ADAPTED RESILIENCY
Caitlin McCabe B.Arch Final Project Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Caitlin McCabe Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute School of Architecture B.Arch Final Project Fall 2013/Spring 2014 Studio Critic: Ed Keller and Carla Leitao Assessment Committee Member: Zbigniew Oksiuta 2 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
THESIS ABSTRACT
06
RESILIENCE RESEARCH
09
PRECEDENT RESEARCH: CASE STUDIES
18
SITE ANALYSIS
44
DESIGN PROPOSAL: ADAPTIVE RESILIENCY
60
APPENDIX
120
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 3
DEEP ECOLOGY ADAPTIVE FUTURE Anthropocene is the term used to mark the evidence and impacts of humans on the earth’s ecosystems. It could be said to have been started in the late 18th century when there started to be evidence of carbon dioxide and methane in the air trapped in polar ice caps. For the past three centuries, the effects humans have on the environment have escalated quite rapidly. With the continuous increasing population of mankind, earth’s resources are getting exploited even more. About 30-50 % of the planet’s land surface is exploited by humans already, and it is just getting worse. Unless there is a major, global catastrophe to change the mind-set of the global society, humans are going to continue to be a major environmental force. Like Paul Crutzen says, “Guiding society towards environmentally sustainable management will require appropriate behavior at all scales and may well involve internationally accepted, large scale geo-engineering projects to optimize climate.” Moving forward, now that we see all the effects we have on all things ecological, there are two main divisions in solving the problems we cause. They are the deep ecology approach and the “techno-fix” approach. The “technofix”/political ecology approach of Shellenberger, Nordhaus, and Latour place a “natural” hierarchy with humans at the top, whereas the deep ecology approach of Merchant and Naess place humans on the same playing field as all living organisms.
4 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
The “techno-fix” or political ecology approach, want to throw out the idea of nature as an essence, because as said by Latour, “if nature is what makes it possible to recapitulate the hierarchy of beings in a single ordered series, political ecology is always manifested, in practice, by the destruction of the idea of nature.” Deep ecology reduces political power to place the power of nature higher. Where as political ecology thrusts us back into the cave; it reduces nature and politics into a singularity because the unity of nature produces its entire political benefit. If we believe we need to protect nature, as deep ecology implies, then we let ourselves believe that we are controlled by nature. Deep ecology reduces humans to objects of ecology instead of thinking that humanity is defined by its removal from the constraints of nature. Nordhaus says, “human development, wealth, and technology liberated us from hunger, deprivation, and insecurity; now they must be considered essential to overcoming ecological risk.” and supports this idea by stating examples such as “The Y2K computer bug was fixed by better computer programming, not by going back to typewriters. The ozone-hole crisis was averted, not by an end to air-conditioning, but rather by more advanced, less environmentally harmful technologies.” This side of the argument believes technology is the answer to our ecological problems, but the problem with this answer is that it just creates more problems with each solution. Yes we are advancing in technology and it is beneficial for our survival and I believe we have advanced past
a point where we can’t just abandon it all and we shouldn’t have to, but we should make more of a conscious effort to fix these problems by looking at and working more with nature itself. Deep ecologists believe that humans should be equal in nature not above it because we are dependent on it for survival. Because of this we should change our mind-set to eco-centric thinking rather than homocentric thinking because it is our duty, as dependents to maintain the integrity of the ecosphere instead of trying to conquer it or make it more efficient for our sole benefit. As Merchant says “If we drastically change our social arrangement in the direction of equality, justice, and human fulfillment; the brutal realities of the present can give way to vastly increased material security, social harmony and self- realization.” In summation we need to become a sustainable society, which “is one that provides for successful human adaptation to a finite and vulnerable ecosystem on a long term basis.”
the geologic have adapted to our effects and remained resilient, we can learn from their adaptations in dealing with the effects we have on the environment ourselves, which I believe is one argument that deep ecology is trying to make. Technology can help with this process but it should be used in a way where the natural process of adaptation and resilience take precedent and the technology just helps it along. This, I believe, is the best way to move forward in fixing the ecological changes was have made to the earth.
This way of sustainable thinking is different from what we know as “green design” which utilizes nature as an instrument that cleans the world, increases productivity and efficiency and transforms our existing natural relationship while advancing the social sphere in which it exists. Deep ecology and Subnature, in contrast, try to expose the realities of the external environments. Subnatures are also primarily experienced as aspects of the seemingly subhuman conditions of contemporary urbanization and its subculture limits. “Human species can’t get along without the geologic, but the geologic will continue on in some form or another long after we are gone.” This statement, taken from “Making the Geologic Now” by Elizabeth Ellsworth + Jamie Kruse, summarizes the fact that ecology and ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 5
THESIS ABSTRACT The idea of relevance is always in architecture but the aspects of what is relevant at the time changes constantly. A lot of buildings are designed with one intention. These buildings often become abandoned because they served out their purpose and are no longer relevant to the community. A huge part of the reason their service is no longer needed is because of the advances in technology; the more advanced we, as a civilization become, the more large industries become irrelevant to the city and therefore become abandoned. These abandoned sites start to put a strain on the city; they become holes in the city fabric. These blighted sites lower the economy of the city and have the potential to make surrounding buildings become abandoned as well leading to a decline of a once thriving city. How do you design something that won’t become obsolete? How can you design something static for the future when you don’t know what exactly the future holds? Yes, one can speculate, but with the constantly changing networks and increase of new technologies, there is never a sure way to design. Looking at nature and all it’s natural resilience there is one thing that they all have in common: adaptation. Designing for the future means designing a reactive and adapting building form. Is there a way to design something that reacts to it’s environment, so that it doesn’t matter if we are no longer here and some other life form comes into existence, the design will be able to react and adapt to become relevant to them. 6 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
Our species used to thrive one the industrial revolution, now all or most of those buildings are abandoned because, we as a species, advanced and adapted to that advancement. How come our buildings don’t follow suit? If they did there would be a lot less abandoned cities, towns and buildings. My proposal will be able to assess the changing environment and networks of people in the surrounding city and be able to adapt and change the buildings use and morphology without having it be abandoned. How can we revitalize and redesign the already abandoned sites to allow them to adapt and keep adapting with the changing networks surrounding it? The cause of this abandonment is because of the failing networks that aren’t resilient enough to withstand when one node fails. We need to design resilient networks so that places won’t fail, but will adapt and reorganize itself to the changing environment.
“The often irreconcilable clash between the pursuit of short-term gratification and the defense of future generation’s long-term interest.” -Jared Diamond
TIME LINE OF LIFE
Depletion of Natural Resouces
Switch to Coal
New Technology: solar panels, wind turbines, green roofs
Egyptian Fine Arts Center by Moatasem Esmat in Helwan, Egypt
Nanyang Technological University by CPG in Signapore
New Settlements
New Technology: machines, steam engines, water power
Global Warming
All Resources Are Depleted
Increase in Prices: gas, electric, ect.
Industrialization
Nature
PAST
?
New Technology
The Strata by BFLS in London, England
New Form of Life:
Sustainability
PRESENT
FUTURE SPECULATION
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 7
8 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
RESEARCH Looking at how and why some networks fail and also how and why some networks stay resilient, we can start to manipulate architecture to help change the outcome of declining cities. The research is primarily based on networks that failed, models of resilience and revitalization.
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 9
RESILIENT NETWORKS
Ship Breaking
America Legal System Protects Workers Can’t Break Down Ship
Increase of International Trade
Less Work For People
Send It To India, China, Pakistan And Bangladesh
Less Regard For Safety
Little or No Legal System To Protect Workers
Cheap Labor Ship is Broken Down
More Work For People
Steel Rolling Plants
Growth in Economy
The Human Body Virus/Bacteria Enters the Body
Wh Bec
White Blood Cells Produce Anti-Bodies Antibodies Engulf and Digest Bacteria
10 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
Independent Workers
No Benefits From Employers
Sara Horowitz Creates Non-Profit Working Today (like a union)
Allows Freelances To Connect and Receive Benefits
Cost of Health Insurance Decrease, Unfair Tax Policies are Remedied, Now Included in Unemployment Protection System.
