Interconnective Community for the High Density Dwelling: Economically Feasible Housing for the Emerging Professional Brendan S. Taylor Submitted in Partial FulďŹ llment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Architecture at Savannah College of Art and Design Š August 2013, Brendan Taylor The author hereby grants SCAD permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic thesis copies of document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created.
Brendan Taylor Author
Judith Reno
Committee chair
Craig Clements Committee
Steven Stowers Committee
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Interconnective Community for the High Density Dwelling: Economically Feasible Housing for the Emerging Professional
A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the School of Building Arts in Partial FulďŹ llment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Architecture at Savannah College of Art and Design
By
Brendan Taylor Savannah, GA August 2013
This thesis is dedicated to all my friends and faculty that helped me through my final years at SCAD. Not only did we learn a lot, but had a fun time doing it. And to my family, for always pushing me to be my best, and never letting me quit. Without these people none of this is possible.
A special thanks goes out to my committee members: Judith Reno, Craig Clements, and Steven Stowers. Your time, ideas, and support were invaluable in shaping my thesis. I could not have asked for a better Thesis committee.
Table of Contents
001_LIST OF FIGURES 010_ABSTRACT 011_RESEARCH 053_SITE ANALYSIS 083_SITE PHOTOS 097_STUDY OF SPACE 107_SCHEMATIC DESIGN 135_DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 163_DESIGN DEFENSE 185_FINAL: IMAGES AND BOARDS 209_CONCLUSION 211_BIBLIOGRAPHY
List of Figures 1
1.01
Basic Housing Types. (Pg. 13)
1.15
Deuxfle Yoyogi Park Hallway Perspective. (Pg. 19)
1.03
Street, Car, and Pedestrian Interaction. (Pg .13)
1.17
Deuxfle Yoyogi Park Exploded Axon. (Pg. 20)
1.02 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14
“M-house”. (Pg. 13)
Row House Arrangements. (Pg. 13)
Exterior View of Passail Youth Camp. (Pg. 14) Interior Perspective of Youth Camp. (Pg. 14) Donnybrook Quarters Gallery. (Pg. 15)
Pedestrian “street” in Donnybrook. (Pg. 15) Olympic Village. (Pg. 16)
Mid-rise Parking Interaction. (Pg. 17)
Single and Double Loaded Corridor. (Pg. 17) 9hour Hotel Sleeping Pods. (Pg. 18) 9hour hotel Alleyway. (Pg. 18)
Deuxfle Yoyogi Park Exterior Perspective. (Pg. 19)
1.16 1.18 1.19 1.20 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08
Deuxfle Yoyogi Park Interior Elevation. (Pg. 19) Typical High-Rise Layout. (Pg. 21) Santa Fe Tower Section. (Pg. 22)
Santa Fe Tower Ground Perspective. (Pg. 22) Base Plane Diagram. (Pg. 27)
Elevated Plane Diagram. (Pg. 28)
Space and Openings Diagram. (Pg. 29)
3XN Fixed Furniture and Color Change. (Pg. 31) Scale Diagram. (Pg. 32)
Saxo Bank Interior Perspective. (Pg. 35)
Mediaspace Interior Perspective. (Pg. 36) Orestad College Gathering Point. (Pg. 37)
2
3.01
Steven Holl Simmons Hall at MIT. (Pg. 43)
7.05
Harbor East Map. (Pg. 66)
3.03
Tangen Polytechnic Interior. (Pg. 45)
7.07
Pier 6 Pavilion and Backdrop. (Pg. 66)
7.09
Harborview Map. (Pg. 67)
7.11
Federal Hill Street View. (Pg. 68)
8.02
Site Plan w/ Inner Harbor Context. (Pg. 71)
8.04
Site Section. (Pg. 73)
8.06
Average Rainfall. (Pg. 73)
3.02 3.04 3.05 3.06 4.01 5.01 6.01 6.02 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 3
Central Beheer Atrium Space. (Pg. 44) Compact Storage Solutions. (Pg. 46) East Village Studio Interior. (Pg. 48)
East Village Studio Section Perspective. (Pg. 49) Baltimore, Inner Harbor Location. (Pg. 55-56) Old Map of Baltimore Inner Harbor. (Pg. 58) Baltimore Diagrams. (Pg. 61) Baltimore Diagrams. (Pg. 62)
Places to Live in Baltimore. (Pg. 64) Scarlett’s Place 1. (Pg. 65) Scarlett’s Place 2. (Pg. 65)
Scarlett’s Place Map. (Pg. 65)
7.06
Shopping District. (Pg. 66)
7.08
Ritz Carlton Hotel and Resort. (Pg. 67)
7.10
Federal Hill Map. (Pg. 68)
8.01
Google Axon of Pier 5 & 6. (Pg. 70)
8.03
Site Plan. (Pg. 72)
8.05
Sun Diagram. (Pg. 73)
8.07
Average Temperature. (Pg. 73)
8.08
Wind Rose. (Pg. 73)
8.10
Pier 6 Parking Garage. (Pg. 75)
8.12
Circulation Map. (Pg. 77)
8.14
Bike Rack Empty. (Pg. 78)
8.16
Inner Harbor Footbridge. (Pg. 79)
8.18
Water Taxi Boat. (Pg. 81)
8.20
Light Rail Full Map. (Pg. 82)
9.01
Google Maps Axon. (Pg. 84)
9.03
Figure Ground Map. (Pg. 87)
8.09
Service Access Map. (Pg. 74)
8.11
Service Access Photo. (Pg. 76)
8.13
Commuting Times. (Pg. 78)
8.15
Bake Rack In-Use. (Pg. 78)
8.17
Light Rail and Water Taxi Routes. (Pg. 80)
8.19
Water Taxi Billboard. (Pg. 81)
8.21
Light Rail Train. (Pg. 82)
9.02
Identification Map. (Pg. 85)
9.04
National Aquarium. (Pg. 87)
9.06
Business District Photo 2. (Pg. 87)
9.08
Marine Engineering Gardens. (Pg. 89)
9.10
Marine Engineering. (Pg. 90)
9.12
Pier 5 Hotel. (Pg. 90)
9.14
Shopping District. (Pg. 91)
9.16
Historic Lighthouse. (Pg. 91)
9.18
Nighttime Panoramic of Inner Harbor. (Pg. 93-94)
10.01
Charm City Cakes Logo. (Pg. 96)
9.05
Business District Photo 1. (Pg. 87)
9.07
Power Plant. (Pg. 88)
9.09
Power Plant Mixed-use. (Pg. 90)
9.11
Figure Ground Map. (Pg. 90)
9.13
Figure Ground Map. (Pg. 91)
9.15
PowerPlant Live. (Pg. 91)
9.17
View of Harbor East. (Pg. 92)
9.19
Daytime Panoramic of Inner Harbor. (Pg. 93-94)
4
5
10.02
BB&T Bank Logo. (Pg. 96)
10.04
Layola College. (Pg. 96)
10.06
Under Armour. (Pg. 96)
10.08
Towson University. (Pg. 96)
10.10
National Aquarium. (Pg. 96)
10.12
Rams Head Live! (Pg. 96)
11.02
Physical Study Model 1. (Pg. 98)
10.03
John Hopkins University. (Pg. 96)
10.05
Domino Sugars. (Pg. 96)
10.07
Baltimore Ravens Logo. (Pg. 96)
10.09
McCormick Seasoning. (Pg. 96)
10.11
Baltimore Orioles logo. (Pg. 96)
11.01
Study Model 1 Plan Diagram. (Pg. 98)
11.03
Physical Study Model 1. (Pg. 98)
11.04
Physical Study Model 1. (Pg. 98)
11.06
Concept model 2. (Pg. 99)
11.08
Different Layouts of Concept Model 3. (Pg. 100)
11.10
Concept model within site model. (Pg. 101)
11.12
Concept model 4 (Pg. 102)
12.02
River Axes Map. (Pg. 109)
12.04
Digital Model 2
11.05
Puzzle Piece Connector. (Pg. 99)
11.07
Concept Model 3 showing form change. (Pg. 100)
11.09
Concept model 3. (Pg. 101)
11.11
Concept Model 4. (Pg. 102)
12.01
Study Model 1 - Simple Extrusion. (Pg. 108)
12.03
Digital Model 1
12.05
Individual study model
12.06
Individual Study Model. (Pg. 111)
12.08
Overall Combination of Study Models. (Pg. 113)
12.10
Sketch of Combined Identities. (Pg. 114)
12.12
Sketch of Identities Separated 2. (Pg. 116)
12.14
Schematic Design Site Plan. (Pg. 118)
12.16
Schematic Design “Alleyways”. (Pg. 120)
12.18
Schematic Design Model 2. (Pg. 122)
12.20
Schematic Design Model 4. (Pg. 124)
13.02
Internal Revenue. (Pg. 129)
12.07
Individual Study Model Combination. (Pg. 112)
12.09
Overall Combination Digital Model. (Pg. 113)
12.11
Sketch of Identities Separated. (Pg. 115)
12.13
Programmatic Spaces in Plan. (Pg. 117)
12.15
Schematic Design Circulation. (Pg. 119)
12.17
Schematic Design Model 1. (Pg. 121)
12.19
Schematic Design Model 3. (Pg. 123)
13.01
Program Layout. (Pg. 128)
14.01
Layout of the Three Separate Identities. (Pg. 136)
14.03
Layout Sketch w/ Atria. (Pg. 137)
14.05
Layout Sketch w/ Circulation and Rooms. (Pg. 138)
14.07
Seattle Library Atrium 2. (Pg. 140)
15.02
400 sq ft Apartment Concept. (Pg. 143)
15.04
400 sq ft Apartment w/ Mechanical. (Pg. 145)
15.06
Bathroom and Kitchen Layout 1. (Pg. 147)
15.08
Bathroom and Kitchen Layout 3. (Pg. 148)
15.10
Room Layout Design 1. (Pg. 149)
14.02
Layout Sketch. (Pg. 137)
14.04
Layout Sketch Circulation Route. (Pg. 138)
14.06
Seattle Library Atrium. (Pg. 139)
15.01
130 sq ft Apartment. (Pg. 142)
15.03
500 sq ft Apartment. (Pg. 144)
15.05
San Fransisco 300 sq ft Apartment. (Pg. 146)
15.07
Bathroom and Kitchen Layout 2. (Pg. 147)
15.09
Bathroom and Kitchen Layout 4. (Pg. 148)
6
7
15.11
Room Layout Design 2. (Pg. 150)
15.13
Room Layout Design 3 Variations. (Pg. 152)
16.02
7th Floor Plan. (Pg. 154)
16.04
West Elevation. (Pg. 155)
16.06
Atrium Perspective 1. (Pg. 157)
16.08
Room Exploded Axon. (Pg. 158)
16.10
Section Perspective 2. (Pg. 158)
15.12
Room Layout Design 3. (Pg. 151)
16.01
4th Floor Plan. (Pg. 154)
16.03
11th Floor Plan (Pg. 154)
16.05
East Elevation. (Pg. 156)
16.07
Atrium Perspective 2. (Pg. 157)
16.09
Section Perspective 1. (Pg. 158)
16.11
Presentation Board 1. (Pg. 159)
16.12
Presentation Board 2. (Pg. 160)
17.02
Stata Center Perspective. (Pg. 165)
17.04
Stata Center Interior Perspective. (Pg. 167)
17.06
Naked House by Shigeru Ban. (Pg. 168)
17.08
Atrium Projection. (Pg. 170)
17.10
Atrium Projection 2. (Pg. 172)
17.12
Floor Plan Transition. (Pg. 174)
17.01
Baker House Floor Plan. (Pg. 164)
17.03
Stata Center Floor Plan. (Pg. 166)
17.05
Stata Center “Pocket Atrium”. (Pg. 167)
17.07
Material Change Atrium. (Pg. 169)
17.09
Atrium Circulation Perspective. (Pg. 171)
17.11
Sketches of Floor Planes. (Pg. 173)
17.13
Breaking Up the Facade through Paneling. (Pg. 175)
17.14
Facade w/ Consistent Paneling. (Pg. 175)
17.16
Mirroring Room Facade. (Pg. 176)
17.18
Track Wall Detail. (Pg. 177)
18.01
Design Defense Board 1. (Pg. 182)
18.03
Design Defense Board 3. (Pg. 184)
19.02
Final Site Plan. (Pg. 187)
19.04
Final 1st Floor Plan. (Pg. 189)
19.06
Final 11th Floor Plan. (Pg. 190)
19.08
Final East Perspective. (Pg. 192)
17.15
Facade w/ Every Other Panel. (Pg. 176)
17.17
Track Wall Variations. (Pg. 177)
17.19
Track Wall Baskets and Hooks. (Pg. 178)
18.02
Design Defense Board 2. (Pg. 183)
19.01
Form Creation Diagram. (Pg. 186)
19.03
Final Site Section. (Pg. 188)
19.05
Final 4th Floor Plan. (Pg. 189)
19.07
Final Main Perspective. (Pg. 191)
19.09
Final West Perspective. (Pg. 192)
19.11
Final Atrium Perspective. (Pg. 194)
19.13
Final Geothermal Axon. (Pg. 196)
19.15
Final Room Floor Plan w/ Bed. (Pg. 197)
19.17
Final Furniture Diagram. (Pg. 198)
19.19
Final Section Perspective 2. (Pg. 200)
20.02
Final Board 2. (Pg. 203)
20.04
Final Board Whole. (Pg. 205-206)
19.10
Final Hallway Perspective. (Pg. 193)
19.12
Final Atrium Section Diagram. (Pg. 195)
19.14
Final Room Floor Plan. (Pg. 197)
19.16
Final Room Floor Plan Open. (Pg. 197)
19.18
Final Section Perspective 1. (Pg. 199)
20.01
Final Board 1. (Pg. 202)
20.03
Final Board 3. (Pg. 204)
8
9
Interconnective Community for the High Density Dwelling: Economically Feasible Housing for the Emerging Professional Brendan S. Taylor August 2013
Times have changed, and not all for the best. The socially accepted idea that going to College will land you your dream and insure an successful futures is turning into a dream. Many college graduates are unemployed, working a job not in their desired field, or working two or more jobs to support a basic lifestyle. In this constantly fluctuation economy jobs are available, but all the variables have to line up. Eliminating these variables increases job success rate and promotes a promising future for college graduates making the transition into the real world. This thesis purpose is to explore cost effective, high-density architecture located in the heart of a downtown location with the intent to help promote success through designed community spaces and affordable dwellings for college graduates transitioning into their professional careers
10
Housing
Thesis Manifesto One of the key responsibilities of an architect is
designing a space with the user interaction as the primary focus, while keeping the cost reasonable. In recent
architecture, there has been a disconnect between well-
designed spaces and affordability. This research is a study of the different housing types to define the essentials and
Study of Housing Types
In order to design a dwelling, you must understand the
types of housing utilized. There are many different housing
types, but they can be broken down into four main groups: detached houses, row houses/low-rises, mid-rises, and highrises1. Each one of them has their own unique qualities.
costs so that the architect can design with concrete evidence
Detached House
also includes case studies of how other professionals have
as people were leaving the city looking for a bigger place
to change the way young professionals live. This research
designed for social spaces that create a sense of community
to live. Land was divided into subdivisions and then
but also aid in professional networking. In order to maintain
affordable cost for users the design must be compact, utilize minimum space, and be efficient. This research will
also investigate design strategies to break the boundaries of the typical “pancake� floor plans, so the design can encourage interconnections within the community for a
space to connect its users both socially and professionally.
