This is not a pipe [ Part 1. Research Book ]
Keunyoung Lim
This is not a pipe [ Part 1. Research Book ]
Keunyoung Lim Independent Study | Spring 2018
Curiosity
What is there, behind the scene?
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Operating Room, Set for The Host directed by Junho Bong. Design & Photo Courtesy of Keunyoung LIm. 2006
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Curiosity
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Being John Malkovich. Spike Jonze. 1999 Left: https://www.intjournal.com/1113/being-john-malkovich/
As a set designer of the film, I began to have an aspiration to explore the world behind the scene. Unlike the film in which people are able to occupy the physical residue of inhabited spaces, in reality, the behind scene is usually full of the infrastructure of a building, only being occupied by service personnel.
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Curiosity
Supplement To Va Hospital Building https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/VA/VAS
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g System Research Study Report STUDIES/hospital_bldg_system.pdf
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Curiosity
What is hidden behind the scene, in reality?
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Exploring the hidden overhead space of Korean Vernacular Architecture Photo Courtesy of Keunyoung Lim & Korean Broadcasting System. 2008
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Discourse
The Bank of America Tower at one Bryant Park, Cook + Fox Architects, New York , 2010
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What is the hidden space? Thickening large section space for several architectural issues ranging from building functionality, public health, environmental technology, and human factors Sandwich of fundamental building infrastructure including mechanical and electrical service that makes the building work Uninhabited and inaccessible space as an Inviolable off-limit to the architects and the users of buildings, that is a technical and fanciless object.
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Precidents
Are they dark zone, junk space? or novel potential?
"…The section is no longer simply divided by the discrete demarcations of individual floors; it has become a sandwich, a kind of conceptual zebra; free zones for human occupancy alternate with inaccessible bands of concrete, wiring, and ducts… the section becomes a battlefield; white and black compete for outright domination. The dark zone is not only strictly 'useless' for the future inhabitants of the building; it also becomes conceptually inaccessible to the architect." Rem Koolhaas, S,M,L,XL. "…Junkspace is what remains after modernization has run its course or, more precisely, what coagulates while modernization is in progress, its fallout. Modernization had a rational program: to share the blessings of science, universally. Junkspace is its apotheosis, or meltdown... Although its individual parts are the outcome of brilliant inventions, lucidly planned by human intelligence, boosted by infinite computation, their sum spells the end of Enlightenment, its resurrection as farce, a low-grade purgatory… " Rem Koolhaas, Junk Space, 2006
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Koolhaas, Koolhaas, Rem, Westcott, James, Davis, Ben, Truby, Stephan, Harvard University. Graduate School of Design, Office for Metropolitan Architecture. AMO, and International Architectural Exhibition. Elements of Architecture. [Venice]: Marsilio Editori Spa, 2014.
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Precidents
Are they unsuspectedness? or determinants of form?
Reyner Banham argues that architectural discourse has been limited only to the external form excluding the mechanical service from architectural history, which deprived of profound research on architecture. Tracing out the evolutionary history of the environmental technologiesheating, cooling and ventilating, artificial illumination, and acoustics- he shows how they had manifested themselves in the design of their buildings. In his conclusion, he attempted to establish the parameters for an authentically new architectural aesthetic in which new environmental technologies would act as determinants as of an architectural form.
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Banham, Reyner. The Architecture of the Well-tempered Environment. London: Architectural P., 1969.
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How has the infrastructure space evolved?
Together with developing technology and increasing human expectation towards health and comfort, the space for building infrastructure-mechanical, electrical, plumbing, communication and surveillance devices- have increased over time. The tension between taking higher service efficiency and hiding the required volume of the space has created a long evolution to form the space. No matter how diverse the evolutionary process is, service armatures and their dedicated spaces tend to be pushed to the background as a result, remaining out of the sight. While increased volumetrically-in modern buildings, the infrastructure space occupies more than twenty-five percent of the entire volume in a building-it has shrunk perceptually, creating surprising indifference of the building users since the twentieth century.
