

Census Reporter. (n.d.). Census profile: Pontiac, MI. Retrieved February 12, 2021, from https://censusreporter.org/profiles/16000US2665440-pontiac-mi/

Income

$19,076

Poverty

$33,568

Per capita income

30.7%

Median household income

Household income Children (Under 18)

67% 24%

Poverty

8% Under $50K

$50K-$100K

$100K-$200K

43%

Poverty

Non-poverty

14%

Over $200K

Distribution of Families with Children 52.4% Married-couple household Male headed, no spouse

37.3%

Seniors (65 and over)

Female headed, no spouse

Public Schools

4,165 Students enrolled in District 11 Schools in District 19 Students Per Classroom (State average is 18) Public School Test Scores out of 50 Proficiency in Reading and Math

Pontiac: 12% Michigan: 43%

10.3%

Overall District School Rating Married

Male

Female

D-

Guthrie, E., & Murembya, L. (2017, May). Demographic and Labor Market Profile: City of Pontiac. Milmi. https://milmi.org/Portals/198/publications/Pontiac_City_ Demographic_and_Labor_Mkt_Profile.pdf

SITE IMPORTANCE On 74.38ac of land Lake access South-facing new build Surrounded by neighborhoods Near hospitals and universities Easy access off I-75 On bus route Near schools for an alternative education

EXISTING CONDITIONS

PONTIAC

AUBURN HILLS

SITE

CHRYSLER HEADQUARTERS

DOWNTOWN PONTIAC

CHILD DAYCARE

SENIOR LIVING

SCHOOLS

UNIVERSITY

HOSPITAL

BUS STOP

SITE

MINIMIZE CARBON FOOTPRINT Green Roof Green roofs reduce energy costs by absorbing heat instead of attracting it and providing natural insulation for buildings. They decrease the production of associated air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

Solar Control Glass Film Window films are a type of window treatment designed to reduce the amount of solar heat and incoming ultraviolet light. Benefits include improved comfort and energy savings, increased privacy and fade protection, and glare reduction.

Daylighting Daylighting minimizes the amount of artificial light used, reduces electricity costs, and lowers the cost and demand of HVAC systems. Daylighting also improves the users well-being, productivity, and mood.

Local Materials Source regional materials or products that have been extracted, harvested, recovered, or manufactured within 500 miles to reduce transportation energy and pollution.

CHILD DAY CARE DROP-OFF AND PARKING

SENIOR ENTRANCE AND PARKING

TENNIS AND BASKETBALL COURTS

BIKING TRAIL

SITE FORMATION

STREET ACCESS

STAFF AND COUNSELING CENTER PARKING

COMMUNITY SHARED HOMES

OPEN FIELDS AND PLAYGROUND

WALKING TRAILS

LAKE ACCESS

USER ANALYSIS

INFANTS The infant section of the daycare accepts infants from 6 weeks to 16 months old. Direct sight lines, cleanable surfaces, and safe furnishings will be used to keep the infants safe. Design functions that engage the five senses will keep the infants entertained.

TODDLERS At the ages of 1 and 2, toddlers are very energetic, curious, and active. Due to the developmental age, accommodations such as games, playscapes, and shock-absorption materials have to be implemented for their education and safety.

PRE-SCHOOLERS Children ages 3 to 5 are very active and social. They will be interacting with the older adults and learning through play. They need space for physical activity and socialization. Additional space will be allocated for quiet time and learning.

STAFF The community intergenerational daycare staff includes caregivers with an educational background, group coordinators, and office workers. Daycare staff have face-to-face interactions with the children and older adults for the purpose of educating and encouraging healthy behaviors. Defining workflow, incorporating organization, and utilizing technology will be crucial for the staff when juggling all the people.

PRIMARY SENIORS Baby Boomers (57-75 years old) are the primary seniors who will be participating in the program. Due to their age and associated health risks, ADA accessibility, biophilic design, and mental stimulation programs will be beneficial. Physical activity will be encouraged to decrease health risks.

SECONDARY SENIORS The Silent Generation (75-80) are seniors that may experience limited physical and mental function. They are the older seniors that will benefit from memory activities and holding the infants. ADA accessibility, ergonomic furniture, and social activities can increase their quality of life.

VISITORS Visitors include parents, caregivers, or family members who are involved in the child’s or senior’s life. The visitors primarily drop-off and pick-up their loved ones from the facility. However, some visitors can volunteer to help assist with the program. Since visitors come and go, accommodating a waiting area and an accessible front desk will increase efficiency and mental ease.