Freelancer’s Insurance Company
Union Doubles in Size
Freelancer’s Payment Protection Act
White Blood Cells Become Memory Cells
Human Body Becomes Immune to That Bacteria
s Engulf st Bacteria
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 11
FAILED NETWORKS Factory Advancement Of Technology
Company Becomes Bankrupt
Depletion of Vital Resources
Good or Service Provided By Factory Becomes Obsolete
People Stop Buying Goods/Services
Factory Becomes Abandoned
Advanc (Besse
Property Values Decrease
Steel to B More Abu
Hole In The City Fabric
Tourism Decreases Crime And Vandalism Increase
Decrease in Economy Trespassing and Theft Increase
Property Values Decrease
Hole In The City Fabric
Factory Become
Crime And Vandalism Increase
Tourism Decreases
Trespassing and Theft Increase
12 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
Decrease in Economy
Steel Industry in America Demand for Artillery Shells and Other Steel Supplies
The Protective Tarriff
USA Becomes Dominent Steel Producer in the World More Jobs
Advancement Of Technology (Bessemer Process) Allowed
Steel to Be Produced fFaster, Cheaper, More Abundently, and Good Quality
Rapid Expansion of Urban Infrustructure and Other Demands for Steel Production
Growth in Economy
Recession
Decrease in Demand
Consolidation of Large Steel Companies
Strike and the Creation of the Worker’s Union
Increase in Wages
High Cost of Steel
Could Not Compete With Low-Wage Producers in Other Countries
Factory Becomes Abandoned
Companies Went Bankrupt
Economy
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 13
Learning From Nature Resilience Existing in Nature
14 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
Liver
Organism
Partial hepatectomy, injury or removal Resolve/Adaptation of tumor Star fish are able to regenerate its
Conflict
Starfish
Legs are detached by a predator, escape response or reproduction
lost parts.
Cyto
tran
Bears
Food Scarcity
Slime Mold
Food Scarcity
Liver
Partial hepatectomy, injury or removal of tumor
Fish
Conflict
metabolic signals
transcrition factors
nuclear receptors
Resolve/Adaptation
Slime Mold Legs are detached by a predator, escape response or reproduction
Food Scarcity
Fish
Predators
The Liver is able to regenerate its lost or damaged tissue up to a certain extent.
Liver Injury
Cytokines (growth factors)
Predators
Liver Regeneration
Slime Mold clump together to form
a typeto of tree which allowsits some to Star fish are able regenerate fly away to a place with more food lost parts. and survive.
Urbanization
Trees
Fish swim together in schools to lessen their chances of getting eaten by a predator.
Bears hibernate in the winters, so their bodies live off stored fat, tree’s food roots find a way through when there is Alittle available to the cracks to get soil and water no matter them. what.
Food Scarcity Urbanization
Trees
Bears hibernate in the winters, so their bodies live off stored fat, when there is little food available to them.
Partial hepatectomy, injury or removal of tumor
Liver Injury
Cytokines (growth factors)
metabolic signals
transcrition factors
nuclear receptors
The Liver is able to regenerate its lost or damaged tissue up to a certain extent.
Liver Regeneration
d
Fish
Food Scarcity Trees
Slime Mold
Starfish
Liver
Bears
Sacrifice of Whole
Fish
Regeneration Travel in Packs Sacrifice
of Whole
Trees
Slime Mold
Starfish
in Packs
Recover Fast From Change
Hibernation
Bears
Adapt To Surroundings
Fish swim together in schools to lessen their chances of getting eaten by a predator.
Regeneration
Absorb/Resist Change Travel
Liver
Resilient Networks
Predators
Hibernation Mycelium
Slime Mold clump together to form a type of tree which allows some to fly away to a place with more food and survive.
Non-Resilient Networks
Don’t Adapt To Surroundings
Resil
A tree’s roots find a way through the cracks to get soil and water no matter what.
Urbanization
Adapt
Mycelium Absorb/Resist Change
N
Recover Fast From Change
Adapt
Trees
Slime Mold
Starfish
Liver
Bears
Nature has many complex networks that have been able to adapt and stay resilient for millions of years. Some of the main reasons for this are because: these systems have an inter-connected network structure, they feature diversity and redundancy within their networks, they have a wide distribution of structures across varying scales and the have the capacity to selfadapt and self-organize.
Resilient Networks
Non-Resilient Networks
Adapt To Surroundings
Don’t Adapt To Surroundings
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 15
Centralized Network After Some Nodes Fail
Centralized Network
Goods
Goods
Workers
Planes
Trucks
Trucks
Trains
Instudrial Factory
Instudrial Factory
Economy
Economy
Raw Material
Raw Material
Stores
Boats
Boats
Decentralized/Scale-free Network After Some Nodes
Decentralized/Scale-free Network
Government
More Jobs More CellPhone Towers
More CellPhone Towers
Shared Music Taste Higher Property Taxes
Schools
Population
Government
More Jobs
Neighbors Family
Safer Streets
Stores/ Commercial Buildings
Workers
Planes
Family
Safer Streets
Stores/ Commercial Buildings
Shared Club Taste Public Transportation
Coworkers
Schools
Freinds
Public Transportation
Population
Coworkers
Shared Food Taste Cultural Activity
Cultural Activity Hospitals
Hospitals
Shared Store Taste
Economy/ Finances
Restaurants
Shar
Shared Activities
Economy/ Finances
Restaurants
Shared Sports Taste
Neighborhoods
Good Structure
City
Good Lighting
User Satisfaction
People
Neighborhoods
Good Structure
City
Good Lighting
User Satisfaction
Enviornmental Aspects
Enviornmental Aspects
Program
Program
Aesthetics
Fit in with Context of Site
Aesthetics
Architecture
Architecture
Distributed/Random Network
Starfish
16 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
Fit in with Context of Site
Distributed/Random Network After Some Nodes Fail
Starfish
Centralized Network After A Hub Fails
fter Some Nodes Fail
Goods
Workers
Planes
Workers
Planes
Trucks
Trains
Trains Instudrial Factory
Instudrial Factory
Economy
Raw Material
Raw Material
Stores
Stores Boats
Boats
Decentralized/Scale-free Network After A Hub Fails
ee Network After Some Nodes Fail
Government
More Jobs
Neighbors Family
Safer Streets
More CellPhone Towers
Shared Music Taste
Neighbors
Shared Music Taste Higher Property Taxes
Shared Club Taste
Public Transportation
Coworkers
Schools
Freinds
Family
Safer Streets
Stores/ Commercial Buildings
Population
Shared Club Taste Public Transportation
Coworkers
Freinds Shared Food Taste
Shared Food Taste Cultural Activity Hospitals
Shared Store Taste
Shared Store Taste
Shared Activities
Economy/ Finances
Restaurants
Shared Sports Taste
Good Structure
Good Lighting
User Satisfaction
People
Shared Activities
Economy/ Finances
Shared Sports Taste
Neighborhoods
Good Structure
City
User Satisfaction
Enviornmental Aspects
People
Enviornmental Aspects
Program
Program
Aesthetics
Fit in with Context of Site
Aesthetics
etwork After Some Nodes Fail
Fit in with Context of Site
Architecture
Architecture
Starfish
Good Lighting
Distributed/Random Network Has No Hubs
Starfish
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 17
PRECEDENTS
18 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 19
THE HIGHLINE, NEW YORK an abandoned urban rail line into a linear park than to demolish it. James Corner, one of its designers, said, “The High Line is not easily replaceable in other cities,” observing that building a “cool park” requires a “framework” of neighborhoods around it in order to succeed.”
0.00 The meat packing district in New York, New York
In 1929, there was there became a need for a raised railroad system in New York City due to constant accidents caused by trains on the street level. In 1934, the Highline was built. It was a system of railroad tracks elevated above the city streets and connected to factories and warehouses directly. This allowed raw and manufactured good to come and go without causing and traffic and unsafe conditions on the street level. In the 1950s, there was a growth in interstate trucking leading to a fast decline in the railroad traffic industry. Because of this, the Highline became an abandoned eyesore taking up space in the city. It was preserved as a historical site in June 2005. In April 2006, the construction of the newly designed linear park started. The first phase of construction included removing all the railroad tracks, sandblasting the steel, repairing the concrete and drainage systems and installation of pigeon deterrents underneath the structure. The second phase of construction included installing pathways, stairs, elevators, seating, lighting, wildlife and some of the old tracks. “It costs substantially less to redevelop 20 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
1929-1950
1950- 2005
2006- Present
The points of interest and most traffic on the highline changed as it went through the stages of its history. Areas that were attached or went through buildings were important spots when the highline was a railroad because that
is where the train stopped to deliver goods to businesses. Now the most used areas of the highline are where there are places for people to stop and look out onto the city. ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 21
HISTORICAL TRANSFORMATION
Night Clubs
Vacation Spots
Meat Packing
Apartments
Night Clubs
Factories Sex Clubs
Meat Packing Residential
Apartments
Factories
Arts
Meat Packing
Commercial
Apartments
22 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
Residential
Arts
Commercial
The Highline Linear Park
Residential
DIAGRAM OF CITY MAKE-UP
The Meat-Packing district went through many different stages throughout history. Many different types of networks came through and eventually died out to make room for others.
