hsc_bangla-1st-2nd-part_lecture-sheet by Atiq Isamee

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ D”P gva¨wgK

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

K¨vgweªqvb cvewj‡KkÝ

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

c„ôv b¤^i-8

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ D”P gva¨wgK

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ evsjv wefvM

K¨vgweqª vb K‡jR †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

c„ôv b¤^i-9

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

á cÖKvkK K¨vgweªqvb cvewj‡KkÝ c−U-2, ¸jkvb mv‡K©j-2 XvKv| †dvb : 9891919, 9881355 [cÖKvkK KZ…©K me©¯^Z¡ msiw¶Z]

á cÖ_g cÖKvk á cÖ_g ms¯‹iY á wØZxq ms¯‹iY á wWwRUvj ms¯‹iY

: 15 RyjvB, 2008 : 01 RyjvB, 2009 : 10 gvP©, 2010 : 25 Ryb, 2011

á †UªW gvK© †iwRt bs : 96504, †kªYx-16, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi

á cÖ”Q` I AjsKiY : eyjeyj Avn‡g`

á K‡¤úvR : †gv. Rwni“j Bmjvg †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

c„ôv b¤^i-10

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

#...

cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

cvÖ K K _ b

†kªYxK‡¶ wk¶v`vb cÖwµqvq cÖfvlY GKwU eûj cÖPwjZ I Kvh©Ki c×wZ| †kªYxK‡¶ cÖfvl‡Yi gva¨‡g djcÖm~ I cÖvYeš—Ñwk¶‡Yi †¶‡Î wk¶v_©x Ges wk¶‡Ki c~e© cÖ¯‘wZi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ GB cÖ¯‘wZi †¶‡Î we‡kl mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| †Kbbv, cÖfvlY c‡Îi gva¨‡g K¬v‡mi c~‡e©B cvV`v‡bi welqwU‡K wk¶v_x©‡ì AeMZ Kiv‡j wk¶v`vb cÖwµqv A‡bK †ewk mnR I djcÖm~ nq| GB we‡kl w`KwUi K_v we‡ePbv K‡i K¨vgweªqvb ¯‹zj GÛ K‡j‡Ri cÖKvkbv wefvM K¨vgweªqvb cvewj‡Kkb wbqwgZfv‡e Ô†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎÕ cÖKvk K‡i Avm‡Q| Avgv‡ì Rvbv g‡Z D”P gva¨wgK ch©v‡q K¨vgweªqvb ¯‹zj GÛ K‡jRB evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g G ai‡bi D‡`¨vM wb‡q‡Q| K¨vgweªqvb ¯‹zj GÛ K‡j‡Ri evsjv wefvM †_‡K cÖKvwkZ GB Ô†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎÕ MÖ‡š’ D”P gva¨wgK †kªYxi evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq c‡Îi b¤î eÈb, MÖš’ cwiwPwZ, cÖwZwU Aa¨v‡qi g~j Av‡jvP¨ welq, Qwe msewjZ †jLK cwiwPwZ, cvV cwiwPwZ, cv‡Vi Drm, e¨vKi‡Yi wewfbœ msÁv I `„óvš—, fvlY I cÖwZ‡e`‡bi AvaywbK KvVv‡gv I MVb‡KŠkj Ges ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖkœmn Abykxjbg~jK KvR mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q; hv wk¶v_x©‡ì Ávb Avni‡Y h‡_ó mnvqK n‡e| Avgv‡ì GB cÖqvm‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q wk¶K I wk¶v_x©iv DcK…Z n‡j Gi †cQ‡b Avgv‡ì wPš—v, †gav I kª‡gi †h mgš^q N‡U‡Q Zv mv_©K n‡e| evsjv wefvM K‡jR kvLv K¨vgweªqvb ¯‹zj GÛ K‡jR, 23, cÖMwZ miwY, evwiaviv, XvKv|

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

c„ôv b¤^i-11

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

welq : evsjv (Avewk¨K)

cÖ_g cÎ

(M`¨, KweZv I Dcb¨vm)

welq †KvW : 101

GKv`k †kªYx

†gvU K¬v‡mi msL¨v : 116 wU

mvaviY D‡Ïk¨

wk¶v_©x‡`i gv‡S bv›`wbK †PZbv MVb, ms‡e`bkxjZv e„w×, gvbweK g~j¨‡eva m„wó, fvlvMZ DrKl© mvab, m„RbkxjZvi weKvk Ges RMr I Rxeb m¤ú‡K© ˆkwíK `„wófw½ wbg©vY GB †Kv‡mi© †gŠj D‡Ïk¨|

wkLb dj

†Kvm©wU m¤úbœ K‡i wk¶v_©x‡`i g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hvM I fve wewbg‡qi ¶gZv e„w× cv‡e| wk¶v_©xiv evsjv fvlv ï×fv‡e wjL‡Z, ej‡Z I co‡Z cvi‡e| e¨envwiK †¶‡Î G fvlvi ï× cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e| †m m‡½ fvlvi wewPÎ I wkwíZ cÖ‡qvM NUv‡Z cvi‡e| GQvov †Kv‡bv wKQy we‡k−lY I Zv cÖKvk Kivi m¶gZv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡K G wel‡q D”PZi wk¶vi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

gvbeÈb

m„Rbkxj

K -wefvM (M`¨) - 20 2 wU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi wjL‡Z n‡e ( 3wU †_‡K) :

10 × 2 = 20

2 wU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi wjL‡Z n‡e ( 3wU †_‡K) :

10 × 2 = 20

2 wU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi wjL‡Z n‡e ( 3wU †_‡K) :

10 × 2 = 20

L -wefvM (KweZv) Ñ 20 M-wefvM (Dcb¨vm) - 20

eûwbe©vPwb evsjv msKjb eB‡qi M`¨ I KweZv †_‡K 40wU cÖ‡kœi DËi wjL‡Z n‡e Ñ (G‡¶‡Î †Kv‡bv AwZwi³ cÖkœ †`qv _vK‡e bv)

40 × 1= 40 me©‡gvU = 100

cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb bxwZgvjv : cÖ_g cÎ

m„Rbkxj As‡k cÖ‡Z¨K wefv‡M 1wU K‡i AwZwi³ cÖkœmn †gvU 3 wU cÖkœ †`qv _vK‡e| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœ 1wU K‡i DÏxcK I 4wU K‡i cÖkœLÊ _vK‡e (Ávb, Abyaveb, cÖ‡qvM I D”PZi `¶Zv)| m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi cÖwZwU DÏxcK n‡e †gŠwjK| mswk−ó cvV¨welq †_‡K mivmwi †Kv‡bv DÏxcK †`qv hv‡e bv| eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœ †Kv‡bv AwZwi³ cÖkœ †`qv _vK‡e bv| G‡¶‡Î cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœiB DËi w`‡Z n‡e| eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ mvavib, eûc`x mgvwßm~PK I Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËKÑGB wZb fv‡M wef³ _vK‡e|

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

c„ôv b¤^i-12

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

cÖfvlY cÎ

cv V¨ cy ¯— K m g~ n

(RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯—K †evW© KZ©„K Aby‡gvw`Z cvV¨cy¯—‡Ki bvg) 1. D”P gva¨wgK evsjv msKjb msKjK : W. gvneyeyj nK 2. cÙvb`xi gvwS g~j : gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq m¤úv`bv : gyn¤§` RvjvjDÏxb wek¦vm cÖKvkK : Kvgi“j G›UvicÖvBR

cvV¨m~wP M`¨ µwgK 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Aa¨v‡qi wk‡ivbvg KgjvKv‡š—i Revbew›` ˆngš—x mvwn‡Z¨ †Ljv wejvmx Aa©v½x †hŠe‡bi Mvb KwjgwÏ `dv`vi GKwU Zzjmx Mv‡Qi Kvwnbx GKz‡ki Mí `ybx©wZ, Dbœq‡bi Aš—ivq I DËi‡Yi c_ Aciv‡nèi Mí

†jLK ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi cÖg_ †PŠayix kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg Avey Rvdi kvgmyÏxb ˆmq` IqvjxDj−vn Rwni ivqnvb msKwjZ iPbv ûgvq~b Avn‡g`

KweZv µwgK 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

KweZvi wk‡ivbvg e½fvlv †mvbvi Zix Rxeb-e›`bv evsjv‡`k Kei Zvnv‡iB c‡o g‡b cv‡Äwi Avgvi c~e© evsjv AvVv‡iv eQi eqm GKwU d‡UvMÖvd

Dcb¨vm †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

Kwe gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg Awgq PµeZ©x RmxgD`&`xb mywdqv Kvgvj dii“L Avng` ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb myKvš— fÆvPvh© kvgmyi ivngvb

cÙvb`xi gvwS : gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq c„ôv b¤^i-13

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

welq : evsjv (Avewk¨K) wØZxq cÎ welq †KvW : 102 Øv`k †kªYx

cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb bxwZgvjv : wØZxq cÎ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

bvU‡Ki 2 wU iPbvg~jK cÖkœ †_‡K 1wUi DËi wjL‡Z n‡e| bvU‡Ki 2 wU welqwfwËK msw¶ß cÖkœ †_‡K 1wUi DËi wjL‡Z n‡e| bvU‡Ki 2 wU e¨vL¨v †_‡K 1wU e¨vL¨v wjL‡Z n‡e| cÖeÜ iPbvi Rb¨ 5wU welq _vK‡e| †h †Kv‡bv 1wU welq Aej¤^‡b cÖeÜ iPbv Ki‡Z n‡e| e¨vKi‡Yi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ cvV¨m~wP †_‡K 8wU cÖkœ †Ìqv _vK‡e| Gi g‡a¨ 5wU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e| eY©bvg~jK cÖkœ Qvov Ab¨vb¨ cÖkœ¸‡jv‡Z evQvB K‡i DËi †Ìqvi my‡hvM _vK‡e| 6. cÎ wjL‡bi Rb¨ 2wU cÖkœ _vK‡e| Gi g‡a¨ †h †Kv‡bv 1wUi DËi wjL‡Z n‡e| 7. 1wU fvlY Ges 1wU cÖwZ‡e`b †Ìqv _vK‡e| G `ywU †_‡K †h †Kv‡bv 1wUi DËi wjL‡Z n‡e| 8. KweZvsk †_‡K 1wU Ges M`¨vsk †_‡K Avi 1wU fvee¯‘ †Ìqv _vK‡e| G `ywU †_‡K †h †Kvb 1wUi fvem¤cÖmviY Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖeÜ iPbv, cÎ wjLb, fvlY Ges cÖwZ‡e`‡bi welq Ggbfv‡e wba©viY Kiv n‡e hv‡Z K‡i cix¶v_©xiv Zv‡ì wbR¯^ wPš—v I AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K Zv wjL‡Z cv‡i| gyL¯’ K‡i DËi `v‡bi cÖeYZv `~i Ki‡Z mvaviYZ †h me MZvbyMwZK welq cix¶vq Av‡m †m¸‡jv h_vm¤¢e cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e|

cv V¨ e B m g~ n ( RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯—K †evW© KZ©„K Aby‡gvw`Z ) 1. i³v³ cÖvš—i (bvUK) g~j : gybxi †PŠayix msKjK I m¤úv`bv : cÖYe †PŠayix 2. fvlv wk¶v : W. nvqvr gvgy` 3. evsjv e¨vKiY : W. kvnRvnvb gwbi 4. bZzb evsjv iPbv : AwRZ Kzgvi ¸n I Avwbmy¾vgvb| 5. evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY I iPbv ixwZ : W. gvneyeyj nK 6. D”P gva¨wgK evsjv e¨vKiY I iPbv : Ave`yj−vn Avj gvgyb 7. D”PZi evsjv e¨vKiY I iPbv : Aa¨vcK wbiÄb AwaKvix

cv V¨ my wP 1. bvUK : i³v³ cÖvš—i (RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯—K †evW© KZ©„K Aby‡gvw`Z) 2. cÖeÜ iPbv 3. e¨vKiY : kã MVb, evK¨ MVb, mgvm, mwÜ, cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q, DcmM©, mgv_©K kã, wecixZ kã, cvwifvwlK I `vßwiK kã, weivgwP‡ýi e¨envi, evK¨ I k‡ãi ï× cÖ‡qvM| (G me wel‡q cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi †¶‡Î ÔD”P gva¨wgK evsjv msKjbÕ MÖ‡š’i cvV¨m~wPfy³ cvV ¸i“Z¡ cv‡e|) 4. cÎ wjLb 5. fvlY I cÖwZ‡e`b 6. fve m¤cÖmviY †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

c„ôv b¤^i-14

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

GKv`k †kªYx †gvU Uvg© Ñ 3wU

†gvU K¬vm msL¨v Ñ 116wU

K¬vm msL¨v - 36 cvV Ñ 1 cvV Ñ 2 cvV Ñ 3 cvV Ñ 4 cvV Ñ 5 cvV Ñ 6 cvV Ñ 7 cvV Ñ 8 cvV Ñ 9 cvV Ñ 10 cvV Ñ 11 cvV Ñ 12 cvV Ñ 13 cvV Ñ 14 cvV Ñ 15 cvV Ñ 16 cvV Ñ 17 cvV Ñ 18 cvV Ñ 19 cvV Ñ 20 cvV Ñ 21 cvV Ñ 22 cvV Ñ 23 cvV Ñ 24 cvV Ñ 25 cvV Ñ 26 cvV Ñ 27 cvV Ñ 28 cvV Ñ 29 cvV Ñ 30 cvV Ñ 31 cvV Ñ 32 cvV Ñ 33 cvV Ñ 34 cvV Ñ 35 cvV Ñ 36

cÖ_g el© : cÖ_g Uvg© cwiwPwZ ce© I evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm-1 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm-2 wm‡jevm I cix¶vi gvbeÈb m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbv m„Rbkxj I eûwbe©vPwb cªkœ m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbv KgjvKv‡š—i Revbew›` Ñ 1 KgjvKv‡š—i Revbew›` Ñ 2 KgjvKv‡š—i Revbew›` Ñ 3 KweZv I Q›` m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbv e½fvlv Ñ 1 e½fvlv Ñ 2 ˆngš—x Ñ 1 ˆngš—x Ñ 2 ˆngš—x Ñ 3 ˆngš—x Ñ 4 ˆngš—x Ñ 5 †mvbvi Zix Ñ 1 †mvbvi Zix Ñ 2 mvwn‡Z¨ †Ljv Ñ 1 mvwn‡Z¨ †Ljv Ñ 2 mvwn‡Z¨ †Ljv Ñ 3 mvwn‡Z¨ †Ljv Ñ 4 Rxeb-e›`bv Ñ 1 Rxeb-e›`bv Ñ 2 wejvmx Ñ 1 wejvmx Ñ 2 wejvmx Ñ 3 wejvmx Ñ 4 evsjv‡`k Ñ 1 evsjv‡`k Ñ 2 Aa©v•Mx Ñ 1 Aa©v•Mx Ñ 2 Aa©v•Mx Ñ 3 Aa©v•Mx Ñ 4 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (M`¨) Ñ 1 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (M`¨) Ñ 2 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (KweZv)

K¬vm msL¨v - 40 cvV Ñ 37 cvV Ñ 38 cvV Ñ 39 cvV Ñ 40 cvV Ñ 41 cvV Ñ 42

cÖ_g el© : wØZxq Uvg© Kei Ñ 1 Kei Ñ 2 Kei Ñ 3 †hŠe‡bi Mvb Ñ 1 †hŠe‡bi Mvb Ñ 2 †hŠe‡bi Mvb Ñ 3

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

c„ôv b¤^i-15

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

cÖfvlY cÎ

cvV Ñ 43 cvV Ñ 44 cvV Ñ 45 cvV Ñ 46 cvV Ñ 47 cvV Ñ 48 cvV Ñ 49 cvV Ñ 50 cvV Ñ 51 cvV Ñ 52 cvV Ñ 53 cvV Ñ 54 cvV Ñ 55 cvV Ñ 56 cvV Ñ 57 cvV Ñ 58 cvV Ñ 59 cvV Ñ 60 cvV Ñ 61 cvV Ñ 62 cvV Ñ 63 cvV Ñ 64 cvV Ñ 65 cvV Ñ 66 cvV Ñ 67 cvV Ñ 68 cvV Ñ 69 cvV Ñ 70 cvV Ñ 71 cvV Ñ 72 cvV Ñ 73 cvV Ñ 74 cvV Ñ 75 cvV Ñ 76

Zvnv‡iB c‡o g‡b Ñ 1 Zvnv‡iB c‡o g‡b Ñ 2 KwjgwÏ `dv`vi Ñ 1 KwjgwÏ `dv`vi Ñ 2 KwjgwÏ `dv`vi Ñ 3 KwjgwÏ `dv`vi Ñ 4 cv‡Äwi Ñ 1 cv‡Äwi Ñ 2 GKwU Zzjmx Mv‡Qi Kvwnbx Ñ 1 GKwU Zzjmx Mv‡Qi Kvwnbx Ñ 2 GKwU Zzjmx Mv‡Qi Kvwnbx Ñ 3 GKwU Zzjmx Mv‡Qi Kvwnbx Ñ 4 Avgvi c~e© evsjv Ñ 1 Avgvi c~e© evsjv Ñ 2 GKz‡ki Mí Ñ 1 GKz‡ki Mí Ñ 2 GKz‡ki Mí Ñ 3 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Ñ 1 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Ñ 2 `yb©xwZ, Dbœq‡bi Aš—ivq I DËi‡Yi c_ Ñ 1 `ybx©wZ, Dbœq‡bi Aš—ivq I DËi‡Yi c_ Ñ 2 `ybx©wZ, Dbœq‡bi Aš—ivq I DËi‡Yi c_ Ñ 3 `ybx©wZ, Dbœq‡bi Aš—ivq I DËi‡Yi c_ Ñ 4 GKwU d‡UvMÖvd Ñ 1 GKwU d‡UvMÖvd Ñ 2 Aciv‡nèi Mí Ñ 1 Aciv‡nèi Mí Ñ 2 Aciv‡nèi Mí Ñ 3 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (M`¨) Ñ 1 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (M`¨) Ñ 2 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (M`¨) Ñ 3 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (M`¨) Ñ 4 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (KweZv) Ñ 5 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (KweZv) Ñ 6

K¬vm msL¨v - 40 cvV Ñ 77 cvV Ñ 78 cvV Ñ 79 cvV Ñ 80 cvV Ñ 81 cvV Ñ 82 cvV Ñ 83 cvV Ñ 84 cvV Ñ 85 cvV Ñ 86 cvV Ñ 87 cvV Ñ 88 cvV Ñ 89

cÖ_g el© : Z…Zxq Uvg© (el© mgvcbx) cÙvb`xi gvwS Ñ 1 cÙvb`xi gvwS Ñ 2 cÙvb`xi gvwS Ñ 3 cÙvb`xi gvwS Ñ 4 cÙvb`xi gvwS Ñ 5 cÙvb`xi gvwS Ñ 6 cÙvb`xi gvwS Ñ 7 cÙvb`xi gvwS Ñ 8 cÙvb`xi gvwS Ñ 9 cÙvb`xi gvwS Ñ 10 cÙvb`xi gvwS Ñ 11 cÙvb`xi gvwS Ñ 12 cÙvb`xi gvwS Ñ 13

