Policy Brief # 2 September 2012
Walking and Cycling
ƉŽůŝĐLJ ďƌŝĞĨ ŽŶ ŶŽŶͲŵŽƚŽƌŝnjĞĚ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ;EDdͿ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ŝŶ <ĂƚŚŵĂŶĚƵ sĂůůĞLJ
/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ
ĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŽĨ EDd
Walking and cycling provide basic mobility for ƉĞŽƉůĞ Ăůů ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ͘ /Ŷ ŵŽƐƚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ĐŝƟĞƐ͕ Ă ůĂƌŐĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ǁĂůŬ ĚĂŝůLJ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞŝƌ ůŝǀĞůŝŚŽŽĚ͕ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ĂƐ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘ /Ŷ ŚŝŶĞƐĞ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĨŽƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ǁĂůŬŝŶŐ and cycling combine for 65 % of the modal ƐŚĂƌĞ͘ ^ŝŵŝůĂƌůLJ͕ ŝŶ /ŶĚŝĂ ϳͲϭϱй ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚƌŝƉƐ ŝŶ ůĂƌŐĞ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ϭϯͲϮϭй ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚƌŝƉƐ ŝŶ ŵĞĚŝƵŵ ĂŶĚ ƐŵĂůů ĐŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŽŶ ďŝĐLJĐůĞƐ͘ DŽĚĂů ƐŚĂƌĞ ŝŶ ƐŽŵĞ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ ŝƐ ƐŚŽǁŶ ŝŶ dĂďůĞ below. hƌďĂŶ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ĂƌĞ ŽŌĞŶ ƉůĂŶŶĞĚ and built in a way that promote usage of private vehicles and increase vehicle speed. 'ƌŽǁŝŶŐ ŵŽƚŽƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ ĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƵŶƐĂĨĞ and inconvenient pedestrian and cycling infrastructures impede the mobility of the ƉĞŽƉůĞ͕ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉŽŽƌ͕ ǁŚŽ ĚĞƉĞŶĚ more on these modes of transport. This has also ůĞĚ ƚŽ ĚƌĂŵĂƟĐ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌŽĂĚ ĨĂƚĂůŝƟĞƐ͕ ƚƌĂĸĐ ĐŽŶŐĞƐƟŽŶ͕ ĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĚĞŵĂŶĚ͕ ŐƌĞĞŶŚŽƵƐĞ ŐĂƐ ĞŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ĚĞƚĞƌŝŽƌĂƟŶŐ Ăŝƌ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͘ EŽŶͲŵŽƚŽƌŝnjĞĚ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ;EDdͿ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ;ǁĂůŬŝŶŐ and cycling) has overarching socio-‐economic, ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ĂŶĚ ŚĞĂůƚŚ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͘ DĂŬŝŶŐ Ă city more walkable and cyclable contributes to sustainable urban development, and eventually leads to more humane and healthy society.
• Promotes road safety ͻ ĸĐŝĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽͲĨƌŝĞŶĚůLJ ͻ 'ĞŶĞƌĂƚĞƐ ŶŽ Ăŝƌ ƉŽůůƵƟŽŶ͕ ŐƌĞĞŶŚŽƵƐĞ ŐĂƐ ĞŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŶŽŝƐĞ ƉŽůůƵƟŽŶ • Reduces dependency on imported fossil fuels ͻ /ŵƉƌŽǀĞƐ ŵŽďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉŽŽƌ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƐ social cohesion ͻ WƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ǁŝĚĞƌ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĂŶĚ ŚĞĂůƚŚ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ͻ ZĞĚƵĐĞƐ ƚƌĂĸĐ ĐŽŶŐĞƐƟŽŶ