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Evolution
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Pre-spatialized: having less relationship with building
The involvement of the entire structure in ventilation and heat distribution has not developed until the Sixteenth Century. Early heating method-open fire-lacked air currents, being located in the center of the chamber. Even though architects usually thought ventilation has been attained if some of the windows can be opened, open fire consumed great quantities of oxygen, which called for forced-fed ventilation. Above: Foot Warmer. 13th Century. Middle Left: Hand Warmer. 13th Century. Middle Right: Braziers, 14th~15th Century. Bottom Left: Desaguliers' "Blowing Engine," 1734. Bottom Right: Braziers, 14th~15th Century. Wright, L. (1968). Home fires burning: The history of domestic heating and cooking (Routledge paperback; 83). London: Routledge & K. Paul.
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The gigantic fan, Punkan in India was placed in the centre of an apartment in general, above a bed, or table, or in any other position that may be more suitable, being suspended by cords and moved by a line held by one or more attendants, either in the apartment or outside, the line being conveyed, in the latter case, by an aperture through the wall.
Above: Large fan. Right Above: The punkah, gigantic fan. Right Below: Fanner. Reid, D. (1844). Illustrations of the theory and practice of ventilation: With remarks on warming, exclusive lighting, and the communication of sound. London: Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans.
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Aligned along the wall: touching building for outside air and water
Water coil heater aligned along the wall to introduce fresh air. A Hot water pipe heated by a boiler improved heating ventilating capacity not only because the warmth is available exactly where it is wanted but also it triggered ventilation by heating the air. A coil fixed against an inlet in the wall is enclosed in a box furnished with a diaphragm running vertically throughout.
Above: Chicago apartment housing plumbing, 1891. Giedion, S (2013). Giedion, S. (2013). Mechanization takes command: A contribution to anonymous history (First University of Minnesota Press ed.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Below: Mixing-valve Box for wall radiators. Jacob, Ernest H., d. The 1800s. Jacob, E., & Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. (1894). Notes on the ventilation and warming of houses, churches, schools, and other buildings. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
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The devices for ventilation or insulation began to be situated adjacent to the building envelope to make up for the deficiency of the building performance for health and human comfort. The Porte-Air gives the sleeper fresh air from outside while allowing him to stay warm in his bedroom. An indoor bed tent covers the sleeper's head, which is exposed to the outside air.
Above and Below: Sleeping Outdoors in the House' Ladies' Journal, 1908. Aynsley, J., & Atkinson, H. (2009). The Banham lectures : Essays on designing the future (English ed.). Oxford ; New York: Berg. Right: Le Petit Journal December 1, 1912: Cholera (via Bibliotheque nationale de France)
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Recessed within the wall: beginning interaction with building
Heating and ventilation began to be recessed within the wall as over the ventilating fireplace is a convenient position at which to introduce fresh air. Air is taken from the outside, warmed by the waste heat in a chamber behind the grate, and poured warm into the room, and the foul air is carried off. The invention of Franklin Stove and ventilating fireplace allowed a fire to heat a house indirectly by heating air; people began to understand a building as an enclosure for a bubble of warmed air and realized attention had to be paid to making the building more airtight. Above: Section of Franklin Stove. 1741. Jacob, E., & Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. (1894). Below:Teale Fireplace Co. A, elevation and section showing warming-chamber behind grate. 1800s. Notes on the ventilation and warming of houses, churches, schools, and other buildings. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 30
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The hearth is a perforated iron plate, 3 inches above the old hearth. Charcoal is burned on this plates and wood in the basket above. Air flows into the space below the hearth, up through ducts at the back and sides, and returns warm through pierced openings below the mantel-shelf.