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

c„ôv b¤^i-16

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ cvV Ñ 90 cvV Ñ 91 cvV Ñ 92 cvV Ñ 93 cvV Ñ 94 cvV Ñ 95 cvV Ñ 96 cvV Ñ 97 cvV Ñ 98 cvV Ñ 99 cvV Ñ 100 cvV Ñ 101 cvV Ñ 102 cvV Ñ 103 cvV Ñ 104 cvV Ñ 105 cvV Ñ 106 cvV Ñ 107 cvV Ñ 108 cvV Ñ 109 cvV Ñ 110 cvV Ñ 111 cvV Ñ 112 cvV Ñ 113 cvV Ñ 114 cvV Ñ 115 cvV Ñ 116

cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

cÙvb`xi gvwS Ñ 14 cÙvb`xi gvwS Ñ 15 cÙvb`xi gvwS Ñ 16 cÙvb`xi gvwS Ñ 17 cÙvb`xi gvwS Ñ 18 cÙvb`xi gvwS Ñ 19 cÙvb`xi gvwS Ñ 20 cÙvb`xi gvwS Ñ 21 cÙvb`xi gvwS Ñ 22 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (M`¨) Ñ 1 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (M`¨) Ñ 2 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (M`¨) Ñ 3 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (M`¨) Ñ 4 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (M`¨) Ñ 5 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (M`¨) Ñ 6 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (M`¨) Ñ 7 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (M`¨) Ñ 8 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (KweZv I Q›`) Ñ 9 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (KweZv) Ñ 10 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (KweZv) Ñ 11 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (KweZv) Ñ 12 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (KweZv) Ñ 13 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (Dcb¨vm) Ñ 14 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (Dcb¨vm) Ñ 15 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (Dcb¨vm) Ñ 16 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (Dcb¨vm) Ñ 17 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (Dcb¨vm) Ñ 18

cÖ_g I wØZxq Uvg© cix¶vi cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb c×wZ I gvb eÈb

mgq : 3 NÈv

evwl©K (el© mgvcbx) cix¶vi cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb c×wZ I gvb eÈb

cÖ kœ c Î cÖ Y q b c × wZ I gv b e È b

mgq : 3 NÈv

c~Y©gvb : 100

1. M`¨vsk †_‡K 3wU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e (5wUi g‡a¨) : 10 3=30 2. KweZvsk †_‡K 3wU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e (4wUi g‡a¨) : 10 3=30 3. M`¨ I KweZvsk †_‡K 40wU enywbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e (40wUi g‡a¨) : 1 40=40 [24wU (60%) Ávb I Abyavebg~jK Ges 16wU (40%) cª‡qvM I `¶Zvg~jK cÖkœ _vK‡e]

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

1. 2. 3. 4.

c~Y©gvb : 100

M`¨vsk †_‡K 2wU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e (3wUi g‡a¨) : 10 2=20 KweZvsk †_‡K 2wU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e (3wUi g‡a¨) : 10 2=20 Dcb¨vm †_‡K 2wU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e (3wUi g‡a¨) : 10 2=20 M`¨ I KweZvsk †_‡K 40wU enywbe©vPbx cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e (40wUi g‡a¨) : 1 40=40 [M`¨ I KweZvsk †_‡K 24wU (60%) Ávb I Abyavebg~jK Ges 16wU (40%) cª‡qvM I `¶Zvg~jK cÖkœ _vK‡e]

c„ôv b¤^i-17

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

Øv`k †kªYx Uvg© msL¨v Ñ 3 wU †gvU K¬vm msL¨v Ñ 100wU K¬vm msL¨v - 35 cvV Ñ 1 cvV Ñ2 cvV Ñ3 cvV Ñ4 cvV Ñ5 cvV Ñ6 cvV Ñ7 cvV Ñ8 cvV Ñ9 cvV Ñ10 cvV Ñ11 cvV Ñ12 cvV Ñ13 cvV Ñ14 cvV Ñ15 cvV Ñ16 cvV Ñ17 cvV Ñ18 cvV Ñ19 cvV Ñ20 cvV Ñ21 cvV Ñ22 cvV Ñ23 cvV Ñ24 cvV Ñ25 cvV Ñ26 cvV Ñ27 cvV Ñ28 cvV Ñ29 cvV Ñ30 cvV Ñ31 cvV Ñ32 cvV Ñ33 cvV Ñ34 cvV Ñ35

wØZxq el© : cÖ_g Uvg© wm‡jevm I cix¶vi gvbeÈb m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbv fvlv I e¨vKiY m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbv Ges msÁv e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jvP¨m~wP I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv aŸwb msµvš— Av‡jvPbv kã I k‡ãi DrcwËMZ cÖKvi‡f` k‡ãi A_©MZ cÖKvi‡f` k‡ãi MVbMZ cÖKvi‡f` I wewfbœ MVb c×wZ kã msµvš— mgwš^Z Av‡jvPbv fve m¤cÖmviY (wba©vwiZ 3wU fve m¤cÖmviY ) Ñ 1 fve m¤cÖmviY (wba©vwiZ 3wU fve m¤cÖmviY) Ñ 2 evK¨, D‡Ïk¨, we‡aq I mv_©K evK¨ MV‡bi êwkó¨mg~n ev‡Kï MVbMZ cÖKvi‡f` I iƒcvš—i c×wZ ev‡Kï A_©MZ cÖKvi‡f` I iƒcvš—i c×wZ ev‡Kï †evaMZ cÖKvi‡f` I iƒcvš—i c×wZ evK¨ iƒcvš—i I evK¨ msµvš— mgwš^Z Av‡jvPbv cÎ (cÎ m¤úwK©Z aviYv I e¨w³MZ cÎ) Ñ 1 cÎ (Av‡e`b cÎ) Ñ 2 Y-Z¡ weavb l-Z¡ weavb mgvm Ñ 1 mgvm Ñ 2 mgvm Ñ 3 mgvm Ñ 4 fvlY Ñ 1 fvlY Ñ 2 fvlY Ñ 3 mgv_©K kã Ñ 1 mgv_©K kã Ñ 2 AbymM© DcmM© cÖeÜ iPbv (cÖv_wgK Av‡jvPbv) Ñ 1 cÖeÜ iPbv (wba©vwiZ 1wU iPbv) Ñ 2 cÖeÜ iPbv (wba©vwiZ 1wU iPbv) Ñ 3 cÖeÜ iPbv (wba©vwiZ 1wU iPbv) Ñ 4 cÖeÜ iPbv (wba©vwiZ 1wU iPbv) Ñ 5

K¬vm msL¨v - 30 cvV Ñ36 cvV Ñ37 cvV Ñ38 cvV Ñ39 cvV Ñ40 cvV Ñ41 cvV Ñ42

wØZxq el© : wØZxq Uvg© cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q Ñ 1 cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q Ñ 2 cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q Ñ 3 cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q Ñ 4 fve m¤cÖmviY (wba©vwiZ 3wU fve m¤cÖmviY) Ñ 3 fve m¤cÖmviY (wba©vwiZ 3wU fve m¤cÖmviY) Ñ 4 wecixZ kã Ñ 1

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

c„ôv b¤^i-18

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

cÖfvlY cÎ

cvV Ñ43 cvV Ñ44 cvV Ñ45 cvV Ñ46 cvV Ñ47 cvV Ñ48 cvV Ñ49 cvV Ñ50 cvV Ñ51 cvV Ñ52 cvV Ñ53 cvV Ñ54 cvV Ñ55 cvV Ñ56 cvV Ñ57 cvV Ñ58 cvV Ñ59 cvV Ñ60 cvV Ñ61 cvV Ñ62 cvV Ñ63 cvV Ñ 64 cvV Ñ 65

wecixZ kã Ñ 2 cvwifvwlK kã Ñ 1 cvwifvwlK kã Ñ 2 cvwifvwlK kã Ñ 3 cÎ (cwÎKvi cÎ) Ñ 3 cÎ (Avgš¿Y cÎ / wbgš¿Y cÎ, gvb cÎ) Ñ 4 cÎ (e¨emvwqK cÎ I Ab¨vb¨ cÎ) Ñ 5 mwÜ Ñ 1 mwÜ Ñ 2 kã ïw×KiY Ñ 1 kã ïw×KiY Ñ 2 evK¨ ïw×KiY Ñ 1 evK¨ ïw×KiY Ñ 2 cÖwZ‡e`b (cÖv_wgK Av‡jvPbv I cÖwZ‡e`b cwiwPwZ) Ñ 1 cÖwZ‡e`b (cwÎKvi cÖwZ‡e`b) Ñ 2 cÖwZ‡e`b (Awdwmqvj cÖwZ‡e`b) Ñ 3 cÖwZ‡e`b (mvwe©K Av‡jvPbv I Abykxjb) Ñ 4 hwZ wPý Ñ 1 hwZ wPý Ñ 2 cÖeÜ iPbv (wba©vwiZ 1wU iPbv) Ñ 6 cÖeÜ iPbv (wba©vwiZ 1wU iPbv) Ñ 7 cÖeÜ iPbv (wba©vwiZ 1wU iPbv) Ñ 8 cÖeÜ iPbv (wba©vwiZ 1wU iPbv) Ñ 9

K¬vm msL¨v - 35 cvV Ñ 66 cvV Ñ 67 cvV Ñ 68 cvV Ñ 69 cvV Ñ 70 cvV Ñ 71 cvV Ñ 72 cvV Ñ 73 cvV Ñ 74 cvV Ñ 75 cvV Ñ 76 cvV Ñ 77 cvV Ñ 78 cvV Ñ 79 cvV Ñ 80 cvV Ñ 81 cvV Ñ 82 cvV Ñ 83 cvV Ñ 84 cvV Ñ 85 cvV Ñ 86 cvV Ñ 87 cvV Ñ 88 cvV Ñ 89

wØZxq el© : Z…Zxq Uvg© (el© mgvcbx) i³v³ cÖvš—i Ñ 1 i³v³ cÖvš—i Ñ 2 i³v³ cÖvš—i Ñ 3 i³v³ cÖvš—i Ñ 4 i³v³ cÖvš—i Ñ 5 i³v³ cÖvš—i Ñ 6 i³v³ cÖvš—i Ñ 7 i³v³ cÖvš—i Ñ 8 i³v³ cÖvš—i Ñ 9 i³v³ cÖvš—i Ñ 10 i³v³ cÖvš—i Ñ 11 i³v³ cÖvš—i Ñ 12 i³v³ cÖvš—i Ñ 13 i³v³ cÖvš—i Ñ 14 i³v³ cÖvš—i Ñ 15 i³v³ cÖvš—i Ñ 16 i³v³ cÖvš—i Ñ 17 i³v³ cÖvš—i Ñ 18 i³v³ cÖvš—i Ñ 19 i³v³ cÖvš—i Ñ 20 fvem¤cÖmviY (wba©vwiZ 3wU fve m¤cÖmviY) Ñ 5 fvem¤cÖmviY (wba©vwiZ 3wU fve m¤cÖmviY) Ñ 6 fvem¤cÖmviY (wba©vwiZ 3wU fve m¤cÖmviY ) Ñ 7 cÖeÜ iPbv (wba©vwiZ 1wU iPbv) Ñ 10

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

c„ôv b¤^i-19

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ cvV Ñ 90 cvV Ñ 91 cvV Ñ 92 cvV Ñ 93 cvV Ñ 94 cvV Ñ 95 cvV Ñ 96 cvV Ñ 97 cvV Ñ 98 cvV Ñ 99 cvV Ñ 100

cÖeÜ iPbv (wba©vwiZ 1wU iPbv) Ñ 11 cÖeÜ iPbv (mvwe©K Av‡jvPbv) Ñ12 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (e¨vKiY) Ñ 1 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (e¨vKiY) Ñ 2 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (fve m¤cÖmviY) Ñ 3 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (cÎ) Ñ 4 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (fvlY I cÖwZ‡e`b) Ñ 5 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (i³v³ cÖvš—i) Ñ 6 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (i³v³ cÖvš—i) Ñ 7 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (cÖeÜ iPbv) Ñ 8 c~e© cv‡Vi cybiv‡jvPbv (cÖeÜ iPbv) Ñ 9

cÖ kœ c Î cÖ_g I wØZxq Uvg© cix¶v

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

cÖfvlY cÎ

cÖ Y q b

c × wZ

gv b e È b

mgq : 3 NÈv

c~Y©gvb : 100

á cwVZ wel‡qi Ici wfwË K‡i gvb eÈb mv‡c‡¶ cÖkœ cÖYqb Kiv n‡e|

mgq : 3 NÈv

c~Y©gvb : 100

á bvUK

1 wU iPbvg~jK cÖkœ (2wU †_‡K) 1 wU welqwfwËK msw¶ß cÖkœ (2wU †_‡K) 1 wU e¨vL¨v (2wU †_‡K)

el© mgvcbx cix¶v

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

10×1 =10 5×1 =05 5×1 =05

á cÖeÜ, e¨vKiY I weiPb

1 wU cÖeÜ iPbv (5wU †_‡K) 5 wU e¨vKiYg~jK cÖkœ (8wU †_‡K) 1 wU cÎ wjLb (2wU †_‡K) 1wU fvlY A_ev cÖwZ‡e`b 1 wU fve-m¤cÖmviY (2wU †_‡K)

20×1=20 6×5 =30 10×1 =10 10×1 =10 10×1 =10 me©‡gvU=100

c„ôv b¤^i-20

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

m~wPcÎ evsjv cÖ_g cÎ M`¨ µwgK 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Aa¨v‡qi wk‡ivbvg evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm KgjvKv‡š—i Revbew›` ˆngš—x mvwn‡Z¨ †Ljv wejvmx Aa©v½x †hŠe‡bi Mvb KwjgwÏ `dv`vi GKwU Zzjmx Mv‡Qi Kvwnbx GKz‡ki Mí `ybx©wZ, Dbœq‡bi Aš—ivq I DËi‡Yi c_ Aciv‡nèi Mí

†jLK msKwjZ ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi cÖg_ †PŠayix kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg Avey Rvdi kvgmyÏxb ˆmq` IqvjxDj−vn Rwni ivqnvb msKwjZ iPbv ûgvq~b Avn‡g`

c„ôv b¤^i 24 29 31 34 36 38 40 42 45 48 50 52

KweZv 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

Q›` e½fvlv †mvbvi Zix Rxeb-e›`bv evsjv‡`k Kei Zvnv‡iB c‡o g‡b cv‡Äwi Avgvi c~e© evsjv AvVv‡iv eQi eqm GKwU d‡UvMÖvd

msKwjZ gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg Awgq PµeZ©x RmxgD`&`xb mywdqv Kvgvj dii“L Avng` ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb myKvš— fÆvPvh© kvgmyi ivngvb

55 58 60 62 65 67 70 72 74 76 78

Dcb¨vm 24.

cÙvb`xi gvwS

gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq

evsjv wØZxq cÎ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Øv`k †kªYxi wm‡jevm, cix¶v c×wZ I gvbeÈb fvlv I e¨vKiY aŸwb cwiPq kã I k‡ãi †kªYx wefvM kã MVb evK¨ I evK¨ cÖKiY evK¨ iƒcvš—i Y-Z¡ Ges l-Z¡ weavb mgvm mgv_©K kã ev cÖwZkã

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

85 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 c„ôv b¤^i-21

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ µwgK 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

cÖfvlY cÎ Aa¨v‡qi wk‡ivbvg

cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨q AbymM© ev Kg©cÖePbxq Ges DcmM© wecixZ kã cvwifvwlK kã mwÜ ïw×KiY : kã I evK¨ hwZ ev weivgwPý cÎ wjLb fvlY cÖwZ‡e`b fve-m¤cÖmviY cÖeÜ bvUK : i³v³ cÖvš—i

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx c„ôv 106 109 111 113 115 117 119 123 127 131 137 140 142

c„ôv b¤^i-22

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

cÖ_g cÎ

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

c„ôv b¤^i-23

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i hyM wefvMmvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPKMY evsjv mvwnZ¨ iPbvi mgqKvj‡K †gvU wZbwU fv‡M wef³ K‡i‡Qb| h_v : 1. cÖvPxb hyM (650Ñ1200 wLª÷vã)| 2. ga¨ hyM (1201Ñ1800 wLª÷vã)| 3. AvaywbK hyM (1801ÑA`¨vewa)|

cÖvPxb hyM wb`k©b : Ph©vc` (¯^Zš¿ Zvj I ivMwewkó †eŠ× a‡g©i mvab msMxZ)| †gvU c‡ì msL¨v : 51 wU| (Abvwe®K…Z AviI _vK‡Z cv‡i)| msM„nxZ c‡ì msL¨v : mv‡o 46 wU| msMÖ‡ni Drm : †bcv‡ji ivRìevi¯’ cvVvMvi| msMÖn I Avwe®‹v‡ii mgq : 1907 wLª÷vã| msMÖvnK : gnvg‡nvcva¨vq nicªmv` kv¯¿x| cÖ_g cÖKvk : 1916 wLª÷vã (e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil`, m¤úv`K Ñ gnvg‡nvcva¨vq nicªmv` kv¯¿x)| Ph©vKv‡ii msL¨v : 24 Rb| Ph©vKvi‡ì bvg : jyB, Kz°zix, weiyAv, MyÊix, PvwUj, fymyKz, Kvý, Kvgwj, †Wv¤^x, kvwš—, gwnËv, exYv, min, kei, AvR‡è, †XÊb, `vwiK, fv‡`, ZvoK, K¼Y, RAbw›`, avg, Zš¿x I jvox‡Wv¤^x| msM„nxZ c‡ì g‡a¨ jvox‡Wv¤^xi †Kvb c` cvIqv hvqwb| c‡ì fwYZvq cÖ‡Z¨K c`KZ©vi bv‡gi †k‡l m¤§vbm~PK ÔcvÕ hy³ Kiv n‡Zv| A‡bK c`KZ©vi bvgB wQj QÙbvg| me©vwaK c` iPwqZv : Kvýcv` (13 wU)| welqe¯‘i we‡klZ¡ : agx©q Z‡Ë¡i mv‡_ mgvRwP‡Îi Dcw¯’wZ| GKwU c‡ì Askwe‡kl DÂv DÂv cveZ Zwnu emB meix evjx| †gviv½ cx”Q cwinvY meix MxeZ ¸Äix gvjx|| [ DuPz DuPz ce©Z Ñ Z_vq e‡m keix evwjKv, gq~icy”Q cwiwnZ keix Mjvq ¸Ävi gvjv| Ñ keicv]

ga¨ hyM D‡j−L‡hvM¨ wb`k©bmg~n 1. kªxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨ : eo– PÛx`vm / kªxK…òKxZ©b Kv‡e¨i LÊ msL¨v : 13 wU (Rb¥LÊ, Zv¤^yjLÊ, `vbLÊ, †bŠKvLÊ, fviLÊ, QÎLÊ, e„›`vebLÊ, Kvwji`gbLÊ, hgybvLÊ, nviLÊ, evYLÊ, eskxLÊ I ivavwein)| 2. ˆeòe c`vejx : we`¨vcwZ, PÊx`vm, †Mvwe›``vm, Ávb`vm, ejivg`vm, RM`vb›`, ivq‡kLi, †kL Kwei, AvdRj, †kL dqRyj−vn&, ˆmq` AvBbywÏb, ˆmq` gZ©yRv, AvjvIj, Avjx iRv, Kgi Avjx, ˆmq` myjZvb, bIqvwRm cÖgyL| 3. kªx ˆPZb¨‡`‡ei Rxebx mvwnZ¨ (GKvwaK) : e„›`veb`vm, †jvPb`vm, Rqvb›`, K…ò`vm KweivR, †Mvwe›``vm, P~ovgwY`vm cÖgyL| 4. Abyev` mvwnZ¨ K. ivgvqY : K…wËevm, A™¢yZvPvh©, P›`ªveZx| L. gnvfviZ : Kex›`ª ci‡gk¦i (j¯‹i civMj Lv‡bi wb‡`©‡k), kªxKi b›`x (j¯‹i civMj Lv‡bi cyÎ QzwU Lv‡bi wb‡`©‡k), mÄq, Kvkxivg `vm| M. fvMeZ (kªxK…ò weRq) : gvjvai emy (¸YivR Lvb Ñ †MŠ‡ok¦i KZ©„K †`qv Dcvwa)| †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

