RORSCHACH
RORSCHACH
Designed by Judith Gonzalez Cover illustration by Judth Gonzalez Infographics by Judith Gonzalez Body type in Archivo Narrow Title type in League Gothic regular Subtitle type in Kollektif bold Printed on 100# Text Premium Matte paper by Blurb. Š 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without permission.
TABLE 01
02
ORIGINS
04 KLESOGRAPHY
HISTORY 10
HERMAN RORSCHAC
23 TIMELINE
03
METHOD
CON
27 PROCESS
E OF 04
05
INKBLOTS 33
IN BLACK
43
BLACK AND RED
47 COLOR
USAGE 55 USA 57
UNITED KINGDOM
NTENT 06
GALLERY
62 PHOTOGRAPHY 67
AS AN ART
74 MEDIA
79 ADVERTISING
01
ORIGINS
03 KLESOGRAPHY
YHPARGOSKCELK GNINIGEB EHT ytterp m’I dna meht nees lla ev’ew ,stolbknI dlo doog eht ni eno detaerc lla ev’ew erus -kcelk dellac si siht ,gnitniap regnif fo syad gnisu morf tra gnikam snaem tI .yhpargos laever ot egami na gnitaerc elihw stolbkni - h c e t s i h t t n e v n i o t t s r i f e h T . h t a e n e b s’ t a h w yb nageb eh ,renreK sunitsuJ saw euqin repap otno kni fo stolb gnippord yllatnedicca eht derevocsid eH .thgiseye sih gnisol ot eud nehw raeppa dluow taht sepahs gniugirtni eseht denifer eH .srepap eht dedlofnu eh meht desu dna snootrac etacirtni otni sepahs
3
.smeop sih etartsulli ot
CH 1: KLECKSOGRAPHY
KLECKSOGRAPHY THE BEGINING Inkblots, we’ve all seen them and I’m pretty sure we’ve all created one in the good old days of finger painting, this is called klecksography. It means making art from using inkblots while creating an image to reveal what’s beneath. The first to invent this technique was Justinus Kerner, he began by accidentally dropping blots of ink onto paper due to losing his eyesight. He discovered the intriguing shapes that would appear when he unfolded the papers. He refined these shapes into intricate cartoons and used them to illustrate his poems.
4
RORSCHACH
02
HISTORY
10
HERMAN RORSCHAC
BEGINING EDUCATION & CAREER INKBLOT TEST DEATH
17 TIMELINE
HERMANN RORSCHAC (1884 – 1922) WHO IS HE? Psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach was born in Zurich, Switzerland, on November 8, 1884. Rorschach was described as having an attractive personality, a cultivated, brilliant and profound conversationalist. He combined his interests in psychoanalysis and klecksography art to create the controversial Rorschach inkblot test, introducing the results of his findings in his 1921 work Psychodiagnostics. On April 2, 1922, his work came to an end when he died of peritonitis at age 37 in Herisau, Switzerland.
BEGINING CHILDHOOD Hermann Rorschach was born in Zurich, Switzerland, on November 8, 1884. He lost his mother in 1897, when he was only 12 years old. Rorschach’s father, who died just seven years later, was a local art teacher who encouraged Rorschach to express himself creatively at a young age.
11
In high school, Hermann Rorschach was apparently so into Klecksography, that friends started calling him “Klecks” which means “inkblot” in German. CH 2: HISTORY
Rorschach age 6, in Swiss folk costume, 1819.
12
HERMANN RORSCHACH - BEGINING
13
CH 2: HISTORY
Rorschach early inkblot.
14
HERMANN RORSCHACH - BEGINING
15
Wedding Photo, May 1, 1910. Pictures credit: Archiv und Sammlung Hermann orschach, University Library of Bern.