First, the detached house became most popular
further divided into plots. Even though local zoning or subdivision design laws can be restricting, there is still a greater sense of freedom. The buildings came with more responsibilities and burdens, but allowed you maximum
amount of space. There are five basic housing types: the single family, the duplex, the side by side, the triplex,
and the quad (Fig 1)2. Each were designed for different 12
Fig. 1.01 – Five basic housing types and arrangements.
functions, but eventually were adapted to meet user’s needs.
Fig. 1.03 – How street, car, and pedestrian interact with various building entrances.
The “M-house” in London, England is an example
of a well-designed cost efficiency-family house. Even though it is an extreme variation that features mobility, it still applies as a detached house. The take away to this
design is that prefabrication keeps the cost low and makes
Image 1.04 – Variations of different row house arrangements.
building at any location easier. Even though it could be
Row House/ Low-Rise Building
program into 925 sq ft by utilizing an open concept3.
applies a little more to the urban concept my project is
more compact, the building still manages to fit a significant
Secondly, looking at the row house and low-rise building
taking. The row house/low-rise was designed to be efficient, flexible, and a livable solution for singles and users not ready for the upkeep of a freestanding house4. This housing type applies well to both the rural and urban area. Because you
Fig. 1.02 – Exterior of “M-house” portraying ability to be constructed anywhere.
13
were generally limited to a city block, dwelling units were
narrow and deep to get the most out of that block. Dwellings
were less customizable as a detached house but still provided the user some individuality like variations of floor program: example; moving living to the top floors in order to utilize
the ground level as a workplace or business. These houses also shared a common language and rhythm within each
other, creating a unified place and a sense of community.
Fig. 1.05 –Exterior view showing staggered wooden modular containers
The first case study is a Youth Camp in Passail,
Austria. This building is youth camp housing with ten total
apartments and 58 total beds. Designed and constructed
Fig. 1.06 –Interior of a module unit showing shared spaces, including kitchen and bedding.
out of 32’ wooden containers, they are prefabricated and quick to assemble5. This building expresses that a modular prefabricated unit is one of the best ways to keep cost
down. This dwelling is different in that it features shared
amenities. Users are forced to share bathrooms, common space, storage, and even sleeping accommodations in order to maximize space. It doesn’t even include the kitchen, a
debatable essential. It’s a successful design that houses eight
people into only 430 sq ft. The camp housing isn’t designed
to be occupied permanently, but for a month or two stay
14
at the most. Although it is a well-designed space, the user
of studio living encourages a community environment as well
bigger. A similar variation of this concept will be applied
be as compact to support low-income users, but the social
is eventually going to want to move out into something
to my thesis design. The idea is to have a space that is comfortable to live in, until you get on your feet, settled, and
are able to afford a more independent, responsible lifestyle.
as promoting professional networking. The spaces may not idea can easily be adapted to the design. The question is how can this social environment influence other building types?
The second case study focuses on creating private
and social housing with an emphasis on public space and workplace6. It is the Donnybrook Quarter in London, England. The Donnybrook Quarters are 40 dwelling units
that create their own community within each other. This is done by designing the dwellings in a studio format, leaving spaces and artwork on display for others to enjoy. There are
still private spaces within the dwellings, but the idea is that
anyone can stop by and see what you’re working on. The site is also laid out to simulate a pedestrian street from unit to unit, encouraging travel between dwellings. The take away
of this project is seeing how row houses can be laid out to 15
promote social interaction without the use of cars. The idea
Fig. 1.07 – Gallery space built into units for building users to display and interact with community. Fig. 1.08 – Pedestrian street style alleyways promote walking traffic over vehicular traffic.
The final case study is a village located in an urban
environment, the Olympic village in Munich, Germany. These buildings function as student and young professional housing.
The architects re-purposed the old women’s Olympic village
to create 1052 new dwellings. To keep the construction cost down, the units were mass-produced through prefabricated structures creating a total living space of only 260 sq ft7.
Even though these are single story structures spread out
on very large site plot, there is something to learn from this design. Yet again, prefabricated units are used to keep the cost down, and by keeping the building design compact;
making it possible to fit 1052 units on the site. By also
including a gallery space, the architect is allowing the user to individualize his own personal space. This makes each unit more unique, even though in reality it is the same
prefabricated design as every other building on the site. The gallery space also creates a possible social and networking
opportunity to get the user involved with the community.
Fig. 1.09 – Olympic Village re-purposed and designed for students through prefabricated units. Back entrances or backyards became fully customizable per each user.
16
Mid-Rise Building
The most applicable housing type for my thesis
proposal is the mid-rise building type. The introduction of the elevator made the mid-rise housing type possible, and more
desirable. They were originally built in larger downtown cities
Fig. 1.11 – Basic layouts of a single loaded and double loaded corridor of a mid-rise building.
centered on courtyards and places of attraction and 5-15
people back into the city. Its major downfall is that the units
sleeping capsule. The concept is that you only need to spend
stories. This was to influence social interaction, and bring
generally only had one exterior exposure, unlike the other
The first case study is the 9hours hotel in Kyoto,
Japan. This hotel is a capsule based hotel featuring a 25 sq ft
nine hours at the hotel: 1 to shower + 7 to sleep + 1 to rest9.
housing types. Fortunately, due to structural cost, a mid-rise
All the amenities are provided for the user, such as showers,
cost over high-rise buildings8. These buildings also had their
amenities are shared except the sleeping capsule, creating a
building provided a large number of units at a reasonable
typical housing services (mail, trash, etc.) located at the front and back of the main level instead of right at your door.
places to relax, and places to eat. The difference is all
shared community. The take away from this case study is the focus on the living essentials. This is not a dwelling designed for long time use, but enough to accommodate a couple
night’s stay at a reasonable price. The impressive feature is
how they designed this building to fit within the 20’ wide site. Fig. 1.10 – Typical parking and social interaction space within a mid-rise complex.
17
By keeping everything compact and as minimal as possible,
the architects were able to fit this hotel into what would be an alley, truly making the absolute most of every space.
The second mid-rise case study is the Tetris House in
Lubiana, Slovenia. This is a residential building that focuses on low-income buyers. With the facade balcony designs resembling Tetris pieces, it is easy to see how this building
got its name. With one-bedroom apartments at 375 sq ft to Fig. 1.12 – Typical layout of sleeping pods in the 9hours hotel.
three bedroom apartments at 1,100 sq ft, there are several price variations to choose from10. The building also features no interior load-bearing walls creating the desirable open
concept. What we learn from this building is that good
architectural design doesn’t need to cater to the higher income buyers. By focusing on an exterior only structure, the interior is open to multiple variations and the ability to compact as
much as possible into a room yet making it feel spacious. The third case study is an apartment building that
focused on smart design and material selection to make it
affordable. The Multi-Story in Munich, Germany features
25 different units ranging from 400-1400 sq ft, but the key Fig 1.13 – Narrow alleyway 9hour hotel was designed to fit.
to its success was the design. By utilizing passive energy techniques, such as natural ventilation of the basement-
18
Fig. 1.14 (left) - Building designed into a 22’ narrow alleyway by utilizing space as efficiently as possible Fig. 1.15(right) – Interior perspective showing the spacial sacrifice in the hallway to provide more square footage for other building functions Fig. 1.16(bottom) – Interior perspective showing a comfortable space is possible in such a small footprint. This is made possible by restricting square footage in other nonessential spaces to open up to a more desired space.
19
parking garage, the architects were able to save the client
so being compact is essential. There are two areas for social
the saved money to upgrade the interior materials without
improved on and not essential in high-density architecture.
money he wasn’t expecting to save. The client then used raising the cost, resulting in high quality housing with low
construction cost11. The take away here is that by designing
meetings and to entertain, but that is something that could be Fig. 1.17 – Exploded Section showing skin, structure vertical circulation.
smart with passive energy techniques ends up saving the client more money, then the owner can then use the savings
to invest in improving the quality of his building. By choosing
lower cost but durable materials initially, there is always an opportunity to improve when the funds make it possible.
The final case study is the building at Deuxfle Yoyogi
Park in Tokyo, Japan. This too functions as apartment housing
and consists of 14 units. The building was designed on a site 22’ wide and 52’ deep, making a compact design essential12.
Each floor consisted of two apartments with small open
courtyards located on the top and bottom levels. This building shows that even if you are limited with a narrow site; you can still design a comfortable compact apartment. With a 22’ wide site, that leaves an 11’ wide maximum for each apartment,
20
High-Rise Building
The last housing type is the iconic high-rise. Designed
with the ability to hold over 200 dwelling units in a dense urban area, it is a symbol of power and money. Luxurious apartments and optimal location make them dream homes
The Santa Fe Tower in Mexico is a perfect example.
This 34-story building is filled with over 100 luxurious apartments. Each apartment is 1,700 sq ft, with just two or three to a floor and even the option of owning the whole floor13. The main feature is the curved panoramic window
to many young professionals looking to make it big. They
that allows for an interruption free view. Since the user is
unbeatable views, and large square footage units to drive
should be the absolute best. The take away from this
rely on the surrounding attractions, prime locations, the
apartment prices up. By concentrating the population, the
high rise has the ability of creating districts within a city. This concentration of population attracts retail, recreational, and cultural demands enhancing the culture of a city. This usually transforms the high-rise building into a mixed-use function
serving parking, retail, commercial, and residential spaces. Fig. 1.18 – Layout of a typical high-rise building showing programmatic functions.
paying for a luxury apartment, the view and amenities
building is trying to apply some of the luxurious features a building like this can offer to a lower income focused
building. This building is focused on the wealthier users and
doesn’t focus on a compact design where space is limited.
Here, space is essential to raise the price of the rooms. Adapting a panoramic window and a strong central core
to a lower income building would be more ideal. Instead of design for the rich, a focus on the average user would
really change the program of the building. The concept is how many compact units they could fit in the structural
system of this building? Also, these buildings are the ideal 21
pancake floor plans with no social interaction. In fact, some
apartments are designed to take up the whole floor. Finding
drastically change the influence this building has on its users.
detached house is good for independence and responsibility,
a way for these floors to interact with each other would
Analyzing the five different housing types has
pointed out some of the qualities and flaws of each type. The but can be restricted by zoning or subdivision laws. The row house/low-rise provides a good transitioning point from the
detached house to the mid-rise buildings and can function in both urban and rural locations. The downside is you lose some of the space of a detached home and don’t quite reach
the downtown rural setting. The mid-rise building provides
the best value, with cost efficient units in a cost efficient building located in the downtown area. The problem is it is usually designed with one exterior exposure and will
never be as nice as a high-rise apartment. The high-rise
apartment offers the best money can buy, but only if you can afford it and is not ideal for the emerging professional.
After analyzing these housing types it is clear a mid-rise Fig. 1.19 (left) – Section cut of high rise building showing floor plan layout, vertical circulation, and social disconnect within neighbors. Fig. 1.20 (right) – Wrap around panoramic windows provided seamless views for users anywhere within the building.
building meets my proposed thesis the best, but will adapt some of the best qualities of the other building types.
22
01 02 03 04
23
Schittich, Christion. Small Structures. Basel: Birkhauser, 2010.
Kliment, Stephen A., Robert Chandler, and Clancy Goody. Building Type Basics for Housing. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
09
Schittich, Christian. Cost-Effective Building. Basel: Birkhauser, 2007.
11
Schittich, Christian. Cost-Effective Building. Basel: Birkhauser, 2007.
12
Costa Duran, Sergi. High Density Housing. Barcelona, Spain: Loft Publications, 2009.
13
Ibid.
Ibid.
Kliment, Stephen A., Robert Chandler, and Clancy Goody. Building Type Basics for Housing. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
05
Schittich, Christian. Cost-Effective Building. Basel: Birkhauser, 2007.
