TINY HOME | BIG CITY morgan stafford and caitlin molenaar
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project introduction
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executive statement goals and objectives
existing ideology and trends
historical roots contribution to densification environmental impact economic impact psycological impact
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precedents
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case studies
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precedents - compact furniture
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human factors
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site and context
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design considerations
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building requirements and codes
mv mobile villa miller residence house arc matchbox house soul box ‘seelenkiste’ lego apartment
minim house songpa micro housing
kitchen bath bed
marketing strategy client profile proximetrics ergonomics anthropometrics
region analysis
materials day lighting and artificial lighting color and space
codes equipment
TINY HOME | BIG CITY is a programming document created during the Fall 2014 semester for Kansas State University’s Interior Architecture and Product Design programming course. It will serve as a companion to the design project it details, which will be completed during the following Spring 2015 semester. Its intent is to synthesize research analyzing the validity of urban micro housing and the needs and wants of the next generation of homeowners in order to create a cost, size, and energy efficient alternative to traditional housing.
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executive statement “The economic challenges of starting a life in the suburbs have grown. Mortgages and car loans are harder to get for millennials, especially as they deal with onerous college debt. Though rents are increasing, it’s easier to rent an apartment in the city and take a bus or subway to work (millennials are also delaying the decision to have kids, which makes compact urban living easier). Environmentally, the traumas of Hurricane Katrina and the Deepwater Horizon spill, the geopolitics of imported energy and the perils of domestic energy extraction all argue for a lifestyle that is more resource-efficient.” vishaan chakrabarti, america’s urban future
executive statement mission statement the implementation of Urban Micro Homes will fulfill the needs of a generation looking for affordable, transitional housing in an urban center
vision statement the design will provide a solution that creates maximum spatial efficiency, marketability, security, and user adaptability through the use of research-based design.
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In recent years American consumerism, waste, and population densities have skyrocketed to new levels. Our economy survives by telling consumers that they always need more, that what they have isn’t good enough, that happiness is derived from what you physically possess. This mentality has a direct effect on the housing market, increasing prices and sizes exponentially and leading to additional growth in material, electricity, and fuel consumption. The new American home is not a result of need but rather a result of excess. More space is associated with a greater social status and wealth, promoting the idea of a false sense of happiness. The average American home size has grown to over 2,500 square feet, increasing from 1,525 square feet in 1973. In contrast, the average family size has actually decreased, dropping from 3.67 to 2.55 (“Less Is More: The Tiny House Movement,” 2014). This growth of the home can be closely associated with the popularization of the American suburb. In the past--specifically around the time when the baby boomers were beginning to buy homes--young city dwellers made a move to the suburbs to opt out of a place portrayed as being on the decline, and instead moved to where crime was low and parks and public amenities were plentiful (Chakrabarti, 2014). This mass movement to the idealistic suburbs caused a boom in the market, and as demand for these homes grew, so did the size.
However, as the millennial generation shows an increased interest with moving back into the cities and away from the suburbs, America finds itself in the midst of an urban reordering. “This reordering, should it continue, will have dramatic consequences for our politics and society — but only if the federal government undertakes its own historic reordering and shifts its priorities away from promoting the suburbs.” (Chakrabarti, 2014) This dilemma which Chakrabarti lays out has a clear solution: the inclusion of tiny houses as alternative living means in urban centers. This micro urbanism fulfills the environmental, economic, and social needs of young millennials entering the housing market, as well as begins to solve the issue of suburban expansion by:
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increasing the densification of cities and slowing detrimental suburban expansion by infilling underutilized spaces
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creating an environmentally conscious alternative to traditional city housing
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providing a cost-effective solution to inflated housing markets found in cities suffering from high population increases
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fulfilling a deeper socio-psychological need of humans to have control over their physical environment, and providing the framework for one to free themselves from the burden of consumerist ideals.
Tiny homes can provide a solution to the lack of real estate available in growing cities and begin to address the social environmental and economic issues that recent graduates are facing. This will be accomplished by defining and designing for the needs of those entering into the housing market for the first time, as well as optimizing spatial adaptability through the use of multi-functional components.
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goals and objectives
goals and objectives create a living unit for 1-2 people which maximizes comfort and minimizes footprint utilize interior ergonomics to increase the versatility of spatial functions incorporate multi-functional furniture and built-in pieces to optimize storage and ease of use
allow for user adaptability based on unique lifestyle characteristics provide customizable solutions based on user needs/wants for easy reconfiguration develop a marketing and spatial usage strategy for a target audience of 25-34
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seamlessly integrate living unit and its inhabitant into an urban environment provide a secure environment, psychologically and physically utilize proximics to encourage sustainable transportation and grow community interaction and identity assimilate aesthetically into the fabric of urban society
effectively design for environmental longevity implement the use of sustainable materials and systems consider product life-cycle costs and decrease to a minimum
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existing ideology and trends
historical roots The idea of living small in America is not a new one. Before the colonization of the states, many tribes of Native Americans lived in homes small enough and flexible enough to be transported. The tipi and wigwam, for example, were two common dwellings used by nomadic tribes. Both forms were small enough to be easily deconstructed or transported, although wigwams were usually just rebuilt due to the ease of construction. Westward colonization, although not strictly nomadic, required that settlers maintain the ability to travel with a portable dwelling. While covered wagons were not meant to be permanent shelters, they were the first truly tiny mobile homes to emerge and be tested by predecessors to modern Americans.
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As settlers began to set up residence across the country, the construction of equally small but slightly more permanent shelters began. The iconic family of Laura Ingalls Wilder lived with five people inside a sod dugout which was “the size of a freight elevator” (McClure, 2011). As the country’s history progressed, homes still remained small, with notable figures such as Henry David Thoreau choosing to live in his 10’ x 15’ cabin on Walden Pond. Even after World War II, which rocketed the country into economic prosperity, 1,000 sq ft homes were the norm (Bender, 2013). Frank Lloyd Wright himself championed his idea of the utopian, Usonian house in the early fifties, which portrays an aesthetic, affordable, small single-story home built with natural, sustainable materials (Wright, 1954). The micro home is not merely a trend created by a modern society, but is rather an idea that has existed throughout all of history. However, as prosperity and the ability to advertise grew, so did people’s need for material wealth, which became represented by the size of the home you owned.
Constructed for durability and protection in a variety of weather conditions, the tipi was traditionally built from long wooden poles and stitched together animal hides. The interiors space took the form of a single circular room, which contained the central hearth or cooking zone surrounded by space for sleeping, sitting, or storage. All of the indoor activities took place in this space, and typically supported anywhere from three to five people. http://www.telli.com/page/siouxtipi
Containing a mere volume of 150 sq ft, Thoreau’s iconic cabin consisted of a single room, cellar, and woodshed. He used a variety of inexpensive and reclaimed materials to keep the cost down, building his structure for no more than $3,000 (modern cost). This led him to identify students as potential interested parities in smaller dwellings, stating. “... the students lose thrice: first, they have the extra expense, second, they experience idle leisure, and third, they don’t gain practical experience.”
http://shelterseeker.blogspot.com/2008/02/thoreaus-little-house-at-walden-pond.html
Although the Jacobs House (shown at right) is much larger than a standard tiny home, the principles which formed the modern movement are present in its design. Wright wanted to create an affordable, small home which possessed the ability to fit into unused or irregular lots. Other notable characteristics of a usonian home are native materials, passive systems, strong connection to nature, and a lack of excessive storage for possessions or cars. http://www.dgunning.org/architecture/Wisc/jacobsI.htm
contribution to densification As cities grow larger, the demand for housing, and subsequently the cost of living, increases. Most people looking to live and work near the city of their choice are left with three options--1) pay a large sum each month to live in close quarters in an apartment which will never be their own, 2) pay an even larger sum to take out a mortgage on a home, or 3) pay a more moderate amount to live outside the city in what has become a hallmark of American society, the suburb. While these suburbs offer affordable housing options, the decrease in density that is seen in these developments can be detrimental to the people living in them.
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Randolph T. Hester’s book, Designing for Ecological Democracy, discusses, among other topics, the beneficial principles of density when looking at an urban space. In his chapter entitled “Density and Smallness,” Hester begins by citing W.C. Allee’s principle that a species’ resilience often relies on high population density within a small space. This resilience is created specifically by “protecting biodiversity, providing access to nature, creating “centeredness”, and reducing transportation and health costs” (Hester, 2006). As population rates grow, so does the demand for housing in and around cities. Inefficient planning accelerates the growth of urban sprawl, encroaching into the surrounding natural habitats and ecosystems. Although population growth is decreasing, people are requiring more land per person--so much so that low-density suburban development now takes up twice as much land per capita as it did a decade ago (Hester, 2006).
As this low-density housing increases, density decreases, limiting the amount of successful businesses that can be located in an area. When these businesses disappear, so does the sense of a community. According to Hester, a density of twelve to fifteen dwelling units per acre is essential for “centeredness”, or, the successful upkeep of a sense of community and the economic preservation of its businesses. Since this growing epidemic of sprawl is thus responsible for the decline of both ecosystems and communities themselves, cities must begin to make more efficient use of their unused space.
The inclusion of tiny homes as urban infill can make use of underutilized space such as alleyways, vacant lots, or other areas in which code dictates buildings of certain sizes and permanencies cannot be built. CityLAB, a tiny house advocate company located in Pittsburgh, PA provides support for the idea that locating these small homes in the hearts of cities will also contribute to community strength. As the density increases, so does the use of public businesses and amenities such as coffee shops, libraries, public parks, art galleries, etc. People who find themselves living in smaller homes are more likely to visit one of these places to expand their household sphere.
When you find yourself living in 100-400 square feet, a change of scenery is often necessary to feel like you are progressing forward with your day, identifying with your “human need to claim space by changing the environment” (Marcus, 1995). For example, Beth Dringenberg, a recent graduate and soon-to-be tiny home builder, recalled her college years living in a small house with many roommates: much of her time was spent outside the house at libraries, coffee shops, or her school. She found that her personal space in her house was simply too small, and as a result sought to fulfill her need of claiming space elsewhere, enriching the community with both her presence and her economic contributions.
environmental impact American’s carbon footprint has been scrutinized over the last decade. With the rise of fossil fuel and carbon emissions in our country and around the globe, the general public has now become aware of what a large impact we have on the environment. This section synthesizes the current literature written on the residential housing market and its effect on the environment. As housing sizes continue to grow while land availability and natural resources continue to decrease, it is imperative to look at the harmful effects these residential properties can have on the environment. Downsizing to a smaller living situation can have an immediate impact on an individual’s
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carbon footprint. By choosing to build small sustainable homes, Americans have the ability to make environmental and economic shifts in their lifestyle. The cost of oil is one of the largest impacts on the US economy. Oil imports and consumption in America directly affects how much money we pay for energy (Gibson et al. 2010). However these cost concerns are minor compared to the overall repercussions on the environment. Energy consumption within commercial and residential buildings is one of the largest contributors to the carbon footprint (Gibson et al. 2010). “40 percent of all primary energy consumed in the United States and 70 percent of the electricity produced by U.S. power plants goes directly to commercial and residential buildings” (Gibson et al. 2010). Authors David Johnston and Scott Gibson in their Guide to Energy Self-Sufficiency at Home report that,
“...buildings are responsible for 48 percent of the carbon released into the atmosphere”. This literature provides the basis of understanding that a decrease in energy use for heating and cooling a home results in lower expenses as well as reduction in the impact on the environment (Gibson et al. 2010).
