On the cover: the 2024 Solar Eclipse as seen from Jay Peak, Vermont
Original photography of the 2024 Solar Eclipse as seen from Jay Peak, Vermont by Sayah Trahanas ’25
EDITION Nº EIGHT
ABOUT / This year’s staff consists of 10 students and 2 faculty advisors from Brunswick School. Each student contributor is tasked with certain parts of the magazine, such as editing literary pieces and formatting. Students and faculty work virtually on editing and modifying The Orient Express literary magazine. The magazine is based at Brunswick School, Greenwich, CT 06830.
COLOPHON / The 2024 staff of The Orient Express literary magazine created Edition 8 using Adobe InDesign on Apple computers. Size16 Inter font was used for the body of the text. Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 were published in electronic and print format and can be viewed on computers and other devices. The magazine has 52 pages. The theme selected for the magazine is “Intersection”. The magazine can be viewed at www.brunswickschool.org .
EDITORIAL POLICY / The Orient Express, a Brunswick School literary magazine, presents the works of students from Brunswick’s Upper School. The literary editors reviewed each article to check for accuracy. Articles were then selected based on accuracy and general quality. Art and literature were paired together according to relevance. The content of The Orient Express literary magazine is protected by applicable copyright laws. Images from outside sources are credited where sources can be found or are applicable.
SPECIAL THANKS / The chief faculty adviser, Ms. Mimi Melkonian, wishes to thank first and foremost, Mr. Thomas W. Philip, head of Brunswick School and principal of Brunswick Upper School, for his gracious permission to launch The Orient Express literary magazine. We also give thanks to Sr. Jaime Gonzales-Ocaña for his unwavering encouragement and promotion of the literary magazine.
STAFF+WRITERS
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, PRESIDENT, DESIGN HEAD / Sayah Trahanas ’25
CO-VICE PRESIDENT / Finn O’Sullivan ’26
CO-VICE PRESIDENT / George Kapp ’26
SPECIAL LITERARY REVIEWER / Leo Simon ’25
SPECIAL LITERARY REVIEWER / Will O’Reilly ’25
LITERARY REVIEW HEAD / James Lynch ’25
FOREIGN EXPLORATION HEAD / Leo Gazal ’25
LITERARY CHAIR / Rory Keller ’25
SENIOR LITERARY SECRETARY / Claire Citarella ’25
JUNIOR LITERARY SECRETARY / Henry Wise ’25
FACULTY ADVISOR / Ms. Mimi Melkonian
FACULTY ART ADVISOR / Mr. Andrew Hall
CONTRIBUTOR / James Lynch ’25 / 16, 32
CONTRIBUTOR / Leo Gazal ’25 / 22, 26
CONTRIBUTOR / Rory Keller ’25 / 14, 18
CONTRIBUTOR / Henry Wise ’26 / 38
CONTRIBUTOR / George Kapp ’26 / 24
CONTRIBUTOR / Marco Leao ’27 / 46
CONTRIBUTOR / Pierce Crosby ’26 / 12
CONTRIBUTOR / Subir Garg ’25 / 36
CONTRIBUTOR / Claire Citarella ’25 / 42
PG. 7 / Leo Gazal ’25
PG. 8 / Connor Robinson ’26
PG. 10 / Quinn Sheehy ’26
PG. 12 / Donnelly Rodgers ’25
PG. 14 / Johan Hodgson ’25
PG. 16 / Matias Debono ’26
PG. 18 / Nate Sweet ’26
PG. 20 / Chase Elliott ’26
PG. 22 / Caleb Zimmerman ’25
PG. 24 / Jack Horton ’25
PG. 26 / Bryan Dean ’26
PG. 28 / Henry Ferguson ’24
PG. 30 / Franco Fajardo ’25
PG. 32 / Bryan Dean ’26
PG. 34 / Declan Murray ’25
PG. 36 / Donnelly Rodgers ’25
PG. 38 / Declan Murray ’25
PG. 42 / Connor Robinson ’26
PG. 46 / Connor Robinson ’26
PROLOGUE
THE WAY THINGS intersect can surprise us. An opportunity may arise at the perfect time, or a plan may not go as expected. We may discover something we have in common with each other that was previously unknown, and share experiences based on that commonality.
In an increasingly divided and chaotic world, we sometimes tend to focus on the way intersections pull us apart rather than bring us together. With global conflicts, passionate debates, and hotbutton issues, it’s all too easy to see how the connections and intersections between our stories and paths are places to fight, rather than to come together.
However, if we look at the world around us, intersection can bring joy and togetherness. Pictured on the cover, the April 2024 eclipse brought millions of strangers together to watch the sun intersect with the moon in an astronomical spectacle for the ages. The Orient Express serves as a similar venue to the eclipse; to bring people together at points of intersection in space, time, and history.
As you experience this year’s edition of Brunswick’s cultural literary magazine, watch for points of narrative intersection that bring meaning, joy, and most importantly - connection.
- SAYAH TRAHANAS Editor-in-Chief, President
Leo Gazal ’25
Artwork:
I. ICONS
EXPLORING CULTURAL PILLARS
DUOMO / Pierce Crosby ’26 / 12
GROUNDS / Rory Keller ’25 / 14
IN DEFENSE / James Lynch ’25 / 16
INTO THE FOLD / Rory Keller ’25 / 18
II. JOURNEYS
HOW TRAVEL CAN CHALLENGE AND BRING JOY
TO THE RACES / Leo Gazal ’25 / 22
MOUNTAIN VIEW / George Kapp ’26 / 24
ALCAZAR / Leo Gazal ’25 / 26
Artwork: Connor Robinson ’26
III. ARCHAEA
LESSONS FROM THE ANCIENT
BRITTANIA / Finn O’Sullivan ’26 / 30
TASTE OF IBERIA / James Lynch ’25 / 32
IV. TRADITION
HOW CULTURAL WAYS DEFINE WHO WE ARE
NATIVE BRUSH / Subir Garg ’25 / 36
DEEP ROOTED / Henry Wise ’26 / 38
AMERICANO / Claire Citarella ’25 / 42
TIA / Marco Leao ’27 / 46
ICONS I.