State of NMT System in <ĂƚŚŵĂŶĚƵ sĂůůĞLJ Ɛ <ĂƚŚŵĂŶĚƵ ŝƐ ƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJ Ă ƐŵĂůů ĐŝƚLJ͕ ŵŽƐƚ ŽĨ its distance can be easily reached on foot or by ďŝĐLJĐůĞ͘ ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƐƚƵĚLJ ďLJ :/ ͬ'ŽE ;ϮϬϭϮͿ͕ ϵϬй ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚƌŝƉ ďLJ ǁĂůŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ďŝĐLJĐůĞ ĮŶŝƐŚĞƐ within 30 minutes, and similar is the trip length by cars and motorbikes. Streets in the core city areas are ideally designed for pedestrians rather than for vehicular movement. Despite the lack of proper pedestrian infrastructures and decreasing road safety, NMT ƐƟůů ĚŽŵŝŶĂƚĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ŵŽĚĞƐ͘ Walking covers 40.7% of total travel share. tŚŝůĞ EDd ƐŚĂƌĞ ŝƐ ƐƟůů ŚŝŐŚ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚ ƚŽ ŽƚŚĞƌ transport modes, the study shows that it has ĚĞĐůŝŶĞĚ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJ ƐŝŶĐĞ ϭϵϵϭ ;&ŝŐ ϭͿ͘ >ĂƌŐĞ
dĂďůĞ ͗ DŽĚĂů ^Ɖůŝƚ ŝŶ ŝƟĞƐ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĞ tŽƌůĚ ;йͿ City EĞǁ zŽƌŬ ŝƚLJ >ŽƐ ŶŐĞůĞƐ >ŽŶĚŽŶ ŽƉĞŶŚĂŐĞŶ Vienna Bogota Delhi Beijing <ĂƚŚŵĂŶĚƵ
Walk 10 3 21 6 28 15 21 21 40.7
Cycle 1 1 2 36 6 6 12 32 1.5
Public transport 55 11 41 29 37 62 43 23 27.6
WƌŝǀĂƚĞ ǀĞŚŝĐůĞ 29 78 36 26 29 15 19 20 30.2
Year 2009 2009 2010 2004 2011 2008 2007/08 2011 2011
^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ DŝŶŝƐƚƌLJ ŽĨ hƌďĂŶ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ 'Žǀƚ͘ ŽĨ /ŶĚŝĂ ;ϮϬϬϴͿ͖ >d ĐĂĚĞŵLJ͕ >ĂŶĚ dƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ƵƚŚŽƌŝƚLJ͕ ^ŝŶŐĂƉŽƌĞ ;ϮϬϭϭͿ͖ :/ ͬ 'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ EĞƉĂů ;ϮϬϭϮͿ͖ ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬĞŶ͘ǁŝŬŝƉĞĚŝĂ͘ŽƌŐͬǁŝŬŝͬDŽĚĂůͺƐŚĂƌĞ.
͞ ĐŝƚLJ ŝƐ ŵŽƌĞ ĐŝǀŝůŝnjĞĚ ŶŽƚ ǁŚĞŶ ŝƚ ŚĂƐ more highways ďƵƚ ǁŚĞŶ Ă child on a ƚƌŝĐLJĐůĞ ŝƐ ĂďůĞ ƚŽ ŵŽǀĞ ĂďŽƵƚ everywhere ǁŝƚŚ ĞĂƐĞ Θ ƐĂĨĞƚLJ͟ -‐ Enrique Penalosa Former Mayor, Bogota
part of walking and cycling is being replaced by motorcycle. The travel mode share of motorcycle ŚĂƐ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ďLJ ĂůŵŽƐƚ ƚŚƌĞĞ ƟŵĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ bicycling has decreased to less than one fourth of what it was.
pedestrians were high. The average number of pedestrian movement per hour was 2010 ŝŶ >ĂŝŶĐŚŽƵƌ͕ ϴϴϮ ŝŶ EĂĂŐƉŽŬŚĂƌŝ ĂŶĚ ϲϵϬ ŝŶ WƵƚĂůŝƐĂĚĂŬ ;&ŝŐ ϮͿ͘ 816 690
Putalisadak 1991
53.1
2011 0%
6.6 9.3 3.8
40.7
1.5
26
20%
40%
4.2
60%
Walk Bicycle Motorcycle Ăƌ Bus
27.2
27.6
80%
1080 882
Nagpokhari
2214 2010
>ĂŝŶĐŚŽƵƌ 0
100%
500 1000 1500 2000 Maximum no. of Pedestrain/hr Average no. of Pedestrain/hr
2500
&ŝŐ ϭ͘ dƌĂǀĞů DŽĚĞ ^ŚĂƌĞ ŽĨ <ĂƚŚŵĂŶĚƵ sĂůůĞLJ ŝŶ ϭϵϵϭ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϭϭ ;:/ ͬ'ŽE͕ ϮϬϭϮͿ
Fig 2. Pedestrian Movement per Hour ; Eͬ EE͕ ϮϬϭϭͿ
ƐƵƌǀĞLJ ĐĂƌƌŝĞĚ ŽƵƚ ďLJ ůĞĂŶ ŶĞƌŐLJ EĞƉĂůͬ ůĞĂŶ ŝƌ EĞƚǁŽƌŬ EĞƉĂů ; Eͬ EEͿ ŝŶ >ĂŝŶĐŚŽƵƌ͕ EĂĂŐƉŽŬŚĂƌŝ ĂŶĚ WƵƚĂůŝƐĂĚĂŬ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ the sidewalks were demolished during road ǁŝĚĞŶŝŶŐ ĐĂŵƉĂŝŐŶ͕ ƐŚŽǁĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ŇŽǁ ŽĨ