ADDRESSING PROBLEMS MOVEMENT + MENTAL + SOCIAL

COMMUNITY PROGRAM

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Senior community houses On-site care facility Daycare/Entertainment facility After school facility Adult and child playground Walking trails/park Basketball courts Tennis courts Indoor pool SERVICES Mini-bus service Meals on wheels Intergenerational Daycare After school program Open to community after 7pm and on weekends

ACTIVITIES

Clubs Education classes Trips Events Art Music/Band Song/Dance Cards/Games Reading/Stories Memory exercise Virtual reality Physical exercise/Rehab Animal therapy Nature walks/Gardening Baking Meals and snacks

DAYCARE/ENTERTAINMENT FACILITY P R I V A T E OFFICES HR office Caregiver’s offices Manager office Director’s office

STAFF LOUNGE Lockers Kitchen Lounge area Bathrooms

MEDICAL ROOM Pharmacy Safe Exam chair Bathroom

S E M I - P R I V A T E

SENIOR ROOMS Flexible furniture Stage Bathrooms

LOBBY Check-in Lounge Bathrooms Lockers

INFANT ROOMS Changing room Cribs

DINING HALL Flexible furniture Stage

TODDLER ROOMS Changing room Bathroom Cubby storage

COMMUNITY ROOMS Game room Library/Reading room Music room Religion room Rehab room/Gym Baking room Playground Virtual Reality

FACILITY KITCHEN Lockers Kitchen Lounge area

CLASSROOMS Tables Bathroom Cubby storage

OUTDOOR Adult and child playground Garden Greenhouse Walking paths Open Field Seating

INSPIRATION BOARD

I didn’t come this far

only to come this far.

MATERIAL BOARD

Schematic Process

OVERVIEW Inspiration and the passion to create a unique experience drives the schematic design. Keeping with the concept and logo development, the building is inspired by the organic forms of nature and the interconnections of social circles. The layering of the circles and areas of connections developed from a drawing of a carnation. The carnation’s center radiates outwards and expands. Building from the outside in, the organic exterior informs the interior environment to create fluid movements. The interior plan remains open to encourage interactions. Additionally, several design theories are explored to manipulate behavior and movement. Stimulation Theory explains the environment as a source of sensory information derived from sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell. Incorporating sensory information in collaboration rooms will increase social interactions and learning. A variety of textures will be used to increase hands-on curiosity and visual interest. Taste and smell will come from the kitchen during baking lessons, food related activities, and during lunch. Music will be played in a variety of ways to either calm or stimulate people. Older adults’ senses decline with age, so it is important to engage them without over stimulating. Behavior Setting Theory are settings evoke specific patterns of behaviors. Organic forms and open space will make people move in a fluid manner. Incorporated circle tables and arrangements will force people to look at each other to encourage conversations and group learning. Prospect & Refuge Theory is when people prefer well-defined spaces that balance openness and enclosure to spaces that are extremely open or closed. Having large rooms to entertain a lot of people is important; but, by incorporating built-in divides in a strategic and inconspicuous way, the space will feel less overwhelming and stressful. People can have an area to rest without looking over their shoulder. Mystery & Complexity Theory is when people prefer spaces that contain a variety of elements and don’t reveal all of their information with one glance. To encourage curiosity and exploration, spaces will have bends, areas of confinement transitioning into bigger spaces, and taller obstacles to block views. Most importantly, Learned Helplessness is when physical or psychological barriers force people to “give up” trying to master their environment. The environment will be stimulating and will have some obstacles to educate persistence and growth, however, since seniors have limited movement and children are small, the design of spaces cannot have impossible or difficult obstacles where people give up. Movement is encouraged, not creating barriers. Overall, attention to the interactions through movement, play, and social connections allow seniors and children to come together to boost their growth and well-being.

LEG

CARNATION A carnation is my grandmother’s favorite flower that represents love. I want the relationships created in this facility to develop and bloom into lasting companionships.

STAFF

TODDLERS

INFANTS

LEGEND

BUBBLE DIAGRAMS

MAIN DIRECT ACCESS

GYM

DIRECT ACCESS NEARBY PRIVATE

COMMUNITY ROOM

STORAGE

LIBRARY

SEMI-PRIVATE PUBLIC

RELIGION ROOM

SENIOR ROOMS

OUTDOOR COURTYARD

PRE-K ROOMS

OUTDOOR COURTYARD

STORAGE

OUTDOOR COURTYARD

BTHRM STORAGE

DINING HALL

TODDLER ROOMS

KITCHEN STORAGE

MEDICAL ROOM

COMMUNITY CENTER

BTHRM

VISITOR LOUNGE

LOCKERS

STORAGE

BTHRM

INFANT ROOMS

RECEPTION

ASSISTANT DIRECTOR’S OFFICE

DIRECTOR’S OFFICE

OUTDOOR COURTYARD

STORAGE HR OFFICE ENTRANCE

STAFF LOUNGE BTHRM

SHARED OFFICE

STORAGE

MEETING ROOM

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STORAGE SENIOR ROOMS

SENIOR ROOMS STORAGE

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DINING HALL STORAGE KITCHEN

TODDLER ROOMS

COMMUNITY CENTER

STORAGE MEDICAL ROOM BTHRM BTHRM LOCKERS VISITOR LOUNGE

ENTRANCE

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OFFIC E INF A NT

INF A NT

RE HA B RM.