WHEN WE INTERACT with cultural icons, we often don’t actively think about the significance they hold in our world. Simple, yet long-standing pillars hold up our culture and history; yet, they go unnoticed. The ICONS chapter of the Orient Express serves to examine in close-up the items, symbols, and institutions that hold up our culture and intersect people and ideas - whether we notice them or not.
DUOMO / Pierce Crosby ’26 / 12
GROUNDS / Rory Keller ’25 / 14
IN DEFENSE / James Lynch ’25 / 16
INTO THE FOLD / Rory Keller ’25 / 18
Artwork: Quinn Sheehy
DU
OMO
BY PIERCE CROSBY ’26 / ARTWORK: DONNELLY RODGERS ’25
THE CATHEDRAL of Santa Maria del Fiore, often referred to simply as the Duomo, towers over one of Italy’s most historic cities: Florence. Every day, hundreds of tourists gather to behold this masterpiece of architectural might and artistic talent. On Sundays, worshippers gather in the cathedral to participate in mass, still offered almost six hundred years after the cathedral’s completion. But, few of these visitors know the Duomo’s critical cultural and historical significance for Italy and the entire world.
Construction of the cathedral began in 1296 when civic officials of Florence proposed building a new church dedicated to Saint Mary on the site of a smaller church and adopted the design of architect Arnolfo di Cambio. At the time, an increased appreciation for art, architecture, literature, and science was brewing in Italian and especially Florentine society. Eventually, these ideas would explode during the Renaissance, one of history’s greatest cultural realignments. As the Renaissance progressed during the 14th and 15th centuries, the consistent development of the Duomo represented the growth of Italian culture. The ornate detail of the cathedral’s façades displays the newfound importance of art and beauty that was nonexistent during the Middle Ages. The 280foot Campanile, or bell tower, that stands adjacent to the Duomo highlights the development of science and engineering that allowed the construction of a tower that would have seemed impossible prior to the Renaissance. Filippo Brunelleschi’s magnificent dome, completed in 1436, combines the art and engineering aspects of the Renaissance to complete the cathedral with a symbol of the Renaissance developments that revolutionized architecture.
As one of the Renaissance’s most important and memorable products, the Duomo contributed significantly to the Renaissance’s most important effect: transitioning the world from the period of slow societal progress in the Middle Ages to a time of increasing cultural and scientific development. Without this historic building, both the impact of the Renaissance and modern Italian culture would not be what it is today.
GROUNDS
BY RORY KELLER ’25 / ARTWORK: JOHAN HODGSON ’25
OVER 1 BILLION people worldwide drink coffee as part of their daily ritual. Coffee comes from an unassuming plant in Ethiopia, yet it can be considered the central organizing force for an entire culture. Although coffee is everywhere, it is very different depending on where in the world you take a sip. Coffee beans were discovered long before roasted coffee was discovered in the 13th century. The spread of the popularity of coffee led to the appeal of meeting in communal places to drink coffee. The coffeehouse is vital in the history of coffee since it became a place to exchange intellectual conversation and ideas that sometimes even led to revolution and dissent. Thus, coffee is a powerful drink.
Coffee stimulates the brain as well as stimulating business through its impact on literature, newspapers, and even music. It is said that the American Revolution and French Revolution were planned in coffeehouses. Coffeehouses first became popular during the Ottoman Empire; however, the ruling elite quickly saw them as a threat to order and social hierarchies due to the conversations and planning that happened over a cup of coffee. Coffeehouses spread through Europe during the late 17th century as men of all social classes met to discuss politics. The coffeehouses were more accessible than restaurants and drew in politically minded people. Coffeehouses served a similar purpose throughout all parts of the world by giving working-class people a place to unite their political views and take action. A good cup of coffee attracts a diverse mix of intellectuals, artists, musicians, journalists, and average citizens. You can travel the world and have a different coffee experience in every location you visit.
A cup of coffee has proven to be very diverse depending on where you are in the world. In
the US, you could have a peppermint latte at Starbucks, while in Italy, it is most common to have coffee in the form of an espresso. In Turkey, it’s just straight black, strong coffee. In Latin America, it is common to simmer coffee in a clay pot with a stick of cinnamon. In Finland and northern Sweden, they serve hot coffee poured over chunks of cheese. You can order kopi joss in Indonesia and get coffee with hot coal in it. All these variations reflect the local cultural impact on coffee. The rich history of the different types of coffee is full of global traditions, emotions, and experiences. Every country and individual community within embraces coffee and puts a twist on it to make it their own.
It is no surprise that the US is the biggest coffee consumer on the global stage. Today, coffee in the US is more personalized and stylized than ever. Coffee culture in America revolves around the coffee shop, with Starbucks playing a key role. Independent and local coffee shops are popular, but drive-through and to-go coffee has become a standard in America. There has been a shift in American coffee culture from relaxation to speed. How fast can I get my coffee and get on my way? Coffee shop tech and the ease of ordering from our phones is a representation of the shift that coffee retailers have had to make to answer this consumer question.
Coffee has helped shape our history and continues to shape our culture. Coffee has become a world commodity and a global drink, but it does have unsavory notoriety as the driving force behind human exploitation, slavery, and civil wars. Coffee is responsible for having built empires and even fueling the Industrial Revolution. This powerful drink, in its historical journey, represents the struggles, triumphs, and dreams of humanity. Coffee has changed how people interact with each other, how they work, and how they live. So the next time you grab a cup o’ joe, just know you are enjoying an important part of history right in the palm of your hand. Drink up!