CH 2: HISTORY
EDUCATION & CAREER FUTURE In 1904, Rorschach headed to the AcadÊmie de Neuchâtel, and he continued his medical studies at institutions in Bern, Zurich, Nuremberg and Berlin. After beginning a residency at a Swiss mental institution in Munsterlingen, he became involved with a Russian woman named Olga Stempelin,
In 1913, Rorschach left his position at the mental institution and moved to Russia with his wife. The following year, he moved back to Switzerland and became a resident at Waldau Psychiatric University, while awaiting the arrival of his wife, who had been temporarily detained in Russia. By 1915,
who became his wife in 1910. Two years later, he earned his medical degree from the University of Zurich.
he had accepted a position as associate director of the Herisau Asylum.
16
HERMANN RORSCHACH - EDUCATION & CARRER
INKBLOT TEST INSPERATION In 1917, Rorschach became aware of Swiss psychiatrist Szyman Hens’s studies using inkblot cards to analyze patients’ fantasies. Rorschach was also influenced by his acquaintance and contemporary, Carl Jung, who was using word association tests to tap into the unconscious mind.
17
Rorschach combined his interests in psychoanalysis and art to create his own controversial inkblot test. He was the first researcher to use inkblots to analyze how patients projected their own ideas onto a seemingly random stimuli.
CH 2: HISTORY
Rorschach tested his system on 300 patients and 100 control subjects. The test was composed of 10 inkblot cards—half of them in color, half in black and white. Patients were shown one card at a time and asked to respond while Rorschach wrote down their answers. Afterward, Rorschach showed patients the cards again and prompted them to explain their answers. Rorschach evaluated test results based on the criteria of location, quality, content and conventionality, and used the data to draw conclusions about the patient’s social behavior.
Rorschach testing.
18
HERMANN RORSCHACH - INKBLOT TEST
21
Hermann in his office in the Herisau apartment, cigarette in hand, 1920.
CH 2: HISTORY
DEATH PERITONITIS On April 2, 1922, Hermann Rorschach died unexpectedly of peritonitis, in Herisau, Switzerland. He was just 37 years old. In addition to his wife and two children, Rorschach left behind the longstanding legacy of his inkblot test. German psychologist Bruno Klopfer soon picked up where Rorschach left off, improving the test’s scoring system and popularizing projective personality tests.
While controversial and criticized for its shortcomings, the test is still used in jails, hospitals, courtrooms and schools, for issues such as establishing parental custody rights, determining parole eligibility and assessing children’s emotional issues.
In the 1960s, Rorschach’s inkblot test was the most prominently used projective test in the United States; it ranked eighth in the list of tests used in U.S. outpatient mental health care.
22
HERMANN RORSCHACH - DEATH
HERMAN RORSCHACH
ORPHANED
1902
TIMELINE
His father died on April 2, 1902 when he was 18 years old, leaving him as an orphan.
1903
GRADUATION with honors on June 6, 1903.
Herman Rorschach was born on November 8, 1884 in Zurich, Switzerland.
1896
Rorschachs mother died on April 2,
23
DEATH OF MOTHER
CH 2: HISTORY
1896 when he was 12 years old.
1913
MARRIAGE On March 21, 1913, Hermann Rorschach marries Olga Stempelin.
DOCTORAL DISSERTATION
1912
1884
BIRTH
Rorschach graduates from high school
Rorschach finished his doctoral dissertation in 1912, “sur les hallucinations-réflexes et les phénomènes associés”.
ing with ink blot interpretation.
1909
CAREER Recieved his M.D. from the University of Zurich in June 2, 1909. In that same year, he took a residency at a mental institution in Munsterlingen,
1922
In 1911, Rorschach began experiment-
APPENDICITIS & DEATH Hermann Rorschach was hospitalised after a week of abdominal pains. Hermann Rorschach died on april 1st of 1922 due to peritonitis.
PSYCHODIAGNOSTIK
1921
1911
EXPERIMENTING
In 1921, Rorschach published the results of his studies on Ink Blot interpretation.
Switzerland.
On 1914, he accepted a position at the Waldau Psychiatric Clinic.
SPS
1919
1914
THE CLINIC
Rorschach was elected vice president of the Swiss Psychoanalytic Society (SPS) in 1919. In that same year, his second child, Elizabeth wasborn in 1919.