06
Costa Duran, Sergi. High Density Housing. Barcelona, Spain: Loft Publications, 2009
07
Schittich, Christion. Small Structures. Basel: Birkhauser, 2010.
08
Kliment, Stephen A., Robert Chandler, and Clancy Goody. Building Type Basics for Housing. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
10
Costa Duran, Sergi. High Density Housing. Barcelona, Spain: Loft Publications, 2009.
1.01
Kliment, Stephen A., Robert Chandler, and Clancy Goody. Building Type Basics for Housing. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
1.14-17 Costa Duran, Sergi. High Density Housing. Barcelona, Spain: Loft Publications, 2009. Kliment, Stephen A., Robert Chandler, and Clancy Goody. Building Type Basics for Housing. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
1.02
Schittich, Christian. Cost-Effective Building. Basel: Birkhauser, 2007.
1.18
1.03-04
Kliment, Stephen A., Robert Chandler, and Clancy Goody. Building Type Basics for Housing. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
1.19-20 Costa Duran, Sergi. High Density Housing. Barcelona, Spain: Loft Publications, 2009.
1.05-06
Schittich, Christian. Cost-Effective Building. Basel: Birkhauser, 2007.
1.07-08
Costa Duran, Sergi. High Density Housing. Barcelona, Spain: Loft Publications, 2009.
1.09
Schittich, Christion. Small Structures. Basel: Birkhauser, 2010.
1.10-11
Kliment, Stephen A., Robert Chandler, and Clancy Goody. Building Type Basics for Housing. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
1.12-13
Schittich, Christion. Small Structures. Basel: Birkhauser, 2010.
24
Space 25
Study of Community Space
The Basics of Space
In order to design effective community spaces it
In every form of housing type there is a different degree
is first key to understand the basics of space. In Francis
is a single detached house in a sub-division or a high rise;
he defines space as “The three-dimensional field in which
and sense of community between all of its users. Whether it
any time you cluster people into groups a community is formed. The design issue then becomes how can an architect influence its clients to become involved as a community?
D.K. Ching’s book Architecture: Form, Space, and Order, objects and events occur and have relative position and
direction, especially a portion of that field set apart in a given instance or for a particular purpose1.” The key parts within
How can the architect create spaces that encourage and
that definition of space are “in which objects and events
a sense of community into the design of the building adds
community space is to promote and hold events for the users
shape the community it was designed for? Incorporating
another element. The users then transform from a single identity to a group identity allowing the design to not only connect its users with the building but also with each other.
occur” and “for a particular purpose”. The purpose of the
to interact in. The space serves a particular purpose for its users and encourages people to interconnect with each other. Spaces like galleries, lobbies, and courtyards promote
social and professional interaction between its users.
Now that space is defined, how does the architect
shape the space? There are many elements that help define space including: planes, openings/enclosures, light, color, the view, the circulation, and the proportion and scale. Each
26
element effects space differently, but it is the combination
of all the elements that actually determine how the space
is shaped. A basic understanding of how each element
the planes can be combined to direct users a specific route or to a specific area within a space as seen in the figure below.
effects space is essential in order to design successfully.
The plane is the first basic element that defines and
shapes the space around it. It is seen as a two-dimensional surface and can imply a spatial direction. The plane can be
broken up into four variations that all affect space differently. The first is the base plan, which is a horizontal plane level
seen there must be a change in color, tone, or texture from
texture or materiality can be changed to emphasis the area.
with the ground around it. In order for the base plan to be
The second recognized plane is the elevated base
plan. This is a plane raised from the surrounding area. The
the surrounding area2. This helps the base plan function as a
The degree of elevation determines how the space is shaped
the change in material from hardwood flooring to a throw
raised plane represents a little increase of importance, but
spatial organizer by emphasizing a specific area. For example,
down rug signifies a change in function within a space. The
rug acts as a base plan that symbolizes the space is no longer
for circulation but a gathering point within that room as seen in the figure below. The base plane can also function as a 27
Fig. 2.01 – Base plain acting out as a special call-out or connected to form a bath.
pathway within space. Because it allows for continuous flow,
and how the users connect with each other3. A slightly maintains a visual and physical access. A medium raised plane keeps the visual access but creates a physical spatial
barrier between users. This establishes a clear hierarchy
between spatial functions, raising the dominant function for all to see. This is seen in stages and podiums designed
for other users to observe the elevated space but not able
The third basic plane is the depressed plane. This
to interact with it. A full story elevated plane breaks both
is a plane that is lowered from the surrounding areas. It is
spatial functions that don’t interact with each other. The
in completely different ways. A depressed plan creates and
visual and spatial connectivity. This now creates different bottom space has limited view of the elevated space,
but requires users to look. The elevated users gain an
additional visual connection as they not only look down
upon the base plan users but get elevated perspective of
the surroundings not seen anywhere else within the space. This is seen in balcony areas within lobbies and observation decks. The highest view is always the most sought after.
the exactly opposite to the elevated plan, but shapes space interruption with the ground floor, creating a gathering point within the surrounding space. Increasing the planes
depression creates a greater disconnection with the space around it until it is completely separate in function
from all surrounding spaces. By combining elevated and
depressed planes, the architect can dramatically shape any space for its users. Elevated spaces can promote spatial
dominance and show significance, while depressed spaces naturally promote sheltered and protective qualities4.
The final plane variation is the overhead plane. This
is the plane directly over a specific space, acting as a roof or secondary floor. Overhead planes symbolize protection within an open area of space. The elevation or mass of the Fig. 2.02 – Variations of elevated plane.
plane plays a significant role in the development of space.
A low overhead plane can provoke uneasiness, a cramped
28
or claustrophobic response with its users. Whereas a high overhead plane can change the visual scale within a room,
developing a special hierarchy, but can also make spaces uncomfortable for the human scale. Utilizing elevated and
depressed planes can begin to promote circulation within spaces. By designing depressed overhead planes between elevated overhead planes the space implies the user should occupy the open spaces, keeping the depressed planes open for circulation. The same rules can be applied to the mass of
and overhead plane. If the plane is visually heavy it promotes
protection from overhead elements but also instills a sense
of discomfort in fear the wall will not be able to support such a massive load. If the plane is visually light there is no fear of structural failure and instills a sense of lightness and relaxation, while creating an underlining fear that the plane
will not be able to protect the users from severe overhead
elements. Just by incorporating different variations of planes within a space can dramatically shape the overall
feel. Incorporating the other elements only strengthens it. 29
Fig. 2.03 –Different openings within a space change the circulation.
We think of overhead planes as roofs or secondary
floors above the space, but one of the strongest overhead planes is an open one within an enclosed space. Openings
within a space create an implied spatial movement from
room to room and space to space. This can be through doors, windows, or breaks within enclosing planes.
Openings located in the corners of spaces promote a
diagonal orientation and movement while centered openings promote orthogonal orientation and movement.
Enclosures are seen as the negatives of openings. We see space in the amount of openness it allows or creates,
and don’t appreciate the degree of enclosure. Enclosures
focus within an internal space. The window size then acts
elements. This can instill a sense of privacy within a space.
of the view the user can see. By creating a smaller opening
can be comforting and protect the user from the outside
By adding openings and enclosures within a space,
natural light is now introduced into the room. Light is an essential ingredient when shaping a space. Without light in a space, visibility is reduced to nothing making
it impossible for any user to occupy. Light is introduced
as a frame for the view. The bigger the opening, the more
you are limiting views and forcing the user to move within the space to gain more access of the views outside. If a large
opening is created, the user is encouraged to stop and enjoy the view framed for them. This can slow down movement
and create gathering and emphasis spaces within a room.
into space through openings in the surrounding planes by
openings controls the amount of light a space receives5.
different feelings and emotion with different users. Color
windows and skylights. The size and orientation of the The larger the opening, the more light can be emitted into a space. A brighter space is perceived as a nicer and more inviting space. If a space is too bright though, it can become
uncomfortable and distracting. On the contrary, a dark space
is generally perceived as daunting and unfriendly, but can
also be comforting depending on the mood and frame of mind of the users. An additional quality of adding windows
to a space is the views it creates. Views can create an external
Color is another major element that impacts how
a user interacts with a space. Different colors promote
differential also help emphasize specific objects or functions.
Rooms and spaces with brighter colors can portray happier
and more energetic rooms while dull and darker colors
can bring the tone down within a room. Color is the first element addressed in shaping a space when expecting a
baby and trying to decide what color to paint the room
based on the gender. There are many ways to use color to call out a spatial change. In 3XN’s Copenhagen gallery they
30
employ an excellent use of the color to highlight certain aspects within the room. The ground floor and exhibition
stands are a consistent bright green that bleed together.
This allows for their white models and display boards to contrast well and visually pop off the walls. They then went
in and added white to key structural systems and design
elements to create visual gathering points within the space6. By using fixed furniture and exhibition stands in their
gallery, 3XN’s also designed the circulation path within the
space. The circulation path of a space subconsciously informs the user how to use and interact within the space. This can
be implied through visual or textural pathways, enclosures creating hallways, or through the fixed furniture layout
within the space. 3XN’s furniture layout creates an unusual
circle pathway within a rigid square space. The pathway leads the users to the main exhibits the architect wanted
them to see, creating an implied visual order. Controlling
the user through circulation is a powerful tool and can be used to promote the users to interact with buildings and
Fig. 2.04 – By adding color and fixed furniture, 3XN is able to highlight certain objects and direct circulation through the space.
31
others. By utilizing a designed circulation pattern, the user
where the tiny human proportion is forced to interact with
chance meeting, gathering points, and social spaces.
to show dominance and for communal gatherings, not the
can be visually advised to interact with others, creating
The final spatial element is proportion and scale.
There are many ways to proportion a room; golden section, classical orders, renaissance theories, modular, ken, and
anthropometry (the study of ergonomics), but they all relate back to how comfortable the user feels within the space7. Some
spaces are designed to be monumental and enforce a sense of power and dominance; while some are designed realistically and enforce the human scale. The traditional Gothic
cathedrals were designed with monument scale in mind,
huge doors, windows, and open space. They were designed individual. On the other end of the spectrum single bedroom
houses are designed with the human scale in mind, where doors, openings, and ceiling heights fit the average human proportions. When designing a space with the community
in mind, the scale has to be big enough for all users within a community yet still relates to the human scale. This applies
to not only the space of a room but to also to the interactive objects within the room. The design of the various objects such as furniture heights, door handles, chairs, and counter
tops can help mold a comfortable environment for its users. Designing a space with the right proportions and scale is the
final element in the basic understanding of shaping space. Encouraging a Sense of Community Fig. 2.05 – Scale based on the human figure can influence how grand or comfortable a space is.
The original concept of creating a social community
started in with the original shop/house buildings in
the city. Living life over the store created a sense of
32
community. These buildings encouraged interactions
you will know or even meet someone new at the store.
these buildings were lost when people began migrating
design, and helped build the cities that we have now. Cities
with other users and the streets below. The values of from the city life to the suburban life. Now with the
emerging trend of people moving back into the city these forgotten houses are becoming more and more desirable.
Living over the city store encouraged interactions
with other people by connecting the user with not only
the store, but also the street it connects to8. The user is encouraged to be active with the community and interact
with others instead of keeping to themselves and staying
in their rooms. The building users are forced to interact with the store every time they come home or leave, creating natural chance encounters with others and public
connections. The idea that the more you leave the isolation of your own house, the more people you can meet and
become socially involved. With the luxury of living above
a city store, it is very probable to say every time you leave 33
the building there is a chance of running into someone
The shop/house building was a great architectural
wouldn’t have survived without these building types. They
are one of the first designed “mixed-use” buildings and were adapted for almost every major city9. These buildings
allowed individual culture within the city, and developed the very streets they were built on. With wide ranges of shops,
diners, stores, and residential units the shop/house building uniquely developed each city street from the other. The
building’s shops, functions, and users create a self-sustaining
community that had everything it needed to flourish. This sense of community was welcomed and quickly adopted by other users that lived in the surrounding area, creating
unique and implied neighborhood communities within the heart of a city. The functional flexibility of these buildings allowed for easy social change within new parts of the city.
If a new culture or movement was introduced into a shop/ house building the surrounding buildings could adapt,
slowly changing the streets and the sense of place in the
neighborhood.10 Because change was slow it was not feared,
but instead easily adopted into surrounding neighborhoods
This unique feature of community that shop/house
to create a better life for all users, not just the one. In these
buildings offer is lacking in the current concept of the city.
entire group did. Users could even get jobs working at their
rooms to expand their current space they are creating
communities the individual user mattered just as much the local shops to help make rent and support the community.
People valued the ability to live close to their job, the essential shops, and cutting back on pointless commuting.
The original mixed-use buildings kept users in the
city, while the majority of society made the transition to the suburbs. An emphasis on family business was created and
With people buying high-rise property or multiple apartment barriers between themselves, others, and the city they live in.
Somewhere along the transition from the suburbs back into
the city people were disconnected and forgot how they use
to live within the city compared to how they live now. Some
buildings are starting to address this issue by recognizing this disconnect and designing fixes within their buildings.
even though some communities fell, most of them sustained
Designing Social Space
moving back into the city the shop/house buildings have
disconnect lost from how we use to live within the city. The
through the transition. With the current shift of people slowly
become more relevant and essential to the future of the city11.
architectural book 3XN designs with that in mind. They
These buildings are extremely adaptable to the current time,
cultures, and architectural styles. They were originally only applied to row houses but are evolving into the mixed-use
mid-rise building slowly becoming more and more popular.