Living smaller can have a huge impact on the environmental issues facing America. By coupling these ideas with that of net zero building this problem can began to be solved on a larger scale. Emily Talen, author of “Sprawl Retrofit: Sustainable Urban Form in Unsustainable Places” studies the idea of sustainable living on a master planning level (Talen, 2014). Talen identifies the three driving factors of a sustainable planning agenda as:
Building sustainably has made its mark on America, but we must be critical of the progress and urge one another to take steps forward in this endeavor. The authors describe how “near zero houses” were once quite an accomplishment but now are simply not enough to counteract the growing environmental issues (Gibson et al. 2010). Net Zero housing is ideal, meaning “...the house makes as much energy as it uses over the course of a year” (Gibson et al. 2010). Through a variety of precedents, it is clear the net zero, passive, and sustainable housing can and should be achieved in today’s market. However, it will require more than a conscious effort among designers and builders. In order to reduce energy consumption we must reduce the amount of energy needed (Gibson et al. 2010).
Talen believes that this can begin to be addressed on a “site by site, project by project basis” (Talen, 2014).
David Johnston and Scott Gibson describe a variety of ways this can be done including reducing heating and cooling loads by creating a tight, well insulated building envelope and increasing energy use awareness among homeowners (Gibson et al. 2010). Building net zero homes needs to remain a cost effective option. Precedents have been set by individuals and corporations proving that these homes can be achieved with little to no cost increase in comparison to traditional building techniques (Gibson et al. 2010). By keeping homes small we can easily reduce heating and cooling loads, as well as use of materials, which is a critical factor in keeping costs down and maintaining feasibility for the majority of the population.
Projects small and large will have impact on this new way of planning but does require behavioral change in order to be successful (Gibson et al. 2010). By decreasing sprawl, we not only have the opportunity to impact environmental stress through the building and housing market but also through a multitude of directly related sources such as a reduction in automotive traffic when living in denser more compact areas, less land use preserving natural resources, and economic independence for individuals who may not be able to achieve this otherwise (Talen, 2014). Talen states that through her research, “We know that vehicle miles traveled and carbon emissions decline as density and mixed use increased” (Talen, 2014). Building small homes offers us the opportunity to densify current underutilized areas that may not be appropriate for another use. A general agreement has been established that, “cities that are more dense and compact and less sprawling and land consumptive are likely to be more sustainable, especially in environmental and economic terms” (Talen, 2014).
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the need to reduce energy consumption and “live local” (climate change)
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the need to build incrementally and in small-scale ways (the global recession)
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the need to provide smaller and more centrally located housing types (demographic change)
economic impact Environmental impacts have a direct connection to economic impacts for individuals and our nation as a whole. This is explored and confirmed through the research of Suparna Kadam in Zero Net Energy Buildings: Are they Economically Feasible? While Kadam’s studies prove that US energy costs have historically been too low to make renewable energy a viable goal, this is no longer true (Kadam, 2001). Promotion of renewable energy is now a very real and legitimate option. In addition to the rise in energy costs, technology advances have caused system prices to drop, making energy efficient building products, techniques and systems more attainable to the individual.
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The economic benefits are not only applicable to the individual homeowner but to the larger economy as well. By creating new developments farther and farther out of the city center, we are severely damaging the economy. Through the research presented in “Sprawl Retrofit”, “low density development has been linked to higher infrastructure costs, increased automobile dependence, and air pollution” (Kadam, 2001). By moving individuals into the city this creates additional urban potential and provides individuals with more choices rather than less (Talen, 2014). Although, traditionally, building homes with the capacity to be energy efficient or net zero has been expensive, relevant case studies have shown that these homes can now be achieved at almost the same cost of traditional construction (Gibson et al. 2010).
the economic differences between tiny and traditional home owners Examples of these precedents include:
68 29 55 more savings (%) 45 78 own their own home (%) 65 89 less credit card debt than average person (%) 11 no mortgage (%)
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Chris Benedict’s multi-family homes which do not utilize renewable systems but manage to consume only a small portion of the energy that a traditional home of the same size would A net zero home built by Denver’s Habitat for Humanity which cost $116 per sq ft. The home was built with standard materials and techniques, yet the cost per sq ft is no greater than that of a traditional home.
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zero credit card debt (%)
TINY vs
TYPICAL
While both of these examples examine traditional homes, when comparing the cost of a tiny home to a full-sized home, the economic benefits become even more pronounced. The diagrams (right), illustrate the immense savings that those who choose to live small benefit from. Overwhelmingly, those that make the switch do it primarily to escape the burden of a mortgage and experience financial freedom. These savings become especially relevant when looking at the current poverty statistics in the United States as determined by the U.S. Department of Commerce (also at right). To give an overview, housing prices have risen dramatically in the past fifty years, yet median income remains virtually the same. Young adults are being forced to live with their parents for financial security, because without their support nearly half of them would fall below the poverty line, and 3/4 of all Americans do not have enough money saved to pay their bills for six months. Tiny houses offer solutions to both young and old faced by the economic burdens of financing a home.
14% 50%
of 18-34 year olds live with their parents because they can’t afford rent
44%
of the nation falls below the poverty line
of adults aged 25-34 and living with parents fall below the poverty line when determined using only their own income
56%
75%
is the percent housing prices have increased since 1990
of americans do not have enough saved up to pay six months of bills
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of adults aged 25-34 are additional adults in someone else’s household
http://thetinylife.com/tiny-house-infographic/ www.custommade.com/blog/tiny-house/movement/ www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249.pdf http://ilovetinyhouses.com/tiny-mainstream-is-the-tiny-house-movement-ready-for-big-change/
psychological impact The average tiny house is six and a half times smaller than a typical American home. While environmental and economic reasons play a large part in home-owner’s decisions to downsize, there is a more primal, subconscious reason behind why humans are drawn to compact spaces. CityLAB has created a simple, six point list that skims the surface of some of the reasons to downsize. While environmentally friendly, city friendly, and cost friendly are all on the list, it also hints at the psychological effect that a person’s physical environment can have with the inclusion of a “simpler lifestyle” and “personalization” as bullets on the list.
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The plight of consumerism is no stranger in America. With the help of advertisements, mass production of inexpensive and impermanent products, and the attitude that more is better, people are made to believe that they must buy things to attain happiness and success. Consumerism has a direct link with conformity, as a person’s innate desire to belong drives them to believe that the more they buy, the higher status they acquire (Heath, 2001). This desire is further driven by the media and pop culture, which associates vast wealth and possessions with success. Lavish mansions, extravagant parties, and the latest technologies are all hallmarks of accomplishment. One of the last freedoms that people have is choosing how to spend their money, which is why they feel empowered when they purchase something, further adding to the addiction of consumerism (Phillips, 2011).
In addition, these objects begin to have a profound effect on the way a person crafts their self-image. A study by McClelland and McCarthy found that when ranking items in their life from “self” to “nonself”, people ranked possessions directly after their physical body, psychological processes, and personal identifying attributes (Marcus, 1995). These objects become not only a projection of ourselves, but also provide powerful connections to our sense of reality, as their physical presence reassures us of our own (Marcus, 1995).
Ridding ourselves of these objects can sometimes feel like ridding ourselves of who we are. However, people who recognize that an obsession with objects is detrimental and unnecessary become trapped within their lifestyle, and strive for freedom by relinquishing their possessions and becoming dependent from the draining society from which they came (Sarah’s Writings, 2014). This anti-consumerist movement can contribute to the growing popularity of tiny homes in America.
As people grow disillusioned by material needs, they realize the freedom that emerges from tearing down the confines of happiness created by unnecessary possessions. Ridding ourselves of these items can suggest a healthy nurturing of self-identity, while becoming too attached to inanimate objects can cause a detachment from human relations (Marcus, 1995). When living in a modestly sized space, a person is forced to limit their possessions to only what they really need. It is not so much about having less, but about choosing quality over quantity.
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precedents The projects studied provide the researchers with additional information on the concepts conditions and approaches relating to the tiny house movement. The tiny homes studied range in location from New Zealand, Idaho, Hawaii, and Washington DC. The homes range in size from 150 sf - 230sf. Different critical factors were studied through these precedents including site (urban vs rural), sustainable systems, off-grid status, unique or custom design elements, affordability, mobility, and small footprint. Through the analysis of these elements the researches can begin to draw conclusions about various successful qualities of tiny homes.
architects: brett sutherland location: bethells beach new zealand area: 161 sq ft project year: 2013 cost: $18,000 construction duration: 5 months capacity: one-two people mobile: yes
the ‘mv’ mobile villa Brett Sutherland, artist and New Zealand native began building his Tiny Off-Grid Home in 2013. After living many years as a self proclaimed ‘minimalist’, backpacking through New Zealand, traveling as a sailor in the Caribbean and living on Catamarans built by himself, Brett decided this was the next step. Brett’s driving influence was to maintain financial and physical freedom with his tiny home in order to focus on his art.
The roof angles also create an easy and efficient way for rain water collection on either end as opposed to on each side. Sutherland’s design incorporates two solar panels on the lower tier roof to power his 30-amp solar regulator, battery isolator switch and switchboard. The roof is approximately 13’-7” at its highest point from the ground.
sustainability: Sutherland’s house uses a Flexitank water storage system. These systems are light weight and can conform to unique spaces traditionally used on boats. The tank used houses 390 liters of water and is used for the shower and sink. construction: This Tiny House has a two-tier shed roof. This home uses a variety of recycled materials in order to keep costs low. Rimu This design allows for optimal air flow in the loft space wood, a native species to New Zealand is the primary wood recovered for the home. through two horizontal crank windows. The Rimu wood is used for the built in furniture pieces.
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http://thetinylife.com/
kitchen & bath: Counter-tops were purchased new and cut down to 500cm to save space while still allowing for conventional appliances to fit underneath. A gas stove is used in replace of an electric stove to conserve on amps. A recycled sink with 12V water pump provides water for both the kitchen sink and showerbath. A portable composting toilet fits into the bathroom area and can be easily removed. solar power: An off-grid design is achieved by using two solar panels on the roof. These panels power a 30 amp solar regulator which displays how many volts are being collected from the panels. The home is equipped with a battery oscillator switch and switch board with a 12V stove and 12v outlets.
architects: macy miller location: boise, idaho area: 232 sq ft (196 sq ft without sleeping area) project year: 2011 cost: $11,400 construction duration: 2 years capacity: two people, one baby, one dog mobile: yes
miller residence Macy Miller commercial architect in Boise Idaho decided to build her own home after facing foreclosure on her home during the economic downturn. Macy, like many small home builders wanted to have the financial freedom that a tiny house offers. Macy begin studying for her contractors license and used the construction of her own home as an opportunity to test out sustainable features and how to build. The miller residence is home to Macy and her partner, their daughter, and their Great Dane.