c„ôv b¤^i-24

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

5. g½jKve¨ K. gbmvg½j : Kvbvnwi`Ë, bvivqb‡è, weRq¸ß, wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB, wØR eskx`vm, †KZKv`vm †¶gvb›`, †¶gvb›`, Zš¿wef~wZ, RM¾xeb †Nvlvj, weòzcvj, lôxei `Ë, Kvwj`vm, mxZvivg`vm cÖgyL| L. PÛxg½j (Kvj‡KZz DcvL¨vb, abcwZ m`vM‡ii Kvwnbx): gvwYK `Ë, wØR gvae, gvaevPvh©, gyKz›ìvg PµeZx©, wØR ivg‡è, nwiivg, jvjv RqbvivqY †mb, fevbxk¼i `vm, AwKÂb PµeZx© cÖgyL| M. `yM©vg½j : wØR Kgj‡jvPb, fevbxcÖmv` ivq| N. ag©g½j (ivRv nwikP‡›`ªi Kvwnbx, jvD‡m‡bi Kvwnbx) : gq~ifÆ, Avw` iƒcivg, †Ljvivg PµeZx©, gvwYKivg, iƒcivg, k¨vgcwÊZ, mxZvivg `vm, ivRvivg `vm, ivg`vm Av`K, wØR cÖfyivg, Nbivg PµeZx©, ivgP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, mn‡è PµeZx©, ü`qivg mvD, biwmsn emy cÖgyL| O. wkeg½j wkevqb : ivgK…ò ivq, k¼i KweP›`ª, iv‡gk¦i fÆvPvh© cÖgyL| g„Mjyä : ivgivRv, iwZ‡è| P. KvwjKvg½j (we`¨vmy›`‡ii Kvwnbx): Kwe K¼, kªxai KweivR, mvwewi` Lvb, †Mvwe›` `vm, ejivg Kwe‡kLi, ivgcÖmv` †mb cªgyL| Q. Abœ`vg½j : fviZP›`ª ivq ¸YvKi| GQvovI g½jKve¨ wn‡m‡e ZLb †h Kve¨¸‡jv iwPZ n‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ n‡jv Ñ lôxg½j, ivqg½j, kxZjvg½j I Kgjvg½j Kve¨| 6. bv_ mvwnZ¨ K. †Mvi¶ weR‡qi Kvwnbx : ‡kL dqRyjvn&, k¨vg`vm †mb, Kex›`ª`vm, fxg‡mb| L. gqbvgZx ev †MvcxP‡›`ªi MxZ : `yj©f gwjK, fevbx`vm, myKzi gvngy`| 7. AvivKvb ivRmfvi evsjv mvwnZ¨ †`ŠjZ KvRx : mZx gqbv I †jvi P›`ªvbx (Kwei g„Z¨z i ci Kve¨wUi †klvsk iPbv K‡ib Kwe AvjvIj)| gi`b : bmxiv-bvgv| †Kv‡ikx gvMY VvKzi : cÙveZx| AvjvIj : cÙveZx (g~j : gvwjK gyn¤§` Rvqmx), mqdzj gyjyK ew`D¾vgvj, mZx gqbv I †jvi P›`ªvbxi †klvsk, mß cqKi, †Zvn&dv, †mKv›ìbvgv, m½xZkv¯¿ (ivMZvjbvgv), ivaK…ò iƒc‡K iwPZ c`vejx| Ave`yj Kixg ‡Lv›`Kvi : `yjv gRwjk| 8. †ivgvw›UK cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb kvn gyn¤§` mMxi : BDmyd †Rv‡jLv| †`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg Lvb : jvqjx gRby| gyn¤§` Kexi :gaygvjZx| mvwewi` Lvb : nvwbdv-Kqivcix, we`¨vmy›ì| †`vbvMvRx †PŠayix : mqdzj gyjyK ew`D¾vgvj| †`ŠjZ KvRx : mZx gqbv-†jvi P›`ªvbx| AvjvIj : cÙveZx, mß cqKi| †Kv‡ikx gvMY VvKzi : cÙveZx| Ave`yj nvwKg : jvjgZx mqdzj gyjyK| bIqvwRm Lvb : ¸‡j eKvIjx| g½j Puv` : kvnRvjvj-gaygvjv| ˆmq` gyn¤§` AvKei : †RejgyjyK kvgv‡ivL| gyn¤§` gyKxg : g„MveZx| †kL mv`x : M`vgwjKv| †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

c„ôv b¤^i-25

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

9. gwm©qv mvwnZ¨ †kL dqRyj−vn& : Rqb‡ei †PŠwZkv| †`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg Lvb : R½bvgv| gyn¤§` Lvb : g³zj †nv‡mb| †kievR : Kvwk‡gi jovB| nvqvr gvngy` : R½bvgv (Ab¨vb¨ Kve¨: wPË DÌvb, wnZÁvbevYx I Avw¤^qvevYx)| Rvdi : knx`-B Kvievjv| nvwg` : msMÖvg ûmb| 10. †jvK mvwnZ¨ : Qov, Mvb (†jvKMxwZ), MxwZKv (AvL¨vbg~jK †jvKMxwZ), bv_ MxwZKv, ˆggbwmsn MxwZKv (gûqv, gjyqv, P›`ªveZx, Kgjv, †Ìqvb fvebv, `my¨ †Kbviv‡gi cvjv, iƒceZx, K¼ I jxjv, KvRj †iLv I †Ìqvbv gw`bv), c~e©e½ MxwZKv, K_v (M‡`¨ ewY©Z Kvwnbx), iƒcK_v, DcK_v (ckyc¶xi PwiÎ Aej¤^‡b iwPZ Kvwnbx), eªZK_v (†g‡qwj eª‡Zi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z Kvwnbx), auvauv, cÖev` BZ¨vw`| 11. KweMvb KweMv‡bi Askmg~n : K. e›`bv ev ¸i“‡`‡ei MxwZ, L. mLxmsev` M. wein Ges N. †LDo Kweqvje„›`: †MuvRjv MyuB, fevbx †e‡b, ivmy-b„wmsn, niy VvKzi, †Kóv gywP, wbZvB êivMx, ivg emy, †fvjv gqiv, G›Uwb wdwiw½, kªxai K_K, bxjgwY cvUbx, ejivg êòe, ivg-my›ì m¨vKiv cÖgyL| 12. UàvMvb : ivgwbwa Myß (wbay evey), Kvjx wgR©v, kªxai K_K| 13. cuvPvwj Mvb : `vkiw_ ivq (`vï ivq)| 14. cuyw_ mvwnZ¨ dwKi Mixeyjvn& : BDmyd-‡Rv‡jLv, Avgxi nvgRv (cÖ_g Ask), R½bvgv, †mvbvfvb, mZ¨cx‡ii cuyw_| ˆmq` nvgRv : gaygvjZx, Avgxi nvgRv (†klvsk), ˆRMy‡bi cuyw_| †gvnv¤§` `v‡bk : Pvnvi ì‡ek, †Mvj‡e Qvbyqvi, b~i“j Bgvb, nv‡Zg ZvB| Ave`yj Mdzi : MvRx Kvjy I P¤úveZx| Ave`yj nvwKg : MvRx Kvjy I P¤úveZx| 1200 ‡_‡K 1350 wLª. ch©š— mgqKvj‡K ejv nq AÜKvi hyM| G mg‡qi D‡jL‡hvM¨ mvwnZ¨ KxwZ© n‡jv : k~b¨cyivY : ivgvB cwÊZ (ag©c~Rvi kv¯¿MÖš’)| †mK ï‡fv`qv : njvq~a wgkª (j²Y †m‡bi mfvKwe)|

AvaywbK hyM

K. L. M. N.

AvaywbK hy‡Mi m~Pbv‡¶Î : wn›`y K‡jR| AvaywbK hyM cÖeZ©‡bi cÖavb cyi“l : wW‡ivwRI (wn›`y K‡j‡Ri wk¶K)| AvaywbK hyM cÖeZ©‡bi g~j PvwjKv kw³ : Bqs †e½j (wW‡ivwRI -Gi gš¿gy» wkl¨ `j)| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AvaywbKZvi j²Ymg~n : gvbweKZv (†`e-‡`exi gvnvZ¥¨ Z_v ag©wbf©iZv cwinvi K‡i gvby‡li cÖvavb¨ cÖwZôvmn gvbweK g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvk)| e¨w³‡PZbv AvZ¥‡PZbv I AvZ¥cÖmvi mgvR m‡PZbZv

O. P. Q. R.

†`k‡cÖg †ivgvw›UKZv †gŠwjKZv gy³eyw×

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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S. bvMwiKZv T. Avw½‡Ki iƒcvš—i (c‡`ï GKK Avwac‡Zï cwie‡Z© M‡`ï cÖvavb¨)| P. gy`ªYh‡š¿i eënvi| evsjv M`¨ mvwnZ¨ weKv‡ki Avw`‡¶Î : kªxivgcyi wgkb I †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR| M`¨ mvwnZ¨ weKv‡ki cÖavb `yB w`Kcvj 1. ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq 2. Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Zï avivmg~n : Z cÖeÜ : ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq, Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi, †`‡e›`ªbv_ VvKzi, A¶qKzgvi `Ë, c¨vixPuv` wgÎ, KvjxcÖmbœ wmsn, f~‡è gy‡Lvcva¨vq, ivRbvivqY emy, ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq, KvjxcÖmbœ †Nvl, mÄxeP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq, wkebv_ kv¯¿x, gxi gkviid †nv‡mb, P›`ª‡kLi gy‡Lvcva¨vq, nicÖmv` kv¯¿x, A¶qKzgvi ˆg‡Îq, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, iv‡g›`ªmy›ì wÎ‡e`x, cÖg_ †PŠayix, e‡j›`ªbv_ VvKzi, Aebx›`ªbv_ VvKzi, AZzjP›`ª ¸ß, †gvwnZjvj gRyg`vi, W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, AwRZKzgvi PµeZx© cÖgyL| Z Dcb¨vm : n¨vbv K¨v_vwib g¨v‡jÝ, c¨vixPuv` wgÎ, KvjxcÖmbœ wmsn, f~‡è gy‡Lvcva¨vq, ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq, ZviKbv_ M‡½vcva¨vq, i‡gkP›`ª `Ë, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, cÖfvZKzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq, kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq, Abyiƒcv †èx, wbiƒcgv †èx, Bw›ìv †èx, mxZv †èx, kvš—v †èx, ˆkjevjv †NvlRvqv, Avkvc~Y©v †èx, cÖwZfv emy, gnv‡¯^Zv fÆvPvh©, evYx ivq, jxjv gRyg`vi, ey×‡è emy, AwPš—¨Kzgvi †mb¸ß, †cÖ‡g›`ª wgÎ, cÖ‡evaKzgvi mvb¨vj, Abœ`vk¼i ivq, gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, wewf~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, ejvBPuv` gy‡Lvcva¨vq (ebdzj), g‡bvR emy, ˆkjRvb›` gy‡Lvcva¨vq, cÖg_bv_ wekx, wegj wgÎ, mg‡ik emy, gxi gkviid †nv‡mb, bIqve dqRy‡bœQv †PŠayivbx, †gvRv‡¤§j nK, †gvnv¤§` bwRei ingvb, ˆmq` BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivRx, KvRx Bg`v`yj nK, †eMg †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb, Wv³vi †gvnv¤§` jyrdi igvb, kvnv`r †nv‡mb, KvRx Ave`yj I`y`, KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg, ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx, Rwni ivqnvb, Bg`v`yj nK wgjb, ûgvq~b Avn‡g` cÖgyL| Z †QvUMí : ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq, b‡M›`ªbv_ ¸ß, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, cÖfvZKzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq, kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq, `w¶YviÄb wgÎ gRyg`vi, D‡c›`ªwK‡kvi ivq †PŠayix, cÖg_ †PŠayix, ivR‡kLi emy, ‡eMg †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb, †cÖ‡g›`ª wgÎ, AwPš— ¨Kzgvi ‡mb¸ß, ey×‡è emy, KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg, ˆkjRvb›` gy‡Lvcva¨vq, Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, cÖg_bv_ wekx, wewf~wZf~lY gy‡Lvcva¨vq, wewf~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, kiw`›`y e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, ejvBPuv` gy‡Lvcva¨vq (ebdzj), g‡bvR emy, Abœ`vk¼i ivq, ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx, cÖ‡evaKzgvi mvb¨vj, m‡ivRKzgvi ivq †PŠayix, my‡eva †Nvl cÖgyL| Z bexb KweZv : Ck¦iP›`ª ¸ß, i½jvj e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë cÖgyL| Z gnvKve¨ : gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë, †ngP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, bexbP›`ª †mb, Kvq‡Kvev`, ˆmq` BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivRx, nvwg` Avwj, †hvMx›`ªbv_ emy cÖgyL| Z MxwZ KweZv : wenvixjvj PµeZx© (†fv‡ii cvwL), K…òP›`ª gRyg`vi, my‡i›`ªbv_ gRyg`vi, wØ‡R›`ªbv_ VvKzi, ¯^Y©Kzgvix †èx, †Mvwe›`ªP›`ª `vm, †`‡e›`ªbv_ †mb, †gvRv‡¤§j nK, A¶qKzgvi eovj, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, wØ‡R›`ªjvj ivq (wWGj ivq), Kvwgbx ivq, iRbxKvš— †mb, ‰mq` Gg`v` Avjx, †kL dRjj Kwig, m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë, KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg, hZx›`ª‡gvnb evMPx, KzgyìÄb gwj−K, hZx›`ªbv_ †mb¸ß, †gvwnZjvj gRyg`vi, Rxebvb›` `vm, myax›`ªbv_ `Ë, weòz †`, Awgq eµeZx©, ey×‡è emy, †cª‡g›`ª wgÎ, myKvš— fÆvPvh©, myfvl gy‡Lvcva¨vq, Aveyj †nv‡mb, †nvm‡b Aviv, dii“L Avng`, †eMg mywdqv Kvgvj, Avj gvngy`, nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb, kvgmyi ivngvb, wbg©‡j›`y MyY cÖgyL| Z bvUK I cÖnmb : ivgbvivqY ZK©iZœ, gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë, `xbeÜz wgÎ, wMwikP›`ª †Nvl, gb‡gvnb emy, gxi gkviid †nv‡mb, wØ‡R›`ªjvj ivq, Ag„Zjvj emy, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg, g‡n›`ª ¸ß, weavqK fÆvPvh©, gybxi †Pxayix, Ave`yj−vn Avj gvgyb, AvgRv` †nv‡mb, gvgybyi ikx`, †mwjg Avj `xb, ûgvq~b Avn‡g`, Bg`v`yj nK wgjb cÖgyL| GQvov, AvaywbK hy‡M M`¨ weKv‡ki d‡j msev`cÎ I mvgwqKc‡Îi m~Pbv Ges AMÖhvÎv m~wPZ nq| MÖ š’ bv : eyjeyj Avn‡g` Z _¨ m~ Î : evsjv mvwn‡Zï BwZnvm Ñ gvneyeyj Avjg evsjv mvwn‡Zï m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë Ñ W. AwmZ Kzgvi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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M`¨vsk

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

c„ôv b¤^i-28

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

cÖfvlY cÎ KgjvKv‡š—i Revbew›`

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq

†jLK cwiwPwZ

evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi RbK I evsjvmvwn‡Zï Ab¨Zg †kªô †jLK| wZwb ÔmvwnZ¨ mgªvUÕ wn‡m‡eI AwfwnZ n‡q _v‡Kb| wZwb Ôe½`k©bÕ mvwnZ¨ cwÎKvi cÖwZôvZv m¤úv`K wQ‡jb| evsjv mvwn‡Zï weKv‡k Ges kw³kvjx †jLK m„wó‡Z Zuvi Ae`vb Amvgvb¨| ew¼gP›`ª AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖavb m„wókxj †jLK‡ì GKRb| Rb¥ : 1838 wLª÷v‡ã cwðge‡½i PweŸk ciMYv †Rjvi KuvVvj cvovq | g„Z¨z : 1894 wLª÷v‡ã|

iPbvewj

Dcb¨vm : `y‡M©kbw›`bx (cÖ_g cÖKZ … evsjv Dcb¨vm), KcvjKzÊjv, wele„¶, K…òKv‡š—i DBj, ivRwmsn| cÖeÜ MÖš’ : †jvKinm¨, KgjvKv‡š—i `ßi, wewea cÖeÜ, mvg¨|

Drm I cwiwPwZ

ÔKgjvKv‡š—i Revbew›`Õ cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq Ôe½`k©bÕ cwÎKvi 1288 e½v‡ãi dvêyb msL¨vq| GwU ew¼gP‡›`ªi weL¨vZ igë¨½ iPbv msKjb ÔKgjvKv‡š—i `ßiÕ Gi me©‡kl msL¨vi iPbv|G iPbvi wbe©vwPZ Askwe‡kl GLv‡b m¤úvw`Zfv‡e msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| G iPbvwUi g~j wk‡ivbvg wQj ÔKgjvKv‡š—i †Rvevbew›`Õ| ÔKgjvKv‡š—i Revbew›`Õ iPbvwU Awfbe bKkv RvZxq iPbv| GwU ew¼g mvwn‡Zï Ab¨Zg PgKcÖ` m¤ú`| GLv‡b Av`vj‡Zi KvVMovq ùvov‡bv mv¶x KgjvKv‡š—i Revbew›ì gva¨‡g ew¼gP›`ª †`wL‡q‡Qb Av`vj‡Z †h mvRv‡bv †MvQv‡bv Mvjfiv Kvievi P‡j Zv A‡bKvs‡kB K…wÎg AvbyôvwbKZvgvÎ| G iPbvq ew¼gP›`ª †KŠZzKim m„wó‡Z †h `¶Zvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb Zv AZyjbxq|

mvwnZ¨‡eva

á bKkv á evM&‰e`» ( Wit )

kãv_© I UxKv GRjvm †WcywU KvUviv gynywi ag©veZvi kvgjv †mi&Kk& Iu h‡ÁvcexZ KzVvwi

evbvb mZK©Zv

eªvþY, mvgMÖx, mv¶x, mv¶¨, cÖZ¨¶, eªvþ|

á bgybv cÖkœvewj

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GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

i. wek¦vm ivLv ii. mivmwi †`Lv iii. Dcw¯’wZ Dcjwä wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii 3. Ô†hB mv¶x GB iKg, Zvnv‡K Avwg Pvwn bvÕ-GB RwUj evK¨wUi mij Ges PwjZ iƒc †KvbwU? K. †h mv¶x GiKg Zv‡K Avwg Pvwn bv| L. Avwg G iKg mv¶x PvB bv| M. Avwg GB mv¶x Pvwn bv| N. Avwg I mv¶x PvB bv| Aby‡”Q`wU co 4 Ges 5 b¤î cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: eb¨vc−vweZ GjvKvi ÎvYcÖv_x© †jvK‡ì âh© aivi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq †mevms¯’vi cwiPvj‡Ki j¤^v-PIov e³e¨ †kl nj| eq¯‹ ¯‹zj wk¶K ¶zäK‡É D”P¯^‡i ej‡jb, ÒAvcbvi iPbvg„Z Avgv‡ì RVivwMœ ev †Zóv †Kv‡bvwU †gUv‡Z mg_© bq| Ggwb wK ïK‡bv Dc‡`‡ki wPov †fRv‡bvi g‡Zv cvwbi eÇ Afve| 4. Aby‡”Q‡ì wk¶‡Ki msjv‡c KgjvKv‡š—i K‡_vcK_‡bi †Kvb w`KwU cÖavbfv‡e dz‡U D‡V‡Q? K. †KŠZzK L. †k−l M. PgK N. †nuqvwj 5. ÔKgjvKv‡š—i Revbew›`Õ Gi †h e³e¨ Aby‡”Q`wU‡Z dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv nji. mgv‡Ri AmsMwZ ii. wePvi eë¯’vi AmviZv iii. Abyôvb me©¯^Zv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

