Exploring the benefits of consistent and comparable city-wide greenhouse gas emission inventories October 2018
Exploring the benefits of consistent and comparable city-wide greenhouse gas emission inventories Taking action on climate change begins with a thorough understanding of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. For this reason, in 2014, C40, ICLEI and the World Resources Institute launched the Global Protocol for Community-scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (also referred to as the GPC), to support cities to measure and report city-wide GHG emissions in a robust, comprehensive and consistent way. To date, nearly two thirds of C40 member cities are already measuring GHG emissions in accordance with the GPC, and more are following. Globally, the GPC has also quickly become the most commonly used standard of its kind. A global standard enables comparison, benchmarking and aggregation, and drives improvements in data quality and transparency. Robust GHG emission inventories help cities make better decisions about the actions they are taking to reduce emissions and enable the tracking of emissions over time. Through a series of infographics, based on analysis of over 160 GHG emission inventories from 60 C40 cities that have adopted the GPC, this report explores the activities that result in GHG emissions and demonstrates the value of adopting a data-driven approach to tackling climate change.
Each year many more cities are developing city-wide GHG emission inventories using the international best practice standard – the Global Protocol for Community-scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (also referred to as GPC).
160+
City-wide GHG emission inventories enable cities to understand the contribution of different activities and track impact of climate actions. Consistent with IPCC Guidelines, the GPC also allows for credible comparison and aggregation across timescales and geographies, which helps to inform city-wide climate strategies.
22
87 40
GPC LAUNCHED
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
COP 20
PARIS AGREEMENT
C40 MAYORS SUMMIT
COP 23
GLOBAL CLIMATE ACTION SUMMIT
Chart shows the number of inventories reported by 60 C40 cities Inventories are shown against the year in which they were publicly reported
NUMBER OF GPC INVENTORIES COMPLETED BY C40 CITIES
A global standard for city-wide GHG emission inventories enables comparison, benchmarking and aggregation Copenhagen
2015: 1,514,622 tCO2e
Madrid
Philadelphia
Chicago
2014: 17,355,479 tCO2e
2015: 32,651,379 tCO2e
2015: 9,933,819 tCO2e
Montréal
Toronto
2014: 10,384,939 tCO2e
2015: 19,270,453 tCO2e
Basel
Oslo
Milan
Stockholm
2015: 1,796,590 tCO2e
2015: 5,965,718 tCO2e
2014: 825,704 tCO2e
2013: 1,340,422 tCO2e
Warsaw
Amsterdam
2014: 10,121,489 tCO2e
2015: 4,804,359 tCO2e
Heidelberg
2015: 967,417 tCO2e
London
Istanbul
2015: 47,532,200 tCO2e
2015: 33,680,515 tCO2e
Boston
2015: 6,430,052 tCO2e
Barcelona
New York City
2015: 2,822,928 tCO2e
2014: 51,310,978 tCO2e
Paris
Washington D.C.