NMT users are the most vulnerable amongst the road users. They are largest group to be killed ŝŶ ƌŽĂĚ ĂĐĐŝĚĞŶƚƐ͘ ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ <sDW ;ϮϬϬϭͿ͕ pedestrians and cycle users account for 54% of ƚŽƚĂů ĨĂƚĂůŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƌŽĂĚ ĂĐĐŝĚĞŶƚƐ͘
Average
&ŝŐ ϯ͘ tĂůŬĂďŝůŝƚLJ ZĂƟŶŐƐ ŽĨ ƐŝĂŶ ŝƟĞƐ ; / ƐŝĂ͕ ϮϬϭϬͿ 78% of the respondents in Kathmandu rated ƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ ĞŝƚŚĞƌ ďĂĚ Žƌ ǁŽƌƐƚ͘ 'ƌŽƵŶĚ crossings are preferred over overhead bridge and underground crossings. 39% of respondents ŝŶ <ĂƚŚŵĂŶĚƵ ĂƌĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƐŚŝŌ ĨƌŽŵ ǁĂůŬŝŶŐ to private vehicles if pedestrian infrastructures ǁĞƌĞ ŶŽƚ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ ;&ŝŐ ϰͿ͘ Wider, leveled and cleaner sidewalks, ƐƚƌĞĞƚůŝŐŚƚƐ͕ ƌĞĚƵĐĞĚ Žƌ ƐůŽǁ ƚƌĂĸĐ͕ ĂŶĚ disabled friendly infrastructures are the top ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ĨŽƌ ŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐ ƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͘
ϵϰй ŽĨ Ăůů ^ƵƌǀĞLJĞĚ ZŽĂĚ ^ƚƌĞƚĐŚĞƐ ŝŶ <ĂƚŚŵĂŶĚƵ ŚĂǀĞ ŶŽ džŝƐƟŶŐ &ĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ ĨŽƌ WĞƌƐŽŶƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŝƐĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ͘ /ƌŽŶŝĐĂůůLJ͕ ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ areas, which have highest pedestrian movement, are found to be less walkable compared to ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ĂŶĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů ĂƌĞĂƐ͘ dŚĞ ŵĂũŽƌ ďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ĨŽƌ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŝŶĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐͬ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ďƵĚŐĞƚ ĂůůŽĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ƉŽŽƌ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ƉůĂŶ͕ ůĂĐŬ ŽĨ ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ǁĞĂŬ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ͘ 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
Percentage
ŚĞŶŶĂŝ
Jakarta
Bangalore
Karachi
Kathmandu
Hanoi
>ĂŶnjŚŽƵ
Kota
ŽůŽŵďŽ
ĞďƵ
Davao
, D
Ulaanbaatar
Hong Kong
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Metro Manila
͞<ĂƚŚŵĂŶĚƵ ŝƐ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ůĞĂƐƚ ǁĂůŬĂďůĞ ĐŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƐŝĂ͕ ĂƉƉĂƌĞŶƚůLJ ĐĂƚĂŐŽƌŝƐĞĚ ĂƐ ͚EŽƚ ǁĂůŬĂďůĞ͛͘͟
ǁĂůŬĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƐƚƵĚLJ ;ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶƐ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐͿ ĚŽŶĞ ďLJ Eͬ EE ǁŝƚŚ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĨƌŽŵ /Ͳ ƐŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌ ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ ƚŚƌĞĞ ĐŝƟĞƐ ;<ĂƚŚŵĂŶĚƵ͕ Bhaktapur and Pokhara) revealed that the Kathmandu is least walkable compared to other ƚǁŽ ĐŝƟĞƐ͘ <ĂƚŚŵĂŶĚƵ ŝƐ ĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝnjĞĚ ͚ŶŽƚ ǁĂůŬĂďůĞ͛ city and received one of the lowest walkability ƌĂƟŶŐƐ ĂŵŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐŝĂŶ ŝƟĞƐ ;&ŝŐ ϯͿ͘
Photo by: Prashanta Khanal
How Walkable is Our City?