Now the area surrounding the Highline in New York is made up of mostly commercial buildings, residences, and museums. These networks allow the converted railroad to thrive. ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 23
WASSERTURM, GERMANY Michael Dahms did not change the overall look, feel or structure of the tower mainly because of the historical monument preservation and protected landscape area laws that it was under. Their design includes the original exposed concrete interiors but also includes floor to ceiling windows on one side of the tower which offer spectacular views of the surrounding city.
0.00 Water tower in Bredeney, Germany
Water towers became a big part of urbanization in the 19th century. They provided large quantities of safe, clean drinking water to the public. They were elevated so they could use hydrostatic pressure produced by the elevation of water to push the water into domestic and industrial water distribution systems and only needed to rely of electrical power to refill the tower. The Water Tower in Essen Germany was built in 1921 on the Walter-Sachsse. The Ruhr River is the major source of water supply for the North Rhine-Westphalian industrial district. To ensure drinking water supply from the river a system of reservoirs has been constructed for low flow augmentation. Since the water towers purpose was to store large quantities of water, about 600 cubic meters of water, the structure is extremely durable and sturdy. It is steel and prestressed concrete with an interior coating that protects the water from the lining materials. In the renovation of the water tower in Essen Germany, architects Arnim Koch and
24 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
Past
Present
The nodes of importance are where and how long the water stays in one place. They shift from the mainly sitting inside the tower and then being brought outside the tower to homes when it was purely a water tower to remaining inside the tower after it was converted into homes and offices.
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 25
HISTORICAL TRANSFORMATION
Residential
Residential
Offices
Resturants
Arts
Residential
26 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
Offices
Resturants
Arts
Residential
Wasserturm Umbau in Essen Germany
Offices
DIAGRAM OF CITY MAKE-UP
The city of Essen Gemany went through many changes throughout its history. It started out as a purely residential area, then offices started to move in, which then called for restaurants and art centers to help the area grow. The city is now made up of mostly restaurants, museums, residences, and offices. These networks allow the converted water tower to thrive. ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 27
28 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
M50 CREATIVE PARK,CHINA and warehouse feel of the place. This creates a juxtaposition between the old industrial past of Shanghai and the new emerging art scene.
0.00 M50 Creative Industrial Park in Putuo, China
The Moganshan district played a huge role in the industrial history of Shanghai, China because of its proximity to Suzhou Creek, which was the major waterway connecting Shanghai to the rest of China. Because of this, many industrial warehouses and factories started to pop up in the Moganshan district including the Chunming Textile Factory. However in the 1990s, the economic structure of China changed and large industries were phased out, leaving the district abandoned. In 1999 the Chunming Textile factory finally stopped producing and began to sublease their vacant warehouses to artists. Artists were interested in these large warehouse spaces because they were idea for large gallery spaces to display their work, also the rent was cheap. All the buildings remain fully intact, with no changes made to their design. The artists just took over the space using the old factory ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 29
HISTORICAL TRANSFORMATION
Residential
Residential
Offices
30 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
Factories
Resturants
Art Center
Residential
Offices
Resturants
M50 Creative Industrial Clustering
DIAGRAM OF CITY MAKE-UP
Shanghai, China was mostly made up of residents and factories, but as technologies advanced the factories weren’t needed anymore. Companies abandoned factory buildings that were then taken over or destroyed to make room for offices and restaurants and art studios. Now the area surrounding the M50 site in Shanghai, China is made up of mostly restaurants, residences, and offices. These networks allow the converted factories to thrive. ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 31
Networks Across Scales City Scale, Architecture Scale, People Scale
Government
More Jobs More CellPhone Towers
Safer Streets
Stores/ Commercial Buildings Higher Property Taxes
Schools
Population
Public Transportation
Cultural Activity Hospitals
Economy/ Finances
Restaurants
Architecture Neighborhoods
Good Structure
City
Good Lighting
User Satisfaction Program
Aesthetics
32 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
C
Neighbors Family
Shared Music Taste Shared Club Taste Coworkers
Freinds Shared Food Taste
Shared Store Taste
Shared Activities
Architecture
Good ructure
User atisfaction
Aesthetics
Shared Sports Taste
People
Good Lighting
Enviornmental Aspects
Fit in with Context of Site
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 33
Networks Across Scales: New York City More Jobs
Safer Streets
Neighbors Family
Higher Property Taxes
Tourists
Public Transportation Stores/ Commercial Buildings
Same Lunch Break Coworkers
Population
Friends
Arts/ Museums
Shared Food Taste
Shared Store Taste Economy/ Finances
Restaurants
Like for Nature High Line Linear Park
Residential Buildings
Shared Taste in Art Raised Structure
New York City
Nature
People
Pedestrian Walkways User Satisfaction
Environmental Aspects
City Views
Siting/ Resting Areas
Fit in with Context of Site
Aesthetics
Networks Across Scales: Essen, Germany More Jobs Neighbors
Safer Streets
Family
Same Lunch Break
Public Transportation
Offices
Coworkers
Population
Friends Shared Food Taste
Economy/ Finances Restaurants Converted Water Towers Residential Buildings WaterTower Structure
Bredeney, Essen, Germany
Natural Day Lighting
Conversion to homes and offices User Satisfaction
People
Environmental Aspects
City Views
Fit in with Context of Site
Aesthetics Privacy
Networks Across Scales: Shanghai, China Low Rent
Neighbors
Lower Property Taxes
Family
Tourists Public Transportation Coworkers
Friends
Art Center
Population
Economy/ Finances Residential Buildings
M50 Creative Industry Park Shared Taste in Art
Building Structure
Putuo, Shanghai, China
Open Spaces
People
City Views
Artist Satisfaction
Fit in with Context of Site Visitor Satisfaction
34 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
Natural Light
Aesthetics
“...cities are valuable because they facilitate human interactions, as people crammed into a few square miles exchange ideas and start collaborations. Places that stay thriving for years on end all have a common factor, which is creating human interaction.� -Geoff West
Each revitalized place had a series of networks that allowed that place to thrive. These networks were on the city scale, the building scale and the human scale. On the city scale, government, jobs, population, cultural activity, economy, neighborhoods, hospitals, schools, restaurants, offices, commercial buildings, public transportation, etc. All work together in a feedback network to help the city thrive. On the human scale, neighbors,, shared interests, friends, family, coworkers, etc. All work together to help the community thrive. On the architecture
scale, structure, lighting, aesthetics, program, context, users, etc. All working together allow the building to thrive. Each scale had a system of networks working together to allow that one scale to survive, but each scale of networks interacts with the other networks in the different scales. It is this networking across scales that makes a place survive. Even though each case study have slightly different networks working within each scale, they all have the same general scales and networks. ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 35
Intersecting Networks Working Together to Help Survival
Tourists
Residents
Use of Cafe During the Day
36 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
Tourists
Residents
Use of Hotel Resturant Durin
Tourists Tourists
Residents Residents
Use of Hotel Resturant During the Day
Use of M50 During the Day
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 37
What makes complex networks collapse? “Often irreconcilable clash between the pursuit of shortterm gratification and the defense of future generations’ long-term interest.” -Jared Diamond “The Establishment of a new resource base or other complex societies that take over.” -Joseph A. Tainter The Highline RailRoad Tracks
Trains
Water Tower in Essen Germany
Chunming Textile Mill
Water
Textiles
Singular connections = no exchanging of ideas
Collapse
38 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
These three different projects all now succeed because of the networks surrounding them; specifically networks of people to people, and networks of people to city. With the help of these thriving networks, these places are able to thrive and survive as well. But what if these networks collapse like the networks before them causing these now thriving places to be extinct like its predecessors? What makes a network resilient and what makes a network collapse?
The Highline Linear Park
People
City
Wasserturm Umbau in Essen Germany
Nature
People
City
M50 Creative Industrial Clustering
Ideas
People
City
Art
People to City Networks
People to People Networks
Resiliency
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 39
THE INFLUENCES AND CONSEQUENCES OF ADAPTIVE ARCHITECTURE
CULTURAL
SOCIAL
CHANGING CIRCUMSTANCES
SOCIETAL
NETWORKS
MOTIVATION AND DRIVERS
R
ADAPTIVE ARCHITECTU METHOD
TECHNICAL DATA
EFFECT ON? INHABITANT SENSORS
ENVIRONMENTAL SENSORS
ENVIRONMENT
INHABITANTS
SURROUNDING CITY
40 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
S
CLIMATE
SURROUNDING CITY
ENVIRONMENT
INHABITANTS
NETWORKS
CYBERNETICS
OBJECTS
REACTION TO?
