APACitationFormatisasetofformalruleswrittenbytheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationfor documentingsourceswhenwritingresearchpapersforanyofthesocialsciencedisciplines.
ThemostrecentsetofguidelinescanbefoundinthesixtheditionofthePublicationManualofthe AmericanPsychologicalAssociationreleasedinJuly2009.Thepurposeofthemanualistoprovide asetofformalconventionsthatensureclarityofcommunication,aidreadercomprehension,avoid plagiarismandbuildaccuratereferencecitations.
TheBasics
Whenwritingaresearchpaper,APAstylerequiresthatcitationsarelocatedbothinthetextofthe body,aswellasinaformalreferencelistsectionofthedocument.Thisarticleprovidessome generalguidelinesonhowin–textcitationsshouldbeformatted.Foramorein–depthexplanation, consultpages169–179ofthePublicationManual....showmorecontent...
WhenusingAPAformatfollowtheauthor–datemethodofin–textcitation.Thismeansthatthe author'slastnameandtheyearofpublicationforthesourcedocumentshouldappearinthetextlike (Richards,2001).Amorecompletecitationshouldappearinthereferencelistattheendofthe paper.
Whenwritingyourreport,ifyou'rejustreferringtoanideafromanothersource,butnotdirectly quotingthematerial,youonlyhavetomakereferencetotheauthorandyearofpublicationinyour in–text
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ThefollowingpaperwillincreaseonesknowledgeonacademicstylewritingandwhyAPAformat isused.Academicstyleisusedeverywherehowever,whydoweusethisformofwriting,andwhy doweuseAPAformatinwritingthesepapers.WhatarethemostimportantaspectsofusingAPA formatinourwriting?APAisaformofwritingthatisusedeverywhere;therearespecificwaysof usingAPAformatandtherearealsorulesyouhavetofollowTheseso–calledrulesaresetinplace sothatpeoplearegivencreditwherecreditisdo.Thereforewhenpeopleareworkingonpublishing apaperitneedstobeinAPAformatsoothersknowthattheydidnotdoalltheresearchontheir own;theyhadhelpfromothersbeforethemonthetopicIfacertain
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APAFormat
Asforme,Iammoreafree–spiritedperson.Idon'tlookforreligiontobeinpublicschools. Religionismoretowardsprivateschools.Inthevideo,ittalksaboutreligion,copyrightedlaws, teacherliability,andchildabuseWhilewatchingthisvideo,Idon'tthinkanyofthiswillaffectme whenitcomestoteaching.Iagreeasateacheritisyourresponsibilitywhenthekidsareunderyour supervision.Whenachildgetshurt,youaretheonetogettheblamebecausethosekidsareyour responsibilityIthinkit'sbestforateachertohelpthosestudentswhoarebeingattackedYouare legallyresponsibleforthesafetyofchildrenunderyoursupervision.Thecourtsemploythe principleofinlocoparentis,whichmeansshowmorecontent
Asforafutureteacher,Iwouldhavetodisagreewiththeschool'sadministratorsonreligionbeingin publicschools.WhenIteachmystudents,Iwouldonlyteachthemtolearnandknowthetruth.I'm notreligious;everyonehasadifferentreligionIwouldteachmystudentsthetruthandwhatI believetheyshouldbeawarenotbasedonwhattheyneedtoknowfromabiblicalperspective.I'm allforaschooltoteachreligiousfreedomandacceptanceofallreligiousbeliefs,but"teach"religion inpublicschoolisnotacceptable.IfthiswasaChristianschoolorIslamicschool,thatisanentirely normalthingtoteachreligion.Idon'tbelievethatpublicschoolsshouldoppresskidswithreligion. Especiallychildrenthatdon'tunderstandthereligionandconformjustbecauseothersshowtheir belief.Everyoneshouldhavethechoice.Privateschools,ontheotherhand,itisuptotheschool. Agreeordisagreedoesn'tmattertome.Ithinkit'sokaytoteachaboutotherreligions,butnot necessarilytopreparethemtobecomepartofthefaithLikeiftheywanttodomoreresearchand becomeamemberofthatfaith,cool,Idon'twanttoforcethemonewayoranother.ButIstillthink it'sanimportantpartofhistory,andanimportantstepinbreedingtolerance,tomakestudentsaware ofthebasicsandtheiroptionsIguess.Teachaboutit,notforitifthatmakes
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ItisimportanttolearnanduseAPAformattingasastudenttopreventplagiarismandtoproperly writeyourpaper.APAformatalsohelpsguideandreferenceyourpaper.Whenyouwriteapaper youwanttogivecreditwherecreditisdue.Youdothatbydocumentinginformationyoumayhave obtainedthroughavideo,aquote,orpictures.AsastudentatBethelUniversityplagiarismisfrown uponandpunishableYougetthreeoffensesandafterthethirdoffenseyouwillbeexpelledfrom BethelUniverity.