Because the home had to be constructed on a trailer to surpass local building permits and codes, the weight of the structure played a crucial part in the design. The trailer measures 24’long and 8’wide.
sustainability: Recycled materials were used such as the pallet wood for the siding and interior details. Macy has a long term goal of achieving an off-grid status in her home. She is currently tied to the grid but has designed a closet that house solar batteries. The Miller Residence is equipped with under floor radiant heat system with a tile floor acting as a thermal mass. 4” rigid insulation is used in walls and ceilings with an R-value of 20. The design also includes a rain screen wall system, a design drivers: Macy’s design had two primary factors. Thermoplastic polyolefin heat reflective energy efficient roof system, radiant barrier, These design drivers were cost and weight. and a green roof.
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http://dwell.com
Kitchen & Bath: This home uses a standard hose hookup to Boise’s potable water as a water source. Water runs through a filtration system and is heated by a propane water heater. A composting toilet is used in lieu of standard plumbing. The galley style kitchen is complete with open shelving and a gas stove.
architects: bellamo architects location: big island, hawaii area: 150 sq ft project year: 2012 cost: $55,000 - $75,000 construction duration: unknown capacity: tbd mobile: no - shipped flat pack
house arc Joseph Bellomo of Bellomo Architects has designed a new modular housing system to provide a solution to the need for disaster relief housing. the goal of this house is to be a modular easy to build system for relief housing or a “backyard getaway.� The design is modeled after an old air stream trailer and a bike rack. These precedents led to the development of the clean curved lines and steel exterior. Bellamo believes that through mass marketing the costs of the homes can decrease making this an affordable option for a modular flat pack home. construction: This house is set apart from other
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disaster relief housing solutions of its kind because of its emphasis on lightweight, flat pack construction. The pre fabricated system can be shipped in a 4 x 10 x 3 foot box. This not only provides a unique element to a disaster relief situation but can begin to be marketed to the general public as well with the appeal to be able to assemble the home locally. The House Arc is made of steel rib tube framework and clad with polycarbonate sheeting and wood. The structure weighs 3000 pounds and is quick and easy to assemble. sustainability: The House Arc is designed to be a completely off-grid housing solution. Some sustainable systems include rainwater collection, photovoltaics, large windows for cooling and lighting, as well as a raised structure to provide additional airflow as well as adaptability on different site terrains.
treehugger.com
architects: jay austin location: washington, dc area: 140 sq ft project year: 2012 cost: $10,000 - $50,000 construction duration: 2 years capacity: one-two people mobile: yes
“matchbox” house Located within America’s first urban tiny house community, the “matchbox” house was designed with the intention of creating a lifestyle that would allow simplicity, sustainability, and connection to nature--all within the confines of an urban community. construction: Rather than boasting a classic pitched roof, the matchbox house features a flat plane roof, allowing for greater spaciousness (13’6” aff) and a modern aesthetic. Steel framing gives added strength to the structure, as well as providing additional head room due to the thinness that wood would not allow.
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materiality: The house follows a neutral, natural palette, with the designer citing a “rustic modern” aesthetic as inspiration. Charred cedar planks clad the exterior, and are treated with Brazilian rosewood oil to provide weatherproofing, fireproofing, and insect repellent in a traditional Japanese technique. The interior is composed of earthen plaster, which provides humidity control, subdued greys and blacks, and natural wood grain. sustainability: The home is completely carbon-neutral, off-grid, and self sustaining. Solar energy powers all electronic devices, while rain chains collect rainwater for use in the kitchen, which boasts a foot-pedal-powered sink, and bathroom, which contains a 1/2 gallon low-flow shower and composting toilet. Large windows and a skylight allow for passive cooling and solar gains.
boneyardstudios.com
spatial efficiency: the matchbox home makes efficient use of its space primarily through clever storage techniques. There is plentiful wall shelving in place of traditional bulky cabinets, which can store upwards of fifty quart sized mason jars of dried food, as well as personal items. What food cannot be stored in these cabinets is kept in the mini-fridge or under-counter base cabinets in the kitchen. Most of the framing has been adapted to possesses magnetic capabilities, providing a docking port for containers, tins, knives, and the ladder which leads up to the sleeping loft. Induction stove tops are both energy and space efficient, as well as cost efficient.
architects: allergutendinge location: germany area: unknown project year: spring 2012 cost: unknown construction duration: 2012 capacity: one-two people mobile: yes
soul box ‘seelenkiste’ Inspired by the Arcadian Dream, the small soul box or materiality: The soul box uses minimal materials and is mostly finished on the spirit shelter was designed as a retreat to offer occupants interior with wood siding and plywood sheets. The exterior is made up of fiberglass a stress free environment different from their daily lives. reinforced plastic panels. In lieu of windows the design features operable wall openings which can be adjusted by the user. construction: The soul box is made up of a timber frame structure which comes prefabricated, flat-packed, and components: The interior design has three main areas. The entrance and living shipped to the site. Assembly can be achieved easily with area, the sleeping loft that cantilevers out into the exterior and the study space above a small group and the entire structure is supported on a the living area. The small structure includes a large amount of storage space and foundation made up of concrete tiles and brick. clever design features such as the built in step ladder and a folding table which disappears into the wall. Each component fits uniquely into the design creating a space that provides ultimate efficiency.
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http://www.allergutendinge.com/Seelenkiste
architects: barbara appolloni location: barcelona area: 258 sq ft project year: 2008-2009 cost: unknown construction duration: 1 year capacity: one-two people mobile: no
lego apartment The lego apartment, built in a run down attic in Barcelona was inspired by boats and minimalist Japanese interiors. The goal of the lego apartment was to create a simple design with extreme functionality.
components: The primary components are all tucked into one wall of the apartment. This wall makes up the closet, kitchen, dining table and bathroom door. Each function fits into the wall creating a system of pieces with different opening mechanisms to customize the space according to the needs of the user. The large panel covering the full size kitchen area has hinges that allow the panel to raise with almost no force materiality: The lego apartment is made up of two basic from the user. materials. Wood and viroc panels, which are made up of a mixture of wood and concrete, cover the walls and floor On the opposing wall a small desk can fold down out of the viroc panels. At the except for the shower area. large picture window sits a bench which houses a bed underneath that pulls out on a wheel system. The bed is housed under the floor of the balcony which allows for the most efficient solution. Christian, the owner of the home even finds space for things such as tennis rackets and roller blades.
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http://www.homedsgn.com/
lego apartment
matchbox house
architects
barbara appolloni
jay austin
location
barcelona
washington, dc
area
258 sq ft
140 sq ft
project year
2008
2012
cost:
unknown
$10,000-$50,000
duration
~ 1 year
~ 2 years
capacity
one to two
one to two
urban location sustainable systems off-grid custom design features salvaged materials affordability mobility small footprint
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soul box
‘my’ mobile villa
miller residence
house arc
allergutendinge
brett sutherland
macy miller
bellamo architects
germany
bethells beach new zealand
boise, idahoe
big island, hawaii
unknown
161 sq ft
232 sq ft
150 sq ft
2012
2013
2011
2012
unknown
$18,000
$11,400
$55,000-$75,000
~ 1 year
5 months
unknown
unknown
one to two
one to two
three plus one dog
flexible
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case studies
architects: brian levy with foundary architects location: anywhere - manufactured area: 210 sq ft project year: 2012 cost: $30,966+ construction duration: 2012-2013 capacity: one-two people mobile: yes
minim house Originally created as a part of the Boneyard Studios development, Minim became so successful that a company has been formed around it. Plans, as well as finished products, are up for sale. CityLAB, located in Pittsburgh, PA, is one such group that has chosen to purchase the plans and introduce Minim to a new city. construction: Structural insulated panels (SIPs) create the framing, insulation, interior and exterior walls. This method is cost, labor, and energy efficient, allowing a crew of two to construct the shell, windows included, within five days. R-values for roof and walls=40 and 26.
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sustainability: in addition to possessing off-grid capabilities and running off of a solar and rain-water collection system, Minim takes more advanced environmental practices into mind such as indoor air quality, cooling methods, access to off-grid water and purification of water. While the house can be adapted with any systems the purchaser chooses, there are many suggestions the designer provides. These include guidelines for: materials (low voc and low impact furniture, cleaning products, construction materials), combustion appliances (gas cook tops/heaters, hot water heaters), moisture control (fan systems), ventilation (panasonic fv-04VE1), “ductless” vs “portable” vs “through the wall” a/c systems, methods to modify an RV water system and how to properly set up plumbing, and how to install rain catchment surfaces, collection, purification, transport and plumbing.
minimhomes.com
philosophy: based strongly around ideas shared by Gaston Bachelard and Alain de Botton which inspire thoughts about personal attachment to material goods and how the human psyche is reflected through the beauty of the spaces they surround us with, Minim seeks to imply that: 1) beauty is a perfect form of order, fused to complexity--beauty is independent of scale, space defines life through careful balance and order 2) a contented life is independent from the scale of dwelling--happiness is not determined by size or quantity 3) the world is on fire, but we might still live well without adding much kindling--convenient living through minimal use of energy, 4) life is best shared--situate yourself near others who share the same values as you.
Despite its small size, Minim comes complete with all rooms one would find in a basic house. The kitchen contains a 10 ft galley, allowing room for two cooks, the living room is spacious, filled with light from the large windows on three sides of the house, a dropdown projection screen provides a large movieviewing method, a 5’x7’ office sits nestled in privacy towards the back, the bedroom merges seamlessly with the space through trundle-bed technology, and a wet-bath allows full shower, bathroom, and sink capabilities.
Atop the roof sits a 960 watt AC/DC off-grid solar panel array, which powers most of the electrical devices in the house through the use of a small battery bank, including two 400 watt panel heaters and a Dickenson Marine stove. The exceptions to this power source are the electric heat when propane is not being used, and the air conditioning at night. These two items will need to be powered by “grid-sourced” power.
Hidden stealthily beneath the living room’s 8.5’ couch (which conveniently doubles as a guest bed), is a 40 gallon RV fresh water tank and filter. Minim makes frequent use designs utilized on seafaring vessels to save space, which can also be seen in the 3 stage Doulton filter system. This filter system allows for rainwater collected to be converted into potable water to be used in the shower and sinks.
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Sustainability can be seen all throughout Minim, even in the striking 2� walnut butcher’s block counter tops. Sourced from a local Mennonite planing mill, this addition does not sacrifice any aesthetic in an attempt to recycle materials. The counter tops are also functional and well as beautiful and environmentally friendly. Hidden beneath the cutting board lies an in-counter high btu cook top. The kitchen also includes a convection oven and pedal-operated sink for convenience and water conservation.