IVE ARCHITECTURE FACADE
ELEMENTS OF ADAPTATION LIGHTING
T ON? FORM
AESTHETICS
EXTERIOR/INTERIOR RELATIONSHIP
SPATIAL
MODULES AND COMPONENTS
INTERNAL PARTITIONING
TECHNICAL SYSTEMS
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 41
42 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
IN SUMMARY... There was a connection between the failures of the highline railroad in New York City, the factories in the M50 district in Shanghia, China, and the old water tower in Essen, Germany. They were all unable to change and adapt their main purpose to fit the needs of the changing networks surrounding them. Once their central node of their network failed, their whole network collapsed. All three revitalizations are successful because they implemented multiple networks that work across different scales. They also link people, ideas and the city together through their designs which, in turn, then allow them to be able adapt slightly to changing networks. All of these models of resilience, both the case study examples and the nature examples, have one thing in common, adaptation. Even though there are all these models of resilience and adaptation, there are still networks that rely to heavily on one node for survival, which leaves to decline and eventually to abandonment or extinction. How can we design something static for the future when the networks that allow the design to survive constantly change? We can’t. The idea of resiliency is adaptation. Without it, networks fail and become extinct.
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 43
SITE ANALYSIS ABANDONED SITES
I am looking specifically at abandoned industrial sites. The abandonment of industrial buildings is a common problem that occurs all over the world. They are most often designed to perform a single task, making their resilience very limited. Once their purpose is outlived, that purposed becomes extinct due to advances in technology or new networks, the whole system fails leaving an abandoned building in its wake. These buildings are important to the cities. They are usually what helped the city grow in the first place and are also often within that city fabric for that same reason. They start to bring down a city as a whole because of their location and size. They become places for crime, vandalism, squatters, and arson. They bring a city’s economy down and decrease property values. Overall they stunt a city’s growth and endanger surrounding buildings to become abandoned as well.
44 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
“IN COLLAPSE, THE OVER ARCHING STRUCTURE THAT PROVIDES SUPPORT SERVICES TO THE POPULATION LOSES CAPABILITY OR DISAPPEARS ENTIRELY” ADAPTED RESILIENCY JOSEPH I Caitlin McCabe I 45 TAINTER
REASONS FOR COLLAPSE OF COMPLEX SOCIETIES
BY JOSEPH TAINTER
DEPLETION OF VITAL RESOURCES ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW RESOURCE BASE INSURMOUNTABLE CATASTROPHE INSUFFICIENT RESPONSE TO CIRCUMSTANCES OTHER COMPLEX SOCIETIES INTRUDERS CLASS CONFLICT/ SOCIETAL CONTRADICTIONS SOCIAL DYSFUNCTION MYSTICAL FACTORS ECONOMIC FACTORS CHANCE CONCATENATIONS OF EVENTS
LOCATION: IN OR CLOSE TO A CITY LEVEL OF POLLUTION: LITTLE TOXIC POLLUTION SCALE: A BUILDING TYPE: FACTORY OR MILL
46 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
SITE SELECTION
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 47
ABANDONED SITES AROUND THE WORLD
1
2
3
4
5
20
21
22
23
11
13
15
17
19
1. Copper Mine: Kennecott, Alaska, USA Copper Mine in the city of Kennecott, Alaska Closed in the 1930s when the copper ore was all depleted. Pollution: Little to none 2. Barber Paper Mill: Georgetown, Ontario, Canada Paper Mill in the city of Georgetown, Ontario. Closed in 1989 Pollution: Little to none 3. Dutton Lumber Factory: Poughkeepsie, New York, USA Lumber Factory in the city of Poughkeepsie, New York Closed in Pollution: Little to none 4. Jute Spinning Mill: Tayside, Scotland Jute Spinning Mill in the city of Tayside, Scotland. Closed in late 1980s Pollution: Little to none 5. Lemoniz Nuclear Power Plant: Bay of Biscay, Spain Power Plant in Lemoniz Spain Closed in 1983 because of left leaning government. Pollution: Little to none 6. Moreland Match Factory: Gloucester, UK Match Factory in the city of Gloucester, England. Closed in 1978. Pollution: Little to none
7. Hasard Cheratte Coal Mine: Liege, Belgium 13. Coal Mine in the city of Liege, Belgium. Closed in 1977 Pollution: Little to none 8. Refrigeration Factory Complex: Denmark 14. Refrigeration factory in the city Copenhagen, Denmark. Closed in Pollution: Little to none 9. Finnmatch: Tampere, Finland 15. Match Factory in the city of Tampere, Finland. Closed in the 1970s because production of matchs and matchbooks finally sputtered out. Pollution: Little to none 16. 10. Vulkans Match Factory: Kuldiga, Latvia Match Factory in the city of Kuldiga, Latvia. Closed in 2004. Pollution: Little to none 17. 11. Global Trading Co.: Detroit, Michigan Machinery and mill supplies factory in the city of Detroit, Michigan. Closed in 1981 when Globe went out of business. 18. Pollution: Little to none 12. Papierfabrik Wolfswinkel, Germany. Paper Mill in the city of Wolfswinkel, Germany Closed in 1992 due to German’s reunification Pollution: Little to none
Diamond Match Factory: Chico, CA, USA Match Factory in the city of Chico, California Closed in 1989 because the land changed ow Pollution: Little to none Chemical Factory: Warsaw, Poland Mercury Lamp Factory in the city of Warsaw, Closed in 1944 due to high levels of mercury Pollution: High levels of mercury contaminat Wheeling Pitt Steel Mill: Steubenville, Ohio, USA Steel Mill in the city of Steubenville, Ohio Closed in 2012 Pollution: Little to none Colossus, Rudersdorf, Germany Chemical Factory in the city of Rudersdorf, G Closed in 1999 Pollution: Little to none American Brick Factory: Dallas, Texas Brick Factory in the city of Dallas, Texas Closed in 1996 because of a fire Pollution: Little to none Botou Match Factory: Hebei Province, China Match Factory in Hebei, China Closed in 2006 because of a shrinking marke Pollution: Little to none
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
23
24
atch Factory: Chico, CA, USA Factory in the city of Chico, California in 1989 because the land changed owners on: Little to none actory: Warsaw, Poland y Lamp Factory in the city of Warsaw, Poland in 1944 due to high levels of mercury contamination on: High levels of mercury contamination still. tt Steel Mill: Steubenville, Ohio, USA ill in the city of Steubenville, Ohio in 2012 on: Little to none udersdorf, Germany al Factory in the city of Rudersdorf, Germany in 1999 on: Little to none rick Factory: Dallas, Texas actory in the city of Dallas, Texas in 1996 because of a fire on: Little to none h Factory: Hebei Province, China Factory in Hebei, China in 2006 because of a shrinking market. on: Little to none
25
26
19. Steel Factory: Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA Steel Factory in the city of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Closed in the 1990s because American steel industry began to decline and companies like this could no longer compete with cheap foreign labor. Pollution: Little to none 20. Domino Sugar Refinery: Brooklyn, New York, USA Sugar Refinery in the city of Brooklyn, New York Closed in 2004 Pollution: Little to none 21. Rum Distillery: Barbados Rum Distillery in Bridgetown, Barbados Closed in Pollution: None 22. Water Pumping Station: Ryhope, England Water Pumping Station in the city of Ryhope, England Closed in 1967 Pollution: Little to none 23. Matchstick Factory: Bamako, Mali Matchstick Factory in the city of Bamako, Mali Closed Pollution: Little to none 24. Athlone Power Station: Cape Town, Africa Power Plant in the city of Cape Town, Africa Closed in 2003 due to a huge investment needed. Pollution: Little to none
27
28
25. Wheat Mill: Sorrento, Italy Wheat Mill in the city of Sorrento, Italy. Closed in 1866 because it was blocked from the sea, which caused humidity. Pollution: Little to none 26. Steel Mill: Bilhar India Steel Mill in the city of Bihar, India Closed in Pollution: Little to none 27. The Mittagong Maltings: Sydney, Australia Brewery in the city of Sydney Australia. Closed in 1981 Pollution: Little to none 28. Great China Match Factory and Lime Kiln: Peng Chau, Hong Kong Match Factory in the city of Peng Chau, Hong Kong Closed in the 1970s when the demand for matches dropped below the level required to keep the factory operating. Pollution: Little to none
SPECIFIC SITE SELECTION POUGHKEEPSIE, NEW YORK
50 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
More Jobs
WalkWay Over the Hudson
Neighbors Family
Higher Property Taxes
Tourists
Public Transportation Stores/ Commercial Buildings
Same Lunch Break Coworkers
Population
Friends
Schools
Shared Food Taste
Shared Store Taste Economy/ Finances
Restaurants
Like for Nature
Residential Buildings
Classmates
Poughkeepsie New York Poughkeepsie Abandoned Site
People
Abandoned Site
City Views
Network Connections Poughkeepsie I am looking specifically at a site Poughkeepsie, New York along the Hudson River as a template for what can happen on a planetary scale. It is called 1 Dutchess Ave. Poughkeepsie was a major hub for industry and commerce which helped it connect with other blossoming cities. During the Industrial Revolution, this site was an iron yard. It was a very important part of the growth of the city. It’s location within the city and it’s large size allows for a greater potential of community interaction, which is a key factor in a thriving city, based off my research and case studies of the Highline in New York, the water tower in Germany and M50 creative park in China. I chose this site because the site itself isn’t only a hole, but the surrounding but the surrounding roads are very seldomly traveled. This leads to abandonment of surrounding because there is no traffic flow. Since it is an industrial site, there is certain levels of pollution on the site. This leads to complications when trying to the reuse of the site usually, but for my proposal it creates an opportunity for site adaptation.
