6. Conclusion

An Africa that is self-sufficient in vaccine production will require an extensive range of collaboration, critical appraisal, in-depth risk assessment, governmental involvement, local capacity building and continued policy implementation.

As healthcare innovation progresses and public health is confronted with multiple unexpected shocks, as demonstrated by the current pandemic, there is a need for Africa to focus on an agile approach to scarce manufacturing resources and design them to ensure that they are adaptable and fit for purpose for multiple needs in the future & minimize the potential for redundancy.

Advances in technology can be leveraged to create opportunities for both manufacturing and non-manufacturing countries in Africa to contribute toward efficiencies in the value chain and therefore contribute towards enhancing competitiveness through approaches such as continuous manufacturing, environmental sustainability, artificial intelligence and quality by design.