Rorschach was appointed associate director of the asylum at Herisau.
CHILDREN
1917
1915
CAREER
First child, Wadin, born in 1917.
24
TIMELINE
03
METHOD
10 CATEGORIES
CATEGORIES TESTING
STEP 1: PROCESS
STEP 2: CONTENT
The therapist sits right infront of the subject, for a proper face-to-face interation. A series of ten inkblot cards are shown to the subject, each of the blots has bilateral symmetry.
The subject is usually asked to hold the cards and may rotate them. Whether the cards are rotated, and other related factors such as whether permission to rotate them is asked, may expose personality traits and normally contributes to the assessment.
27
After the test subject has seen and responded to all of the inkblots, the tester then presents them again one at a time in a set sequence for the subject to study. The subject is asked to note where he sees what he originally saw and what makes it look like that. CH 3: CATEGORIES
STEP 3: LOCATION
STEP 4: EMOTION
Location refers to how much of the inkblot was used to answer the question. As the subject is examining the inkblots, the psychologist writes down everything the subject says or does, no matter how trivial.
The subject’s content response about the inkblot. They can also represent certain basic attitudes, showing aspects of the way a subject sses the world. Rorschach’s original work used only form, color and movement as determinants. Form is the most common determinant, and is related to intellectual processes. Color responses often provide direct insight into one’s emotional life. Movement and shading have been considered more ambiguously, both in definition and interpretation. 28
STEPS MADE
29
SO
“People’s answers started to reveal more than Rorschach had thought possible: higher or lower intelligence, character and personality, thought disorders and other psychological problems...What had started as an experiment looked to be in fact a test.” - Damion Searls
30
CH 1:
04
INKBLOTS
35
IN BLACK
THE MOTH THE FATHER THE BAT THE ANIMAL SKIN THE HUMAN HEADS
45
BLACK AND RED
TWO PEOPLE TWO HUMANS
49 COLOR
THE ANIMAL THE BOMB AQUATIC ANIMALS
33
CH 4: INKBLOTS
CARD I BECK BAT, BUTTERFLY, MOTH PIOTROWSKI BAT (53%), BUTTERFLY (29%) DANA (FRANCE) BUTTERFLY (39%)
When seeing card I, subjects often inquire on how they should proceed, and questions on what they are allowed to do with the card (e.g. turning it) are not very significant. Being the first card, it can provide clues about how subjects tackle a new and stressful task. It is not, however, a card that is usually difficult for the subject to handle, having readily available popular responses.
34
IN BLACK - THE MOTH
35
CH 4: INKBLOTS
CARD II BECK ANIMAL HIDE, SKIN, RUG PIOTROWSKI ANIMAL SKIN, SKIN RUG (41%) DANA (FRANCE) ANIMAL SKIN (46%)
This card is notable for its dark color and its shading (posing difficulties for depressed subjects), and is generally perceived as a big and sometimes threatening figure; compounded with the common impression of the subject being in an inferior position (“looking up”) to it, this serves to elicit a sense of authority. The human or animal content seen in the card is almost invariably classified as male rather than female, and the qualities expressed by the subject may indicate attitudes toward men and authority. Because of this Card IV is often called “The Father Card”.
36
IN BLACK - THE FATHER
37
CH 4: INKBLOTS
CARD III BECK BAT, BUTTERFLY, MOTH PIOTROWSKI BUTTERFLY (48%), BAT (40%) DANA (FRANCE) BUTTERFLY (48%), BAT (46%)
An easily elaborated card that is not usually perceived as threatening, and typically instigates a “change of pace” in the test, after the previous more challenging cards. Containing few features that generate concerns or complicate the elaboration, it is the easiest blot to generate a good quality response about.
38
IN BLACK - THE BAT
39
CH 4: INKBLOTS
CARD IV BECK ANIMAL HIDE, SKIN, RUG PIOTROWSKI ANIMAL SKIN, SKIN RUG (41%) DANA (FRANCE) ANIMAL SKIN (46%)
Texture is the dominant characteristic of card VI, which often elicits association related to interpersonal closeness; it is specifically a “sex card”, its likely sexual percepts being reported more frequently than in any other card, even though other cards have a greater variety of commonly seen sexual contents.