In a dramatic change from typical tiny homes, Minim opts out of a cozy loft in lieu of a queen sized bed which can be hidden beneath the elevated office space. This allows greatly increased head room, as well as organizational versatility. If pulled halfway out, the bed can become another couch, and when pushed in it becomes virtually unnoticeable, giving the illusion of a much larger space. If safety is a concern this design also eliminates the potential of falling from the loft or ladder in the night.
The 4� walnut table is one of the most versatile pieces of furniture in the house. Also recycled from the local Mennonite planing mill, its design draws upon more inspiration from nautical design. Boasting a removable base, the table is able to move to four different locations in the living room, anchoring in at different floor ports on the floor. The base is also spring loaded, allowing it to change in height. This gives it the ability to become a desk, coffee table, dining table (with the addition of stools), or bar table.
architects: ssd architecture location: seoul, korea area: 120 sq ft unit project year: 2014 cost: n/a construction duration: n/a capacity: one-two people mobile: no
songpa micro-housing The Songpa Micro-Housing by SsD Architecture was designed in response to the global urban density and housing cost problem. Seoul, where the project is located, is the largest metropolitan area and has reported a total of 25 million residents. SsD Architects created a mixed use housing unit with community and gallery spaces to introduce a new prototype of housing in Korea. construction: The building is made up of steel frame construction and is enclosed with a fine grain screen made of twisted stainless steel designed to meet the demands of ‘typical’ additions generally seen on a building.
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The screen acts as a railing, drainage path, privacy barrier, and bike rack. The screen also hides unsightly utilities on the exterior such as conduits and gas lines. The screen is made up of varied patterns in 9 different modules and incorporates much of the sites infrastructure into its performance. sustainability: SsD Architects goal was to extend the current limits on housing units in Seoul, Korea. By creating units with the smallest possible foot print (due to code and zoning regulations) and maximizing public and community space they are able to house more residents in smaller space than traditional apartment housing. This reduces the carbon footprint of each individual living in the units. In addition to creating smaller living spaces, the architects have incorporated multiple sustainable solutions into the building including natural lighting and ventilation.
archrecord.construction.com/
Due to zoning restrictions the ground floor parking is required to be situated under the dwelling units. The architects transformed this area into a public plaza suitable for events and community engagement. The plaza is used to bring pedestrians from the streets in order to connect city residents with building residents in the gallery and cafe spaces on the lower level. This open program area allows for an overflow of the interior spaces as well as a small parking area.
In order to adhere to the goal of creating a smaller footprint for each unit the architects had to incorporate additional public spaces surrounding the dwellings. The architects refer to this space as the ‘Tapioca Space’. Given its name because it acts like the gel around a tapioca pearl, these areas create intersections of public and private spaces as well as interior and exterior spaces. This space is intended to enhance the social interactions between the neighbors in the units.
Some of the ‘Tapioca’ or community spaces can be seen here in the form of shared connections between residents. The architects use this strategy to “visually extend the interior experience while still maintaining privacy.” These spaces also provide the necessary connections between units in order to create double or triple sized units when appropriate.
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The micro auditorium and cafe are public spaces shared by all residents. In the evenings this space can be used for live theater performances and community events. In addition to the auditorium the complex includes a cafe, art gallery, and toy store.
There are two basic units that are each 120sf and are equipped with all basic functions of daily life. The architects have employed the use of prefabricated wall systems which house the bedroom area, storage, and kitchen amenities. In addition to this each unit is equipped with a bathroom which is the only permanent feature of the unit.
Double and triple sized units can be created by connecting private balconies between units. This allows for ultimate flexibility for the residents. The is a crucial feature in allowing the residents units to grow and alter as their lifestyles change. This extends the duration of how long each resident can comfortably stay in the complex which is a key issue not yet solved by typical micro housing.
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precedents - compact furniture
designer: toshihiko suzuki footprint when closed: 24”d x 34”w x 46”h manufacturer: kenchikukagu architectural furniture material: plywood components: sink extend-able counter top three storage drawers one cook top recipe display LED light fixture
mobile kitchen The mobile kitchen is one piece of a three part series of space saving furniture designed by Japanese architect Toshihiko Suzuki. The collapsible furniture set is completely mobile and can be folded into a compact case for easy storage. The design was created in order to meet the demand of creating ‘user friendly furniture’ for the ‘ever-growing urbanization and the environment’. Other pieces in the set include a mobile workstation and a mobile guest room.
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http://elitechoice.org/2008/09/22/elite-find-of-the-day-atelier-opa-designs-kenchikukagu-mobile-furniture/
designer: norbert wangen footprint when closed: 2’3” x 7’8” manufacturer: boffi material: stainless steel, glass-ceramic components: sliding worktop 4-place cook-top stainless steel sink drawer and lower compartment space for refrigerator dishwasher oven/microwave
k2
http://www.boffi.com/EN/Collections/kitchens/k2.aspx
The k2 kitchen cube is a compact stand alone kitchen complete with all of the necessities for cooking. The cube houses a stove, sink, refrigerator, oven, and dishwasher all within a small footprint. The top counter slides to the side to create a table and to reveal the cook-top and sink underneath. The k2 comes in two additional sizes even smaller in footprint, the k3 and k4. These smaller models still house all of the amenities from the state-of-the-art kitchen system.
http://www.modyandmody.com/k2-boffi-kitchen.aspx
designer: clara del portillo pardo & alejandro selma lázaro footprint: 9.5’ x 9’ x 10’H manufacturer: n/a roca international design competition material: unknown components: water closet wash basin thermal bomb water tanks shower seating and shelving
roca box The Roca Box is a conceptual modular design for a space saving bathroom. Three different boxes make up the system. Each box contains different components to make up an entire bathroom. The first box, where the basic elements are can be used independently and includes a water closet, washbasin, and the thermal bomb (the thermal bomb provides heating to the space). The second box contains a shower and seating as well as towel racks. The last box contains additional shelving. The three boxes allow the user to create a customized solution.
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http://dornob.com/modular-bathroom-is-low-on-space-but-high-on-efficiency/
designer: paul hernon footprint when closed:39” x 15 3/4” x 8’ manufacturer: design odyssey ltd material: aluminum components: adult shower child shower cistern storage sink water closet
vertebrae By stacking all the necessary components of a bathroom on top of each other Paul Hernon uses space vertically in order to achieve more space for living. The vertebrae has a toilet, sink, storage, water cistern, and shower head all stacked along the 8 foot aluminum column which houses all of the piping. The two shower heads rotate 180 degrees while the rest of the pieces have a 210 degree rotation. Hernon’s goal was to create a functional and simplistic space saving bathroom, inspired by a decrease in size of small homes and single person apartments.
http://dornob.com/7-functions-1-fixture-modular-metal-bathroom-design-idea/
designer: rolands landsbergs footprint: unkown manufacturer: boxetti material: unknown stainless steel accessories components: double bed night stand wardrobe ambient lighting
boxetti_private The Boxetti_Private was designed as apart of a collection which aims to address maximum efficiency with a minimalist contemporary aesthetic including advanced technologies and focusing on functionality. Each design in the collection can be folded and unfolded from a solid block to a complete room. The Boxetti_Private, has all the basic functions of a bedroom. The platform bed folds away easily by a remote control while the wardrobe portion houses six sections with shelving drawers and clothing racks.
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http://www.boxetticoncept.com/en/#home
designer: bonbon in house footprint when closed: 81.1�l x 35.4�w x 37.4�h manufacturer: bonbon compact living solutions material: tubular iron, polyurethane foam components: two bunk beds sofa ladder
doc sofa bunk bed Bonbon Compact Living Solutions specializes in efficient compact furniture. The doc sofa bunk bed unit has two different configurations, one for day and one for night. This sofa can transform into a two person sleeping arrangement with two bunk beds. This transformation can be achieved with one simple motion. The sofa bunk bed includes a removable cover as well as a ladder and gate for safety.
http://www.bonbon.co.uk/clei/doc.htm
mobile kitchen
k2
designer
toshihiko suzuki
norbert wangen
manufacturer
kenchikukagu
boffi
footprint
5.66 sq ft
17.25 sq ft
material
plywood
stainless steel, glass-ceramic
type
kitchen
kitchen
size storage mobility components
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roca box
vertebrae
boxetti_private
doc sofa
pardo & lรกzaro
paul hernon
rolands landsbergs
bonbon
roca
design odyssey ltd
boxetti
bonbon
85.5 sq ft
4.7 sq ft
unknown
20 sq ft
unknown
aluminum
unknown, stainless steel
tubular iron, foam
bathroom
bathroom
bedroom
bedroom
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human factors The two main age demographics of those buying tiny In identifying a user, the following will be taken into consideration in order to design homes are those under 30 or over 50 years of age. Young a product to best suit the unique needs of this demographic: adults are attracted to this flexible style of housing primarily client profile for economic reasons, while older adults often find they market strategy, generational characteristics and values, professional, social and economic characteristics can’t take care of a large home once their children have gone, and choose to downsize to a more manageable and proxemics cost-effective home. changes in comfort based on proximity between humans and their environment
1
2
Due to the large amount of millennials with a desire to move into urban ares and the lack of affordable housing currently available, this group has been chosen as one that would be most lucrative for the urban tiny house market.
3
anthropometrics standard measurements of humans based on age, gender, and body type
4
ergonomics design standards based on anthropometrics utilized to design for optimal comfort
client profile: market strategy who are the millennials? The largest generation by population size, the millennials are classified as being anyone born between 1980 and 1995. This would make them between 34 and 19 years old by 2014 standards. Commonly labeled as a “trophy generation”, millennials are viewed as placing high value on reward and affirmation, no matter the merit. This mentality of always being in the right initially caused bewilderment in the marketing community, as businesses expressed concern over working with and selling to a generation that believed they always came first (CBS).
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how can we market to them? As the millennials grew older, marketing companies have consistently had a difficult time reaching out to them. The population’s general shift away from traditional values and development in a technological world with ever-expanding choices and options has created a generation that believes anything is possible for them despite economic challenges (Spenner). The biggest mistake that brands can make is waiting for this population, which is commonly viewed as being emotionally stunted, to “grow up”. The fact is, the majority of them have already grown up, just not in ways viewed as traditional or acceptable by older generations. Katie Elfering, a consumer strategist from CEB Iconoculture has created a set of guidelines for businesses looking to connect to this user group.
1
trait and characteristic overview what they are
what they want
connected
meaningful work
tech-savvy
opportunities to collaborate
multi-taskers
fun
socially progressive
freedom of choice
social media has dramatically altered the way this generation receives information, with 3/4 reportedly having a social media page. trends and news are able to spread instantly through these means, creating a culture of connectivity growing up alongside the popularization and innovative boom of technological products has created a generation who largely uses these tools as easily as if they were an extension of themselves
2
understand their realistic lifestyles and experiences and find a way to amplify their reality
although able to juggle multiple responsibilities at once, this trait can run the risk of causing decreases in productivity the least overtly religious American generation and the most educated, millennials are more likely to support social changes such as same-sex marriage, equal rights, and lenient immigration laws.