IN DEFENSE
BY JAMES LYNCH ’25 / ARTWORK: MATIAS DEBONO ’26
THE SIMPLISTIC DESIGN of the Land Rover Defender is often overlooked; however, the Defender is more than an enduring symbol of rugged utility. The Defender’s timeless silhouette has served as a cultural icon since 1948. Maurice Wilks, developer of the Defender, would have never anticipated that his vision of a practical off-road vehicle would leave a lasting impression continuing into the twenty-first century, appearing in movies, fashion commercials, and a key role in the British and Australian SAS.
The Defender makes an appearance in several classic films such as James Bond: Skyfall, No time to die, multiple Fast and Furious pictures, Mission impossible, Tomb Raider, Jumanji, and even Cars 2, each displaying the defenders unrivaled robust off roading capacity and dependability. The Defender is also known and described as the cornerstone of African Safaris due to its practicality, and its simplistic design evokes a sense of adventure that appeals to adventurers. World-renowned nature photographers use the Defender’s picturesque aesthetic framing to further enhance their work. Despite the global transition into a more modern era, the Defender remains the preferred safari vehicle of many.
The Defender’s reliability has proven strong. It first entered service for the British in the 1950s, yet 90s Defenders still play a vital role in the British military to this day, rivaling high-tech vehicles. Its simplistic nature makes it the preferred military vehicle, as it is straightforward to repair. While not used in special operations anymore, the Defender is still a valuable transport and training vehicle.
While the Defender’s most defining feature is its utility, its design has been a key component of its cultural history. The Defender has been featured in several famous fashion brand campaigns, including Louis Vuitton, Ralph Lauren, and Micheal Kors. These brands have used Defender to market their products as “rugged-luxury,” using the vehicle as a prop to enhance their campaigns. Furthermore, the Defender has become the ultimate status symbol across the world. The Land Rover’s aesthetic has reached all corners of the globe, from affluent American beach destinations to Arabian deserts. The Defender has been one of the preferred vehicles by the British Royal Family due to its cultural heritage and symbolic representation of English industry. The late Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip have been seen numerous times driving the Defender, and the family remains loyal to Land Rover.
Despite the evolution of technology in the modern age, the Land Rover Defender persists as a timepiece of cultural history. The initial intentions of the Defender were specifically utilitarian; however, its simplistic features and rugged capabilities have transformed it into a classic that transcends its original purpose. The appeal of the Defender is rooted in its ability to evolve with modern technology while maintaining its core essence, making it an icon of cultural and automotive history.
“THE DEFENDER HAS BECOME THE ULTIMATE STATUS SYMBOL ACROSS THE WORLD...”
THE DOLLAR PIZZA slice in New York City is more than just a cheap and convenient meal; it has become a symbol of resilience and accessibility in the city that never sleeps. In a city known for its high living cost, the dollar pizza slice allows residents and visitors to experience the city in a more budgetfriendly way. It is a hot and satisfying meal that does not break the bank. It has been a cheap, quick, and efficient meal for students, those in the workforce, tourists, and anyone in the city. Pizza has a long history in New York, and the dollar slice has a leveling effect that appeals to people of all income levels and cultural backgrounds. Pizza arrived in New York City in the late 19th century via waves of Italian immigrants. The dollar slice was introduced by Lombardi’s, the first official New York pizzeria, because they found customers could not always afford a whole pizza. Although pizza in Italy was cooked in wood-burning stoves, wood was hard to come by in New York, so they used coal-fired ovens. The coalfired oven transformed the crust from a thick Neopoliatian crust to a thin-crust pie. Eventually, coal-fired ovens were banned in Manhattan, and pizzerias were forced to turn to gas ovens. Gas ovens allowed the pizza to cook more evenly so the pizzas could be larger and support more toppings. This was the introduction of the New York style slice we all know and love.
INTO THE FOLD
BY RORY KELLER
’25 / ARTWORK: NATE SWEET ’26
The dollar slice has many cultural ties as it brings people together from diverse backgrounds to enjoy the same meal. Grabbing the quick slice transcends social and economic boundaries. No matter who you are, from a businessman on Wall Street to a homeless person on the streets, the dollar slice can become a common denominator that unites all the citizens of New York City. The pizza scene in New York absorbs a variety of global influences. There are various types of pizza and toppings from all over the world, like burrata cheese from southern Italy, and different meats like speck, prosciutto, soppressata, and chorizo. Pizza in New York is a blank canvas for chefs to express themselves and their cultural influences. Although all these toppings bring a new spin to pizza, the traditional plain cheese is the “king” in New York City at the bargain price of one dollar. An accessible flavor and cost is affixed to the slice we all know and love best.
The dollar slice is a phenomenon found, for the most part, only in New York City. These slice shops began opening up in the early 2000s and became popular in 2008 due to the recession. At one point, prices dropped to 75 cents a slice. Even though the economy has recovered since then, the dollar price point has stuck, even though the price of other things like rent and ingredients has gone up. The price of the slice varies in different neighborhoods. You can still find the value dollar slice in very transient parts of the city close to subways and areas with busy nightlife. The nature of the slice in New York has changed significantly over the last 20 years. Artisan pizza makers have focused on quality, which has driven up the cost of their slices to around $3.50, while dollar slice shops focus on cutting costs to pass along value to the consumer. The dollar pizza has been around forever and has continued to thrive through the changing winds of the city. It can be competitive in such a high market and defines the city. Even though the city is home to many world-class dining options, the dollar pizza has become its beloved and iconic dish.