2014: 5,489,249 tCO2e
2015: 7,857,498 tCO2e
Venice
2016: 3,103,390 tCO2e
Vancouver
2015: 2,499,107 tCO2e
Seattle
Seoul
2012: 4,365,270 tCO2e
2013: 48,184,542 tCO2e
Athens
2015: 5,054,790 tCO2e
Portland
Tokyo
2013: 7,710,270 tCO2e
2013: 66,081,398 tCO2e
Yokohama
2015: 20,960,501 tCO2e
San Francisco
2015: 4,981,652 tCO2e
Los Angeles
2015: 30,132,518 tCO2e
Houston
2014: 33,414,017 tCO2e
Hong Kong
2015: 39,841,930 tCO2e
Chennai
2015: 19,317,353 tCO2e
Dubai
New Orleans
2016: 48,262,139 tCO2e
2014: 3,606,199 tCO2e
Bangkok
Austin
2013: 50,360,919 tCO2e
2016 12,527,277 tCO2e
Quito
2015: 5,759,189 tCO2e
Amman
Salvador
2014: 7,431,422 tCO2e
2013: 3,841,163 tCO2e
Auckland
Mexico City
2014: 30,870,170 tCO2e
Sydney
Accra
Lima
Rio de Janeiro
2015: 15,789,438 tCO2e
2015: 2,321,904 tCO2e
2015: 4,037,204 tCO2e
Tshwane
2014: 27,725,965 tCO2e
2012: 17,006,642 tCO2e
Lagos
2015: 29,333,951 tCO2e
Melbourne
Medellín 2015: 3,414,204 tCO2e
2015: 7,750,281 tCO2e
2014: 4,601,746 tCO2e
Curitiba
Bogotá 2012: 12,409,483 tCO2e
Buenos Aires
2013: 4,566,805 tCO2e
2015: 13,113,673 tCO2e
GPC BASIC level GHG emissions data for 60 C40 cities. To explore more, visit the GHG Emissions Explorer at https://resourcecentre.c40.org/resources#measuring-ghg-emissions
Cape Town
2015: 21,233,878 tCO2e
BUILDINGS
Johannesburg
2014: 24,716,713 tCO2e
Durban 2013: 22,679,906 tCO2e
TRANSPORTATION WASTE
City-wide GHG emission inventories help us understand where a city’s GHG emissions come from. Across 60 C40 cities, buildings represent 60% of the total GHG emissions
= 1%
BUILDINGS
TRANSPORTATION
WASTE
26%
COMMERCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL
27%
ROAD
7%
LANDFILL
22%
RESIDENTIAL
1%
RAILWAYS
1%
WASTEWATER
12%
MANUFACTURING AND CONSTRUCTION
0.5%
INCINERATION
2%
ENERGY INDUSTRY
0.5%
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
1%
OTHER
Where incineration is used to generate energy, emissions are captured under buildings scope 2 Emissions from airborne and waterborne journeys that both originate and terminate within city boundaries are negligible. Trans-boundary air and water travel are not captured at GPC BASIC level Average of latest available GPC BASIC level GHG emissions data for 60 C40 cities. To explore more, visit the GHG Emissions Explorer dashboard at https://resourcecentre.c40.org/resources#measuring-ghg-emissions
City-wide GHG emission inventories help us understand where a city’s GHG emissions come from 78%
LANDFILL
15%
WASTEWATER
6%
INCINERATION
1%
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
WASTE SCOPE 1
9%
SCOPE 2 OR SCOPE 3 (WASTE ONLY)
5%
4%
28% 27%
1%
TRANSPORTATION
63% 24% 39% BUILDINGS
42%
COMMERCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL
35%
RESIDENTIAL
ROAD
96%
18%
MANUFACTURING AND CONSTRUCTION
RAILWAYS
4%
3%
ENERGY INDUSTRY
2%
OTHER
Scope 1: GHG emissions from sources located within city boundary, e.g. direct fuel combustion Scope 2: GHG emissions from the use of grid-supplied energy Scope 3 (Waste only): GHG emissions that occur outside city boundary as a result of city activity, e.g. waste exported Where incineration is used to generate energy, emissions are captured under buildings scope 2 Emissions from airborne and waterborne journeys that both originate and terminate within city boundaries are negligible. Trans-boundary air and water travel are not captured at GPC BASIC level Average of latest available GPC BASIC level GHG emissions data for 60 C40 cities. To explore more, visit the GHG Emissions Explorer dashboard at https://resourcecentre.c40.org/resources#measuring-ghg-emissions
