EXPERIMENT C by JahJa Jirayupaphat

History Buddhism Christian Islam Hindu Lost Religion

Learder Learder

William : Renewer of Society Mahatma Ganhi Mother Teresa

Rule Buddhim

Project Chairman

Pakpoom

Inpan

Kosit Juntaratipurl

Phattranit

Thipsumalai

Wannachai Wongtala

Torsakul

Panpipat

Tarathip

Kwankeeree

Pitchaya

Panpeng

Prachaya Thepthewin

Prachaya

Thepthewin

Bongkod Honglumpong

Prachayadol Ratanasuwan

Editorial Staff

Pranee

Jaikla

Sarinda

Jirayupa

Saruti

Jantrarachai

Siriwi

Phangsuwan

Suthida

Watthanapakon

Pitchaya Panpeng

Syamrat

Thongpala

Tarathip Kwankeeree

Weeraphon

Boonphed

Vachira

Siwarungsun

Vararee

Kotvichean

Art Director Pakpoom Inpan

Photographer team

Graphic Designer Arthi

Woravutputtapong

Authen

Chaisin

Bongkod

Honglumpong

Chaiwong

Thitiwut

Jetsada

Chimmalee

Kawin

Udomsom

Nutt Teekaputtisakul

Kongrid

Reewong

Weeraphon Boonphed

Kritsana

Issara

Kusalin

Kuttiya

Team Translators

Maysaya

Boonti

Kusalin Kuttiya

Nipapan

Tantikait

Nontipat

Chaisoda

Distribution

Nutt

Teekaputtisakul

Media Arts and Design, Chiang Mai University

Technical Director Kawin

Udomsom

Team Assistant Director

Christian Islam Hindu Did u know?

Custume Fashion

Erotic Burkini Innovation robes

Symbol Buddhim Christian Islam Hindu

Ritual Amageden Hell&Heaven

Believe after dead The day after tomorow

Sacastic George Carlin

Richard Dawkins Scientific Religion Giordano Bruno Michael Seretus Galileo Lucilio

Sacastic Picture Variety Movie Film Woman and religion Bhikkhuni Feung-Shui Meaning

Project chairman interviewed KOSIT JUNTARATI From the Project for several years, students will be the most negative.This year, the issue offers a Positive.Religious view that the world is good. But enough view Hyperactive what angle it is never seen. Since Buddhism teaches that all access Sui Ka e,constraint ,Electric nice soulless. Chris taught to love God love friends love themselves. But we have not seen many issues. Like to emphasize that it is not sexual in the way of Tao came together to work?. Religion to have sex is in how the same dimension. Therefore, some of the content is often dig out the text adds that it is upon the issue. It is in nature. On reproduction as children.That it is a natural camouflage.View, this is one. However, in view of some new religion, sex, to say that you are a taboo why. People have a passion Therefore, a conflict that need.The nun came out in a coffee ad or not. Bring forward some of the ads encourage us. That even devout people in the quiet temple is just a framework Si million practice. Also need to open shell Solo guitar John.Take this cup of coffee just because it makes up bold. Therefore asked if religion was starting out. About the impression it is more important. This is one example.

An electronic magazine that writes about the process that reviews all the area for the content or how to obtain the message content with a need to realize about the connotation issue.This magazine is managed in the form of code or symbols which is interpreted to reflect society.The process is in thought experiments and trial procedured. In a practice pattern they start to find ways of looking at issues of interest. They would also have to provide a method for answering questions and wanting to know the truth in hyperactive societies. And,Religion matters to bring the judge to suggest the diversity of views of people over time as changes to current scientific. And technological advances. The impact of ideas and faith in the religion of mankind. That is the inflection point of religion. A train of thought through the adjustment of society to date.

We could go on Religion conflict or break even the radar screen just a sign, but it is not just a symbol of the meaning.But it is the interpretation for example The shift actually have the traditional view of it before.But then it is fine work?. Do not talk about Nazi. But we say that this last symbol in the tattoo it on the people to work? Why might the right symbols into something else. Or Why is inserted in the political mark.Political parties have good moral corruption are not symbols of religion to the doctor with blazon it, then research into heavy criticism in the content of this issue. 5

Why this term need religion? We select our view that we would be able to critic critic social disorder, it is now. With opposite about it. As someone interested in politic issue during this political violence. But we will or interests of nature. Or about your child, on the fringe Thailand is facing problems, issues of economic consequence, it has much more content, it is set up to challenge.That analysis.What is fundamentally religious. From religion occur in terms of history work? Therefore, this is a topic that the major factors.It is certain that dig into the story even though the mine in the history.What can I do it will be. We only present a few instructions, such as the history of Buddhism to explain only the patent pool of Ta is to see the pain death is not to say that Buddha was possible to remove content or drilling work? Chris religions we to penetrate.why Jesus came to die for. Man on the Cross not.What makes it a god reason to back down on the world to human reflex, reture new ideas to break out trynidetail speak, then the new reviews, so it will not simply copy text to a critic it has new information. To see the opposite view.

Ask the objectives expected by the teacher and all. The exhibition both students and everything. Expect quite so much. Terms of operations because it wants to mean it can develop a higher technical, equipment, everything better. Complexities. Resolution of the finished graphic design that can be excited that the management or design. Be appropriate to the content. Terms of ideas. It will be a critic of the view that negative reviews in real experiments. This is not no sin. Story is presented, it seems to be interest. And a story for people to review. We should create a level of performance diagnostics. Methods of reading will be directed only one level, but not until the guide and concluded that it is anything.

Because it is the critic think it will affect what the world or society as a whole or when the media away. Expectations from e-magazine, this book will be a good way of thinking. Or at least should provide information to the people. Start small point is that social aspirations realized with positive concepts such as the problem solution. To stimulate. To be vigilant on the idea that some religions have focused on the complex. Although we need to have religion on this world or not. Or religion may be the other way thinking is not a prophet without a god. Only think how it as a religion but a step to change the world or we will go. Global trend in which direction. That it may be difficult.

What students do that the goals to set or not? Less than very satisfied with. But if you look overall at the technical level now thought to be good. But through the reviews in one level it is still inadequate and mentally before the establishment of a content discovery research prior to the analyst to take it until the issue is caused by thinking up ways to get content, but the critic. content is much less critical. Is a semi-satirical parody. Maybe it close enough so that it may be more deeply this time.

About Term work ? The purpose of this project is to experiment C is the answer prosecution work.Team work is emphasized to all the people sharing in the same way they think.To know more people know to share in the search go.Reviews of how systems work together to have the opportunity to learn to work together. The final work together was also a matter of management. It’s one of those people working split work obligations.Teamwork training function to Thailand because Thai people do teamwork often delayed because of another dispute are often not successful.

which you want to develop in experiment C ? experiment c is

doing but have problem in budget. when we’re do in eletronic magazine just stay in cyber world . therebore just have information to appreciate interesting in that we presentation. it was distribute out to puclic more.

Regarding to “religion”, What items it should be For considering to technology, It should be more update in details developed? and complicate of software.This will develop and support to the present situation. We need to be better than other local. We concentrate for overview of Enno Graphic then it will be expected to develop all issues to have the perfect production.

Do you think it should continue to have Digital magazine in the next year?

We continue to do this project but we would like to expand more for technical issue or more cover than this term. But our topic will be change every semester because effect of magazine and it can be continue change as we not focus only one issue. Topic will depend on environment at that time and also it can depend on hyper issue in social focus.

History of worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Religion

Buddhism

Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices variously described as religious, spiritual and philosophical.

These are all based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha. Born in what is today Nepal, the Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern region of the Indian subcontinent and most likely died around 400 BCE in what is now modern India. Adherents recognize the Buddha as an awakened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings escape the cycle of suffering and rebirth.The Buddhaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s teachings provide instructions on how to understand the true nature of phenomena, end suffering, and achieve nirvana. Buddhism as traditionally conceived, is a path of salvation attained through insight into the ultimate nature of reality.Buddhists use various methods to liberate themselves and others from suffering of worldly existence.These include: ethical conduct and altruism; devotional practices; ceremonies; the invocation of bodhisattvas; renunciation meditation; the cultivation of mindfulness and wisdom; and physical exercises.Two major branches of Buddhism are broadly recognized: Theravada, the oldest surviving, has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, and Mahayana, which is found throughout East Asia and includes the traditions of Zen, Shingon, Tibetan Buddhism and Tendai. In some methods of classification, Vajrayana is considered a third branch. Buddhist schools disagree on the historical teachings of the Buddha and on the importance and canonicity of various scriptures.

Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism, was born in the city of Lumbini around the year 563 BCE and was raised in Kapilavastu. Moments after birth, according to the scriptures, he performed the first of several miracles, taking a few steps and proclaiming, “Supreme am I in the world. Greatest am I in the world. Noblest am I in the world.

mendicant ascetic respectable spiritual practice at the time. He found companions with similar spiritual goals and teachers who taught him various forms of meditation, including jhāna.

Shortly thereafter, a wise man visited his father, King Śuddhodana. The wise man said that Siddhartha would either become a great king or a holy man based on whether he saw life outside of the palace walls. Determined to make Siddhartha a king, Śuddhodana shielded his son from the unpleasant realities of daily life. Years after this, Gautama married Yasodhara, with whom he had a son, Rahula, who later became a Buddhist monk.

Ascetics practised many forms of self-denial, including severe undereating. One day, after almost starving to death, Gautama accepted a little milk and rice from a village girl named Sujata. After this experience, he concluded that ascetic practices such as fasting, holding one’s breath, and exposure to pain brought little spiritual benefit. He viewed them as counterproductive due to their reliance on self-hatred and mortification. He abandoned asceticism, concentrating instead on anapanasati meditation thereby discovering what Buddhists call the Middle Way, a path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification.

At the age of 29, Siddhartha ventured outside the palace complex several times, despite his father’s wishes. As a result, he discovered the suffering of his people through encounters with an old man, a diseased man, a decaying corpse, and an ascetic. These are known among Buddhists as “The Four Sights”, one of the first contemplations of Siddhartha. The Four Sights eventually prompted Gautama to abandon royal life and take up a spiritual quest to free himself from suffering by living the life of

At the age of 35, after discovering the Middle Way, he sat under a sacred fig tree, also known as the Bodhi tree, in the town of Bodh Gaya, India, and vowed not to rise before achieving Nirvana. After many days of meditation, he attained his goal of becoming a Buddha. After his spiritual awakening he attracted a band of followers and instituted a monastic order. He spent the rest of his life teaching the Dharma, travelling throughout the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent. He died at the age of 80. 13

School of Buddhism Theravāda

Mahayana

Vajrayāna

Theravada ; literally, “the Teaching of the Elders” or “the Ancient Teaching”, is the oldest surviving Buddhist school. It was founded in India. It is relatively conservative, and generally closest to early Buddhism, and for many centuries has been the predominant religion of Sri Lanka and most of continental Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Thailand). Theravada is also practiced by minorities in parts of southwest China (by the Shan and Tai ethnic groups), Vietnam, Bangladesh (by the ethnic groups of Baruas, and Magh), Malaysia and Indonesia, while recently gaining popularity in Singapore and the Western World. Today Theravada Buddhists number over 100 million worldwide, and in recent decadesTheravada has begun to take root in the West and in the Buddhist revival in India.

Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the fifth century AD onwards, during the dynasty of the Guptas. Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most important one being the Nālandā University in north-eastern India.Mahayana schools recognize all or part of the Mahayna Sutras. Some of these sutras became for Mahayanists a manifestation of the Buddha himself, and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras to lay the foundations for the later attainment of Buddhahood itself. Native Eastern Buddhism is practiced today in China, Japan, Korea, Singapore, parts of Russia and most of Vietnam. The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions, and Mongolia is also Mahayana in origin, but will be discussed below under the heading of Northern Buddhism.

Vajrayāna is known as Tantric Buddhism,Tantrayāna,Esoteric Buddhism and the Diamond Vehicle. The period of Vajrayana Buddhism has been classified as the fifth or final period of Indian Buddhism. Vajrayana is a complex and multifaceted system which evolved over several centuries and reveals much inconsistency and a variety of opinions. Vajrayana probably came into existence in the 6th or 7th century CE, while the term Vajrayana first came into evidence in 8th century CE. Its scriptures a r e c a l l e d t h e T a n t ras.The distinctive feature of Vajrayana Buddhism is ritual, which is used as a substitute or alternative for the earlier abstract meditations. Vajrayana scriptures say that refers to one of three routes to enlightenment, the other two being Hinayana and Mahayana.

Timeline of Buddhism

1st century BCE

Indo- Greek governor Theodorus enshrines relics of the Buddha, dedicating them to the deified “Shakyamuni.”

c. 150 BCE

185 BCE 200 BCE c. 250 BCE c. 383 BCE c. 483 BCE 528 BCE

534 BCE

563 BCE

Siddhārtha Gautama Buddha to be , is born i n Lumbini into a leading royal family in the republic of the Shakyas , which is now part of Nepal.

Prince Siddhartha goes outside the palace for the first time and sees The Four Sights: an old man, an ill man, a dead man, and a holy man. He is shocked by the first three he did not know what age, disease, and death were but is inspired by the holy man to give up his wealth. He leaves his house and lives with three ascetics.However, he wants more than to starve himself, so he becomes a religious teacher.

Siddhartha attains Enlightenment in Buddha Gaya (modern day Bodhgaya), then travels to a deer park in Sarnath ,India, and begins expounding the Dharma.

528 BCE

Trapusha and Bhallika , twotrader brothers from Okkala, offer the Gautama’s first meal as the enlightened Buddha. The Buddha gives eight strands of his hair to the two brothers thestrands are broughtback to Burma and enshrined in the Shwed agon Pagoda. Thus, according to myth, this is the year when the Shwedagon Pagoda was built.

Gautama Buddha d i e s at Kusinara, India. Three months following his death, the First Buddhist Council is convened.

The Second Buddhist Council is convened by King Kalasoka and held at Vaisali.

Third Buddhist Council, convened by Ashoka the Great and chaired by Moggaliputta Tissa, compiles the Kathavatthu to refute the heretical views and theories held by some Buddhist sects. Ashoka issues a number of edicts ( Edicts of Ashoka) about the kingdom in support of Buddhism.

c. 250 BCE

Emperor Ashoka the Great sends various Buddhist missionaries to faraway countries, as far as China and the Mon & Malay kingdoms in the east and the Hellenistic kingdoms in the west, in order to make Buddhism known to them.

Indian traders regularly visit ports in Arabia, explaining the prevalence of place names in the region with Indian or Buddhist origin; e.g., bahar (from the Sanskrit vihara, a Buddhist monastery ). Ashokan emissary monks bring Buddhism to Suwannaphum, the location of which is disputed. The Dipavamsa and the Mon believe it was a Mon seafaring settlement in present-day Burma.

Brahmin general Pusyamitra Sunga overthrows the Mauryan dynasty and establishes the Sunga dynasty, apparently starting a wave of persecution against Buddhism.

Indo - Greek king Menander I converts to Buddhism under the sage Nāgasena, according to the account of the Miinda Panha.

120 BCE

The Chinese Emperor Han Wudi(156–87 BCE) receives two golden statues of the Buddha, according to inscriptions in the Mogao Caves, Dunhuang.

29 BCE

According to the Sinhalese chronicles , the Pali Canon is written down in the reign of King Vaagamii (29–17 BCE)

2 BCE

The Hou Hanshu records the visit in 2 BCE of Yuezhi envoys to the Chinese capital ,who give oral teachings on Buddhist sutras.

180 BCE

Greco-Bactrian King Demetrius nvades India as far as Patali the Indo -Greek kingdom (180–10 BCE ) , under which Buddhism flourishes.

c. 250 BCE

First fully developed examples of Kharoṣṭhī script date from this period ( the Aśokan inscriptions at Shāh bāzgaṛhī and Mānsehrā, a northwestern Indian subcontinent).

Christianity Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament.The Christian faith is essentially faith in Jesus as the Christ, the Son of God, the Savior, the manifestation of God to humankind , and God himself. Adherents of the Christian faith, known as Christians, believe that Jesus is the Messiah prophesied in the Hebrew Bible. Christian theology, as expressed in the early Christian ecumenical creeds claims and predomi nantly accepted by followers of the Christian faith, holds that Jesus suffered, died from crucifixion, buried, and was resurrected from the dead to open heaven to those who believe in him and trust him for the remission of their sins.They further maintain that Jesus bodily ascended into heaven where he rules and reigns with God the Father. Most denominations teach that Jesus will return to judge all humans, living and dead, and grant eternal life to his followers. He is considered the model of a virtuous life, and both the revealer and physical

incarnation of God. Christians call the message of Jesus Christ the Gospeland hence refer to the earliest written accounts of his ministry as gospels. Christianity began as a Jewish sect and is classified as an Abrahamic religion.Originating in the eastern Mediterranean, it quickly grew in size and influence over a few decades, and by the 4th century had become the dominant religion within the Roman Empire. During the Middle Ages, the remainder of Europe was Christianized, with Christians also being a religious minority in the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of India. Following the Age of Discovery, through missionary work and colonization, Christianity spread to the Americas and the rest of the world.Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization at least since the 4th century. However, the first nation to adopt Christianity as its official religion was Armenia in establishing the Armenian Orthodox Church in AD 301. 19

Jesus Chirst The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God and the Messiah (Christ). The title “Messiah” comes from the Hebrew word ‫( ַחיִׁשָמ‬māšiáħ) meaning anointed one. The Greek translation Χριστός (Christos) is the source of the English word “Christ”. Christians believe that, as the Messiah, Jesus was anointed by God as ruler and savior of humanity, and hold that Jesus’ coming was the fulfillment of messianic prophecies of the Old Testament. The Christian concept of the Messiah differs significantly from the contemporary Jewish concept. The core Christian belief is that, through the death and resurrection of Jesus, sinful humans can be reconciled to God an d t h e r e b y a r e o ff e r e d salvation and the promise of eternal life. While there have been many theological disputes over the nature of Jesus over the first centuries of Christian history, Christians generally believe that Jesus is God incarnate and “true God and true man” Jesus, having become fully human, suffered the pains and temptations of a mortal man, but did not sin. As fully God, h e r o s e t o l i f e a g a i n . According to the Bible, “God raised him from the dead,”he ascended to heaven, is “seated at the right hand of the Father”and will ultimately return to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy such as the Resurrection of the dead, the Last Judgment and final establishment of the Kingdom of God. According to the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born from the Virgin Mary. Little of Jesus’ childhood is recorded in the canonical Gospels, however infancy Gospels were popular in antiquity. In comparison, his adulthood, especially the week before his death, are well documented in the Gospels contained within the New Testament. The Biblical accounts of Jesus’ ministry include: his baptism, preaching, teaching, and deeds.

History of Christianity Early Church and Christological Councils The Last Supper, by Leonardo da Vinci (painted 1495-1498).Christianity began as a Jewish sect in the eastern Mediterranean in the mid-first century. Its earliest development took place under the lead ership of the Twelve Apostles, particularly Saint Peter and Paul the Apostle, followed by the early bishops, whom Christians considered the successors of the Apostles. From the beginning, Christians were subject to persecution. This involved punishments, including death, for Christians such as Stephen and James, son of Zebedee. Larger-scale persecutions followed at the hands of the authorities of the Roman Empire, first in the year 64, when Emperor Nero blamed them for the Great Fire of Rome. According to Church tradition, it was under Neroâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s persecution that early Church leaders Peter and Paul of Tarsus were each martyred in Rome. Further widespread persecutions of the Church occurred under nine subsequent Roman emperors, most intensely under Decius and Diocletian. From the year 150, Christian teachers began to produce theological and apologetic works aimed at defending the faith. These authors are known as the Church

Fathers, and study of them is called Patristics. Notable early Fathers include Ignatius of Antioch, Polycarp, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus,Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, and Origen. State persecution ceased in the 4th century, when Constantine I issued an edict of toleration in 313. On 27 February 380, Emperor Theodosius I enacted a law establishing Christianity as the official religionof the Roman Empire.From at least the 4th century, Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization. Constantine was instrumental in the convocation of the First Council of Nicaea in 325, which sought to address the Arian heresy and formulated the Nicene Creed, which is still used by the Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, Anglican Communion, and many Protestant churches. Nicaea was the first of a series of Ecumenical Councils which formally defined critical elements of the theology of the Church, notably concerning Christology.The Assyrian Church of the East did not accept the third and following Ecumenical Councils, and are still separate today. 23

Early Middle Ages With the decline and fall of the Roman Empire in the west, the papacy became a political player, first visible in Pope Leoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s diplomatic dealings with Huns and Vandals.The church also entered into a long period of missionary activity and expansion among the former barbarian tribes. Catholicism spread among the Germanic peoples (initially in competition with Arianism), the Celtic and Slavic peoples, the Hungarians, the Scandinavians, and the Baltic peoples. Around 500, St. Benedict set out his Monastic Rule, establishing a system of regulations for the foun dation and running of monasteries.Monasticism became a powerful force throughout Europe,and gave rise to many early centers of learning, most famously in Ireland, Scotland and Gaul, contributing to the Carolingian Renaissance of the 9th century. From the 7th century onwards, Islam conquered the Christian lands of the Middle East, North Africa and much of Spain, resulting in oppression of Christianity and numerous military struggles, including the Crusades, the Spanish Reconquista and wars against the Turks. The Middle Ages brought about major changes within the church. Pope Gregory the Great dramatically reformed ecclesiastical structure and administration. In the early 8th century, iconoclasm became a divisive issue, when it was sponsored by the Byzantine emperors. The Second Ecumenical Council of Nicaea finally pronounced in favor of icons. In the early 10th century, western monasticism was further rejuvenated through the leadership of the great Benedictine monastery of Cluny.