Dollar pizza also serves as a cultural equalizer that creates a shared space for individuals to come together to enjoy a simple and affordable slice of pizza with diverse backgrounds, occupations, and financial statuses. The distinctions between corporate executives and everyday citizens blur as they come together to enjoy a simple, affordable pizza slice. The dollar pizza spot has become a lifeline for those struggling with the city’s economic challenges. The quality of the pizza does not change, no matter who you are. The affordable pizza allows people of all income brackets to partake in the quintessential New York experience, creating a sense of community that can transcend socioeconomic differences. The pizza slice creates a communal aspect, as every person has the shared experience of standing in line, placing an order, and enjoying a slice at a small counter. Yes, you can get a pizza anywhere, but in New York City, the pizza symbolizes what makes the city unique. It is eclectic, authentic and distinctive. The pizza highlights the city’s ever-changing identity. Its simplicity appeals to people of all different ages, genders, and socioeconomic backgrounds. It reflects the dynamic and inclusive spirit of New York City. The dollar slice is a staple for New Yorkers and their guests. So, the next time you are in New York, grab a slice, fold it in half, and enjoy!
II.
JOURNEYS
THE JOURNEYS we take can bring us to unexpected conclusions; often, the intersections we encounter along the way can be more meaningful than the destination itself. The JOURNEYS chapter explores this concept.
TO THE RACES / Leo Gazal ’25 / 22
MOUNTAIN VIEW / George Kapp ’26 / 24
ALCAZAR / Leo Gazal ’25 / 26
Artwork: Chase Elliott ’26
TO THE RACES
BY LEO GAZAL ’25 / ARTWORK: CALEB ZIMMERMAN ’25
IN MARCH OF 2022, my family and I traveled to Bahrain, a new experience for all of us, who were excited to see what the gulf countries had to offer. Our reason for traveling to Bahrain was to attend the 2022 Bahrain Formula One Grand Prix, which is by far the country’s most popular event every year, attracting over 100,000 spectators. The Bahrain Grand Prix occurred during the night as the sun set over the desert, and the temperature became cool enough for the race to commence. In the modern day, Formula One has evolved to be not just entertainment, but also a thread woven into Bahrain’s national identity for over 20 years.
“ONE’S BACKGROUND, NO MATTER WHAT IT MAY BE, IS A PART OF THE MOSAIC UNITED BY A SHARED PASSION FOR THIS TECHNOLOGICAL WONDER OF A SPORT...”
When Formula One first raced in Bahrain, it was a testament to human ingenuity, pushing the boundaries of technology in a land filled with history, mixing innovation with tradition. For many, Formula One feels distant and seems like an exclusive club for a small section of the elite. However, my first-hand experience of the race changed this perspective. One’s background, no matter what it may be, is a part of the mosaic united by a shared passion for this technological wonder of a sport. For me, Formula One has ceased to be just a sport. After my visit to Bahrain, it has become an intersection, a platform where cultures blend and community is created in a world of frequent division.
MOUNTAIN VIEW
BY GEORGE KAPP ’26
ARTWORK: JACK HORTON ’25
THE UNITED STATES’S development has been referred to as a ‘Melting Pot,’ fostering international cultures. This nation has overcome its geographical isolation and achieved incredible overall diversity, but there are certainly regional differences in heritage. A state like Alaska, isolated to an even greater extent, would be expected to be homogenous, but characteristics that allow for economic mobility and opportunity have drawn people of various origins to the state. Alaska’s population includes smaller than average Latino and Black populations, and while isolation has created some barriers to an influx of population, a steady economy has brought settlers. One neighborhood in Anchorage, referred to as Mountain View, is home to a range of cultures from around the world.
This town is diverse in an unimaginably unique way to most Americans. For many people in the Continental United States, diversity means a high proportion of African Americans or Asians. Mountain View not only has these cultures represented in unparalleled numbers but is also home to many firstgeneration Americans, adding more than just ethnic diversity, with cultural diversity. Some accounts have mentioned relatives or friends from foreign countries reuniting with one another unexpectedly in this town. Even more remarkable than the variety of immigrants is the way in which the community accepts each new group. Reports show that markets in the neighborhood supply staples of the cultures of the people they serve rather than stocking the easier-to-acquire and cheaper American goods. Due to these practices, new settlers maintain much of their national identity, and a variety of languages are spoken by different groups in the region.
The push factors involved in immigration are clear: poverty, authoritarianism, discrimination, etc.. People see the United States in general as a way to escape that. In this case, the pull factors are more of a mystery. Alaska as a whole is not particularly diverse, Mountain View is an exception. Mountain View’s diversity raises the question: Why? What about this state and region at the edge of the earth allows for such a concentration of cultures? The first answer is that while a trek to Alaska from Europe may be long, its geography gives it access to the far-east countries. Along with this, the oil and fishing industries that drive the state have managed to stay successful through tough economic times.
While these drove people to Alaska, the decision to go to Mountain View goes deeper. The town had faced economic hardship in the late 20th century, driving housing prices relatively low and enticing foreigners looking for a new start. Housing prices in the region remain low, and jobs are plentiful. Communities of foreigners exist in every major city, but what sets apart those in Mountain View is that they are not distinct communities but rather one unit and one people who make up a cohesive whole. As the world becomes ever more interconnected, immigration for all kinds of reasons will continue to rise, and the whole world may approach greater levels of diversity, but unity and inclusion may not necessarily follow. To end with a question: If Alaska, a remote and secluded state, can create a unified yet diverse community, what is stopping the rest of the connected world?