As stated, some architects are recognizing this social
recognize that “All buildings perform as frameworks for human social interaction.�12 3XN designs with the concept
Mind Your Behavior and how architecture shapes the users behavior. The building not only interacts with the users but
34
building. Even though this design isn’t for a housing type, it
promotes a sense of community between both the employees and the clients. The employees get to work and interact with
each other instead of being locked inside a cubicle alone. This promotes a better work environment, speeds up work
productivity, and promotes better work quality. Within this Fig. 2.06 – A central open atrium and spiral staircase, combined with an open floor plan design provides interconnectivity throughout all the floor levels.
the spaces it creates shapes how the user will behave within it.
The Saxo Bank in Copenhagen, Denmark is created
by combining two building volumes with a centralized core
for social interaction. The interior of the building is open
The sense of space is relaxed, helping clear the tension created by the financial. The scale of the building and atrium isn’t
overwhelming for the client or employee, but still promotes a sense of confidence and power that can calm any nerves.
and transparent to communicate the banks open nature.13
within the business, the employees, and the clients. The
proposal for Arhus, Denmark was a new library that combined
The large open lobby and decks promote social interaction
attractive central spiral staircase rises to the top floor creating a grand central opening allowing for multi-level
The second building applies more to a social media,
future libraries, and is less corporate. The Mediaspace a massive collection of books, but also any form of media for all types of information.14 It too starts with a centralized
visual communication between floors. The spiral staircase
core for public circulation and is then carved away to allow
every floor as you loop round and round to the top of the
stories around the central core making it possible for outside
design promotes chance encounters with other users on 35
business community, the client too feels more comfortable.
seamless urban spaces and views. The building then staggers
users to look in and connect with the interior functions. The
business users to little kids looking for the next lullaby book.
inside by utilizing both depressed and elevated planes and
College in Copenhagen, Denmark. This educational building,
idea is to make seamless spatial transition from outside to
large openings within the space. The interior design is open, with each staggered floor looking onto each other creating
The final successful spatial building is the Orestad
with functional teaching facilities, also incorporates the student life15. This building has to address two different
more visual connection within the building. The open space
user types; a user type that focuses on communication,
hard copy books to digital version via the computer bars.
a user type that values small groups, private classrooms,
reinforces the idea of incorporating every kind of media, from This building promotes a successful networking community that is also designed with the idea that anyone could work in
this space. It is inviting to all varieties of users, from serious
being social, and promoting a safe study environment, and
and flexible spaces. The building incorporates four study zones for each level and a roof terrace for more community space16. This building is also focused on centralized core
lobby for circulation and visual connections. Each floor has the ability to visually connect with two or three floors below
it. The most appealing feature is the four study zones layout. On each of the open floor plans is a circular structure that acts as an elevated plane to connect to the next level above.
On top of these circular structures houses the four study Fig. 2.07 – A entirely open space with stepped floor plans allows for connectivity between different functions of a space.
zones. These study zones have direct visual connections
with each other and the surrounding floor plans. The student user’s favorite feature is the giant movable beanbags
36
Fig. 2.08 – By incorporating elevated planes into the level above, users are able to socially interact.
37
within these study zones. This allows the students to relax,
new trend of more and more people moving back into the city,
teachers and designers realize that the more time spent
to bring back that sense of shop/house community that
get comfortable, and spend more time in the building. The within the building usually encourages the students to
spend more time on their projects and work, instead of doing outside work and distractions. This also provokes a
sense of student community within each of the study zones. Students are encouraged to help each other with struggling
issues, and improve the overall quality of life within the
university. This design of space aids to create a sense of
mixed-use buildings will need to be addressed and designed was lost in the suburbs. Some firms like 3XN and others are
already designing with spatial behavior in mind. Recognizing that the architect has the ability to do more than just design a beautiful building, but also the ability to unknowingly direct
users to certain locations, create a sense of community, and make them yearn to comeback to a specific space. Fig. 2.09 – These nodes became such a desirable space that users didn’t want to leave.
community and social interaction within all kinds of students.
This is a successful design more colleges should adopt.
By studying the concept of community space, you
learn how spaces are shaped and how they work. Utilizing a
basic understanding of space and the elements that form it,
the architect can manipulate the space to serve and function for any user type. Analyzing how space was originally addressed in shop/house buildings broke down how these
additional functions can create a strong sense of community and neighborhoods even within a city environment. With the
38
1
Ching, Frank. Architecture: Form, Space and Order. New York [u.a.: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1979. Print.
2
Ibid.
3 4 5
Ibid. Ibid. Ibid.
6
Nielsen, Kim Herforth. Mind Your Behaviour: How Architecture Shapes Behaviour. [Copenhagen]: 3XN, 2010. Print.
7
Ching, Frank. Architecture: Form, Space and Order. New York [u.a.: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1979. Print.
8
Davis, Howard. Living over the Store: Architecture and Local Urban Life. Abingdon, Oxon [England: Routledge, 2012. Print.
9
Ibid.
11
Ibid.
10
Ibid.
12
Ibid.
13
Nielsen, Kim Herforth. Mind Your Behaviour: How Architecture Shapes Behaviour. [Copenhagen]: 3XN, 2010. Print.
14
Ibid.
16
Ibid.
15
39
Ibid.
2.01-03
Fig. 25 - Ching, Frank. Architecture: Form, Space and Order. New York [u.a.: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1979. Print.
2.04
Fig. 29 - Nielsen, Kim Herforth. Mind Your Behaviour: How Architecture Shapes Behaviour. [Copenhagen]: 3XN, 2010. Print.
2.05
Fig. 30 - Ching, Frank. Architecture: Form, Space and Order. New York [u.a.: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1979. Print.
2.06-08
Fig. 31 - Nielsen, Kim Herforth. Mind Your Behaviour: How Architecture Shapes Behaviour. [Copenhagen]: 3XN, 2010. Print.
40
Connectivity 41
Study of Building Interconnectivity and High
Density Spaces
The
reason
The “Pancake” Floor Plan Effect – Breaking the Mold
3XN’s
buildings
were
successful
in creating a sense of community was because of the
The “pancake” floor plan effect is when the
same floor plan dimensions are copied over and over to create a stacking effect. This can be seen in the plans and
sections of the Santa Fe high-rise tower30. This creates a
connectivity between users interacting with the design.
rather boring design and limits social connectivity and
digital the users are still connected and interacting with not
plan through individual level changes or openings within
Whether that connectivity is visual, physical, mental, or only the building but also each other. Building connectivity can be modified through the floor plan or the spatial layout of functions or furniture. By creating a spatial connection with the users and the building you are enhancing
the overall quality of the design and the experience.
communication for users. By breaking the typical floor the floor plan creates a visual connection with other users
on completely different levels. Some architects have tried to incorporate this concept within their design, successful or not. Encouraging spatial connection between floors isn’t the easiest task but few have taken their best shot at
it including Steven Holl, Herman Hertzberger, and 3XN.
The Steven Holl Simmons hall at MIT is the first great
attempt to create a sense of community and connection
between floor plan levels. Holl attempted to create a miniature
city within the interior of the building through solids, voids,
and transparencies. The concept was to create these voids
42
that would act as a metaphorical sponge soaking light up from
these void can be. The voids now are unattractive and don’t
spaces where they could communicate on different levels of
connectivity. Because of the restrictions the voids are too
the outside and bringing the students to these interactive the floor plan. This has been controversial on whether or not the social connectivity of these voids works. Unfortunately
the original design could not be carried through due to codes and restrictions so no one will ever know if these connectivity
voids would have truly been effective2. The concept of
breaking up the interior of a building to create these voids is
revolutionary and I think if the original concept were carried
through there would be no controversy on how effective
43
promote breaking the plane of the floor plan to create social
small to encourage comfortable spaces and the users get the
feeling of enclosure instead of the original desired openings. The take away from this building’s design is to make sure the
break in the floor plan is has a noticeable scale that really
emphasizes the inner building connectivity between users. The space should feel open and comfortable and should
never feel like the user is being enclosed within the space. Fig. 3.01 – Successful or not, Holl’s building breaks the typical floor plan with elevated terraces and porous type views.
The next architect that attempted to break the typical
space but instead was downsized and the concept was
building. This is a corporate office complex designed in
human interacts and works within the building, creating
floor plan was Herman Hertzberger with the Central Beheer Apeldoorn, Netherlands3. The concept of this office complex
is to break the floor plan by creating spatial building blocks
almost lost. Hertzberger’s building focused on how the a comfortable place within workstations and the atria. Fig. 3.02 – Hertzberger encouraged connectivity by elevating the workspace and localizing them around personal atria.
that incorporate different functions and piecing them
together in groups to create social spaces. The hallways and circulation pathways have a lowered overhead plane
to promote movement while all the workspaces open up to
higher ceilings and their own individual atrium. This creates visual connections across the atrium and between floor plan
levels. With these clusters spatially opened they create a safe and comfortable place to work and encourage collaboration
between employees. The design and concept of this building works quite well as it is being utilized despite being built in
19724. Everything in this building is designed with the human
scale in mind and focuses on how the user would behave
within the functions of the designed spaces. The human scale is where Holl lost the social connectivity in the MIT
building. That building was going for a feeling of monumental
44
The final building focusing on social connectivity
to create a closer and more compact space. This design
is designed with the idea that by interweaving floor plans,
stacked floor plan and started straight away with a design
is the Tangen Polytechnic building by 3XN. This building you break away from the typical “pancake� stacking effect
and promotes close contact and visual connection between levels5. Like all 3XN buildings, it first starts with a central
works the best by realizing the initial problem of the typical
solution. Interlocking floor plans is the best way to break the typical plan, keeping in mind the spatial scale between them.
circulation atrium that is open to all floors. The central
atrium has multiple connections from different levels interweaving all in multiple directions. This promotes visual
connection within the circulation of the central atrium. Since no pathway is stacked the same above it, there is no visual
interruptions from level to level. The building is then divided into two divisions and utilizing interlocking floor plans to connect at the central atrium. These interlocked floor plans
also create visual connections between coworkers and
other employees. By creating interlocking floor plans the spatial relationship from floor to floor changes based on
the location in the building. At the far ends of the building it creates an elevated overhead plane and open space while 45
at the connecting joints the floor level spacing interlock
Fig. 3.03 – Overlapping floor plans with interlocking circulation ramps provide social connection within a building.
High Density Spaces
The
purpose
of
designing
and
emphasizing
community space and interconnectivity between floor plans is to promote and encourage smaller living units. With
designed public space for recreational and professional functions within a building, the living units can be compacted to a minimalist lifestyle that is still comfortable to the human scale. The community spaces then function as places to entertain guests and gathering nodes while
the living unit emphasizes privacy and the user’s distinct
personality. Since most residential cost is based on the overall square footage and location, the concept then
develops into creating high-density compact spaces to keep
right shape for the specific design. They are not afraid to use
an odd shape, away from the traditional organized grid, to fit a tight space. They then squeeze as much usable space into the acquired shape. This can include changing the
proportions and human scale of objects such as stairs and doors. Traditionally the slope of a stairway is the first to
change; making is a steeper angle to compress space. Doors
and hallways are then compressed to bare minimum to save space and promote movement to other spatial functions. The next step is to conceal objects that aren’t needed at all
times to open up more space. The most common way to maximize minimum space is with built in furniture in spaces
square footage down in hope to lower rent and utility costs.
The Japanese have mastered the design of high-
density spaces and focus of efficiency of their buildings. They focus on two terms to help design the spaces with
maximum efficiency and minimum space; compress and conceal6. The compression of spaces focuses on using the
Fig. 3.04 – Storage can be designed into typical “dead” space while some building functions can be concealed within the walls.
46
that would ordinarily be dead space. Commonly the gaps
office studio. The concepts of compacting and concealing are
the space under stairs open up to more storage, and storage
concealing all storage compartments. The space comfortably
within walls and floors become shelves and storage bins, can even be designed within the steps of stairs. Since some stairs only serve one purpose a couple times a day, they too can be concealed within the building. At the end of the
design though, the concealment of storage should be visually
seamless. This creates modern clean lines that hide and never reveal the true amount of storage built into the design.
This high-density movement is slowly being adopted
worldwide from the Japanese. Heavy populated cities are
now feeling the pressure to build more residential units to keep up with the increasing population. Cities like New York
City are challenging architects to design sub-500 square foot apartments for their downtown locations. One impressive design comes from the Jordan Parnass Digital Architecture
firm. Their designs are prototypical 500 square foot for New York City called the East Village Studio7. Their focus
47
was on economy, functionality, and privacy for this home
clearly seen throughout the design with clean modern lines houses one to two people with built in furniture and storage
while still managing a full kitchen, bath, office/living room,
and queen bed. No space is wasted in the design of the unit.
Incorporating
and
affordable
high-density
architecture
with
prefabricated units would create the most effective downtown
living
structures.
By
reducing square footage and construction cost through prefabricated units lowers the overall price of the
building, making it easier for the owner to keep the rent
low for the emerging professional. Keeping these units
prefabricated like Olympic Village in Munich, Germany or the youth camp in Passail, Austria is the ultimate goal.
The Olympic Village project was cost-effectively able to build 1052 units at 260sq feet8. Prefabrication was the only
way that amount of construction could be built without
going severely over budget. This created a scenario of 1052 identical units mass produced with efficiency but
Fig. 3.05 – Interior Perspectives of East Village Apartments
48
Fig. 3.06 – Prototype high density dwelling for New York City displaying built in storage and compact life.
with the ability to be personalized by each user instead of 1052 custom built units where no two were the same. The
process of prefabrication streamlined the construction, and got the users into the buildings faster. The final benefit
of prefabrication is the maintenance of the units. If any severe damage happens to the unit requiring excessive
maintenance a replacement unit can be quickly fabricated 49
to replace the damaged unit with minimal effort and cost.