High and Late Middle Ages In the west, from the 11th century onward, older cathedral schools developed into universities Originally teaching only theology, these steadily added subjects including medicine, philosophy and law, becoming the direct ancestors of modern western institutions of learning. Accompanying the rise of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;new townsâ&#x20AC;? throughout Western Europe, mendicant orders were founded, bringing the consecrated religious life out of the monastery and into the new urban setting. The two principal mendicant movements were the Franciscans and the Dominicans founded by St. Francis and St. Dominic respectively. Both orders made significant contributions to the development of the great universities of Europe. Another new order were the Cistercians, whose large isolated monasteries spearheaded the settlement of former wilderness areas. In this period church building and ecclesiastical architecture reached new heights, culminating in the orders of Romanesque and Gothic architecture and the building of the great European cathedrals. From 1095 under the pontificate of Urban II, the Crusades were launched.

These were a series of military campaigns in the Holy Land and elsewhere, initiated in response to pleas from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I for aid against Turkish expansion. The Crusades ultimately failed to stifle Islamic aggression and even contributed to Christian enmity with the sacking of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade. Over a period stretching from the 7th to the 13th century, the Christian Church underwent gradual alienation, resulting in a schism dividing it into a Western, largely Latin branch, the Roman Catholic Church, and an Eastern, largely Greek, branch, the Orthodox Church. These two churches disagree on a number of administrative, liturgical, and doctrinal issues, most notably papal primacy of jurisdiction. The Second Council of Lyon and the Council of Flor ence attempted to reunite the churches, but in both cases the Eastern Orthodox refused to implement the decisions and the two principal churches remain in schism to the present day. However, the Roman Catholic Church has achieved union with various smaller eastern churches. 25

Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation The 15th-century Renaissance brought about a renewed interest in ancient and classical learning. Another major schism, the Reformation, resulted in the splintering of the Western Christendom into several Christian denominations.Martin Luther in 1517 protested against the sale of indulgences and soon moved on to deny several key points of Roman Catholic doctrine. Others like Zwingli and Calvin further criticized Roman Catholic teaching and worship. These challenges developed into the movement called Protestantism, which repudiated the primacy of the pope, the role of tradition, the seven sacraments, and other doctrines and practices. The Reformation in England began in 1534, when King Henry VIII had himself declared head of the Church of England. Beginning in 1536, monasteries throughout England, Wales and Ireland were dissolved.Partly in response to the Protestant Reformation, the Roman Catholic Church engaged in a substantial process of reform and renewal, known as the Counter-Reformation or Catholic Reform. The Council of Trent clarified and reasserted Roman

Christianity in the Modern Era Catholic doctrine. During the following centuries, competition between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism became deeply entangled with political struggles among European states. Meanwhile, the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus in 1492 brought about a new wave of missionary activity. Partly from missionary zeal, but under the impetus of colonial expansion by the European powers, Christianity spread to the Americas, Oceania, East Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. Throughout Europe, the divides caused by the Reformation led to outbreaks of religious violence and the establishment of separate state religions in Western Europe: Lutheranism in parts of Germany and in Scandinavia and Anglicanism in England in 1534. Ultimately, these differences led to the outbreak of conflicts in which religion played a key factor. The Thirty Yearsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; War, the English Civil War, and the French Wars of Religion are prominent examples. These events intensified the Christian debate on persecution and toleration.

In the Modern Era, Christianity was confronted with various forms of skepticism and with certain modern political ideologies such as liberalism, nationalism and socialism. Events ranged from mere anti-clericalism to violent outbursts against Christianity such as the Dechristianisation during the French Revolution, the Spanish Civil War, and general hostility of Marxist movements, especially the Russian Revolution.Christian commitment in Europe dropped as modernity and secularism came into their own[clarification needed] in Western Europe, while religious commitments in America have been generally high in comparison to Western Europe. The late 20th century has shown the shift of Christian adherence to the Third World and southern hemisphere in general, with western civilization no longer the chief standard bearer of Christianity.

Life of the Islamist

Islam

The word Islam is a verbal noun originating from the triliteral root s-l-m, and is derived from the Arabic verb Aslama, which means to accept, surender or submit . Thus,Islam means acceptance of and submission to God, and believers must demonstrate this by worshipping him , folowing his commands , and avoiding polytheism.The word is given a number of meaings in the Qur’an.In some verses (ayat), the quality of Islam as an internal conviction is stressed: “Whomsoever God desires to guide, He expands his breast to Islam.” Other verses connect islām and dīn ( usually translated as “ religion ” ) Today, I have perfected your religion (dīn) for you; I have completed My blessing upon you; I have approved Islam for your religion. ” Still others describe Islam as an action of returning to God more than just a verbal affirmation of faith Another technical meaning in Islamic thought is as one part of a triad of islam, faith, and ihsān (excellence) ; where it represents acts of wor ship and Islamic law (sharia). Islam’s fundamental theological concept is tawhīd the belief that there is only one god. The Arabic term for God is Allāh; most scholars believe it was derived from a contraction of the words al- (the) and hilāh (deity, masculine form ), meaning “the god ”, but others trace its origin to the Aramaic Alāhā.The first of the Five Pillars of Islam, tawhīd is expressed in the shahadah (testification), which declares that there is no god but God, and that Muhammad is God’s messenger. In traditional Islamic theol ogy, Jesus was just a man and not the son of God 29

Timeline of Islam Crusades, Reconquista and Mongol invasion

Mongol invasion of Central Asia and IlkhanateFrom the 11 th century onwards alliances of Eu ropean Christian kingdoms mobilized to launch a series of wars known as the Crusades Initially successful in this aim, and establishing the Crusader states, these gains were later reversed by subsequent Muslim generals In the east the Mongol Empire put an end to the Abbassid. Meanwhile in Egypt , the slave-soldier Mamluks took control in an uprising alliance with the Golden Horde halted the Mongol armies at the Battle of Ain Jalut. But Mongol rule extended across the breadth of almost all Muslim lands in Asia and Islam was temporarily replaced by Buddhism as the official religion of the land. In the mid-14th century.It is probable that the Mongols and merchant caravans making use of the opportunities of free passage offered by the Pax Mongolica inadvertently brought the plague from Central Asia to the Middle East and Europe.Plague epidemics kept returning to the Islamic world up to the 19th century.

Golden Age (750–1258) BCE

The spread of the Islamic dominion induced hostility among medieval ecclesiastical Christian authors who saw Islam as an adversary in the light of the large numbers of new Muslim converts. This opposition resulted in polemical treatises which depicted Islam as the religion of the antichrist . In the medieval period, a few Arab philosophers

(632–750) BCE

Mongol invasion of Central Asia and Ilkhanate From the 11th century onwards alliances of European Christian kingdoms mobilized to launch a series of wars known as the Crusades Initially successful in this aim, and establishing the Crusader states, these gains were later reversed by subsequent Muslim generals In the east the Mongol Em pire put an end to the Abbassid. Meanwhile in Egypt, the slave-soldier Mamluks took control in an uprising alliance with the Golden Horde halted the Mongol armies at the Battle of Ain Jalut. But Mongol rule extended across the breadth of almost all Muslim lands in Asia and Islam was temporarily replaced by Buddhism as the official reli gion of the land. the opportunities of free passage offered by the Pax Mongolica inadvertently brought the plague from Central Asia to the Middle East and Europe. Plague epidemics kept returning to the Islamic world up to the 19th century.

(1030–1918)BCE

Beginning in the 13th century, To legitimize and reorganize the movement . development the model of the Sufi order a community of spiritual teachers and students. Also of importance to Sufism was the creation of the Masnavi, a collection of mystical poetry by the 13th century Persian poet Rumi. The Masnavi had a profound influence on the development In the 19th century, the rise of nationalism resulted in Greece declaring and winning independence in 1829, with several Balkan states following suit after the Ottomans suffered defeat in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. The Ottoman era came to a close at the end of World War I and the Caliphate was abolished in 1924.In the 19th century, the Salafi, Deobandi and Barelwi movements were initiated

The Population world of muslim (1918–Present) BCE

The 20th century saw the creation of many new Islamic “revivalist” movements. Groups such as the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and Jamaat-e-Islami in Pakistan advocate a totalistic and theocratic alternative to secular political ideologies. Sometimes called Islamist, they see Western cultural values as a threat, and promote Islam as a comprehensive solution to every public and private question of importance. In countries like Iran and Afghanistan (under the Taliban),revolutionary movements replaced secular regimes with Islamist states, while transnational groups like Osama bin Laden’s al-Qaeda en gage in terrorism to further their goals. In contrast, Liberal Islam is a movement that attempts to recon cile religious tradition with modern norms of secular governance and human rights. Its supporters say that there are multiple ways to read Islam’s sacred texts, and stress the need to leave room for “indepen dent thought on religious matters”

Hindu

Reviews to Hindunism

Religions of the Indian subcontinent Hinduism is the world’s third largest religion after Christianity and Islam with approximately a bil lion adherents Other countries with large Hindu populations can be found across southern Asia. Hinduism’s vast body of scriptures are divided into Śruti (“revealed”)and Smriti (“remembered”) texts. These scriptures discuss theology, philosophy and mythology, and provide information on the practice of dharma (religious living). Among these texts the Vedas and the Upanishads are the foremost in authority, importance and antiquity. Other major scriptures include the Purāhas and the epics Mahābhārata and Rāmāyaha.The Bhaga vad Gītā,treatise from the Mahābhārata spoken by Krishna,is sometimes called a summary of the spiritual teachings of the Vedas. Hinduism is predominant religion of the Indian subcontinent. Hinduism is often referred to as Sanātana Dharma,Sanskrit phrase meaning “the eternal law by its adherents.Generic types of Hinduism that attempt to accommodate variety of complex views span folk and Vedic Hinduism to bhakti tradition, as in Vaishnavism. Hinduism also includes yogic traditions and a wide spectrum of “daily morality” based on notion of karma and societal norms such as Hindu marriagecustoms.

Among its roots is the historical Vedic religion of Iron Age India, and as such Hinduism is often stated to be the oldest living religion”or the oldest living major tradition”.Hinduism is formed of diverse traditions and has no single founder. Hinduism refers to a religious mainstream which evolved organically and spread over a large territory marked by significant ethnic and cultural diversity. This mainstream evolved both by innovation from within, and by assimilation of external traditions or cults into the Hindu fold. The result is an enormous variety of religious traditions, ranging from innumerable small, unsophisticated cults to major religious movements with millions of adher ents spread over the entire subcontinent. The identifi cation of Hinduism as an independent religion separate from Buddhism or Jainism consequently hinges on the affirmation of its adherents that it is such. Prominent themes in Hindu beliefs include (but are not restricted to), Dharma (ethics/duties), Samsāra (The continuing cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth), Karma (action and subsequent reaction), Moksha (liberation from samsara), and the various Yogas (paths or prac tices).

Hindunism History Hinduism is unique among the world religions in that it has no founder or date of origin.While most major religions derive from new ideas taught by a charismatic leader,Hinduism is simply the religion of the people of India, which has gradually devel oped over four thousand years. The origins and authors of its sacred texts are largely unknown. Although today's Hinduism differs significantly from earlier forms of Indian religion , Hinduism' s roots date back as far as 2000 BC ,making it one of the oldest surviving religions. Because of its great age, the early history of Hinduism is unclear. The most ancient writings have yet to be deciphered, so for the earliest periods scholars must rely on educated guesses based on archaeology and the study of contemporary texts. In the last few decades, the history of India 's religion has also become a matter of political controversy. The history of any nation (or individual) is an important part of its self-identity, and this is especially true of India,which so recently gained independence after centuries of colonial rule.The controversy over India's history centers on the origin of the Aryan culture, as we shall see in more detail below. “The Controversial Aryans” The Indus Valley culture began to decline around 1800 BC, due possibly to

flooding or drought. Until recently, it was held that the Aryans (an Indo-European culture whose name comes from the Sanskrit for “noble”) invaded India and Iran at this time.According to this hypothesis, both the Sanskrit language and the Vedic religion foundational to Hinduism is attributable to the Aryans and their descendants.The original inhabitants of the Indus Valley are thought to have had a Dravidian language and culture, which became subordinate to that of the invading peoples. Proponents of this hypothesis point to similarities between Zoroastrianism ( the ancient religion of Iran) and the Vedic religion of ancient India,as well as similar finds in ancient cemeteries in modern-day India and Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. In addition, no trace of horses or chariots have been found in the remains of the Indus Valley culture, but were central to Aryan military and ritual life. Since the 1980s , this “Aryan Invasion” hypothesis has been strongly challenged as a myth propagated by colonial scholars who sought to reinforce the idea that anything valuable in India must have come from elsewhere. Critics of the hypothesis note that there is lack of evidence of any conquest, among other historical and archaeological problems.

CONCEPT OF GOD Hinduism is a diverse system of thought with beliefs spanning monotheism,polytheism,panentheism,panth eism, monism, and atheism, and its concept of God is complex and depends upon each particular tradition and philosophy. It is sometimes referred to as heno theistic, but any such term is an overgeneralization Most Hindus believe that the spirit or soul the true “self” of every person, called the ātma is eternal. According to the monistic / pantheistic theologies of Hinduism, this Atman is ultimately indistinct from Brahman the su preme spirit. Hence, these schools are called non-du alist.The goal of life, according to the Advaita school,is to realize that one’s ātman is identical to Brahman , the supreme soul. The Upanishads state that who ever becomes fully aware of the ātman as the innermost core of one’s own self realizes an identity with Brah man and thereby reaches moksha Dualistic schools (see Dvaita and Bhakti) understand Brahman as a Supreme Being who possesses per sonality, and they worship him or her thus, as Vishnu, Brahma, Shiva, or Shakti, depending upon the sect. The atman is dependent on God, while moksha de pends on love towards God and on God’s grace.When God is viewed as the supreme personal being (rather than as the infinite principle), God is called Ishvara, Bhagavan or Parameshwara However inter pretations of Ishvara vary, ranging from non belief in Ishvara by followers of Mimamsakas, to identifying Brahman and Ishvara as one, as in Advaita. In the majority of tradi tions of Vaishnavism he is Vishnu, God, and the text of Vaishnava scriptures identify this Being as Krishna, sometimes referred to as svayam bhagavan. There are schools like the Samkhya which have atheistic leanings. 41

LOST Religion

Sun worship veneration of the sun or a representation of the In ancient Egypt the sun god Re was the dominant sun as a deity, as in Atonism in Egypt in the 14th figure among the high gods and retained this position century bc. from early in that civilization’s history. In the myth relating the voyage of the sun god over the heavenly ocean, sun worship has been used frequently as a term the sun sets out as the young god Kheper; appears for “pagan” religion, it is, in fact, relatively rare. at noon in the zenith as the full-grown sun, Re; and Though almost every culture uses solar motifs, arrives in the evening at the western region in the only a relatively few cultures (Egyptian, Indo-European, shape of the old sun god, Atum. When the pharaoh and Meso-American) developed solar religions. Ikhnaton reformed Egyptian religion, he took up All of these groups had in common a well-developed the cult of the ancient deity Re-Horakhte under the urban civilization with a strong ideology of sacred name of Aton, an older designation of the Sun’s kingship. In all of them the imagery of the sun as disk. Under Akhenaton , the sun’s qualities as the ruler of both the upper and the lower worlds creator and nourisher of the Earth and its inhabitants that he majestically visits on his daily round is are glorified. prominent.The sun is the bestower of light and life to the totality of the cosmos; with his unblinking, The sun god occupied a central position in both all-seeing eye, he is the stern guarantor of justice; Sumerianand Akkadian religion, but neither the Su with the almost universal connection of light with merian Utu nor the Semitic Shamash was included enlightenment or illumination, the sun is the source among the three highest gods of the pantheon. The of wisdom. The sun is the bestower of light and sun was one of the most popular deities, however, life to the totality of the cosmos;with his unblinking, among the Indo-European peoples and was a symbol all-seeing eye, he is the stern guarantor of justice; of divine power to them. Sūrya is glorified in the Vedic with the almost universal connection of light with hymns of ancient India as an all-seeing god who enlightenment or illumination ,the sun is the source observes both good and evil actions. He expels not of wisdom. These qualities—sovereignty,power only darkness but also evil dreams and diseases. of beneficence,justice, and wisdom are central Sun heroes and sun kings also occupy a central to any elite religious group, and it is within these position in Indian mythology, where Vivasvant, the contexts that a highly developed solar ideology father of Yama,corresponds to the Iranian Vivahvant, is found. Kings ruled by the power of the sun and the father of Yima.There is a dynasty of sun kings, claimed descent from the sun. Solar deities, gods characteristically peaceful, that is quite distinct from the warlike moon kings. In medieval Iran, sun festivals personifying the sun, are sovereign and all-seeing. The sun is often a prime attribute of or were celebrated as a heritage from pre-Islāmic times. The Indo-European character of sun worship is also is identified with the Supreme Deity. seen in the conception of the solar deity, drawn in his carriage, generally by four white horses, common to many Indo-European peoples, and recurring in Indo-Iranian, Greco-Roman, and Scandinavian mythology.zzz 45

Horus Horus is one of the oldest and most significant of the deities in the Ancient Egyptian religion who was worshipped from at least the late Predynastic period through to Greco-Roman times. Different forms of Horuses are recorded in history and these are treated as distinct gods by Egyptologists.These various forms may possibly be different perceptions of the same multi-layered deity in which certain attributes or syncretic relationships are emphasised, not necessarily in opposition but complementary to one another, consistent with how the Ancient Egyptians viewed the multiple facets of reality.The earliest recorded form is Horus the Falcon who was the patron deity of Nekhen in Upper Egypt and who is the first known national god, specifically related to the king who in time became to be regarded as a manifestation of Horus in life and Osiris in death. The most commonly encountered family relationship describes Horus as the son of Isis and Osiris but in another tradition Hathor is regarded as his mother and sometimes as his wife. Horus served many functions in the Egyptian pantheon, most notably being the god of the sky and god of war. 47

Pagan Goddess In the ancient Canaan (which is now the state of Israel) the fertility (and sexual) rites of spring were celebrated each year in what was called “The Marriage Feast of Canaan,” where the intercourse between God the Father and the Mother Earth was acknowledged as the rains of spring would bring forth their crops.Eastre (a.k.a. Eostre) was the Great Mother Goddess of the Saxon people in Northern Europe. Her name was derived from the ancient word for spring: eastre. Other variations of the name for goddesses of fertility were Ostare, Ostara, Ostern, Eostra, Eostur, Eastra, Eastur, Austron and Ausos.The female powers in animist cultures was much more powerful to them than the male because females had the power to create new life. But, as is described in far more detail in Section I of Cultural Vision, “The ‘Roots’ of Domination,”as tribes became more war-like and the memes of Domination were growing like a virus through out these newly evolving societies,the female goddesses were more and more discarded in favor of male deitie. However, the pagans , who lived away from the cultural centers where these male gods were becoming more powerful, still kept a largerepertoire of goddesses for aspects of their mythologies. The ability to produce new life made women sacred - essentially a goddess. But this divine sex worship took the perceived divine powers away from the church which was seeking to control and dominate at the behest of those who would profit from such control. Sex was portrayed as disgusting and sinful. Many religions did this. Eve was the one with the sin of temptation on her hands. Women needed to be controlled. Even childbirth pain was now viewed as rightful punishment. The church burned 5 million women at the stake. This turn in events in the Domination cultural evolution led to the male hierarchy in new religions that placed men in all positions of power 49

Greek Religion The Greek religion is based on anthropomorphic polytheism, it comprises multiple divinities having human forms and feelings. This article gives you insight on the origin of Greek religion, Greek mythology, Greek Gods, and the various forms of Greek worship. Early Greek religion is a blend of the Achaean, Dorian, Minoan, Egyptian and the Asian cultures. It dates back to the period of the Aryan invasion during 2d millennium B.C. The Aryans mingled with the Aegean (Pelasgians) and the Minoan cultures to create the present day Greek culture. The civilization that resulted from the amalgamation flourished between 1600 B.C. and 1400 B.C. and was known as the Minoan-Mycenean civilization. Greek religion emerged as an amalgamation of various civilizations and races, Zeus, Demeter and Hestia were initially Gods of the Indo-European invaders, Rhea was a Minoan Goddess, God Athena belonged to Mycenean, Hera and Hermes were borrowed from Aegean, God Apollo came from Ionian, Aphrodite was Cyprus, Dionysus and Ares belonged to the Thrace.

cluded a number of mystery religions.The mystaiemphasized on the participation in cult mysteries to obtain a happy afterlife through salvation. The true nature, beliefs and practices of the mystery religion were revealed only to those who were initiated into its secrets as members and followers. It is believed that in Athens alone, at a particular point of time, there were around six hundred mystai. Eleusis and Samothrace were two important Greek Mystery religious cults. Some important Greek Mystery religions Gods were Dionysus, Osiris and Mithra. With the onset of Christianity, the Greek religion slowly became extinct. Today the Greek mythology is the sole reference to the Greek religion that is no longer inexistence. The Iliad and the Odyssey are two great epics of the Greek mythology, which sheds light on the Greek religion, culture, practices, beliefs and other mythological incidents. Other works of Homer, Theocritus, Vergil, and Ovid contribute valuable additions to the Greek mythology 51

Mithraism The Mithraic Mysteries or Mysteries of Mithras was a mystery religion which became popular among the military in the Roman Empire, from the 1st to 4th centuries AD. It is best attested in the cities of Rome and Ostia and in the Roman provinces of Mauretania, Britain, and in the provin ces along the Rhine and Danube frontier. Mithra was born from a rock (or a cave). He fought with the sun and managed to capture the divine bull and slayed it before he ascended to heaven. From the blood of the bull came forth all the plants and animals beneficial to humanity. Mithras was known as “the way,” “the Truth,” “the Light,” “the Redeemer,” “the Messiah,” “ the Savior,” “the word, ” “the Son of God,” and ”the Good Shepherd.” Mithra was pictured carrying a lamb on his shoulders. Sunday was sacred and known as “the Lord’s Day” centuries before Jesus. Mithraism hit Rome in the first century BCE as the Mithraic cult fled Persia. Manichaeism is distinguished by its elaboratecosmology describing the struggle between a good, spiritual world of light,and an evil, material world of darkness. Through anongoing process which takes place in human history, light is gradually removed from the world of matter and returned to the world of light from which it came. Manichaeism thrived between the third and seventh centuries, and at its height was one of the most widespread religions in the world. Manichaean churches and scriptures existed as far east as China and as far west as the Roman Empire. Manichaeism appears to have died out before the sixteenth century in southern China. How Manichaeism may have inenced Christianity continues to be debated. Manichaeism may have influenced the Bogomils, Paulicians, and Cathars. However, these groups left few records, and the link between them and Manichaeans is tenuous. Regardless of its accuracy the charge of Manichaeism was levelled at them by contemporary orthodox opponents, who often tried to make contemporary heresies conform to those combatted by the church fathers. Whether the dualism of the Paulicians, Bogomils, and Cathars and their belief that the world was created by a Satanic demiurge were due to influence from Manichaeism isimpossible to determine.The Cathars apparently adopted the Manichaean principles of church organization. Priscillian and his followers may also have been influenced by Manichaeism.The Manichaeans preserved many apocryphal Christian works, such as the Acts of Thomas, th at would otherwise have been lost. 53