Within
the
City
of
HISTORICAL TRANSFORMATION Government Buildings
Residents
Local Stores
Residents
Industrial Factories
Residents
Parks
Commercial
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 51
TIMELINE
New Technology: solar panels, wind turbines, green roofs
Switch to Coal
The Strata by BFLS in London, England
Nanyang Technological University by CPG in Signapore
Purchase from Native Americans in 1686
Nature
New Technology: machines, breweries, shipping
Abandonment
Industrialization: Hatteries, Lumber Yards, Breweries
PAST
The history of the site is as follows: starts as a natural wilderness that is bought from Native Americans. The industrial revolution begins and factories start to spring up every where, which allows the city to grow. Technologies start to advance and we start to realize we are depleting our natural resources so the factories become abandoned. Body 1, a swarm of mappers, goes into a city mapping out different forms of circulation, pollution, networks thriving within the city, zones, access points and usable structure, constantly zooming in and out of scales to collect all the data for the maps. Once it finds a site it deploys a swarm of projectors that use the maps to project onto the site what will benefit the community as a whole and help clean up the industrial waste on the site. 52 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
New Networks
Cultural Center With Accessible Green Roof And Adaptive Agents
PRESENT
Body 2, the transformer, comes to the site to construct scaffolding. Because I am looking at specifically old abandoned industrial sites, these sites contain different levels of toxins through out the site. So the mapper maps out the most polluted areas and these spots become points where the scaffolding begins to converge to help cap the more polluted areas. The first set of scaffolding gets imbedded into the ground, and as you can see the more polluted areas have more scaffolding to help cap those areas. The second set of scaffolding is a raised version of the scaffolding on the ground. The more polluted areas have higher scaffolding of 18 feet to allow those areas to become possible habitable structures. Where as the less polluted areas are open for all different types of activity. On the interior of the surviving abandoned structure,
All Resources Are Depleted
New Technology
Nature Takes Over
Adapts To The Needs of Nature.
New Technology
New Form of Life
Adapts To The Needs of This New Advanced Human Race.
Natural Disaster
Humans Become Extinct
New Form of Life
Adapts To The Needs of This New Form of Life.
Accessible tive Agents
FUTURE SPECULATION
another set of scaffolding is put in place based on projected circulation through the site and buildings. There are two existing buildings. One of them is programed to be a cultural lab and the other one is programmed to be an innovation lab. These programs will help the city become connected to a larger scale of networks through the innovation in technology it is producing but also is able to strengthen its cultural networks on a local scale. The other part of the construction is the accretion phase. There are two different types of accretion, slow forming accretion and a faster forming accretion. The faster forming accretion is mainly for the interiors of the building and the slower forming accretion is mainly for the
exterior scaffolding where it can grow overtime and more specifically for the types of programs that happen on the site. The accretion has the potential to grow into seating, walls, walkways and eventually even inhabitable structures. The accretion comes from a combination of drone and by using some of the pollutants on the site such as chromium and copper compounds for these crystallize structures that forms along the scaffolding. Through the technological advances of the innovation lab on the site, it will become a self-sustaining system of feedback loops that are constantly reading circulation through the site, the interaction with the inhabitants and scaffolding and also the networks that allow the system to thrive. ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 53
SPECIES DEFINED BODY INTERACTMENT SPECIES 1
SPECIES 3
MAPPER
ADAPTER
RELY ON EACH OTHER TO SURVIVE
SPECIES 2 TRANSFORMER
For my proposal, I am looking at three scales, which are: the nano scale, the building scale and the city scale. Body 1 is a mapper that works on the nano scale, body 2 is the transformer that works on the city scale, and body 3 is an adaptive agent that works on the building scale. Body 1 starts mapping holes in the city fabric, along with other things that need to be added or subtracted from these holes. Body 2 comes in and starts to transform the site into architecture. Body 3 is able to read new mapping from body 1 and adapt the architecture in order 54 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
for it to stay relevant to its surrounding networks. They are all constantly responding and feeding off of each other. There are some sensors that are more important to body 2 and body 3 than others and these sensors have a greater impact on what body 2 implements and how body 3 adapts. The geologic will always continue to exist with or without us. That’s how I see the future of my design. It will be able to adapt to its environment and the networks that feed into it so that if we are here or not, it will be able to survive in some form or another.
[BODY1]
Sensor that reads decaying/weak structure
[BODY1]
[BODY1]
[BODY1]
Sensor that reads circulation around the site
Make pedestrian access point
[BODY1]
[BODY 2]
Construct walls/public and private spaces
Sensor that reads temperature on inside vs. outside of building
Sensor that reads thriving programs around the site
Implement plant life to clean air and soil containments/green roof
Sensor that measure sound natural resources around site
Sensor that reads circulation through the site
[BODY1]
[BODY 2]
[BODY 2]
[BODY1]
[BODY1]
Sensor that reads what type of circulation occurs on
Sensor that reads lot lines
Sensor that measure sound pollution on the site
Sensor that finds discarded items left over
Sensor that measure toxins in the soil
Sensor that reads usable structure
[BODY1]
[BODY1]
[BODY1]
[BODY1]
[BODY1]
Sensor that reads the
environment (solar exposure, wind exposure, amount of rain/snow, ect)
[BODY1]
Sensor that reads site accessibility
[BODY 2]
Implement seating
[BODY 3]
[BODY 2]
[BODY 3]
Change space size
Windows/openings
[BODY 3]
Change program
Change floor layout
[BODY 3]
Add/subtract seating
Connections between the bodies showing which sensors are more important.
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 55
TIMELINE OF BODIES INTERACTING WITH SITE AND EACH OTHER [BODY 3] ADAPTOR [BODY 3]
[BODY 3]
Change program
Change space size
[BODY
Change
[BODY 2] TRANSFORMER [BODY 2]
[BODY 2]
Make pedestrian access point
Construct walls/public and private spaces
[BODY 1] MAPPER/SENSOR [BODY1]
Reads circulation through the site
[BODY1]
Measure toxins in the soil
[BODY1]
Reads what type of circulation occurs on the site
[BODY1]
[BODY1]
Reads lot lines
Reads site accessibility
[BODY1]
Reads usable structure
[BODY1]
Finds disc items left
[BODY1]
Reads decaying/weak structure
Timeline of Bodies Interactin
56 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
[BODY 3]
Change space size
rian
Change floor layout
[BODY 3]
Add/subtract seating
[BODY 2]
[BODY 2]
Reads usable structure
Reads decaying/weak tructure
[BODY1]
Finds discarded items left over
Implement plant life to clean air and soil contaminants/green roof
[BODY 2]
Construct walls/public and private spaces
BODY1]
BODY1]
[BODY 3]
Windows/openings
[BODY1]
Reads temperature on inside vs. outside of building
[BODY1]
Measure sound pollution on the site
[BODY1]
Reads circulation around the site
[BODY1]
Reads the environment (solar exposure,
wind exposure, amount of rain/snow, ect)
[BODY 2]
Implement seating
[BODY1]
Measure sound natural resources around site
[BODY1]
Reads thriving programs around the site
dies Interacting With Site And Each Other
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 57
58 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
Final 1 Review Comments Anthony Titus: The most radical part of your project is body 1. Does this new idea of being able to map these places of abandonment start to create a new idea of architecture? Can we uncover unique opportunities from these technologies? You need to deeply investigate the site to figure out what you want to pull out from it. Chris Perry: There is a disconnect from body 1 and body 2. Body 2 needs to be more radical. Look at using militaristic technology for architectural purposes. Carla Lieto: Relationship between the bodies needs to be better integrated so that the resolution of mapping offered by the mappers has influence on the design intention and character of the other bodies. Make studies of possible maps offered by the mapper that indicate potential differences of sites found and the kind of info these Maps would have. Soil testing is perhaps not enough an activity to define the mapper. There are a conjunction of things that would make body 1 a relevant new mapper of the holes in urban fabric that were interesting for the proposal. But a cross of data is necessary. And the mapper needs to both analyze properties locally as well as being able to relate across remote maps of areas.