Designing community and connective spaces within
a building floor plan requires a great deal of design, but the
reward is worth it. Sometimes the design creates controversy like Steven Holl’s MIT dormitory but when you get it right
the building can last a lifetime like Herman Herzberger
Central Beheer. Once the interior community space is
designed and established, the living units can start to evolve in smaller compacted spaces. This enables more people to live and interact within one building while still maintaining a
sense of privacy and personality. Combining compact design with prefabrication further reduces the construction and
maintenance cost, resulting in lower rent and utility payments.
50
51
1
Costa Duran, Sergi. High Density Housing. Barcelona, Spain: Loft Publications, 2009.
2
Perez, Adelyn. “Simmons Hall at MIT/ Steven Holl.” ArchDaily. N.p., 21 June 2010. Web. 07 Nov. 2012. <http://www.archdaily.com/65172/simmons-hall-atmit-steven-holl/>.
3
“Central Beheer - Hermann Hertzberger.” GreatBuildings. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2012. <http:// www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Central_Beheer. html>.
4
Ibid.
5
Nielsen, Kim Herforth. Mind Your Behaviour: How Architecture Shapes Behaviour. [Copenhagen]: 3XN, 2010. Print.
6
Freeman, Michael. Space: Japanese Design Solutions for Compact Living. New York, NY: Universe, 2004. Print.
7
Jordan Parnass Digital Architecture. Last modified 2009. Accessed October 8, 2012. http://jpda.net/ projects/east-village-studio.
8
Schittich, Christion. Small Structures. Basel: Birkhauser, 2010.
3.01
Fig. 34 - Perez, Adelyn. “Simmons Hall at MIT/ Steven Holl.” ArchDaily. N.p., 21 June 2010. Web. 07 Nov. 2012. <http://www.archdaily.com/65172/ simmons-hall-at-mit-steven-holl/>.
3.02
Fig. 35 -”Central Beheer - Hermann Hertzberger.” GreatBuildings. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2012. <http:// www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Central_Beheer. html>.
3.03
Fig. 36 - Nielsen, Kim Herforth. Mind Your Behaviour: How Architecture Shapes Behaviour. [Copenhagen]: 3XN, 2010. Print.
3.04
Fig. 37 – Freeman, Michael. Space: Japanese Design Solutions for Compact Living. New York, NY: Universe, 2004. Print.
3.05-06
Fig. 38 – Jordan Parnass Digital Architecture. Last modified 2009. Accessed October 8, 2012. http://jpda. net/projects/east-village-studio.
52
Baltimore, MD 53
54
MARYLAND
55
BALTIMORE
CARROLL
CECIL HARFORD CECIL
CARROLL
HARFORD BALTIMORE
BALTIMORE
E ANN UNDEL AR
BALTIMORE CITY
ANN EEN ES
KENT QU ANN EEN ES QU
ARD
KENT
ARD E ANN UNDEL AR
HOW
HOW
INNER HARBOR
FIG. 4.01
56
Inner Harbor 57
History of the Inner Harbor
The Baltimore Inner Harbor has always been the center of the cities industry and income. The harbor has been adapted to many different industrial powers, and slow shaped into the central tourist location it is today. The harbor was founded on its ship building industry and ideal trade location. As the harbor grew in population more and more industries looked to base themselves out of Baltimore, including one of largest canned oyster industry. But the financial power house that built the city of Baltimore was the steel industry. The harbor was used to transport nearby steel from the Pennsylvania Steel Company through its shipping ports and the B&O Railroad. The industry grew exponentially and people from all over Maryland came to Baltimore looking for a job. Because of the steel company Baltimore and the Inner harbor became a purely industrial city and a company town to the Bethlehem Steel Company.
FIG. 5.01
In 1950, the population peaked. Suburbia had set in and as the people left the city so did the jobs, nearly killing the city. With no jobs available, the industrial city had to change. In the late 1950s, Baltimore proposed to re-purpose and redevelop the Inner Harbor. In 1979 the first tourist attraction opened, the Maryland Science Center. Soon after the biggest tourist center opened, the National Aquarium in 1980, securing the harbor as the central tourist spot and the successful transition from industrial to tourism. In 2004 the Visitor Center opened followed by connecting retail shops in 2007. The Baltimore Inner Harbor is still a young developing area with more and more businesses, hotels, residents, and mixed use buildings in development. Currently the Harbor provides residents with over 16,000 jobs and with plans to revitalize more of the waterfront, more jobs are in the works
58
the graduate 59
The College Graduate and Baltimore City
Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s college graduate lives a much harder life than perceived. As tuition rates go up, employment and salaries go down, making it harder and harder for the emerging professional. Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s graduates pay an average of $80,000 for 4 years of school, not including interest rates from student loans. Most graduates will still be paying off student loans well into their 40s. This accompanied by an average starting salary of $27,000 dollars puts them in a financial hole. The perceived notion is that college graduates come right out of school and land their dream job. That was the case for graduates in 2006 and prior, when the average starting salary was around $80,000. Now most graduates end up working 2-3 jobs with no benefits and still living paycheck to paycheck. Half the college graduates end up working at jobs
4 years of College
>
that donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t require a degree. Since most college graduates are young and live an active lifestyle, the recent trend is to live in the city even if they can barely afford it. In Baltimore, college graduates will live anywhere they can afford, even if it means substandard living conditions. Almost half the houses available for rent were built before 1939 and minimally restored. The average rent is between $2,000-$3,500 split between two people for a 1500+ sq ft apartment. This condition calls for high density architecture as an answer. A space that combines affordable housing through high compact modular units. By utilizing a downtown location the spaces would be ideal for college graduates socially and financially, with the urban sprawl effecting businesses.
$80,000
$27,000
= Average staring salary 60
2006
Starting Salary
2012
11% Baltimore Unemployed
$80,000
$27 ,000
The rise of Google, Microsoft, and other billion dollar companies contributed to a starting salary of $80,000 in 2006. Since then the average salary has dropped to under $30,000.
7%
Maryland
Even though major industry leaders and job opportunities are located within major urban cities, the unemployment rate is still higher than its rural counterpart.
1.9 Million College Grads “Mal-Employed”
FIG. 6.01
61
50
% College Graduates work a job that doesn’t require a Bachelors Degree
“Mal-Employment” is defined as working a job not directed to your dedicated field. Many college grads are not stuck at a dead end job and not their dream job.
43 %
1939
An average of two people rent per place. Splitting the rent is the only way some college graduates can afford to live in a the downtown area.
$2,000
Almost half of the rentable buildings are row houses built before 1939 for the steel industry. Most have bare essential renovations, and some are below the standard of living (especially so close to the downtown center).
$3,500
The average rent for a place in downtown Baltimore is between $2,000 and $5,000 dollars. This ranges from one to two bedroom apartments covering 500 to 2,500 square feet. Utilities are not included
FIG. 6.02
62
Places to live 63
LIVEABLE AREAS Places to Live:
SCARLETT PLACE
HARBOR EAST
FEDERAL HILL FIG. 7.01
HARBOR VIEW 100’
400’
N
200’
64
Scarlett’s Place • 147 Luxury condominiums with leasable office space • Rooms available for rent and or purchase at $500,000 • Average rent priced around $2,500/month for a 1,500 sq ft 2BD/2BT apartment plus condo fees • A ideal location right outside the Pier 6 in the Inner Harbor • In walking distance of major city attractions • Controversial “block” design
LIVEABLE AREAS
SCARLETT PLACE
65
FIG. 7.02 - 7.04
Harbor East • Large apartment and condominium located in a rich and newly established neighborhood • Rent ranges from $3,500 - $5,000/month for a little over 2,000 sq ft • Available 500 sq ft studio apartments for $1,800/month • A ideally located over shopping district and independent restaurants • In walking distance of Inner Harbor and Fells Point • Located Right on the water
LIVEABLE AREAS
HARBOR EAST
FIG. 7.05 - 7.07
66
LIVEABLE AREAS
Harborview • New area, built to accommodate the increasing population in the harbor area • Condos are available for both rentals and purchase • Prices start around $2,500-$3,250/a month for a 1-2BD/1BT room • Located in between beautiful Federal Hill park and harbor with water access • Building is living space only, no mixed use or shopping located nearby. No reason to interact with city, enforcing introvert lifestyle
HARBOR VIEW
• Not a comfortable walking distance to major city attractions FIG. 7.08 - 7.09
67
Federal Hill • Historically Established area • Cheapest option for downtown living at the moment, yet farthest away • • Mixed user group ranging from college students to middle aged adults • Average rent priced around $2,200/month for a 1,500 sq ft 2BD/2BT older house (pre-1939) to $3,500/month for newer construction • Close but separated from Inner Harbor and Business district • Access to Federal Hill Park and other smaller parks withing city fabric • Typical Baltimore row housing
LIVEABLE AREAS
FEDERAL HILL FIG. 7.09 - 7.11
68
FIG. 8.01
Site Analysis 69
70
SITE W/5.5 CONTEXT Site: Pier
• Limited Downtown space encourages creating a site • Inner Harbor promotes users to social interaction with the public • Ideal location for mixed-use, high density architecture • Bridging gap between ends of pier 5 and pier 6 pavilion 71
N
100’
400’ 200’
FIG. 8.02
SITE DIMENSIONS Site: Dimensions
140’
’
’
520
400
64,400 sq ft
188
’
FIG. 8.03
100’
400’ 400’
100’
200’ 200’
N
72
Site Section
18’
30’ 60’
The average depth of the Inner Harbor pier is 30’ with the lowest depth of 18’ at the edges. The piers are constructed of connected piles with concrete ties holding the bulkheads taught at the ends.
June 21st
March 20th Sept 22nd
Dec 21
32°
AVG
188
188
’
’
Sun Path 73
78°
Wind
mph average
FIG. 8.04 - 8.08
UTILITIES/ACCESS
Service Access:
1
2
Pier 5/6 service access is a located as a discrete road accessible by the north or east side. The service entrance for the Pier 5 Hotel is located at the top left of my site covered up with greener and a overhead garage door. The will act as shared entrance since the harbor’s water draws the most pedestrian foot traffic. FIG. 8.09
100’
400’ 200’
N
74
FIG. 8.10
Parking
75
FIG. 8.11
Pier 5 Service Access
76
CIRCULATION Circulation
77
N
100’
400’ 200’
FIG. 8.12
Commuting and Biking
Reliable transportation is a huge factor the job market. Having a reliable form of transportation guarantees the employee can get into work on time in a consistent manner. Unfortunately reliable transportation isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t always available for college graduates, and like most cities, the major form of transportation for Baltimore is the car. Roughly 65% of Baltimore travels via the car for an average of 30 minutes or longer. To solve this, residential units in the Inner Harbor advertise their close to proximity to the business district. On average 40% of occupants walked 10 minutes to work, guaranteeing reliable transportation to business district. The City of Baltimore is also very receptive to bicycles. The entire Inner Harbor is bike accessible and all roads are shared with bikes. The city even designed bicycle shaped bike racks to encourage more greener transportation.
Off Site
FIG. 8.13 - 8.15
On Site
78
FIG. 8.16
Biking through Inner Harbor 79
FIG. 8.17
SITELight Rail and Water Taxi Routes:
Light Rail Water Taxi
100’
400’
N
200’
80
Water Taxi Next to walking the Inner Harbor, the water taxi is the most popular form of transportation. It allows users to access both sides of the harbor without walking all the way around. There are currently 17 stopping points throughout the harbor ranging from the Maryland Science Center to Fort Mchenry at the mouth of the harbor. Users are given the chance to explore all of Baltimoreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s waterfront while also getting a distinct vantage point from the water. The taxi acts more like a bus, with distant routes shared by other boats on the water. With one way tickets available for $7 and all day passes available for $12, it is a viable form of transportation through the center of Baltimore. 81
FIG. 8.18 - 8.19
Baltimore Light Rail The Baltimore light rail travels through the backbone of Baltimore City, and out. It is the fastest form of public transportation in and out of the city. The route starts in the south end at either Glen Burnie, MD or the BWI airport, travels through downtown Baltimore, and ends at Hunt Valley, MD in the north. The downtown segment stops at the University of Baltimore, the Convention Center, and Camden Yards just blocks away from the inner harbor. The rail passes through the business district, making it a popular form of commuting. With one way passes starting at $1.60 and all day passes available for $3.50, it is financially much more viable mode of transportation than a taxi.
FIG. 8.20 - 8.21
82
FIG. 9.01
Site Photos 83
84
1ST MARINER ARENA
TOURIST SHOPS CIVIC CENTER VISITOR CENTER CAMDEN YARDS
SCIENCE CENTER LIGHT RAIL
85
BUISNESS DISTRICT
THE GALLERY
WORLD TRADE NATIONAL CENTER AQUARIUM POWERPLANT
PIER 6 PAVILION
POWERPLANT LIVE
The Inner Harbor
BALTIMORE COMMUNITY COLLEGE
The Baltimore Inner Harbor and surrounding areas provide all the essential amenities for an above standard life style. For sporting entertainment there is the 1st Mariner Arena, Camden Yards, and M&T Bank Stadium. Jobs are readily available in the business district or even in the tourist center for supplemental income. For entertainment the Maryland Science Center, National Aquarium, PowerPlant, and HarborEast shopping district (complete with Whole Foods) are all within easy access. The National Aquarium contains an IMAX movie theater while in the HarborEast is a more traditional theater. The local nightlife is active in PowerPlant live with multiple clubs providing live music. Also available is the Federal Hill bars located off the historic row houses.