MED . R M

IN FA NT

BA TH IN FA NT

ST OR AGE

R RM IO S EN

AG E

LIBR AR Y

R ST OR AGE

LIBR AR Y

T O DD

LE MED . R M

H R OFFIC E C ARE GIVER / VOLU NTE ER / MEE TING

N IO R

INF SE

ST OR AGE

C AF.

INF A NT BA TH

STR G.

R EC EPT ION

-K

CL C LASS ROOM

INF A NT

STA GE

M+W BA THR OOM

STA GE

STR G.

BA TH BA TH

T OD DLE

ST OR AGE ST OR AGE VIS ITOR LOUN GE VIS ITOR LOCK ERS

Pre

R LE T O DD T O DD

R RM SEN IO

M+W BA THR OOM

KITC HE N

AS SIS TAN T D IR. OFFIC E

TODD LER

ST OR AGE

M+W BA THR OOM

R ELIGION RM D IR. OFFIC E

R ELIGION RM

R LE T O DD

O R

BA TH

SS LA

MED . R M

M+W BA THR OOM

R ELIGION RM

C T OD DLE

TODD LER

INF A NT

C AF.

T OD DLE

O R

TODD LER

C LASS ROOM SS LA

SS LA

TODD LER

LIBR AR Y

R RM IO S EN

R RM SEN IO

TODD LER

C LASS ROOM

SE NIOR RM

C LASS ROOM

IN FA NT

C LASS ROOM

MED . R M BA TH

T O DD

M R

INF A NT

C LASS ROOM

M+W BA THR OOM

O SE NIOR RM

R ELIGION RM

T OD DLE

M+W BA THR OOM

C LASS ROOM

LIBR AR Y

-K R RM IO S EN

O R

6TH AVENUE SOUTH

-K

IN FA NT

R RM

TODD LER

TODD LER TODD LER

ST AGE

ST OR AGE

STR G.

SS LA

LIBR AR Y

Pre

R RM IO S EN

R RM SEN IO

SE NIO

C LASS ROOM

R RM IO S EN

M+W BA THR OOM

BA TH BA TH AS SIS TAN T D IR. D IR. OFFIC E OFFIC E

C LASS ROOM

R EHA B R M.

LIBR AR Y

Pre

ST OR AGE

AS SR OO M

R RM SEN IO

C LASS ROOM C LASS ROOM

R EC EPT ION

BA TH

C AF. KITC HE N

STR G.

ST OR AGE C LASS ROOM LASS ROOM C LASS C ROOM

R RM IO S EN

VIS ITOR LOCK ERS VIS ITOR LOUN GE ST OR AGE

BA TH

C ARE GIVER / VOLU NTE ER / MEE TING

H R OFFIC E

R RM IO S EN

SE NIOR RM

ST OR AGE

AG E

C LASS ROOM

LIBR AR Y R EHA B R M.

C LASS ROOM

R ELIGION RM

INF A NT

AN T

C LASS ROOM LIBR AR Y

C LASS ROOM

IO N

R EHA B R M.

ST OR AGE

R M

-K

N IO R

C LASS ROOM C LASS ROOM

Pre

INF

LIBR AR Y

R RM IO S EN C LASS ROOM

R IO S EN

C LASS ROOM

ST OR AGE

IN FAN T

AS SR O OM

C LASS ROOM

VIS I LO TO UN R GE

C LASS ROOM R EHA B R M.

RE CE

ST OR AGE

AS SR OO M

C LASS ROOM

IN FAN T

VIS LO ITO CK R E RS

M+ W BAT H RO

Pre

IN FAN T

M+W BA THR OOM

IN FAN T

R EC EPT ION

IN FA N T

Pre

-K

TO DD

LE R

ST OR AGE

VIS ITOR LOUN GE

IN FAN T

INF

IN FA N T

VIS ITOR LOCK ERS

-K

C LASS ROOM

Pre

R M

N IO R

AS SR O OM

VIS I LO TO UN R GE

BUILDING DEVELOPMENT SE

LE R

RE CE

KITC HE N C AF.

M+ W BAT H RO

ST AGE

VIS LO ITO CK R E RS

STR G.