ALCAZAR
BY LEO GAZAL ’25
ARTWORK: BRYAN DEAN ’26
IN JANUARY 2024, my school and I traveled to Spain to study the Arab culture within Spain, and how it came to fruition over centuries of migration and cultural exchange. We visited famous sites of Arab influences, such as the Alcazar, whose walls and ceilings were draped with intricate textiles. These textiles were built upon a modular system that used eight-pointed stars associated with the biblical King Solomon, who is considered a prophet in Islam. The eight-star system commonly seen in the Alcazar also represents the unity of the seven days of the week with the day of rest, a common Islamic tradition.
Everyone was impressed by how the Islamic culture from hundreds of years ago was preserved and still respected by many in Spain. However, we did far more than simply examine these indescribable works of art. When we returned to school, we studied the beautiful patterns incorporated into both the tiles and mosaics and made our own with the help of our teacher, Ms. Sia, who joined us on the trip. With her help, we used various colors, each with a different meaning, and applied them to our mosaics, which, after putting them in the kiln, came out beautifully, each with their own unique design and color variation.
“THE EIGHT-STAR SYSTEM COMMONLY SEEN IN THE ALCAZAR ALSO REPRESENTS THE UNITY OF THE SEVEN DAYS OF THE WEEK WITH THE DAY OF REST, A COMMON ISLAMIC TRADITION...”
III. A R C
BRITTANIA / Finn O’Sullivan ’26 / 30
TASTE OF IBERIA / James Lynch ’25 / 32
HISTORY CAN often bring us together. Even though events of the past are long gone, the ARCHAEA chapter sheds new light on events of prior decades and centuries to examine the intersections they bring us to at the present day.
HArtwork: Henry Ferguson ’24
BRITTANIA
ENGLAND IS MARKED with Ancient Roman culture dating back almost two thousand years. Although Germanic, Britain was and still is infused with a significant amount of Roman architecture and relics. The artifacts represent the clash of both cultures and their influence on each other.
The Roman occupation of Britain came to an end in 409 AD due to barbarian invasions that drove out the Romans. Archeologists have uncovered many Roman forts and villas throughout the island, and some are so old that they cannot be excavated. For example, the Ardotalia in Derbyshire is now a set of stone remains buried in the ground, yet it used to be a prosperous Roman fort that could hold up to one thousand troops. Another influential site is the Bignor Roman Villa in Sussex, discovered in 1811 by a local farmer. It houses some of the oldest Roman mosaics in England dating back to 200 AD. The villa’s detailed mosaics and tapestries are a great example of the impact the Romans had, the implementation of a new religion and new animals, and even the name Britain, which was taken from the Roman goddess Britannia. Britain was filled with fertile land, along with sheep and wool. The Romans viewed the Britons as uncivilized and wild people, yet were able to implement many of their ideas in British society, shaping them to continue parts of the Roman legacy.
“MANY ROADS ARE STILL USED TODAY INCLUDING THE FOSSE WAY AND WATLING STREET...”
While many different innovations were made during the Romans’ time in Britain, the Chester Roman Amphitheater in Cheshire is the largest found in Britain. It is believed that at one point, it could hold up to 8,000 people, and that it was rebuilt multiple times starting in 240 AD. The amphitheater is a symbol of remarkable mass construction for the time, as the Celtic and Germanic people of Britain were centuries behind this standard. Another example are the roads in Britain that helped connect urban centers. Many Roman roads are still used today, including the Fosse Way and Watling Street, which both connect to major highway routes. Watling Way starts a connection from London to Wales. Akemen Way seamlessly connects Watling Street and Fosse Way through the middle of Britain, making it easier to access both highways. Not only was Britain a place for Roman innovation, but it was also a vital resource to the Empire. Britain contained resources, such as tin and other metals, which the Romans could use to expand their military and trade. Ultimately, Britain, a Roman treasure, began the downfall of history’s greatest empire. The barbarians, along with other Germanic tribes, expanded west into Britannia, slowly kicking the Romans out, believing the British should be their own people with their own territory. Rome was never able to reconquer Britain, falling a few decades later; however, the cultural impact it had throughout Britain is seen in the artifacts it left buried in its roots.
T ASTE O F IBERI A
BY JAMES LYNCH ’25 / ARTWORK: BRYAN DEAN ’26
WALKING THROUGH the busy streets of Madrid, and through the quaint old city, rich with history, it is highly possible that you find yourself indulging in a freshly baked churro paired with a thick, sweet chocolate sauce. The origin of the churro dates back to 15th century Spanish Colonial endeavors. Linguistic researches trace the word chocolate back to the aztecs, and with the Spaniards importing copious amounts of it back to the old world, they soon became captivated by its delicious taste. Spanish culture was soon become consumed by chocolate to the point that catholic theologians had to ask the Pope to exclude the drink from the regulations governing fasting, since the people of Madrid would otherwise have fallen into sinful ways. Nowadays, Spaniards prepare their beloved chocolate sauce with milk and special chocolate bars that can be easily found in any supermarket. According to the old customs, the ingredients are water, chocolate, and cornstarch, since traditionally the sauce must be thick enough for a wooden spoon to be able to stand in it.
Leaving Madrid to venture south into Castilla - La Mancha, the setting of the Cervantes’ classic work of literature, Don Quixote, one will become lost in the endless fields of deep green olive trees. Spain is the top producer and exporter of olive oil; La Mancha, however, has only the second highest number of olive farms in the entire country of Spain, lagging behind Andalusia. Although La Mancha does not produce the most olives, they are the leaders of quality, which is far more important to Spaniards who value their olives. Local producers have won the Gran seleccíon prize which determines who produces the highest quality olive oil. La Mancha is not limited exclusively to olives, however. Each garlic farm produces approximately 53,000 pounds of garlic each year. In the wake of the contemporary era, the farms stay dedicated to preserving the family history of their individual farms, with young people eager to stay and continue their practice for years to come. While China is the leading producer of garlic, the unmistakable aroma of Spanish garlic from La Mancha is world renowned. Quality, once again, is La Mancha’s hallmark. Even if China challenges them with quantity, La Mancha will remain the leaders of quality with their produce.