3
make sure they feel informed and involved, not just marketed to
“
no different than preceding generations, millennials want to feel a sense of value in the work that they do, not only from a salary point of view, but also from a moral sense. millennials grew up in a world where team play was rewarded. video games and group projects contributed to this, and as they grew older workplace obsession with collaboration reinforced this ideal. while admitting that older generations have a better work ethic, millennials expect their day to be filled with fun, keeping them happy and productive perhaps due to their upbringing as highly valued and rewarded children, milliennials are proponents of challenging the accepted methodology in favor of a new, unique solution. they have a strong desire to change and control their environment to best suit their needs.
Brands that understand this generation’s mind-set focus on solving real consumer problems and are able to show Millennials how their product or service can be a useful tool in their daily lives. By acknowledging these changing lifestyle values, these brands are able to truly satisfy the demanding Millennial consumer and transform them into powerful advocates.
“
marketing guidelines understand and speak to the values that drive them: happiness, passion, diversity, sharing and discovery.
Below is his profile of Jane, the typical tiny house user: Jane is 34.8 years old and earns $56.4k/year She shops at Trader Joe’s, Whole Foods, Home Depot, Lowes, Ikea and Costco. Her favorite restaurants include Panera, Cracker Barrel, Olive Garden, Starbucks and Chipotle Jane purchases clothing from REI, Urban Outfitters, Patagonia, Old Navy, Nordstrom and Goodwill
client profile user guidelines The user of the proposed design will fall in the upper age tier of the millennial generation: 25-34. Not only is this group economically burdened to the point of moving in with their parents or having a roommate, but they are also of the age when finding a career is of the utmost importance. With the majority of jobs being found in cities, this user group is highly likely to be searching for an affordable housing option. Tiny house expert, Kai Roscheck, has identified a classic user in his article, Tiny Mainstream – Is the Tiny House Movement Ready for Big Change?
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This user is a relatively affluent woman on the cusp of breaking out of young adulthood. She makes more money per year than the average citizen, which affords her the ability to shop at slightly higher end stores. Her shop choices suggest an appreciation for trendy, environmental, and stylish objects without requiring an extravagant amount of money. Jane likely knows her way around a toolbox, and although she may not be a building master she at least understands the principles of being a handyman. Her clothing purchases lead us to believe she has enough leisure time to support an outdoor activity and that she cares about her health and appearance. She also has a taste for clothing offbeat enough to be unique but trendy enough to be socially acceptable. While this user profile has its merits, there is one major flaw: the salary. Tiny home owners are largely drawn to the lifestyle due to the economic benefits. While someone who makes an above-average salary could certainly find merit in this as well, the user identified for the proposed design will fall into the category of someone who makes an average or below-average salary (between $34,000 and $50,000 a year). This aspect will play a large part in the marketing strategy, as the product will seek to appeal to those specifically seeking a cost-efficient home.
who is our user?
trait and characteristic overview name: blair hamilton age: 28 marital status: single but looking
blair is a young adult with a varied lifestyle demanding change and flexibility.
pets: one cat, sassy siblings: brother andrew who visits frequently
they are up-to-date with the latest advancements in technology and want their appearance and possessions to reflect this.
salary: $42,000/year career: junior data analyst works from home: 2/5 days interests: the latest in bike gear, sustainable energy, finance, new gadgets, coffee, ultimate frisbee hobbies: entertaining friends, hammock camping, cooking ethnic food and grilling anything, watching netflix (game of thrones, portlandia) brands: columbia, h&m, chipotle, mike’s bikes, peace coffee, rei
while blair foresees a family in the future, they are enjoying their independence and do not plan on settling down for at least a few more years. blair maintains close connections with their family, often visiting their mother whose health is faring poorly in old age. blair enjoys their job, but is hoping to relocate to an office in a more favorable location.
proxemics spatial requirements Popularized by Edward T Hall in the 1960s, proxemics measures and studies the distances between people and the effects that those have. The observations are used by designers in order to design spaces in which people will feel most comfortable.
When visiting a person’s home, large or small, visitors to the space will inevitably be placed primarily into social, personal, and intimate interactions. Due to the inherently small size of tiny homes, these interactions will be more closely clustered to the range of the personal space bubble, perhaps creating some discomfort. Designing to enable the user to control their limited range of personal space will be a key component of creating comfort in a highly controlled space.
There are four levels of distances from which humans will draw their personal reactions from : intimate, personal, social, and public space.
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adapted from kendra ordia - iapd 815 lecture course
public space: >12 ft
intimate space 0-1.5 ft generally kept by people who share a strong level of comfort with one another.
l space: 4-12 ft socia
examples: family, close friends, romantic partners pace: 1. 5-4 nal s so r f e c e a : p 0 s e
.5 ft -1
intimat
t
p
vision is limited at this range, making the senses of smell and touch highly important.
personal space 1.5 ft - 4 ft kept by casual friends or those sharing a close social relationship. easily facilitates conversation. examples: friendly acquaintances, close coworkers, social organization members touch is minimal, so vision and hearing are important
social space 4 ft- 12 ft
public space > 12 ft
used by those who know each other, but do not share a close relationship.
maintained by those whose only relation is near proximity. far distances are generally kept between those who don’t know one another to minimize discomfort or fear.
examples: casual acquaintances, coworkers from different departments, friends of friends
examples: audience members, people waiting for a bus, students on a campus
formal social interactions occur at this distance sight is crucial to feeling secure in this type of space
common zones of privacy privacy requirements the four aspects of privacy When living in such close quarters, privacy becomes of the utmost importance, both between users in the space solitude the state of being alone and free from physical invasion as well as between the community and the homeowner.
1
One way that humans create privacy for themselves is by marking off particular territories within their home. These territories give a sense of ownership to the user, which becomes especially important when dealing with a small house whose spaces have the ability to flux between functions.
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2 3 4
intimacy group privacy and emotional bonds anonymity the state of being invisible or unknown to others reserve
the distance people create between themselves and others by erecting psychological barriers.
adapted from kendra ordia - iapd 815 lecture course
regulate or protect communication provide method of visual and auditory barriers
needed for: privacy between house occupants privacy between neighbors providing uninhibited conversation
facilitate sense of control allow for user control to create changeable levels of privacy
needed for: satisfaction with environment changing space with changing needs additional occupants bring additional needs allowing creative expression allowing concealment of personal activities
regulate or protect communication: curtains, doors, and tucked-away locations
facilitate sense of control: movable furniture fixtures allow emotional release: tucked-away location, blocked sightlines from exterior eyes
allow integration of information about ourselves and our relationships: display surfaces on counter tops and walls
allow emotional release
allow integration of information about ourselves and our relationships
needed for: rejuvenation and recovery emotional catharsis uninterrupted contemplation
needed for: personal expression growth of self creating a sense of ownership designating between territories
create spaces capable of providing for visual, auditory, psychological protection
make customization easy and an integral part of the identity of the space
anthropometrics According to Jay Shafer, Tiny House builder and enthusiast, most adults in the US are between 4’11” and 6’2” tall. This makes up approximately 95% of the population. The following dimensions have been calculated to accommodate this 95% but should be recalculated if the user falls out of this range. The following data is drawn from his book, The Small House Book, and is specific to the building and construction of a tiny home.
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determined to fit someone at the 5’7” median ceiling height:
6’3” minimum
door height:
6’2” minimum
door width:
1’5” minimum
bed width:
2’8” minimum
bed length:
6’3” minimum
counter height:
2’8” minimum | 3’2” max
counter depth:
1’4” minimum | 2’6” max
door knob height:
2’9” minimum | 3’4” max
lavatory height:
2’6” minimum | 3’3” max
control knob height:
2’6” minimum | 6’0” max
high shelf:
6’2” minimum
desk/table height:
1’0” minimum | 2’7” max
desk/table depth:
1’0” minimum | 2’8” max
booth width:
5’0” minimum | 6’6” max
sleeping loft height:
2’10” minimum
leg room under table:
1’4” minimum
room or hallway width:
1’8” minimum
ergonomics The following diagrams from the Interior Designer’s Portable Handbook show standard dimensions of an average male and female in relation to the movements that would take place within a home.
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average female measurements
average male measurements
average male in relation to interior elements
average female in relation to interior elements
average relation to storage elements
Generated by CamScanner
average relation to seating elements
average relation to spaces within reaching distance
average relation to views
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region analysis
region analysis neighborhood analysis The Plaza - Westport neighborhood located in Kansas City, Missouri is an urban setting that sits south of Kansas City’s Westport neighborhood and North of the Country Club Plaza. This area has been identified by the Neighborhoods and Housing Services Department as a targeted area for the cities 5-year consolidation plan which began in 2012 which features Action Plans for seven areas throughout the city. Included in the action plan for the Plaza Westport region are the following goals:
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1
increase owner-occupied single-family homeownership
2
enhance walkability
3
define neighborhood identity
4
infill vacant lots
5
eliminate deferred maintenance
plaza westport
neighborhood characteristics The Plaza Westport neighborhood consists of mostly multi family units making up 77% of all of the housing in the neighborhood. Occupied primarily by renters, the neighborhood has a variety of townhouses, apartments, and condos but still maintains a strong single family housing core. The population of the neighborhood is made up of young urban professionals and older long term residents. The neighborhood is in close proximity to the St. Luke’s Hospital and was rated one of the most walkable neighborhoods in the country.
history The Plaza Westport neighborhood was formed in the 1910’s when the bordering neighborhoods from the north and south merged. This neighborhood was then known as Steptoe and was a place where slaves of the time could purchase land and live in a strong well established community. Most of the neighborhood was lost when parking and other amenities serving the local hospital went into place, however, the strong single family core still remains. In efforts to preserve and maintain this core, neighborhood goals to increase single family housing have been put in place
local amenities libraries
17 within 1 mile
restaurant/retail
60 within 1 mile
parks
20 within 1 mile
fitness
11 within 1 mile
plaza westport
public transit
20 within 1 mile
schools
20 within 1 mile
entertainment
20 within 1 mile
grocery
20 within 1 mile adapted from http://www.areavibes.com/kansas+city-mo/plaza+westport/livability/
plaza westport
kansas city
missouri
population
948
459,772
6,044,171
median age
34.4
35
37.9
male/female ratio
1.3:1
0.9:1
1:1
median home price
$177,350
$136,100
$138,400
median rent asked
$840
$772
$712
average people per household
1.5
2.3
2
$45,708
$45,150
$47,333
demographics
77 median household income
conditions: institutional node streetscape deterioration
W 43rd Street
vacant residential lot
rental property
W 43rd Ter
release for owner-occupier purchase
institutional node W 44th St
non-residential lot
commercial node
dangerous building
* minor home repair *
systematic code enforcement
*
scale: small
Pennsylvania Ave.
existing conditions The map on the right highlights the single family core located in the heart of the Plaza Westport neighborhood. These conditions have been gathered by the Kansas City, Mo. Neighborhoods and Housing Services Department as a part of the Neighborhood Action Plan. The plan aims to improve vacant lots by adding single family homes and creating unique strategies for temporary infill. A total of 21 different vacant residential lots have been identified in this region.
medium
large W 46th St
N 25’ 0
175’ 75’
adapted from Kansas City, Missouri Neighborhoods and Housing Services Department 2012-2013 NEIGHBORHOOD ACTION PLANS
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design considerations
materials
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There is no greater potential for personal expression than building one’s own shelter. For this reason alone, every effort should be made to enable new home construction to be sustainable for generations to come. Today, we realize that to be truly sustainable, it is not enough to imagine methods of minimizing damage to the environment; instead the results must have a net positive impact on it.