ST OR AGE

LIBR AR Y

SOCIAL CIRCLES STAFF

TODDLERS

INFANTS

SENIORS LEGEND ENTRANCE CIRCULATION INTERIOR CONNECTIONS

PRE-K

OUTDOOR CONNECTIONS

INTERCONNECTIONS NATURE PLAY 69,620 SF BUILDING

DIR. OFFICE

LOKrS

INTERACTIONS

STAFF PARKING

BTH

STAFF LOUNGE

GROUP COUNSELING

ASSISTANT DIR. OFFICE

SERVICE ACCESS

RECEPTION HR OFFICE

STRG

CAREGIVER/ VOLUNTEER

strg

MEETING MEETING RM RM

CONFERENCE/ TRAINING RM

CALL RM

BTH

GROUP COUNSELING SERVICE KITCHEN

storg

COUNSELING OFFICE MEDICAL ROOM

COUNSELING OFFICE

PREP ASSISTANCE

BTH storg CAF./ EVENT SPACE

TODDLER ROOM

ramp

TODDLER ROOM

BTH MUSIC ROOM

STAGE

strg strg

TODDLER ROOM GYM

ART ROOM

INFANT ROOM INFANT ROOM

WORK OUT CIRCLE

MULTIFAITH RM

RECEPTION

CHILD DAYCARE PARKING

VR ROOM

TV ROOM

AUDIO READING

BTH BTH

GAME ROOM

LOCKERS

LIBRARY

PREK ROOM

BTH

RECEPTION

BTH

PREK ROOM

strg.

PREK ROOM

SENIOR PARKING

BTH

QUIET ROOM

SUNROOM

CHILD DAYCARE RECEPTION - 2550 SF INFANT ROOMS - 870 SF TODDLER ROOMS - 870 SF PRE-KINDERGARTEN ROOMS - 1390 SF SENIOR DAYCARE RECEPTION - 1400 SF QUIET ROOM - 560 SF SUNROOM - 615 SF LIBRARY - 2000 SF AUDIO READING ROOM - 195 SF TV ROOM - 385 SF VIRTUAL REALITY ROOM - 312 SF MULTI-FAITH ROOM - 300 SF CORE ROOMS - 1230 SF ENTERTAINMENT CENTER - 5026 SF GYM - 2834 SF CAFETERIA/EVENT SPACE - 3390 SF KITCHEN - 1254 SF MEDICAL ROOM - 600 SF COUNSELING RECEPTION - 314 SF CALL ROOM - 134 SF COUNSELING OFFICES - 333 SF, 245 SF GROUP COUNSELING ROOMS - 420 SF, 480 SF STAFF LOUNGE - 1136 SF MEETING ROOMS - 236 SF CONFERENCE ROOM - 750 SF VOLUNTEER ROOM - 775 SF HR OFFICE - 315 SF ASSISTANT DIRECTOR’S OFFICE - 238 SF DIRECTOR’S OFFICE - 270 SF BATHROOMS - 60 SF, 500 SF LOCKERS - 98 SF

LOKrS

DIR. OFFICE

STAFF LOUNGE

GROUP COUNSELING

ASSISTANT DIR. OFFICE RECEPTION HR OFFICE

SERVICE ACCESS

strg STRG

CAREGIVER/ VOLUNTEER

MEETING RM

GROUP COUNSELING

CALL RM

CONFERENCE/ TRAINING RM

PREP ASSISTANCE

SERVICE KITCHEN

storg

COUNSELING OFFICE MEDICAL ROOM

COUNSELING OFFICE

storg CAF./ EVENT SPACE

TODDLER ROOM

STAGE

strg strg

MUSIC ROOM

TODDLER ROOM GYM

INFANT ROOM

ART ROOM INFANT ROOM WORK OUT CIRCLE

MULTI FAITH RM

VR ROOM TV ROOM

RECEPTION

AUDIO READING GAME ROOM

LIBRARY

PREK ROOM

LOCKERS strg.

RECEPTION

QUIET ROOM

SUNROOM

PREK ROOM PREK ROOM PREK ROOM

DIR. OFFICE

LOKrS

SENIOR LOUNGE STAFF PARKING

BTH

STAFF LOUNGE

GROUP COUNSELING

ASSISTANT DIR. OFFICE

SERVICE ACCESS

RECEPTION HR OFFICE

STRG

CAREGIVER/ VOLUNTEER

strg

MEETING MEETING RM RM

CONFERENCE/ TRAINING RM

CALL RM

BTH

GROUP COUNSELING SERVICE KITCHEN

storg

COUNSELING OFFICE MEDICAL ROOM

COUNSELING OFFICE

PREP ASSISTANCE

BTH storg CAF./ EVENT SPACE

TODDLER ROOM

ramp

TODDLER ROOM

BTH MUSIC ROOM

STAGE

strg strg

TODDLER ROOM GYM

ART ROOM

INFANT ROOM INFANT ROOM

WORK OUT CIRCLE

MULTIFAITH RM

RECEPTION

CHILD DAYCARE PARKING

VR ROOM

TV ROOM

AUDIO READING

BTH BTH

GAME ROOM

LOCKERS

LIBRARY

PREK ROOM

BTH

RECEPTION

strg. BTH

BTH

QUIET ROOM

SUNROOM

PREK ROOM

SENIOR PARKING

LOG CABIN INTERIOR PROMOTING RELAXATION AND LUXURY.

WOOD MATERIAL WITH HIGH CONTRAST ACCENT FURNITURE TO AVOID INJURY.

NO COMPLEX PATTERNS USED TO PREVENT IRRITATION AND CONFUSION.