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1. †`ŠjZcy‡ii abvX¨ e¨w³ †`ŠjZ Luv‡qi Pwj−kv Dcj‡¶ `wi`ª‡fvRb I e¯¿`v‡bi wekvj Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Luv‡qi fv‡Mœ Gnmvb Z`viwK Ki‡Q| Abyôv‡bi †klvs‡k Lv`¨-e‡¯¿i NvUwZ †`Lv †Mj| Gnmvb wgqv AwMœgw~ Z© aviY K‡i wPrKvi K‡i DVj, ÔnvRvi †jv‡Ki Av‡qvRb, †Zik‡K LvIqvjvg| Muv‡qi me‡jvKB †`LwQ Mwie|Õ lv‡Uva© ivqnvb wgqv Reve w`‡jb, ÔAvgiv `xbnxb, Zv‡Z m‡›`n wK? †`Ljvg Gnmvb wgqvi evwoi w`‡K Kvgjviv Lvev‡ii †WKwP Avi Kvc‡oi MvwÆ wb‡q hv‡”Q| AvR‡Ki w`‡b Gnmvb wgqvB †Zv `x‡bi †P‡q `xb| Pj‡i mevB, evwo hvB|Õ K. Ôh‡ÁvcexZÕ k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© Kx? L. Ôewj LvI Kx Kwiqv?Õ- msjvcwU Øviv Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| M. KgjvKv‡š—i †Kvb êwkó¨ ivqnvb wgqvi Pwi‡Î cvIqv hvq? e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Dc‡ii Aby‡”Q`wU ÔKgjvKv‡š—i Revbew›`Õ iPbvwUi fvev‡_©i `c©Y|Õ-gš—e¨wU hvPvB Ki| 2. ZvivMÄ MÖv‡g †PŠayix mv‡n‡ei bv‡g GwZgLvbvi fywi‡fv‡Ri Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GjvKvi MY¨gvb¨, Ae¯’vcbœ e¨w³ivI Zv‡Z mvwgj n‡q‡Qb| †PŠayix mv‡ne GwZg‡ì wbR nv‡Z cwi‡ekb Ki‡Qb,- nvZZvwji m‡½ wK¬K wK¬K K‡i K¨v‡givi d¬vk R¡j‡Z jvM‡jv| Ab¨w`‡K eûe¨Äb †kvwfZ †Uwe‡j Avgwš¿Z e¨w³‡ì Avc¨vq‡bi eë¯’v n‡q‡Q| GwZgLvbvi evi eQ‡ii evjK ew`D‡ii g‡b GK welg fvebvi Rb¥ nq- ÔG MÖv‡g GZ MY¨gvb¨ GwZg i‡q‡Qb!Õ K. Ôdwiqvw` cÖmbœ †MvqvwjbxÕ evK¨wUi RwUj iƒc †jL| L. Ô†NviZi K…òeY©Õ msjv‡c DwK‡ji cÖZ¨vwkZ DËi I KgjvKv‡š—i Abyave‡bi cv_©K¨ eywS‡q `vI| M. ew`D‡ii fvebvi m‡½ KgjvKv‡š—i msjv‡ci fvev‡_©i mv`„k¨ eywS‡q wjL| N. Dc‡ii Aby‡”Q‡` ÔKgjvKv‡š—i Revbew›`Õi g~jfvewU wfbœ †cÖ¶vc‡U cwi‡ewkZ n‡q‡QÕ- gš—e¨wUi †¶‡Î †Zvgvi gZvgZ Dc¯’vcb Ki|

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GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi †jLK cwiwPwZ wek¦Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi wQ‡jb AZzjbxq I me©‡ZvgyLx cÖwZfvi AwaKvix| wZwb GKvav‡i wQ‡jb Kwe, myiKvi, MxwZKvi, MíKvi, bvU¨Kvi, Jcb¨vwmK, Awf‡bZv, wkíx I wPÎKi| wZwb mvwnZ¨ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K I `¶ wk¶vmsMVK wn‡m‡eI cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| gvÎ c‡bi eQi eq‡m Zuvi cÖ_g Kve¨ ÔebdzjÕ cÖKvwkZ nq| wZwb 1913 wLª÷v‡ã we‡k¦i †kªô Kwei gh©v`v wb‡q Gkxq‡`i g‡a¨ mvwn‡Z¨ me©cÖ_g †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb| evsjv †QvUM‡íi cw_K…r wZwb| Ôkvwš—wb‡KZbÕ I Ôwek¦fviZxÕ ZvuiB m„wó| Rb¥ : 1861 mv‡ji 7 †g (25 ˆekvL, 1268 e½vã) KjKvZvi †Rvovmuv‡Kvi VvKzi evwo‡Z| g„Zz¨ : 1941 mv‡ji 7 AvM÷ (22 kªveY, 1348 e½vã) KjKvZvq|

iPbvewj

Dcb¨vm : †eŠ VvKzivYxi nvU (cÖ_g), ivRwl©, †Pv‡Li evwj, †bŠKvWywe, †Mviv, PZzi½, N‡i evB‡i, †hvMv‡hvM, `yB †evb, Pvi Aa¨vq, gvjÂ, †k‡li KweZv|

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Drm I cwiwPwZ Ôˆngš—xÕ MíwU cÖg_ †PŠayix m¤úvw`Z ÔmeyRcÎÕ cwÎKvq ˆR¨ô 1321 e½v‡ã (1914 wLª÷vã) cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| GwU cÖ_‡g ÔMí mßKÕ MÖ‡š’ 1916 wLª÷v‡ã; c‡i ÔMí¸”QÕ Z…Zxq L‡Ê 1926 wLª÷v‡ã mwbœ‡ewkZ nq| Ôˆngš—xÕ GK ¯^fve‡Kvgj, cweÎ, gvayh©gq, jveY¨gqx †g‡qi Kvwnbx; †h †hŠZzKcÖ_vi h~cKv‡ô wbg©g ewj n‡q‡Q| ü`qnxb ¯^v_©vÜ k¦ïi-kvïwoi wbôzi AvPi‡Y Avi Zvi ¸Ygy» A_P †cŠi“lnxb ¯^vgxi wb‡ðó AmnvqZvi gy‡L mij, ïå, wb®‹j¼ mZ¨eªZx Ges GKB m‡½ †ZRw¯^bx ˆngš—xi †e`bvweayi cwiYwZ Avgv‡`i gg©g~‡j AvNvZ K‡i|

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.................................................................................................................... eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1. Ôˆngš—xÕ M‡í Acyi Rxe‡b KZ eQi eqmwU A¶q n‡qwQj? K. †lvj L. m‡Zi M. AvVvi N. Dwbk 2. ˆngš—xi †lvj eQi eqmwU wQji. mg‡qi †lvj ii. cÖK…wZi †lvj iii. wbq‡gi †lvj wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii wb‡Pi msjvc¸‡jv co Ges 3 I 4 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI| Av‡jv : evev, Avgvi wdi‡Z mÜ¨v n‡e| Lvevi nUc‡U †i‡L †Mjvg, mgqgZ †L‡q wbI| AvdZve : wVK Av‡Q| wPwbi †KŠ‡UvUv †Kv_vq †i gv? Av‡jv : IUv Avwg mwi‡q †i‡LwQ| wPwb †c‡j Zzwg mvivw`b wZb Kvc Pv‡q Q-PvgP wPwb Lv‡e| AvdZve : †`wLm †Zvi jyK‡bv wPwbi †KŠUvi g‡Zv bv AvwgI Rxeb †_‡K jyKvwqZ nB! nv nv nv! †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 1| i‡gb evey GKgvÎ Kb¨v `xcvi we‡q‡Z k¦ïi evwoi Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z `kfwi ¯^Y©vjsKvi I j¶ UvKv w`‡q‡Qb| `xcv wk¶KZv K‡ib; KweZv cvV I Zvi Av‡jvPbvq Zuvi Aemi Kv‡U| msmv‡ii Kv‡RI †m cvi`kx©| mrcv‡Î Kb¨v`vb n‡q‡Q †f‡e i‡gb evey g„Zzï Av‡M Zuvi welq m¤úwË mgvR †mevg~jK cÖwZôv‡b `vb K‡ib| K. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi KZ mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb? L. ÔAvBeoÕ †g‡q ej‡Z ˆngš—x M‡í Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? M. ˆngš—x Pwi‡Îi †Kvb êwkó¨ `xcvi g‡a¨ j¶ Kiv hvq? eywS‡q `vI| N. †MŠixk¼i evey I i‡gb eveyi Pwi‡Îi GKwU Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Ki| 2| NUbv-1 ÔMv‡qMZ‡i GKUz evo‡jB n¹‡ji P¶z UvUvq, ¯‹z‡j hvB‡Z cv‡i bv| †Lj‡Z cv‡i bv| gvZeŸi Kq-wK, gvBqv‡i weqv wèv bv? N‡i ivLb `vq ZLb| gvBqviv hZ eo nBe UvKv ZZ †ewk jvMe| GZ UvKv KB cvgy KbÕ- mvdzj−¨v MÖv‡gi nvwRi evwoi D‡Vv‡b ùvwo‡q ejwQ‡jb cÂv‡kva© `yjy wgqv| NUbv-2 nvUvB‡ji Avovwjqv MÖv‡gi cvifx‡bi we‡q nq nvwd‡Ri m‡½| GK eQi Av‡M we‡qi K_v cvKvcvwKi mg‡q wba©vwiZ UvKv nv‡Z cvIqvi `yB wZb w`b ci Kv‡Ri K_v e‡j Ni Qv‡o nvwdR| cvifxb‡K ev‡ci evwo cvwV‡q †Ìqv nq| eZ©gv‡b Zvi K_v I AvPi‡Y AmsMwZ †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| K. ˆngš—xi cÖK…Z f³ †K wQj? L. Ôcvk KwieB Ges fv‡jv KwiqvB cvk KwieÕ- Acyi GB cY Kivi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| M. DÏxc‡Ki NUbv-1 G Ô ˆngš—xÕ M‡í dz‡U IVv welqwU e¨vL¨v Ki| N. ÔDÏxc‡Ki NUbv `ywU cwiewZ©Z mg‡qi c‡U Ô ˆngš—xÕ †QvU M‡í dz‡U IVv mgvR wP‡Îi cÖKvk‡f` gvÎÑ G e³‡eï †cÖw¶‡Z †Zvgvi gZvgZ Dc¯’vcb Ki|

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Drm I cwiwPwZ

cÖg_ †PŠayixi Ômvwn‡Z¨ †LjvÕ cÖeÜwU me©cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq ÔmeyR cÎÕ cwÎKvi 1322 e½v‡ãi (1915 wLª÷vã) kªveY msL¨vq| mvwn‡Zï cÖK…Z †mŠ›`‡h©i ¯îƒc Ges Av`k© I D‡Ï‡kï mywe¯Z……Z iƒc‡iLv cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z wM‡qB ‡jLK G cÖeÜwU iPbv K‡ib| †jLK cÖeÜwU ïi“ K‡i‡Qb RMwØL¨vZ fv¯‹i †ivù¨vi cÖm½ †U‡b| G ‡¶‡Î wZwb †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb †h, cÖK…Z wkíxi `¶Zv KLbB mxgve× bq| Zviv B‡”Q Ki‡j wkeI Mo‡Z cv‡ib, Avevi evuìI Mo‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ AwZ mvaviY wkíx‡ì c‡¶ Zv KLbB m¤¢e bq| cÖg_ †PŠayixi g‡Z, mvwn‡Zï D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q, mKj‡K Avb›` `vb Kiv, KviI g‡bviÄb Kiv bq| mgv‡Ri g‡bviÄb Ki‡Z †M‡j mvwnZ¨ n‡q co‡e ¯âg©Pz¨Z| Ab¨w`‡K wk¶v `vb KivI mvwn‡Zï D‡Ïk¨ bq| KviY cvV¨welq gvbyl c‡o Awb”Qvq Ges eva¨ n‡q| c¶vš—‡i mvwn‡Zï imv¯^v`b K‡i gvbyl †¯^”Qvq I Avb‡›`| ZvQvov wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ g~jZ Áv‡bi welq Rvbv‡bv; c¶vš—‡i mvwn‡Zï D‡Ïk¨ gvby‡li g‡b mvov RvMv‡bv| †jL‡Ki g‡Z, mvwn‡Zï m‡½ Zzjbv P‡j †Ljvayjvi| †Ljvayjvq †hgb wbQK Avb›`B cÖavb, mvwn‡ZÏ ZvB| †Ljvayjvq †hgb Avb›` Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb D‡Ïk¨ †bB, mvwn‡Zï D‡Ïk¨ †ZgwbÑGKgvÎ Avb›` `vb Kiv|

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Drm I cvV cwiwPwZ 1932 wLª÷v‡ã wmivRM‡Ä gymwjg hye mgv‡Ri Awfb›`‡bi DË‡i Zv‡`i D‡Ï‡k KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg †h cÖv‡Yv”Qj fvlY w`‡qwQ‡jb Ô‡hŠe‡bi MvbÕ iPbvwU ZviB cwigvwR©Z wjwLZ i~c| GB Awffvl‡Y wZwb `yiš— `yev©i †hŠe‡bi cÖkw¯— D”PviY K‡i‡Qb| †hŠeb n‡”Q Adziš— cÖvYkw³i Avavi| Zv gvby‡li Rxeb‡K K‡i MwZkxj I cÖZ¨vkvgq| `yev©i DÏxcbv, K¬vwš—nxb D`¨g, Acwimxg J`vh©, Adziš— cÖvYPÂjZv I AUj mvabvi cÖZxK †hŠeb g„Z¨z ‡K Zz”Q K‡i ms¯‹v‡ii †eovRvj wQbœwfbœ K‡i mKj evav †cwi‡q GwM‡q hvq mgvR-cÖMwZ I bZzb ¯^cœgq gy³Rxe‡bi c‡_| Avi wecbœ gvbeZvi cv‡kI †m `vuovq †meveªZxi f~wgKvq| c¶vš—‡i i¶YkxjZv, RoZv, ms¯‹viv”QbœZv I cðv`c`Zvgq eva©K¨ evav n‡q `vuovq Rxe‡bi cÖvYeš— AMÖMwZi c‡_| ZvB ¯^fve‰ewk‡ó¨i w`K †_‡K †h †hŠeb †`k-RvwZ-Kvj I a‡g©i evuab gv‡b bv, †mB †hŠeb-kw³‡K ‡jLK D`vË AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb mg¯— RxY©-cy‡iv‡bv ms¯‹vi‡K aŸsm K‡i g‡bi g‡Zv bZzb RMr iPbvi mvabvq AMÖmi n‡Z|

kãv_© I UxKv evqm PÂz iywai aviv Z›`ªv ˆ`e gvZ©Ê gywi` wØav Aj‡¶ cwiµgY bv-IqvwKd RevKzmygm¼vk wZwgiKyš—jv jxjvf~wg bvwfk¦vm AwMœgv›`¨ Dw`© RxY©veiY †bqvgZ

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............................................................................................................eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1.

Ô†hŠe‡bi MvbÕ cÖe‡Ü †jLK Kx n‡q Zi“Y‡ì gnv`vb MÖnY Ki‡Z Pvb? K. ga¨gwY L. `jcwZ M. mnhvÎx N. c~Rvix 2. ÔAvwg Kwe, e‡bi cvwLi g‡Zv ¯^fve Avgvi Mvb KiviÕ- Dw³wU‡Z eywS‡q‡QbK. †hŠe‡bi D”Q¡jZv L. gvbe Kj¨v‡Y eªZ nIqv M. Zvi“‡Yï cÖwZ AKzÉ c¶cvZ N. Mv‡bi cvwLi mv‡_ KweZvi Zzjbv wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 3 I 4 b¤î cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI| c~e©Kv‡j BD‡iv‡c AvBb Øviv Kzô‡ivMx‡ì wbe©vmb †Ìqv n‡Zv| gvbe‡cÖwgK `vwb‡qj †hŠe‡bi †fvMjvjmv Z¨vM K‡i gvjv‡Kv Øx‡c Kzô‡ivMx‡ì †mevq eªZx n‡jb, Ck¦i‡K ej‡jb cÖfy! AvR Avgvi †cÖg mKj c~Y©Zvq mdj I mv_©K n‡jv| 3. Aby‡”Q‡` †hŠe‡bi †Kvb êwk‡óï me©vwaK cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q? K. D`¨g L. J`vh© M. gvZ…iƒc N. mvabv 4. †Kvb ev‡K¨ Aby‡”Q‡ì êwk‡óï cwiPq Av‡Q? K. Bnviv _v‡K kw³i wcQ‡b L. is QvovB‡Z QovB‡Z A¯— M. hLb `ye©‡ji cv‡k ej nBqv ùvovq N. Zvnvi nvwm‡Z Mvb, Zvnvi Kvbœvq Mvb Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 5 I 6 b¤î cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI| Ôeva©K¨ wKQz Kvo‡Z cv‡i bv e‡j wKQz Qvov‡ZI cv‡i bv- `ywU Kv‡jv †Pv‡Li RbÏ bq, wek †KvwU Kv‡jv †jv‡Ki RbÏ bq| 5. GLv‡b Ô †hŠe‡bi MvbÕ cÖe‡Ü e„‡×i †h êwk‡óï cwiPq cvIqv hvq, Zv nji. cðv`c`Zv ii. i¶YkxjZv iii. ¯’weiZv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 6. Aby‡”Q‡` ewY©Z eva©‡Kï wecixZ fvlv †KvbwU? K. kw³i †cQ‡b i“wai avivi g‡Zv †Mvcb L. †m ivwÎi ci ivwÎ RvwMqv cwiPh©v K‡i M. Zi“Y Ai“‡Yi g‡ZvB †h Zvi“Y¨ wZwgi we`vix N. Abš— AvKv‡ki mxgv LyuwR‡Z wMqv cÖvY nvivq

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1. AemicÖvß dvi“K mv‡n‡ei KuvPv cvKv Pzj, gy‡L eq‡mi Qvc| Z‡e iv¯—vi `yB av‡i MvQ jvMv‡bv, iv¯—vi MZ© fivU Kiv BZ¨vw` Kv‡R Zvi †Kv‡bv K¬vwš— †bB| GQvovI cvovi †Q‡j‡ì wb‡q evj¨weevn †iva, †g‡q‡ì ¯‹z‡j cvVv‡bv, Amy¯’ †ivMx‡K nmwcUv‡j cvVv‡bv Gmg¯— Kv‡RI Zvi Drmv‡ni mxgv †bB| K. Mv‡bi cvwL‡K Zvov K‡i †K? L. ÔAvwg AvR Zvnv‡ì `‡j, hvnviv Kgx© bb- a¨vbxÕ-GLv‡b Ôa¨vbxÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| M. dvi“K mv‡n‡ei PvwiwÎK êwk‡ó¨ †hŠe‡bi †Kvb w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q-e¨vL¨v Ki| N. ÒAvgv‡ì c„w_ex Avgiv Avgv‡ì g‡bi gZ K‡i Mwoqv jBeÓ- Dw³wU dvi“K mv‡n‡ei Pwi‡Î KZUzKz cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Zv Ô †hŠe‡bi MvbÕ cÖeÜ Abymv‡i Av‡jvPbv Ki| 2. hye‡Kiv cvMj, evi“‡ì g‡Zv mn‡RB hyeKcÖv‡Y Av¸b a‡i| Zievwi †`‡L, KvivMv‡i duvwm‡Z wKQz‡ZB Zvi `wc©Z cÖvY Kvey nq bv| G‡ì g‡a¨ w¯’iZv, exiZv, Mv¤¢xh©, ag©fq, webq Ávb ej‡Z wKQz †bB| Iiv mwZ¨B cvMj, ev®úxq BwÄb Ave× kw³ ejv hvq| K. e‡bi cvwLi g‡Zv Mvb Kiv Kvi ¯^fve? L. Kwe Zi“Y‡ì `jfy³ n‡Z †P‡q‡Qb †Kb? M. Aby‡”Q‡` Ô†hŠe‡bi MvbÕ cÖe‡Üi hye‡Ki †Kvb iƒcwUi cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Aby‡”Q‡` Ô†hŠe‡bi MvbÕ cÖe‡Üi AvswkK e³e¨ cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q-gš—‡eï †hŠw³K g~j¨vqb Ki|

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evsjv‡`‡ki AMÖMY¨ K_vmvwnwZ¨K Avey Rvdi kvgmyÏxb cÂvk eQ‡iiI †ewk mgq a‡i mvwnZ¨ mvabvq wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| wZwb wQ‡jb GKvav‡i MíKvi, Jcb¨vwmK, bvU¨Kvi I Abyev`K| mvsevw`K wn‡m‡eI wZwb †ek mycwiwPZ wQ‡jb| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨ A½‡b wZwb we‡kl cwiwPwZ jvf K‡ib Zuvi eûj Av‡jvwPZ ÔfvIqvj M‡oi DcvL¨vbÕ wj‡L| mvwn‡Z¨ I mvsevw`KZvq K…wZZ¡c~Y© Ae`v‡bi ¯^xK…wZ wn‡m‡e RxeÏkvq wZwb Ôevsjv GKv‡WgxÕ, Ôgy³avivÕ BZ¨vw` mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vimn ÔGKz‡k c`KÕ jvf K‡ib| Rb¥ : 1919 wLª÷v‡ã XvKv †Rjvi KvwjM‡Ä| g„Zz¨ : 1988 wLª÷v‡ã XvKvq|

iPbvewj Dcb¨vm : fvIqvj M‡oi DcvL¨vb, cÙv †gNbv hgybv, msKi msKxZ©b, cÖcÂ, †`qvj| MíMÖš’ : Avey Rvdi kvgmyÏx‡bi †kªô Mí, †kl ivwÎi Zviv, GK †Rvov c¨v›U I Ab¨vb¨, iv‡Rb VvKz‡ii Zx_©hvÎv BZ¨vw`| ÔAvZ¥¯§„wZÕ Zvui GKwU Amvgvb¨ MÖš’|