10 0
ŽŵŵƵƚĞƌ daily trips on foot
People say Preference of People ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ people to ground ƐŚŝŌ ĨƌŽŵ pedestrain crossings over walking if no ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ overhead bridges infrastructure either bad or or underground for pedestrains ǁŽƌƐƚ ;ǀĞƌLJ ďĂĚͿ crossings are improved
Kathmandu
Bhaktapur
Pokhara
&ŝŐ ϰ͘ ŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶ ŽĨ dŚƌĞĞ ŝƟĞƐ ďLJ sĂƌŝĂďůĞƐ ; Eͬ EEͿ
ŽƐƚ ŽĨ DŽƚŽƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ
/ŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ ŽŶ tĂůŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ LJĐůŝŶŐ Photo by: Prashanta Khanal
KƵƚ ŽĨ ϱϳϬ͕ϭϰϱ ǀĞŚŝĐůĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ƌĞŐŝƐƚĞƌĞĚ ŝŶ ĂŐŵĂƟ njŽŶĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ϮϬϬϭ and 2010, 93% were private vehicles, largely motobikes.1 Though the person trip in 2011 indicates number of trips has doubled since 1991, there has been no improvement in public transport and NMT system.
PM10 and PM2.5 are the major health concern, ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞŵ ůĞĂĚƐ ƚŽ ƌĞƐƉŝƌĂƚŽƌLJ ŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶƐ͕ ĚĂŵĂŐĞ ƚŽ ůƵŶŐ ƟƐƐƵĞ͕ ĐĂŶĐĞƌ͕ ŚĞĂƌƚ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ and premature death. dŚĞ DŝŶŝƐƚƌLJ ŽĨ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ dĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ ŝŶ ϮϬϬϱ ĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ <ĂƚŚŵĂŶĚƵ sĂůůĞLJ͛Ɛ Ăŝƌ ƉŽůůƵƟŽŶ ƌĞƐƵůƚƐ ŝŶƚŽ ϭ͕ϲϬϬ ƉƌĞŵĂƚƵƌĞ ĚĞĂƚŚƐ ƉĞƌ LJĞĂƌ͘ ƐƚƵĚLJ ďLJ Eͬ EE ŝŶ ϮϬϬϯ showed that reducing the annual average PM10 ůĞǀĞů ŝŶ <ĂƚŚŵĂŶĚƵ ƚŽ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ ;ϱϬ ʅŐͬŵ3) will avoid over 2,000 hospital admissions, 40,000 emergency room visits, ϭϯϱ͕ϬϬϬ ĐĂƐĞƐ ŽĨ ĂĐƵƚĞ ďƌŽŶĐŚŝƟƐ ŝŶ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ ϰ͕ϬϬϬ ĐĂƐĞƐ ŽĨ ĐŚƌŽŶŝĐ ďƌŽŶĐŚŝƟƐ ĂŶĚ ŚĂůĨ Ă ŵŝůůŝŽŶ ĂƐƚŚŵĂ ĂƩĂĐŬƐ͘ A study by World Bank in 2008 showed the ĂŶŶƵĂů ŚĞĂůƚŚ ĐŽƐƚ ŽĨ EĞƉĂů ĂƩƌŝďƵƚĞĚ ƚŽ ƵƌďĂŶ Ăŝƌ ƉŽůůƵƟŽŶ ŝƐ h^Ψ Ϯϭ ŵŝůůŝŽŶ͕ ĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚ ƚŽ 0.29% of GDP. Records from the major hospitals ŝŶ <ĂƚŚŵĂŶĚƵ sĂůůĞLJ ŚĂǀĞ ƐŚŽǁŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ŚƌŽŶŝĐ KďƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ WƵůŵŽŶĂƌLJ ŝƐĞĂƐĞ ; KW Ϳ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƐƚ ϭϬ LJĞĂƌƐ͘ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ŵŽƚŽƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŚĂƐ ĂůƐŽ ƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚ ƚŽ decreasing road safety, increased expenses in road infrastructures, revenue loss in oil import, declining NMT users and public transport ridership.