VISUAL AND PHYSICAL ACCESS TO NATURE INCREASES MENTAL HEALTH AND FATIGUE.

LARGE WINDOWS TO ALLOW DAYLIGHTING TO BOOST ALERTNESS AND CREATE POSITIVE MOODS.

CUSHIONED LVT FLOORING FOR ABSORBING SHOCK.

DIR. OFFICE

LOKrS

PRE-KINDERGARTEN STAFF PARKING

BTH

STAFF LOUNGE

GROUP COUNSELING

ASSISTANT DIR. OFFICE

SERVICE ACCESS

RECEPTION HR OFFICE

STRG

CAREGIVER/ VOLUNTEER

strg

MEETING MEETING RM RM

CONFERENCE/ TRAINING RM

CALL RM

BTH

GROUP COUNSELING SERVICE KITCHEN

storg

COUNSELING OFFICE MEDICAL ROOM

COUNSELING OFFICE

PREP ASSISTANCE

BTH storg CAF./ EVENT SPACE

TODDLER ROOM

ramp

TODDLER ROOM

BTH MUSIC ROOM

STAGE

strg strg

TODDLER ROOM GYM

ART ROOM

INFANT ROOM INFANT ROOM

WORK OUT CIRCLE

MULTIFAITH RM

RECEPTION

CHILD DAYCARE PARKING

VR ROOM

TV ROOM

AUDIO READING

BTH BTH

GAME ROOM

LOCKERS

LIBRARY

PREK ROOM

BTH

RECEPTION

strg. BTH

BTH

QUIET ROOM

SUNROOM

PREK ROOM

SENIOR PARKING

A PRE-K CLASSROOM DESIGNED TO EDUCATE THROUGH PLAY. TO ENCOURAGE DIFFERENT MODALITIES OF LEARNING, ORGANIC SHAPES ARE USED IN FUN AND SURPRISING WAYS TO STIMULATE THE IMAGINATION.

CREATE A BIOPHILIC DESIGN TO INCREASE WELL-BEING AND ALLOW CHILDREN TO FOCUS BETTER.

TABLES DESIGNED FOR COLLABORATION MADE FROM BLEACH CLEANABLE MATERIAL.

PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES TO DISCOVER, CREATE, AND PROBLEM-SOLVE.

HAVE AREAS OF INDEPENDENCE AND REST.

THE BEST WAY FOR CHILDREN TO LEARN IS THROUGH PLENTY OF PRACTICE IN STIMULATING ENVIRONMENTS WITH VARYING ACTIVITIES TO LEARN AND PLAY.

GREEN PROMOTES CREATIVITY. BLUES INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY. RED STIMULATES AND INCREASES CHILDREN’S IQ.

DIR. OFFICE

LOKrS

TODDLER ROOM STAFF PARKING

BTH

STAFF LOUNGE

GROUP COUNSELING

ASSISTANT DIR. OFFICE

SERVICE ACCESS

RECEPTION HR OFFICE

STRG

CAREGIVER/ VOLUNTEER

strg

MEETING MEETING RM RM

CONFERENCE/ TRAINING RM

CALL RM

BTH

GROUP COUNSELING SERVICE KITCHEN

storg

COUNSELING OFFICE MEDICAL ROOM

COUNSELING OFFICE

PREP ASSISTANCE

BTH storg CAF./ EVENT SPACE

TODDLER ROOM

ramp

TODDLER ROOM

BTH MUSIC ROOM

STAGE

strg strg

TODDLER ROOM GYM

ART ROOM

INFANT ROOM INFANT ROOM

WORK OUT CIRCLE

MULTIFAITH RM

RECEPTION

CHILD DAYCARE PARKING

VR ROOM

TV ROOM

AUDIO READING

BTH BTH

GAME ROOM

LOCKERS

LIBRARY

PREK ROOM

BTH

RECEPTION

strg. BTH

BTH

QUIET ROOM

SUNROOM

PREK ROOM

SENIOR PARKING

TODDLERS ARE DEVELOPING THEIR MOTOR SKILLS SO THEY NEED A LARGE SPACE TO MOVE THAT CHALLENGES THEM. CRAWLING, CLIMBING, AND STANDING SPACES ARE PROVIDED.

CLEAR SIGHT LINES SO THE STAFF CAN MONITOR THE KIDS.

CREATE A BIOPHILIC DESIGN TO INCREASE WELL-BEING AND ALLOW CHILDREN TO FOCUS BETTER.

TODDLERS ENJOY YELLOW. IT CREATES A POSITIVE FEELING AND IS AN OPTIMUM COLOR FOR ENCOURAGING CREATIVITY.

USE BLUE AND OTHER COOL COLORS IN NAPPING AREA TO RELAX AND CALM THE YOUNG CHILDREN.

THE BEST WAY FOR CHILDREN TO LEARN IS THROUGH PLENTY OF PRACTICE IN STIMULATING ENVIRONMENTS WITH VARYING ACTIVITIES TO LEARN AND PLAY.