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Materials used in buildings have a huge impact on the environment. In order to decrease this impact and create a more sustainable building, designers can employ a variety of techniques such as salvaging existing materials, reducing overall square footages, considering material and product life cycles, specifying materials that are sustainably harvested, and eliminating the use of materials with harmful or toxic components. In addition, designers must also consider practicality when specifying materials, factoring durability and cost into the equation in order to achieve a holistic approach to sustainability.
excerpt from Sustainable Residential Interiors
concrete specify: concrete made without admixtures aggregates and cement from all natural materials natural mineral pigments potable water for curing factory finished slaps low-VOC water based, low solvent, no formaldehyde stains and finishes silicate dispersion paint
avoid: aggregates or recycled ingredients that may introduce environmental contaminants admixtures chemical pigments or paints with chromium, aniline, or heavy metals acid stains sealing with manufactured, possibly hazardous materials
http://www.tinyhousedesign.com/tiny-tubular-house/
masonry specify: reclaimed, salvaged, or recycled brick and stone stone or brick from local sources radon testing of materials before installation natural mortars and grouts low-VOC, low solvent, water based, formaldehyde-free sealants and adhesives wipe on brush sealants
avoid: imported stone or brick adhesives, grout, mortar, or sealants with solvents, additives or formaldehyde spray on sealants
http://www.interiordesign2015.com/architecture/studio-54-architecture-slots-a-tinyhouse-amongst-two-london-buildings/
metals specify: salvaged architectural metal pieces 100% recycled content local fabricators to eliminate transportation metal that develops a natural patina metal that needs minimal or no upkeep with cleaners and polishes natural, non off-gassing protective oil coatings or none at all no paint or finish factory-finished powder coating, galvanization http://dornob.com/industrial-interior-intense-modern-metal-apartment-design/
avoid: pieces made with virgin metal synthetic oil coatings imported fabrications painting or finishing metal on-site chemical polishes, treatments or cleansers unwanted thermal bridging, reflectivity, condensation, or electromagnetic field disturbances as a result of poor placement of the metal design element
wood specify:
http://www.naturalbuildingblog.com/the-napoleon-complex-tiny-house-village/marmaralong-shot-copy-600x302/
fallen on or thinned from the property reclaimed locally harvested, third party certified, nonthreatened species suppressed protected from moisture before and during installation finishes and stains: water based made of natural oils, resins, pigments,and waxes low-VOC formaldehyde and solvent free
avoid: reclaimed wood of uncertain origin chemically tainted wood uncertified wood rare or threatened species pentachlorophenol or creosote preservatives solvent-based finishes formaldehyde and other preservatives in the wood product metal based drying agents in finish engineered wood, unless certified
biocomposites specify: boards made from 100% renewable crop residue or agricultural by product formaldehyde-free, low-VOC, water based binders, sealants, adhesives, and stains borate for preservative qualities or pest resistance
avoid: formaldehyde in the binder or finish preservatives or pesticides
http://www.dekodur.com/en/hp-laminates-innovations2013.html#reystone
doors and windows specify:
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optimal window positioning to benefit from solar gain and natural light low emissivity glass krypton - or argon - filled panes double or triple glazed windows different window types for different directional orientations FSC- certified wood doors and frames high quality insulation around all window frames and doors tight seals around all windows and exterior doors http://blog.buicom/2012/12/top-10-things-to-know-about-aluminum-windows/
avoid: PVC or vinyl, either solid or clad aluminum or steel windows synthetic foam cores doors and windows with lead-based paint
excerpt from Sustainable Residential Interiors
gypsum plaster specify: natural gypsum plaster mix or recycled/ synthetic/byproduct gypsum mix wooden lath, preferably reclaimed or FSC-certified recycled steel or metal lath natural gypsum or recycled gypsum lath with recycled paper face low-VOC additives, if any adequate dry time between coats
avoid: remodeling, sanding or cutting of existing plaster without first testing for hazards fungicides, chemical agents, or synthetic additives water or high humidity in direct contact with walls
http://www.findit.com.mt/en/directory/1041/0/6/gypsum-finishing-materials.htm
lime, venetian, + earthen plaster specify: lime without synthetic additives natural/mineral pigments venetian plaster with natural lime, marble, or mineral content cementitious resin low-VOC binders and adhesives natural mineral pigment earthen plaster made from locally acquired soil primers made with all-natural ingredients natural mineral or vegetable pigments
avoid: wall-coverings or traditional paint on lime plaster binders that off-gas high levels of VOCs excavation that may cause drainage problems or damaging scars on the landscape water in direct contact with the walls
http://www.limerepair.com/services/limeplaster.html
gypsum board specify: wallboard purchases in precisely measured amounts to eliminate waste high gypsum content high natural material content recycled paper sheathing or no paper sheathing with minimal additives low-VOC joint compound, preferably gypsum-based plaster recycled-content paper for joint tape and or acoustical sealant reuse of construction scrap on site scrap recycling http://humble-homes.com/house-shinamoto-cho-container-design/
avoid: powdered joint compounds with antifreeze, vinyls, preservatives, biocides, or that out-gas VOCs chemical additives to wallboard, especially those that may give off VOCs wasteful drywall purchases or installation methods
tile specify:
http://www.houzz.com/photos/7832604/Bathroom-design-with-All-Marble-Tiles-Porcelain-Tiles-modern-bathroom-new-york
tile made with unprocessed, all-natural clays or safe recycled materials such as glass domestic tile, especially locally made factory-glazed ceramic 100% recycled glass or tile or high recycled-glass content natural backerboard, MDF, or underlayment simple mortar from cement, sand, water, grout without added fungicides low-VOC water based sealant low-VOC low solvent mortar and grout
avoid: unregulated import tile high amounts of new glass added to glass tiles VOCs, solvents, fungicides, vinyls, or latex additives in mortar, grout, and sealants
bamboo flooring specify: formaldehyde-free bamboo FSC-certified wood core low-VOC finish low-VOC underlayment, adhesives, and binder minimal use of adhesives perfectly dry sub flooring
avoid: formaldehyde in the underlayment, binder, or finish high humidity weather for installation chemicals added for mildew control, fireproofing, pest resistance or in finishes
http://www.tinyhouseliving.com/a-studio-home-with-a-stepped-floor-plan/
leather flooring specify: vegetable tanning and dyeing processes that rely on tare, rhubarb, valonea, and tree bark locally tanned leather with minimal chemical processing or dyes low-VOC, water based glues
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http://www.mckayflooring.co.uk/leather-flooring/dows/
avoid: leather tanned with chromium chemically dyed leather solvent-based adhesives
excerpt from Sustainable Residential Interiors
biocomposite flooring specify: boards made from 100% renewable grain formaldehyde-free, low-VOC, waterbased binders, sealants, adhesives, and stains borate (if necessary), added for preservative or pest resistance
avoid: formaldehyde in the binder or finish preservatives or pesticides
http://www.mannington.com/Residential/Laminate.aspx
wood flooring specify:
www.kcet.org/arts/artbound/counties/los-angeles/cal-poly-pomona-cabins-wedge.html
fallen on or thinned from the property reclaimed locally or domestically harvested, FSCcertified, and a non-threatened species suppressed rapidly renewable finishes and stains water-based made of natural oils, resins, pigments, and waxes low-VOC formaldehyde-free protected from moisture
avoid: reclaimed wood of uncertain origin chemically tainted wood uncertified wood rare or threatened species solvent based finishes formaldehyde and other preservatives in the wood or finish metal-based drying agents in the finish engineered wood unless certified
terrazzo flooring specify: high recycled-glass content high (waste) mineral content, preferably not rare or imported types cement matrix without admixtures low-VOC, water-based, no-odor resin or modified cement binder low-VOC, water based, wipe on sealer
http://www.floormasters.org/Pages/aboutus.aspx
avoid: manufactured aggregate content that may contain contaminants or harmful chemicals off-gassing binders or sealants
carpet specify:
http://www.horchow.com/Woven-Textures-Rug-Transitional/cprod83640003/p.prod
100% wool carpet, domestically produced, free of dyes, and additives 100% plant-fiber carpets carpet content that is recyclable/ returnable to the manufacturer, especially made from natural fibers carpet tiles for easy cleaning and replacement jute backing FSC-certified wood underlayment or gyp. tackless strip or velcro fastening system recycled content carpet small amounts of water based glue
avoid: manufactured fibers such as nylon stain repellents synthetic dyes benzene, styrene,toluene, vinyl acetate, and similar chemicals PVC-vinyl, especially in the back or padding fungicides, moth-proofing, stain-proofing, mildew inhibitors, antistatics, or other chemical treatments
cork flooring specify: formaldehyde free binders in the cork minimal low-VOC adhesives backing or adhesives applied to subfloor tiles that are interlocking and therefore need little adhesives unfinished or factory-finished surface with low-VOC polyurethane resin-oil primer and/or beeswax-based finish natural pigment based stains
avoid: PVC-vinyl blends or backings VOCs and solvents in adhesives and finishes synthetic rubber blended into cork flooring
http://www.realcorkfloors.com/
wallcoverings specify:
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wallcoverings made from all-natural fibers such as grasses and reeds wallpaper made from all-natural paper all-natural cork wallcoverings leather wallcoverings that have been minimally processed with the use of natural tannins wallpaper or wallcoverings made from high recycled paper or fiber content water-based inks or dyes nontoxic, low-VOC wallpaper paste http://haybert.com/the-mesmerizing-contemporary-home-bucktown-three-in-chicago/mahogany-door-and-wood-wall-covering-panels-small-modern-block-
avoid: PVC-vinyl heavy metals in the inks or dyes formaldehyde solvents in strippers stain repellents biocides fireproofings pesticides
excerpt from Sustainable Residential Interiors
casein or milk paint specify:
http://www.ellijaymarketplace.com/Backyard_Outfitters/Clutter_Busters/Eco-friendly_summary_Painting_Choices.htm
dry milk paint powder made from casein, lime, clay, natural pigments mix fresh paint daily on-site;small quantities of leftovers may be saved in a refrigerator overnight and used the night day all leftover powdered base be saved for touch ups or future projects if milk paint becomes solid, finish with a natural penetrating oil, beeswax, or water based, low-VOC topcoat as recommended by the manufacturer
avoid: latex oil based premixed paints labeled as containing casein
conventional paint specify:
http://www.interiordesign2015.com/architecture/studio-54-architecture-slots-a-tinyhouse-amongst-two-london-buildings/
green seal-certified paint conventional paint if other paint or finish options are not available water-based or natural plant-based oils in the base zero- or no-VOC paint low-VOC paint formaldehyde-free preservative-free low-VOC, formaldehyde free, waterbased, minimal-additives primer conservative paint sampling recycling of leftover paint
avoid: preservatives biocides, fungicides, mildew preventatives formaldehyde lead and other heavy metal pigments or drying agents, especially: chormium hexavalent, cobalt, cadmium, mercury recycled or remanufactured paint for projects indoors
stains finishes + adhesives specify:
http://www.minwax.ca/wood-finishing-101/staining-interior-wood/
no colorant, tints, or dyes added light colors if synthetic colorants are to be used no finish, if material integrity or durability will not be sacrificed low- or zero-VOC low-odor factory finished materials if client sensitivity to odors or on-site off-gassing is an issue nails, staples, trim pieces, and so on, to reduce the amount of adhesive needed animal or plant based glues brush on, wipe on, or pour on substances
avoid: heavy metals such as chromium, lead,cadmium, or mercury metallic hardening or dying agents such as zinc sprays solvent-based formulas biocides compounds that require chemical solvents or thinners factory finishes of unknown content
day lighting Daylighting is defined by the whole building design guide as “the controlled admission of natural light, direct sunlight main goals for daylighting in a tiny house and diffuse skylights into a building.” Daylight is often a ‘getting enough daylight, without getting too much’ large factor in reducing energy costs and will provide an enhanced environment for the user. Daylighting design should reflect the interior design and needs of each ‘making sure that the daylight is well-distributed throughout the room’ individual space. Successful daylighting design will implement the use of a variety of techniques such as interior and exterior shading devices and light shelves. These techniques will help balance the variability of daylight availability, heat gain and loss, and control glare.