Krishna India in 1200 BCE. Witness the ancient story of the Virgin Mother Devaki being visited by spirits to announce the impending birth of a immaculately conceived child who is God’s Sun and the “son of God.” The heathen Savior Krishna. Aside from the birth from a spotless virgin attended by wise men, as well as shepherds, they were both considered god incarnate as they worked miracles, restored sight, cast out devils, and raised the dead. Additionally, Krishna was presented at birth with frankincense, myrrh, and gold. He was without sin, of royal descent, and raised by a humanfather

that was a carpenter. He preached of a great and final day of judgment and used parables to teach the people about charity and love. In death he stood transfigured (meaning transformed into a god appearance, superhuman as it were — of course we might collectively imagine that appearance to be bright and shining) in front of his disciples. however, is the title his disciples bestowed on him—a word that means “pure essence.” That word is “Jezeus.” We might also take note of the fact that a common earlier English spelling of Krishna was “Christna.” 55

Loss of African

Traditional Religion The desecration of Africa in the past by the Western European powers seriously and adversely affected the traditional cultures of the indigenous African people to the extent that many traditional beliefs, social values, customs, and rituals were either totally destroyed or ignored. In most cases they were considered to be nothing more than pagan values and superstitions that played no part in traditional African culture. Culture after all is the way of life developed by people as they cope with survival. True culture then must include the traditional beliefs and spiritualism. The introduction of European Christianity and values separated the indigenous Africans from their traditional ancient spiritual roots as well as their traditional identity as a spiritual people. The African traditional religious life has always considered all life to be the sphere of the Almighty, the powerful (the Otumfoo), the Omnipotent (Gye Nyame). He is wise, and all seeing and all knowing. He is the Great Spider (Ananse Kokroko), and the Ancient of Days (Odomankoma). In the private and public life of the African religious rites, beliefs,and rituals are considered an integral part of life. Life then is never complete unless it is seen always in its entirety. Religious beliefs are found in everyday life and no distinction is made between the sacred and the secular. The sacred and the secular are merged in the total persona of the individual African. Life is not divided into compartments or divisions. Thus there are no special times for worship, for everyday and hour is worship time. There are no creeds written down because through the traditions of the Elders all creeds and functions are carried in the individualâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heart. Each individual by his very nature and life style is a living creed from the time one rises until one retires at night. An understanding of the basic nature of the African religious tradition surely illuminates the meaning of spirituality in contemporary Africa. 57

Leader

Contemporary

Wilberforce’s other efforts to ‘renew society’ included the organisation of the Society for the Suppression of Vice in 1802. He worked with the reformer, Hannah More, in the Association for the Better Observance of Sunday. Its goal was to provide all children with regular education in reading, personal hygiene and religion. He was closely involved with the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. He was also instrumental in encouraging Christian missionaries to go to India.

“God Almighty has set before me two great objects, the suppression of the slave trade and the reformation of manners.” -William Wilberforce

Wilberforce retired from politics in 1825 and died on 29 July 1833, shortly after the act to free slaves in the British empire passed through the House of Commons. He was buried near his friend Pitt in Westminster Abbey.

The only other thing I’d like to say about William Wilberforce was a key representative of the anti-slave trade forces. Gracious, witty, and devoutly religious, he was also a great orator who was beloved by almost everyone who knew him.

Admirers today invoke his spirit

Renewer of Society Wilberforce was a deeply religious English member of parliament and social reformer who was very inﬂuential in the abolition of the slave trade and eventually slavery itself in the British empire

William Wilberforce was born on 24 August 1759 in Hull, the son of a wealthy merchant. He studied at Cambridge University where he began a lasting friendship with the future prime minister, William Pitt the Younger. In 1780, Wilberforce became member of parliament for Hull, later representing Yorkshire. His dissolute lifestyle changed completely when he became an evangelical Christian, and in 1784 joined a leading group known as the Clapham Sect. His Christian faith prompted him to become interested in social reform, particularly the improvement of factory conditions in Britain

His charm, perto support causes ranging sonal kindness, from banning abortion to reputation for inthe need for an Evangelitegrity and deep conservatism on most issues gave him inﬂuence with his fellow MPs that few others in parliament had. But was the abolition of the slave trade and slavery primarily the work of this likeable, saintly man and his circle of similarly religious friends? Today, most historians see the long struggle to end the slave trade as much more complex and unruly than simply

“God Almighty has set before me two great objects, the suppression of the slave trade and the reformation of manners.” -William Wilberforce

Renewer of Society W i l b e r f o r c e was a deeply religious English member of parliament and social reformer who was very inﬂuential in the abolition of the slave trade and eventu-

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Admirers today invoke his spirit

His charm, perto support causes ranging from sonal kindness, banning abortion to the need for reputation for inan Evangelical revival. tegrity and deep conservatism on most issues gave him inﬂuence with his fellow MPs that few others in parliament had. But was the abolition of the slave trade and slavery primarily the work of this likeable, saintly man and his circle of similarly religious friends? Today, most historians see the long struggle to end the slave trade as much more complex and unruly than simply being the work of Wilberforce alone.

“I claim to be no more than an average man with less than average abilities. I have not the shadow of a doubt that any man or woman can achieve what I have, if he or she would make the same effort and cultivate the same hope and faith.” - GANDHI Known as ‘Mahatma’ (great soul), Gandhi was the leader of the Indian nationalist movement against British rule, and is widely considered the father of his country. His doctrine of non-violent protest to achieve political and social progress has been hugely inﬂuential

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 in Porbandar in Gujarat. After university, he went to London to train as a barrister. He returned to India in 1891 and in 1893 accepted a job at an Indian law ﬁrm in Durban, South Africa. Gandhi was appalled by the treatment of Indian immigrants there, and joined the struggle to obtain basic rights for them. During his 20 years in South Africa he was sent to prison many times. Inﬂuenced primarily by Hinduism, but also by elements of Jainism and Christianity as well as writers including Tolstoy and Thoreau, Gandhi developed the satyagraha (‘devotion to truth’), a new non-violent way to redress wrongs. In 1914, the South African government conceded to many of Gandhi’s demands.

LEADER CONTEMPORARY

Gandhi returned to India shortly afterwards. In 1919, British plans to intern people suspected of sedition - the Rowlatt Acts - prompted Gandhi to announce a new satyagraha which attracted millions of followers. A demonstration against the acts resulted in the Amritsar Massacre by British troops. By 1920, Gandhi was a dominant ﬁgure in Indian politics. He transformed the Indian National Congress, and his programme of peaceful non-cooperation with the British included boycotts of British goods and institutions, leading to arrests of thousands.

In 1922, Gandhi himself was sentenced to six years’ imprisonment. He was released after two years and withdrew from politics, devoting himself to trying to improve Hindu-Muslim relations, which had worsened. In 1930, Gandhi proclaimed a new campaign of civil disobedience in protest at a tax on salt, leading thousands on a ‘March to the Sea’ to symbolically make their own salt from seawater.

1. Gandhi on Salt March 2. Gandhiji on a walk with Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 4

LEADER CONTEMPORARY

3. Bapu reading newspaper 4. Gandhiji addressing the huge gatherings pertaining to Salt Satyagraha

In 1931, Gandhi attended the Round Table Conference in London, as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress, but resigned from the party in 1934 in protest at its use of non-violence as a political expedient. He was replaced as leader by Jawaharlal Nehru. In 1945, the British government began negotiations which culminated in the Mountbatten Plan of June 1947, and the formation of the two new independent states of India and Pakistan, divided along religious lines. Massive inter-communal violence marred the months before and after independence. Gandhi was opposed to partition, and now fasted in an attempt to bring calm in Calcutta and Delhi. On 30 January 1948, he was assassinated in Delhi by a Hindu fanatic. 67 11

Humanitarian Mother Teresa, whose original name was Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, was born on August 26, 1910 in what is now Skopje, Macedonia. She always wrote her birthday as the 27th of August because that was the day of her baptism, which was always more important to her than her birth. For her work with the poor around the world she received the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize.

“Do not wait for leaders; do it alone, person to person.” —Mother Teresa

In 1928 she joined a religious order and took the name Teresa. The order immediately sent her to India. A few years later, she began teaching in Calcutta, and in 1948 the Catholic Church granted her permission to leave her convent and work among the city’s poor people. She became an Indian citizen that same year. In 1950, she founded a religious order in Calcutta called the Missionaries of Charity.

The order provides food for the needy and operates hospitals, schools, orphanages, youth centers, and shelters for lepers and the dying poor. It now has branches in 50 Indian cities and 30 other countries.

In addition to the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize, Mother Teresa has received other awards for her work with the needy. These awards include the 1971 Pope John XXIII Peace Prize and Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in 1972. Mother Teresa died on September 5, 1997. She is sorely missed.

““II am am not not aa racist racist in inany anyform formwhatever. whatever. II don’t don’t believe believe in in any any form form of of racism. racism. II don’t don’t believe believe in in any any form form of of discrimination discrimination or or segregation. segregation.

Early Life Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little on May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska. His mother, Louis Norton Little, was a homemaker occupied with the family’s eight children. His father, Earl Little, was an outspoken Baptist minister and avid supporter of Black Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey. Earl’s civil rights activism prompted death threats from the white spremacist organi zation Black Legion, forcing the family to relocate twice before Malcolm’s fourth birthday.

Regardless of the Little’s efforts to elude the Legion, in 1929 their Lansing, Michigan home was burned to the ground, and two years later Earl’s mutilated body was found lying across the town’s trolley tracks when Malcolm was only six. Louise had an emotional breakdown several years after the death of her husband and was committed to a mental institution. Her children were split up amongst various foster homes and orphanages

believein inIslam. Islam. IIbelieve II am am aa Muslim Muslim ”” Malcolm Malcolm XX 73

“I am and always will be a muslim my religion is islam.” Malcolm X

The Change to True Islam

After the Pilgrimage

The Legacy of Malcolm X

On March 12, 1964, impelled by internal jealou sy within the Nation of Islam and revelations of Elijah Muhammad’s sexual immorality, Malcolm left the Nation of Islam with the intention of start ing his own organization: I feel like a man who has been asleep somewhat and under someone else’s control. I feel what I’m thinking and saying now is for myself. Before, it was for and by guid ance of another, now I think with my own mind. Malcolm was thirty-eight years old when he left Elijah Muhammad’s Nation of Islam. Reﬂecting on reﬂects that occurred prior to leaving

White reporters and others were eager to learn about El-Hajj Malik’s newly-formed opinions concerning themselves. Since I learned the truth in Mecca, my dearest friends have come to include all kinds some Christians, Jews, Bud dhists, Hindus, agnostics, and even atheists! I have friends who are called capitalists, Social ists, and Communists! Some of my friends are moderates, conservatives, extremists some are even Uncle Toms! My friends today are black, brown, red, yellow, and white

Malcolm X’s life has affected Americans in many important ways. His conversion must have had an inﬂuence on Elijah Muhammad’s son, Wal lace Muhammad, who, after his father’s death, led the Nation of Islam’s followers into ortho dox Islam. African-Americans’ interest in their Is lamic roots has ﬂourished since El-Hajj Malik’s death. Alex Haley, who wrote Malcolm’s auto biography, later wrote the epic Roots about an African Muslim family’s experience with slavery. More and more African-Americans are becom ing Muslim,

1. Malcolm X press conference 2. Malcolm X in March 1964

Although El-Hajj Malik kenw that he was a target for assassination, he accepted this fact without requesting police protection. On February 21, 1965, while preparing to give a speech at a New York hotel, he was shot by three black men. He was three months short of forty, the age of matu rity according to the Qur’an. While it is clear that the Nation of Islam had something to do with the assassination, many people believe there was more than one organization involved. The FBI, known for its anti-black movement tendency, has been suggested as an accomplice. We may nev er know for sure who was behind El-Hajj Malik’s

adopting Muslim names, or explor- ing African cul ture. Interest in Malcolm X has seen a surge re cently due to Spike Lee’s movie, X. El-Hajj Malik is a source of pride for African-Americans, Muslims, and Americans in general

3. Martin Luther King, Jr.and Malcolm 75

“Christ always take ﬁrst place in our thoughts and actions”

Pope Benedict XVI

Pope Benedict XVI.; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger on 16 April 1927) is the 265th and reigning Pope, by virtue of his office of Bishop of Rome, the head of the Ro man Catholic Church and, as such, Sovereign of the Vatican City State.He was elected on 19 April 2005 in a papal conclave, celebrated his Papal Inauguration Mass on 24 April 2005, and took possession of his cathedral, the Basilica of St. John Lateran, on 7 May 2005. Pope Benedict XVI has both German and Vatican citizenship. He succeeded Pope John Paul II. Benedict XVI is theologically conservative, and his teaching and prolific writings defend traditional Catholic doctrine and values. After a long career as an inter nationally noted academic, serving as a professor at various German universi ties, he was appointed Archbishop of Munich and Freising and cardinal in 1977. In 1981, he settled in Rome when he became Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, one of the most important offices of the Roman Curia. At the time of his election as Pope, he was also Dean of the College of Cardi nals, serving as the primus inter pares among the cardinals. During his papacy, Benedict XVI has emphasized what he sees as a need for Europe to return to fundamental Christian values in response to increasing de Christianisation and secularisation in many developed countries. For this reson, he proclaims relativism’s denial of objective truth and more particularly, the de nial of moral truths as the central problem of the 21st century. He teaches the importance for the Catholic Church and for humanity of contemplating God’s redemptive love and has reaffirmed the “importance of prayer in the face of the activism and the growing secularism of many Christians engaged in charitable.” 77

1955 Ratzinger is seen as a lecturer for dogmatic and fundamental theology in Freising, southern Germany

1977

1979 Ratzinger & Pope John Paul II at a Cardinals

Joseph Ratzinger is pictured after he was appointed Archbishop of Mu nich and Freising. He was elevated to Cardinal three months later. 1982

1943 Ratzinger in the uniform of a Ger man military antiaircraft unithelper 1940

Ratzinger talks with Bavarian mountaineers in their traditional garb in Munich

2000 Ratzinger is pictured during a mass to celebrate the 2000-year anniversary of the city of the western German city of Speyer

Hitler Youth, as membership 2005

Joseph Ratzinger, far left, is 1938 seen with his family, father Josef, sister Maria, mother Maria, brother Georg.

The newly elected Pope, Joseph Ratzinger of Germany

Biography : Pope Benedict XVI To be the first person baptized with the new water was seen as a significant act of Providence. I have always been filled with thanksgiving for having had my life immersed in this way in the Easter Mystery . . . the more I reflect on it, the more this seems fitting for the nature of our human life: we are still waiting for Easter; we are not yet standing in the full light but walking toward it full of trust 79

" When you love someone the greatest gift is your presence." Thich Nhat Hanh

Early Life Thich Nhat Hanh is a Vietnamese Buddhist monk. During the war in Vietnam, he worked tirelessly for reconciliation between North and South Vietnam. His lifelong efforts to generate peace moved Martin Luther King, Jr. to nominate him for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1967. He lives in exile in a small community in France where he teaches, writes, gardens, and works to help refugees worldwide. He has conducted many mindfulness retreats in Europe and North America helping veterans, children, environmentalists, psychotherapists, artists and many thousands of individuals seeking peace in their

hearts, and in their world was born Nguyễn Xuân Bảo in Thừa Thiên (Central Vietnam) in 1926. At the age of 16 he entered the monastery at Từ Hiếu Temple near Huế, Vietnam, where his primary teacher was Dhyana (meditation Zen) Master Thanh Quý Chân Thật.A graduate of Bao Quoc Buddhist Academy in Central Vietnam,Thich Nhat Hanh received training in Zen (Vietnamese: Thiền) and the Mahayana school of Buddhism and was ordained as a monk in 1949.

" Peace in one self

Peace in the world"

“Every day we do things, we are things that have to do with peace. If we are aware of our life our way of looking at things, we will know how to make peace right in the moment, we are alive.” Thich Nhat Hanh

In 1956 he was named editor-in-chief of Vietnam ese Buddhism, the periodical of the Uniﬁed Viet nam Buddhist Association (Giáo Hội Phật Giáo Việt Nam Thống Nhất). In the following years he founded Lá Bối Press, the Van Hanh Buddhist University in Saigon, and the School of Youth for Social Service (SYSS), a neutral corps of Bud dhist peaceworkers who went into rural areas to establish schools, build healthcare clinics, and help re-build villages.

In 1967 Dr. King gave a famous speech at the Riverside Church in New York City ,his ﬁrst to publicly question the U.S. involvement in Vietnam. Later that year Dr. King nominated Thich Nhat Hanh for the 1967 Nobel Peace Prize. In his nomination Dr. King said, “I do not personally know of anyone more worthy of [this prize] than this gentle monk from Vietnam. His ideas for peace, if applied, would build a monument to ecumenism, to world brotherhood, to humanity.” The fact that King had revealed the candidate he had chosen to nominate and had made a “strong request” to the prize committee, was in sharp violation of the Nobel traditions and protocol.The committee did not make an award that year. Thay now lives in southwestern France He continues to teach, write, and garden. Plum Village houses only thirty monks, nuns, and laypeople.

1.Thich Nhat Hanh in Paris 2.Plum Village in France

Homosexuality has been the cause of recent criticism by fellow priests. Several years ago he employed a priest he knew to be living in a homosexual relationship. It is this, coupled with his conviction that the Church should reassess its approach to faithful gay partnerships that has alarmed conservative evangelicals. However, many groups think he will modernise, or certainly bring a new face to the Church of England.

He is sympathetic to the proposal that the Church of England should lose its established status and become a church on an equal footing with the Catholics, the free churches and all the other Christian denominations. This is not a view likely to endear him to traditionalists.

Rowan Williams is expected to be a formidable presence on the political stage too. Before very long in office he had already spoken out against war with Iraq, critcised military action in Afghanistan as “morally tainted” and challenged the Government’s asylum policy and he is a fan of the television programme Father Ted and is the first Archbishop for many generations to have children of school age.

Dr. Rowan Douglas Williams archbishop of Canterbury is an Anglican bishop and the ologian. He’s the current (104th) Archbishop of Canterbury Metropolitan the Province of Canterbury and Primate of All England ,offices he has held sinceearly 2003. Dr. Rowan is regarded as a liberal,even a radical. But in general, his theoogy is orthodox. It’s been nurtured by Anglo-Catholicism, Russian mysticism, and scores of encounters with other traditions.

Many of his ethical positions are orthodox too. For example he’s opposed to abortion,believe to consumerism exploits , corrupts and causes a premature sexualisation of children. 2.

1. Canterbury Cathedral 2. Dr. Rowan Douglas Williams, Archbishop of Canterbury, Lambeth Palace

Rowan Williams was to repeat his opposition to American action in October 2002 when he signed a petition against the Iraq War as being against UN ethics, Christian teaching, and‘lowering the thres hold of war’. Again On 30 June 2004, together with the Archbishop of York, David Hope, and on behalf of all 114 Church of England bishops, he wrote to Tony Blair expressing deep concern about UK government policy and criticising the coalition troops’ conduct in Iraq. The letter cited the abuse of Iraqidetainees, which was described as having been “deeply damaging” And stated that the government’s apparent double standards “diminish the credibility of western governments”

On October 5, 2007 Williams visited Iraqi refugees in Syria. after his trip he described advocates of a US attack on Syria or Iran as “criminal,ignorant and potentially murderous.” A few daysearlier, the former US ambassador to the UN,John Bolton had called for bombing of Iran at a fringe meeting of the Conservative Party conference.

US Worst “Empire”

In November 2007, the Archbishop gave an interview for Emel magazine, a lifestyle magazine celebrating contemporary British Muslim culture. WilliamscondemnedtheUnitedStatesandcertain Christian groups for their role in the Middle East, while his criticism of some trends within Islam went largely unreported. As reported by Times Online, he was greatly critical of the United States, the Iraq war, and Christian Zionists, yet made “only mild criticisms of the Islamic world.” He claimed “the United States wields its power in a way that is worse than Britain during its imperial heyday.” He compared Muslims in Britain to the Good Samaritans, praised Muslim salah ritual of 5 prayers a day, but said in Muslim nations, the “present political solutions aren’t always very impressive.”

1. ‘Islam in English Law’ by Dr. Rowan 2. Tenzin Gyatso and Rowan Williams : humility and self righteousness

Martin Luther King, Jr. was an American clergyman, activist and prominent leader in the African-American civil rights movement. His main legacy was to secure progress on civil rights in the United States and he is frequently referenced as a human rights icon today. King is recognized as a martyr by two Christian churches. A Baptist minister,King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, serving as its first president. Kingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his â&#x20AC;&#x153;I Have a Dreamâ&#x20AC;? speech. There, he raised public consciousness of the civil rights movement and established himself as one of the greatest orators in U.S. history.

In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his work to end racial segregation and racial discrimination through civil disobedience and other non-violent means. By the time of his death in 1968, he had refocused his efforts on ending poverty and oposing the Vietnam War, both from a religious perspective King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee. He was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and Congressional Gold Medal in 2004; Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a U.S. national holiday in 1986.

1. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Celebration 2 Civil rights and union leaders of the March on Washington 89

I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.