Lastly, continuing south into the province of Andalucia, exploring the streets and historic plazas and palaces, one dives even deeper into Spain’s extensive culture. One of the memorable pieces of Seville are the orange trees that line almost every street. These oranges were first cultivated in the 12th century, and then exported around the world to Brazil, Mexico and most importantly, England. However enticing it is to pick one of these vibrant, perfect, oranges off of their trees, you will soon be met with an unpleasant taste. These oranges are incredibly sour, and the Spanish did not have much use for them, so they exported them to England, leading to the birth of Marmalade. These oranges were enjoyed by English royalty when concocted into the marmalade spread, so Spain continued to export even more oranges to England. In particular, Queen Elizabeth II loved her marmalade, and it could not have been possible without the Seville Orange.
TRADITION SERVES to root us in that from which we came. However, as the TRADITION chapter shows, it can draw us to points of present-day intersection with others by coming together over what has been shared in the past.
IV T R A D
I T I O N
NATIVE BRUSH / Subir Garg ’25 / 36
DEEP ROOTED / Henry Wise ’26 / 38
AMERICANO / Claire Citarella ’25 / 42
TIA / Marco Leao ’27 / 46
Artwork: Declan Murray ’25
WHETHER IN SHOWS , movies or art, Native Americans are constantly stereotyped in today’s society. When many people hear the words “Native American,” their mind pictures beads, feathers, and headdresses. However, often times, we do not understand just how overarching the term “Native American,” really is. In fact, There are 567 federally recognized Native American nations in the United States, and each tribe has its own languages and customs, leading to an incredible amount of diversity, and disregarding this diversity by grouping all tribes under one stereotype quiets and muddles diverse Native American voices. However, through their art, many Native American artists are looking to break down these stereotypes and present a more accurate depiction of their culture.
Oscar Howe was a Yanktonai artist from South Dakota. He was born in 1915 on the Crow Creek Reservation in South Dakota. After serving in the military during World War II, Howe went to the University of Oklahoma where he received his Masters in Fine Arts. Painting in a distinct style, Howe’s work features bold colors, swift movement, and stark contrasts. Furthermore, Howe’s art is nuanced; critics have appraised him as “a leader in the Native American fine arts movement”, and say he has “challenged common concepts of Indian art” and “paved the way for contemporary artists.” Howe is able to create a modernist aesthetic by combining the traditional values of his tribe with modern artistic practices. Through his art, Howe preserves his culture by connecting tradition with the present.
NATIVE
BY SUBIR GARG ’25
Teri Reeves is an artist from the Wind River reservation in Wyoming. She uses traditional Kiowa beading techniques in her work that she learned from her grandmother. Reeves wrote that her grandmother expressed herself through beadwork as it allowed her to provide a voice to her ancestors. Some of Reeves’ most famous work is encompassed in her tennis shoe series. These shoes depict geometric traditional Kiowa styles as well as Shoshone elements.
BRUSH
ARTWORK: DONNELLY RODGERS ’25
Reeves combines these cultures to draw connections between American Modernist ideas and those of traditional Native American cultures. Specifically, she combines modern and traditional clothing forms to dress the figures in her work. Through her art, Reeves comments on the connection between her heritage as a Native American and the modern world. Her work is featured in the Brooklyn Museum and the National Museum of the American Indian.
“WILBUR REPRESENTED THE LIVES OF MISREPRESENTED OR NEGLECTED PEOPLE...”
Matika Wilbur is a photographer and storyteller belonging to the Tulalip and Swinomish Tribes. As a way of redefining the image of Native Americans, Wilbur took portrait photographs of tribes all around the country. In her portrait photo-series named Project 562, Wilbur represented the lives of misrepresented or neglected people. Viewers can feel the authenticity in her work, and this sense of reality can be attributed to her artistic process. Critics note: “Her subjects choose where they want to be photographed, and Martika spends up to multiple days with them, bringing gifts and sharing songs and prayers.” Through this method, Wilbur is able to lend raw emotion to her figures that bring them and their stories to life. The viewer cannot help but feel connected to the figures within the frame. Furthermore, Wilbur comments that she feels like a “creator and messenger” walking the path paved by ancestors. She has traveled to over 300 sovereign nations, capturing the great diversity and uniqueness of each culture. Like Reeves and Howe, Wilbur looks to educate people about what contemporary Native American society truly looks like and correct the narrative.
DEEP ROOTED
BY HENRY WISE ’26 / ARTWORK: DECLAN MURRAY ’25
MY GRANDMOTHER was born in Manhattan, and later moved to Queens when he turned 7 years old. After high school he moved to Boston to study optometry, and finally arrived at Martha’s Vineyard to pursue a career as an eye doctor. It was in these places where he acquired a broad perspective on the Jewish experience in America from the 1950s to present day. My grandfather’s story has taught me the values of struggle, family, and character-building throughout all facets of life.
In Brooklyn, where my grandfather was raised, the area was densely homogeneous for Jews; he told me that in his poker groups, about 5 out of every 7 people were Jewish, and about 90% of his personal friends were Jewish. My grandfather did not see many instances of antisemitism other than a few accounts during this time. A fact he told me, describing the statistical side of this, that in the 1940s, in the NYC phone book, his last name, Finkelstein, took up four pages one year, and then decreased to hardly one page as many Jewish last names were forced to be modified to fit the American standard. A few other instances of struggle he told me were that he he and other Jewish friends were denied the ability to attend certain golf clubs like the Seven Gates Club which stated no Jews or Blacks were allowed in their deed, and that in places like West Chop, Jewish homes were denied the right to sell on account of their ethnicity.