PIER 6 PARKING MARINE AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY PIER 5 HOTEL SHOPPING DISTRICT MOVIE THEATER FITNESS CENTER
RITZ CARLTON FEDERAL HILL PARK
HISTORIC ROW HOUSES
86 FIG. 9.02
SITE W/ CONTEXT 2
3 4
1
FIG. 9.03
100’
400’ 200’
N
FIG. 9.05
National Aquarium
87
FIG. 9.04
Business District Business District
FIG. 9.06
FIG. 9.07
Power Plant
88
FIG. 9.08
Marine Engineering Gardens
89
SITE W/ CONTEXT 3 2
1 4
FIG. 9.11 FIG. 9.09
400’ 200’
N
Power Plant Mixed-Use Marine Engineering
FIG. 9.10
100’
Pier 5 Hotel
FIG. 9.12
90
SITE W/ CONTEXT 2
3
FIG. 9.13
1
4
100’
400’ 200’
N
FIG. 9.15
Shopping District
91
FIG. 9.14
PowerPlant Live Historic Lighthouse
FIG. 9.16
FIG. 9.17
View of Harbor East
92
FIG. 9.18
93
FIG. 9.19
94
Opportunities 95
Education and Employment Opportunities: Baltimore is a growing city with many companies relocating back into the city. With the ample job opportunities and education institutes become an viable option for college students and graduates including: Colleges: - John Hopkins - University of Maryland Baltimore County - Baltimore City Community College - Morgan State - Loyola - Towson - University of Baltimore - Coppin State
Businesses: Under Armour Headquarters World Trade Center BB&T Bank M&T Bank Domino Food McCormick and Company Hord Coplan Macht Gensler John Hopkins Hospital Legg Manson Headquarters Port Discovery National Aquarium Maryland Science Center Pixel and Point Design Live Music Hotel and Culinary Opportunities Chesapeake Bay Sports
FIG. 10.01 - 10.12
96
Study of space 97
3D Study of Space The concept behind this model is to show space within a space. The design started with a central block with additive spaces around. The additive design then began to divide the interior space, subtracting that space from the larger void. The concept comes from the program spaces of high density living units with larger central gathering spaces. Looking at the model, there is no correct orientation to view, reinforcing the concept in every direction
FIG. 11.01 - 11.04
98
3D Study of Space This model show the playing of space between two aligned pieces. The pieces were meant to represent the harbor piers and water, and what would happen when the spacing was altered. The first variation was pulling apart to see the voids created. The next was sliding down one pier observing the void spaces closed off and the bridges from. The same two concepts were applied to a mirrored view, were to two pieces were not longer the same. This actually made for a closer interaction when shifting down one pier. In the model the same concept could be applied vertically at a 90 degree angle to create usable space at a corner of a building.
99
FIG. 11.05 - 11.06
3D Study of Space The concept behind this model was to show high density spaces within a modular room. The model was meant to be experimented with and came with its own kit of parts. With six vertical side slots and two top slots available, the partition walls could come together to create different layouts within a single space. The layout could range from a simple to complex arrangements. The exterior partitions also created a pattern on the outside of the building, creating a movable and changing skin on the building.
FIG. 11.07 - 11.08
100
3D Study of Space This model was developed to show two functions; to show an elevation proportion between the surrounding buildings on the site model, and to show interconnected space within a building. The model was designed to slide right into the site to give a visual estimation of what a 10 story building would look like in its surround context. The open spaces then acted like voids, framing parts of the downtown city skyline and allowing view through the buildings. Internally, the void spaces representing the larger spaces withing the program, and how they could communicate when connected. Not only are the spaces adjacent to each other, but an external connection is possible between similar spaces allowing for a complete interaction with the building; external and internal
101
FIG. 11.09 - 11.10
3D Study of Space The final concept model addresses structures. Since the site is located on the water, and a pier is going to be the base construction, the idea is to carry the pier construction throughout the building. This eliminates extra materials and labor while strengthening the buildings foundation. The root of this concept was to address rising sea levels nationally, and within the Inner Harbor. As the water levels rise, the building could elevated with it. Since the structure is built within it, the building is able to adapt to all types of water levels throughout the season.
FIG. 11.11 - 11.12
102
4.01
103
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7.09
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7.10
http://www.federalhill.info/images-gallery/FederalHill-Townhomes.jpg
7.11
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8.01
â&#x20AC;&#x153;Baltimore, Maryland.â&#x20AC;? Map. Google Maps. Google, 23 Feb 2013. Web. 21 August 2013
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10.03
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10.04
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11.03
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11.07
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106
Modeling Form 107
Modeling Form Developing the form of the building started with a simple extrusion of the site. As the extrusion grew taller on the south side, the form was to project over the water, activating the space underneath it. On the north side the form was to undulate, capturing the eyes of pedestrians and vehicle traffic from the street. To break up the interior space the concept was to add â&#x20AC;&#x153;pocket atriaâ&#x20AC;? throughout the entire building. This would provide public space throughout the building for both the residents and the public, while promoting social interaction. The floors at each atrium is slightly offset allowing for more visual interaction at each floor instead of typically only two. Each atrium was to be located around a open public function for the residents to gather or entertain their company. When working in conjunction with the 400 square foot rooms, the atrium provides a pressure/relief spacial quality for the residents. With the tight constraints of the high density rooms there is a calling for an enlarged open space for the residents to escape to.
FIG. 12.01
108
Modeling Form Progressing from the first massing model the focus was on the south end form interacting the with water. The water’s edge has two dominant axes intersecting at the southwest corner of the site. The concept then became to use this intersection and both axes in the buildings form. This started 3D digitally in Revit, being able to rotate views to find the best layout. The two axes served as boundary lines that were then sloped toward or away from the waters edge. This provided the effect of a second form revealing itself from one axis being static while the other slopped. The study models were then massed as full buildings yet neither layout generated the desired effect of celebrating the waters edge. To solve this problem more study model were going to have to made. This time all the computers were taken making digital modeling impossible and having to focus on hand modeling instead.
100’
400’ 200’
109
N
FIG. 12.02
FIG. 12.03 - 12.04
110
111
FIG. 12.05 - 12.06
Modeling Form Due to not being able to obtain a computer, I shifted my focus from digital modeling to hand modeling. The quickest way to design was to build simple facade models. Since I was still looking to resolve the south end form, I designed a series of different axes and sloping combinations. By focusing on just the south end form I was able to create smaller models instead of modeling them in full. I was then going to building the rest of the building as an additional piece to add on. Looking over the series of facade models, not of them stood out as the best design solution. The only possible solution was to start over from scratch. While thinking of how to make this form visibly appealing, while applying to the site lines, axes, and the water I began playing tinkering with my series of facade models. I found by combining two of simple model, they created a dynamic form that was a solution to all my design problems. This form wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have been possible without transitioning to hand modeling. The ability to physically rotate, look, and manipulate the model is under appreciated. If I would have stuck with digital modeling the form would be completely different and potentially taken longer to produce. There is no way I would have been able to combine the study models digitally the way I manipulated the physical models to create the final form of my building.
FIG. 12.07
+
+
=
112
Three study models joined together forming overall shape of building
113
FIG. 12.08
Digital form of study model
FIG. 12.09 - 12.10
Sketch of the layout for the three study models together
114
Programming Form Using the form created from combining the three individual study models, it was then time to program the spaces created. Injecting program into this form was extremely challenging due to the changing and recessed edges. I had then decided to separate the three forms into the own programmatic identities while still keeping a visual single identity. These separations would create alleyways for pedestrians and residents to use and interact. The pathways also allowed for more out door activities and to enjoy the inner harbor lifestyle. The drawback is circulation from building to building. The conceptual solution was to add sky walks or convert the alleyway to a covered outdoor atrium for protection.
115
FIG. 12.11
FIG. 12.12
116
Spacial Plans w/ sq ft: Balcony Space
Office
500 sq ft
700 sq ft
Vertical Circulation
Offices
5,400 sq ft
400 sq ft
Housing Unit
Vertical Circulation
300 sq ft
400 sq ft
Open Space
300 sq ft
Open Space Atrium
Open To Below
3,800 sq ft
1,800 sq ft
Office
Balcony
300 sq ft
Open To Below
2,000 sq ft
3,300 sq ft
Housing
8,700 sq ft
Open Space
650 sq ft
Balcony Space
Vertical Circulation
1,000 sq ft
Balcony Space
Skywalk
400 sq ft
Shopping 8,700 sq ft
Residential Units
Open To Below
8,700 sq ft
Floor Plate Square Footage: South Tower 76,000 sq ft Middle Tower 150,000 sq ft North Tower 40,000 sq ft
3,000 sq ft
Entrance Atrium 3,800 sq ft
Shopping Unit
Open Space 650 sq ft
1,300sq ft
Open To Below
Kiosk/Advertising space
300 sq ft
7,800 sq ft
Housing Units: 250 units dispersed between the south and middle towers at 300 sq ft.
Residential Units 7,300 sq ft
Seating Area
3,800 sq ft
Balcony Space
Open To Below
750 sq ft
1,000 sq ft
Coffeehouse/Bar 5,000 sq ft
Vertical Circulation 400 sq ft
117
N
FIG. 12.13
More Parking
Parking
Pier 5 Hotel
Service Area
Outdoor Area
Pier 6 Pavilion
Green Space
Outdoor Seating
100’
400’
100’
400’
N
200’ 200’
FIG. 12.14
118
Site Plan Site Plan
Occupant Approach
Occupant Approach
Public Approach
Public Approach
100’
400’
100’
200’
100’
200’
100’
119
400’
200’ 200’
400’ 400’
N
N
FIG. 12.15
100’
400’
100’
400’
200’
N
200’
FIG. 12.16
120
121
FIG. 12.17
FIG. 12.18
122
123
FIG. 12.19
FIG. 12.20
124
12.01
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12.15 12.17 12.18 12.19 12.20
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126
Programming 127
Programming: User: College Graduates Young Professionals Tourist and Shoppers
HOUSING
Users needs: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Place to Market themselves - Open Space/Gallery Place to Learn - Digital Media/Classrooms Place to Work - Coffee Shop/Convenience Store Place to Socialize - Lounge/Coffee Shop and Rooftop Bar Place to Live - 500 sq ft Apartment Units
OPEN SPACE/ GALLERY
HOUSING
HOUSING DIGITAL MEDIA/ CLASSROOM
BUILDING FRAMEWORK
FOOD AND CONVENIENCE
HOUSING
LOUNGE/COFFEE
Fig. 13.01 - Program Layout
128
Internal Revenue
Coffee/Food Shop
Convenience Store
Teaching and Tutoring
Fig. 13.02 - Internal Revenue
129
One of the many benefits of a mixed use building is the ability to produce internal revenue. Because of the many different types of programmed housed all in one facility, the building has the building to be self sufficient. If the residents of the building cannot find an income within the city, the building itself can offer multiple ways to produce some way of cash flow. For example, if one of the many residents within the building cannot find a suitable, long term job they can work at the convenience store, coffee shop, package center, or start their own personal business within the same building. This becomes a temporary job for the resident, and they are also able to afford rent without worry. For the building owner, this means residents should have no reason for not paying rent, along with the income of having a store or shop leasing the space. This ideally makes the building self sufficient and giving the residents the opportunity to adjust into a professional life, while keeping the building owner happy.
Programming: Place to Market themselves - Space for users to gather/entertain/and showcase work. By utilizing high density dwelling units, other
functions of the building are able to expand. This space counteracts the sub-500 sq ft units with flexible open space that can be broken down and arranged to fit all functions
Open Space/Gallery
Included: • • • •
Partition wall system Chair and Table Storage Projector Screens Public Bathrooms
Place to Learn - Space for users to utilize computers and technology not always affordable. This gives the users the ability
to work on school work or digital media for a job. The space is intended to help the user better themselves in this digital age we live in. The ability to add another aspect to a portfolio is priceless if it eventually leads to employment. Users can help each other by exchanging digital services or knowledge about computer program and can lead to tutoring sessions or classes on any program.
Digital Media/Classrooms
Included: • • • • •
Computer Rooms Video Chat/Conference Call Classrooms Server Room Projector Screens 130
Programming: Place to Work - Space for users to work, making minimum money to sustain life in the downtown area. Jobs can take time
to acquire, and time is money. The typical college has about $80,000 in student loans plus interest, so acquiring a steady income becomes vital to make it in the city. By supplying the users a job within the building, they never have to worry about transportation or any other variables that could contribute to unemployment. This keeps the building users with enough money to make rent and the basic essential until they finally acquire the dream job they went to college for.
Coffee Shop/Convenience
Included: • Waste • Offices • Storage • Kitchenette
• ATM • Packaging Center • Seating Area
Place to Socialize - Space for users to gather outside the professional atmosphere. By creating a space that people will want to
occupy not only enhances the building user’s experience but also functions to bring the public in from the Inner Harbor. This creates an opportunity for the building community to expand into the city fabric through shared spaces. Opportunities to make connections, advertise, and promote yourself to help land a big interview. Getting hired is all about who you know.
Lounge/Coffee Shop
Included: • Advertising Space • Connection to Coffee/Snack Shop • Open to Community outside • Fireplace 131
• Pool tables • Cafe Shop experience • Outdoor seating emphasizing Inner Harbor
Programming: Place to Live - Living units focus on high density modular construction. By utilizing modular units, construction cost are kept to a minimal, while the low footprint of the unit keeps the cost down for the renters. Each unit will have full amenities sized to comfortably house 1-2 users at a time. There will be three different modular units repeating throughout the building for variety. The units will utilize a open floor plan, overlapping programmatic functions, with partition/hide/reveal walls for privacy.