Above: Savot's convection fire, 1624. Home fires burning: The history of domestic heating and cooking (Routledge paperback; 83). London: Routledge & K. Paul. Right: Patent Drawing of Frankling Stove. 1741
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Above: Illustrations of ventilation for churches. Illustrations of the Theory and Practice of Ventilation, with Remarks on Warming, Exclusive Lighting, and the Communication of Sound. (1845). The British and Foreign Medical Review, 19(37), 1-21. Right: The bath fireplace: 'you will have a roaring fire that will melt gold, and a room in which no corner will be without its cutting current.' Right Below: The Taphouse Grate, c. 1750 Home fires burning, Home fires burning: The history of domestic heating and cooking (Routledge paperback; 83). London: Routledge & K. Paul.
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Interpenetrating: active communicating with building
A growing awareness in the medical field about the effects of foul air in the mid-eighteenth century spurred a series of experiments focused on adequate building ventilation. Natural ventilation systems were developed, initially using cross ventilation strategies and then later using fire to induce and amplify convective currents. The fire could also heat the ventilation air, a coupling that would come to unreflectively dominate our thermal strategies.
Above and Below: House construced by Dr. Drysdale , Liverpool,1861 Interpenetration. Drysdale, J., & Hayward, J. W. (1876). Health and comfort in house building; or, ventilation with warm air by self-acting suction power .. Spon.
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Interpenetrating: active communicating with building
Fresh air enters into the lower part of this basement and, rising, is heated by the heated pipes, and passes through into the lobby of the ground floor, first floor, second floor, third floor, so that the central corridor is filled from the ground floor to the attics with fresh warmed air, forming a vertical supply duct. Being heated by waste heat from the kitchen below, the foul air elevates and is carried out of the building chimney stack. with certain important variations adapted to the more difficult situation of a townhouse. Right: Dr. John Hayward's house, the Octagon in Grove St. 1867. Drysdale, J., & Hayward, J. W. (1876). Health and comfort in house building; or, ventilation with warm air by self-acting suction power .. Spon.
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Above and Right: Dr. John Hayward's house, the Octagon in Grove St. 1867. Drysdale, J., & Hayward, J. W. (1876). Health and comfort in house building; or, ventilation with warm air by self-acting suction power .. Spon.
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Separation from building: gigantic-powered ventilation tower
In complex multi-story Victorian buildings, it was hard to find the space for giant vertical ducts. Furthermore, the sectional technique explained above was at the expense of inconveniences. Therefore, development of effective blowing fans was introduced. the increasing size and complexity of buildings all provided powerful stimuli to the invention. the steam engine and, later, the slow running gas-engine drawing on the common town gas mains, provided the power.
Above: Eeds Boys' Modern School. 1890s. Below: Erected Medical Department of the Yorkshire College, Leeds. Heating by steam, extract by fan. Jacob, Ernest H., d. The 1800s. Jacob, E., & Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. (1894). Notes on the ventilation and warming of houses, churches, schools, and other buildings. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 42
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Separation from building: powered ventilation and central heating
A chamber was provided for moistening, drying, cooling and producing other alterations in the air, besides those affected by the hot-water apparatus. Air was introduced into the Commons Chamber through a great many holes in the floor and risers. The motive power for the forced ventilation was provided by a fire at the base of the upcast shaft (chimney). Cooling in summer was accomplished by nocturnal ventilation, by evaporation of water, by passing cold water through the heater battery, and in rare cases by the use of ice (a rudimentary form of air conditioning). Right: Reid, D. B. Illustrations of the Theory and Practice of Ventilation : With Remarks on Warming, Exclusive Lighting, and the Communication of Sound. Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine--Medical Heritage Library Digitization Project. London: Longman, Brown, Green, & Longmans, 1844.
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Above: Ventilation Tower disguised as Gothic Spire, Temporary House of Commons. Right: Reconstruction of Reid’s environmental system in the Permanent House of Commons, showing air supply arrangement under floor, with ducts leading to individual benches (Schoenefeldt, 2016)
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Going back to building for efficiency: dedicated annex and basement
The whole hygienic motivation of separate pavilions for natural ventilation became unnecessary with forced ventilation and the uneconomic waste of heat on a large amount of external surface; the maximum compactness of plan has combined with a minimum length of the duct. Nevertheless, the duct was one of the most monumental in the history of environmental engineering in terms of volume.