“MY GRANDFATHER’S STORY HAS TAUGHT ME THE VALUES OF STRUGGLE, FAMILY, AND CHARACTER-BUILDING THROUGHOUT ALL FACETS OF LIFE...”
My great grandfather, Louis Finkelstein, who I am named after (middle name), was extremely influential to how my grandfather acquired the beliefs he holds today. Serving in the United States Army during WWII, he saw lapses of prejudice. Fortunately, he was able to use his street smarts and high social intelligence to form valuable connections with people in power to avoid discrimination as much as possible. My grandfather did whatever it took to provide for his family, working hard hours from 6AM to 8PM at his own butcher store on 9th avenue, pinching pennies and even bleaching his chicken to make it more appealing to customers. He told my grandfather: “I don’t want you to have to work like this. I want you to be a doctor.” My grandfather, inspired by his father’s words and actions, adopted a similar mentality of prioritizing his family’s well-being and educational opportunities. After attending Fairleigh Dickinson college, and living in Boston to further his studies, he moved to the island of Martha’s Vineyard in the 1970s, a place
that was un-gentrified, “hippie”, and yet to form its own identity at the time. My grandfather was initially drawn to the island to be a baby-sitter in the summertime and enjoy the freedom and lawlessness of the land. However, returning to it with the intention of settling down, he ditched baby-sitting, and became an optometrist, later going on to lead his own practice there for over four decades. While I have personally spent every single summer of my life on the island and not seen or heard of any forms of discrimination, my grandfather saw anti-semitism in subtle undertones throughout his first years there.
“WHEN IT COMES TO MY GRANDFATHER’S RELATIONSHIP WITH JUDAISM, HE HAS ALWAYS SEEN IT AS AN IDENTITY...”
When it comes to my grandfather’s relationship with Judaism, he has always seen it as an identity, and a piece of heritage which he carries with himself throughout life. However, when crossed with antisemitism, he has always held a firm stance of militancy and zero-tolerance. In a recent discussion, he told me he has always been keen to confront it head on, and not be passive, as a lack of response allows for the threat of violence to manifest into reality. Outside of anti-semitism, when one of the first oil spills in the United States occurred on Martha’s Vineyard, my grandfather along with other members of his community carried over two-dozen dead sea ducks to the front steps of the Vineyard State House. Not letting his identity and dignity be disrespected is exactly how my grandfather managed to rise above the occasional presence of anti-semitism in America, and challenge other injustices.
Personally, I’ve seen my grandfather act strongly in ways like this in my own life. This past summer, he expressed similar sentiments on current events such as anti-semetic remarks made by public figures like Kanye West. He utterly refuses to be surrounded by anything related to them or their work. When riding in the car with my cousin this past summer, we put on a song by Kanye West, unaware of the remarks he made, and my grandfather shut it off immediately, explaining his opinions to us. On an even larger scale, a long-time friend of his, also from Martha’s Vineyard, sold his new Tesla after Elon Musk publicly made comments which he and many others deemed as offensive to the Jews. Overall, while I may not wear as prominent of a Jewish identity as my grandfather, I am deeply inspired by the strong character he has embodied throughout his life, much of which comes from his heritage. Through his brave actions, my grandfather has instilled values of courage, honor, dignity, and morale which I can only hope to be as strong as his.
AMERICANO
BY CLAIRE CITARELLA ’25 / ARTWORK: CONNOR ROBINSON ’26
WITH OVER 17 MILLION Americans identifying as Italian, their presence has caused a fusion of their culture into the American lifestyle. Although Italian immigration into the United States began in the late 1800s, the effects of Italian immigrants on US culture have continued to make their mark. In New York, Italian immigration brought about the thriving neighborhood of Little Italy, as well as growth in jobs, cuisine, and entertainment.
“ITALIANS WERE INTRIGUED BY NEW YORK CITY’S OPPORTUNITIES AND THE PROMISE OF A BETTER LIFE...”
Two million Italians immigrated to the United States from 1900 to 1910. Most of these immigrants left Southern Italy and Sicily, regions deep into rural poverty. Additional problems, including overpopulation, natural disasters, and religious persecution, pushed Italians out of their home country and into American urban areas such as New York City. Italians were intrigued by New York City’s opportunities and the promise of a better life. Alongside tens of thousands of newly immigrated Italians, budding subcultures started populating the city. One of the many unique communities that emerged was Little Italy. This neighborhood spanned 30 blocks on the Lower East Side of New York City, and by 1910, it was home to 10,000 people. A different town in Italy inspires each section of Little Italy. Unfortunately, this area of the city was a poorly maintained and impoverished one, and residents faced many of the same problems there as they did at home. Despite the conditions and negative reputation, Little Italy was ultimately a place where Italian immigrants could maintain their culture while integrating into American life. The neighborhood’s population has shrunk since the 1900s. Little Italy now faces gentrification but maintains its vibrant culture and status as a junction of Italian and American traditions.
A unique aspect of Italian immigration is that immigrants did not plan to stay in America. Instead, they wanted to live inexpensive lives and work hard doing
manual labor. The ultimate goal for these immigrants was to earn enough money to take back to Italy, spending as little time in America as possible. Construction and railroad maintenance were industries that Italian immigrants gravitated towards. Italians saturated these job markets, and by 1890, 90% of New York City’s public works employees were Italian immigrants. There was a seamless integration of Italians and their work ethics into the U.S. that revolutionized jobs and the way of life in big cities.