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IseemtobehavingissuesgraspingtheAPAstyleformat.Thankstotheinstructorsadvice,and utilizingthestudentsuccesscenter,Iamseemtohaveabetterunderstandingofthistask.I understanditisveryimportanttociteyoursourcestoavoidpossibleplagiarism,andtocitethose sorucesproperlyusinstheAPAformat.IhopeIdidthatsuccessful.Bestwishestoeveryoneonthier essays
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Runninghead:SAMPLEFORSTUDENTS
SampleAPAPaperforStudentsInterestedinLearningAPAStyle6thEdition
JeffreyH.Kahn
IllinoisStateUniversity
AuthorNote
JeffreyHKahn,DepartmentofPsychology,IllinoisStateUniversity
CorrespondenceconcerningthissamplepapershouldbeaddressedtoJeffreyH.Kahn, DepartmentofPsychology,IllinoisStateUniversity,CampusBox4620,Normal,Illinois 61790–4620.E–mail:jhkahn@ilstu.edu.
1
SAMPLEFORSTUDENTS
2 Abstract
Theabstractshouldbeasingleparagraphinblockformat(withoutparagraphindentation),andthe appropriatelengthdependsonthejournaltowhichyouaresubmitting,buttheyaretypically between150and200words.(Studentsshouldconsult...showmorecontent...
Typicallytheindependentvariablesinthestudywouldbedescribedhere.Forexample,thestudy mightinvolvea2–by–2designwithoneindependentvariablebeingtreatment/controlconditions andtheotherindependentvariablebeingbiologicalsex.Itwouldbehelpfultodescribedependent variablesinthissubsectionaswell
Measures
Thissectiondescribesthetestsorinstrumentsusedtocollectdata.Itwouldbeappropriateto describeanyquestionnairesthatyouusedForexample,ifyouusedtheMarloweCrowneSocial DesirabilityScaleinyourresearch,youmaysaythattheMarlowe–CrowneSocial DesirabilityScale(MCSD;Crowne&Marlowe,1960)comprises33true–falseitemsthatmeasure socialdesirability.Youwouldalsoprovidethereaderwithinformationregardingthe MCSDscores'reliabilityandvalidity.Dothisforeachandeverymeasureusedinthestudy.Inthe eventthatthepurposeofyourpaperistodevelopanewquestinnaire,youmaywishto
SAMPLEFORSTUDENTS
describereliabilityandvalidityintheResultssection(seebelow).However,youwouldonlydothis forascale–developmentproject Procedure
Thissectiondescribesingreatdetailthedata–collectionprocedures.Describehowparticipantswere recruited,whethertheyparticipatedaloneoringroups,howinformedconsentorassentwas obtained,whattheywereaskedtodo,howtheywerecompensatedfortheirparticipation,etc.Itis hardtomakethis
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Abstract
Writea3–5pagepaperinAPAformat(minimumoftworeferences)addressingthefollowingbased onyourresponsestotheabove:
Whatinfluencedthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinyouranswers?
Howdotheseinfluencescontributetothemeaningsweassigntomessages?
Next,considerthefollowingfourprofessions:minister,salesperson,lawyer,andtelevision executive.
Howdoyouthinkthatmostpeopleintheseprofessionswouldreacttothefourstatements?
Again,whatdoesthattellusabouthowmeaningsareinfluenced?Howaccuratecanyoubeabout yourperceptionsofthemeaningsothersmightassign?Howdoyourperceptionsinformhowyou communicatewithothers?
Whataboutthesaying,"itisnotjust'what'yousay,butshowmorecontent
Withoutorganizationalcommunication,itwouldbeextremelydifficulttoknowwhatan organizationstandsfor,whyitexists,whoitscustomersare,howworkiscompleted,whohas authorityoverothersandsoon"Organizationalcommunicationservesasthegluethatholds everythingtogetherwhile,atthesametime,actingasamagnifyingglassbymakingthisclearer" (Hartzell,Sherri;,2003–2015)Whatthismeanstomeisthat,beclear,andhaveeveryoneonthe same
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IhavehadmanypreviousexperiencestoonlinewritingaswellasMicrosoftformatssincemy freshmanyearinhighschool(2014).Likewise,Iamcurrentlysixtoeightmonthsawayfrom receivingmyassociatesdegreeinCriminalJustice;however,Iwishthiscoursecouldhavebeen availableduringmyfirsttermatFloridaInstituteofTechnologytoguidemeonproperacademic writingInmyfirstfewmonths,IendlesslysearchedYouTubevideosonhowtoestablishthe correctAPAformataswellashowtosavethatformatpermanentlytomyMicrosoftWord document.Bynothavingdirectguidance,Ididreceiveseveraldeductionsonpaperassignmentsfor improperuseWiththisbeingsaid,IhaveseveralexpectationsthatIhopetoreceivefromthis
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Updated11/01/2011Runninghead:APAFORMATEXAMPLEAmaximumof50characters1 HowtoDothatAnnoyingAPAFormatStuff:ABriefOverviewofthe6thEditionScottW. PlunkettCaliforniaStateUniversity,NorthridgeNohWahnelseandI.M.N.OyedUniversityof InvisibleStudentsAuthors'namesshouldappearinorderoftheircontributiontothemanuscript. AuthorNoteScottWPlunkett,DepartmentofPsychology,CaliforniaStateUniversityNorthridge NohWahnelse,DepartmentofParanormalExperiencesandLifeEvents,UniversityofInvisible Students.I.M.N.Oyed,DepartmentofAngerManagement,UniversityofInvisibleStudents. SpecialthankstoBillWhiteintheManagementDepartmentatLibertyUniversityfor suggestions...showmorecontent...