Drm I cwiwPwZ Avey Rvdi kvgmyÏx‡bi ÔKwjgwÏ `dv`viÕ MíwU msKwjZ n‡q‡Q gyw³hy× welqK Mí-msKjb Ôgyw³hy‡×i MíÕ †_‡K| GB M‡í ewY©Z n‡q‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgvÂ‡j cvwK¯—vwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi wbôzi ee©iZvi Qwe| `Lj`vi evwnbxi wei“‡× mk¯¿ gyw³evwnbxi exiZ¡c~Y© msMÖv‡gi cÖZ¨¶ Qwe GB M‡í ewY©Z bv n‡jI Zv‡`i `ye©vi cÖwZ‡iva-ZrciZv ¯úóZB Kvwnbx‡Z Abyfe Kiv hvq| 1971 Gi gnvb gyw³hy‡× MÖvg evsjvi Avbmvi, †PŠwK`v‡iivI †h KL‡bv cÖZ¨¶ Avevi KL‡bv ev c‡iv¶fv‡e ‡KŠk‡j AZ¨š— cvwK¯—vwb `Lj`vi evwnbxi wei“‡× jovB‡q gyw³‡hv×v‡`i bvbvfv‡e mnvqZv K‡iwQj †mB ev¯—eZvB wkí-mZ¨ n‡q †`Lv w`‡q‡Q ÔKwjgwÏ `dv`viÕ M‡í|

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............................................................................................................eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1. ÔAv¸Bbv wPZv Kx? K. wnsmª cÖvYx we‡kl L. †flR Dw™¢` M. R¡jš— k¥kvb N. w¶cÖ †hv×v 2. KwjgwÏ `dv`v‡ii †evW© AwdmwU †Kv_vq? K. mì iv¯—v msjMœ L. kxZj¶¨vi Zx‡i M. †ij‡÷k‡bi cv‡k N. nvB¯‹z‡ji cv‡k 3. KwjgwÏ `dv`vi Zvi KvR‡K gh©`vc~Y© g‡b Kivi KviYi. †g¤^viiv Avcwb e‡j m‡¤^vab Ki‡Zb ii. _vbvi `v‡ivMv m¤§vb Ki‡Zb iii. `dv`v‡ii KvRwU A‡bK m¤§v‡bi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 4. Lvb‡mbviv LZibvK Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ coZ †Kb? K. G †`‡ki iv¯—vNvU m¤ú‡K© aviYvi Afve| L. gyw³‡mbvi G‡jvcv_vwo Avµg‡Yi Kvi‡Y| M. Zv‡ì muvZvi Rvbv wQ‡jv bv| N. Zv‡ì †Mwijv †Uªwbs wQ‡jv bv| wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 5 I 6 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI| Lv‡ji Icv‡i KvRjWv½v MÖvg| mKv‡j wM‡q †`Lv †Mj MÖvgwU jÊfÊ| Nievwo cywo‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q| wf‡U¸‡jv Luv Luv Ki‡Q| cv‡kB GKwU Lv‡ji cv‡o wKQz jvk c‡o Av‡Q| i‡³i aiv wM‡q wg‡k‡Q Lv‡ji cvwb‡Z| 5. ewY©Z wPÎKíwU ÔKwjgwÏ `dv`viÕ M‡íi †h NUbvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i Zv n‡jvi. Lvb‡mbv‡ì bviKxq nZ¨vhÁ ii. gyw³hy‡× kÎ“ evwnbxi AZ¨vPvi iii. Lvb‡mbv‡ì hy‡×i `¶Zv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii c„ôv b¤î-43 6. Dwj−wLZ NUbvi Kvwe¨K w`K wb‡Pi †Kvb KweZvs‡k cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q? K. ¯^vaxbZv Zzwg †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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GKwU Zzjmx Mv‡Qi Kvwnbx ˆmq` IqvjxDj−vn †jLK cwiwPwZ evsjv K_v mvwn‡Z¨i †kªô iƒcKvi ˆmq` IqvjxDj−vn, wZwb wQ‡jb mgvR m‡PZb mvwnZ¨ wkíx| RxebmÜvbx G wkíx e¨w³Rxeb I mgvR mgm¨v‡K K‡i‡Qb Zuvi m„RbK‡g©i cÖavb DcRxe¨| ˆmq` IqvjxDj−vn KjKvZvi GKwU weL¨vZ ˆ`wbK cwÎKvq mvsevw`K wn‡m‡e Kg©Rxeb kyi“ K‡ib| Gi ci PvKwi K‡i‡Qb XvKv I KivwP †eZvi †K‡›`ªi evZv© wefv‡M| c‡i cvwK¯—vb miKv‡ii ˆe‡`wkK wefv‡M| Kg©m~‡Î bqvw`wj−, wmWwb, RvKvZv© I jÛ‡b `vwqZ¡ cvjb †k‡l `xN©w`b c¨vwi‡m Kg©iZ wQ‡jb| †mLv‡b Ae¯’vbKv‡j 1971-G evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× mwKªq f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| Rb¥ : 1922 wLª÷v‡ãi 15 AvM÷, PÆMÖv‡g| g„Zz¨ : 1971 wLª÷v‡ãi 10 A‡±vei, c¨vwi‡m|

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†Q` : k¦vm MÖn‡Yi myweav‡_© A_©‡ev‡ai w`‡K j¶ †i‡L evK¨vs‡ki †k‡l †h wekªvg MÖnY Kiv nq, Zv‡K †Q` e‡j| †Q‡ì Aci bvg n‡”Q A_©hwZ ev fvehwZ| hwZi g‡Zv †QÌ 2 cÖKvi| h_v : 1. Dc‡”Q` : ev‡Kï g‡a¨ wewfbœ evK¨vs‡ki w`‡K j¶ †i‡L †h †Q` eëüZ nq, Zv‡K Dc‡”Q` e‡j| †hgb : MM‡Y Mi‡R †gN * Nb eilv K~‡j GKv e‡m AvwQ * bvwn fimv| 2. c~Y©‡”Q` : A_©‡ev‡ai w`‡K j¶ †i‡L ev‡Kï †k‡l †h †Q` eëüZ nq, Zv‡K c~Y©‡”Q` e‡j| †hgb : MM‡Y Mi‡R †gN Nb eilv ** / K~‡j GKv e‡m AvwQ bvwn fimv **| ¯îvNvZ : KweZv Ave„wËi mgq †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv k‡ãi cÖ_g A¶‡i †h †SuvK c‡o Zv‡K ¯îvNvZ e‡j| G‡K k¦vmvNvZ ev cÖ¯îI ejv nq| †hgb : hLb †Zvgvi| †KD wQj bv| ZLb wQjvg| Avwg GLb †Zvgvi| me n‡q‡Q| ci n‡qwQ| Avwg| ce© : KweZvi Pi‡Y hwZ Øviv wef³ cÖwZwU Ask‡K ce© e‡j| †hgb : GB Lv‡b †Zvi| `vwì Kei| Wvwjg Mv‡Qi| Z‡j wZwik eQi| wfRv‡q †i‡LwQ| `yB bq‡bi| R‡j| Ac~Y© ce© : mggvÎvi ce© wewkó †Kv‡bv Pi‡Yi †kl ce© hw` A‡c¶vK…Z †QvU nq, Z‡e Zv‡K Ac~Y© ce© e‡j| †hgb : GB Lv‡b †Zvi| `vwì Kei| Wvwjg Mv‡Qi| Z‡j (6 + 6 + 6 + 2) wZwik eQi| wfRv‡q †i‡LwQ| `yB bq‡bi| R‡j| (6 + 6 + 6 + 2) AwZc~Y© ce© : mggvÎvi ce© wewkó †Kv‡bv Pi‡Yi †kl ce© hw` A‡c¶vK…Z eo nq, Z‡e Zv‡K AwZc~Y© ce© e‡j| †hgb : ˆKjvk f~ai| AwZ g‡bvni| †KvwU kkx ciKvk (6 + 6 + 8) AwZ ce© : Ab¨ ce©¸‡jvi mv‡_ mgZv i¶v bv K‡i cO&w³i ïi“‡Z †h †QvU ce© _v‡K Zv‡KB AwZ ce© ejv nq| †hgb : (AvR) †R¨vrmœv iv‡Z mevB †M‡Q e‡b em‡š—i GB gvZvj mgxi‡Y| ga¨LÊb : ce© web¨v‡mi cÖ‡qvR‡b hLb †Kv‡bv kã‡K †f‡O `yB L‡Ê D”PviY Kiv nq, ZLb Zv‡K ga¨LÊb e‡j| †hgb : KvÊvwi Ze| m¤§y‡L H| cjvkxi cÖvY&| Zi cO&w³ : GK mvwi‡Z Aew¯’Z c`mgwó‡KB cO&w³ ev PiY e‡j| cO&w³‡K QÎ ev jvBbI ejv nq| †hgb : MM‡Y Mi‡R †gN Nb eilv ¯—eK : GK‡Î mwbœ‡ewkZ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK c`‡K GK K_vq ¯—eK e‡j| ¯—eK n‡”Q GK ai‡Yi PiY¸”Q| G‡Z GKwU wg‡ji êwkó¨ _v‡K| GKwU KweZvq GK ev GKvwaK ¯—eK _vK‡Z cv‡i| †hgb : MM‡b Mi‡R †gN, Nb eilv K~‡j GKv e‡m AvwQ, bvwn fimv| ivwk ivwk fviv fviv avb KvUv nj mviv, fiv b`x ¶ziaviv Licikv— KvwU‡Z KvwU‡Z avb Gj eilv \ jq : KweZv Ave„wËi †h MwZ _v‡K Zv‡KB ejv nq jq| Q›` †f‡` GB j‡qi ZviZg¨ n‡q _v‡K| evsjv Q‡›` 3 cÖKvi jq i‡q‡Q| h_v1. `ª“Z jq 2. axi jq 3. wejw¤^Z jq GB 3 cÖKvi jq wZb ai‡Yi Q‡›` eëüZ nq| †hgb— 1. ¯îe„Ë Q›` : `ª“Z jq gv‡Ni gvwm weovj Qvbv MRv‡jv Zvi wZbwU Wvbv| 2. gvÎve„Ë Q›` : wejw¤^Z jq GBLv‡b †Zvi eywRi Kei, cixi gZb †g‡q, we‡q w`‡qwQby KvwR‡ì evwo ewbqvw` Ni †c‡q| 3. A¶ie„Ë Q›` : axi jq ivZ †cvnvevi KZ †`wi cv‡Äwi? GL‡bv †Zvgvi Avmgvb fiv †g‡N? †mZviv, †njvj GL‡bv I‡Vwb †R‡M? †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

cÖfvlY cÎ

á Q‡›`i cÖKvi‡f` : Q›` g~jZ 3 cÖKvi| h_v—

3. 4. 5. 1.

¯îe„Ë (`je„Ë, ¯îgvwÎK, ¯îvNvZ cÖavb, k¦vmvNvZ cÖavb, cÖvK…Z ev †jŠwKK Q›`, Qovi Q›`) gvÎve„Ë (Kjve„Ë, aŸwb cÖavb, aŸwbgvwÎK, we¯—vi cÖavb) I A¶ie„Ë (wgkªKjve„Ë, wgkªcÖvK…wZK, A¶igvwÎK, Zvb cÖavb, m‡¼vPcÖavb, †hŠwMK Q›`)| ¯îe„Ë : †h Q‡›` hyM¥ ev AhyM¥aŸwb‡K me mgq GK gvÎv wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq Zv‡K ¯îe„Ë Q›` e‡j| G Q‡›` cÖ‡Z¨K c‡e©i cÖ_g k‡ãi ïi“‡ZB k¦vmvNvZ c‡o| G Q‡›ì cÖwZwU c‡e© mvaviYZ 4wU K‡i gvÎv _v‡K| G Q‡›` Pvi ce© wewkó Pi‡Yi †kl ce© mvaviYZ Ac~Y© nq| †hgb : euvk evMv‡bi gv_vi Dci Puv` D‡V‡Q IB gv‡Mv Avgvi †kvjK ejv KvRjv w`w` KB| 2. gvÎve„Ë : †h Q‡›` hyM¥aŸwb‡K me mgq `yB gvÎv Ges AhyM¥aŸwb‡K GK gvÎv wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq Zv‡K gvÎve„Ë Q›` e‡j| AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB Pi‡Yi †kl ce© Qvov G Q‡›ì cÖwZwU c‡e© 6wU K‡i gvÎv _v‡K| Z‡e KweZv †f‡` g~j c‡e©i G gvÎv msL¨v 4, 5, 7 ev 8wUI n‡Z cv‡i| G Q‡›ì PiY¸‡jv‡ZI †kl ce© mvaviYZ Ac~Y© _v‡K| G‡Z Aš—¨ ce© Qvov Ab¨ ce©¸‡jvi gvÎv msL¨v cÖvq †¶‡ÎB mgvb nq| †hgb : GB Lv‡b †Zvi `vwì Kei Wvwjg Mv‡Qi Z‡j wZwik eQi wfRv‡q †i‡LwQ `yB bq‡bi R‡j| 3. A¶ie„Ë : †h Q‡›` k‡ãi †kl hyM¥aŸwb‡K `yB gvÎv a‡i AhyM¥aŸwb Ges k‡ãi Avw` I gaëZx© hyM¥aŸwb‡K GK gvÎv wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq Zv‡K gvÎve„Ë Q›` e‡j| G Q‡›` GKwU gvÎ hyM¥aŸwb w`‡q †Kv‡bv kã MwVZ n‡j Zv‡K `yB gvÎv wn‡m‡eB MY¨ Kiv nq| G Q‡›ì PiY¸‡jv mvaviYZ 2 c‡e©i nq| AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB Gme ce©¸‡jv 6, 8 I 10 gvÎvi n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e 2 c‡e© wef³ Gi cÖwZwU Pi‡Yi gvÎv msL¨v mvaviYZ 14 wU (8+6)| êwPÎc~Y© bvbv ai‡Yi Q›` †hgb : cqvi, GKvewj, wÎc`x, †PŠc`x, GKc`x, AwgÎv¶i, ˆMwik, gy³K, AwZgy³K I M`¨Q›` A¶ie„Ë Q‡›ìB Askwe‡kl|

á Q›` we‡k−l‡Y e¨eüZ wPýmg~n : 1. gvÎv : hyM¥ aŸwb : 2. hwZ : Aa©hwZ : 3. †Q` : Dc‡”Q` : *

AhyM¥ aŸwb : c~Y©hwZ : c~Y©‡”Q` : **

4. ¯^ivNvZ : 5. Ac~Y© c‡e©i Dn¨ gvÎv : 0 6. AwZ ce© :( ) á Q›` we‡k−lY

¯^ie„Ë

gvÎve„Ë :

¯^ie„Ë

1 gvÎv

gvÎve„Ë

1 gvÎv

2 gvÎv

A¶ie„Ë

1 gvÎv

A¶ie„Ë :

Q›` we‡k−l‡Y gvÎv MYbv

1 gvÎv

†n e½, fvÊv‡i Ze wewea iZb;Zv m‡e,(A‡eva Avwg!) Ae‡njv Kwi, ci-ab-†jv‡f gË, Kwiby ågY ci †`‡k, wf¶ve„wË Kz¶‡Y AvPwi|

MÖš’bv : eyjeyj Avn‡g` †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

2 gvÎv

¯^ie„Ë gvÎve„Ë A¶ie„Ë

K¨vg / weª / qvb K¨vg / weª / qvb K¨vg / weª / qvb

A¶ie„Ë Q‡›` gvÎ GKwU e×v¶‡ii kã memgq 2 gvÎv k‡ãi †k‡l k‡ãi Ab¨Î D`vniY 3 gvÎv 5 gvÎv 4 gvÎv

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evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

cÖfvlY cÎ e½fvlv

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë

Kwe cwiwPwZ

D”Pvwfjvlx Kwe gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨i cÖwZ Abyi³ wQ‡jb| Avi †mB Abyiv‡Mi Kvi‡YB †`k ‡Q‡o wZwb we‡`‡k cvwo Rwg‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb Bs‡iwR‡Z mvwnZ¨PP©v K‡i weL¨vZ n‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb, wKš‘ cv‡ibwb| †kl ch©š— Bs‡iwRi cÖwZ AÜ †gvn Z¨vM K‡i wZwb evsjv fvlvq mvwnZ¨ PP©v Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡ib| cieZx©Kv‡j wZwb G fvlv‡ZB Zuvi KvjRqx mvwnZ¨Kg©¸‡jv m„wó K‡ib| gvÎ Dwbk eQi eq‡m gaym~`b wLª÷ag© MÖnY Kivi ci Zuvi bv‡gi ïi“‡Z ÔgvB‡KjÕ †hvM Kiv nq| gaym~`‡bi wcZvi bvg ivR bvivqY `Ë Ges gvZvi bvg Rvýex †`ex| Rb¥ : 1824 wLª÷v‡ã h‡kv‡ii mvMi`vwo MÖv‡g| g„Zz¨ : 1873 wLª÷v‡ã KjKvZvq|

iPbvewj gnvKve¨ evsjv Kve¨ Bs‡iwR Kve¨ bvUK cÖnmb

: †gNbv` ea Kve¨| : wZ‡jvËgvm¤¢e Kve¨, eªRv½bv Kve¨, exiv½bv Kve¨, PZz`©kc`x KweZvejx| : The Captive Lady, Vision of the Past. : K…òKzgvix, cÙveZx, kwg©ôv, gvqvKvbb| : G‡KB wK e‡j mf¨Zv, ey‡ov kvwj‡Ki Nv‡o †iuv|

Drm I cwiwPwZ gnvKwe gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi ÔPZz`©kc`x KweZvejxÕ †_‡K Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvwU msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| KweZvwU cÖ_‡g 1860 mv‡j ÔKwe-gvZ…fvlvÕ bv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq| 1865 mv‡j cybivq ms‡kvwaZiƒ‡c Ôe½fvlvÕ bv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq| Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvq Kwe evsjv fvlvi cÖwZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb Acwimxg kª×v-fv‡jvevmv| e½fvlvi Rb¨ wZwb Zvi †`ngb mu‡c w`‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| evsjv fvlv‡K AeÁv K‡i wZwb Bs‡iwR fvlv‡K MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| cwiYwZ‡Z Zuvi †h Aby‡kvPbv I AvZ¥mgv‡jvPbv ZvB ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q Ôe½fvlvÕ bvgK m‡b‡U|

Z_¨cyÄ ♦ Ôe½fvlvÕ evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g m‡bU KweZv| ♦ KweZvwU A¶ie„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| cÖwZ Pi‡Y †PŠÏ gvÎv Ges †PŠÏwU A¶i i‡q‡Q| cÖwZ Pi‡Y `ywU ce© Av‡Q| cÖ_g c‡e© AvU gvÎv Ges wØZxq c‡e© Qq gvÎv| ♦ Kwei Kv‡Q evsjv mvwnZ¨ Kgj-Kvbb iƒ‡c cÖZxqgvb| ♦ gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë kZvwaK m‡bU iPbv K‡ib| ♦ Ô†gNbv` ea Kve¨Õ evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g gnvKve¨ Ges Kwei †kªô KxwZ©| ♦ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AwgÎv¶i Q‡›ì cÖeZ©K gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë| ♦ wek¦ mvwn‡Z¨ m‡b‡Ui cÖeZ©K— BZvwji Kwe †cÎvK©| ♦ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ m‡b‡Ui cÖeZ©K— gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë|

kãv_© I UxKv †n e½ : Ôe½Õ ej‡Z Kwe GLv‡b evsjv fvlv‡K eywS‡q‡Qb Ges Zv‡KB m‡¤^vab K‡i‡Qb| wewea iZb : evsjv fvlvq iwPZ mvwnZ¨-fvÊvi ˆewPÎ¨gq I DrKl©gwÊZ mvwnZ¨ m¤ú‡` cwic~Y©| wf¶ve„wË : we‡`wk mvwnZ¨‡K ciab we‡ePbv K‡i Zvi PP©v‡K wZwb wf¶ve„wËi mgZzj¨ g‡b K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b wb‡Ri m¤ú`‡K D‡c¶v K‡i Ab¨ fvlvi Øvi¯’ nIqvi Rb¨ Aby‡kvPbv I AvZ¥mgv‡jvPbv cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| ˆkevj : k¨vIjv| (Bs‡iwR fvlv‡K GLv‡b k¨vIjvi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q)| Kgj-Kvbb : cÙeb (GLv‡b evsjv fvlv‡K Kgj Kvbb ev cÙ evMv‡bi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q)|

evbvb mZK©Zv

mucv, c~Y©, gwY, wfLvix, ågY| †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

c„ôv b¤^i-58

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cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