40
IN BLACK - THE ANIMAL SKIN
41
CH 4: INKBLOTS
CARD V BECK HUMAN HEADS OR FACES (TOP) PIOTROWSKI HEADS OF WOMEN OR CHILDREN (27%, TOP) DANA (FRANCE) HUMAN HEAD (46%, TOP)
This can be associated with femininity (the human figures commonly seen in it being described as women or children), and function as a “mother card”, where difficulties in responding may be related to concerns with the female figures in the subject’s life. The center detail is relatively often (though not popularly) identified as a vagina, which makes this card also relate to feminine sexuality in particular.
42
IN BLACK - THE HUMAN HEADS
43
CH 4: INKBLOTS
CARD VI BECK TWO HUMANS PIOTROWSKI FOUR-LEGGED ANIMAL (34%, GRAY PARTS) DANA (FRANCE) ANIMAL: DOG, ELEPHANT, BEAR (50%, GRAY)
The red details of card II are often seen as blood, and are the most distinctive features. Responses to them can provide indications about how a subject is likely to manage feelings of anger or physical harm. This card can induce a variety of sexual responses.
44
BLACK AND WHITE - TWO PEOPLE
45
CH 4: INKBLOTS
CARD VII BECK TWO HUMANS (GRAY) PIOTROWSKI HUMAN FIGURES (72%, GRAY) DANA (FRANCE) HUMAN (76%, GRAY)
It’s typically perceived to contain two humans involved in some interaction, and may provide information about how the subject relates with other people (specifically, response latency may reveal struggling social interactions).
46
BLACK AND WHITE - TWO HUMANS
47
CH 4: INKBLOTS
CARD VIII BECK NOT CAT OR DOG (PINK) PIOTROWSKI FOUR-LEGGED ANIMAL (94%, PINK) DANA (FRANCE) FOUR-LEGGED ANIMAL (93%, PINK)
People often express relief about card VIII, which lets them relax and respond effectively. Similar to card V, it represents a “change of pace”; however, the card introduces new elaboration difficulties, being complex and the first multi-colored card in the set. Therefore, people who find processing complex situations or emotional stimuli distressing or difficult may be uncomfortable with this card.
48
COLOR - THE ANIMAL
49
CH 4: INKBLOTS
CARD IX BECK HUMAN (ORANGE) PIOTROWSKI NONE DANA (FRANCE) NONE
Characteristic of card IX is indistinct form and diffuse, muted chromatic features, creating a general vagueness. There is only one popular response, and it is the least frequent of all cards. Having difficulty with processing this card may indicate trouble dealing with unstructured data, but aside from this there are few particular “pulls” typical of this card.
50
COLOR - THE BOMB
51
CH 4: INKBLOTS
CARD X BECK CRAB, LOBSTER, SPIDER (BLUE), CRAB, SPIDER (37%, BLUE) PIOTROWSKI RABBIT HEAD (31%, LIGHT GREEN), CATERPILLARS, WORMS, SNAKES (28%, DEEP GREEN) DANA (FRANCE) NONE
This card is structurally similar to card VIII, but its uncertainty and complexity are reminiscent of card IX: people who find it difficult to deal with many concurrent stimuli may not particularly like this otherwise pleasant card. Being the last card, it may provide an opportunity for the subject to “sign out” by indicating what they feel their situation is like, or what they desire to know.
52
COLOR - AQUATIC ANIMALS
05
USAGE
57
UNITED STATES
59
UNITED KIGNDOM
UNITED STATES TESTING The Rorschach test is used almost exclusively by psychologists. Forensic psychologists use the Rorschach 36% of the time. In custody cases, 23% of psychologists use the Rorschach to examine a child. Another survey found that 124 out of 161 (77%) of clinical psychologists engaging in assessment services utilize the Rorschach, and 80% of psychology graduate programs teach its use. Another study found that its use by clinical psychologists was only 43%, while it was used less than 24% of the time by school psychologists.