Woohoo!Whatabonus!MarginsandFonts4Marginsandfonts.Thetop,bottom,left,andright marginsshouldbeoneinch.Use12pointfont.Youshoulduseaconservative,seriffonttype(e.g., TimesNewRoman,Cambria).Bytheway,seriffontmeansthateachletterhasalittleledgetostand onSans(ie,without)seriffonts(eg,Helvetica,Calibri,andArial)shouldnotbeused(exceptin tablesandfigures)becausetheyaremoredifficulttoreadandincreaseeyestrain(bummer!).Donot usescriptfontsbecausesomearejustannoying(e.g.,Braggadocia)whileothersarehardtotake serious(e.g.,ComicSans).ParagraphsandSpacingParagraphsshouldbeindented5–7spacesor1/2 inch.Makesureyourindentisconsistentthroughoutthewholepaper.Thebestwaytodothisisto usethetabkeyonyourcomputerAll'sub–sub'(Hey,Igottosayitagain)headingsshouldbe indentedthesameasotherparagraphs.APAFORMATEXAMPLECitationsandtheReference SectionIfadocumentyoucitehasonlyoneortwoauthors,thenciteitlikeso(Knowitall& Allknowing,2002;Urkel,1998)NoticethatIusedasemi–colontoseparatethetwodifferent citations.Also,thecitationsareinalphabeticalorderwithintheparentheses(i.e.,"Knowitall&5 Allknowing"camebefore"Urkel").Iftherearethreetofiveauthors,thencitealltheauthorsand date(Letterman,Leno,O'Brian,&Plunkett,2005).Ifyouusethesamesourceciteagainthathas
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VygotskyandPiagetTheoryVygotskyandPiagetCognitivedevelopmentcanbedescribedasthe processinwhichapersonconstructstheirthoughtsforexample,rememberingthings,problem solvingandattention.InthisessayIamgoingtoevaluatethetheoriesofPiagetandVygotsky.Iwill lookintotheweaknessesandstrengthsofthetheorieswithsupportingevidenceandalsothe similaritiesandthedifferencesofthetwotheoriesPiagetbelievedthatchildrendevelopthroughthe interactionofinnatecapacitieswithenvironmentalevents(Gross2005).Hesawchildrenas scientistsandhealsoarguedthatcognitivedevelopmentconsistsoffourevidentphasesthefirst phasebeingthesensorimotorstage,theshowmorecontent
Thisisdonethroughinnerspeechandverbalthought.Humansarebornwiththeabilitytointeract withothers,buttheycouldnotdomuchforthemselves.Howeverthroughagradualprocess,the individualmovestowardsbeingindependentandabilitiesbecometransformedthroughparticipating insocialactivities.ProximaldevelopmentwasVygotsky`ssecondaspectofhiscognitivetheory.He feltthatchildrenmightnotbeabletoarchiveontheirownTherefore,hefeltthatitwasimportantto achievemaximumlearning.Scaffoldingwasthenextstagethatinvolvedinencouragingand offeringadvicetochildrenforexample,hintsandpointersonhowtolearnnewthingsandsolve problemsontheirown.Vygotskyarguedthatourcognitivedevelopmentinvolvesproblemsolving processesthattakeplaceduetotheinteractionbetweenchildrenandthosewithwhomtheyare regularlyincontactwithTheparentsarethefirstcontactthenlatermovesontofriends,classmates andteachers.AccordingtoFlavell(1982)andSiegal(2003),theyarguedthatalthoughPiaget's theoryhashadgreatreachandsignificance,ithasencounteredcriticismofsomeaspectsofit. ProblemswithhistheoryhavegraduallysurfacedSomeofthesimilaritiesseeninthesetwo theorieswerethatchildrenwerecurious,problemsolvinghumanbeingswhoplayedanactivepart intheirowndevelopment.Theybothagreed
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