Right: The Royal victoria hospital. Clarke, R. (1997). The Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast : A history, 1797-1997. Belfast: Blackstaff Press.
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Above: The engine room with the steam engines which drove the fans for the Plenum ventilation system via shafts and belting. Clarke, R. (1997). The Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast : A history, 1797-1997. Belfast: Blackstaff Press. Right: Cutaway of the complete ventilating system.. Banham, Reyner. (2013). Architecture of the WellTempered Environment. Elsevier Science.
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Above: Rainwater Harvesting, The Carrigton-Couvert House, 1857 Lechner, N. (2011). Plumbing, Electricity, Acoustics : Sustainable Design Methods for Architecture (1). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated.. Right: Wright, L. (1964). Home fires burning: The history of domestic heating and cooking. London: Routledge & K. Paul.
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Above: Ducting, boiler, fan and heatng chamber n the basement of a schoo in Menominee, Mich., sturtevant catalogue 1906. Banham, Reyner. The Architecture of the Weit tempered Envronment Lmdo/1 kchilecturat P, 1969. Right: Eleb, M., & Debarre-Blanchard, Anne. (1995). L'invention de l'habitation moderne : Paris 1880-1914 : Architectures de la vie private, suite. Paris: Hazan : Archives d'architecture moderne.
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Concealed within structural hollowness
The structure was designed to provide an interior working environment whose air supply had a continuous freshness and purity, achieved at great cost in equipment and energy, to offset the pollution of its industrial district with railroad yards to the east of Buffalo's downtown.
Right : Frank Lloyd Wright, Larkin Administration Building, Buffalo. Kuo, J. (2013). A-typical plan : Projects and essays on identity, flexibility and atmosphere in the office building. Zurich: Park Books.
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Above: plan of ventilation lines show exhaust trench, table at lower left gives standard. Banham, Reyner. The Services of the Larkin "A" Building. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Oct., 1978), pp.195-197. Right: Axon drawing of Larkin Administration Building, Buffalo.
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Above: Plan of Larkin Administration Building. Kuo, J. (2013). A-typical plan : Projects and essays on identity, flexibility and atmosphere in the office building. Zurich: Park Books. Right: Exterior View of Larkin Administration Building.
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Above: Plan of Communication Centre, Kofu, Japan. Kenzo Tange. 1964-67 Bentil, K. (1989). Right: Exterior View of Communication Centre, Kofu, Japan. Kenzo Tange. 1964-67. Constructing architecture : Materials, processes, structures : A handbook (2nd, extended ed.). Basel, Switzerland ; Boston, Mass: Birkhauser.
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Inside out: external infrastructure tower
The utility service plays an overwhelming role in the design of laboratories; they would not only impose essential practical demands but the machines even take over and "invade" the building. The idea of weaving together structure and mechanical systems provided an obvious theme for the construction of the laboratory. This solution of Kahn was taken to be universal and general, and imitation was so instant and widespread.
Right: Model of Richard Medical Research Laboratories, Louis Kahn, 1961 Leslie, Kahn, & Kahn, Louis I. (2005). Louis I. Kahn : Building art, building science (1st ed.). New York: George Braziller.
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Above: Section drawing of Richard Medical Research Laboratories, Louis Kahn, 1961 Right: Sheffield University extensions (competition entry), !953J by Alison and Peter Smithson; detail showing service towers. Banham, Reyner. The Architecture of the Well-tempered Environment. London: Architectural P., 1969.
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Above: Plan of Richards Laboratories: diagrammatic layout of first phase. Below: Duct layout diagram. Is this not a pipe? (Volume (Amsterdam, Netherlands) ; no. 37). (2013). Amsterdam: Stichting Archis. Right: Layojut of the prefabricated structural system. Komendant, A. (1975). 18 years with architect Louis I. Kahn. Englewood, N.J.: Aloray.