The Tibetan spiritual leader

Early Life

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, is both the head of state and the spiritual leader of Tibet. He was born on 6 July 1935, to a farming family, in a small hamlet located in Taktser, Amdo, northeastern Tibet. At the age of two the child, who was named Lhamo Dhondup at that time was recognized as the reincarnation of the 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso. The Dalai Lamas are believed to be manifestations of Avalokiteshvara or Chenrezig, the Bodhisattva of Compassion and patron saint of Tibet. Bodhisattvas are enlightened beings who have postponed their own nirvana and chosen to take rebirth in order to serve humanity. 93

Leadership Responsibilities In 1950 His Holiness was called upon to assume full political power after China’s invasion of Tibet in 1949. In 1954, he went to Beijing for peace talks with Mao Zedong and other Chinese leaders, including Deng Xiaoping and Chou Enlai. But ﬁnally, in 1959, with thbrutal suppression of the Tibetan national uprising in Lhasa by Chinese troops, His Holiness was forced to escape intoexile. Since then he has been living in Dharamsala, northern Idia, the seat of the Tibetan political administration in exile. Since the Chinese invasion , His Holiness has appealed to the United Nations on the question of Tibet. The Geeral Assembly adopte three resolutions on Tibet in 1959, 1961 and 1965.

Peace Initiatives

In September 1987 His Holiness proposed the Five Point Peace Plan for Tibet as the ﬁrst step towards a peaceful solution to the worsening situation in Tibet. He envisaged that Tibet would become a sanctuary; a zone of peace at the heart of Asia, where all sentient beings can exist in harmony and the delicate environment can be preserved. China has so far failed to respond positively to the various peace proposals put forward by His Holiness.

2. 1. Dalai Lama at Tibetan Children’s Village Dharamsala 2. Professor Robert Thurman and the Dalai Lama to a medical conference in upstate New York.

Strasbourg Proposal In his address to members of the European Parliament in Strasbourg on 15 June 1988, His Holiness made another detailed proposal elaborating on the last point of the Five Point Peace Plan. He proposed talks between the Chinese and Tibetans leading to a self-governing democratic political entity for all three provinces of Tibet.This entitywould be in association with the Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Republic of China and the Chinese Government would continue to remain responsible for Tibetâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s foreign policy and defence.

Universal Recognition His Holiness the Dalai Lama is a man of peace. In 1989 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his non-violent struggle for the liberation of Tibet. He has consistently advocated policies of non-violence, even in the face of extreme aggression. He also became the ďŹ rst Nobel Laureate to be recognized for his concern for global environ mental problems. His Holiness has travelled to more than 62 countries spanning 6 continents.He has met with presidents, prime ministers & crowned rulers of major nations. He has held dialogues with the heads of different religions and many well-known scientists. Since 1959 His Holiness has received over 84 awards, honorary doctorates, prizes in recognition of his message of peace, nonviolence, inter religious understanding ,universal responsibilityandcompassion. His Holiness has also authored more than 72 books and describes himself as a simple Buddhist monk.

1. The Dalai Lama Receives U.S. Congressional Gold Medal 97 2. Congressional Gold Medal awarded

R LE U

Rule

The consistency evangel of 4 religions

Buddhist Christianity Islam Brahm-Hindu

Do Good things, abstain from Bad things Be benevolence and sacrificial person Consecrate to humanity Develop yourself ; diligence Be peaceful together ; no predation

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The Five Precepts Buddhist

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commitments to abstain from

killing 105

commitments to abstain from

stealing

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commitments to abstain from

lying

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commitments to abstain from

sexual misconduct

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commitments to abstain from

intoxication

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The Ten Commandments Christianity

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“I am the LORD your God who brought you out of the land of Egypt, from the house of slavery. You shall have no other gods before Me...”

“Do not make an image or any likeness of what is in the heavens above...”

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“Do not swear falsely by the name of the LORD...”

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;Remember [zachor] the Sabbath day and keep it holyâ&#x20AC;?

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;Honor your father and your mother...â&#x20AC;?

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“ D o

n o t

s t e a l . ”

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“ D o

n o t

m u r d e r ”

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“Do not covet your neighbor’s wife”

“Do not commit adultery.”

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;Do not bear false witness against your neighborâ&#x20AC;?

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The Five Pillars Islam

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shahadah

The , which is the basic creed or tenet of Islam. Muslims must repeat theshahadah in prayer. 135

Salah,

or ritual prayer, which must be performed five times a day. 137

Sawm,

or fasting during the month of Ramadan.

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Zakat,

This is the practice of giving based on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all Muslims who can afford it. 141

The Hajj,

which is the pilgrimage during the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah in the city of Mecca.

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The Vedas Brahm-Hindu

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Are a large body of texts originating in Ancient India. They form the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism. The class of “Vedic texts” is aggregated around the four canonical Saṃhitās or Vedas proper (turīya), of which three are related to the performance of yajna (sacrifice) in historical (Iron Age) Vedic religion: 1. the Ṛgveda, containing hymns to be recited by the hotṛ or chief priest; 2. the Yajurveda , containing formulas to be recited by the adhvaryu or officiating priest; 3. the Sāmaveda, containing formulas to be chanted by the udgātṛ. The fourth is the Atharvaveda, a collection of spells and incantations, stories, predictions, apotropaic charms and some speculative hymns. According to Hindu tradition, the Vedas are apauruṣeya “not of human agency” , are supposed to have been directly revealed, and thus are called śruti (“what is heard”) Vedic mantras are recited at Hindu prayers, religious functions and other auspicious occasions. The various Indian philosophies and sects have taken differing positions on the Vedas. Schools of Indian philosophy which cite the Vedas as their scriptural authority are classified as “orthodox” (āstika). Other traditions, notably Buddhism and Jainism, which did not regard the Vedas as authorities are referred to by traditional Hindu texts as “heterodox” or “non-orthodox” (nāstika) schools. In addition to Buddhism and Jainism, Sikhism and Brahmoism do not accept the authority of the Vedas.

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Costume

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Fashion & Religion

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Religion & Fashion come together

Fashion designers along with being trendsetters always had the knack of being social commentators as well. We live in a world where religion and worship is ingrained in almost everything. So its no surprise that religion has played a huge part in many collections over the years and each time it has been met with mixed reviews. Aside from the sheer technical work and creativity involved using Jesus and other biblical characters as inspiration, showing work like this can rub certain crowds the wrong way to say the least. The couture faithful at Jean Paul Gaultier may not have literally expected a full religious experience, but thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s what they got, complete with a large puff of incense and a visitation by the saints. From first to last, every model wore a halo. Their faces were painted like plaster statues, their garb inspired by the vernacular devotional art found in local churches throughout the Catholic world. 153

Baby Jesus

In Maryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s embrace

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Holy Chalice

The cup of the Last Supper

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Mary

Mother of Jesus

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The Crown

12 stars of Maryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s crown

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Heart of Jesus

The sacred heart of Jesus

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Heart of Mary

A sword shall pierce Maryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heart

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dvertising And Nun

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Controversial Ice Cream Ad May be Excommunicated A controversial advertising campaign for the ice cream brand Antonio Federici Gelato Italiano brings new meaning to the dessert cliche “sinfully delicious.” The sexy ads, which depict a nun and priest on the verge of kissing (while holding a carton of ice cream), is being investigated by a UK advertising standards agency after a complaint was made on the grounds that they are demeaning to people who have chosen a religious vocation. The ads feature the taglines “submit to temptation” and “kiss temptation.” The food magazine Delicious has refused to run the ads.The ads could be banned by the agency if they are found to violate its advertising code. But no need for the Catholic League to get excited it’s from the UK, where the ad is already being investigated by an advertising standards agency to determine if it violates blasphemy standards.

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Men don’t want to look at naked man. JBS acknowledging the fact no man wants to see another man model underwear but they sure do love watching women model their under goods. Not to mention the fact girls themselves love to wear boy underwear once in a while too. Now here is a campaign which will send your pulse racing. Men’s underwear being modeled by women. Most men would comment ‘not my thing’ and walk away but honestly, doesn’t it add that element of ooh la la? Their punch line says it all - ‘Men don’t want to look at naked men’. I for one most definitely agree.

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Sirius Satellite Radio

SIRIUS is Canadaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most subscribed satellite radio provider with over 200,000 subscribers. SIRIUS satellite radio is a subscription-based service that offers 110 channels of commercialfree music, sports, news, talk & entertainment, with coverage across North America.

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A novice nun is suing her ex-boyfriend in Italy after he uploaded pictures of her naked on Facebook. The 31-year-old woman who lives in Turin said she was devastated when she saw the pictures, taken in summer 2006 during a holiday in Sicily, on the social networking site. The man who said he wanted to stop her becoming a nun has refused to remove the pictures despite the woman's requests. Now lawyer Anna Orecchioni has taken action and said: "My client doesn't want money, she only wants that he respects her decision to become a nun." Large numbers of Italians meanwhile have logged on to see the pictures leaving comments like: "If all the nuns are like that, I want to become a priest."

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The World is a fairly religious nation, but religion is honored more often in word and principlee than in deed and faith. Polls about religious belief are notoriously unreliable - it is a known fact that, whatever the topic, people often tell pollsters what they think others want to hear, denying that â&#x20AC;&#x153;socially undesirableâ&#x20AC;? traits or behaviors are true about them (even when they are). A recent Harris Interactive poll about religion may have reduced that factor.

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The burqini makes a splash in France

Here we go with a summer episode in the saga of France versus Muslim dress. This one involves a 35-year-old French convert to Islam called Carole who was thrown out of a suburban swimming pool for wearing the head-to-toe swimsuit known as the “burqini”. Carole was on her third burkini outing to the town pool at Emerainville, in the eastern outskirts, when the chief lifeguard ordered her to leave. She was said to be breaking hygiene

Despite the allusion to the Afghan burqa, with its mask, the swimsuit leaves the face uncovered.The body is clad in a track-suit-like tunic and coat and the head and neck are covered in a hijab in the form of a diver’s helmet. “I thought that it could enable me to enjoy the pleasure of bathing without uncovering myself, as Islam recommends,” she told le Parisien. “I just wanted to be able to swim in the pool with my children. I understand that it might shock people, but I am annoyed because I have been told that

rules but everyone is casting the incident as another clash between fundamentalist Muslims and a state that has banned head-cover from schools and wants to curb face-covering.

She also made the point that her outfit was no different from the Olympic swimmers who wear the new wrist-to-ankle slick suits. Pool officials say these are not allowed either.

Carole accused the pool of illegal discrimination and went straight to the police and the media. “Quite simply, this is segregation,” she said. “I will fight to try to change things. And if I see that the battle is lost, I cannot rule out leaving France,” she said.

The local authorities say no politics were involved. “The lady was almost fully dressed,“Daniel Guillaume, head of local sports facilities, said on France-Inter radio today. “You wear a bathing suit and take a shower before entering the water.”

The police refused to accept the complaint on the grounds that the lifeguard was just enforcing the rules that apply in all French public pools. Women must wear swimsuits and men must wear brief trunks -- Speedos -- rather than shorts, which are said to be more likely to harbour bacteria. (American men are always uncomfortable with this longstanding regulation).

Carole’s incident was certainly viewed as political by the lawmakers who want new measures against face-covering by Muslim women and demands for gender-segregated sessions at pools and other sports facilities.

Carole, who was born in a traditional French family and converted to Islam at 17, said she had bought her attire on holiday in Dubai. The burkini, designed by Aheda Zanetti, a Lebanese-Australian, has lately become a hit in the Gulf and caused trouble in public pools in Europe and North America.

“Maybe you can see the woman’s face in this ridiculous swim-suit, but it is obviously a provocation by a militant,” said Andr? Gerin, a Communist MP from the Rhone area. “These women wearing their camisoles in public want to mark their difference... Going straight to the police station is clear proof that there is a political project behind this outfit.”

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Burqini is Islamic swimsuit. A burqini swimsuit is a type of swimsuit forwomen designed by Lebanese Australian Aheda Zanetti under the company name Ahiida.The suit covers the whole body except the face, the hands and the feet (enough to preserve Muslim modesty), whilst being light enough to enable swimming. It was described as the perfect solution for Muslim women who want to swim but are uncomfortable about “revealing” bathing suits; see sartorial hijab for more information on modest Muslim dress.It looks rather like a full-length wetsuit with built-in hood, but somewhat looser and made of swimsuit material instead of rubber. In August 2009, a woman in France was prevented from swimming in a public pool wearing a burkini. It emerged this was due to a long-standing law that prohibited many forms of swimwear from use in public pools, rather than the result of any specific political position on the garment, despite controversy in France over Islamic dress.“Burqini”, a portmanteau of burqa (body) and bikini, is a registered trademark. 197

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Mosquito dangerous. Mosquito is the animal to create a nuisance, but also bring to people with serious diseases. When people are able to eliminate mosquito bite was. However, holders of Buddhist heritage preservation, which is good. Omissions from the killing of animals is to follow.Any law that defined one of Buddhism that do not kill animals, even vigilant to prevent mosquito access. But can not prevent the disease from a mosquito

â&#x20AC;?

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Innovation of monkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s robes Textile innovation is bringing new types of knowledge from traditional Thai herbs that are ingredients of 100%.Which features to reduce the rate of mosquito bite is very good. Can help reduce the mosquito bite up 97% by oil extracted from herbs will evaporate from the fibers. Nerve-racking for the recognition of the mosquito. Disturbance can not be recognized under the same fabric as the skin mosquito. Leather men. The useful life of 1 year or longer to wash about 50 times.Because herbs are gradually split out and evaporation. Most important. Not harmful to people wearing it as a herb. â&#x20AC;&#x153; From the test multiple times in the laboratory. A marker to see the highest performance in the same mosquito that standard. This is a new option for health enthusiasts. It also reduces the risk of malaria, dengue hemorrhagic fever. Fever encephalitis. This important innovation marks the merits otherwise. Because we do not encroach on the lives of mosquitoes by killing it is considered the most sublime of charity.

Myanmar and India have such products available. And in the near future will also go to Cambodia.Most goals will focus on the market is customers with high purchasing power. Because goods are relatively expensive price. To buy to present a monk from the forest to hike them.As well as distribution outlets monk products. And general department stores. This is another alternative of all Buddhists in philanthropy. Apart from self-will merit each. Also be glad not to encroach on other peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lives. Although only a small animal matter.It is another life. Like all human.

Test the performance of each mosquito yellow robe. By combining common house mosquito tiger mosquito and mosquito bother to leave the laboratory. Then try wearing a yellow robe with the same mosquito that is not yellow robe worn by another mosquito. Into the same room.Results show that the number of mosquitoes that bite the yellow robe worn by another mosquito, almost none. If compared with those who do not wear. And another trial is to test the size of 1x1 meter box.The fabric as people wearing gloves and then filed into the room with a mosquito. To compare. Those who do not have gloves, insert. Show that people can put gloves between each mosquito mosquito is about 90%.

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In the earliest centuries of Buddhism, statues of the Budha were not used. Instead, Buddhist art consisted of images smybolizing the Buddha and his teachings, such as the lotus, the Wheel of the Law, the Bodhi tree and the Buddhaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s footprints. symbol of religion

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The wheel (Skt. chakra; Tib. ‘khor lo) is one of the most important Buddhist symbols, as it represents the teachings of the Buddha. The Buddha was the one who “turned the wheel of the dharma” and thus the wheel symbol is the Dharmachakra, or “wheel of law.” The Tibetan term for this symbol, chos kyi’khor lo, means “the wheel of transformation.”Dharmachakra Buddhist Wheel Symbol in Tibet Dharmachakra with flanking deer, atop the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa, Tibet. Photo: Philip Lai. Buddhist Wheel SymbolWheel on the ceiling of a Buddhist monastery in Sikkim, Himalayas. Photo: Chirantan Mandal. The wheel’s motion is a metaphor for the rapid spiritual change engendered by the teachings of the Buddha: the Buddha’s first discourse at the Deer Park in Sarnath is known as the “first turning of the wheel of dharma.” His subsequent discourses at Rajgir and Shravasti are known as the “second and third turnings of the wheel of dharma.” The eight spokes of the wheel symbolize the Noble Eightfold Path set out by the Buddha in his teachings.

Dharmachakra

Abhaya Murda Abhaya in Sanskrit means fearlessness, and the abhaya mudra symbolizes protection, peace, and the dispelling of fear. The gesture is made with the right hand raised to shoulder height, arm bent, and palm facing outward. The gesture is an ancient one , demonstrating that the hand is empty of weapons and thus indicating friendship and peace. To western eyes, it looks like the gesture meaning “stop.” In both cases, the gesture implies fearlessness before a potential enemy.

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Shinto Practices and Beliefs Shinto incorporates spiritual practices derived from many local and regional prehistoric tradi tions, but did not emerge as a formal centralized religious institution until the arrival of Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism, beginning in the 6th century. Buddhism gradually adapted in Japan to the native spiruality, including, for example, counting kami from the Shinto belief among the bodhisattvas (bosatsu). (See article on “syncretism”.) Shinto practices were first recorded and codified in the written historical records of the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki in the 7th and 8th century. Still, these earliest Japanese writings do not refer to a unified “Shinto religion”, but practices associated with harvests and other seasonal clan events, along with a uniquely Japanese cosmogony and mythology, combining spiritual traditions of the ascendant clans of early Japan, mainly the Yamato and Izumo cultures.

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The cross is one of the earliest and most widely used Christian symbol. In the most broad sense it symbolizes the religion of Christianity (and so appears at the top and left of this page). More speciďŹ cally , it represents and memorializes Christâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s death. A great variety of crosses has developed,some with speciďŹ c symbolic meaning and others that have simply become culturally a associated with certain groups.

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An inverted cross is the cross of St. Peter, who, according to tradition, was cruciďŹ ed upside because he felt unworthy to die the same way as Christ. As Catholics believe the pope to be a successor of St. Peter, the inverted cross is frequently used in connection with the papacy, such as on the papal throne and in papal tombs [photo]. It also symbolizes humility because of the story of Peter. The inverted cross has more recently been appropriated by Satanists as a symbol meant to oppose or invert Christianity.

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Dove

Dove symbol of the Holy Ghost and used espe cially in representations of our Lordâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Baptism and the Pentecost. It also symbolizes the release of the soul in death, and is used to recall Noeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dove, a harbinger of hope.

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Eye of God The Eye of God is an equilateral triangle with a single eye inside it and almost always with rays emanating from it.It symbolizes the omnipresence and omniscience of God ,who watches over all things. It is also as sociated with the Trinity (which the triangle symbolizes in itself).Historically , representa tions of an eye tended to be avoided be cause of the association with the Evil Eye ( a wid espread and ancient European su perstition). No medieval example of the Eye of God has yet been found. A rare Ren aissance example of it appears above Christâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s head in the Supper of Emmaus painted for the Carthusians in 1525 The symbol has been connected with Masonic ritual, probably because medieval masonsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; guilds were foten dedicated to the Holy Trinity. In the 18th and 19th centuries it was used in Courts of Justice to remind judges of their responsibilities. The Eye of God appeared above the altar of the St. Aloysius church in London, which was built by French Catholics in 1808 but destroyed in World War II.

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Alpha-Omega: Alpha, the first letter of the Greek alphabet, and Omega, the last letter of the Greek alphabet, became a symbol for Christ due to His being called “ the First and the Last.” The roots of symbolizing these attribut es of God go back further, all the way to the Old Testament where ,in Exodus 34:6,God is said to be”full of Goodness and Truth.” The Hebrew spelling of the word “ Truth” consists of the 3 letters “Aleph,” “Mem,” and “Thaw” -- and because “Aleph” and “Thaw” are the first and last letters of the Hebrew alphabet , the ancients saw mystical relevance in God’s being referred to as “ Truth. “ At any rate, the Greek Alpha and Omega as a symbol for Christ has been found in the Catacombs,Christian signet rings , post-Constantine coins, and the frescoes and mosaics of ancient churches.

Alpha and Omega

Chi-Rho (Christogram, Labarum) Chi-Rho ” or “ sigla” : the letters “X” and “P,” representing the first letters of the title “Christos,” were eventually put together to form this symbol for Christ ( “Chi” is pronounced “Kie” ). It is this form of the Cross that Constantine saw in his vision along with the Greek words,TOUTO NIKA, which are rendered in Latin as “In hoc signo vinces” and which mean “in this sign thou shalt conquer.

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Star and Crescent Symbol It is important to keep in mind that Islam has few traditional symbols, and the crescent moon and star are not ones that are recognized by as traditional symbols by Muslims. The symbol is due to cultral diffusion and the spread of Islam to the Ottoman turks who ruled a large area and also put the cres cent moon and star symbol on their flag. It has since become associated with Islam. symbol of religion

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Certain words in Arabic script or characters can be regarded as visually representing Islam, such as “Allah” at the top of this page, or the Shahada. A Shi’ite symbol is the sword, which is identified with Iimam Ali, who they believe fought with this sword and his life for Islam.

Allah

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Hindu symbol

A variety of Hindu symbols are used in art, sacred objects and ritual. They usually signify Hindu concepts ,the attributes of deities, or the gods or goddesses themselves.This section explains the history, meaning and use of some common Hindu symbols. For things that may have a symbolic meaning but are mainly important as a concrete object, see Hindu Things.

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Om(Aum) Thus, the sign Om (also spelled Aum) Aum signi fies the trinity of God. It is symbolic of the three main Gods of Hindus, namely Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. The three letters symbolize the three worlds, i.e. heaven, earth and netherworld. In the Vedas, the word AUM is the sound of sun, thus representing the sound of light. Almost all pilgrim age places of Hindus have the Om symbol enshrined. Many Hindus wear the Om sign symbols, as it is considered very auspicious. Om is spoken at the beginning and the end of Hindu mantras, prayers, and meditations and is frequently used in Buddhist and Jain rituals as well. Om is used in the practice of Yoga and is related to techniques of auditory meditation. From the 6th century, the written symbol of Om was used to mark the beginning of a text in a manu script or an inscription. Om Parvat, a sacred peak at 6191m in the Indian Himalayas, is revered for its snow deposition pattern that resembles Om.