Living Units
Included: • Kitchen • Living room • Bedroom • Bathroom • Balcony
250 units at 300-500SQ FT = 100,000 SQ FT
132
Schematic Square Footage:
Description First Floor Bar/Coffeehouse Coffeehouse Office Storage Services/Utilities/Waste Groundskeeper/Janitor Entrance Personal Offices Atrium/Lobby/Lounge Advertise/Display Mechanical Bathroom Elevator Stairs Net Area – First Floor Circulation/Construction @ 25% Gross Area First Floor
Approx. Room Size 12000 150 400 600 50 1250 150 10000 180 150 250 60 200
Qty
1 1 1 1 1 1 40 1 4 1 2 2 5
Square Feet 12,000 150 400 600 50 1,250 6,000 10000 720 150 500 120 1,000 32,940 8,235 41,175
Description Second Floor Bar/Coffeehouse Gallery Occupant Entrance Package Center Mail Room Personal Offices Shops Shop Office Storage ATM Groundskeeper/Janitor Atrium Advertise Space Bathroom Elevator Stairs Net Area – Second Floor Circulation/Construction @ 25% Gross Area First Floor
133
Approx. Room Size
Qty
4500 4500 1250 500 150 150 600 100 400 50 50 5000 180 250 60 200
1 1 1 1 1 40 12 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 2 5
Square Feet 4500 4500 1250 500 150 6000 7200 100 400 50 50 5000 720 500 120 1,000 32,040 8,010 40,050
Description
Description Third Floor Gallery Convenience Store Classrooms/Office Shops Waste Atrium Storage Patio Space or Outdoor Space Groundskeeper Start of Housing Bathroom Elevator Stairs Net Area – Third Floor Circulation/Construction @ 25% Gross Area First Floor
Approx. Room Size
Qty
4500 1000 800 600 50 6500 400 3500 50 400 250 60 200
1 1 4 8 1 1 1 1 1 12 2 2 4
Square Feet 4500 1000 3200 4800 50 6500 400 3500 50 4800 500 120 800 30220 7555 37775
Fourth, Sixth, Eigth, Tenth Floor Housing Gallery/Studio Storage Open Space/atrium Grounds Keeper Patio Space Mechanical Elevator Stairs Net Area – Fourth Floor
Approx. Room Size
Qty
400 4500 400 6000 50 1800 150 60 200
35 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 4
Circulation/Construction @ 25%
Fifth, Seventh, Ninth Floor Housing Gallery/Studio/Business Storage Open Space Grounds Keeper Patio Space Waste Elevator Stairs Net Area – Fifth Floor Circulation/Construction @ 25% Gross Area First Floor
14,000 4500 400 6000 50 3600 150 120 800 29,620 7405
Gross Area First Floor Description
Square Feet
37025 Approx. Room Size
Qty
400 4500 400 4000 50 1500 50 60 200
35 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 4
Square Feet 14,000 4500 400 8000 50 1500 50 120 800 29,420 7,355 36,775 134
Defining Circulation 135
Defining Circulation After the Schematic design presentation, concept of using three separate identities for program was proven to be inefficient and too problematic. The concept was to then connect the three identities was atria on the lower levels then create a single floor plate in the upper levels. This both reduced the construction cost while keeping the alleyway circulation through the sides of the building.
The next focus was on the linear circulation through the dominant axis. This would serve as the primary circulation through which many of the function of the building would branch off of. The first step was to configure the room layout throughout the building. Since these were apartment style rooms, all units had to have access to outdoor window space. The next step was to locate the social interaction for potential pocket atria. Once those are determined the linear circulation throughout the building could be identified.
FIG. 14.01 - Layout of the three separate identities connected by the atria
136
137
FIG. 14.02 - 14.03
FIG. 14.04 - 14.05
138
139
These pocket atria are located just off the primary circulation and are designed to promote social interaction and a feeling of openness. This space provides residents a place to break from the circulation flow, and stop to interact with other residents or spend time on their own. It is visible from the primary circulation and acts as a meeting area, or point of interest within the building. The glass provides views to FIG. 14.06 - 14.07
the outside world or other programmatic functions within the building. They also provide a sense of openness with high ceilings and bigger spaces in comparison to the rest of the building. This can bee seen clearly in the Seattle libraryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s atria. These spaces are designed as open space so that they may fluctuate as program requires. This allows them to serve as a meeting space or an individual space to read all within the same atria
140
High density housing 141
High Density Housing In order for my thesis to work the apartments would have to be affordable for new college graduates. With most apartment rent calculated by square footage, the lower the square footage the cheaper the apartment. The opens the building to be a perfect candidate of high density architecture, and the first in the Baltimore area. High density architecture is relatively new to America but much more utilized in foreign countries as a solution to overcrowding. I am using this style of architecture to keep rent affordable and maximize the number of units available in within the building. The lower the rent, the more potential residents. The lower the square footage, the more rooms available in a single building. It really is a win/win for both resident and building manager. I decided that 400 square feet would be optimal for a building of this size and layout. This provided plenty of room for full amenities for 1 to 2 people but no more. This way the apartments would strictly be used by young professional, and once their career has taken off they are in a better place financially to move into a bigger space. Throughout my studies I looked at multiple case studies to design the best possible layout while adding its own unique building qualities and space solutions.
Fig. 15.01 - 130 sq ft apartment with pull out sofa/bed designed by architects Marc Baillargeon and Julie Nabucet. 142
Fig. 15.02 - adAPT New York Competition winner featuring 400 square feet rooms.
143
Fig 15.03 - 500 sq ft apartment that utilizes the cube, housing the bathroom and storage, as a separation device from the rest of the spaces.
144
Fig 15.04 - 400 sq ft apartment designed by Dattner Architects. The space shows overhead storage and mechanical space.
145
Fig. 15.05 - Proposed 300 sq ft micro apartments to be built in San Fransisco. The design is waiting city approval, determining if 300 sq ft harms quality of living. 146
Fig. 15.06 - 15.09 - Bathroom and Kitchen Layout Variations 147
148
Fig. 15.10 - Design 1 - Full amenities with murphy style fold up sofa/bed and kitchen table. 149
Fig. 15.11 - Design 2 - Full amenities with built in sofa and murphy style bed/kitchen table. 150
Fig. 15.12 - Design 3 - Full amenities with pull out sofa/bed housed underneath elevated office/study and balcony space. 151
Fig. 15.13 - Design 3 spacial variations from typical setting, sleep setting, and dining setting. Also elevation view of built in wall storage. 152
Presentation 153
Fig. 16.01 - 16.03 4th Floor, 7th Floor, and 11th Floor plan. Criticism: Floor plan was left to open with no specific program to fill the voids.
UP
UP
UP
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Fig. 16.04 West elevation Criticism: First three levels unfinished and exterior of rooms too uniform.
155
Fig. 16.05 East Elevation Criticism: First three levels unfinished, no exterior skin
156
Fig. 16.06 Major Atrium 1 Criticism: Empty with no entourage. Levels need to slop back to open up atrium 157
Fig. 16.07 Major Atrium 2 Criticism: Empty with no entourage. Atrium doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t show much social interaction
Fig. 16.08 - 16.10 Exploded axon, Section Perspective of high density room. Criticism: All rooms are the same, no personalization 158
159
Fig. 16.11 Presentation board 1
Fig. 16.12 Presentation board 2
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13.01 13.02 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07
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Redefining the design 163
Redefining the Design After the design defense review there were many criticisms but the three that stood out are:
• • •
Floor Plan Circulation Breaking up the Facade Personalizing the Room
The problem with the floor plan circulation is that it was too open and with no sense of direction. It was advised to look at other case studies to fill some of the empty voids. Through case studies, other architects used movable furniture, chaotic circulation, and multiple elevation changes. Even more, the atrium space needed to be updated to really promote socialization. Other architects were successful in doing this by projecting parts of the program into the shared spaces as seen in the later pages.
Fig. 17.01 - Baker house by Alvar Aalto utilizes the free form edge of the river in contrast of the sharp edges of the city. Located on the free form edge are the apartment units with the gathering space directly across, split by the circulation path.
164
165
Redefining the Design The Stata center designed by Frank Gehry became the focal case study for my design. This building was designed to promote social interaction through its circulation. Both the interior and exterior is laid out in a chaotic way, but this is done for a reason. The building is designed chaos so that the users never exactly know where they are and can literally get lost. By getting lost within the building the user is forced to interact with other users, creating chance encounters. The circulation is a laid out in no specific way with pockets throughout the building for social interaction. Located throughout the building are also two story atria, and many ways to circulate the building vertically. Therefore there are multiple circulation routes to get to the same destination.
Fig. 17.02
Fig. 17.03 - Stata Center Floor Plan
166
FIG. 17.04 - Stata Center Circulation Path
167
FIG. 17.05 - Pocket Atrium w/ Vertical Elevation Change
The â&#x20AC;&#x153;naked houseâ&#x20AC;? by Shigeru Ban utilizes a completely open space with movable furniture to create program. The furniture works together to partition the room off and create separations. The furniture then tucks back into voids at the edge of the space to open back up. This same concept can be applied to my building with its open space circulation.
FIG. 17.06 - Movable Furniture
168
Fig. 17.07 - Atrium Material Change through Paneling
169
Fig. 17.08 - Program projecting out into Atrium
170
Fig. 17.09 - Adding Circulation above and through the Atrium
171
Fig. 17.10 - Program projecting into Atrium promoting visual interaction
172
Fig. 17.11 - Sketches of Floor Plans
173
Redefining the Design The redesign of the floor plan incorporates many of the designs applied above. The primary circulation is run from north to south ending with the coffee shop/bar overlooking the harbor. Now the circulation has two story atria with multiple vertical circulation routes. As you progress down the circulation there is pinch/ squeeze of space from material change and furniture space. At the middle of the circulation is another atrium off the major circulation and primary open space. This is to promote visual interaction, allowing the users to view each other and the activities going on. Further down there is yet another pinch/squeeze of the space branched right off the major sloping atrium to promote even more visual interaction. Then there is a split in the circulation followed by another pocket atrium and open gathering space before arriving at the coffee shop/bar. Located all through the building are multiple points of vertical circulation via stairways and elevators. This allows the users to travel multiple directions and take many different routes, raising the opportunity of the chance encounters, on the way to their original destination.
UP
DN
UP
UP
UP
Fig. 17.12 - Floor Plan Transition
174
Fig. 17.13 - Breaking Up the Facade through Paneling
Fig. 17.14 - Breaking Up the Facade through Consistent Paneling
175
Fig. 17.15 - Breaking Up the Facade through Paneling, Every Other
Fig. 17.16 - Breaking Up the Facade by Mirroring Room Design
176
Fig. 17.17 - 17.18 Adding personalization ability through track wall system. The track system is mounted in every room with different attachments available. Now the user can personalize their space and storage possibilities. If the user wants to add storage they can simple drop by the store located within the building and request for more shelfing or storage.
177
Fig. 17.19 - Different Types of Hooks and Baskets for Storage
178
17.01 17.02 17.03
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http://academics.triton.edu/faculty/fheitzman/ baker%20house.jpg http://web.mit.edu/facilities/photos/construction/ Projects/stata/1_large.jpg
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Presentation 181
Fig. 18.01 - Board 1
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Fig. 18.02 - Board 2
Fig. 18.03 - Board 3
184
Images 185
Fig. 19.01 - Step by step diagram of form creation
186
Fig. 19.02 - Site Plan
187
Fig. 19.03 - Site Section
188
UP
UP
DN
FIG. 19.04 - 1st Floor Plan
FIG. 19.05 - 4th Floor Plan
UP
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FIG. 19.06 - 11th Floor Plan
190
191
FIG. 19.07 - Perspective
FIG. 19.08 - 19.09 East and West Elevation
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Fig. 19 .10 - Hallway Perspective
Fig. 19.11 - Atrium Perspective
194
Fig. 19.12 - Atrium Section
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Fig. 19.13 - Geothermal Axon
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Fig. 19.15 - Room Plan w/ Bed
Fig. 19.16 - Room Plan Completely Open
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Fig. 19.14 - Room Floor Plan
Fig. 19.17 - Furniture Diagram
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Fig. 19.18 - Room Section Perspective 1
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Fig. 19.19 - Room Section Perspective 2
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boards 201
Pier 5.5
Simple Extrusion of Site
Cut Away for Circulation
Addition of Collaborative Spaces
Live_Work Community for the Emerging Professional
In today’s economy, one of the toughest tasks is finding employment. This especially applies to college graduates and the emerging professionals. A decade ago, emerging professionals could transition from college directly to a cozy well paying job. Now, students are lucky to land a job right out of college, with less than half the starting salary ten years ago. Not only are these professionals required to deal with the recent economical changes, but also the burdens of starting a new chapter in their life: finding a new place with today’s rent prices, student loans, competitive job market, and commuting. The success rate of transitioning from college life to the professional world is steadily decreasing, raising the question is college even worth it? More and more struggling professionals are working jobs that don’t require a degree and are “mal-employed”. A solution is to provide a building to act as a transition point or springboard into the professional world, increasing the chances of obtaining a job by eliminating several variables that lead to failure. By placing the building in the heart of the downtown city, where jobs are more available, job access and commuting variables are virtually eliminated. These young professionals are then surrounded by others currently in the same situations, providing a greater sense of community while the architecture promotes
collaboration to increase job success rate. Just like people, a successful building is a one that can too adapt to change over time. This has led to an increase of mixed use type building over time. The benefit of combining a living community with a market and shop services isn’t just creating a richer environment for the users, but the potential chance of internal revenue. Ideally, a buildings could be self-sustaining through the spacial program it overs. By offering temporary jobs, personal offices, small business shops, and other sources of income, building occupants have ample opportunities for in-house employment. Therefore, the building provides an income for the tenants to always pay the monthly rent. The City of Baltimore provides a great setting to employ this type of building. Baltimore is a constantly growing, with more and more business looking to move and set up shop downtown. Career opportunities range from office business jobs, creative design jobs, local music, and small personal shops. The heart of the city is the Inner Harbor, providing a space for both tourist and locals to enjoy. By placing the building here, the emerging professionals are within walking distance to a variety of jobs, culture, and enjoyable environment.