55
During World War II, United States Army Medical Corps chief psychiatrist Dr. Douglas Kelley and psychologist Gustave Gilbert administered the Rorschach test to the 22 defendants in the Nazi leadership group prior to the first Nuremberg trials.
CH 5: USAGE
56
UNITED STATES
57
CH 5: USAGE
UNITED KINGDOM TESTING Many psychologists in the United Kingdom do not trust its efficacy and it is rarely used. Although skeptical about its scientific validity, some psychologists use it in therapy and coaching “as a way of encouraging self-reflection and starting a conversation about the person’s internal world.” It is still used, however, by some mental health organisations such as the Tavistock Clinic. In a survey done in the year 2000, 20% of psychologists in correctional facilities used the Rorschach while 80% used the MMPI.
58
UNITED KINGDOM
06
GALLERY
63 PHOTOGRAPHY 69
AS AN ART
75 MEDIA
PHOTOGRAPHY Rorschach has inspired many creative minds and the one where it’s commenly seen the most is in photographs. Using half of an image, coping and pasting it on the opposite side creating a reflection and seeing something strainge within the photograph.
63
CH 6: GALLERY
64
PHOTOGRAPHY
65
CH 6: GALLERY
66
PHOTOGRAPHY
AS AN ART As you know already, Hermann Rorschach was inspired by Klecksography, which is an art form of ink blots. Know, this has become popular in pop art and famous artist creating interesting work of art.
69
CH 6: GALLERY
70
AS AN ART
71
CH 6: GALLERY
72
AS AN ART
MEDIA Since Rorschach is a physiological testing, it has also reached the big screen, music album covers, and books. The most popular film that involves Rorschach, is Watchmen, with a character named, “Rorschach�. Rorschach in its self is something worth watching in films, how the an individual shows parts of themselves through out the film, like Donnie Darko.
75
CH 6: GALLERY
76
MEDIA
77
CH 6: GALLERY
78
MEDIA
ADVERTISING Rorschach has almost taken advertising as well. Typically revolving around physiological area, for example this image by Marmite. Illustrating the brain and how one side is darker than the other, could be advertising about cancer or how one side is dominant than the other. One can’t never be sure what they see in a Rorschach.
81
CH 6: GALLERY
82
ADVERTISING
83
CH 6: GALLERY
84
ADVERTISING
SOURCES “Rorschach Test” www.sciencedirect.com Bengtson, Arvid “5a. The Ten Rorschach Cards” www.dandebat.dk Staff, NPR “How Hermann Rorschach’s ‘Inkblots’ Took On A Life Of Their Own” www.npr.org “Hermann Rorschach Timeline” www.timetoast.com Emre, Merve “The Eye of the Beholder” www.newrepublic.com “How He Created and How Rorschach Performed His Famous Test of the Stains” www.oneradio.com
IMAGES
Medicine Mental Disorders by Cornell Capa
Background texture by Eternal
Inkblots card 1-10 by Hermann Rorschach
Butterfly by Justinus Kerner
Soldier by Charles Glass
Klecksographie by Justinus Kerner
Tavistock Clinic by Unknown
The Golem of Hollywood by Roman Seuil
Rorschach on boat by Unknown
MontrĂŠal Neurological Institute by Unknown
Brain by Neil Wright
Young Rorschach by Unknown
Rorschach Photography, Nature by Mat Piranda
Early Inkblot by Hermann Rorschach
Human Rorschach by Olivier Valsecchi
Wedding Photo by Hermann Rorschach
Food Rorschach by Alexa West
Doctor and child by Gordon Parks
Credit Card by Karpat Polat
Draft Card III by Hermann Rorschach
Rorschach 1 by Jeremy Elkington
Hermann in his office by Hermann Rorschach
Mindhunter: The Expanding Walls of Psychology by Devdeep Roy Chowdhury Rorschach Ink by Leo Burnett Lisbon Coloribus
EDITED BY JUDITH GONZALEZ