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 59
ADAPTING RESILIENT
60 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
POST-INDUSTRIAL ABANDONMENT
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 61
SITE TIMELINE INITIAL STATE
PHASE 1:PROJECTION
62 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
PHASE 2: CONSTRUCTIO
2: CONSTRUCTION
PHASE 3:ACCRETION
PHASE 4: ADAPTATION
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 63
BODY 1 MAPPER As technology progresses and other network changes occur, architecture moves from stage to stage. The new technology of machines and the switch to the use of coal as power brought architecture into the industrial age. There were factories upon factories that popped up all over the world. As technology made another huge leap, along with other factors, the factories that once allowed a city to thrive, became abandoned and started to decrease the economy. The technology , thriving networks that are around today and our Awareness that we are depleting Earth’s natural resources are creating a new “fad” of sustainable architecture. Sustainability is relevant right now, but what happens in a few years or decades from now? Will it still be relevant, or will all these sustainable buildings fall victim to abandonment just like that factories did once their purpose was no longer needed, or relevant. Before we can jump to fixing our static architecture, first we have to fix the abandoned, blighted holes within the cities. Remediating these sites helps the cities grow and thrive until the remediation becomes irrelevant. Remediating these sites with adaptive agents will allow the building to always stay relevant to the networks and always allow the city to grow and thrive. Three scenarios played out on the timeline help to show the capability and flexibility the adaptive agents have, so that no matter what form of life or network passes through the site, the building will fit its needs. Before the adaptive agents are implemented, 64 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
the abandoned sites must be “sniffed” out and remediated. Body 1 are the mappers who “sniff” out the site that needs remediation and can be implemented with adaptive agents, based on the criteria of the site being in a thriving city, an old industrial site, and has little or no soil pollutants. Once body 1 finds a location that fits that criteria by remote map analysis and circulation sensor mapping, it navigates to that site and deploys more sensors to find usable structure, which is uncontaminated or little contamination of soils, and access points to allow for pedestrian circulation. While body 1 is mapping out the site body 2, the transformer, starts designing a cultural center for the City of Poughkeepsie. Body 3 is implemented in while body 2 is transforming. Body 1 is always mapping the city to relay these maps back to body 3 to inform how much it has to adapt.
TECHNOLOGY FLYING AeroVironment Nano Hummingbird - Precision hover flight - Hover stability even in wind gusts - Endurance for 8 minutes with no external power - Reaches 11 miles per hour - Holds a small video camera inside
HOLOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
LASER TruSense S-Series Laser Sensor - Easily optimized - High accuracy levels - Has a range to 7,546 ft - 4.11 in X 3.22 in X 1.64 in - Glass filled poly carbonate -Recognizes small targets at long distances, within narrow openings and from sharp angles. - Performs under temperature variations, background noise, vapor pressure and low dielectric or acoustically absorbing materials.
AV Concepts High -Definition Holographic Projection - Based off Pepper’s Ghost Illusion
BEE VENOM Explosives Sniffing Sensor - Carbon nanotube with a bee-venom based sensor
- Bee venom has a protein called pep tide that can detect nitro-aromatics when it is places on a small wire. - The proteins react differently when they come in contact with the bee venom pep tide
CENTRALIZED LASER FOR PRECISION
WINGS FOR FLIGHT
MOVING LASER GRID TO ALLOW ACCESS TO ALL ANGLES OF THE CITY
HOLOGRAPHIC PROJECTOR THAT DETACHES FROM BOTTOM AND GETS DEPLOYED AND EMBEDDED INTO SITE
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 65
BODY 1 FLOW OF DEPLOYMENT BODY 1 FLOW OF DEPLOYMENT Remote Map Analysis and Circulation Sensor
Site Criteria - In a city : Surrounded by thriving networks - Old industrial site - Little to no soil pollutants
66 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
Navigate to Location T
Type of Location: Aba Dutton Lumbar Y
NT
e to Location Trigger
Deploy Other Sensors of Further Analysis to Reinvent Capacity of Site
Location: Abandoned ton Lumbar Yard
Usable Structure Are there any soil pollutants? Is there stable building structure? Are there access points?
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 67
POPULATION DENSITY IN POUGHKEEPSIE
HOUSING UNIT DENSITY
KEL
BUCKINGHAM AV.
. AV DS .
HU
L AV .
AV IS
KIL LL
BO DU
FA
. RD
T ST .
LD
E AV .
ET
NO
IKE
CH
AR
FIT
AV.
RL
FE RD. CLIF
RAD
.
CO
AV RY AN NE
GRA ND AV.
FL
AV. ETT
INNI S AV.
L AV.
JEW
. AV
. VD BL
AV .
MEY ER AV. MAR YLAN D AV.
WI LS ON
.
OR
OK
ER
AV
.
N CT
BLV
STI AU
TON AV.
NW
BEECH
OR TH
FOX LN.
KINGS
.
AV.
HO
SPO
.
BLVD
BLVD OOD
WHIT TIER
AV.
ARN OLD
D.
MIT
OAKW
BLV D.
AV PH
AV.
OL ND
LAND
RA
WOOD
.
SWAN LN.
LINDEN RD.
AV
PA RK
ER
.
OK
GRA ND
LN. RIS
RA
ND
HO
. CT
BELL MOR
AV.
WA
IC
K
R
AV. AR
D.
HI LL .
5.0 - 10.0
RD
MU
UT
IRF
LN
IEL D
.
R
Drive .
ER
PEMBROKE DR.
WANTA UGH AV.
.
RD
M
CED
LER
ETT RD.
AV
0.0 - 0.1
ATT
Private
LL SPR
HEWL
.
NE MIL
LILLING RD.
Housing Units /acre
0.1 - 3.0
ASPEN WALK .
O M
AV.
RD.
D DR
WOOD
OO
ALDEN
SANTA ANNA DR.
3.0 - 5.0
BB ST.
ON AV.
MI
FER
.
.
.
S RD
RD
RD
OFT RD.
BANCR
ER ST.
GRU
D AV.
NE
IN
LL
AN
SK
BA
GA
ST
KIM
RD.
BAK
ST.
PL.
AV .
AR
G ST.
ST.
BUR
IL L
MAIN
WIL
AV
TOR
RH
KIN
ST.
WOR RAL
. N
HEC
DE
.
AV .
ME BE
SHI NG
ST SE
ST .
PER
WH
ITE
RO IA
M
SEAMAN
CT.
N CT. UN
.
ST .
PLE
AV.
.
E RD
MA
FULT
EGE
AV
RN
BUS
COLL
WOO
PH
BO
FOR
IELS
LOW
GLEN
SPRINGSIDE DR.
YATES BLVD.
DAN
.
OL
OS
E AV
ION
IES
PL. ALLEN
. NT
AV
SM
IA AV.
NTO N ST.
SLE Y AV.
GIN
HA
HANSCOM AV.
MM
VIR
CLI
ST.
.
EMY ACAD
EDE N TERR
IVY TERR.
WILB UR CT.
.
PROSPECT ST.
X ST FO
NC
D
PLZ GARFIELD PL.
HAMILTON ST.
FOX TERR.
.
PL.
RIA
NS
TAIN FOUN N PL. NTAI OU AV. MANIT OU AV.
AD
MA
TON AV. LEXING R LN. QUAKE
HOLME S ST. DWIGHT ST.
PHOENIX ST.
Private Drive .
.
FOU
ST.
AV.
OAK
ST
.
MANIT
IN
ST
E ST
.
ST.
EDGAR ST.
CARROLL ST.
CH
GRAY ST.
ST
BARNARD
GS
LIV
N
.
ON
N ST
MAY ST.
FRANKLIN ST.
UR
CHERRY ST.
LINCOLN AV.
PS
ISO
ST.
ER
CH
LAY ST.
AG
WI NN
ST . IT H
TH
ST.
LN.
CAN NON
DEAN PL. E PL.
OM
RR
.
SOUTH AV.
GROVE ST. ROUTE 9 .
EASTMAN TERR.
READ
ST
TH
HA
ST
ST.
N ST.
BARC
TT
H
ON
MONTGOMERY ST.
.
PARK PL.
ST .
CO
NT
CA
OD
KET
LE
AR
.
WO
MAR
L ST
NN
W EE D
.
CO
.
TO
ST
CHE LL AV.
EY
IT
.
HUDSON RIVER
DR
XO
ION ST.
INE
CIVI C CEN
NK
LIN
TER
ST.
.
ON ST.
MANS
SM
JEFFERSON ST.
MIL
CA
NO
ST
ST.
MANSI
LE
LD
E
MANSI ON ST.
E DR.
. ST EN RD GA
NG AV.