A global standard for measuring city-wide GHG emissions allows differences and similarities between cities to be explored. For example, in the Global South, waste emissions can represent up to 45% of a city's footprint = 1 CITY GLOBAL SOUTH
GLOBAL NORTH
GLOBAL SOUTH
GLOBAL NORTH
GLOBAL SOUTH
GLOBAL NORTH
SECTOR CONTRIBUTION (%) TO TOTAL CITY-WIDE GHG EMISSIONS
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% BUILDINGS
TRANSPORTATION
Latest available GPC BASIC level GHG emissions data, by sector. To explore more, visit the GHG Emissions Explorer dashboard at https://resourcecentre.c40.org/resources#measuring-ghg-emissions
WASTE
Fossil-fuel based energy use is the dominant source of GHG emissions across C40 cities, noting a greater reliance on petroleum fuels in the Global South and a greater proportion of natural gas and grid energy use in the Global North
GLOBAL SOUTH
GRID-SUPPLIED ENERGY, 27%
GLOBAL NORTH
GRID-SUPPLIED ENERGY, 38%
PETROLEUM FUELS, 51%
PETROLEUM FUELS, 28%
MOTOR GASOLINE, 17% OTHER FUEL OIL, 3%
ELECTRICITY, 32%
MOTOR GASOLINE, 22%
DISTRICT HEATING, 6%
DIESEL OIL, 22%
NATURAL GAS, 28% ELECTRICITY, 27%
NATURAL GAS, 11%
LPG, 4%
OTHER FUEL OIL, 3%
DIESEL OIL, 7%
LPG, 1%
BIOMASS, 5%
BIOMASS, 10%
COAL AND COKE, 1%
Average of energy consumption proďŹ les reported in latest available GPC BASIC level GHG inventories from 19 C40 cities in the Global South and 35 C40 cities in the Global North, with each city weighted equally. To explore more, visit the GHG Emissions Explorer dashboard at https://resourcecentre.c40.org/resources#measuring-ghg-emissions
COAL AND COKE, 1%
GHG emission inventories reveal how improving building energy efямБciency and reducing electricity grid carbon intensity can lead to lower building-related GHG emissions CITIES WITH GRID CARBON INTENSITY < 0.20 kg CO2e/kWh
BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION INTENSITY (kWh PER CAPITA PER ANNUM)
80 000
1 BUBBLE = 1 CITY SIZE OF BUBBLE AREA REPRESENTS PER CAPITA EMISSIONS FROM BUILDINGS
60 000
GLOBAL NORTH GLOBAL SOUTH
40 000
20 000
CITIES WITH BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION INTENSITY < 20 000 KWH PER CAPITA PER ANNUM
0 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
ELECTRICITY GRID CARBON INTENSITY (kg CO2e/kWh)
Latest available GPC BASIC level GHG emissions data for 60 C40 cities. To explore more, visit the GHG Emissions Explorer dashboard at https://resourcecentre.c40.org/resources#measuring-ghg-emissions
1.2
1.4
GHG emission inventories reveal how compact and connected city planning can result in lower emissions from land transport
POPULATION DENSITY (PER SQUARE KILOMETER) GLOBAL SOUTH
GLOBAL NORTH accra chennai
> 15 000
buenos aires lagos medellÍn rio de janeiro hong kong
5 000˜10 000
Mexico City bangkok bogotá amman salvador lima
1 500˜5 000
IstaNbul cape town johannesburg curitiba quito tshwane durban
4
3
2
1
< 1 500
Paris barceloNA Seoul New York City Athens Copenhagen Milan London Basel Madrid Tokyo Yokohama Vancouver Sydney Boston San Francisco Stockholm Amsterdam Warsaw Los Angeles Montréal Chicago Philadelphia Toronto Washington, DC Seattle Melbourne Oslo Heidelberg Venice Auckland Portland Dubai Austin New Orleans Houston
0
0