Cuisine was another significant component of Italian culture that seeped into and shaped American culture. Immigrants took advantage of the abundance of ingredients available in the U.S. to create iconic dishes inspired by their tastes—pastas, breads, and pizzas being some of the most notable. Garlic and tomato sauce are also staples of this adapted diet. The more plentiful resources were one of the most significant influences on Italian American cuisine. In that way, America contributed to the foods representing a fusion of these two cultures. Specifically, Italian dishes were, and still to this day are, served in large portions of the U.S. Italian immigrants also made more money in the U.S. and could afford to spend more on food. Importantly, meats were bought and used in bigger portions, hence why meatballs are significantly larger in America. Pizza and cheese also grew in popularity in the U.S. Italian immigrants introduced the use of premium cheeses for pizza to Americans. They also made the addition of sauces to dishes more prominent, especially tomato sauce. The passage of Italian food to America has allowed Americans to obtain and change this cuisine to a more unique one in the U.S.
“IMMIGRANTS
TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE ABUNDANCE
OF INGREDIENTS AVAILABLE IN THE US TO CREATE ICONIC DISHES...”
Lastly, entertainment was a massive aspect of Italian culture brought to and reconfigured in the U.S., where Italians and Americans collaborated to create new forms of entertainment. The music and film industries are the two primary forms of entertainment that Italian immigrants impacted most in the U.S. Over 40 years, starting around 1880, Italian immigrants contributed to all genres of music. In particular, they were most involved in jazz, rock, and pop. Soon after the early 1900s, Italian singers and songwriters rose to fame in the US. Taking off alongside the music industry was the film industry, and with this, the birth of Hollywood. Italian immigrants played a crucial role in developing this film and television hub. Whether it was being a clothing or set designer, musician, or tailor, Italian immigrants used their skills to contribute to its creation and growth. Subsequently, Italian Americans began to make more
public appearances in Hollywood. While Italian actors were first portrayed with negative stereotypes, they are now cast in roles that highlight, rather than diminish, their Italian heritage. Appearances on screen have led to the success of actors and directors such as Martin Scorsese, Quentin Tarantino, Sofia Coppola, Al Pacino, John Travolta, and Danny DeVito. Without the help of Italian Americans, music and film in America would not have climbed to such heights and spectacular proportions.
“...STARTING AROUND 1880, ITALIAN IMMIGRANTS CONTRIBUTED TO ALL GENRES OF MUSIC...”
TIA
BY MARCO LEAO ’27 ARTWORK: CONNOR ROBINSON ’26
HAVE YOU BEEN to Brazil? Brazil is known for its stunning South American landscapes. Its natural beauty, with mountains of all shapes and sizes, hot and sparse deserts, lush jungles, outstanding canyons with steep edges containing splendid green vegetation, and breathtaking waterfalls, are unique. Brazilians are also known for their tight familial bonds, which have made me who I am today.
I was born in the U.S., but my parents have always focused on preserving our Brazilian culture and insisted on Portuguese being spoken in our house. As a result, my siblings and I became fluent. Portuguese has been a doorway to traditions, a sense of belonging, and, most significantly, the importance of family.
My siblings and I share one such tradition: our middle names are all the same, our mother’s maiden name. This tradition is a reminder of the importance of family in Brazilian culture. When the topic of our middle names arose, my friends often asked why and what the purpose was. I would quickly reply by saying it was to show pride in who we are.
Another tradition in Brazil is calling others “aunt” and “uncle.” In Brazil, it is expected to address close family friends or someone who plays a significant role in your life as tia (aunt) or tio (uncle), even if they aren’t related to you. It is a sign of respect and affection. Unfortunately for my elementary school brain, this brought problems.
One memory from ages ago shows how the Brazilian family dynamics were so prevalent in my mindset. At my family friend’s house, I realized I was calling her mom “Tia.” It struck me as odd because, to me, tia means aunt. I asked my parents if my family friend’s mother was my “real” aunt. My mother then explained that “tia” or “tio” can mean anyone important in your life. I was confused when she told me this because she was as close as any relative. This attitude towards close family friends is typical in Brazilian culture. It demonstrates the warmth and openness that Brazilians show to those who are close. This has shaped my values in many ways, such as the importance of relationships, and the idea that family extends beyond blood.
“THE IDEA THAT FAMILY EXTENDS BEYOND BLOOD...”
Another example of the warmth and openness of Brazilian culture is how close families are to each other. Speaking from experience, my parents are constantly checking in on me. Whether I’m trying to sleep, playing a game, or just relaxing on my bed, they always come into my room, trying to start a conversation. This shows Brazilians’ genuine interest and unconditional love for each other.
On a similar note, cousins, in Brazilian culture, are much more than distant relatives. Family gatherings in Brazil are very important because your entire family will be there. This includes grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. The word “cousin” is a loose term in Brazil. It can range from your first cousin to your father’s fifth cousin twice removed. In Brazil, cousins are basically considered siblings and share many memories of growing up. These little interactions have shaped who I am, and I am proud to be Brazilian.
EPILOGUE
AS SEEN IN this year’s edition of the Orient Express, intersections can be found in the old and new, in journeys abroad and long stays in one place, and at a distance as well as close-up. The intersections examined in this year’s authentic student stories and articles show how intersection can be a force to bring people together, no matter background or personal preconceptions.
The purpose of publishing these stories is the same as every year; we aim to project student voices in Brunswick’s cultural literary forum, and share them with the world. But in this goal, we’ve acheived something greater as well as the years have gone on: we’ve acted as a pillar of cultural diversity and the community that can revolve around storytelling.
So, in closing, the aim of this year’s edition has been to show the way that intersections play into this greater ideal; the Orient Express will continue to display the ways that cultural crossroads can bring joy and unity in a literary format.
- SAYAH TRAHANAS Editor-in-Chief, President