á bgybv cÖkœvewj

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1.

e½fvlvÕ KweZvwU †Kvb Q‡›` iwPZ? K. ¯îe„Ë L. gvÎve„Ë M. gy³K N. A¶ie„Ë 2. ÔgwRby wedj Z‡cÕ— PiYvs‡k †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q Kwei— K. evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖwZ Ae‡njv L. Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï cÖwZ AvKl©Y M. evsjv fvlvi †mŠ›`‡h© Abvmw³ N. Bs‡iwR fvlvq mvwnZ¨ PP©vq e¨_©Zv wb‡Pi KweZvsk `y‡Uv j¶ Ki Ges 3 I 4 b¤î cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI| cvBjvg Kv‡j gvZ…fvlv-iƒcLwb; c~Y© gwYRv‡j| ********************* gv‡qi gy‡Li fvlv †hb gwb gy³v‡ng, iPbv Kwiqv hZ AjsKvi f‡i Zzwj gv‡qi fuvovi! 3. KweZvsk `ywUi g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ Av‡Q Gi— i. fv‡e ii. Q‡›` iii. AjsKv‡i wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 4. KweZvsk `ywUi GB mv`„k¨ wb‡Pi †Kvb PiYwU‡Z me‡P‡q †ewk cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q? K. †Kwjby ‰kev‡j, fywj Kgj-Kvbb! L. ci‡`‡k, wf¶ve„wË Kz¶‡Y AvPwi M. †n e½, fvÛv‡i Ze wewea iZb; N. ciab †jv‡f gË, Kwiby ågY

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 1| cj−xi Nv‡U, gv‡V, cj−xi Av‡jv evZv‡m, cj−xi ci‡Z ci‡Z mvwn‡Z¨ Qwo‡q Av‡Q| cj−x mvwnZ¨ m¤ú‡`i g‡a¨ cj−x Mvb¸‡jv Ag~j¨ iZœwe‡kl, kû‡i Mv‡bi cÖfv‡e †m¸‡jv AvR ee©i Pvlvi Mvb e‡j f`ª mgv‡R Avi weKvq bv| evsjvi DcK_v¸‡jv GK RvqMvq Ro Ki‡j wek¦‡Kv‡li g‡Zv evjv‡g Zvi msKzjvb nZ bv| cÖev` ev‡K¨ Ges WvK I Lbvi eP‡b KZ hy‡Mi f~‡qv`k©‡bi cwicK¡ dj mwÂZ n‡q Av‡Q, †K Zv A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z cv‡i? K. ÔKvUvBby eûw`b myL cwinwiÕ PiYwU‡Z ÔcwinwiÕ kãwUi PwjZ iƒcwU Kx? L. we‡`wk fvlvq mvwnZ¨ PP©v‡K Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvq Kwe Ôwf¶ve„wËÕ e‡j‡Qb †Kb? M. Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvi Aó‡Ki †Kvb welqwU Aby‡”Q‡`i cÖ_g Aby‡”Q‡` cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| N. ÔKweZvwU †hb ÔgvZ…‡Kv‡l iZ‡bi ivwRÕ Gi PiYwUi mv_©K cwic~iKÕ— GB e³e¨wUi h_v_©Zv wbiƒcY Ki| 2| †hB †`‡k †hB evK¨ K‡n biMY| †mB evK¨ ey‡S cÖfy Av‡c wbiÄb|| ************************ †`kx fvlv we`¨v hvi g‡b b Ryqvq| wbR †`k Z¨vMx †Kb we‡`k b hvq|| gvZvwcZvmn µ‡g e‡½Z emwZ| †`kx fvlv Dc‡`k g‡b wnZ AwZ|| K. Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvwUi Aó‡Ki gyjfve Kx? L. we‡`kx fvlvq mvwnZ¨ PP©vq Kwe wedj n‡jb †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| M. KweZvskwUi †kl PiY`ywU‡Z Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvi NU&†Ki †Kvb cO&w³i fvev‡_©i cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q—e¨vL¨v Ki| N. MVb‰kjxi wfwË‡Z Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvi lU&†Ki m‡½ KweZvskwUi GKwU Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Ki| †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

c„ôv b¤^i-59

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

cÖfvlY cÎ †mvbvi Zix

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Kwe cwiwPwZ

iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Gwkqvq mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g †bv‡ej weRqx| 1913 mv‡j wek¦e¨vcx DMÖ RvZ¨vwfgvb, mvgªvR¨ev`x AvMÖvmb Ges cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i cUf~wg‡Z kvwš—, ‰gÎx Ges gvbweK D”Pvi‡Yi Kvi‡Y wZwb ÔMxZvÄwjÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i Rb¨ mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej jvf K‡ib| wZwb GKvav‡i wQ‡jb— Kwe, Jcb¨vwmK, bvU¨Kvi, MxwZKvi, myiKvi, wPÎwkíx, m¤úv`K, `vk©wbK Ges wk¶vwe`| Rb¥ : 1861 mv‡ji 7 †g (25 ˆekvL, 1268 e½vã) KjKvZvi †Rvovmv‡Kuvi weL¨vZ VvKzi cwiev‡i| g„Zy¨ : 1941 mv‡ji 7 AvM÷ (22 kªveY, 1348 e½vã) KjKvZvq|

iPbvewj

†mvbvi Zix, wPÎv, Kíbv, gvbmx, †bŠKvWywe, †Mviv, †k‡li KweZv, N‡i evB‡i, ejvKv, i³Kiex, ivRv, wPÎv½`v, wemR©b BZ¨vw`|

Drm I cwiwPwZ Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvwU iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvgKweZv| G KweZwU wb‡q eû Av‡jvPbv, mgv‡jvPbv e¨vL¨v I weZK© i‡q‡Q| GKwU †QvU †¶Z, Pvwiw`‡K cÖej †mªv‡Zi we¯—vi, †mvbvi avb wb‡q GKjv K…lK, Aejxjvq Zix †e‡q Avmv †b‡q— G K‡qKwU wPÎKí I †m¸‡jvi Abyl‡½ iwPZ GK Abycg KweZv Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ| ¶ziavi el©vi b`x‡mªvZ wnsmª n‡q †Ljv Ki‡Q Øxcm`„k avb‡¶‡Zi Pvicv‡k| †mLv‡b ivwk ivwk †mvbvi avb †K‡U bvbv Avk¼v wb‡q GKjv A‡c¶gvY GK K…lK| Ggb mgq AcÖZ¨vwkZfv‡e fivcv‡j Zix †e‡q Av‡m GK †b‡q| wbtm½ K…lK Avkvi Avb‡›` D‡ØwjZ n‡q DV‡jI wbwe©Kvifv‡e ARvbv †`‡ki w`‡K avegvb nq gvwS| †mvbvi Zix K…l‡Ki dmj wb‡q †M‡jI Zvi KvZi Abyb‡q wm³ n‡q Zix‡Z Zv‡K ¯’vb †`q bv| k~b¨ b`xi Zx‡i Ac~Y©Zvi †e`bv wb‡q GKjv K„lK `uvwo‡q _v‡K| G KweZvq Aš—j©xb i‡q‡Q Rxeb`k©b| gnvKv‡ji wPiš—b †mªv‡Z GKv gvbyl Awbevh© cwiYwZ Gov‡Z cv‡i bv, †Kej wU‡K _v‡K Zvi m„ó †mvbvi dmj| m½Z—Kvi‡Y Kwei m„wóKg© Kv‡ji †mvbvi Zix‡Z ¯’vb †c‡jI e¨w³ Kwei ¯’vb †mLv‡b nq bv| GK AZ…wßi †e`bv wb‡q Zv‡K A‡c¶v Ki‡Z nq gnvKv‡ji k~b¨Zvq wejxb nIqvi R‡b¨| Q›` : gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` (c~Y© ce© 8 gvÎv, Ac~Y© ce© 5) iwPZ|

evbvb mZK©Zv kªveY, VuvB, ZiYx, k~b¨, ¶wYK| á bgybv cÖkœvewj

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1. 2. 3.

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†evKv ey‡ovi Mí ï‡bv ******************** †Q‡ji nvZ a‡i GwM‡q P‡j `~‡ii cvnvoUv‡K GKvB Kv‡¯— nv‡Z K‡i w`‡Z mvd DË‡i nvIqv Av‡b wng So †QvÆ †Q‡ji g‡b c‡o hvq Ni ****************** GKw`b MÖvgevmx †`Lj G‡m weivU cvnvo †M‡Q ay‡jvq wg‡k †mLv‡b w`‡q‡Q †`Lv GK m‡ivei KZ cvwL Mvb Mvq Zx‡i e‡m †evKv ey‡ov, g‡i c‡o Av‡Q †mLv‡b cvwLiv MvB‡Q Zvi †kLv‡bv †mB Mvb We shall over come. K. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvwU †Kvb Q‡›` iwPZ? L. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq eû RvqMvq wØi“³ kã e¨env‡ii KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| M. Aby‡”Q‡`i wng S‡oi m‡½ Ô‡mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi mv`„k¨c~Y© Pi‡Yi e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Aby‡”Q`wU‡Z Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi g~jfve dz‡U D‡V‡Q—gš—e¨wUi h_v_©Zv wePvi Ki| wPÎKg© : †gvbvwjmv (1503-1506) wkíx : wjIbv‡`©v `¨v wfwÂ (1452-1510) QwewU mviv we‡k¦ AvRI mgvb RbwcÖq| wPÎKg© : †gvbvwjmv (1503-1506) K. ÔLicikvÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx? L. ÒPvwiw`‡K euvKv RjÓ—Gi gva¨‡g Bw½Zc~Y© cwiw¯’wZ — e¨vL¨v Ki| M. Ò†h‡qv †h_v †h‡_ PvI hv‡i Lywk Zv‡i `vI—Ó Gi Av‡jv‡K Aby‡”Q`wU e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Ô†gvbvwjmvÕ wPÎKg©wU‡Z Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi av‡bi m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv KZUv hyw³hy³—e¨vL¨v Ki|

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KvRx dwKi Avn¤§`, gvZvi bvg Rv‡n`v LvZzb, ¯¿x cÖgxjv †èx| †QvU†ejvq †j‡Uv Mv‡bi `‡j †hvM`v‡bi gva¨‡g wZwb Zuvi ¯^xq cÖwZfvi ¯^v¶i ivL‡Z ïi“ K‡ib| 1917 mv‡j cÖ_g gnvhy× ïi“ n‡j wZwb evOvwj cë‡b ‰mb¨ wn‡m‡e †hvM w`‡q KivwP hvb| †mLv‡bB Zuvi mvwnZ¨Rxe‡bi m~Pbv N‡U| we‡`ªvn wQj Zuvi KweZvi g~j myi| Ôwe‡`ªvnxÕ KweZvi gva¨‡g wZwb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ bZzb †PZbvi D‡Øvab K‡ib| mvgvwRK AbvPvi, êlg¨, AwePvi I civaxbZvi wei“‡× wZwb wQ‡jb GK cÖwZev`x KÉ¯î| G R‡b¨ Zuv‡K we‡`ªvnx Kwe ejv nq| gvÎ †ZZvwj−k eQi eq‡m Kwe `yiv‡ivM¨ †iv‡M Avµvš— n‡q evKkw³ nvwi‡q †d‡jb| ZLb †_‡KB g~jZ Zuvi m„RbkxjZvi Aemvb N‡U|

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Drm I cwiwPwZ

ÔRxeb-e›`bvÕ KweZvwU Kwei ÔmÜ¨vÕ bvgK Kve¨MÖš’ n‡Z msKwjZ| KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg wQ‡jb Rxebev`x Kwe| wZwb Zuvi †jLbx‡Z Rxe‡bi cÖvYgqZv, MwZkxjZv, msMÖvg I m„RbkxjZvi K_v wewPÎfv‡e Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| e„wUk Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡j KvRx bRi“j Bmjv‡gi mvwnZ¨ mvabvi D™¢e N‡U| †m mgq fviZel© wQj civaxb| wZwb GB civaxbZvi k„•Lj fvO‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb Dcjwä Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb gvby‡li msnwZ, kw³ Ges HK¨ Qvov civaxbZvi k„•Lj fvOv m¤¢e bq| Rxeb kw³i aviK| Avi GB Rb¨B wZwb memgq Rxe‡bi ¯‘wZ Z_v RqMvb †M‡q‡Qb| ÔRxeb-e›`bvÕ KweZv Zuvi †mB cÖqv‡miB GK Abe`¨ wkwíZ cÖKvk| ÔRxeb-e›`bvÕ k‡ãi A_© ÔRxe‡bi e›`bv ev cÖksmvÕ| Kwei g‡Z, c„w_ex GKKv‡j wQj gbyl¨ emev‡mi Aby‡cv‡hvMx eb¨ k¦vc` cÖvYx‡Z ficyi| Avw`‡Z c„w_ex G‡Zv gvqvgq wQj bv| hyM hyM a‡i AmsL¨ kªgRxex gvby‡li AK¬vš— kªg, Mfxi wbôv, K‡Vvi mvabv Øviv GB c„w_ex gvby‡li Dc‡hvMx Avevmf~wg‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| c„w_ex‡Z cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q mf¨Zvi AvwacZ¨| Gme m¤¢e n‡q‡Q K…l‡Ki Kvi‡Y| K…lK `„p KwVb nvZ Øviv c„w_exi KwVb gvwU‡Z dzj, dj I dmj dwj‡q‡Qb| kªgwbô †gnbwZ gvby‡li i³ I Nv‡gi wewbg‡q c„w_ex n‡q‡Q Abycg my›`i I g‡bv‡jvfv| Avw`g, ee©i gvby‡li †Póvq g„Zz¨ mgvKxY© c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li AvwacZ¨ cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| Amxg mvnm Ges wecyj cÖvY kw³ w`‡q gvbylB `yj©•N¨ ce©Z Rq K‡i‡Q| ÔRxeb-e›`bvÕ KweZvq Kwe Gfv‡e gvbemf¨Zvi µgweKv‡ki HwZnvwmK †cÖ¶vc‡U gvby‡li Ae`vb; we‡klZ kªgRxex gvby‡li gwngv‡K Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|

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............................................................................................................eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1.

wb‡Pi †KvbwU ï× evbvb? K. wKbvsK L. wKYvsK M. wKbv¼ N. wKYv¼ 2. ÔRxeb-e›`bvÕ KweZvq ÔÎ¯—v aiYxÕ ej‡Z c„w_exi †Kvb iƒc‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? K. fxZv L. fqsKiv M. AKwl©Zv N. AbyMZv KweZvskwU co Ges 3 I 4 b¤î cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI| KwVb kxZj giYmvMi gš’b K‡i hviv Ag„Z Avwbqv Dcnvi w`j wb‡R‡i Kwiqv mviv| 3. KweZvskwU ÔAg„ZÕ k‡ãi m‡½ ÔRxeb-e›`bvÕ KweZvi †Kvb kãwUi fvev‡_©i wgj i‡q‡Q? K. Rxe‡bi cmiv L. DMÖmyL M. bRivbv N. Rxe‡bi Dj−vm 4. wb‡Pi †Kvb PiY `ywU‡Z KweZvskwUi fv‡ei m½wZ i‡q‡Q? K. Rxe‡bi AvwZk‡h¨ hvnviv `vi“Y DMÖmy‡L mva K‡i wbj Mij-wcqvjv, ek©v nvwbj ey‡K! L. hviv Rxe‡bi cmiv ewnqv g„Zzï Øv‡i Øv‡i Kwi‡Z‡Q wdwi, fxg iYf~‡g cÖvY evwR †i‡L nv‡i| M. kªg-wKYv¼-KwVb hv‡ì wb`©q gywV-Z‡j Î¯—v aiYx bR&ivbv †`q Wvwj f‡i dz‡j d‡j| N. ZeyI _v‡g bv †hŠeb-†eM, Rxe‡bi Dj−v‡m Pj‡Q P›`ª-g½j-MÖn ¯^‡M© AmxgvKv‡k| 5. ÔRxeb-e›`bvÕ KweZvq ÔAmshgxÕ A¨vL¨vwU hv‡ì‡K †Ìqv n‡q‡Q ZvivÑ i. evavnxb Rxe‡b Af¨¯— ii. Rxeb Dj−v‡m ficyi iii. `ye©jwP‡Ëi AwaKvix wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 1|

†Zvgvi cÖYvg Kwi Rywo `yB Ki eÜ¨v c„w_ex Avev` Ki‡j eRªgywóai `ycv‡q S‡oi MwZ QywUQ DavI MÖn †_‡K MÖnvš—‡i `wj bxnvwiKv| cywl‡j mvMi Zzwg, gi“‡K imv‡j Mwo‡Z Avevmf~wg ce©Z Dov‡j| K. hxï †K? L. ÔKvwU AiY¨ iwPqv AgiveZxÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? eY©bv Ki| M. KweZvskwUi cÖ_g PiY`ywU‡Z ÔRxeb-e›`bvÕ KweZvi †Kvb cÖ‡Póvi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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N. KweZvskwU‡Z ÔRxeb-e›`bvÕ KweZvi gg©evYxB cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡QÑgš—e¨wU hvPvB Ki| 2| ¯—eK-1: †iŠ‡`ª cy‡o, e„wó‡Z †m wf‡R wèv-ivwZ †gv‡ì ¶zavi Abœ †hvMvq Pvq bvK †m L¨vwZ| ¯—eK-2: `yM©g c_ cvwo w`‡q hviv `yRq© K‡i Rq Zvnv‡ì cwiPq wj‡L iv‡L gnvKvj me hy‡M hy‡M meKv‡j wUKv fv¯‹‡i †kv‡f fvj| K. ÔK~cgÊyKÕ k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© Kx? L. ÔAvlv‡pi wMwi-wbtmªveÕ ej‡Z Kwe Kx eywS‡q‡Qb? eY©bv Ki| M. Ôgvbe e›`bvÕ KweZvi welqe¯‘ Abyhvqx, ¯—eK 1-G Dwj−wLZ e¨w³‡ì f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Ôgvbe e›`bvÕ KweZvi welqe¯‘ Abyhvqx, ¯—eK 2-Gi e³e¨ ¯—eK 1-Gi Dwj−wLZ‡ì Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ wK? †Zvgvi DË‡ii c‡¶ hyw³ `vI|

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iex‡›`ªvËi hy‡Mi Ab¨Zg AvaywbK Kwe Awgq PµeZx© GK mgq wQ‡jb iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii e¨w³MZ mwPe| wZwb †jLvcov K‡i‡Qb A·‡dv‡W©| wZb `kK KvwU‡q‡Qb hy³iv‡óª| iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii e¨w³MZ mwPe wn‡m‡e Zuvi GKvš— mvwbœ‡a¨ _vKvi ciI Kwe Awgq PµeZx©i Kv‡e¨ iex›`ªbv‡_i Kve¨Kjvi †Kvb Qvqv c‡owb| wZwb ¯^KxqZvq fv¯^i wQ‡jb e‡jB Zuvi cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ ÔLmovÕ wQj iex›`ªcÖfveewR©Z AvaywbKZvi GK Abb¨ m„wó| Zvi ÔcvivcviÕ I Ôcvjve`jÕ Kv‡e¨i cUf~wg Pvi gnv‡`k-cwie¨vß| Kwe Awgq PµeZx© Gw`K †_‡K GK wek¦ bvMwiK gb‡bi AwaKvix| Rb¥ : 1901 wLª÷v‡ã cwðge‡½i ûMwji kªxivgcy‡i| g„Zz¨ : 1986 wLª÷v‡ã|