KL
BALDI ST.
ST.
BRID
SAR VAS
PL.
OA
HIGH ST.
TT
RA
MBIA
ST.
GRAND ST. COLU MBUS DR.
ON
GE COLU
ST.
UNI
LAUREL ST.
PIN
ON
N ST.
AV.
CLINTO
KER
ST.
LD RE
WASHINGTON ST.
PL. GE RED
ST.
LD ST.
KITT
ANY ALB
ADG
DEL AFIE
H RD.
TALM
NORT
E ST.
MARSHALL
LI
DELANO ST.
RINALDI BLVD.
PAR
RD AV.
GE
Y ST.
WATER ST.
DAVIES
ST. VER CLO
PERR
r
.
Private Drive
BAIN AV.
GIFFO
E ST.
MAIN
N PL.
Hudson Rive
r
EGA
Hudson Rive
AN
O BLVD.
DON IHE ST.
N ST.
AV.
DU
44 .
HURL
ERSO
K ST.
AV.
VERNON TERR.
VERAZZAN
LONG ST.
ROUTE
CLAR
TAYLOR
VIEW
SPRUCE ST.
RD.
SS AV.
FAIR
CHE
SEY
HEND
DUT
WOO D BLVD .
MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN POUGHKEEPSIE
PARK
MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME ALONG HUDSON RIVER
10.0 - 72.0
0
0.25
0.5 Miles
$20,000
$40,000
$60,000
$80,000
$100,000
$120,000
$140,000
1 inch = 1,500 feet
0
10,000
HISTORICAL SITES
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
1 inch = 1,500 feet
ZONING MAP
PARK AREAS
CITY OF POUGHKEEPSIE
CITY OF POUGHKEEPSIE
Hudson River
Hudson Rive
r
Hudson Rive
r
CITY OF POUGHKEEPSIE
LEGEND HIGH DENSITY RESIDENTIAL MEDIUM DENSITY RESIDENTIAL LOW DENSITY RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL LIGHT INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL HOSPITAL/MEDICAL OFFICE WATER FRONT PLANNED RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
1 inch = 1,500 feet 1 inch = 1,500 feet
$20,000
$40,000
$60,000
$80,000
$100,000
$120,000
$140,000
$160,000
Body 1 maps the Hudson river valley which shows a correlation between declining cities and cities that were built during the industrial revolution. Zooming in DIVERSITY OF PEOPLE MOST VISITED SITES DIVERSITY OF PEOPLE
specifically on Poughkeepsie, the same pattern occurs.
BUILDING SCAN SHOPPING AREAS
COLLEGE STUDENTS TOURISTS COLLEGE STUDENTS TOURISTS
DAY VISITORS
DAY VISITORS RESIDENTS
WORKERS WORKERS
COLLEGE STUDENTS
COLLEGE STUDENTS
WORKERS
WORKERS
WORKERS
WORKERS WALKWAY OVER THE HUDSON
VISUAL AND PHYSICAL ACCESS POINTS
WALKWAY OVER THE HUDSON
VISUAL AND PHYSICAL ACCESS POINTS
WORKERS RESTAURANTS / SHADOWS
RESIDENTS
WORKERS RESTAURANTS / SHADOWS
RESIDENTS
TOURISTS
RESIDENTS
RESIDENTS PARK AREA/UPPER LANDING
TOURISTS
RESIDENTS CONCERT VENUES / THE CHANCE VISITORS
RESIDENTS CONCERT VENUES / THE CHANCE VISITORS
1 inch = 1,500 feet
Holes within the city become opportunities for new resilience to happen. BUILDING SCAN
SHOPPING AREAS
MOST VISITED SITES
RESIDENTS
TRANSPORTATION CENTER
$180,000
PARK AREA/UPPER LANDING
CIRCULATION MAP ON CIRCULATION MAP ON SITE
SIDEWALKS
CIRCULATION MAP IN POUGHKEEPSIE
College Hill
Pulaski
Dongan Waryas
Wheaton
Kaal Rock
Mansion Sq
Hulme Reservoir Sq Soldier's Mem. Lincoln Eastman Fountain Ctr
Pershing Ave.
King St.
Hudson
River
Bartlett
Spratt 0 0
0.25
0.5 Miles
1,650
3,300 Feet
WALK ABLE AREAS
0
WEEKDAY TRAFFIC
WEEKEND TRAFFIC
100
MOST VISITED SITE
POLLUTION MAP ALONG HUDSON RIVER
70 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
POLLUTION MAP IN POUGHK
UTION MAP IN POUGHKEEPSIE
TOXICITY OF SITE
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 71
BODY 1 PROJECTIONS Once the swarm of mappers finds a blighted, industrial site, they deploy their projectors down that get imbedded in the site. These projects, with the information from the maps, then project the best construction type and program for the site. There are two existing buildings. One of them is programed to be a cultural lab and the other one is programmed to be an innovation lab. These programs will help the city become connected to a larger scale of networks through the innovation in technology it is producing but
also is able to strengthen its cultural networks on a local scale. For the construction projections, they map out where excavation should be, where projected circulation will occur based on the toxic spots and where scaffolding should be placed based on circulation and pollution. Lastly it projects where the most ideal accretion should start forming on the interiors to allow for immediate habitation. These projections remain imbedded in the site and are constantly updating and projecting more when in needed.
PROGRAM PROJECTIONS SITE USERS DIFFERENT PROGRAMS ON SITE
PARK AREA
LIVING LAB
CAFES
CULTURE LAB EVENT SPACES
SITE PROGRAM
USE OF SPACE THROUGHOUT THE DAY
COLLEGE STUDENTS TOURISTS DAY VISITORS RESIDENTS WORKERS
7AM
9AM
11AM
1PM
3PM
5PM
7PM
9PM
11PM
1AM
PED WITH POLLUTED
CONSTRUCTION PROJECTIONS CONSTRUCTION PROJECTIONS CONSTRUCTION
EXCAVATION
ACCRETION CONSTRUCTION SITE MAPPED WITH POLLUTED SPOTS
FIRST LAYER OF SCAFFOLDING IMBEDDED IN GROUND
FIRST LAYER OF SCAFFOLDING IMBEDDED IN GROUND
SECOND LAYER OF SCAFFO CONSTRUCTED
SECOND LAYER OF SCAFFOLDING CONSTRUCTED MOST COVERED AREAS ARE THE MOST POLLUTED
MOST COVERED AREAS ARE THE MOST POLLUTED
SCAFFOLDING IS RAISED UP HIGHER IN THE POLLUTED SPOTS FOR A GREATER POSSIBILITY OF FULL ENCLOSURES
ACCRETION IS FORMED BY USING THE POLLUTANTS IN THE SOIL ALONG WITH THE HELP OF A 3D PRINTER BOT TO CREATE CRYSTAL STRUCTURES THAT ARE ABLE TO GROW IN RESPONSE TO THE INHABITANTS INTERACTIONS.
CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION SITE MAPPED WITH POLLUTED SPOTS
FIRST LAYER OF SCAFFOLDING IMBEDDED IN GROUND SECOND LAYER OF SCAFFOLDING CONSTRUCTED MOST COVERED AREAS ARE THE MOST POLLUTED
SCAFFOLDING IS RAISED UP HIGHER IN THE POLLUTED SPOTS FOR A GREATER POSSIBILITY OF FULL ENCLOSURES
ACCRETION I CREATE CRY
PROJECTED CIRCULATION
PROJECTED ACCRETION WALLS
PROJECTED INTERIOR CIRCULATION
PROJECTED ACCRETION WALLS
BODY 2 CONSTRUCTOR Body 2 is part of the transformer phase of the feedback loop. It specifically excavates and constructs the scaffolding that goes on the site. Because I am looking at specifically old abandoned industrial sites, these sites contain different levels of toxins through out the site. There are two types of excavators within body 2; one excavates toxic soil from the site by scarification of the asphalt and then removes the broken up asphalt from the site, and one that extracts structural components from the standing structure when windows, doors or more open space are needed. It extracts structural components from the standing buildings by using laser cutting technology to cut away 3 feet by 3 feet panels of material. It cuts in 3 by 3 panels because those are smaller and therefore easier to remove from the site later as opposed to 6 feet by 12 feet panels and so on. The scaffolding is placed on the site in two steps. Step one is scaffolding that gets imbedded in the ground. The more polluted the area, the more metal scaffolding gets placed on top of that area. The next step, the scaffolding is placed and lifted up, 18 feet where the pollution is the worst and 9 feet where the pollution is less. The raised scaffolding allows the accretion in phase 3 to grow in between and create functioning walls and structure. Depending on how much the accretion grows, people would be able to inhabit or walk on the scaffolding and accretion. As time goes on, and the feedback loop continues, body 2 can start to excavate more
74 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
soil and more structure based on the maps and projections from body 1. It can also begin to extract parts of what body 3 constructs if it becomes irrelevant again.