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Swastika

The Swastika is a universal symbol, being used from the Bronze Age onwards on objects of every kind. The word ‘ swastika ’ comes from the San skrit: su (Greek eu, meaning ‘good’), asti (Greek esto, meaning ‘to be’ ) and the suffix ka. The symbol means ‘good luck’ (the Sanskrit-Tibetan word Swasti means ‘ may it be auspicious ’). According to Joscelyn Godwin, the shape of the swastika derives from the constellation Arktos, also known as the Great Bear, the Plough and the Big Dipper. To the observer in the Northern Hemi sphere, this constellation appears to rotate around Polaris, the Pole Star ( an effect caused by the rotation of the Earth). If the positions of Arktos in relation to Polaris are represented in pictorial form (corresponding to the four seasons), the result is highly suggestive of a swastika; in 4000 BC, they were identical to the symbol. It is for this reason that the swastika(aside from denoting good fortune) has been used to represent the Pole.

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Trishula

The trihsula (also spelled trishul or trisula, Sanskrit for â&#x20AC;&#x153;three spearâ&#x20AC;?) is a trident spear that is the emblem of the god Shiva. The weapon symbolizes empire and the irresistible force of transcendental reali ty. The fearsome goddess Durga also brandishes a trishula in one of her seven hands.

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Lotus

In Hinduism , the lotus (Sanskrit : padma) primarily represents beauty and non-attachment. The lotus is rooted in the mud but floats on the water without becoming wet or muddy. This symbolizes how one should live in the world in order to gain release from rebirth : without attachment to one’s surroundings. “ One who performs his duty without attach ment, surrendering the results unto the Supreme Lord, is unaffected by sinful action, as the lotus leaf is untouched by water.”

A similar meaning is given to the lotus symbol in Buddhism.he lotus is associated with several Hindu deities. Krishna is described as the “Lotus Eyed One,” referring to his divine beauty. Brahma and Lakshmi, the deities of potence and wealth, are often seen with the lotus symbol. Other dei ties associated with the lotus include Vishnu and Sarasvati. Finally, the lotus is also a symbol for the centers of consciousness (chakras) in the body

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Ritual

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Muslim to fight against Jewish and Christian. They attacked the US government as the “ruthless” who invades Muslim lands through the interview. They also declared that they would pay back hardly in the day of “Dark Day” to the US government including its citizens. Osama Bin La den, the son of a billionaire working for Saudi government, was born in 1955 at the main trading city of Saudi Arabia, Jeddah. He is a single and beloved son of his mother who was Sudan.Because of earning engineering degree, loving to read Muslim books with his strong faith and hating white and Christian people, Bin Laden had joined with his fellows in Afghanistan to rebel Soviet since 1979. Then, he had also raised funds and aids for 11 years during the war by operating with Palestine fellows to settle the aid center which there are many branches around the world now including in the United States as well. He also convinced other Muslims to take his side. Later, Bin Laden had severe conflicts with the Saudi royal family whom was accused of helping the U.S.

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AUM Shinrikyo this doctrine is know throu ghout. After the dis ci ples of Jesus Doc trine emis sion Prince.Tokyo sub way at tackon March 20,making 2538the death of 12 people are in jured more than 6,000 people made to solve Japa nese law empowers state officials todetect,preventand stop the command and au thor ity. end religion cer emony that danger.

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AUM SHINRIKYO

There is also controver sy as to what role Asa hara himself referred to Aum’s doctrine as ‘truth’, arguing that ‘while vari ous Buddhist and yo gic schools lead to the same goal by dif ferent routes, the goal remains the same’ and insist ing that the world’s major re ligions are closely re lated. The ‘true religion’ in his view shouldn’t only offer the path but should also lead to the final destination by its own specific ‘route’ which may dif fer considerably due to differ ences in those who follow it (what the re ligion terms ‘Fi nal Realization’). This way, a re ligion for modern Japanese or Americans will be different from a religion for ancient Indi ans. The more customtailored to the audience the religion is, the more effective it becomes, Asahara argued. His other conviction was that once a disciple chose whom to learn from, he should main tain focus in order not to add con fusion arising from con tradictions between dif ferent ‘routes’ to the ul timate goal, the Enlight enment. Asahara quot ed Indian and Tibetan religious figures in sup port of these viewpoints.

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Components of the AUM

“ Shoko Asahara ” Retrieved 2009 from http:// lilianvanherpen. nl/schilderijen/pp.php?subact...

Influence of Hinduism

According to Aum’s classification, a follower can attain the following invented stages by religious practice: Raja Yoga, Kundalini Yoga, Mahamudra (sometimes called Jnana Yoga), Mahayana Yoga, Astral Yoga, Causal Yoga and the ultimate stage, the Ultimate Realization. The overwhelming majority of such alleged attainers were monks, though there were some lay Raja Yoga and Kundalini Yoga attainers. For a follower to be considered an attainer, specific conditions had to be met before senior sangha mem bers would recognize them as such. For instance, the “Kundalini Yoga” stage requires demonstration of reduction in oxygen consumption, changes in electromagnetic brain activity, and reduction of heart rate (measured by corresponding equipment). A follower who demonstrates such changes is considered to have entered the “samādhi” state and thus deserved the title and permission to teach others. Each stage has its own requirements. Advancements in theoretical studies did not give followers the right to teach others anything except the basic doctrine. According to Asahara, real meditation experience could be the only criterion for deciding the actual ability to coach. Aum also inherited the Indian esoteric yoga tradition of Shaktipat, also mentioned in Mahayana Buddhist texts. The Shaktipat, which is believed to allow a direct transmission of spiritual energy from a teacher to a disciple, was practiced by Asahara himself and several of his top disciples, including Fumihiro Joyu and Hisako Ishii. Fumihiro Joyu also performed a shaktipat-like ceremony at the beginning of the twenty-first century.

Influence of Christianity

In 1992 Asahara published a book, within which he declared himself “Christ,” Japan’s only fully en lightened master and the “Lamb of God.” His purported mission was to take upon himself the sins of the world. Asahara said he could transfer to his followers spiritual power and ultimately take away their sins and bad Karma. He also saw dark conspiracies everywhere promulgated by Jews, Freemasons and rival Japanese religions.Ultimately, Asahara outlined a doomsday prophecy, which included a Third World War. Asahara’s final conflict would culminate in a nuclear Armageddon. Asahara even used the term “armageddon,” which he took from the book of Revelation. Humanity would end, except for an elite few. Those elite few meant those who joined Aum.Aum’s mission was not only to spread the word of “salvation,” but also to survive these “End Times.” Asahara predicted Armageddon would occur in 1997. Asahara incessantly attacked the Jews and even the British Royal Family as principals in conspiracies. He named the United States as the Beast from the Book of Revelation predicting America would eventu ally attack Japan.

Influence of Buddhism

According to Aum, the route to Final Realization (in Shakyamuni Buddha’s words, ‘the state where ev erything is achieved and there is nothing else worth achieving’) entails a multitude of small enlighten ments each elevating the consciousness of a practitioner to a higher level, thus making him or her a more intelligent and ‘better’, more developed person by getting closer to its ‘true self’ (or ‘atman’). As Asahara believed the Buddhist path to be the most effective, he selected original Shakyamuni Buddha sermons as a foundation for Aum doctrine; however, he also added various elements from other tradi tions, such as Chinese gymnastics (said to improve overall bodily health) or yogic asanas (to prepare for keeping a meditation posture). He also translated much of traditional Buddhist terminology into modern Japanese, and later changed the wording to make the terms less confusing and easier to memorize and understand. He defended his innovations by referring to Shakyamuni who chose Pali instead of Sanskrit in order to make sermons accessible for the ordinary population, who couldn’t understand the language of ancient Indian educated elite.

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Faith to TERRORISM On the morning of 20 March 1995, Aum mem bers released sarin in a co-ordinated attack on five trains in the Tokyo subway system, killing 12 commuters, seriously injuring 54 and affect ing 980 more. Some estimates claim as many as 5,000 people were injured by the sarin. It is difficult to obtain exact numbers since many vic tims are reluctant to come forward.[2] Prosecu tors allege that Asahara was tipped off about planned police raids on cult facilities by an in sider, and ordered an attack in central Tokyo to divert attention away from the group. The plan evidently backfired, and the police conducted huge simultaneous raids on cult compounds across the country. Over the next week, the full scale of Aum’s activities was revealed for the first time. At the cult’s headquarters in Kamikui shiki on the foot of Mount Fuji, police found ex plosives, chemical weapons and biological war fare agents, such as anthrax and Ebola cultures, and a Russian MIL Mi-17 military helicopter. The Ebola virus was delivered from Zaire in 1994.[3] There were stockpiles of chemicals that could be used for producing enough sarin to kill four million people. Police also found laboratories to manufacture drugs such as LSD, methamphet amine, and a crude form of truth serum, a safe containing millions of dollars worth in cash and gold, and cells, many still containing prisoners. During the raids, Aum issued statements claim ing that the chemicals were for fertilizers. Over the next six weeks, over 150 cult members were arrested for a variety of offenses.

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The End of Faith Shoko Asahara was finally found hiding within a wall of a cult building known as “The 6th Satian” in the Kamikuishiki com plex on 16 May and was arrested. On the same day, the cult mailed a parcel bomb to the office of Yukio Aoshima, the gov ernor of Tokyo, blowing the fingers of his secretary’s hand off. Asahara was initially charged with 23 counts of murder as well as 16 other offenses. The trial, dubbed “the trial of the century” by the press, ruled Asahara guilty of masterminding the attack and sentenced him to death. The indictment was appealed unsuccessfully. A number of senior members accused of participation, such as Masami Tsuchiya, also received death sentences. The reasons why a small circle of mostly senior Aum members committed atrocities and the extent of personal involvement by Asahara remain unclear to this day, although several theories have attempted to explain these events. In response to the prosecution’s charge that Asahara ordered the subway attacks to distract the authorities’ away from Aum, the defense maintained that Asahara was not aware of events, pointing to his deteriorating health condition. Shortly after his arrest, Asahara abandoned the post of organization’s leader and since then has maintained silence, refusing to communicate even with lawyers and family members. Many believe the trials failed to establish truth behind the events. 269

Mr. Sompong Kanpai or people in the community are a talisman known as the son of a teacher mice Kanpai said you and her bright, Kanpai is 4 people you are all brothers, children second. The lodge on Saturday night 8 to 9 months, Bang Bua Thong district residents. Nonthaburi naturally when a child is unlike other children, but adults are thought to live as exciting. And are confident in their own thoughts as a major. Although his father - your mother will be warned to never leave. To life outside the home is no small fear that it also be dangerous.

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Powerful tattoo

Consciousness

By Ajan Noo

Angelina Jolie First tattoo

http://media.photobucket.com/image/ angelina_jolie_tattoos.

Ajan Noo wrapped up that it was a powerful tattoo. Theancient characters related to Phra Sutra. A series of holy writing formed sacred virtues. Devotees would be attractive to those of opposite sex and successful in business. Even enemies would turn to be friends with the tattoo wearer. Angelina Jolie came back again as she had gained all of the benefits from her first tattoo. Each alphabet on the five rows yantra tells us about the arcs of city fortune, stars and signs of zodiac of the seven days of a week. It can also tell us about ill-fate when the characters means “Phra Rahoo”or a giant’s commander. Some of the Demon Planets are virtues of Phra Arthit or 6, Phra Chan 15, Phra Ankarn 18, Phra Phud 17, Phra Prasruehassabodi 19, Phra Sook 21, virtue of Phra Sao 10, Tassa Phra Jakrapad 14, Phra Kate 9, Phra Rahoo 12. The angles of the letters to the five vertical lines represents virtue of the Earth or “Doan Phra Thoranee.” By the way everywhere in the world has elements of ancient belief – Pataphee is for stiffness and softness, Earth (arpo) means full of contentment, Water (wayo) means flowing status, Air (techo) means heat, Fire and Lokutarad hamma means Dhamma or highest status above this Earth Planet. There are so many elements in the world. Nipphan Thad, or nirvana element, is a power that can indicate whether Bhuddism will survive or vanish from the world. It is believed that the element is much available in Thailand. Even human beings or gods can appreciate it by earning virtues. Lord of Bhuddha, his saints, and his principles had collected praises – Thanbarami, Silbarami, Nekkhammabarami, Mettabarami, Ubekkhabarami, Kantibarami, Sajjabarami, Athittanbarami, Panyabarami, Viriyabarami. The virtues must be supported by Potipakkiyatham 37 – comprised of Mak 8, Itthibad 4, Satipadthan 4, Sammapathan 4, Incee 5, Pala 5, Sampochong 7.Those with praises or Barami will succeed in controlling their minds, and reaching Ariya-sacca, or the four noble truths.They can hold the element by keep doing polite manners with consciousness.

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talisman What is ‘Sak’ secure escape

Art

‘Sak’(tattoo)

www.bp.or.th/webboard/index.php?action=profil img382.imageshack.us/img382/5192/dsc01487.jpg

Sak’(tattoo) is taking a spike to spike way. Or for the benefit are the same, the spike or plunge ink. Oil spike to the skin of characters. Marks or patterns,. If the ink called ink art, if the oil is called a fuel. (Boeing) “marked to show the evidence as a” little wrist. Show that the registration is a fully-grown man or a department. Division and a page that is facing a year Rachi, etc. “.Such a description of how. The tattoo of a striped or Thai. What are some traditions that are not widely used. Some villages were found not that young men tend to have a tattoo or a chest back and trendy. Back and trendy as an expert in a local talent show hands full who has served as a priest and ordinary people. Buddhist monks and ordinary people. Tattoo related beliefs the objectives of tattoo to hardness, sun’s minds and to be invulnerable. This belief is one that occurs in a traditional folk group some. This tattoo is only a man of military age only. A look at the insertion with many beliefs and rituals. As a must before initiation Ahwgcro in the few that will include magic by thoroughly rubbing the skin of a teacher who has a few before. As a pattern, or a talisman. After a few finished each teacher will have a format of their own design and those who want to choose a pattern that teachers are available upon request. Most animals and fairies tale characters in Cambodia and occult number. Pattern may be a combination of three types. Therefore tattoo of each will be different. 275

The word “magic” brings foreigners to study and try the science here. Such beliefs in miracles may draw people of the world to have it happen to themselves. In other words, they really want to be able to testify personally about the mysterious rumors. Some who have experienced the magic already want to try more. Thus people from all corners of the world come to Thailand to see for themselves. Some foreigners have body artworks just for their beauty while some want to benefit from the possible virtues. Thai tattooing relates to ancient beliefs – each piercing Khmer alphabets on body sticks with the power and sacred design. Having a letter, together with the particular features, will make the devotee receive miraculous experiences There is only an exemption for fashionably sporting tattoos. Artists just write on the skin with a modern ink stick for beautiful purpose. However, any products of the trendy art can not compare with having magical needles with the powerful letters.Ancient yantra tattoos are made up of 2 kinds of staining magical alphabets and powers: oil tattooing, and ink tattooing.

The symbol stone post some of tattoo can cause skin ,sticky film has enemy fire is not shoot out and not cut out to believe will help save some of the bad situation as well. Sticky film has. Enemy fire is not out teeth not to believe will help save some of the bad situation as well. In addition, the Magic have a link to the dangers and security guard. Made to avoid dangers. This type of folk art may stimulate a sense of faith to trust ensure confidence. It may be a different reality show. Looking at modern culture, it may not be secure. The culture of a talisman helps the sense of security. A way to help ensure a strong mind, he creates more popular tattoo. A pattern for each agency, each teacher will often have a similar pattern as the majority of striped tiger leap Hanuman. Pattern different talisman, etc. will vary in detail only in the branch. Only if a pattern such as Hanuman. Each teacher will maintain shape, appearance and layout of Hanuman, but it will be different in the details of finger and toe ornaments etc. of Hanuman.

Tattoo in Thailand

Thai Tattoos represent the myths of Himmaphan. The unique designs show images of gods – Siva, Brahma, Rahoon, Rama, Lak, Ramayana, Hanuman. Thais believe they are celestial beings. Having them inscribed on one’s body brings good luck. These tattoos are inscribed by writing numbers of yantra and existing magic.Over many years, masters learn such magical science from their gurus. Thai tattoos are a very unique style. All tell us truths, or traditional beliefs. It is known that the magical knowledge are resources of Thai masters.

Tattoo in Thailand may have been ancient but will any time since no clear evidence. A talisman of invincibility for the belief that there has long been that they appear in literature of Khun Chang Khun Phaen and other literatures but often viewed as a sportsman’s issues. Be observed in the negative make art on skin type almost lost to the Thai society. Reasons for the few still existing are many people still believe that a few will be fortunate and invincible out of danger. A model of each type will have different magic. Tattoo or some talisman that can help people to escape from a situation that is difficult situation.

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Invincible

beliefs Origins

Tattoo

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In the past, masters mostly used the sandalwood steeped in herbs or white sesame oil. Oil extracted from wild animals, such as elephants in must, and tigers, is also useable. Nowadays people prefer oil tattooing as it is invisible when dried blood has gone. The purpose of this staining serves only strength of power.

yantra tattoos

Oil Tattooing

Ink Tattooing The ancient art supplies include Chinese ink rubbing with holy water. In old times, masters had sought galls of tiger, bear and cobra for a kind of mixture. For having needle on body, the master let his assistant pulled the certain point of skin, and then started piercing while reciting mystic formulas through this step. The recitation helped passing magic spell on yantra tattoo. The period of time required for the full process depends upon how small or large the design is. After being tattooed by Master Noo Kanpai, his followers should strictly follow his rules of behavior. Not having sexual misconduct, and not cursing parents â&#x20AC;&#x201C; these are the most serious rules. If anyone breaks a rule, he will immediately loose the powerful spells. Even the invulnerable men are no exception, they can not maintain the power. 279

Why and what to spike ? a question that most people tend to ask a few people at the same age. I see peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s father. A talisman lories monkey Hanuman part sponge. A few characters on the arm. I call with a question that few children are why most will answer that on a defense and asked that this form (Figure talisman) do what they do not know how to answer a few teachers or his allegedly provided old pattern is not selected. He did not come upon as a query to the ancients, it is not easy in times like this that would follow a day which is a palace then change come. (Flowers, incense candles rather purchase) entered camp a teacher.

Rule

www.benzbothotmail.com

PANUPAN SOMTANAD BY digtal picture

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Why so what

PANUPAN SOMTANAD BY digtal picture www.benzbothotmail.com

Then all that will have a few old students must take or recommend to the instructor before the receive. I can talk to him, a teacher of teachers, a line of mice that were Ratchaburi. That the size of your old flower incense candles. The provincial rare raise teachers sometimes must pick flowers to grasp themselves. Cut the banana leaf rice offering a bowl five or own. As the teacher called but it is very little money nowadays is not as cost loan. Not up to be teachers. This is called over to be very difficult to select a date on a solid.

Do not be a major rebuke father mule mother. Do not abuse children in fact if people follow only two opportunities to reduce it at loggerheads with each. (If people watch a gangster talk together about what little bit is what matters and then) must also maintain a brothel as not to see. See instructor called “wicked house” that this is true.In addition to issues of disease and experience has helped government administrative offices. Province borders the edge of Bangkok. The location service, most will find time to check that.

Tuesday Thursday Saturday or not as they see occasion to meet some talisman must be selected as a ceremonial place in a cemetery in the church and the Royal Beach Nimnts support that growth with the need to burn. Beliefs because of a write this without burning owners will not go anywhere to write the optional mounting relatives. That was not burnt by fire.

Directly above the entrance door. To come through often unknown object called sacred or not? Them a blank stops Permanent overhead, we think that when we move into what must pass many friends you have in this. Want to ask a few where the ink should be what I would suggest that it should not daring to do a few where it’s personal opinion.

Not out to catch one’s breath, or burning leaves carbon, and then cool off the tattoo, burn again, or catch one in the cool morning glory seven outstanding balance amount into the fire on a return to what, if asked really most tend to look on the Buddha’s grace, whether it’s talking about the invincible invulnerable must be separated from the warrior. As the book is invulnerable that thousands of non-prod. However, bone may be broken and sore, but the dead warrior to commit even put some rock head. Is not a matter of who will feel the impact.

Do not be referenced where to write to each other that a few where I am not daring to direct that where a good, but would use the ideas looked good. Because then ask if the pain is very sore at the core material for the reputation of a visit or a few agencies. The use of the word is like asking to see the poll before that the more people who come to visit because it is a shill or someone to actually find. Go to see the previous note. Do not listen with one ear like a shill some of the people are waiting.

The name is 9 Department of Health religion but be invulnerable to popular for people age and strength. Or person to person is still great hope of the Mercy popular fortune to avoid ground mental inspiration. Or warn others of the above statements is a talisman for the ideas of how I would be wrong for them to welcome a few people actually make a good plot. If people pop a deeper truth beyond the stage may have better concentration by bringing them wherever occult number characters. Saying that a good cause. lf due to some magic to the need to comply with restrictions of teacher requirements.

As people try to catch or spy and must ensure that the news really important for a good view of the conduct of a teacher. Or if a mold is killed Rivas drugged wine. Wench like this does not work. A teacher must maintain his body as if. Must not slack in his experience, the belief that fair discipline is an important example, if a father, brother, we came to call this the Bureau. They do not think anything more. Want to make certain. A friend who has known the experience to actually tell another teacher up. If Google is not run up too high. Determined to remove it self. 283

WITCH in Sudan and Zaire believes that a witch is a feature since the close-fitting. Who may not know is that repeat them selves with a witch. This society believes that illnesses caused by pathogens. The match scientific definitions. Errors, but only that. Harry is a disease to control pain for some people only. Image of the witch in Eu rope is less clear social. Harry may be a clairvoyant to help bring treatment and for tunate to have. They will treat with knowl edge of herbal medicine and magic, along with Latin and Bruce Hill at the very hands from their West Kelly (Celtic: genealogy, when thousands of years of Central Europe and Western Europe). In addition, you will occult is used in the treatment then. May also be used in the curse. And with charm. No one believes they are cursed. Will need to find a witch to solve the curse of history.