1
sĞĐŚŝĐůĞ &ƌĞĞ ŽŶĞ ŝŶ ĂƐĂŶƚĂƉƵƌ ĂŶĚ ŚĂŬƚĂƉƵƌ ƵƌďĂƌ ^ƋƵĂƌĞ Basantapur and Bhaktapur Durbar Square restrict entry of motor vehicles to promote ƚŽƵƌŝƐŵ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͘ This has created a tranquil place for tourists ĂŶĚ ůŽĐĂů ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĨŽƌ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘ <ĂƚŚŵĂŶĚƵ DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶ ŝƚLJ ;<D Ϳ has envisioned developing historical urban core ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂƐ ǀĞŚŝĐůĞ ĨƌĞĞ njŽŶĞ͘
Photo by: Prashanta Khanal
Vehicular emission is the major contributor to Ăŝƌ ƉŽůůƵƟŽŶ͘ dƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞ ƚŽ ϲϯй ŽĨ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƚĞƐ ŵĂƩĞƌ ;WD10) in Kathmandu Valley.2 The PM10 and PM2.5 levels were found ĞdžĐĞĞĚŝŶŐ t,K ŐƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐ ďLJ ϭϬͲϭϯ ƟŵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ϱͲϴ ƟŵĞƐ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ ŝŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĐŽƌĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ͘3
WŚŽƚŽ ďLJ͗ ĂƐƵĚĞǀ >ĂŵŝĐŚŚĂŶĞ
The rapid growth of private motor vehicles has huge environmental, economic and health ĐŽƐƚ͘ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ŵŽƚŽƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŚĂƐ ůĞĚ ƚŽ ƚƌĂĸĐ ĐŽŶŐĞƐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚĞƚĞƌŝŽƌĂƚĞĚ Ăŝƌ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͘ dƌĂĸĐ ĐŽŶŐĞƐƟŽŶ ŚĂƐ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂďůLJ ĂĚĚĞĚ ƚŽ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ƐƚƌĞƐƐ ůĞǀĞůƐ ĂŶĚ ůŽƐƐ ŽĨ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJ͘
Cycle Track and Pedestrian Way in Tilganga-‐Sinamagal ůƚŚŽƵŐŚ <D ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ ĐLJĐůĞ ůĂŶĞƐ ĂƐ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ the Kathmandu Valley Mapping Programme ŝŶ ϮϬϬϭ͕ ŝƚ ǁĂƐ ŶĞǀĞƌ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚ͘ dŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ and only cycle track in Kathmandu runs from Tilganga to Sinamagal and is 1.2 km long, which ŝƐ ĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞĚ ďLJ ĞdžĐůƵƐŝǀĞ ƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶ ǁĂLJ͘ /ƚƐ exclusive track provides safer mobility for cycle users and lessens the exposure to roadside ĚƵƐƚ ƉŽůůƵƟŽŶ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ůĂĐŬ ŽĨ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ ĐLJĐůĞ ůĂŶĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ƵƐĂŐĞ ŝƐ ŵŝŶŝŵĂů͘
ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ dƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ;ϮϬϭϭͿ͖ 'ĂƵƚĂŵ ͘ ;ϮϬϬϲͿ͕ Ŷ ĐƟŽŶ WƌŽŐƌĂŵ ŽŶ ŝƌ YƵĂůŝƚLJ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ <ĂƚŚŵĂŶĚƵ sĂůůĞLJ͖ 3 ^ĐŚǁĞůĂ ͘ ;ϮϬϬϵͿ͕ Ŷ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ĨŽƌ ŝƌ WŽůůƵƟŽŶ ZĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŝŶ <ĂƚŚŵĂŶĚƵ sĂůůĞLJ͕ ^ƚŽĐŬŚŽůŵ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ͘ 2
“There are already noble ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ ŝŶ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ŶŽŶͲŵŽƚŽƌŝnjĞĚ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ŝŶ <ĂƚŚŵĂŶĚƵ Valley such as vehicle ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚ njŽŶĞ ŝŶ ŚĂŬƚĂƉƵƌ ĂŶĚ ĂƐĂŶƚĂƉƵƌ Durbar Square, ĂŶĚ ĐLJĐůĞ ƚƌĂĐŬ͘ tĞ ũƵƐƚ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ƵƉƐĐĂůĞ ƚŚĞƐĞ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ ďĞLJŽŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉŝůŽƚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͙ ƐŽ ƚŚĂƚ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĐĂŶ ĨĞĞů ƚŚĞ ƌĞĂů ĐŚĂŶŐĞ͘͟
WĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ dŚĂŵĞů ^ĞǀĞƌĂů ƉůĂŶƐͬŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ ;ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ Physical Development Plan for Kathmandu Valley prepared in 1969) have suggested ƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĐŝƚLJ ĐŽƌĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ͘ <ĂƚŚŵĂŶĚƵ ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ hƌďĂŶ dƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ WƌŽũĞĐƚ ;ϮϬϬϵͿ ŚĂƐ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐ ĐŽƌĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ ŽĨ <ĂƚŚŵĂŶĚƵ ĨŽƌ pedestrian infrastructure improvement and ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ǀĞŚŝĐƵůĂƌ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ͘
͞ Ɛ ƐĂĨĞƚLJ ŝƐ Ă prime concern ĨŽƌ ƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶƐ ĂŶĚ ĐLJĐůŝƐƚƐ͕ ƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞ ůĂŶĞƐ ĨŽƌ ĐLJĐůŝƐƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶƐ will be very ďĞŶĞĮĐŝĂů ĨŽƌ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ EDd͘͟
Thamel, located within the core city and a popular hub for tourists in Kathmandu, ŝƐ ĨĂĐŝŶŐ ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐ ƚƌĂĸĐ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ͕ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ĐŽŶŐĞƐƟŽŶ͕ ƐĂĨĞƚLJ͕ ŶŽŝƐĞ ĂŶĚ Ăŝƌ ƉŽůůƵƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƌĞĐĞŶƚ LJĞĂƌƐ͘ WĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ dŚĂŵĞů ǁŝůů LJŝĞůĚ ǁŝĚĞ ĂƌƌĂLJ ŽĨ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĂŶĚ ƚŽƵƌŝƐŵ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ƚŽ improvement of air quality and developing culture of sustainable urban mobility. ƐƚƵĚLJ ďLJ /h ŝŶ ϮϬϬϰ ƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚ Ϯϳ͕Ϭϵϰ ŶŽŶͲ ŵŽƚŽƌŝnjĞĚ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ;ƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶƐ͕ ďŝĐLJĐůĞ͕ and rickshaw) movements in 12 hours, while that of vehicles were found to be 44,925, largely motorbikes. The study has proposed to restrict entry of vehicles for certain hours and ƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚ ƚŽ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ƉĂƌŬŝŶŐ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͕ entry of emergency vehicles and run few electric vehicles to facilitate the mobility for weaker strata of the community. ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ Ă ƐƵƌǀĞLJ ĐĂƌƌŝĞĚ ŽƵƚ ďLJ Eͬ EE in Thamel on 2012, 98% of tourists use non-‐ ŵŽƚŽƌŝnjĞĚ ŵŽĚĞƐ ŽĨ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ůĂƌŐĞůLJ ǁĂůŬŝŶŐ ;ϴϳйͿ͘ ϴϱй ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚŽƵƌŝƐƚƐ ƉƌĞĨĞƌƌĞĚ dŚĂŵĞů to be vehicle-‐restricted area to promote ƚŽƵƌŝƐŵ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘ ϱϰй ƌĂƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ Ăŝƌ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ Thamel either fairly bad or very bad and 45% ŽĨ ƐƵƌǀĞLJĞĚ ƚŽƵƌŝƐƚƐ ƌĂƚĞĚ ǁĂůŬŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ Thamel either fairly unsafe or very unsafe. “If Thamel was made vehicle free zone, I would ŚĂǀĞ ĞŶũŽLJĞĚ ƐƉĞŶĚŝŶŐ ƟŵĞ ŚĞƌĞ ŝŶƐƚĞĂĚ ŽĨ ĚƌĞĂĚŝŶŐ ŝƚ͟ Ͳ ZĞƐƉŽĚĞŶƚ ;h^ Ϳ͘
Prepared by Prashanta Khanal & Krity Shrestha Edited by Bhushan Tuladhar, Regional Technical Advisor-‐ South Asia, UN-‐Habitat