PER CAPITA EMISSIONS FROM LAND TRANSPORT (tCO2e) Land transport includes road and rail transport of people and goods Latest available GPC BASIC level GHG emissions data for 60 C40 cities. To explore more, visit the GHG Emissions Explorer dashboard at https://resourcecentre.c40.org/resources#measuring-ghg-emissions
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Regular and consistent reporting of GHG emissions supports monitoring of performance over time. Cities like Boston can demonstrate that emissions have peaked while the population and economy have grown
140%
9 000 000
120%
CITY-WIDE GHG EMISSIONS tCO2e
8 000 000 100%
7 000 000 6 000 000
80%
5 000 000 6O%
4 000 000 3 000 000
40%
2 000 000 20%
1 000 000 0
0% 2005
2006
2007
2008
To explore more, visit the GHG Emissions Explorer dashboard at https://resourcecentre.c40.org/resources#measuring-ghg-emissions
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
CHANGES IN GDP AND POPULATION FROM 2005 LEVEL
10 000 000
STATIONARY (RESIDENTIAL) STATIONARY (COMMERCIAL, INSTITUTIONAL, INDUSTRIAL) TRANSPORTATION (ON-ROAD) TRANSPORTATION (OTHER) WASTE AND WASTEWATER
OVERALL TREND
GDP POPULATION
Assessing GHG emission inventory data quality helps identify where future improvements could be made
HIGH
RESIDENTIAL
SCOPE 1 SCOPE 2
COMMERCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL
SCOPE 1 SCOPE 2
MANUFACTORING & CONSTRUCTION
SCOPE 1 SCOPE 2
ENERGY INDUSTRY
SCOPE 1 SCOPE 2
AGRICULTURAL, FORESTRY & FISHING
SCOPE 1 SCOPE 2
OTHER STATIONARY
SCOPE 1 SCOPE 2
FUGITIVE - COAL
WASTE
TRANSPORTATION
FUGITIVE - OIL & NATURAL GAS
100%
50%
LOW
EMISSION FACTOR
BUILDINGS
ACTIVITY DATA
MEDIUM
SCOPE 1 SCOPE 1
ON-ROAD
SCOPE 1 SCOPE 2
RAILWAYS
SCOPE 1 SCOPE 2
WATERBORNE
SCOPE 1 SCOPE 2
AVIATION
SCOPE 1 SCOPE 2
OFF-ROAD
SCOPE 1 SCOPE 2
LANDFILL
SCOPE 1 SCOPE 3
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
SCOPE 1 SCOPE 3
INCINERATION
SCOPE 1 SCOPE 3
WASTE WATER
SCOPE 1 SCOPE 3
0%
% OF CITIES RESPONDING LOW/MEDIUM/HIGH Scope 1: GHG emissions from sources located within city boundary, e.g. direct fuel combustion Scope 2: GHG emissions from the use of grid-supplied energy Scope 3 (Waste only): GHG emissions that occur outside city boundary as a result of city activity, e.g. waste exported Average data quality reported in latest available GPC BASIC level GHG inventories from 60 C40 cities. To explore more, visit the GHG Emissions Explorer dashboard at https://resourcecentre.c40.org/resources#measuring-ghg-emissions
0%
50%
100%
% OF CITIES RESPONDING HIGH/MEDIUM/LOW
Assessing the supply chain emissions associated with the goods and services used by a city’s residents helps identify opportunities to reduce emissions beyond the city boundary
RELATIVE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONSUMPTION-BASED GHG EMISSIONS AND SECTOR-BASED GHG EMISSIONS
80% of C40 cities have supply chain GHG emissions that are larger than the emissions occurring within the city itself PRODUCER CITIES
1000%
SECTOR-BASED GHG EMISSIONS> CONSUMPTIONBASED GHG EMISSIONS
CONSUMER CITIES CONSUMPTION-BASED GHG EMISSIONS> SECTOR-BASED GHG EMISSIONS
800% 600% 400% 200%
20% 16 CITIES
0% -200% -400%
View the full report “Consumption-based GHG Emissions of C40 Cities” at: https://resourcecentre.c40.org/resources#consumption-based-ghg-emissions
80% 63 CITIES
SUPPORTED BY:
C40 CITIES TEAM: MINGMING WANG I MAX JAMIESON I ISABEL FERNANDEZ I MARCUS ARCANJO I VIOLA FOLLINI I MICHAEL DOUST
WWW.RESOURCECENTRE.C40.ORG