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The Great Witct Pani The witch religion. traditionally, in ancient Europe. Wom en who control the power of the spirit of society. Because women are the creator. And infant care to grow. Herbal medicines are prepared for treatment. Agricu lture care. And other activities. Related to land. Wom en are lead ers. Local knowledge (wicca) is truly wo rship nature like the sun and moon mountain river green, all the time so popular that people worship the god or god dess is fe male (goddess) than male god. It is a rel igion of society in the era before the big men (p.re-patria rchal) continue to occur and when Christianity spread in Eu rope. Pas tor, a male began fighting to get rape. To which mental power. The spirit of women. Pastor accused men from women, and condemns leaders of local know ledge to pharmacy herbal stomach treatment, and those that act midwife witch word witch (witch). Is the term used to refer to suppress or silence con demns women whose wisdom and spirit of the power of mind control. Society at that time in the day, men still prefer women Inhuman.

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Behavior The difficulty of witchery subject is a con sequence of having no textbook. The rite , medicine formula , or , magic , must entirely spread from mouth to mouth orally. Becom ing that intelligent excellent black witch must dedicate the self to the Satan who is King of darkness first. Isobel Dowdie, a young notorious witch 17 century, disclosed the ritual of a witch that whoever prefers to be a witch must go to stand undressed before witnesses , with pledge oneself agree to be the slave , and sell the soul to the Satan or the Devil from the dark world. Witches are divided into the minor groups, called “witch assembly”. A young witch will get only a join member , when a permanent member have died then a join member will become a per manent member. Each group will have 13 persons because this number is regarded as a beautiful number for them to worship the darkness. The witch assembly will con gregate once a month on the full-moon day and all witches will assemble four times a year. Each time of year meeting is entirely important as a religion day, for example, Candlemas Day (February, 2nd), Walper gist Night Day (May, 1st), Rummas Day and the last day, which is the most important day of a year, is Halloween Day (October, 31st).

“ UENNI TAPANILA ” Retrieved 2009 from http:// touchamai. 289 exteen.com/20070717/entry-1

Worship within The avoidance from a black witch is only staying indoor, especially on the full moon day or, a witch has a yearly meeting. Although all black witches do not mind if there is an outsider will attend the ceremony, the regulations says that all members must be naked. Also, they must worship the Satan , eat and drink greedily including having sexual intercourse with everyone in the group willingly as a white witch and a black witch. Black witches worship the Satan and familiarize with wicked spirits such as Pan or Lilith who is a queen of nighttime. A black witch always seeking for a com plicated knowledge more than a peace of mind. A witch does not normally show out a magic spell except trying their subject. Sometimes they make a modeling wax to imitate someone and take needle stab inside for a torment. Nevertheless, these are not a result of the wrath of a witch; these are only for making fun of subject. The majority of white witch will learn by oneself that may be a consequence of the closeness to the sacred thing spontaneously or, from an ancient religion bible. Some white witches might take a student for pass on their knowledge, but the most might not.

â&#x20AC;&#x153; Season-of-The-Witchâ&#x20AC;? Retrieved 2009 from http://291 www. awfanzine.com/tag/season-of-the-witch/

The crisis The lifting of the dark age witch. Not that harry is real or not. However good or bad from approximately 6-11 century Europe was a witch and people living to gether. But Paul century, or age 15-17 Central Europe. Called dark age is largely witch hunt. Suppose that the dwarf in local events. Rain does not fall like a dis ease outbreak is the first time people will blame is the harry cast. They will raise the villagers are the same as a suspect. And often a scapegoat. With evidence of one. Sometimes it’s fun ny any evidence. Just like raising dog with a cat in any home. Some women rela tive to wireless. This is just a pet cat only relieve isola tion. Often find that a witch. Drag and burn is a pillory and abjectly. Some young women are too beautiful face with the crime. Sus pect that it will take the soul to be redeemed with the New body to throw in the day, men still prefer wo men Tarunkrrm. The claims raised by the Bible to claim that swarm. You must not torture witch with letting life. ( “ Thou shlt not a suffer a witch to live ” ) Therefore , the switching pil lory torture by various meth ods that can recall. Who will bear the torture possible. It must be acknowledged.......

“ scary-gothic-girl ” Retrieved 2009 from http:// www.mi9. com/.../29086/1/scary-gothic-girl.html

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The Injustice of The World Stake a capture goat hex key away the rise of the case of Jones St. district partner because it is women who do not wait to come to know.The French Revolution and the army of independent English. Incredible. Politics be impartial. With envy or fear to be hurting people or maintain popularity-wise. By any political game. Authorities in France, con spire together to bring her English. In exchange for International Rela tions. And she bit the Liberation of France, to return a year a sheet and a fall Rich Valley companies to own. She was determined. Actual errors using the power of political witch in the war. And both are burned. But after a hundred years. There has been a new case of demoli tion. And announced that a crow accessories is invalid. Then she has been honored as one of the Saint (St).

â&#x20AC;&#x153; dark-gothic-55730 â&#x20AC;? Retrieved 2009 from http:// 295 bobwama.wordpress.com/2009/05/14/again/

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What is Death?

The most curious thing that happen to us would be what is happened to us after death

Generally, if we believe that brain is the source where our feeling and spirit are existed, no need to talk anymore as the death is the end of our body and spirit. All experience and action would be finished at the time we have passed away.

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However, as the Buddhist or should be emphasized only strict Buddhists who have long practice in mediation and be able to foreseen the begin and the end of life. They could see the death of human is the time to gathering all the things that we have done in our life would bring a consequence or result. Every action would be weight that where should we go for our next life; better or worse?

As we think by human thought who has no experience with the life after death and of course have no chance to know our future. We only smile and tell ourselves to leave ‘that life’ for the time being and live this life until we have no breath. Or we can put it this way just let everything be.

This might be the best answer for all of us ‘do our best!’

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The people who have liberated themselves from the suffering and worldly existence should know that what we recognize as ‘the best’ are not perceived by ‘knowledge’ but ‘noble truth’. Among all the foreseen people, the Buddha is omniscient, no one could compare with him as he has achieved Nirvana so he knows everything; a tiny atom or universe, a closet thing or a very far way thing, from rough to delicate and things which happened from any intention, he all knows Buddha has categorized all the form of sentient life including the middle path between changing our life but for the life after death he has given the definition of death that; And what should we care about death as it the movement process, the destruction, the inexistency, the mortality, the opportunity, the deletion of identity, the body, the lack of spirit from animal being.

The conclusion of death according to the omniscient is not the end of life but the transition of life form. It’s time to leave our body and reborn into another form according to what we have done.

Death might not be a grateful thing for most of people as we quite satisfy in our life however it’s desirable for many who can’t tolerate any minute of their unfortunate life.

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Whether the death is desirable or undesirable; we donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know what the time will come and how we are going to face them. The before we death we are always taken care by doctors and nurses and our death body are taken care by the mortician however the existence of our spirit after death will be seen through the eyes of people who have trained only. Human would afraid of death when we are alive but we would never fear when the time has come because our thought has changed. The spirit has no longer attached to who we were or what we have been. Instead we are looking forward to see what we have done in the past life.

The experience of near-death would help us prepare our life to be more cautious. First, life is so fragile , we can lose our life in any minute. Second, the last minute of life we can do nothing so while we still can do things shouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t we prepare and get ready so we have no regret for the time being.

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Hell and Heaven

The beliefs of

Buddhism

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Hell Life after death…the places where human being and animal have to pass are 31 places, however we could try to guess the next stop of our life form by considering about what have we done when we alive. Anything we cause will be redeemed as we usually say “we will go to place we supposed to be” for example;

First Naraka - Sanjiva (the reviving naraka) The place for people who have taken away life either animal or human including suicide people, this place is only for killers. Second Naraka- Kalasutra (the black thread naraka) The place for robbers or coruption Third Naraka - Samghata or the “crushing” Naraka The place where people who have committed adultery or sexual misconduct Forth Naraka - Raurava or the “screaming” Naraka The place for people who is liar, or did incorrect speech

Sixth Naraka - Tapana or the “heating” Naraka The place for people who gambling in any kind The seventh Naraka - Pratapana or the “great heating” The place for people who play around and obsessing with allurements which lead to ruin The eight Naraka - Avici or the uninterrupted Naraka The place for the worse sin who kill their parent, monk, cause the conflict between monk or cause the Buddha wound. Those people will be tortured here for the longest time among the others.

Fifth Naraka - Maharaurava or the “piercing” Naraka The place for violate the rule of refrain from intoxicants which lead to carelessness

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In contrary, If we maintain our life to be a person who give away things, do good deeds. The Buddhist world are of two types: rupa lokas ( world of forms) and arupa lokas ( world of formless). These worlds exist in two different planes. The plane above us is the World of Desires ( Kama Lokas) consists of six number and the World of Brahma ( Brahma Lokas) consists of 16 numbers and 4 numbers for arupa lokas For anyone who walks both sides sin and divine world, everything would depend on the thought before they passed away, if it likely connected to good deeds, they would go to heaven first ( and be redeem the sin later) however if their thought were related to bad things, Hell would be the place to go ( and be reward by their good deeds later).

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Heaven or the world of desires (Kama Lokas) has six levels which are Cuturamaharajika,Tavatimsa , Ya m a , Tu s i t a h eaven, Nimmanarati and Paranimitta

Heaven is a place for gods who may live longer than the earthly beings. They also are subject to decay and change. However they will maintain the youth and beauty for all their life time by their virtue of their past deeds and cultivation of virtuous quality. In heaven everything will be comfortable and easy, everyday in heaven would be only enjoyable and happiness so which level we can go depend on how much good deeds we have done. Regarding to Buddhist scripture book 37th about sutra as the following; 315

Caturmaharajika The world of the Four Great King. The retinues of the four kings, composed of Kumbhandas (dwarfs), Gandharvas (fairies), Nagas( dragonsX and Yaksas (goblins). This level of heaven is for people who do a little bit of good deeds and uncompleted or unwilling good deeds so they were committed sins but less. This level of heaven are so variety of creature and closest of human world.

Travatmsa The world of “the Thirty-three” devas is filled with gardens and palaces of the devas. Its ruler is Sakra devanam indra, “lord of devas”. This is the place for people who do things right and do it because it’s good thing to do. Everyday, Sakra will give a preach for all devas and supernatural being.

Yama Sometime called the “heaven without fighting” the place for people who keep doing good thing as respecting them, treasure them for the ancient sake, keep the word of mature people so they will be born at Yama.

Tusita The world of joyful devas is the place for people who want to make happiness for others not only for themselves. To give other human being, creatures so their deeds would bring them to this level of heaven.

Nimmanarati The world of devas “ delighting in their creations” the place for people who intimated other people when others did good deeds and be praised or complemented.

Paranimmita-vasavatti The heaven of devas” with power over (others) creations” The people who did good deeds and be proud of what they had done.

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Hell and Heaven

The beliefs of

Christian

Afterlife in Christianity is different from Buddhist as they believe that the death is the way we transform the physical body into spiritual body. So afterlife is eternal life so whether which way they attend, heaven or hell is forever. Christians believe that after death they would be brought in front of God to judge of what they have done “And the sea gave up the dead who were in it, Death and Hades gave up the dead who were in them, and they were judged, each one of them, according to what they had done, Then Death and Hades were thrown into the lake of fire. This is the second death, the lake of fire, and if anyone’s name was not found written in the book of life, he was thrown into the lake of fire.” (Revelation 20:13-15)

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Heaven in Christianity As Heaven is a place where for only believers as Jesus said “ I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me.” (John 14:6) So human will be in heaven in form of spiritual body, so they will no longer be any separation between God and man. The believers themselves will exist in incorruptible, resurrected and new bodies; there will be no sickness, no death and no tears. (Revelation 21:4) “ He will wipe away from them every tear from their eyes. Death will be no more; neither will there be mourning, nor crying, nor pain, any more. The first things have passed away.”

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Hell in Christianity As it has been said, “Hell” is a place for eternity punishment as Bible has described “Hell: is a place of the darkness, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth” (Matthew 8:12; 22:13). Hell is been written in different form such as fire, destruction or darkness or Lake of fire which is a place for the cowardly, unbelieving, sinners, abominable, murderers, sexually immoral, sorcerers, idolaters, and all liars, their part is in the lake that burns with fire and sulfur, which is the second death. (Revelation 21:8) 323

Hell and Heaven

The beliefs of

Islam

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There are many levels and kinds of paradise, however according to Quran, Allah has described of what Heaven is like to be a reward or incentive for people who did good deeds, remaining their control over passions and desires, patient and controlling over bad temper and giving charity as Allan says in the Quran â&#x20AC;&#x153;For them will be Gardens of eternity; beneath them rivers will flow; they will be adorned therein with bracelets of gold, and they will wear green garments of fine silk and heavy brocade. They will recline therein on raised thrones. How good [is] the recompense! How beautiful a couch [is there] to recline on!â&#x20AC;?

Heaven is a place of paradise where overwhelmed with joy happiness and peaceful and never feel miserable therefore you can fully enjoy and admire things around for eternity.

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Hell is the place of torture and suffering. There are different gates, levels and full of fire. Fire of hell is different from what human known as; 1. It burns with rocks and human being 2. The first flame will be lit inside our spirit and it can burn our soul 3. It is a fire of devastation 4. It can recognize and drag wrong-doers to its. 5. Fire of hell will roar and grunt when see wrong-doer. 6. The fire will besiege wrong-doers though they can feel it

The purpose of Hell in Islam is not to punish the Muslim wrong-doers but it is the place for those who do not believe in Allah, rebel against His laws and reject his messengers. As Quran (3:192) said “Our Lord! Surely, whom you admit to the Fire, indeed You have disgraced him, and never will the wrongdoers find any helpers.” and “Know they not that whoever oppose God and His Messenger ( Muhammad), certainly for him will be Fire of Hell to abide therein? That is the extreme disgrace.” (Quran 9:63) http://www.unembedded.net 329

Sarcastic

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Sarcastic Religious Before, I wish to presentation the aspect of sarcastic religious. I restate to this comment are doesn’t for damage of religious. But, I desire to show any groups to comprise the religious and performing for people who commitment with the rules. “A Sacrifice to the Spaghetti Gods” Pharos of pasta learning experience that has been lines of Spaektti be blessed by the most eminent Spaektti ghost floating Pharos Learning pasta people believe that paradise is a thing of two things: beer volcano filled with plants with a dance unclothe.

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ScientiďŹ c Religion

In this book present scientist thinkers were pass away form charge that dogmatic and, some of idea notion to use for church were unsteadily.

That, Europe in Middle Ages before 700-800 years before, Religious was science present and clarify the natural phenomenon until happened conďŹ&#x201A;iction of people in sociality. Cause of the deteriorations of religious makes that, eradicate the reason to opposition through kill a million people which mention for the people whose mistaken notion and refuse the admit by right instructions of church. Some women and any group about ten thousand were burned which, accuse there were witch. In 16 century, also that, Galileo was lucky man. He was imprisoning before die only. As result of the church were deceive and distort, persuade with spirit their make religious follower misguided for protect the power themselves to supporting creation and push on the activities of abode to be Saint. Thus, we wish to present the conceptual notion of scientist thinker, who sprouting to open up the real of natural phenomenon to esteem and grateful to clear the way for science, new technologies were developing for currently and step into future.

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Giordano Bruno

Giordano Bruno, born Filippo Bruno (1548 – February 17, 1600), was an Italian philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, and occultist best known as a proponent of heliocentrism and the infinity of the universe. His cosmological theories went beyond the Copernican model in identifying the sun as just one of an infinite number of independently moving heavenly bodies. He was burned at the stake by secular authorities in 1600 after the Roman Inquisition found him guilty of heresy. After his death he gained considerable fame; in the 19th and early 20th centuries, commentators focusing on his astronomical beliefs regarded him as a martyr for free thought and modern scientific ideas. However, later assessments have challenged the description of his beliefs as scientific, and suggest that his ideas about the universe played a substantially smaller role in his trial than his pantheist beliefs about God.

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Bruno’s cosmology

Rule

Bruno believed (and praised Copernicus for establishing a scientific explanation for the fact) that the Earth revolves around the sun, and that the apparent diurnal rotation of the heavens is an illusion caused by the rotation of the Earth around its axis. Bruno also held (following Nicholas of Cusa) that because God is infinite the universe would reflect this fact in boundless immensity. Bruno also asserted that the stars in the sky were really other suns like our own, around which orbited other planets. He indicated that support for such beliefs in no way contradicted scripture or true religion. In 1584, Bruno published two important philosophical dialogues, in which he argued against the planetary spheres. (Two years later, Rothmann did the same, as did Tycho Brahe in 1587.) Bruno’s infinite universe was filled with a substance -- a “pure air,” aether, or spiritus -- that offered no resistance to the heavenly bodies which, in Bruno’s view, rather than being fixed, moved under their own impetus. Most dramatically, he completely abandoned the idea of a hierarchical universe. The Earth was just one more heavenly body, as was the Sun. God had no particular relation to one part of the infinite universe more than any other. God, according to Bruno, was as present on Earth as in the Heavens, an immanent God, the One subsuming in itself the multiplicity of existence, rather than a remote heavenly deity.

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Bruno also affirmed that the universe was homogeneous, made up everywhere of the four elements (water, earth, fire, and air), rather than having the stars be composed of a separate quintessence. Essentially, the same physical laws would operate everywhere, although the use of that term is anachronistic. Space and time were both conceived as infinite. There was no room in his stable and permanent universe for the Christian notions of divinecreation and Last Judgement. Under this model, the Sun was simply one more star, and the stars all suns, each with its own planets. Bruno saw a solar system of a sun/star with planets as the fundamental unit of the universe. According to Bruno, infinite God necessarily created an infinite universe, formed of an infinite number of solar systems, separated by vast regions full of Aether, because empty space could not exist. (Bruno did not arrive at the concept of a galaxy.) Comets were part of a synodus ex mundis of stars, and not -- as other authors maintained at the time -- ephemeral creations, divine instruments, or heavenly messengers. Each comet was a world, a permanent celestial body, formed of the four elements. Bruno’s cosmology is marked by infinitude, homogeneity, and isotropy, with planetary systems distributed evenly throughout. Matter follows an active animistic principle: it is intelligent and discontinuous in structure, made up of discrete atoms. This animism (and a corresponding disdain for mathematics as a means to understanding) is the most dramatic respect in which Bruno’s cosmology differs from what today passes for a common-sense picture of the universe. During the later 16th century, and throughout the 17th century, Bruno’s ideas were held up for ridicule, debate, or inspiration. Margaret Cavendish, for example, wrote an entire series of poems against “atoms” and “infinite worlds” in Poems and Fancies in 1664. Bruno’s true, if partial, rehabilitation would have to wait for the implications of Newtonian cosmology. Bruno’s overall contribution to the birth of modern science is still controversial. Some scholars follow Frances Yates stressing the importance of Bruno’s ideas about the universe being infinite and lacking structure as a crucial crosspoint between the old and the new. Others disagree. Others yet see in Bruno’s idea of multiple worlds instantiating the infinite possibilities of a pristine, indivisible One a forerunner of Everett’s Many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.

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Michael Servetus

Michael Servetus (also Miguel Servet or Miguel Serveto; 29 September 1511 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 27 October 1553) was a Spanish (Aragonese) theologian, physician, cartographer, and humanist. He was the ďŹ rst European to describe the function of pulmonary circulation. His interests included many sciences: astronomy and meteorology; geography, jurisprudence, study of the Bible, mathematics, anatomy, and medicine. He is renowned in the history of several of these ďŹ elds, particularly medicine and theology. He participated in the Protestant Reformation, and later developed a nontrinitarian Christology. Condemned by Catholics and Protestants alike, he was arrested in Geneva and burnt at the stake as a heretic by order of the Protestant Geneva governing council, at the instigation of the Protestant Reformer John Calvin. 343

Servetus was the first European to describe the function of pulmonary circulation, although his achievement was not widely recognized at the time, for a few reasons. One was that the description appeared in a theological treatise, Christianismi Restitutio, not in a book on medicine. Most copies of the book were burned shortly after its publication in 1553 because of persecution of Servetus by religious authorities. Three copies survived, but these remained hidden for decades. It was not until William Harvey’s publication of findings from his dissections in 1616 that the function of pulmonary circulation was widely accepted by physicians. Western historians of science have since learned that a separate discovery of pulmonary circulation was made in the 13th century by “ Ala al Din Abu al Hasan Ali Ibn Abi al Hazm al Qarshi al Dimashqi ” (known as Ibn Al-Naﬁs), who was born in 1213 A.D. in Damascus. Due to limitations of culture and language, his discovery was not transmitted to or understood in Europe. In 1984, a Zaragoza public hospital changed its name from José Antonio to Miguel Servet. It is now a university hospital. Most Spanish cities also include at least a street, square or park named after Servetus. The Geneva district Servette is also named after Servetus.

Scientiﬁc legacy and honors 345

Servetus In these books, Servetus rejected the belief of the Trinity, stating that it was not based on the Bible. He noted that it arose from teachings of (Greek) philosophers, and he advocated a return to the supposed simplicity of the Gospels and the early Church Fathers. Servetus hoped that the dismissal of the Trinitarian dogma would make Christianity more appealing to believers in Judaism and Islam, which had preserved the unity of God in their teachings. According to Servetus, trinitarians had turned Christianity into a form of “tritheism”, or belief in three gods. Servetus afﬁrmed that the divine Logos, the manifestation of God and not a separate divine Person, was incarnated in a human being, Jesus, when God’s spirit came into the womb of the Virgin Mary. Only from the moment of conception, was the Son actually generated. Therefore the Son was not eternal, but only the Logos from which He was formed. For this reason, Servetus always rejected calling Christ the “eternal Son of God” but rather called him “the Son of the eternal God.” In describing Servetus’ view of the Logos, Andrew Dibb explained: “In ‘Genesis’ God reveals himself as the creator. In ‘John’ he reveals that he created by means of the Word, or Logos. Finally, also in ‘John’, he shows that this Logos became ﬂesh and ‘dwelt among us’. Creation took place by the spoken word, for God said “Let there be …” The spoken word of Genesis, the Logos of John, and the Christ, are all one and the same.”