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Drm I cwiwPwZ

Awgq PµeZx©i Ôevsjv‡`kÕ KweZvwU Zvi ÔAwbt†klÕ MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| `xN© KweZvwUi †Kej cÖ_gvsk GLv‡b msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i †cÖ¶vc‡U KweZvwU iwPZ| evsjv fvlvi nvRvi eQ‡ii gvayix, iƒcvwj b`x we‡aŠZ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖK…wZi Abycg †mŠ›`h©-wø» ARmª cj−x Ges †Kvivb-cyivY-cvjvcve©‡Yi ag©xq I mvs¯‹…wZK bvbv HwZn¨gq RbRxe‡b 1971 mv‡j †h bviKxq wefxwlKv m„wó Kiv n‡qwQj cvwK¯—vwb evwnbxi ee©i Avµg‡Y, ZviB Qwe dzwU‡q †Zvjv n‡q‡Q KweZvi G K¨vbfv‡m| AwMœms‡hvM, nZ¨vKvÊ, jyÉb, wbh©vZ‡b Zviv QviLvi K‡i‡Q MÖvg evsjv| wKš‘ j¶ j¶ gvby‡li DØv¯‘ Rxeb, g„Zz¨i AvZ©bv`, wbh©vZ‡bi hš¿Yv m‡Ë¡I evOvwj‡K `gv‡Z cv‡iwb Zviv, cv‡iwb Zvi Awfbœ mËv‡K wef³ Ki‡Z| eis aŸsm, g„Zz¨ Avi AvZ©bv‡`i †fZi w`‡q Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki †MŠi‡ev¾¡j Abš— A¶Zg~wZ©| Q›` : 18 gvÎvi cÖengvb A¶ie„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| cÖwZ Pi‡Y `ywU ce© Ñ 8 + 10|

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Ôevsjv‡`kÕ KweZvq A¯¿ nv‡Z Kviv bv‡g? K. †KvwU gvbyl L. mvš¿x Kvcyi“l M. wn›`y gymjgvb N. nZ¨v e¨emvqx Ôey‡bv`jÕ Kviv? K. cvwK¯—vwb ˆmb¨ L. wnsmª eb¨ cï M. ee©i gvivVv N. †ewbqv Bs‡iR Ôcvjv cve©‡Y Xv‡K †Xv‡j AvDj evDj bv‡PÕÑ Pi‡Yi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb iƒc cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q? K. Amv¤cÖ`vwqK L. mvs¯‹…wZK M. cÖvK…wZK N. AvÂwjK

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Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI| KZ †h Avuavi c`©v cviv‡q †fvi nÕj Rvwbbv Zv| bvi½x e‡b Kuvc‡Q meyR cvZv| `yqv‡i †Zvgvi mvZ-mvM‡ii †Rvqvi G‡b‡Q †dbv| Zey RvM‡j bv? Zey Zzwg RvM‡j bv? mvZ mvM‡ii gvwS †P‡q †`‡Lv `yqv‡i Wv‡K RvnvR, APj Qwe †m, Zmwei †hb ùvwo‡q i‡q‡Q AvR| K. Ôcv‡ÄwiÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx? L. ÔGL‡bv †Zvgvi Avmgvb fiv †g‡N?Õ –GB cOw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki| M. Aby‡”Q‡ì Av‡jv‡K Ôcv‡ÄwiÕ KweZvi welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vcb Ki| N. Aby‡”Q‡ì m‡½ Ôcv‡ÄwiÕ kxl©K KweZvi ˆkjxMZ m¤úK© wePvi Ki| `yM©g wMwi Kvš—vi gi“ `y¯—i cvivevi jw•N‡Z n‡e ivwÎ wbkx‡Z hvwÎiv ûwkqvi `ywj‡Z‡Q Zix, dzwj‡Z‡Q Rj fywj‡Z‡Q gvwS c_ wQuwoqv‡Q cvj, †K awi‡e nvj Av‡Q Kvi wn¤§Z? †K AvQ †Rvqvb nI Av¸qvb nvwK‡Q fwel¨r G Zzdvb fvwi, w`‡Z n‡e cvwo, wb‡Z n‡e Zix cvi| K. Ôgwm©qvÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx? L. ÔGL‡bv †Zvgvi Avmgvb fiv †g‡N?Õ Dw³i Øviv Kx †evSvbv n‡q‡Q? M. Aby‡”Q‡ì mv‡_ Ôcv‡ÄwiÕ KweZvi wgj †Kv_vq-e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Ô†K AvQ †Rvqvb nI Av¸qvbÕ cOw³i m‡½ Ôcv‡ÄwiÕ KweZvi fvee¯‘i Zzjbvg~jK-wePvi we‡k−lY Ki|

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wK‡kvi Kwe myKvš— fÆvPvh© gvÎ bq eQi eq‡mB KweZv †jLv ïi“ K‡ib| we‡`ªv‡ni Kwe KvRx bRi“j Bmjv‡gi g‡ZvB wZwb Zvui Kv‡e¨ Ab¨vq, AwePvi, †kvlY I eÂbvi wei“‡× †hgb msMÖv‡gi WvK w`‡q‡Qb, †Zgwb wec−e I gyw³i c‡¶ msMÖv‡g GKvZ¥Zv †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| Rwg`vwi kvm‡bi Zxeª KlvNvZ Zvi gb‡K GZUvB welgq K‡i Zz‡jwQj †h, wZwb gvK©mev`x ivRbxwZ‡Z AbycÖvwYZ n‡q †kvlYnxb mgvR cÖwZôvi ¯^cœ †`L‡Z ïi“ K‡ib| mvgvwRK AbvPvi I ˆel‡g¨i wei“‡× cÖwZev`, wbh©vwZZ gvby‡li cÖwZ Mfxi ggZv Zuvi KweZvq evYxiƒc jvf K‡i‡Q| gvÎ 21 eQi eq‡m G cÖwZfvevb Kwei g„Z¨z nq| Rb¥ : 1926 wLª÷v‡ã KjKvZvq gvZvg‡ni evwo‡Z (ˆcZ…K wbevm †MvcvjMÄ †Rjvi †KvUvwjcvovi Ebwkqv MÖv‡g)| g„Z¨z : 1947 wLª÷v‡ã|

iPbvewj QvocÎ, Nyg †bB, c~e©vfvm, wg‡VKov, Awfhvb, niZvj|

Drm I cwiwPwZ ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvwU 1948 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Zvui weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’ ÔQvocÎÕ †_‡K msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| Abygvb Kiv nq †h, Kwe AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m c`vc©‡Yi c~‡e©B wKsev AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m G KweZvwU iPbv K‡ib| m¤¢eZ Kwe Zuvi wb‡Ri AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K eqtmwÜKv‡ji êwkó¨mg~n‡K G KweZvq Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| AvV‡v‡iv eQi eqm A`g¨ I wbfx©K| G eqm †hgb `ytmvn‡mi Dci fi K‡i mKj evav wecwË‡K AwZµg K‡i hvq, †Zgwb Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡× `ywe©bxZfv‡e gv_v DuPz K‡i ùvovq| G eq‡mi gva¨‡gB gvbyl †hŠe‡b c`vc©Y K‡i e‡j Zvi g‡a¨ cÖPÊ AvZ¥cÖZ¨q ˆZwi nq| gvbeZvi cÖ‡kœI gvbyl G eq‡m AwaK ‡mv”Pvi I msMÖvgx nq| mZ¨, my›ì I Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ gvbyl G eq‡m i³g~j¨ w`‡Z Rv‡b| Ab¨vq, AZ¨vPvi, †kvlY, Ryjyg I wbcxo‡bi cvkvcvwk bvbv mvgvwRK êl‡gï wei“‡× gvbyl G eq‡m cÖwZev`x n‡q I‡V| gvby‡l gvby‡l †f`v‡f` wbg©~‡ji eqm GB AvVv‡iv eQi| G eqm m‡ZR I ïå n‡jI Amn¨ hš¿Yvq Zv QUdU K‡i| Rxe‡bi G mwÜ¶‡Y kvixwiK, gvbwmK, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK bvbv RwUj AveZ©‡b gvbyl wb‡R‡K Rwo‡q †d‡j| G mg‡qi mvgvb¨ Am‡PZbZv wKsev msh‡gi Afve gvby‡li Rxe‡b Pig wech©q †W‡K Avb‡Z cv‡i| e¨_©Zvi `xN©k¦vm G eqm‡K †bwZevPKZvi Kv‡jv Pv`‡i †X‡K w`‡Z cv‡i ; Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i j¶ j¶ Kv‡jv `xN©k¦vm | MwZ w`‡qB m¤¢e g‡bi Riv-RxY©Zv Avi ¯’weiZvi g‡Zv cÖwZK~j cvwicvwk¦K © Ae¯’v `~i Kiv| G eqm †m MwZi cÖZxK| A`g¨ G eq‡mi i‡q‡Q bvbv `y‡h©vM I `ywe©cvK †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Adziš— cÖvYkw³| G eq‡mi †Kvb K¬vwš— †bB| G eqm c_ P‡j wbZ¨ Avb‡›`| G eq‡mi AwaKvix gvbyl `ye©j, fxZz, i“Mœ ev Kvcyi“l bq| G eqm mKj mgq, mKj Ae¯’vq bZzb wKQz Ki‡Z Pvq| cÖMwZ I mf¨Zvi c‡_ wbiš— i avegvbZvB G eq‡mi cÖavb êwkó¨| ZvB RvZxq Rxe‡bi g~j PvwjKvkw³ wn‡m‡e m½Zfv‡eB Kwei Kvgbv - ÕG †`‡ki ey‡K AvVv‡iv AvmyK †b‡g|Õ Q›` : ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvwU gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| 6 gvÎvi gvÎve„Ë Q›`| cÖwZ Pi‡Y gvÎv msL¨v (6+6+2)|

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AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi †bB fq c`vNv‡Z Pvq fvO‡Z cv_i euvav G eq‡m †KD gv_v †bvqvevi bq AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Rv‡b bv Kuv`v ******************* IB †h, cÖexY, IB †h cig cvKv P¶z KY© `yBwU Wvbvq XvKv wSgvq †hb wPÎc‡U AvuKv AÜKv‡i eÜ Kiv LuvPvq| K. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvwU †Kvb Q‡›` iwPZ? L. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi Rxeb‡eva‡K Kwe †Kb ZxeªZv I cÖLiZvi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb? M. KweZvsk `ywU‡Z Kx êcixZ¨ j¶¨ Kiv hvq? e¨vL¨v Ki| N. mgv‡Ri `yie¯’v jvN‡e wØZxq KweZvskwU KZUzKz mnvqK e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki? ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvi Av‡jv‡K g~j¨vqb Ki| 2. `yRb g‡bvweÁvbxi gZev` : wmMgÛ d«‡qW: 16-18 eQi eq‡m †Q‡j‡g‡qiv mgwj½xq †cÖ‡gi Avmw³‡Z †fv‡M| ¯^xq †mŠ›`h© I †cvkvK cwi”Q` m¤ú‡K© AZ¨waK m‡PZb n‡q I‡V G eq‡mB (mvB‡Kv-GbvjvBwUK ZË¡)| GwiK-GwiKmb: 13 †_‡K 19 eQi eq‡mi ¯—iwU bv wkï bv hyeK| G eq‡m ¯^xq wPš—vi †P‡q mgvR wPš—vB cÖej n‡q I‡V| mgv‡Ri DbœwZi Rb¨ cÖwZev`xI n‡q I‡V G eqmxivB| Avevi mvgvwRK g~j¨‡ev‡ai wei“×vPviY K‡i G eq‡mB (mvB‡Kv-†mvm¨vj ZË¡)| K. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvwU †Kvb Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K †bIqv n‡q‡Q? L. Kwe AvVv‡iv eQi eqm‡K `ytmn e‡j‡Qb †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| M. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Kwei g‡bvfv‡ei mv‡_ wmMgÛ d«‡q‡Wi e³‡eï êcwiZ¨wU e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Kwei `„wófw½ †hb GwiK-GwiKm‡bi e³‡eï cÖwZdjb-we‡k−lY Ki| †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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Kwe kvgmyi ivngv‡bi KweZv †`k‡cÖg I mvgvwRK m‡PZbZvq m‡ZR I `xß| bvMwiK Rxeb, gyw³hy× I MY-Av‡›`vjb Zvui KweZvq i~cvwqZ n‡q‡Q wewPÎ ms‡e`bkxjZvq| Zvui Kve¨MÖ‡š’i msL¨v Pwj−kwUiI †ewk| KweZv Abyev‡`I wZwb wQ‡jb wm×n¯—| †QvU‡`i Rb¨ KweZv I Qov iPbv‡Z Zvui mvdj¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨| G Qvov wZwb Dcb¨vm, cÖeÜ Ges ¯§„wZK_vI wj‡L‡Qb| mvsevw`KZv †ckvi mv‡_ hy³ GB Kwe wewfbœ mg‡q Ôgwb©s wbDRÕ, Ôˆ`wbK evsjvÕmn †ek wKQy cwÎKvi ¸i“Z¡cY~ © `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| cÖvq GK `kK a‡i wZwb wQ‡jb Ô‰`wbK evsjvÕi m¤úv`K| Rb¥ : 1929 wLª÷v‡ã XvKvq (ˆcZ…K wbevm biwms`xi cvovZjx MÖv‡g)| g„Zz¨ : 17 AvM÷, 2006 wLª÷v‡ã XvKvq|

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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 1.

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Dcb¨vm cwiwPwZ Jcb¨vwmK gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq iwPZ 19wU Dcb¨v‡mi g‡a¨ mev©waK cwVZ, Av‡jvwPZ I GKvwaK fvlvq Ab~w`Z Rbwcªq Dcb¨vmwUi bvg ÔcÙvb`xi gvwSÕ| 1936 wLª÷v‡ã Dcb¨vmwU cÖKvwkZ nq| ÔcÙvb`xi gvwSÕ gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi PZz_© Dcb¨vm| 1948 wLª÷v‡ã Dcb¨vmwUi Bs‡iwR Abyev` ‘Boatman of the Padma’ cÖKvwkZ nq| ÔcÙvb`xi gvwSÕ evsjv mvwn‡Zï GKwU wewkó AvÂwjK Dcb¨vm| cÙvi ZximsjMœ †KZzcyi I cvk¦©eZx© MÖv‡gi cÙvi gvwS I †R‡j‡ì wek¦¯— Rxebv‡jL¨ G‡Z wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q| kni †_‡K `~‡i `wi`ª †R‡j I gvwS‡ì †h RxebwPÎ G‡Z Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q Zv †hb ev¯—‡ei m‡½ ûeû wg‡j †M‡Q| †R‡jcvovi gvwS I †R‡j‡ì Rxe‡bi myL-`ytL, nvwm-Kvbœv, Afve-Awf‡hvM hv wKbv cÖK…wZMZfv‡e †mB Rxebavivi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask Zv GLv‡b wek¦¯—Zvi mv‡_ wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q| ÔcÙvb`xi gvwSÕ GKwU mv_©K AvÂwjK Dcb¨vm| Dcb¨v‡mi Avw•MK MVb, iPbv‰kjx, cvÎ-cvÎx‡ì gy‡L Av‡ivwcZ fvlv, RxebvPiY, RxebPPv© G me AvÂwjK Dcb¨v‡miB cwiPqevnx| †R‡j Aay¨wlZ MÖv‡gi RxebhvÎvB Av‡jvP¨ Dcb¨vmwUi g~j DcRxe¨| cÙvb`x GjvKvi ZxieZx© K‡qKwU MÖv‡gi †R‡j‡ì Rxe‡bi wbLyuZ wPÎ G Dcb¨v‡m wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q| AvÂwjK Dcb¨vm wn‡m‡e ÔcÙvb`xi gvwSÕ-i mv_©KZv: KwZcq êwk‡óï Rb¨ ÔcÙvb`xi gvwSÕ †kªô AvÂwjK Dcb¨v‡mi ghv©`v †c‡q‡Q| †hgb(K) Dcb¨v‡mi cUf~wg cÙvb`xi ZxieZx© †KZzcyi MÖvg| (L) G Dcb¨v‡mi cvÎ-cvÎxiv GKvš—fv‡eB GB GjvKv I cwi‡e‡ki Dchy³| (M) G Dcb¨v‡mi cvÎ-cvÎx‡ì gy‡L cÖhy³ i‡q‡Q K…wÎgZv weewR©Z AvÂwjK fvlv| (N) Dcb¨v‡mi eY©bvq mvayfvlv, wKš‘ cvÎ cvÎx‡ì gy‡Li fvlv AvÂwjK| Jcb¨vwm‡Ki wbR¯^ eY©bvi fvlv I cvÎ-cvÎx‡ì gy‡L cÖhy³ AvÂwjK fvlvi cwiwgZ I ˆkwíK cÖ‡qvM cÙvb`xi gvwS Dcb¨vm‡K Dc‡fvM¨ I mv_©K K‡i Zz‡j‡Q|

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Dcb¨v‡mi †kªYx wefvM : welqe¯‘ I cÖeYZv Abymv‡i Dcb¨vm‡K Aš—Z c‡¶ bqwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v(1) HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm : BwZnvm‡K Aej¤^b K‡i †h Dcb¨vm iwPZ nq, Zv-B HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm| †hgb- ¯‹‡Ui AvBfvb‡nv, fvwmwj Bqv‡bi †Pw½m-Lvb, wjI Uj÷‡qi Iqvi A¨vÛ wcm, ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi ivRwmsn, Avb›`gV, P›`ª‡kLi BZ¨vw`| (2) mvgvwRK-cvwievwiK Dcb¨vm : cwievi I mgvR Rxe‡bi bvbv welqe¯‘, NUbv I NvZ-cÖwZNvZ‡K Aej¤^b K‡i G ai‡bi Dcb¨vm †jLv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb- ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi K…òKv‡š—i DBj, wele„¶; †gvnv¤§` bwRei ingv‡bi Av‡bvqviv; kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi cj−xmgvR, M„n`vn, PwiÎnxb; KvRx Bg`v`yj n‡Ki Ave`yj−vn cÖf„wZ| (3) Kveägx© Dcb¨vm : †h me Dcb¨v‡m Kvwnbx I PwiÎwPÎb A‡c¶v †jL‡Ki Kve¨`„wó cÖvavb¨ cvq Ges eY©bvq I fvlvixwZ‡Z Zv dz‡U I‡V, †m ai‡bi Dcb¨vm‡K Kveägx© Dcb¨vm ejv nq| †hgb- iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ, KvRx bRi“j Bmjv‡gi Ôe¨_vi `vbÕ, ey×‡è emyi Ô†h w`b dzUj KgjÕ BZ¨vw`| (4) gb¯—vwË¡K Dcb¨vm : †h Dcb¨v‡mi cvÎ cvÎx‡ì g‡bvwe‡k−lY †jL‡Ki Kv‡Q gyL¨ n‡q I‡V; †m ai‡bi Dcb¨vm‡K gb¯—vwË¡K Dcb¨vm ejv nq| †hgb- iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Ô†Pv‡Li evwjÕ, ÔN‡i evB‡iÕ; gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi ÔwèvivwÎi Kve¨Õ BZ¨vw`| (5) †Mv‡q›`v Dcb¨vm : wewfbœ Acivag~jK NUbv‡K Aej¤^b K‡i mv_©K †Mv‡q›`v PwiÎ m„wó K‡i G ai‡bi Dcb¨vm †jLv nq| kiwe›`y e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, bxnviiÄb †mb¸ß, mZ¨wRr ivq evsjv mvwn‡Zï wewkó †Mv‡q›`v Dcb¨vm iPwqZv| (6) e¨•MimvZ¥K Dcb¨vm : mvgvwRK bvbv Am•MwZ‡K Zxeª e¨•M I nvmï‡mi gva¨‡g G ai‡bi Dcb¨v‡m Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| ciïivg, wkeivg PµeZx© I ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx G ai‡bi iPbvq we‡kl mvdj¨ †`wL‡q‡Qb| (7) AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK Dcb¨vm : Jcb¨vwmK Zvui e¨w³MZ Rxe‡bi bvbv NvZ-cÖwZNvZ‡K A™¢Z y iPbv‰kjx I wjwc KzkjZvi ga¨ w`‡q Dc‡fvM¨ Dcb¨v‡m i~c`vb K‡ib| †hgb- kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi Pvi L‡Ê †jLv ÔkªxKvš—Õ, wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi Ôc‡_i cvuPvjxÕ BZ¨vw`| (8) AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK åg‡Yvcb¨vm : †Kvb f~-ch©UK ev feNy‡i †jLK Zvui ågY c‡_i wewPÎ AwfÁZv‡K AvZ¥Rxebxi Av`‡j hLb Dcb¨v‡mi gZ mim I Dc‡fvM¨ K‡i †j‡Lb Zv‡K AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK åg‡Yvcb¨vm e‡j| ˆmq` gyRZev Avjxi Ô†`‡k-we‡`‡kÕ, Abœ`vk¼i iv‡qi Ôc‡_ cÖev‡mÕ AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK åg‡Yvcb¨v‡mi DrK…ó D`vniY| (9) AvÂwjK Dcb¨vm : we‡kl †Kvb AÂj ev †m AÂ‡ji wbw`©ó cwim‡ii gvby‡li myL-`ytL, nvwm-Kvbœv wgwkªZ †h Kvwnbx ZvB AvÂwjK Dcb¨vm| †hgb- Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi ÔKweÕ, Ônvumywj evu‡Ki DcK_vÕ, gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi ÔcÙvb`xi gvwSÕ, A‰ØZ gj−eg©‡Yi ÔwZZvm GKwU b`xi bvgÕ cÖf„wZ| á bgybv cÖkœvewj