Combine to Create Uniform Building
4
2
1 7 3
6 5
Site Plan 1 - Hotel 5 2 - Parking 3 - Marriot 4 - Museum 5 - Lighthouse 6 - Pier 6 Pavilion 7 - Baltimore Aquarium
Coffee/Food Shop
$80,000
FIG. 20.01
Brendan Taylor____ARCH 799____Prof Reno____Spring 2013
$27 ,000
50
% College Graduates work a job that doesn’t require a Bachelors Degree
1.9 Million College Grads “Mal-Employed”
Convenience Store
100’
Teaching and Tutoring
202
15’
8
1
5
1st Floor Plan
1 2
4 1
3
3rd Floor Plan
8
1 - Offices 2 - Package Center 3 - Convenience Store 4 - Reception 5 - Shops 6 - Coffee Bar 7 - Restaurant 8 - Kitchen 9 - Outside Seating 10 - Material Change
1 - Housing 2 - Collaborative Space 3 - Open To Below 4 - Bar Lounge 5 - Egress 6 - Material Change 7 - Media Room 8 - Studio Offices
1
1 UP
3
Axon w/ Geothermal
Axon
5 6
5
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1
3
1
10
1
2
2 UP
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The design of the plans is strictly dictated by the user’s circulation. The architect has the ability to direct the user’s movement with their designs decisions. This can be done through a change in scale, color, materiality, or visual interactions between floor plates. Here, the user approaches the building from the west and is split by the central extruding form. The first two floors are dedicated towards shops, offices, lounges, and restaurants. This opens the building to the up, creating interaction between both residents and the public. The circulation adapts a “pinch/release” spacing, allowing for open spaces for gathering and tight enclosed spaces to encourage movement. From the third floor and above the 187 residential units begin. Here the circulation promotes meandering from space to space, offering both visual and physical connections from the floors above and below. Here the users are interacting with each other, creating new friends, connections, and opportunities.
5
11th Floor Plan 1 - Housing 2 - Collaborative Space 3 - Egress 4 - Material Change
5
Floor Plans:
3
Interior Perspective
10 1
6
Collaboration Spaces and Atria: 6
These spaces are designed with flexibility in mind. The space can adapt to the users specific need, allowing for optimal use. These spaces can serve as a gallery, studio, media space, office, or any other function the user could need. Combining both collaboration and atrium spaces allows visual and physical interaction within floor plates. By providing a main atrium with multiple mini atria throughout the building, the user is able to vertically interact at multiple points. The user then has the ability to see where they want to go, have multiple routes to chose from, allowing for chance interactions with different users every time.
7
7 8
2
1 3
9
15’
5
4
UP
Atrium Section
East Elevation
203
West Elevation
FIG. 20.02
Kitchen
Seating
Bathroom
Mech & Plum. Office
Section Perspective Kitchen and Office
Section Perspective Slat Wall Storage
Storage
Exploded Room Axon Room Plan 1 - Bathroom 2 - Kitchen 3 - Dinning 4 - Sleeping 5 - Office 6 - Outdoor 7 - Entertaining
Space Saving Furniture
2 7 3
Compact For Company
Open For Storage
7
High Density Spaces:
FIG. 20.03
Slat Wall Adaptation
In efforts to keep cost down, the building units must be extremely efficient. At 400 S.F., each unit uses the maximum amount of space with minimum size. No space can be wasted, maximizing efficiency. By keeping the square footage down, more units can be installed, lowering monthly rent fees. This also significantly reduces electric and HVAC bills over your typical housing unit helping the emerging professional afford a place in the heart of any downtown city. Even though the unit if uniform, spacial planning allows for a certain degree of adaptability. The built in furniture often serves two purposes; the bed can be part way rolled into a raise platform, acting as a couch for guests. Storage and furniture can be built into a single space saving identity, allowing maximum efficiency and no dead space. This allows the building units to support from a single user to a small social gathering of friends and family. Furthermore, the slatwall allows the user to customize their unit. This is a completely in-house operation, were the user can walk down to the 1st floor shops and select from a range of storage, hooks, and hangers. This allows the unit to adapt to the users needs.
4
6 2â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
5
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Pier 5.5
collaboration to increase job success rate. Just like people, a successful building is a one that can too adapt to change over time. This has led to an increase of mixed use type building over time. The benefit of combining a living community with a market and shop services isn’t just creating a richer environment for the users, but the potential chance of internal revenue. Ideally, a buildings could be self-sustaining through the spacial program it overs. By offering temporary jobs, personal offices, small business shops, and other sources of income, building occupants have ample opportunities for in-house employment. Therefore, the building provides an income for the tenants to always pay the monthly rent. The City of Baltimore provides a great setting to employ this type of building. Baltimore is a constantly growing, with more and more business looking to move and set up shop downtown. Career opportunities range from office business jobs, creative design jobs, local music, and small personal shops. The heart of the city is the Inner Harbor, providing a space for both tourist and locals to enjoy. By placing the building here, the emerging professionals are within walking distance to a variety of jobs, culture, and enjoyable environment.
Cut Away for Circulation
Addition of Collaborative Spaces
Combine to Create Uniform Building
1
4
3
2
8
1 - Offices 2 - Package Center 3 - Convenience Store 4 - Reception 5 - Shops 6 - Coffee Bar 7 - Restaurant 8 - Kitchen 9 - Outside Seating 10 - Material Change
4 Simple Extrusion of Site
5
1st Floor Plan
2
Live_Work Community for the Emerging Professional
In today’s economy, one of the toughest tasks is finding employment. This especially applies to college graduates and the emerging professionals. A decade ago, emerging professionals could transition from college directly to a cozy well paying job. Now, students are lucky to land a job right out of college, with less than half the starting salary ten years ago. Not only are these professionals required to deal with the recent economical changes, but also the burdens of starting a new chapter in their life: finding a new place with today’s rent prices, student loans, competitive job market, and commuting. The success rate of transitioning from college life to the professional world is steadily decreasing, raising the question is college even worth it? More and more struggling professionals are working jobs that don’t require a degree and are “mal-employed”. A solution is to provide a building to act as a transition point or springboard into the professional world, increasing the chances of obtaining a job by eliminating several variables that lead to failure. By placing the building in the heart of the downtown city, where jobs are more available, job access and commuting variables are virtually eliminated. These young professionals are then surrounded by others currently in the same situations, providing a greater sense of community while the architecture promotes
8
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1
1
1 UP
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3
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6 10 5
2
Site Plan 1 - Hotel 5 2 - Parking 3 - Marriot 4 - Museum 5 - Lighthouse 6 - Pier 6 Pavilion 7 - Baltimore Aquarium
Coffee/Food Shop
$80,000
$27 ,000
50
% College Graduates work a job that doesn’t require a Bachelors Degree
1.9 Million College Grads “Mal-Employed”
Convenience Store
UP
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3 10
100’
5
Teaching and Tutoring
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6
Floor Plans: The design of the plans is strictly dictated by the user’s circulation. The architect has the ability to direct the user’s movement with their designs decisions. This can be done through a change in scale, color, materiality, or visual interactions between floor plates. Here, the user approaches the building from the west and is split by the central extruding form. The first two floors are dedicated towards shops, offices, lounges, and restaurants. This opens the building to the up, creating interaction between both residents and the public. The circulation adapts a “pinch/release” spacing, allowing for open spaces for gathering and tight enclosed spaces to encourage movement. From the third floor and above the 187 residential units begin. Here the circulation promotes meandering from space to space, offering both visual and physical connections from the floors above and below. Here the users are interacting with each other, creating new friends, connections, and opportunities.
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15’
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East Elevation
Brendan Taylor____ARCH 799____Prof Reno____Spring 2013
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3rd Floor Plan 1 - Housing 2 - Collaborative Space 3 - Open To Below 4 - Bar Lounge 5 - Egress 6 - Material Change 7 - Media Room 8 - Studio Offices
Kitchen
Seating
Axon w/ Geothermal
Bathroom
3
Mech & Plum.
1 1
Office
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Section Perspective Kitchen and Office
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2
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Section Perspective Slat Wall Storage
11th Floor Plan 1 - Housing 2 - Collaborative Space 3 - Egress 4 - Material Change
Storage
Interior Perspective Collaboration Spaces and Atria: These spaces are designed with flexibility in mind. The space can adapt to the users specific need, allowing for optimal use. These spaces can serve as a gallery, studio, media space, office, or any other function the user could need. Combining both collaboration and atrium spaces allows visual and physical interaction within floor plates. By providing a main atrium with multiple mini atria throughout the building, the user is able to vertically interact at multiple points. The user then has the ability to see where they want to go, have multiple routes to chose from, allowing for chance interactions with different users every time.
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n
Axon
1
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Exploded Room Axon
UP
1 - Bathroom Room Plan 2 - Kitchen
Atrium Section
1
3 - Dinning 4 - Sleeping 5 - Office 6 - Outdoor 7 - Entertaining
Space Saving Furniture
2 7 3
West Elevation Compact For Company
Open For Storage
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High Density Spaces:
Slat Wall Adaptation
In efforts to keep cost down, the building units must be extremely efficient. At 400 S.F., each unit uses the maximum amount of space with minimum size. No space can be wasted, maximizing efficiency. By keeping the square footage down, more units can be installed, lowering monthly rent fees. This also significantly reduces electric and HVAC bills over your typical housing unit helping the emerging professional afford a place in the heart of any downtown city. Even though the unit if uniform, spacial planning allows for a certain degree of adaptability. The built in furniture often serves two purposes; the bed can be part way rolled into a raise platform, acting as a couch for guests. Storage and furniture can be built into a single space saving identity, allowing maximum efficiency and no dead space. This allows the building units to support from a single user to a small social gathering of friends and family. Furthermore, the slatwall allows the user to customize their unit. This is a completely in-house operation, were the user can walk down to the 1st floor shops and select from a range of storage, hooks, and hangers. This allows the unit to adapt to the users needs.
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Conclusion 209
Conclusion If there is one thing this thesis has taught me is how fast ideas and designs can evolve. Looking back, my initial thesis statement was formed by looking at the opposite end of the spectrum of “active” retirement communities, and progressed to high density dwellings for the upcoming professional. It is truly amazing how some simple research and small changes can add up to create something completely new. Overall I am very proud of what my thesis has become, turning my half baked ideas into a real design, all based on a little research. Even though my thesis turned out different from what I had intended, the design changes presented me with a challenge I gladly accepted. I had no intention of my building growing to this large of a scale. My original intention was to keep this building smaller in scale, with to ability to focus more of my design into the smaller details like the room and interior atrium space. A few small design changes later. I had a +600,000 square foot building with just under 200 rooms instead of my intended 50. Dealing with such a large scale building quickly became a burden. Designing from the exterior of a building this size all the way down to the collapsible built-in furniture covers a huge spectrum of design and I know parts of the building suffered from it. I just didn’t have the time to design the entire building and had to focus my efforts on key features.
I do feel like my design could have improved by reducing the scale of my building. The initial reason for the scale change was trying to design practically, but without any limitations. Therefore, I was advised the bigger the building, the more rooms it could yield, the more income it would produce without having anything to limit my design or intentions. I now know that building at this scale also comes with a downside; the design details. A smaller scale building would have allowed me to focus in on my designs and possible test more than one solution to the design challenges. That being said, I found myself being drawn to the high density architecture, designing for the most space efficient design possible. I even designed a sub 300 square foot room, but unfortunately it was to small for the building scale I was working with. This is were I spent most of my times, and could have spent the entire thesis on high density architecture.
Even though the thesis school year is over I could work on the design of this building for ever. Unfortunately there does become a time when you have to move on, and you can’t keep making those little tweaks you wanted to do. I would have really liked to look into different building skins, to optimize the Inner Harbor views, but help with the north/south orientation of the building. I also feel the protruding forms created by the two river axes could be emphasis more. With time I would have liked to portray that they were piercing through the building, serving as light wells to the core of the building. Finally I would have liked to work on the renderings more. I know they aren’t my strongest quality, but I am proud of the renderings produced. Looking around at my classmates, they captured your attention and proved you don’t need photo-realistic renderings to portray your design. 210
Bibliography 211
- “Central Beheer - Hermann Hertzberger.” GreatBuildings. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2012. <http://www.greatbuildings. com/buildings/Central_Beheer.html>. -
Ching, Frank. Architecture: Form, Space and Order. New York [u.a.: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1979. Print.
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Costa Duran, Sergi. High Density Housing. Barcelona, Spain: Loft Publications, 2009.
- Davis, Howard. Living over the Store: Architecture and Local Urban Life. Abingdon, Oxon [England: Routledge, 2012. Print. -
Freeman, Michael. Space: Japanese Design Solutions for Compact Living. New York, NY: Universe, 2004. Print.
- Jordan Parnass Digital Architecture. Last modified 2009. Accessed October 8, 2012. http://jpda.net/projects/east village-studio. - Kliment, Stephen A., Robert Chandler, and Clancy Goody. Building Type Basics for Housing. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010. -
Nielsen, Kim Herforth. Mind Your Behaviour: How Architecture Shapes Behaviour. [Copenhagen]: 3XN, 2010. Print.
- Perez, Adelyn. “Simmons Hall at MIT/ Steven Holl.” ArchDaily. N.p., 21 June 2010. Web. 07 Nov. 2012. <http://www. archdaily.com/65172/simmons-hall-at-mit-steven-holl/>.
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