STEEL IS MELTED AND FORMED INTO ROD ROD IS DEFINED
ROD IS EXTRUDED AND PLACED IN PLACE
DRONE ON WHEELS TO ALLOW FOR MOBILITY
SCISSOR
LIFT
FOR
RAISED SCAFFOLDING
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 75
BODY 2 FLOW OF DEPLOYMENT Receives Information From Body 1 ‘s Projection
Projection relays information on where excavation and scaffolding needs to take place based on pollution mappings
76 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
Navigate to Projectio
Type of Location: Ab Dutton Lumbar
e to Projection Location
Location: Abandoned tton Lumbar Yard
Excavates Material On Site Constructs Scaffolding
Excavates most polluted soil and structural components based on projection. Constructs scaffolding based on projection
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 77
SCAFFOLDING DIAGRAMS
EXTERIOR SCAFFOLDING
INTERIOR SCAFFOLDING
EXTERIOR SCAFFOLDING
80 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
INTERIOR SCAFFOLDING
86 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
BODY 3 ACCRETOR Body 3 is part of the transformer part of the design as well. It specifically is an accretor. There are two different types of accretion it does. One accretes a fast growing accretion for things ;like interior walls that are needed to be constructed more quickly so that people can start using the buildings as they are intended to be, a culture lab and an innovation lab. The second type of material it accretes is slow accretion. This accretion is combined with the pollutants on the site so that it is able to grow into crystal structures instead of pollution the ground. Because of the organic growing material, the natural accretion is helped and is able to respond and adapt to the inhabitants of the site; being able to grow based on its interactions with the users of the site. Depending on how much the accretion grows, people would be able to inhabit or walk on the scaffolding and accretion. Starting out, the accretion will need help from humans to grow and be controlled through the use of the drone. There are two sides to the interior of the drone; the water side and the solution side. The solution side aids in creating the crystal structures and the water side helps remove the over growth of the crystals. Over time, through the technological advances of the innovation lab on the site, it will become a self-sustaining system of feedback loops that are constantly reading circulation through the site, the interaction with the inhabitants and scaffolding and also the networks that allow the system to thrive.
92 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
SPOUTS FOR WATER AND SOLUTION DISTRIBUTION
CRYSTAL SOLUTION
PROPELLERS FOR FLIGHT
HOT WATER
DIVIDING WALL
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 93
BODY 3 FLOW OF DEPLOYMENT Receives Information From Body 1 ‘s Projection
Projection relays information on where accretion needs to take place based on pollution mappings
94 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
Navigate to Projection
Type of Location: Ab Dutton Lumbar
to Projection Location
Accretes Material On Site
Location: Abandoned ton Lumbar Yard
Accretes organic responsive growing material depending on projection, also helping contaminants grow into crystal structures
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 95
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ACCRETION FAST GROWTH The faster forming accretion is mainly for the interiors of the building. The accretion has the potential to grow into seating, walls, and
eventually even inhabitable structures based on the needs of the inhabitants.
SLOW GROWTH Slower forming accretion is mainly for the exterior scaffolding where it can grow overtime and more specifically for the types of programs
that happen on the site. The accretion has the potential to grow into seating, walls, walkways and eventually even inhabitable structures.
The slow forming accretion works and reacts with the sites inhabitants. In the diagram of circulation over time, there are lines that show pure circulation and then larger dark spots, the larger and darker the spot, the more people stop there. This map then informs the accretor to start forming accretion in those spots because there needs to be seating and walls for people to sit on when they stop. This newly formed accretion brings even more people to these specific spots and over time allows the accretion to form into completely inhabitable, semi-enclosed spaces for other possible programs to take over.
NO GROWTH
ACCRETION OVER TIME
98 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
SOME GROWTH (SEATING)
CIRCULATION ON SITE OVER TIME
AC
MORE GROWTH (WALLS)
CONTINUAL GROWTH (ENCLOSURES))
FEW HOURS 1 WEEK 1 MONTH
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 99
EXTERIOR ACCRETION
100 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
INTERIOR ACCRETION
106 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
118 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
CONCLUSIONS As previously stated, the site in Poughkeepsie is just a template of what can happen to old, abandoned, industrial sites on a global scale. Using new inventions from the innovation labs, the accretion will start to be a more advance self adapting material that acts like crystal growth instead of actual crystals like it is at the moment. This proposal is adaptable for the changing networks and advancing technologies of the communities surrounding them. Working on a global scale, this proposal has the ability to change the way we view architecture. Architecture becomes an inhabitable adaptive form that changes with us instead of inhibiting us from moving completely forward as technology advances.
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 119
120 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
APPENDIX
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 121
FIGURE INDEX Graphic done by author. Graphic done by author. Graphic done by author. Graphic done by author. Picture collaged by author. Graphic done by author. Graphic done by author. Graphic done by author. Graphic done by author. http://www.fastcodesign.com/1664032/the-second-phase-of-nycs-high-line-is-even-better-thanthe-first-slideshow#2 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Meatpacking_District_001.JPG Graphic done by author. http://www.thehighline.org/ Graphic done by author. http://www.thehighline.org/ Graphic done by author. http://www.thehighline.org/ Graphic done by author. Graphic done by author. http://inhabitat.com/wasserturm-umbau-water-tower-adaptation/ Graphic done by author. Graphic done by author. Graphic done by author. http://www.daodao.com/LocationPhotos-g308272-d1793297-M50_Creative_Park-Shanghai.html Graphic done by author. Graphic done by author. Graphic done by author. Graphic done by author. Graphic done by author. Graphic done by author. Graphic done by author. Graphic done by author. Graphic done by author. http://spynet.ru/blog/pics/20186.html 122 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
Graphic done by author. Graphic done by author. http://weburbanist.com/2013/02/10/gone-fission-11-unfinished-nuclear-power-plants/ http://weburbanist.com/2013/01/07/7-abandoned-wonders-of-commercial-industrialarchitecture/2/ http://www.boredpanda.com/abandoned-places/ http://weburbanist.com/2008/11/20/7-intriguing-abandoned-factories-mills-and-mines/ http://sandramarkovic.wordpress.com/2011/03/25/abandoned-sydney-brewery/#jp-carousel-671 Photo taken by author. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Poughkeepsie,_NY_spring_2010_bird%27s-eye_view_3. JPG Graphic done by author. Graphic done by author. Graphic done by author. Graphic done by author. Graphic done by author. Graphic done by author. http://www.eurostemcell.org/factsheet/regeneration-what-does-it-mean-and-how-does-it-work http://www.lasertech.com/TruSense-Laser-Sensor.aspx http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AeroVironment_Nano_Hummingbird http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/science-scope/small-sensors-can-detect-traces-ofexplosives-using-bee-venom/?tag=search-river **All graphics and photos after research section done by author
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 123
BIBLIOGRAPHY Brafman, Ori, and Rod A. Beckstrom. The Starfish and the Spider: The Unstoppable Power of Leaderless Organizations. New York: Portfolio, 2006. Print. “The High Line.” The High Line. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2013. Jacobs, Jane. Cities and the Wealth of Nations: Principles of Economic Life. New York: Random House, 1984. Print. Kadushin, Charles. Understanding Social Networks: Theories, Concepts, and Findings. New York: Oxford UP, 2012. Print. Logan, John R., and Todd Swanstrom. Beyond the City Limits: Urban Policy and Economic Restructuring in Comparative Perspective. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1990. Print. “M50 Creative Garden in Shanghai | Easthong.” Easthong RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2013. “Nano Hummingbird.” Nano Air Vehicle (NAV). N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2013. “Small Sensors Can Detect Traces of Explosives, Using Bee Venom.” SmartPlanet. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2013. Tainter, Joseph A. The Collapse of Complex Societies. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge UP, 1988. Print. Tanaka, Elly. “Regeneration.” EuroStemCell. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2013. “TruSense Laser Sensor.” Laser Technology -. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2013. Utku, Senol. Theory of Adaptive Structures: Incorporating Intelligence into Engineered Products. Boca Raton: CRC, 1998. Print. “Wasserturm Umbau.” Superuse. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2013. West, Geoffrey. “The Surprising Math of Cities and Corporations.” TED: Ideas worth Spreading. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2013.
124 THE ARCHITECTURE OF PLANETOLOGY
“Wild Systems.” NextNaturenet Exploring the Nature Caused by People RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2013. Woods, Lebbeus. “MANUEL DELANDA: Smart Materials.” LEBBEUS WOODS. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2013.
ADAPTED RESILIENCY I Caitlin McCabe I 125