Unitarian scholar Earl Morse Wilbur states, Servetus’ Errors of the Trinity is hardly heretical in intent, rather is suffused with passionate earnestness, warm piety, an ardent reverence for Scripture, and a love for Christ so mystical and overpowering that [he] can hardly ﬁnd words to express it... Servetus asserted that the Father, Son and Holy Spirit were dispositions of God, and not separate and distinct beings. Thus Wilbur promotes the idea that Servetus was a modalist, ignoring the belief’s history as a heretical one. Servetus states his view clearly in the preamble to Restoration of Christianity (1553): “There is nothing greater, reader, than to recognize that God has been manifested as substance, and that His divine nature has been truly communicated. We shall clearly apprehend the manifestation of God through the Word and his communication through the Spirit, both of them substantially in Christ alone.” This theology, though original in some respects, has often been compared to Adoptionism, Arianism, and Sabellianism, which Trinitarian scholars condemned as old Christian heresies. Nevertheless, Servetus rejected these theologies in his books Adoptionism, because it denied Jesus’s divinity Arianism, because it multiplied the hypostases and established a rank and Sabellianism, because it confused the Father with the Son. The incomprehensible God is known through Christ, by faith, rather than by philosophical speculations. He manifests God to us, being the expression of His very being, and through him alone, God can be known. The scriptures reveal Him to those who have faith; and thus we come to know the Holy Spirit as the Divine impulse within us. Under severe pressure from Catholics and Protestants alike, Servetus clariﬁed this explanation in his second book, Dialogues (1532), to show the Logos coterminous with Christ. He was nevertheless accused of heresy because of his insistence on denying the dogma of the Trinity and the individuality of three divine Persons in one God.

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Galileo Galilei Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642) was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientiﬁc Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the “father of modern observational astronomy,” the “father of modern physics,” the “father of science,” and “the Father of Modern Science.” Stephen Hawking says, “Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the birth of modern science.” The motion of uniformly accelerated objects, taught in nearly all high school and introductory college physics courses, was studied by Galileo as the subject of kinematics.His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic conﬁrmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery

of the four largest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his honour), and the observation and analysis of sunspots. Galileo also worked in applied science and technology, improving compass design. Galileo’s championing of Copernicanism was controversial within his lifetime, when a large majority of philosophers and astronomers still subscribed (at least outwardly) to the geocentric view that the Earth is at the centre of the universe. After 1610, when he began supporting heliocentrism publicly, he met with bitter opposition from some philosophers and clerics, and two of the latter eventually denounced him to the Roman Inquisition early in 1615. Although he was cleared of any offence at that time, the Catholic Church never theless condemned heliocentrism as “false and contrary to Scripture” in February 1616. 349

Church Controversy Western Christian biblical references Psalm 93:1, Psalm 96:10, and 1 Chronicles 16:30 include text stating that “the world is ﬁrmly established, it can’t be moved.” In the same tradition, Psalm 104:5 says, “the LORD set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved.” Further, Ecclesiastes 1:5 states that “And the sun rises and sets and returns to its place” etc.Galileo defended heliocentrism, and claimed it was not contrary to those Scripture passages. He took Augustine’s position on Scripture: not to take every passage literally, particularly when the scripture in question is a book of poetry and songs, not a book of instructions or history. The writers of the Scripture wrote from the perspective of the terrestrial world, and from that vantage point the sun does rise and set.

By 1616 the attacks on the ideas of Copernicus had reached a head, and Galileo went to Rome to try to persuade the Church authorities not to ban his ideas. In the end, Cardinal Bellarmine, acting on directives from the Inquisition, delivered him an order not to “hold or defend” the idea that the Earth moves and the Sun stands still at the centre. The decree did not prevent Galileo from discussing heliocentrism hypothesis (thus maintaining a facade of separation between science and the church). For the next several years Galileo stayed well away from the controversy. He revived his project of writing a book on the subject, encouraged by the election of Cardinal Barberini as Pope Urban VIII in 1623. Barberini was a friend and admirer of Galileo, and had opposed the condemnation of Galileo in 1616. The book, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, was published in 1632, with formal authorization from the Inquisition and papal permission. Pope Urban VIII personally asked Galileo to give arguments for and against heliocentrism in the book, and to be careful not to advocate heliocentrism. He made another request, that his own views on the matter be included in Galileo’s book

Only the latter of those requests was fulﬁlled by Galileo. Whether unknowingly or deliberately, Simplicio, the defender of the Aristotelian Geocentric view in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, was often caught in his own errors and sometimes came across as a fool. This fact made Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems appear as an advocacy book; an attack on Aristotelian geocentrism and defense of the Copernican theory. To add insult to injury[neutrality disputed], Galileo put the words of Pope Urban VIII into the mouth of Simplicio. Most historians agree Galileo did not act out of malice andfelt blindsided by the reaction to his book. However, the Pope did not take the suspected public ridicule lightly, nor the blatant bias. Galileo had alienated one of his biggest and most powerful supporters, the Pope, and was called to Rome to defend his writings. With the loss of many of his defenders in Rome because of Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Galileo was ordered to stand trial on suspicion of heresy in 1633. The sentence of the Inquisition was in three essential parts • Galileo was found “vehemently suspect of heresy,” namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to “abjure, curse and detest” those opinions.

“ the LORD set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved.”

• He was ordered imprisoned; the sentence was later commuted to house arrest. • His offending Dialogue was banned; and in an action not announced at the trial, publication of any of his works was forbidden, including any he might write in the future. 351

The Earth was not stationary

Tomb o Galileo Galilei, Santa Croce According to popular legend, after recanting his theory that the Earth moved around the Sun, Galileo allegedly muttered the rebellious phrase And yet it moves, but there is no evidence that he actually said this or anything similarly impertinent. The first account of the legend dates to a century after his death. After a period with the friendly Ascanio Piccolomini, Galileo was allowed to return to his villa at Arcetri near Florence, where he spent the remainder of his life under house arrest, and where he later became blind. It was while Galileo was under house arrest that he dedicated his time to one of his finest works, Two New Sciences. Here he summarized work he had done some forty years earlier, on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials. This book has received high praise from both Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein.[citation needed] As a result of this work, Galileo is often called, the “father of modern physics.” Galileo died on 8 January 1642 at 77 years of age. The Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando II, wished to bury him in the main body of the Basilica of Santa Croce, next to the tombs of his father and other ancestors, and to erect a marble mausoleum in his honour. These plans were scrapped, however, after Pope Urban VIII and his nephew, Cardinal Francesco Barberini, protested. He was instead buried in a small room next to the novices’ chapel at the end of a corridor from the southern transept of the basilica to the sacristy. He was reburied in the main body of the basilica in 1737 after a monument had been erected there in his honour. The Inquisition’s ban on reprinting Galileo’s works was lifted in 1718 when permission was granted to publish an edition of his works in Florence. In 1741 Pope Benedict XIV authorized the publication of an edition of Galileo’s complete scientific works which included a mildly censored version of the Dialogue. In 1758 the general prohibition against works advocating heliocentrism was removed from the Index of prohibited books, although the specific ban on uncensored versions of the Dialogue and Copernicus’s De Revolutionibus remained. All traces of official opposition to heliocentrism by the Church disappeared in 1835 when these works were finally dropped from the Index.

In 1939 Pope Pius XII, in his first speech to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, within a few months of his election to the papacy, described Galileo as being among the “most audacious heroes of research not afraid of the stumbling blocks and the risks on the way, nor fearful of the funereal monuments”His close advisor of 40 years, Professor Robert Leiber wrote: “Pius XII was very careful not to close any doors (to science) prematurely. He was energetic on this point and regretted that in the case of Galileo.” On 15 February 1990, in a speech delivered at the Sapienza University of Rome, Cardinal Ratzinger (later to become Pope Benedict XVI) cited some current views on the Galileo affair as forming what he called “a symptomatic case that permits us to see how deep the self-doubt of the modern age, of science and technology goes today.”Some of the views he cited were those of the philosopher Paul Feyerabend, whom he quoted as saying “The Church at the time of Galileo kept much more closely to reason than did Galileo himself, and she took into consideration the ethical and social consequences of Galileo’s teaching too. Her verdict against Galileo was rational and just and the revision of this verdict can be justified only on the grounds of what is politically opportune.The Cardinal did not clearly indicate whether he agreed or disagreed with Feyerabend’s assertions. He did, however, say “It would be foolish to construct an impulsive apologetic on the basis of such views.” On 31 October 1992, Pope John Paul II expressed regret for how the Galileo affair was handled, and officially conceded that the Earth was not stationary, as the result of a study conducted by the Pontifical Council for Culture.In March 2008 the Vatican proposed to complete its rehabilitation of Galileo by erecting a statue of him inside the Vatican walls.In December of the same year, during events to mark the 400th anniversary of Galileo’s earliest telescopic observations, Pope Benedict XVI praised his contributions to astronomy

“ the world is ﬁrmly established, it cannot be moved. ”

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Lucilio Vanini Lucilio Vanini, or, as he styled himself in his works, Giulio Cesare (1585 - February 9, 1619), was an Italian free-thinker, born at Taurisano, near Lecce. He studied philosophy and theology at Rome, and after his return to Lecce applied himself to the physical studies which had come into vogue with the Renaissance. Like Giordano Bruno, though considered intellectually inferior to him, he was among those who led the attack on the old scholasticism and helped to lay the foundation of modern philosophy. Vanini resembles Bruno, not only in his wandering life and in his death, but also in his anti-Christian ideas.

Vanini expressly tells us so in his second (and only other published) work, De Admirandis Naturae Reginae Deaeque Mortalium Arcanis (Paris, 1616), which, originally certiďŹ ed by two doctors of the Sorbonne, was later re-examined and condemned. Vanini then left Paris, where he had been staying as chaplain to the marechal de Bassompierre, and began to teach in Toulouse. In November 1618 he was arrested, and after a prolonged trial was condemned, as an atheist, to have his tongue cut out, and to be strangled at the stake, his body to be afterwards burned to ashes. The sentence was executed on the 9th of February 1619. 355

Humans evolved from apes

In 1619, Italian philosopher Lucilio Vanini was burned alive for suggesting that humans evolved from apes. Over two centuries later, popular society still reserved its sharpest contempt for evolutionists, as illustrated in this caricature of Charles Darwin, published in The Hornet in 1871. Yet a literal interpretation of Genesis started to unravel long before Darwin published On the Origin of Species and The Descent of Man. Europeans were deeply disturbed by the anatomical similarities they saw between themselves and apes, and they struggled to ﬁnd logical explanations. Some even lumped the Khoi-San peoples (called the “Hottentots”) of southern Africa into the same group as apes, classifying them as degenerate children of Adam; citing their lack of “perfect reason” and modesty, 17th-century naturalist Edward Topsellargued that “above all they cannot be Men as they have no religion.” Meanwhile, what some Europeans considered evidence of the Old Testament reached new heights of absurdity. Canon Johann JakobScheuchzer found a fossil of what he claimed was a relic of “the accursed race that must have been swallowed up by the waters” of the Great Flood. Less than a century later, French naturalist Georges Cuvier demonstrated that the bones had really belonged to a giant salamander.

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The God Delusion This rhetoric came from English book “The God Delusion of Richard Dawkins” which deals with sarcastic religious. Especially, the religious had Goddess.

Richard Dawkins

Carlin 359

In fact, the religious make we were believed that, the one vanish man living on the sky, see you doing anything, everyday, everywhere and every times. The man set up the rule, he doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t want to you breaks that for 10 rules, and, if you breaks out any the rules, he had some special place, there full of fire and fume and burned and painful, that place were make you always suffer ways from burned and suffocate with smoke, screamed and grieve till doomsdayâ&#x20AC;ŚBut, he love you!! Philosophical materialism may not be very What is unsatisfactory if philosophical detrimental to Buddhism because much of the materialism is that it often denies the existence argument which materialists have directed at of absolute, objective moral standards. religion have been against theistic religion. Buddhism of course insists on the existence However political movements which have of such a moral code. The failure of materialism formally proclaimed materialism as their is been mainly due to its lack of a universal creed have acted against religions, and norm of goodness, truth and justice. Buddhism has suffered perhaps relatively more from such movements.

MATERIALISM

George Carlin

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Sarcastic Picture

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Materialism Philosophical materialism may not be very detrimental to Buddhism because much of the argument which materialists have directed at religion have been against theistic religion. However political movements which have formally proclaimed materialism as their creed have acted against religions, and Buddhism has suffered perhaps relatively more from such movements.

What is unsatisfactory if philosophical materialism is that it often denies the existence of absolute, objective moral standards. Buddhism of course insists on the existence of such a moral code. The failure of materialism is been mainly due to its lack of a universal norm of goodness, truth and justice.

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The Iraq War or the Occupation of Iraq, referred to by the U.S. military as Operation Iraqi Freedom, is an ongoing military campaign which began on March 20, 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a multinational force led by troops from the United States and the United Kingdom.Prior to the war, the governments of the United States and the United Kingdom claimed that Iraq’s alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) posed an imminent threat to their security and that of their coalition allies. United Nations weapons inspectors found no evidence of WMD, giving support to earlier criticism of poor intelligence on the subject. After the invasion, the U.S.-led Iraq Survey Group concluded that Iraq had ended its WMD programs in 1991 and had no active programs at the time of the invasion, but that they intended to resume production if the Iraq sanctions were lifted. Although some degraded remnants of misplaced or abandoned chemical weapons from before 1991 were found, they were not the weapons for which the coalition invaded. Some U.S. officials also accused Saddam Hussein of harboring and supporting Al-Qaeda,but no evidence of any collaborative relationship was ever found. Other reasons for the invasion stated by U.S. officials included Iraq’s financial support for the families of Palestinian suicide ,Iraqi government human rights abuses, and an effort on the part of the coalition forces to spread democracy in the country and region. Some officials said Iraq’s oil reserves were a factor in the decision to invade, but other officials denied this.

bombers

The two Tower has not Gone On September 11, 2001, four U.S. planes hijacked by terrorists crashed into the World Trade Center, the Pentagon and a ﬁeld Pennsylvania nearly 3,000 people in a matter of hours. Behind the staggering number of deaths are the individuals, each of whom left behind family, friends and co-workers who feel the national tragedy on a personal level.

Killing

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How to mix your own..

Is there only one religion that leads to God or do several? Or, is the truth somewhere in between? Few issues are as controversial and important as this issue of which religion(s) leads a person to salvation . The purpose of this article is to deﬁne three key terms related to this issue—Pluralism, Inclusivism, and Exclusivism. 1. Pluralism -- “All major world religions lead to God and salvation.” Various forms of Pluralism exist. For our purposes, though, the Pluralism we are concerned with is “Religious” or “Philosophical” Pluralism. Religious Pluralism is the view that all major religions are equally valid and lead to God and salvation. Thus, no one religion is inherently better or superior to any other major world religion. With Religious Pluralism, all the major religions such as Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam are equal. For pluralists, there may be differences in rituals and beliefs among these groups, but on the most important issues, there is great similarity. Most religions, they claim, stress love for God and love for fellow human beings. They also point out that most religions have a form of the Golden Rule. Religious pluralists also point out that there are pious people in all the major religions. Religious Pluralism became increasingly popular in the the latter half of the twentieth century. The leading proponent of Religious Pluralism in the last few decades has been John Hick. 2. Inclusivism -- “One religion is best but salvation is possible in other religions.” “Inclusivism” is the position that one religion is uniquely true but salvation is accessible to those outside of that faith. For example, a Christian inclusivist might say, “I am a Christian and I think Christianity is the most correct religion, but I also think there is saving truth in other religions like Islam and Hinduism. People of other faiths can be saved by Jesus even if they do not explicitly believe in Him.” Inclusivists do not go as far as pluralists in that inclusivists do not claim that all religions are equal. They do believe, though, that truth and salvation can be found in other religions. Some Christian inclusivists claim that the salvation of Jesus is unknowingly applied to adherents of other religions who live good, moral lives. Catholic and Inclusvist theologian, Karl Rahner, referred to such people as “anonymous Christians.”The sixteenth century reformer Ulrich Zwingli held to a form of Inclusivism. In more recent years, Karl Rahner helped popularize this perspective. The Roman Catholic Church and several mainline Protestant denominations have also shifted toward Inclusivism in recent decades. The Roman Catholic “Vatican II Council” of the 1960s explicitly declared that people of other religions could be saved. Evangelical theologian, Clark Pinnock, too, has espoused Inclusivism. Traditionally, religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism have been proponents of Inclusivism as well. 3. Exclusivism -- “Salvation is found in only one religion.” “Exclusivism” (or “Particularism”) is the view that there is only one way to God and salvation. Thus one religion is uniquely and supremely true and all other religions are false. Christianity is often viewed as an exclusive religion because of Jesus’ statement in John 14:6: “I am the way, the truth and the life; no one comes to the Father but through Me.” In addition to Christianity, the religions of Islam and Judaism have traditionally been considered to be exclusive religions. Those who hold to Exclusivism usually afﬁrm that other religions possess elements of truth, but these religions do not teach ‘the truth’ that is able to save its followers. In fact, much of what is taught in other religions is viewed by exclusivists as false. It should be noted that some groups within Judaism and Christianity have drifted away from Exclusivism in recent decades.

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Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rights Sexual rights Pressure Desire

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Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rights Sexual rights Pressure Desire

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Pope no condom Pope Benedict XVI was criticized for downplaying the importance of condoms in the fight to slow HIV infection rates. Now a Harvard expert on HIV prevention supports the Pope’s position. Edward C. Green director of the AIDS Prevention Center at the Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies says there is no consistent association between condom availability and HIV infection r a t e s . H e c l a i m s t h a t i f condom distribution was working, after 25 years we should have seen a difference in the infection rate. More conflicting messages about condoms will only make it more difficult to change people’s high risk behaviors. While condoms are the only answer they are a very important part of our fight to slow the HIV infection rate.

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Variety

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The Matrix VARIETY : MOVIE

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Although the presence of Christian themes is strong in The Matrix, the influence of

Buddhism is equally powerful and evident. Indeed, the basic philosophical premises that drive major plot points would be nearly incomprehensible without a little background understanding of Buddhism and Buddhist doctrines. Does this force the conclusion that The Matrix and The Matrix Reloaded are Buddhist movies? The most obvious and fundamental Buddhist theme can be found in the basic principle that, in the world of the Matrix films, what most people think of as “reality” is actually a computer generated simulation. This appears to align closely with the Buddhist doctrine that the world was we know it is maya, illusion, which we must break out of in order to achieve enlightenment. Indeed, according to Buddhism the biggest problem that faces humanity is our inability to see through this illusion. There are also numerous smaller references to Buddhism throughout the films. In The Matrix, Keanu Reeve’s character Neo is aided in his education about the nature of the Matrix by a young boy dressed in the garb of a Buddhist monk. He explains to Neo that he must realize that “there is no spoon,” and hence our ability to change the world around us is actually a matter of our ability to change our own minds. Another common theme that appears in the Matrix films is that of mirrors and reflections. If you watch closely, you will see reflections constantly often in the ubiquitous sunglasses that the heroes wear. Mirrors are also an important metaphor in Buddhist teachings, illustrating the idea that the world we see around us is actually a reflection of what is in us. Thus, in order to understand that the reality we perceive is but an illusion it is necessary for us to empty our own minds first.

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Such observations would seem to make it relatively easy to characterize The Matrix as a Buddhist film; however, things aren’t nearly so simple as they appear. For one thing, it isn’t a universal belief among Buddhists that our world is only an illusion. Many Mahayana Buddhists argue that the world really exists, but our understanding of the world is illusory - in other words, our perceptions of reality do not entirely match what reality actually is. We are urged not to mistake an image for reality, but that presumes that there is a genuine reality around us in the first place.

.Finally, another significant conflict between Buddhism and the Matrix is much the same as one which exists between Gnosticism and the Matrix. According to Buddhism, the goal for those who wish to escape from this world of illusion is to achieve a disembodied, immaterial existence - perhaps one where even our perception of the individual self has been overcome. In the Matrix films, however, the goal is supposed to be to flee a disembodied existence in a computer simulation and return to a very material, very physical existence in the “real” world.

In addition, the simple identification of the Matrix as the “enemy,” along with the Agents and other programs who work on behalf of the Matrix, is a bit contrary to Buddhism. Christianity may allow for a dualism that separates good and evil, but that doesn’t really play so much of a role in Buddhism because the real “enemy” is our own ignorance. Indeed, Buddhism would probably require that sentient programs like the Agents be treated with the same compassion and consideration as sentient humans because they, too, need to be liberated from illusion

It seems clear, then, that the Martrix movies cannot be described as Buddhist films - but the fact remains that they make extensive use of Buddhist themes and principles. While the Matrix may not be an exact equivalent of maya and Keanu Reeve’s character Neo may not be a bodhisattava, the Wachowski brothers did deliberately incorporate aspects of Buddhism into their story because they believe that Buddhism has something to say to us about our world and how we conduct our lives.