AS TODDLERS GROW, THEY BECOME INTERESTED IN “PRETEND PLAY” SO ADDING COSTUMES AND ANIMALS WILL ENCOURAGE CREATIVITY.

DIR. OFFICE

LOKrS

INTERGENERATIONAL SPACES WITH CUSTOM COMPONENTS STAFF PARKING

BTH

STAFF LOUNGE

GROUP COUNSELING

ASSISTANT DIR. OFFICE

SERVICE ACCESS

RECEPTION HR OFFICE

STRG

CAREGIVER/ VOLUNTEER

strg

MEETING MEETING RM RM

CONFERENCE/ TRAINING RM

CALL RM

BTH

GROUP COUNSELING SERVICE KITCHEN

storg

COUNSELING OFFICE MEDICAL ROOM

COUNSELING OFFICE

PREP ASSISTANCE

BTH storg CAF./ EVENT SPACE

TODDLER ROOM

ramp

TODDLER ROOM

BTH MUSIC ROOM

STAGE

strg strg

TODDLER ROOM GYM

ART ROOM

INFANT ROOM INFANT ROOM

WORK OUT CIRCLE

MULTIFAITH RM

RECEPTION

CHILD DAYCARE PARKING

VR ROOM

TV ROOM

AUDIO READING

BTH BTH

GAME ROOM

LOCKERS

LIBRARY

PREK ROOM

BTH

RECEPTION

strg. BTH

BTH

QUIET ROOM

SUNROOM

PREK ROOM

SENIOR PARKING

CREATE CUSTOM COMPONENTS THAT CREATES LANDMARKS FOR WAYFINDING.

PROSPECT AND REFUGE THEORY. INCLUDE AREAS OF REST AND DIVISIONS IN OPEN SPACES TO DECREASE STRESS AND OVERWHELMING FEELINGS.

THE MULTI-GENERATIONAL SPACES PROVIDE FLEXIBILITY, DIVERSITY, AND ACCESSIBILITY.

INCORPORATING SOUND CLOUDS AND BUFFERS ARE CRUCIAL IN THE INTERACTIVE SPACES TO DECREASE NOISE OVERLOAD AND IRRITATION.

MYSTERY AND COMPLEXITY THEORY IS USED TO ENCOURAGE CURIOSITY AND EXPLORATION. SPACES HAVE BENDS, AREAS OF CONFINEMENT TRANSITIONING TO LARGER SPACES, AND LARGER OBSTACLES TO BLOCK VIEWS.

DIFFERENT ANIMAL TRACKS ARE USED FOR WAYFINDING BECAUSE NOT ALL USERS CAN READ OR SEE WELL SO SYMBOLS ARE EASIER TO IDENTIFY AND REMEMBER.

Design Development

OVERVIEW Designing for two opposing generations can lead to design issues regarding color, materiality, and accessibility. Older generations need high contrast to reduce injury but no overstimulating colors. On the other hand, children benefit from bright colors to stimulate their learning. Finding a happy medium results in designing spaces with varying wood tones, with contrasting blues and greens. Blues and greens provide interest while promoting feelings of ease and relaxation. The organic spaces encourage movement and curiosity. Seniors and children are encouraged to explore and interact with the internal environment and with each other. The building design is inclusive of the surrounding natural environment giving the users a chance to explore and heal. The overall design is an entertaining environment meant to connect two generations that designers tend to neglect. The safe and inviting spaces will help seniors and children learn, grow, and overcome their obstacles.

LOKrS

DIR. OFFICE

STAFF LOUNGE

GROUP COUNSELING

ASSISTANT DIR. OFFICE

RECEPTION HR OFFICE

STRG

CAREGIVER/ VOLUNTEER

SERVICE ACCESS

strg MEETING RM

MEETING RM

CONFERENCE/ TRAINING RM

CALL RM

GROUP COUNSELING

storg

COUNSELING OFFICE

SERVICE KITCHEN

PREP ASSISTANCE

MEDICAL ROOM

COUNSELING OFFICE

storg CAF./ EVENT SPACE

TODDLER ROOM

STAGE

strg strg MUSIC ROOM

TODDLER ROOM

GYM

INFANT ROOM

ART ROOM INFANT ROOM

WORK OUT CIRCLE

MULTIFAITH RM

VR ROOM

TV ROOM

RECEPTION

AUDIO READING

GAME ROOM

LIBRARY

PREK ROOM

strg.

RECEPTION

QUIET ROOM

SUNROOM

PREK ROOM PREK ROOM PREK ROOM

CHILD CARE RECEPTION Mystery & Complexity Theory: people prefer spaces that contain a variety of elements and don’t reveal all of their information with one glance.

DIR. OFFICE

LOKrS

To encourage curiosity and exploration, the space has several elements that bend and encourage people to move around. The entrance is a confined dense forest that transitions into a big open space symbolizing emergence from isolation.