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Supply air Exaust air
Hot & chilled water gas & vacuum and waste service
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Above: Construction process picture. 18 years with architect Louis I. Kahn. Englewood, N.J.: Aloray. Leslie, Kahn, & Kahn, Louis I. (2005). Louis I. Kahn : Building art, building science (1st ed.). New York: George Braziller. Right: Section diagram of integration system. Bachman, L. (2003). Integrated buildings : The systems basis of architecture. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
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a crawl space high enough for a seated worker is incorporated into the structure as a separate room.
3'-6" ft (0.91m)
8'-6" ft (2.43m)
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Above: Plan of automated warehouse for Hoffman-LaRoche, late 1960s. James Cubitt, Felio Atkins on & Partners. Abalos, Herreros, Ockman, Herreros, Juan, & Ockman, Joan. (2003). Tower and office : From modernist theory to contemporary practice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Right: Floor plan of Inland Steel Building, Chicago, 19541957. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (Bruce Graham, Walter Netsch, and Fazlur Khan), Inland Steel Building, Chicago, 1954-1957.
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Above: Elevation drawing of Centre Georges Pompidou. aris, France. Renzo Pian and Richard Rogers. 1977. Deplazes, A., & Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich. Departement Architektur. (2008). Constructing architecture : Materials, processes, structures : A handbook (2nd, extended ed.). Basel, Switzerland ; Boston, Mass: Birkhauser.
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Above: Plan of Lloyd's of London Building, London, UK. Richard Rogers. 1986. Right: Plan of Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France. Renzo Pian and Richard Rogers. 1977 Constructing architecture : Materials, processes, structures : A handbook (2nd, extended ed.). Basel, Switzerland ; Boston, Mass: Birkhauser.
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Above: Exterior view of Lloyd's of London Building, London, UK. Richard Rogers. 1986. Right: Exterior view of Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France. Renzo Pian and Richard Rogers. 1977
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Above: Interior view of Lloyd's of London Building, London, UK. Richard Rogers. 1986 Right: Structure system of Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France. Renzo Pian and Richard Rogers. 1977
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Floor-ceiling sandwich: claimed for everything but program
A drop ceiling has sustained for nearly a hundred years by internalizing utilities and expanding in section. Building services of all kinds – sanitary and electrical lines, ventilation, lighting – are today, whether clad or left exposed, the matter-of-course elements of the modern floor. Thus the floor has turned into a complex “flooring system”, the horizontal component upholding the interior environment.
Above: Diagram of ceiling system. Lechner, N. (2012). Plumbing, electricity, acoustics : Sustainable design methods for architecture. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. Below: SStructure of a steel cellular floor deck from bottom to top: fire-resistant suspended ceiling, cellular floor deck, transverse duct for services,floor covering dating from the 1950s. Constructing architecture : Materials, processes, structures : A handbook (2nd, extended ed.). Basel, Switzerland ; Boston, Mass: Birkhauser.
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Integrated ceiling system of Stockton State College. Pomona, New Jersey Rush, R., & American Institute of Architects. (1986). The Building systems integration handbook. New York: Wiley.
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Above: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Mansion House Square, London, 1967-1969. Typical section. Right: Richard Rogers with Ove Arup, Lloyd's Building, London, 1978-1986. Typical section. Abalos, Herreros, Ockman, Herreros, Juan, & Ockman, Joan. (2003). Tower and office : From modernist theory to contemporary practice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
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Power Membrane-transportable standard-of-living package. Banham, R. , & Dallegret, F. (1965). A Home Is Not a House. Art in America, 53(2), 70.
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Interstitial space: thickened secional poche
Kahn's structural innovations opened up the laboratories to football field dimensions. The interstitial space allowed quick change out and an endless variety of laboratory designs. For the most part, the scientists arranged their labs conventionally, with services at the center and benches around the perimeter. Though we do not inhabit them, they can be integral to a building's function.
Miller, R., & Swensson, E. (2002). Hospital and healthcare facility design (2nd ed.). New York: W.W. Norton.
