PEOPLE AND COMMUNITY
Social Interactions People and Community The impact of the student expands beyond the context of the self. The awareness of the contexts in which the students are developing, and learning can allow for a better understanding in the ways that children can act in different environments and settings. There are also complex relationships and multilevel surroundings that impact the development of a child. The Bronfenbrenner ecological framework is an ecological model of human development with five systems.397 The microsystem which includes the family, teacher, and peers is the most direct and immediate influence on the child’s development. The mesosystem is the interconnections between the microsystems include the relationship between peers and family as well as parents and teachers. The exosystem are the links that are in social settings that do not directly involve the child but influences their experiences like parents going every day into a hostile work environment which in turn increases stress and possibly cohesive parent child interactions. The macrosystem is a cultural context that has an indirect influence on the child which includes socioeconomic status, ethnicity, geographic location of the neighborhood. Last is the chronosystem which are patterns of events that influence transitions such as divorce, traveling for work, or even a pandemic. Each of these systems impacts how the child learns from both an academic and developmental perspective.
The community, neighborhoods, and the built environment Stress from environmental factors including poverty and discrimination impacts the health of all family members. Poverty is a risk factor for many physical illnesses and mental health disorders as well as harmful to many aspects of the development of a child.296, 297, 318 Problem behaviors in youth include influences from poverty,298 discrimination,299 and neighborhood deprivation.300 Neighborhood deprivation associated with an increase in academic failure, more antisocial behavior, and increase in chronic health conditions.398, 399 Neighborhood characteristics influence those living and working in the neighborhood and that includes the teachers and staff that create a space of learning for students.301, 302 It is predicted that by 2050 two out of three people will be living in urban settings400 and though there are many positive economic and social opportunities, there are several societal problems that can happen like high rates of crime, lack of access to nature, and increased health disparities.303 In a meta-analysis focused on improving the health of youth through community and evidence based developments, of the most efficacious strategies they found,46 which included access to places for physical activity, quality preschool/early childhood education, sexual health education and additional strategies with medium to large effect sizes on improving psychological and behavioral health including cognitive development, social
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