STAFF LOUNGE

GROUP COUNSELING

ASSISTANT DIR. OFFICE

RECEPTION HR OFFICE

STRG

CAREGIVER/ VOLUNTEER

SERVICE ACCESS

strg MEETING RM

MEETING RM

CONFERENCE/ TRAINING RM

CALL RM

GROUP COUNSELING

storg

COUNSELING OFFICE

SERVICE KITCHEN

PREP ASSISTANCE

MEDICAL ROOM

COUNSELING OFFICE

storg CAF./ EVENT SPACE

TODDLER ROOM

STAGE

strg strg MUSIC ROOM

TODDLER ROOM

GYM

INFANT ROOM

ART ROOM INFANT ROOM

WORK OUT CIRCLE

MULTIFAITH RM

VR ROOM

TV ROOM

RECEPTION

AUDIO READING

GAME ROOM

LIBRARY

PREK ROOM

strg.

RECEPTION

QUIET ROOM

SUNROOM

PREK ROOM PREK ROOM PREK ROOM

DIR. OFFICE

LOKrS

CUSTOM COMPONENT STAFF LOUNGE

GROUP COUNSELING

ASSISTANT DIR. OFFICE

RECEPTION HR OFFICE

STRG

CAREGIVER/ VOLUNTEER

SERVICE ACCESS

strg MEETING RM

MEETING RM

GROUP COUNSELING

storg

COUNSELING OFFICE

SERVICE KITCHEN

PREP ASSISTANCE

MEDICAL ROOM

COUNSELING OFFICE

26’ - 8”

CONFERENCE/ TRAINING RM

CALL RM

storg CAF./ EVENT SPACE

TODDLER ROOM

STAGE

strg strg MUSIC ROOM

TODDLER ROOM

GYM

INFANT ROOM

ART ROOM

46’ - 0”

INFANT ROOM

WORK OUT CIRCLE

5’ - 7”

MULTIFAITH RM

VR ROOM

TV ROOM

RECEPTION

AUDIO READING

GAME ROOM

LIBRARY

PREK ROOM

strg.

RECEPTION

QUIET ROOM

SUNROOM

PREK ROOM

15’ - 0”

PREK ROOM PREK ROOM

6’ - 0”

2’ - 6”

2’ - 0”

SENSORY WALL SUPPORTS COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.

FELT MOUNDS ALLUDE TO THE EXTERIOR ENVIRONMENT BY CREATING AN ORGANIC SPACE FOR THE USERS TO EXPLORE AND USE THEIR IMAGINATION WHILE ALSO DEVELOPING THEIR MOTOR SKILLS.

THE MULTI-GENERATIONAL PLAYSCAPE PROVIDES FLEXIBILITY, DIVERSITY, AND ACCESSIBILITY.

AN ELEVATED RAMP SYMBOLIZES OVERCOMING OBSTACLES AND PROVIDES A FORM OF EXERCISE.

IMMERSIVE ENVIRONMENT Prospect & Refuge Theory: people prefer well-defined spaces that balance openness and enclosure to spaces that are extremely open or closed.

DIR. OFFICE

LOKrS

The large room entertains a lot of people; but, by incorporating builtin divides in a strategic and inconspicuous way, the space feels less overwhelming and stressful. People can have an area to rest without looking over their shoulder.

STAFF LOUNGE

GROUP COUNSELING

ASSISTANT DIR. OFFICE

RECEPTION HR OFFICE

STRG

CAREGIVER/ VOLUNTEER

SERVICE ACCESS

strg MEETING RM

MEETING RM

CONFERENCE/ TRAINING RM

CALL RM

GROUP COUNSELING

storg

COUNSELING OFFICE

SERVICE KITCHEN

PREP ASSISTANCE

MEDICAL ROOM

COUNSELING OFFICE

storg CAF./ EVENT SPACE

TODDLER ROOM

STAGE

strg strg MUSIC ROOM

TODDLER ROOM

GYM

INFANT ROOM

ART ROOM INFANT ROOM

WORK OUT CIRCLE

MULTIFAITH RM

VR ROOM

TV ROOM

RECEPTION

AUDIO READING

GAME ROOM

LIBRARY

PREK ROOM

strg.

RECEPTION

QUIET ROOM

SUNROOM

PREK ROOM PREK ROOM PREK ROOM

101

EXPLORE AND PLAY Learned Helplessness: physical or psychological barriers force people to “give up” trying to master their environment.

DIR. OFFICE

LOKrS

The environment is stimulating and has some obstacles to educate persistence and growth; however, since seniors have limited movement and children are small, the space does not have impossible or difficult obstacles where people give up. Movement is fluid and encouraging.