Cycle Lane and Pedestrian Way in Median Strips of Arterial Road in Bogota ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ŽĨ ĐLJĐůŝŶŐ ƉĂƚŚƐ ŝŶ Bogota has resulted in an increase of cycling ĨƌŽŵ Ϭ͘ϱй ;ϭϵϵϴͿ ŽĨ ĚĂŝůLJ ƚƌŝƉƐ ƚŽ ϰй ŝŶ ŽŶůLJ ϯ LJĞĂƌƐ͘ ƌĂŵĂƟĐ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ ĐLJĐůŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ǁĂůŬŝŶŐ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ŽŐŽƚĂ ŚĂƐ ĚƌŽƉƉĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƌŽĂĚ ĨĂƚĂůŝƟĞƐ͘ ŝƚĞƐ ůŝŬĞ ŽƉĞŶŚĂŐĞŶ ĂŶĚ Amsterdam have adopted cycle inclusive policies and invested in building cycle lane ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐ ĐLJĐůŝŶŐ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ throughout the city. They are one of the most ďŝĐLJĐůĞ ĨƌŝĞŶĚůLJ ĐŝƟĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ͘ KǀĞƌ ϲϬй of trips in inner city and 38% of overall in the greater city of Amsterdam are made by ďŝĐLJĐůĞ͘ ^ŝŵŝůĂƌůLJ͕ ŝŶ ŽƉĞŶŚĂŐĞŶ͕ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ͛Ɛ ŵŽƐƚ ůŝǀĂďůĞ ĐŝƟĞƐ͕ ďŝĐLJĐůĞ ŵĂŬĞƐ ϯϲй of daily trips.
ZĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ /ŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐ ǁĂůŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐLJĐůŝŶŐ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ŝƐ important in ensuring the equitable access to ŵŽďŝůŝƚLJ ĂƐ ǁĞůů ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ƵƌďĂŶ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂĐƟǀĞůLJ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŽŶ ŽĨ EDd ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚŝƐ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͕ ƚŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ ĂƌĞ ƐƵŐŐĞƐƚĞĚ ĨŽƌ ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ ŵŽďŝůŝƚLJ and environment through NMT in Kathmandu: • Devise comprehensive guidelines/standards for sidewalks and cycle lane designs ;ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ͕ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ ƵŶŽďƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚ͕ ƐĂĨĞƌ and minimum width of 2 m). • All streets should adopt road safety audit and be designed with complete street concept. ͻ ĞǀĞůŽƉ ĐŽƌĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĂƌĞĂƐ ĂƐ ǀĞŚŝĐůĞ ĨƌĞĞ njŽŶĞ as recommended by many plans/projects. ͻ /ŶǀĞƐƚ ƉŽůůƵƟŽŶ ƚĂdž ŽŶ ŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐ EDd infrastructures and services. • Prepare a comprehensive Transport Master WůĂŶ ĨŽƌ <ĂƚŚŵĂŶĚƵ sĂůůĞLJ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ůĂŶĚ ƵƐĞ ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŝŽƌƟnjŝŶŐ ƉĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶ ĂŶĚ ĐLJĐůŝŶŐ ĨĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͘ • Public awareness campaigns on importance ĂŶĚ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ ŽĨ EDd ƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
&Žƌ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ Clean Air Network Nepal/Clean Energy Nepal 104 BulbuleMarga, Thapagaon, Baneshwor • POB 24581, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: +977 01 4464981 • Email: info@cen.org.np • Web: www.cen.org.np dŚŝƐ ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ ǁĂƐ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚ ďLJ /Ͳ ƐŝĂ Θ &< EŽƌǁĂLJ͘
design&printproduction: wps, tel 5550289, email wwpsdm@wlink.com.np
The Department of Roads is planning to build cycle lanes while expanding the Ring Road and ŝŶ ƐŽŵĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĞdžƉĂŶĚĞĚ ƌŽĂĚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͘ /ƚ ŚĂƐ also included sidewalks in some of the expanded roads.
WŚŽƚŽ ďLJ͗ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ŽĨ hƌďĂŶ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ŽŐŽƚĂ
ĞƐŝĚĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐLJĐůĞ ƚƌĂĐŬ ůĂĐŬƐ ďĂƐŝĐ ĂŵĞŶŝƟĞƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƐŝŐŶƉŽƐƚƐ͕ ƐŵŽŽƚŚŶĞƐƐ͕ ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟnjĞĚ ŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƟŽŶƐ͕ ƌĞŐƵůĂƌ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ŽďƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ƚƌĞĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŽƚŚŽůĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŶĞĞĚ to be addressed for convenience and safety of cycle users.