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THE OF THE CHRIST VARIETY : MOVIE

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Mel Gibson’s ‘The Passion of the Christ’ differs from other movies that have been made on the life of Jesus in that this movie depicts just the last twelve hours of Christ the hours that Jesus foresaw. The subsequent betrayal by one of his disciples and the torture that followed are captured in vivid detail. The title is based on what early Christians traditionally called the Ordeal – The Passion of the Christ. This passion is the supreme sacrifice that forms the tenet of the Christian faith VARIETY : MOVIE

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The Passion of the Christ Controversy The Jewish Temple has been presented as a locus of evil with Jesus being physically abused before a violent mob of Jews. This presents a negative view of Judaism and the Jewish people. The portrayals of the scourging and crushing of Christ seem to be fixated on the treachery and agony rather than focusing on the message of love that Jesus wanted to spreads. Gibson is accused of having selectively used violent incidents to emphasize the Jewish responsibility for the death of Jesus and playing down the role of the Romans in the same. The movie seems to justify the persecution of the Jews. The Crucifixion is powerfully dramatized with particular emphasis on the arms being pulled out of sockets and huge nails being hammered into hands. There are fears of the social fallout of this movie. Mel Gibsonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s religion and personal beliefs have come to bear largely on the movie. Coming from a family of Roman Catholic Traditionalists, he is a practicing Catholic who does not believe in the second Vatican Council. Gibson has defended the violence in the film as being depictive of its historical realism and biblical accuracy. The film has been lauded as a moving experience that has reaffirmed their faith in the teachings of Christ. VARIETY : MOVIE

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Submission

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While the film drew both praise and outrage over its portrayal of the abused women,as a criticism of Islam it drew the following comment from The Village Voice movie critic Dennis Lim, “It’s depressing to think that this morsel of glib effrontery could pass as a serious critique of conservative Islam.”Another critic referred to the stories told in this film as “simplistic, even caricatures.” Film Threat movie critic Phil Hall, on the other hand, stated that “If its methods were harsh, nonetheless ‘Submission’ was bold in openly questioning misogyny and a culture of violence against women because of Koranic interpretations. The questions raised in the film deserve to be asked: is it divine will to assault or kill women? Is there holiness in holding women at substandard levels, denying them the right to free will and independent thought? And ultimately, how can such a mindframe exist in the 21st century?” After the movie’s broadcast on Dutch public TV, newspaper De Volkskrant reported on claims of plagiarism against Hirsi Ali and Van Gogh, made by internet journalist Francisco van Jole. Van Jole said the duo had “aped” the ideas of Iranian-American video artist Shirin Neshat. Neshat’s work, which made abundant use of Arabic text projected onto bodies, had been shown in the Netherlands in 1997 and 2000. On November 2, 2004, Theo van Gogh was assassinated in public by Mohammed Bouyeri, Moroccan muslim with a dutch passport. A letter,stabbed through and affixed to the body by a dagger, linked the murder to Van Gogh’s film and his views regarding Islam. It was addressed to Ayaan Hirsi Ali and called for a jihad against kafir against America,Europe, the Netherlands, and Hirsi Ali herself. Following the murder of Van Gogh, tens of thousands gathered in the center of Amsterdam to mourn Van Gogh’s death. There were fire-bombings of mosques and Muslim schools, and counterattacks against Christian churches. Besides Bouyeri, eleven other Muslim men were arrested and charged with conspiracy to assassinate Hirsi Ali. After the murder of Theo van Gogh, Submission gained international fame. It was withdrawn from theInternational Film Festival Rotterdam. The film had been scheduled to be shown on Sunday during adiscussion on freedom of speech in film at the festival. Because of the violent murder of Van Gogh, the producer of Submission, Gijs van de Westelaken, said, “We do not want to take any chance of endangering anyone else who participated in the film.” The film was shown on television in a number of European countries. Hirsi Ali has stated she would like to make a sequel to the movie because “By not making ‘Submission Part II,’ I would only be helping terrorists believe that if they use violence, they’re she said “Not me.”

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Bhikkhuni Bhikkhuni is a fully ordained female Buddhist monastic. Male monastics are called Bhikkhus. Both Bhikkunis and Bhikkhus live by the vinaya. Bhikkhuni lineages enjoy a broad basis in Mahayana countries like Korea, Vietnam, China and Taiwan. According to Buddhist scriptures, the order of bhikkhunis was first created by the Buddha at the specific request of his foster-mother Mahapajapati Gotami, who became the first ordained bhikkuni, relayed via his attendant Ananda. The bhikkhuni order spread to many countries. For a country or nation to be considered as truly Buddhist, the majority of the nation must be Buddhist and include at least a fourfold sangha of bhikkhus, bhikkhunis, upasakas and, upasikas.According to Theravada tradition, the bhikkhuni order of nuns came to be 5 years after

the bhikkhu order of monks.Buddhism is unique among Dharmic Religions in that Buddha, as founder of a spiritual tradition, explicitly states in canonical literature that a woman is as capable of nirvana (enlightenment) as a man, and can fully attain all four stages of enlightenment in the Dhamma and Vinaya of the Buddha Sasana.There is no equivalent, in other traditions, of the Therigatha or Apadanas which record the high levels of spiritual attainment by women. The progression to ordination as a Bhikkhuni is taken in four steps. A lay person may take the five upasika vows. The next step is to enter the pabbajja or monastic way of life, which includes wearing monkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s or nunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s robes. After that, one can become a samanerior novice monk/nun. The last and final step is to take all the vows of a nun 399

Violence against Women A woman in Kisamayo was stoned to death after committing adultery. More than 50 Somali men threw stones to the face of Aisho Ibrahim Dhuhulow who was found guilty of extramarital intercourse by the Sharia law.The woman was buried in the group, up her neck while she was bombarded with rocks in a public execution. “Our sister Aisha asked the Islamic Sharia court in Kismayo to be charged and punished for the crime she committed,” local Islamist leader Sheikh Hayakallah told the crowd

“She admitted in front of the court to engaging in adulterous sexual intercourse,” the source added. Last August, the port of Kismayo was seized by a coalition of forces loyal to rebel leader Hassan Turki and the Shebab, the nation’s primary radical Islamist insurgent organization (much like RP’s AbuSayyaf).

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Feng-shui in the religions architecture

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Feng Shui is not A get-rich-quick method of Asian interior design A superstitious or magical belief system A simple home and garden makeover A quick fix to be tackled in one afternoon A luxury only the rich and famous can afford

Feng-shui The knowledge of fortune combination with tradition and religious believes in Taoism, Zen and Buddhism (Mahayana)

Everyone appreciates the benefits of beautiful, comfortable life environments America billiondollar interior decorated industry attests to this fact. However, Feng Shui takes the approach that your surroundings affect not just your level of material comfort but also your physical and mental health, your relationships, and your worldly success.

On the surface, Feng Shui is the simple interaction of humans and their environments. Taken a step further, Feng Shui enables you to influence these interacting energies to achieve specific life improvements. This influence is achieved by positioning or designing your surroundings in harmony with principles of natural energy flow. As a result, you can achieve harmony with your surroundings. Feng Shui is practical and grounding, and it helps you right where you live and work.

Feng-shui examines how the placement of things and objects within it affect the energy flow in your living environment, and how these objects interact withand influence your personal energy flow. Your personal energy flow affects how you think and act, which in turn affects how well perform and succeed in your personal and professional life. Feng Shui affects every moment of the day whether youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re aware of it or not.

Feng Shui is often referred to as the art of placement. How you place your furniture, possessions, and yourself within your surroundings largely determines your life experience at every level. Feng Shui offers a unique way of looking at yourself and your environment, and it provides a way of bringing balance, comfort, and harmony into your environment in a manner that is difficult to achieve by any other means. Feng Shui is the study of the relationships between the environment and human life. Discovered by the Chinese, Feng Shui has been practiced for centuries to design environments that enhance conditions for success in life. 405

MEANING “Feng” mean wind

“Shui” mean water Feng-shui mean the balance of nature. It related to the environment and human life. Feng-shui is divided into 2 parts Feng-shui for Life : housing is called Yang energy (the moving power) such as home office facility. Feng-shui for Dead : graves is called Hiin power Feng-shui is a natural power. The research from many different text books show that the Basic Principles of fortune is: Reserve “quii” power to keep it useful. Keep “quii” from the outside to stay at home for enhance the power to predestination. “quii” chart of residential energy. Jacobsen, power to the “nun” balance and harmony. That the inmate be happy And to promote interaction. The harmony between Who live together. It also causes health to housing. Feng-shui has been legendary since thousands of years as Chaiyaphum discussed in a human life. It’s natural of the initiate things in this world. The relationship between the stars in the solar system universe, the flow of magnetic energy that influence to the world. The belief that thing occur and existed must be in the condition or conditions such as balanced in frozen or boiling but life can be a life.If the dead heat let’s meet and become warm. Life is set to Something different or contrary. Select the location is the survival of mankind. It becomes important to be evolution. Since the stone age period until now.

People choose to discriminate near water or higher than the minimum to have something different to see around and learn about wind direction, season draft natural phenomenon that occurs in the water, rain, storm, earthquake. To conclusion that where is the safest to permanent settlements without need to evacuate. Evolution in selected locations was developed by the heads of the changing era and has been compiled.Statistics is a joint derivation and establish it as a book and has been published widely. Therefore, Feng-shui is concealing ignorance of science is not insubstantial, but it is reasonable.

“Hiin” and “Yang”was used instead to establish the meaning of the slide movement. Two things must coexist that is starting a complete life.The world must have both surface and ground is “Hiin” Water is the “Yang”.The nature of soil is still packed solid if the soil movement would bring ruin. Because of unusually Soil conditions became Hiin make a lack of balance or nature of water must always move. If the water in a calm environment. Life is not life. The ancient proverb that “backwater fish die,” because the water becomes Hiin. Nowday people are destroying the environment of the ecosystem to ghastly Lack of balance world. To deforest is an example that the apparent destruction of the environment in Hiin Yang. When trees are destroyed, desolation are happened into a sea of sand and then sent to the region on the world higher temperature. That is cause of the global warming Causing serious threat to natural Such as the polar ice melted over the flood inundation of a chain of living things on earth. the Whether is extinct fast. Human live in the air pollution with toxic. Unhealthiness of these things are a result of the inequitable conditions. World filled with Yang. The turbulence Still find that the world , filled with all that any people, journey on the road to the crowd, hardly find a quiet space or extremely difficult. Parks are the lungs of the city. Is little bit of space when compared proportions. 407

when Feng - shui mean Mausoleum

The site of the Ming Dynasty Imperial Tombs was carefully chosen according to Feng Shui (geomancy) principles. According to these, bad spirits and evil winds descending from the North must be deflected; therefore, an arc-shaped area at the foot of the Jundu Mountains north of Beijing was selected. This 40 square kilometer area - enclosed by the mountains in a pristine, quiet valley full of dark earth, tranquil water and other necessities as per Feng Shui - would become the necropolis of the Ming Dynasty.

Ming Dynasty Tombs The Ming Tombs are located some 50 kilometers due north of urban Beijing at a specially selected site. The site was chosen by the third Ming Dynasty emperor Yongle (1402 - 1424), who moved the capital of China from Nanjing to the present location of northwest Beijing. The Ming tombs of the 13 emperors of the Ming Dynasty were located on the southern slope of Mount Taishou (originally Mount Huangtu). He is credited with envisioning the layout of the ancient city of Beijing as well as a number of landmarks and monuments located therein. After the construction of the Imperial Palace (the Forbidden City) in 1420, the Yongle Emperor selected his burial site and created his own mausoleum. From the Yongle Emperor onwards, 13 Ming Dynasty Emperors were buried in this area. The tombs of the first two Ming Emperors are located near Nanjing (the capital city during their reigns). Emperor Jingtai was also not buried here, as the Emperor Tianshun had denied Jingtai an imperial burial, but was instead buried west of Beijing. The last Chongzhen Emperor, who hanged himself in April 1644, named Si Ling by the Qing emperor, was the last to be buried here, but on a much smaller scale than his predecessors.

Chinese have believed, Creating good tomb is create a better future for their children.

During the Ming dynasty the tombs were off limits to commoners, but in 1644 Li Zicheng’s army ransacked and set many of the tombs on fire before advancing and capturing Beijing in April of that year.

A seven kilometer road named the “Spirit Way” (Shen dao) leads into the complex, lined with statues of guardian animals and officials, with a front gate consisting of a three-arches, painted red, and called the “Great Red Gate”. The Spirit Way, or Sacred Way, starts with a huge stone memorial archway lying at the front of the area. Constructed in 1540, during the Ming Dynasty, this archway is the earliest and biggest stone archway existing in China today. Farther in, the Shengong Shengde Stele Pavilion can be seen. Inside it, there ia a 50-ton tortoise shaped dragon-beast carrying a stone tablet. This was added during Qing times and was not part of the original Ming layout. Four white marble Huabiao (pillars of glory) are positioned at each corner of the stele pavilion. At the top of each pillar is a mythical beast, Then come two Pillars on each side of the road, whose surfaces are carved with the cloud design, and tops are shaped like a rounded cylinder. They are of a traditional design and were originally beacons to guide the soul of the deceased, The road leads to 18 pairs of stone statues of mythical animals, which are all sculpted from whole stones and larger than life size, leading to a three-arched gate known as the Dragon and Phoenix Gate. The Guide Book produced by well-known and reputable Frommers makes the comment about the 13 Ming Tombs: “Many of the buildings mirror those of the Forbidden City and other Ming palaces found in the city. Because of this, the sight can be boring to people who’ve had their fill of imperial architecture. The restored (excavated) tombs are dank, overcrowded, and uninspiring.” 409

Mausoleum of the First emperor The Chinese believe in life after death, be it in hell or another world. Qin Shi Huang however was obsessed with the afterlife (as with many famous kings of great civilizations). When he was fairly young, he ordered a large burial chamber be built for him. Many features were added into the chamber and it was not finished until a couple of years after his death. The Qin Mausoleum, located in Xi’an, Shaanxi province, is surrounded by Mt. Lishan to the south and the Weihe River to the north. Five peaks in the Mt. Lishan served as a backdrop for the tomb and the position of the tomb itself subscribed to the ancient Chinese art of Feng Shui. The whole mausoleum covers 56.25 square km.

The tomb was a replica of Qin Shi Huang’s world. It was filled with models of palaces, pavilions, ships, precious stones and rare objects. Images of the Yellow River and Yangtze were reproduced using mercury. Indeed, excavations at the tomb site have revealed high contents of mercury in the soil. Crossbows were fixed to shoot thieves and grave robbers. It is said that the ceiling is studded with jewels, replicating the serene sky. Although excavations on the burial site have been going on for more than 2 decades, the official entrance to the tomb has yet to be found. There were no records regarding the entrances or exits of the tomb. After Qin Shi Huang’s death, his son Er Shih decreed that his father’s concubines who did not bear sons be buried alive in the emperor’s grave. The artisans, architects, construction workers and palace guards who knew ‘too much’ about the mausoleum and its secrets were also buried alive within the tomb. 411

Infomation Picture

History of world’s Religion Picture

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“The Dalai Lama Receives U.S. Congressional Gold Medal” Retrieved 2009

Links: http://www.swamppolitics.com/ news/politics/blog/2007/10/dalia_lama _brings_brief_truce.html Page 97

“Congressional Gold Medal awarded” Retrieved 2009 Links: http://www.usmint.gov/images/ pressroom/LamaMedal_Obverse.jpg

Rule Picture Page 102-103

Buddha_by_geckokid

Links: http://iann7.deviantart.com

Links: http://www.archives.gov/ publications/prologue/2004/winter/ top-images.html

Page 104-105 Links: http://www.crimeshieldusa.com/ image/rape.jpg

Page 89

Page 106-107

Links: http://buckdogpolitics.blogspot. com/2008/04/april-4-1968-martinluther-king.html

Links: http://iann7.deviantart.com

“Martin Luther King Assassinated” Retrieved 2009

Page 91

“Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. is greeting his people after he received the Nobel Peace prize in 1964, Baltimore, MD.” Retrieved 2009 Links: http://www.geh.org/taschen/ htmlsrc13/m198804590003_ful.html

Page 91 Links: http://photostark.com/category/ travel-tourism Page 92 Links: http://www.dalailama.com/ Page 93

“The Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso” Retrieved 2009

Links: http://photostark.com/category/ travel-tourism

everybody_loves_somebody_by_ muszka.jpg Page 108-109

rape_by_kris2ffer90.jpg

Links: http://iann7.deviantart.com Page 110-111

Tamindzic-2 by Nikola

Links: http://iann7.deviantart.com Page 112-113 Links: http://www.oneeyeland.com Page 114-115 Links: http://iann7.deviantart.com/art/ Love-Triangle-79955359 Page 116-117 Links: http://www.eracks.com/press/ linuxpro/0811/whisper.jpg Page 118-119

allah_akbar_by_a2sins

Links: http://iann7.deviantart.com Page 120-121

Prayer_by_nahidas

Links: http://iann7.deviantart.com Page 122-123

Prana By merrypranxter

Links: www.worth1000.com

Costume Picture Page 150-151 Links: http://www.sahiproductions.com/ images/catwalk-639245-lw1.jpg Page 152-153 Links: http://www.style.com/fashionshows/review/S2007CTR-JPGAULTI Page 154 Links: http://static.open.salon.com/ﬁles/ mary-jesuslamb1245262285.jpg Page 156 Links: http://immaculataepcc.ﬁles.wordpress.com/2008/08/384_jesus_gives_ communion.jpg Page 158 Links: http://i15/photobucket.com/albums/ a351/britishgrenadier/SacredAndImmaculateHearts/shgallery.jpg Page 160 Links: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_ R98jg2E6k7c/R1MNQZWL6dI/ AAAAAAAAAYE/hoEPzOHw8bI/s1600-R/ Immaculate+Heart.jpg Page 162 Links: http://i169.photobucket.com/albums/u211/MattinSGV/JesusCrown2.jpg Page 164 Links: http://1.bp.blogspot. com/_Ymg9VAvJo3E/Rut1qGiXuuI/ AAAAAAAABvc/ToBJ2YRygSA/s320/ Our+Lady+of+Sorrows.jpeg

Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Giordano_Bruno

Page 376

Page 213 Links: http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/symbols/cross.htm

Page 338-339

Page 214 Links: http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/symbols/cross.htm Page 215 Links: http://www.flickr.com/photos/ 27845642@N00/2350566557/ Page 216 -217 Links: http://www.flickr.com/photos/ 14516894@N08/3332188321/ Page 218 Links: http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/symbols/chi_rho.htm Page 219 Links: http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/symbols/alpha-omega.htm Page 220 -221 Links: http://www.flickr.com/photos/66548401@N00/2871544584/

“Solar System”

Links: http://scienceclass.ning.com/ proﬁles/blogs/1677792:BlogPost:3140

Variety Picture

Page 343

Page 380 -381 Links: http://scienceﬁctionwallpapers. com/wp-content/upload/2008/12/ matrix-reloaded-1600x1200.jpg

“Michael Servetus”

Links: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Michael_Servetus.jpg Page 344-345

“The play happening in front of Reformation Wall” Links: http://amightyfortress.ﬁles.wordpress.com/2009/06/sdc10576.jpg Page 346

“Circulação Pulmonar”

Links: http://fundacionannavazquez. wordpress.com/2007/09/10/historia -da-anatomia/ Page 349

Page 388 - 389 Links: http://kandar4thegoodnews.ﬁles. wordpress.com/2008/03/passion of the christ veronica.jpg Page 390 Links: www.spiritlessons.com/images/ passion of the christ 29.jpg

Moon

Page 394 - 395 Links: www.hyscience.com/archives/ submissionFOTO4.jpg

Page 224 Links: http://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/symbols/aum.htm

Page 352

Page 398 - 399 Links: www.passionafagoddess.com

Page 225 Links: http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/ 38225109@N00/430122095/

Page 354

Page 228 -229 Links: http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/ 26596674@N03/3780999882/

Page 233 Links: http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/23531860@N00/2157430441/

Links: http://www.paciﬁer.com/~tpope/

“Condoms advertise”

Links: http://www.technospot.net/blogs/

Coin

Links: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/6655_-_ Roma_-_Ettore_Ferrari,_Giulio_Cesare_Vanini_(1889)_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_6-Apr-2008. jpg/250px-6655_-_Roma_-_Ettore_Ferrari,_Giulio_Cesare_Vanini_(1889)_-_Foto_ Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_6-Apr-2008.jpg Page 357

App man

http://www.doctormacro1.info/Movie%20 Star%20Pages/Lugosi,%20Bela-Annex. htm Page 359

“Richard Dawkins” Links: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/

File:Dawkins_at_UT_Austin.jpg Page 360

Page 332

“A Sacriﬁce to the Spaghetti Gods”

Links: http://thedunnshow.wordpress.com/

Links: http://www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/symbols/wheel.htm

Links: http://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Jesus_is_coming.._Look_Busy_ (George_Carlin).jpg

Page 336

Page 368

Page 210 -211 Links: http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/18913055@N00/3690334818/

Links: http://www.durand-gallery.com/ exhibitions/giordanobruno.html

Dharmachakra

Page 384 - 385 Links: http://www.walpaperbase.com/ wallpapers/movie/matrix/matrix_38.jpg

Page 351

Links: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Galileo-sustermans2.jpg

Sarcastic Picture

Page 209

Links: http://humanists.wordpress.com/

Page 222 -223 Links: http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/ 15396401@N00/11463203/

Symbol Picture

Links: http://www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/symbols/mudra_abhaya.htm

“Pope Benadic”

Page 392 Links: www.japanfocus.org/data/ passionofchrist.jpg

Page 232 Links: http://www.religionfacts.com/hinduism/symbols/lotus.htm

Abhaya Mudra

Links: http://www.sarahmaple.com/

Galieo

Page 230 -231 Links: http://www.religionfacts.com/ hinduism/symbols/trisula.htm

Page 208

“Sarah maple works”

“GIORDANO BRUNO”

Page 194-197 Links: http://www.libertasoccidentails.net/ libertasoccidentails09/wp-content/ uploads/2009/08/burkini-024.jpg

Page 206 -207 Links: http://www.sxc.hu/browse.phtml?f= search&w=1&txt=buddha&p=29

Page 337

Page 212 Links: http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/8865243@N02/548222400/

“GIORDANO BRUNO BURNING”

“George Carlin”

Page 400 - 401 Links: www.hyscience.com/archives/ submissionFOTO4.jpg Page 402 - 403 Links: http://www.doku-zen.de/images/ Enso_intro.gif Page 405 Links: http://fengshui.weblap.net/files/ 2009/04/financial-success-fengshui.jpg Page 406 - 407 Links: http://iamnamco.ipower.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/NP/ zen.jpg Page 408 Links: http://i184.photobucket.com/ albums/x73/ralphrepo/PopularAsians/ StelePavilionSacredWayMing TombsPeki.jpg Page 412 - 413 Links: http://farm3.static.flickr. com/2229/1802725006_ da48bcfdd3_o.jpg

“World trade center”

Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_ Trade_Center Page 372-375

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