STAFF LOUNGE

GROUP COUNSELING

ASSISTANT DIR. OFFICE

RECEPTION HR OFFICE

STRG

CAREGIVER/ VOLUNTEER

SERVICE ACCESS

strg MEETING RM

MEETING RM

CONFERENCE/ TRAINING RM

CALL RM

GROUP COUNSELING

storg

COUNSELING OFFICE

SERVICE KITCHEN

PREP ASSISTANCE

MEDICAL ROOM

COUNSELING OFFICE

storg CAF./ EVENT SPACE

TODDLER ROOM

STAGE

strg strg MUSIC ROOM

TODDLER ROOM

GYM

INFANT ROOM

ART ROOM INFANT ROOM

WORK OUT CIRCLE

MULTIFAITH RM

VR ROOM

TV ROOM

RECEPTION

AUDIO READING

GAME ROOM

LIBRARY

PREK ROOM

strg.

RECEPTION PREK ROOM PREK ROOM PREK ROOM

QUIET ROOM

SUNROOM

103

ENGAGE WITH NATURE

DIR. OFFICE

LOKrS

There are several outdoor spaces incorporated throughout the interior as visual and physical access to the natural environment. Being outside reduces stress and benefits children and adults’ overall well-being.

STAFF LOUNGE

GROUP COUNSELING

ASSISTANT DIR. OFFICE

RECEPTION HR OFFICE

STRG

CAREGIVER/ VOLUNTEER

SERVICE ACCESS

strg MEETING RM

MEETING RM

CONFERENCE/ TRAINING RM

CALL RM

GROUP COUNSELING

storg

COUNSELING OFFICE

SERVICE KITCHEN

PREP ASSISTANCE

MEDICAL ROOM

COUNSELING OFFICE

storg CAF./ EVENT SPACE

TODDLER ROOM

STAGE

strg strg MUSIC ROOM

TODDLER ROOM

GYM

INFANT ROOM

ART ROOM INFANT ROOM

WORK OUT CIRCLE

MULTIFAITH RM

VR ROOM

TV ROOM

RECEPTION

AUDIO READING

GAME ROOM

LIBRARY

PREK ROOM

strg.

RECEPTION

QUIET ROOM

SUNROOM

PREK ROOM PREK ROOM PREK ROOM

105

CONNECT AND MOVE

DIR. OFFICE

LOKrS

The activity spaces enforce interactions and self development. They are spaces where children and seniors can express themselves and take on new opportunities. In the music room, seniors can rekindle their lost love to play music or pick up something new. Children are able to move and discover what they are interested in. STAFF LOUNGE

GROUP COUNSELING

ASSISTANT DIR. OFFICE

RECEPTION HR OFFICE

STRG

CAREGIVER/ VOLUNTEER

SERVICE ACCESS

strg MEETING RM

MEETING RM

CONFERENCE/ TRAINING RM

CALL RM

GROUP COUNSELING

storg

COUNSELING OFFICE

SERVICE KITCHEN

PREP ASSISTANCE

MEDICAL ROOM

COUNSELING OFFICE

storg CAF./ EVENT SPACE

TODDLER ROOM

STAGE

strg strg MUSIC ROOM

TODDLER ROOM

GYM

INFANT ROOM

ART ROOM INFANT ROOM

WORK OUT CIRCLE

MULTIFAITH RM

VR ROOM

TV ROOM

RECEPTION

AUDIO READING

GAME ROOM

LIBRARY

PREK ROOM

strg.

RECEPTION PREK ROOM PREK ROOM PREK ROOM

QUIET ROOM

SUNROOM

107

“Alone, we can do so little; together, we can do so much” Helen Keller

References

Admin. (n.d.). The negative health effects of loneliness in seniors. Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://www. stpaulseniors.org/senior-care-blog/the-negative-health-effects-of-loneliness-in-seniors/ Arnerich, M. (2020, July 15). Intergenerational Care in the Early Years: How to Get Started. Famly. https://famly.co/ blog/management/intergenerational-care-early-years/ Assisted living In Michigan. (2020, November 05). Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://www.assistedliving.org/ michigan/ Damon LE. Effects of relocation on the elderly. Am Fam Physician. 1982 Nov;26(5):144-8. PMID: 7148624. Fottrell, Q. (2018, October 10). Nearly half of Americans report feeling alone. MarketWatch. https://www. marketwatch.com/story/america-has-a-big-loneliness-problem-2018-05-02

Hoak, A. (2014, November 22). More parents move in with their kids. Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https:// www.marketwatch.com/story/more-aging-parents-move-in-with-their-kids-2014-11-18 Kim, L. (2021, May 06). Loneliness linked to serious health problems and death among elderly. Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2012/06/98644/loneliness-linked-serious-health-problems-anddeath-among-elderly @mstempniak, M. (2019, February 05). Report: Lack of services and supports driving seniors into nursing homes earlier than necessary - news. Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://www.mcknights.com/news/ report-lack-of-services-and-supports-driving-seniors-into-nursing-homes-earlier-than-necessary/ One is the LONELIEST Number: COMBATING Senior Isolation. (2020, October 29). Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://stonegatesl.com/one-is-the-loneliest-number-combating-senior-isolation/ 109