1 2
89
adapted from alex pino - tinyhousetalk.com
exterior shading use to: regulate the light fixed window overhang movable shades or shutters
http://www.viahouse.com/2010/10/the-fincube-modern-architectural-design-in-germany/
interior shading use for: additional control venetian blinds curtains
http://www.dezeen.com/2010/12/15/house-with-concrete-louvers-by-studiogreenblue/
light shelves use to: reflect light into a room deep window sills painted light colors
http://ideasgn.com/architecture/tiny-house-ufogel-breathtaking-views-alps/
artificial lighting
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“
“
The act of lighting a tiny home can be very different than a normal size house. Instead of treating a tiny house as one small room, lighting can be used to highlight different features and functions within the space. With the use of daylighting techniques, artificial lighting can be used primarily during the night and minimally during the day. The lighting design will be based around two different lighting techniques. These types are task lighting, and ambient lighting. Decorative or accent lighting can also be used to enhance the design of the space. By using a combination of lighting strategies light can begin to take on spatial qualities within the home.
Lighting can create the feel of separate, intimate spaces without physically chopping the interior up into separate rooms.
adapted from alex pino - tinyhousetalk.com
accent (decorative) lighting use to: enhance quality of the space string lights decorative pendants colored lighting
http://tinyhouseswoon.com/little-bohemian-cabin/
task lighting provides light: where needed, for specific tasks under cabinet lighting wall mounted lamp table lamps
http://homedesignupdate.com/40-scandinavian-home-office-designs-ideas/scandinavian-home-office-designs-ideas-17/
ambient lighting provides: diffused, lower light levels throughout space. 1/3 as bright as task lighting. ceiling mounted fixture valance string lights
http://www.woodsyend.com/modern-home-interior-lighting-design/
color and space direct color: results from viewing a color on a particular surface indirect color: results from adjoining or opposite wall surfaces or objects reflecting their color.
Color design in an interior space can have a profound effect on its environmental quality. Color is capable of affecting size, shape, mass and volume of interiors and the objects that make up the space. Often times, color is the first thing perceived by the user and can be used to influence the mood or atmosphere chosen by the designer. Humans perception of spaces is determined by first impressions which can be a direct product of the color pallet and/or materials chosen. It is critical to choose colors that have positive associations in order to create a comfortable environment for the inhabitant.
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perceptual properties and associations of common colors hue
excerpt from Color + Design Transforming Interior Space
positive associations
negative associations
health properties
red
courage, excitement, love passion, sexy, increases appetite, festivity
hatred, aggressive, rage, war, raises blood pressure, fear
body secretes more adrenalin, increasing our blood pressure and rate of breathing while raising our body temperature slightly
pink
mostly positive: feminine, sweet, babyish, delicate, passion
physical weakening
soothe upset stomach, heals headaches
blue
cool, calm, comfortable, relaxing, clean, royalty, coolness, truth, loyalty, success, security, nautical, comfort, wetness, cleanliness
introversion, sadness, depression, cold, low class, isolation, loneliness, gloominess
blue light will slow heartbeat, decrease temperature, and relax your muscles, assists with balance and equilibrium
green
relaxed, growth, renewal, eternal life, brings the ‘outdoors indoors’, renewal, freshness, youthful, healthy, tranquility, peaceful
poison, envy, inexperience, immaturity, nausea, sourness, disease, guilt, rawness
assists with balance and equilibrium, and ease tremors twitching and muscle spasms, associated with health and well being, may reduce allergic responses to food
yellow
cheerful, sun, gold, happiness, wisdom, vitality, hope, optimism, and self-esteem
caution, sickness, nervousness
speeds up the human metabolism
purple
bravery, mystery, royalty, sacred, aristocratic
conceit, mourning, death, rage, pompous, ostentatious, gloomy
calm anxiety
orange
warmth, fruitfulness, brightness, happiness, cheerfulness, jovial, strength, endurance, festivity
brashness, danger, death, rage, pompous, ostentatious, gloomy
has been known to increase the amount of oxygen supply to the brain
white
purity, birth, cleanliness, innocence/virginity, empowerment
surrender, cowardice, emptiness, clinical
indicator of spleen disorder based on whitening of skin color
black
sophistication and power
death, emptiness, and bad luck
can induce sadness, fear, and dispair, asoociated with kidney and bladder
brown
relates to the comforts of home, wood, and farming, relationship to dirt and soil, best when combined with hues red, yellow or orange
gloom, melancholy, boredom, self centeredness
no known effects
gray
technology, intelligence (gray matter), wealth in association with silver and platinum
confusion, loss of distinction, depression, lack of confidence, old age
if overly used may cause depression and loneliness
silver
elegance, sophistication
no known negative associations
healing of hormonal imbalances
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requirements and codes
building code
building code
R304.1 Minimum area. Every dwelling unit shall have at least one habitable room that shall have not less than 120 square feet (11 m2) of gross floor area.
R303.8 Required heating. When the winter design temperature in Table R301.2(1) is below 60F (16C ), every dwelling unit shall be provided with heating facilities capable of maintaining a minimum room temperature of 68F (20C) at a point 3 feet (914 mm) above the floor and 2 feet (610 mm) from exterior walls in all habitable rooms at the design temperature. The installation of one or more portable space heaters shall not be used to achieve compliance with this section.
minimums for habitable space
R304.2 Other rooms. Other habitable rooms shall have a floor area of not less than 70 square feet (6.5 m2). R304.3 Minimum dimensions. Habitable rooms shall not be less than 7 feet (2134 mm) in any horizontal dimension. R305.1 Minimum height. Habitable space, hallways, bathrooms, toilet rooms, laundry rooms and portions of basements containing these spaces shall have a ceiling height of not less than 7 feet (2134 mm). R303.1 Habitable rooms. All habitable rooms shall have an aggregate glazing area of not less than 8 percent of the floor area of such rooms. Natural ventilation shall be through windows, doors, louvers or other approved openings to the outdoor air. Such openings shall be provided with ready access or shall otherwise be readily controllable by the building occupants. The minimum openable area to the outdoors shall be 4 percent of the floor area being ventilated. R310.1.1 Minimum opening area. All emergency escape and rescue openings shall have a minimum net clear opening of 5.7 square feet (0.530 m2).
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energy, equipment, fixtures
R306.1 Toilet facilities. Every dwelling unit shall be provided with a water closet, lavatory, and a bathtub or shower. R306.2 Kitchen. Each dwelling unit shall be provided with a kitchen area and every kitchen area shall be provided with a sink. R306.3 Sewage disposal. All plumbing fixtures shall be connected to a sanitary sewer or to an approved private sewage disposal system. AI101.1 Scope. Private sewage disposal systems shall conform to the International Private Sewage Disposal Code. R306.4 Water supply to fixtures. All plumbing fixtures shall be connected to an approved water supply. Kitchen sinks, lavatories, bathtubs, showers, bidets, laundry tubs and washing machine outlets shall be provided with hot and cold water. M1901.1 Clearances. Freestanding or built-in ranges shall have a vertical clearance above the cooking top of not less than 30 inches (762 mm) to unprotected combustible material. Reduced clearances are permitted in accordance with the listing and labeling of the range hoods or appliances.
house size limits
minimun kitchen fixture clearances
minimum bathroom fixture clearances
excerpt from The Small House Book
cooling equipment
ductless mini split ac systems - $$$ high BTU rating oversized for tiny homes high efficiency rating low profile 7-12� wall mounted avoid 240V
http://www.forresidentialpros.com/
through the wall ac unit - $$ bulky footprint no exterior components low and high setting avoid 240V preferred option for minim home
http://www.sears.com/
portable ac units - $ bulky footprint draws air from interior which causes inefficiency no exterior equipment can be stored in off season
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http://www.friedrich.com/products/residential/portable/zoneaire
heating equipment
gas propane fireplace - $$$ standard of tiny homes romantic flame can be operated off grid 12v fan heats space quickly manual start uses 1lb of propane every 5-7 hours double walled venting pipe
ethanol fireplace - $$ no venting or chimney no dangerous fumes uses indoor air - window must be cracked variety of sizes renewable energy source clean not ideal for regular heating needs
electric ceramic heater wall panels - $ low profile safe quiet (no fan) wall mounted can be painted inexpensive 400 watts space must be well insulated http://www.microshowcase.com/microtech/heating
adapted from Minimhomes.com
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Spenner, Patrick. “Inside the Millennial Mind: The Do’s & Don’ts of Marketing to This Powerful Generation.” Forbes. April 16, 2014. Accessed November 23, 2014. Susanka, Sarah, and Kira Obolensky. The Not so Big House: A Blueprint for the Way We Really Live. Newtown, CT: Taunton Press ;, 1998. Talen, Emily. “Sprawl Retrofit: Sustainable Urban Form in Unsustainable Places.” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 2011, 952 78. Accessed October 8, 2014. http://www.envplan.com.er.lib.k-state. edu/B.html. Tiny: A Story About Living Small. Film. Directed by Christopher Smith. Austin: Genre Documentary, 2014. Tiny Living: The Rise of Small Spaces. Washington, D.C.: National Public Radio 2013. http://search.proquest.com.er.lib.k-state.edu/docview/ 1353183855?accountid=11789. We the Tiny House People. Film. Directed by Kirsten Dirksen. Unknown: Fair Companies, 2014. Williams, Jo. Zero-carbon Homes: A Road-map. Abingdon, Oxon: EarthScan, 2012. Wilson, Reid. “More Diverse Millennial Generation Rewrites Traditions.” Washington Post. February 7, 2014. Accessed November 23, 2014. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2014/03/07/ more-diverse-millennial-generation-rewrites-traditions/. Wright, Frank Lloyd, and Donald D. Walker. The Natural House. New York: Horizon Press, 1954
image bibliography historical roots images “Jacobs House.” Digital image. Wright in Wisconsin. Accessed Nov. 20 2014. http://www.dgunning.org/architecture/Wisc/jacobsI.htm. “Sioux Tipi.” Digital image. The Sioux Tipi. 2012. Accessed Nov. 20 2014. http://www.telli.com/page/siouxtipi. “Thoreau’s Cabin.” Digital image. Shelter Seeker. 2011. Accessed Nov. 20 2014. http://shelterseeker.blogspot.com/2008/02/thoreaus-little-house at-walden-pond.html.