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Above: Section with dimensions . Komendant, A. (1975). 18 years with architect Louis I. Kahn. Englewood, N.J.: Aloray. Right: Interior perspective view of the interstitial space.
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Because of the rapid changes in the medical field, the machine hospital, for all its architectural predictability, had become the most complex and unpredictable of all building types. The logical response to the dilemma was to attempt to create "infinitely" flexible space.
Above: Interstitial SPACE system prototype model, 1972. Verderber, S., & Fine, D. (2000). Healthcare architecture in an era of radical transformation. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. Right.: Building Systems Development, Inc, Stone, Marraccini, Patterson, & United States. (1977). Development study - VA hospital building system: Application of the principles of systems integration to the design of VA hospital facilities : Research study report. Research Staff, Office of Construction, Veterans Administration :--for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off.
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Above and right : McMaster Health Science Centre. Eberhard Zeidler. Healthcare architecture in an era of radical transformation. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
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Stacked plenum floor-ceiling sandwich: global standard
The ceiling, in spite of its general perforation, is seen as a way of concealing the fact that the upper part of the room volume is occupied by ducts, conduits and service adits generally. The fact that these concealments take place normally within the formalrules of an aesthetic (the International Style) conspicuously given to honest exhibition of structures and services will suggest that the story of the emergence of the suspended ceiling as we know it now must be somewhat confused, both in its narrative sequence and in the intentions of those involved. The Bank of America Tower at one Bryant Park, Cook + Fox Architects, New York , 2010
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Hidden space volumetrically occupies at least more than 25% of the building.
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Infrastructure space for the post mechanical and technological era
various forms of energy produced in the machine spaces at the top and the bottom flow inside the tubes. air flowing in the tubes is gently and slowly discharged into each of the free-access floor spaces via the air inlet duct provided near the floor surface. With the dual-floor structure acting as the plenum. this system gives the feeling of coziness to otherwise , vast expanse of the spaces created by the floor plates. the double-skinned facade on the south facing the main street breathes like the human skin.
Above: Sketch for the project. Toyo Ito. Right: Exterior perspective view of Sendai Media Tech
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Tube 1 Person Article Electric Smoke Sprinkler Water Light
Tube 2 Person Article Light
Tube 3 Person Article Light
Tube 4 Light Smoke
Tube 5 Person Article Light
Tube 6 Air Conditioning Light
Above: Section diagram of Sendai Media Tech. Ito, T. (2008). Toyo Ito : Recent project. Tokyo: A.D. A. Edita.
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Tube 7 Outer air Light
Tube 8 Exhaust air Light
Tube 9 Air Conditioning Light
Tube 10 Article Air Conditioning Smoke Water Sprinkler Water
Tube 11 Tube 12 Person Outer Air Article Light Books Electric Air Conditioning`
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Tube 13 Person Article Electric Smoke Air Conditioning Sprinkler Water
Above: Section diagram of Sendai Media Tech. Ito, T. (2008). Toyo Ito : Recent project. Tokyo: A.D. A. Edita.
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BIM Modeling of D
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DPR Construction
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Abstract
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This thesis disrupts the traditional perspective of infrastructure in architecture by negating the distinction of architectural dichotomies: structure and ornament, superstructure and infrastructure, front and back, servant and served. Substantialized as pipes, ducts, and cables, the physical network of building infrastructure in contemporary architecture creates an overwhelming volume of hidden spaces that are off-limits to architects and the occupants. The increasing demand of sustainability and smart building technologies have enhanced the physique of a building infrastructure to a considerable extent, prompting the need to translate pipes, ducts, and cables into the architectural vocabulary. With a provocation that pipes, ducts, and cables become primary architectural elements, this project seeks to change the relationship between architecture and its infrastructure. Utilizing infrastructure to deconstruct conventional notion of architectural elements, redefines a living space. Housing serves as a vehicle to investigate the tension between service spaces and the served spaces. Combining the mechanical and architectural to form everyday objects within a space establishes a new system of use based on shifting notion of health, comfort, and living.
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