precedent images “Boxetti_Private Images.” Digital image. Boxetti Concept. 2009. Accessed Dec. 17, 2014. http://www.boxetticoncept.com/en/#home “Doc Sofa Bunk Bed Images.” Digital image. Bonbon Compact Living Solutions. 2014. Accessed Dec. 17, 2014. http://www.bonbon.co.uk/clei/doc.htm “House Arc Images.” Digital image. Treehugger. January 31, 2012. Accessed Nov. 20, 2014. http://www.treehugger.com/modular-design/bellomo architects-house-arc-modular-flat-pack-house.html” “Lego Apartment Images.” Digital image. HomeDSGN. May 2, 2011. Accessed Nov. 20, 2014. http://www.homedsgn.com/2011/05/02/lego-style-tiny apartment-in-barcelona-by-barbara-appolloni/ “Lime, Venetian and Earthen Plaster image.” Digital image. LimeRepairLTD. Accessed Nov. 11, 2014. http://www.limerepair.com/services/limeplas ter.html “k2 Images.” Digital image. Boffi. Accessed Dec. 17, 2014. http://www.boffi. com/EN/Collections/kitchens/k2.aspx
“k2 Images.” Digital image. Mody & Mody. Accessed Dec. 17, 2014. http:// www.modyandmody.com/k2-boffi-kitchen.aspx “Matchbox House Images.” Digital image. Boneyard Studios. Accessed Nov. 20, 2014. http://boneyardstudios.org/houses/matchbox-jay/ “Miller Residence Images, pt 2.” Digital image. MiniMotives, Dec. 2014. Accessed Nov. 20 2014. http://minimotives.com. “Minim Home Images.” Digital image. Minim Mircro Homes. Accessed Nov. 22, 2014. http://minimhomes.com/photos/ “Mobile Kitchen Images.” Digital image. Elite Find of the Day: Atelier OPA Designs Kenchikukagu Mobile Furniture. 2014. Accessed Dec. 17, 2014. http://elitechoice.org/2008/09/22/elite-find-of- the-day-atelier-opa-designs-kenchikukagu-mobile-furniture/ “Mobile Kitchen Images.” Digital image. Kenchikukagu Foldable Rooms | By Toshihiko Suzuki. 2014. Accessed Dec. 17, 2014. http://www.jebiga. com/kenchikukagu-foldable-rooms-toshihiko-suzuki/ Odom, Andrew M. “MV Mobile Villa Images.” Digital image. The Tiny Life. The Tiny Life, 28 Aug. 2014. Accessed Nov. 20 2014. http://thetinylife. com/new-zealand-tiny-house/. “Roca Box Images.” Digital image. Dornob Design Ideas Daily. Accessed Dec. 17, 2014. http://dornob.com/modular-bathroom-is-low-on-space-but- high-on-efficiency/ “Seelenkiste House Images.” Digital image. Allergutendinge. 2012. Accessed Nov. 20, 2014. http://www.allergutendinge.com/Seelenkiste Schmelzer, Joe. “Miller Residence Images, pt 1.” Digital image. Dwell, Aug. 2014. Accessed Nov. 20 2014. http://www.dwell.com/my-house/ article/tiny-house-fits-family-196-square-feet.
“Songpa Micro Housing Images.” Digital image. Architectural Record. Oct. 2014. Accessed Nov. 24, 2014. http://archrecord.construction.com/ projects/building_types_study/multi-family-housing/2014/1410-songpa micro-housing-ssd.asp?specs=true “Vertebrae Images.” Digital image. Dornob Design Ideas Daily. Accessed Dec. 17, 2014. http://dornob.com/7-functions-1-fixture-modular-metal- bathroom-design-idea/
materials images “Bamboo Floor image.” Digital image. Tiny House Living. Jan. 28, 2014. Accessed Dec. 1, 2014. http://www.tinyhouseliving.com/a-studio home-with-a-stepped-floor-plan/ “Biocomposites image.” Digital image. Innovations Dekodur. 2013. Accessed Nov. 8, 2014. http://www.dekodur.com/en/hp-laminates-innova tions2013.html#reystone “Biocomposite Floor image.” Digital image. Mannington Residential. Accessed Dec.1, 2014. http://www.mannington.com/Residential/Laminate.aspx “Carpet Floor image.” Digital image. Horchow. Accessed Dec. 1, 2014. http:// www.horchow.com/Woven-Textures-Rug-Transitional/prod83640003/p. prod “Casein/ Milk Paint image.” Digital image. Clutter Busters. Accessed Dec. 1, 2014. http://www.ellijaymarketplace.com/Backyard_Outfitters/Clutter_ Busters/Eco-friendly_summary_Painting_Choices.htm “Concrete Tube Image.” Digital image. Tiny House Design. Jul. 10, 2008. Accessed Nov. 28, 2014. http://www.tinyhousedesign.com/tiny-tubu lar-house/ “Conventional Paint image.” Digital image. Interior Design 2015. Accessed Dec. 1, 2014. http://www.interiordesign2015.com/architecture/stu dio-54-architecture-slots-a-tiny-house-amongst-two-london-buildings/
“Cork Floor image.” Digital image. Real Cork Floors. Accessed Dec. 1, 2014. http://www.realcorkfloors.com/ “Doors and Windows image.” Digital image. Build LLC. Dec, 11, 2012. Accessed Nov. 10, 2014. http://blog.buildllc.com/2012/12/top-10 things-to-know-about-aluminum-windows/ “Gypsum Board image.” Digital image. Humble Homes. Accessed Dec. 1, 2014. http://humble-homes.com/house-shinamoto-cho-container design/ “Gypsum Plaster image.” Digital image. Findit. Accessed Nov. 11, 2014. http:// www.findit.com.mt/en/directory/1041/0/6/gypsum-finishing-materials. html “Leather Floor image.” Digital image. Mckay Flooring. Accessed Dec. 1, 2014. http://www.mckayflooring.co.uk/leather-flooring/dows/ “Lime, Venetian and Earthen Plaster image.” Digital image. LimeRepairLTD. Accessed Nov. 11, 2014. http://www.limerepair.com/services/limeplas ter.html “Masonry Image.” Digital image. Interior Design 2015. May 4, 2014. Accessed Nov. 28, 2014. http://www.interiordesign2015.com/architecture/studio 54-architecture-slots-a-tiny-house-amongst-two-london-buildings/ “Metal Image.” Digital image. Dornob. Accessed Nov. 8, 2014. http://dornob. com/industrial-interior-intense-modern-metal-apartment-design/ “Stains, Finishes, Adhesives image.” Digital image. Minwax. Accessed Dec 1, 2015. http://www.minwax.ca/wood-finishing-101/staining-interir-wood/ “Terrazzo Floor image.” Digital image. Floor Masters. Accessed Dec. 1, 2014. http://www.floormasters.org/Pages/aboutus.aspx “Tile image.” digital image. Houzz. Accessed Dec. 11, 2014. http://www.houzz. com/photos/7832604/Bathroom-design-with-All-Marble-Tiles Porcelain-Tiles-modern-bathroom-new-york
“Wallcovering image.” Digital image. Haybert. Accessed Dec. 1, 2014. http:// www.realcorkfloors.com/ “Wood image.” Digital image. Natural Building Blog. 2013. Accessed Nov. 8, 2014. http://www.naturalbuildingblog.com/the-napoleon-complex-ti ny-house-village/marmara-long-shot-copy-600x302/ “Wood Floor image.” Digital image. KCET. Oct. 8, 2014. Accessed Dec. 1, 2014. http://www.kcet.org/arts/artbound/counties/los-angeles/cal poly-pomona-cabins-wedge.html
lighting images “Ambiant Lighting image.” Digital image. Home Lighitng Design Ideas. Dec 17th, 2014. Accessed Dec. 17, 2014. http://www.woodsyend.com/ modern-home-interior-lighting-design/ “Exterior Shading image.” Digital image. ViaHouse. Oct. 30, 2010. Accessed Dec. 2, 2014. http://www.viahouse.com/2010/10/the-fincube-mod ern-architectural-design-in-germany/ “Interior Shading image.” Digital image. Dezeen. Dec. 15, 2010. Accessed Dec. 2, 2014. http://www.dezeen.com/2010/12/15/house-with-concrete louvers-by-studiogreenblue/ Kiser, Carol. “Accent Lighting image.” Digital image. Tiny House Swoon. Accessed Dec. 8, 2014. http://tinyhouseswoon.com/little-bohemi an-cabin/ “Light Shelves image.” Digital image. Ideasgn. Accessed Dec. 2, 2014. http:// ideasgn.com/architecture/tiny-house-ufogel-breathtaking-views-alps/ “Task Lighting image.” Digital image. Home Design Update. June 20, 2014. Accessed Dec. 8, 2014. http://homedesignupdate.com/scandi navian-apartment-design-defined-by-exquisite-taste-and-fascinating-de sign-tricks/
equipment images “Ductless Mini Split image.” Digital image. Split-Ductless M-Series Star Lineup. Accessed Dec. 6, 2014. http://www.forresidentialpros.com/ product/10205126/mitsubishi-electric-cooling-and-heating-solutions- split-ductless-m-series-star-lineup “Heating Equipment images.” Digital image. MicroShowcase. Accessed Dec. 6, 2014. http://www.microshowcase.com/microtech/heating/ “Portable Air Conditioner image.” Digital image. Friedrich Residential ZoneAire Portable Air Conditioner. 2014. Accessed Dec. 6, 2014. http://www. friedrich.com/products/residential/portable/zoneaire “Through the Wall AC image.” Digital image. Sears. 2014. Accessed Dec. 6, 2014. http://www.sears.com/shc/s/PublicProfileView?requestType= pub lic_profile&langId=-1&storeId=10153&cata logId=12605&key=41649479