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1. evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY cÖ_g 1743 mv‡j iPbv K‡ib g‡bvGj `¨v Avmmy¤úmuvD ; hv cZz©wMR fvlvq iwPZ| 2. Bs‡iwR fvlvq evsjv e¨vKiY iPbv K‡ib 1778 mv‡j Gb we n¨vj†nW | 3. evsjv fvlvq evsjv e¨vKiY cÖ_g iPbv K‡ib 1833 mv‡j ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq| cieZx©Kv‡j W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, W. gyn¤§` knx`yj−vn, W. myKzgvi †mb, W. Gbvgyj nK cÖgyL evsjv e¨vKiY iPbvi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb| evsjv e¨vKiY cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv fvlv ï×iƒ‡c Rvbv I eënvi Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K fvlvfvlx Rb‡Mvôxi e¨vKiY cvV Kiv Acwinvh©| ZvB evsjv fvlv mwVKfv‡e eënv‡ii Rb¨ Avgv‡ìI e¨vKiY cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| wb‡P e¨vKiY cv‡Vi ¸iyZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj : 1. fvlvi ¯îƒc I cÖK…wZ Rvbvi Rb¨ : g‡bi fve †h-†Kvb iƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvq; Bkvivq ev Bw½‡Z, K_vq ev Qwe‡Z| Z‡e fvlv w`‡q g‡bi fve‡K mwVKfv‡e cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡j e¨vKiY cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| KviY, e¨vKiY fvlvi ¯îƒc ev cÖK…wZ wePviwe‡k−lY K‡i fyjÎ“wU wbY©q K‡i ky×iƒ‡c eënvi Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| 2. mwVK evbvb I D”PviY †kLvi Rb¨: fvlv‡K wjwLZ iƒc ‡Ìqvi Rb¨ †hgb e‡Y©i cÖ‡qvRb, †Zgwb D”Pvi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb aŸwbi| GB eY© I aŸwb¸‡jvi mwVK evbvb I D”PviY e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jvP¨ welq| ZvB e¨vKiY cvV Ki‡j Gi mwVK eënvi Rvbv hv‡e| evsjv fvlvq wZbwU ÔmÕ aŸwb i‡q‡Q| `ywU ÔbÕ aŸwb i‡q‡Q| G QvovI B;C, D;E Ges †ekwKQy hy³eY© i‡q‡Q| e¨vKiY cvV Ki‡j k‡ãi evbv‡b G¸‡jvi eënvi Ges D”PviY c×wZ Rvbv hvq| 3. k‡ãi eënvi, MVb I A_© wbY©‡qi Rb¨ : k‡ãi h_vh_ eënvi, A_© wbiƒcY Ges bZzb bZzb kã MV‡bi Rb¨ e¨vKi‡Yi Ávb _vKv Avek¨K| mgvm, DcmM©, cÖZ¨q ev mwÜmn Kx Kx Dcv‡q kã MwVZ nq e¨vKiY †_‡K ZvI Rvbv hvq| Gm‡ei Rb¨ Aek¨B e¨vKiY cvV Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| 4. evK¨ MVb I fvecÖKv‡ki Rb¨ : ïay k‡ãi †¶‡Î bq, evK¨ MV‡bi †¶‡Î Ges ev‡Kï gva¨‡g h_vh_ fve cÖKv‡ki †¶‡ÎI e¨vKi‡Yi Ávb _vKv Avek¨K| ev‡Kï evP¨v_© I j¶¨v_© Abyave‡bi Rb¨ Aek¨B e¨vKi‡Yi Ávb _vKv ìKvi| mij, RwUj I †hŠwMK evK¨ m¤ú‡K© h_vh_ aviYv jv‡fi Rb¨ e¨vKi‡Yi evK¨ZË¡ AskwU cvV Kiv ìKvi| Gi gva¨‡g mwVKfv‡e evK¨ MVb I eënv‡ii welqwU m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ nvbv hv‡e| 5. Q›` I AjsKv‡ii Áv‡bi Rb¨ : gvbyl Mvb ev KweZvi gva¨‡gI g‡bi fve cÖKvk K‡i| Avi Gme Mvb I KweZvi Acwinvh© Ask n‡jv Q›`| e¨vKiY cvV Ki‡j GB Q‡›ì ¯îƒc I Zvi ï×vïw× m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hv‡e| hv ï×fv‡e Mvb I KweZv wjL‡Z I co‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| G Qvov fvlvq AjsKvi cÖ‡qvMI e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jvP¨ welq| ZvB fvlvq ï×iƒ‡c Q›` I AjsKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ e¨vKi‡Yi Ávb _vKv Avek¨K| 6. mvwn‡Zï †`vl¸Y m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf : mvwn‡Zï QvÎ‡ì Rb¨ e¨vKiY cvV Kiv Acwinvh©| mvwn‡Zï †`vl-¸Y wbY©q ev Dcjwäi Rb¨ h_vh_ Ávb AvniY Ki‡Z n‡j Zv‡ì Aek¨B e¨vKiY cvV Ki‡Z n‡e| m‡e©vcwi, fvlvi mwVK eënvi I weï×Zvi Rb¨ e¨vKiY cvV Kiv GKvš— ìKvi| e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jvP¨ welq cÖ‡Z¨K fvlviB PviwU †gŠwjK Dcv`vb _v‡K| G¸‡jv n‡”Q- aŸwb, kã, evK¨ I A_©| cÖ‡Z¨K fvlvi e¨vKi‡YB G welq¸‡jv Av‡jwPZ nq| Avi G¸‡jvB n‡”Q e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jvP¨ welq| ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖkœvewj 1. e¨vKiY Kv‡K e‡j ? e¨vKiY cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 2. Òfvlvi Af¨š—ixY k„•Ljv Avwe®‹v‡ii bvgB e¨vKiYÓ- Av‡jvPbv Ki|

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gvby‡li evMhš¿ Z_v KÚbvjx, gyLweei, wRnev, Avj wRnŸv, †Kvgj Zvjy, k³ Zvjy, `vuZ, gvwo, †VuvU, †Pvqvj BZ¨vwì mvnv‡h¨ D”PvwiZ AvIqvR‡K aŸwb e‡j| aŸwbi cÖKvi‡f` : D”Pvi‡Yi êwkó¨ Abyhvqx aŸwb‡K `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb : ¯îaŸwb I e¨ÄbaŸwb| ¯îaŸwb : †h me aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq dymdzmZvwoZ evZvm evMh‡š¿i †Kv_vI evavcÖvß nq bv, Zv‡ì ¯îaŸwb e‡j| evsjvfvlvq ¯îaŸwbi msL¨v 11 wU| h_v Ñ A, Av, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J| e¨ÄbaŸwb : †h me aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq dzmdzmZvwoZ evZvm evMh‡š¿i †Kv_vI bv †Kv_vI evavcÖvß nq ev Nl©Y jv‡M Zv‡ì e¨ÄbaŸwb e‡j| †hgb : K, L, M, N BZ¨vw`| evsjvfvlvq e¨ÄbaŸwbi msL¨v 39 wU| h_v Ñ K, L, M, N, O P, Q, R, S, T U, V, W, X, Y Z, _, `, a, b c, d, e, f, g h, i, j k, l, m, n o, p, q, r s, t, u ¯îaŸwbi cÖKvi‡f` : D”PviYKv‡ji e¨vwß Abyhvqx ¯îaŸwbmg~n‡K `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb : n«¯^¯î : A, B, D| `xN©¯î : Av, C, E, G, H, I, J| e¨ÄbaŸwbi cÖKvi‡f` : D”PviY ¯’vb Abyhvqx e¨ÄbaŸwbi cÖKvi‡f` wbæiƒc : KÉ¨ K, L, M, N, O Zvjy P, Q, R, S, T g~a©v U, V, W, X, Y `š—¨ Z, _, `, a, b Iô¨ c, d, e, f, g Aš—t¯’ h, i, j D®§ k, l, m, n ZvobRvZo, p (q-Aš—t¯’, r- Z-Gi msw¶ß iƒc) civkªqx s, t, u| G QvovI e¨Äbe‡Y©i Av‡iv wKQz †kªYxwefvM n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb : bvwmK¨ aŸwb, cvwk¦K © aŸwb, K¤úbRvZ aŸwb, ¯ú„ó aŸwb BZ¨vw`| D”PviY êwkó¨ Abyhvqx e¨ÄbeY©‡K Avevi Pvifv‡M wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb Ñ A‡Nvl aŸwb : e‡M©i 1g I 2q eY©| ‡Nvl aŸwb : e‡M©i 3q I 4_© eY©| AícÖvY aŸwb : e‡M©i 1g I 3q eY©| gnvcÖvY aŸwb : e‡M©i 2q I 4_© eY©| hy³eY© (hy³e¨Äb) `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK eY© GK‡Î hy³ n‡j Zv‡K hy³eY© e‡j| Ôhy³Õ k‡ãi A_©Ñ†hvM| evsjv fvlvq e¨Äbe‡Y©i †¶‡ÎB hy³e‡Y©i G eënvi j¶ Kiv hvq| GKwU e¨Äbe‡Y©i mv‡_ Aci GKwU e¨ÄbeY© hy³ n‡q †h bZzb eY©wU ˆZwi nq Zv‡K GK K_vq hy³eY© ev hy³e¨Äb e‡j| ‡hgb : ÔKÕ I ÔlÕ `ywU e¨ÄbeY©| G eY© `y‡Uvi ms‡hv‡M Ô¶Õ (wLI) hy³e¨Äb MwVZ n‡q‡Q| hy³ e¨Äbe‡Y©i gv‡S †Kvb ¯îeY© _v‡K bv| e‡Y©i mv‡_ eY© hy³ n‡j Zv‡ì AvK„wZi cwieZ©b N‡U| evsjvfvlvq hy³e‡Y©i msL¨v A‡bK| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wb‡Pi hy³eY©¸‡jvi eënviB †ewk †`Lv hvq|

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kã I k‡ãi †kªYx wefvM kã : A_©c~Y© aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwó‡K kã e‡j| †hgb Ñ Kjm, cw_K, b`x, c„w_ex BZ¨vw`| k‡ãi †kªYx wefvM wewfbœ w`K †_‡K k‡ãi †kªYx wefvM Kiv hvq| †hgb Ñ 1. DrmMZ †kªYxwefvM : (K) Zrmg (L) Aa©-Zrmg (M) Z™¢e (N) †`wk (O) we‡`wk| 2. MVbMZ †kªYxwefvM : (K) †gŠwjK (L) mvwaZ| 3. A_©MZ †kªYxwefvM : (K) †hŠwMK (L) iƒp / iƒwp (M) †hvMiƒp|

k‡ãi DrmMZ †kªYxwefvM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Drm Abyhvqx kã‡K cuvP fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v Ñ Zrmg, Aa©-Zrmg, Z™¢e, †`wk I we‡`wk| Zrmg kã : ms¯‹…Z fvlv †_‡K AvMZ †h me kã †KvbiKg weK…Z bv n‡q mivmwi evsjv fvlvq eëüZ n‡”Q, †m me kã‡K Zrmg kã e‡j| †hgb : e„¶, e¶, KY©, bvwmK¨, P›`ª, m~h©, MÖn, b¶Î, n¯—, ¯‹Ü, ïå, K…ò BZ¨vw`| Aa©-Zrmg kã : †h me kã ms¯‹…Z fvlv †_‡K wKQzUv weK…Z ev cwiewZ©Z n‡q evsjv fvlvq G‡m‡Q, †m me kã‡K Aa©Zrmg kã e‡j| †hgb : wMbœx (M„wnYx), †Kó (K…ò), †QivÏ (kªv×), ‡cbœvg (cÖYvg), †Nbœv (N„Yv), †evógx (êòex) BZ¨vw`| Z™¢e kã : †h me kã ms¯‹…Z fvlv †_‡K cÖvK…Z ¯—‡ii gva¨‡g iƒcvš—wiZ n‡q evsjv fvlvq G‡m‡Q, †m me kã‡K Z™¢e kã e‡j| †hgb : Puv` (P›`ª > P›` > Puv`), nvZ (n¯— > nÌ > nvZ), Pvgvi (Pg©Kvi > P¤§Avi > Pvgvi) BZ¨vw`| †`wk kã : †h me kã Avw`Kvj †_‡KB evsjv fvlvi wbR¯^ kã wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡q Avm‡Q, †m me kã‡K †`wk kã e‡j| †hgb: Kzjv, †XuwK, SuvUv, †Uvci, wWwO BZ¨vw`| we‡`wk kã : ms¯‹…Z Qvov Ab¨vb¨ we‡`wk fvlv †_‡K †h me kã evsjv fvlvq G‡m‡Q, †m me kã‡K we‡`wk kã e‡j| †hgb: Pv, wPwb, Zvjv, Pvwe, PvKz, jyw½, ¸`vg, Avjgvwi, PvKi, `v‡ivMv, bvgvh, †ivhv, wi·v, cvDi“wU BZ¨vw`|

k‡ãi MVbMZ †kªYx wefvM MVbMZ w`K †_‡K kã `yB cÖKvi| h_v : 1. †gŠwjK kã : †h me kã‡K fvOv ev we‡k−lY Kiv hvq bv †m¸‡jv‡K †gŠwjK kã e‡j| †hgb : bvK, †Mvjvc, jvj, wZb BZ¨vw`| G me †gŠwjK kã¸‡jvB n‡”Q fvlvi g~j Dcv`vb| 2. mvwaZ kã : †h me kã‡K fvO‡j ev we‡k−lY Ki‡j Ab¨ †Kvb ¶z`ªZi kã cvIqv hvq, †m¸‡jv‡K mvwaZ kã e‡j| mvaviYZ GKvwaK kã mgvmwb®úbœ n‡q, wKsev ‡Kvb kã ev avZzi mv‡_ cÖZ¨q ev DcmM© hy³ n‡q mvwaZ kã MwVZ nq| D`vniY: bxjvKvk (bxj †h AvKvk), N‡ivqv (Ni+Dqv), mywePvi (my+wePvi) BZ¨vw`|

k‡ãi A_©MZ †kªYxwefvM A_©‡f‡` kã‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v : 1. †hŠwMK kã 2. iƒp ev iƒwp kã 3. †hvMiƒp kã| 1. †hŠwMK kã : †h me k‡ãi ey¨rcwËMZ I e¨envwiK A_© cÖvq GKB iKg, ‡m¸‡jv‡K †hŠwMK kã e‡j| †hgb : MvqK = ˆM+YK (AK), KZ©e¨ = K…+Ze¨| Abyiƒcfv‡eÑ N‡ivqv, co–qv, †Q‡jwg, bxwjgv, †M‡Qv, †Mu‡qv BZ¨vw`| 2. iƒp ev iƒwp kã : †h me k‡ãi A_© Zvi ey¨rcwË Abyhvqx bv n‡q wfbœ †Kvb A_© cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡K iƒwp kã e‡j| †hgb : n¯—x = n¯— + Bb& , M‡elYv (†Mv+GlYv), Abyiƒcfv‡e Ñ cvÄvwe, euvwk, ‰Zj, m‡›`k, cÖexY BZ¨vw`| 4. †hvMiƒp kã : mgvmwb®úbœ †hme kã Zvi mgm¨gvb c`mg~‡ni †KvbwUi A_© bv eywS‡q wewkó †Kvb A_© cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K †hvMiƒp kã e‡j| †hgb: c¼RÑc‡¼ R‡b¥ hv| kvjyK, ˆkevj, kvcjv I c‡Ùi g‡Zv A‡bK dzj ev Dw™¢`B c‡¼ (Kv`vq) R‡b¥ MÖnY K‡i| A_P Zvi g‡a¨ GKgvÎ cÙdzj‡KB Ôc¼RÕ ejv nq| Gfv‡eB Ôc¼RÕ GKwU wewkó A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Q| `„óvš— : AbyR, AMÖR, gnvhvÎv, Rjwa, Z‡cveb BZ¨vw`|

Abykxjbx 1. MVbMZ w`K †_‡K †KvbwU †Kvb ai‡bi kã Zv c„_K K‡i †`LvI : †Ljv, Pj, Puv`gyL, nvZ, nvZj, AvKvk, bxj, we`¨vjq, M„n, `vZv, cov, †Mvjvc, myMÜ, hyeivR, wÎbqb, Aw¶| †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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2. A_©MZ w`K †_‡K †KvbwU †Kvb ai‡bi kã Zv c„_K K‡i †`LvI : wgZvwj, MvqK, ˆZj, euvwk, Rjwa, m‡ivR, cÖexY, ˆkevj, n¯—x, gnvhvÎv, m‡›`k, evwi`, Mv‡ovqvb, cvÄvwe| 3. DrmMZ w`K †_‡K †KvbwU †Kvb ai‡bi kã Zv c„_K K‡i †`LvI : bvgvh, wiKmv, ¯‹zj, m~h©, b¶Î, gv÷vi, cy¯—K, Pv, niZvj, Avj−vn, †Lv`v, e`LZ, †gŠjfx, c„w_ex|

¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖkœvewj 1. kã Kv‡K e‡j? DrmMZfv‡e kã KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx ? D`vniYmn Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 2. kã Kv‡K e‡j? MVbMZfv‡e kã KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx ? D`vniYmn Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 3. kã Kv‡K e‡j? A_©MZfv‡e kã KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx ? D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Ki|

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kã MVb kã : A_©c~Y© aŸwb ev aŸwb mgwó‡K kã e‡j| aŸwbi mv‡_ aŸwb wKsev kã ev avZzi mv‡_ cÖZ¨q ev DcmM© hy³ n‡q A_ev mwÜ ev mgv‡mi gva¨‡g †h cÖwµqvq kã MwVZ nq †m cÖwµqv‡KB ejv nq kã MVb| kã n‡”Q fvlvi cÖvYkw³| cÖwZwU kã GK GKwU fve, e¯‘ ev Abyf~wZi cÖZxK| †h fvlvi kã msL¨v hZ †ewk, †m fvlvi fve cÖKvk Kivi ¶gZvI ZZ ‡ewk| mg‡qi weeZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ bZzb bZzb fve cÖKv‡ki cÖ‡qvR‡b wKsev wk¶v-`x¶v I Ávb-weÁvb PP©vi cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖwZwbqZB bZzb bZzb kã m„wó nq| kã MV‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vKi‡Y kã MV‡bi Av‡jvPbv GKvwaK Kvi‡Y ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| cÖ_gZ, †Kvb kã Kxfv‡e MwVZ nq Zv Rvb‡j kãwU e¨vKiYMZ ˆewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© Avgiv aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvwi| wØZxqZ, kã MV‡bi wbqg Rvbv _vK‡j eûj cÖPwjZ k‡ãi e`‡j bZzb kã MVb K‡i fve cÖKvk Kiv hvq| Z…ZxqZ, kã-MV‡bi †¶‡Î e¨vKi‡Yi wbqg †h me©Î Abym„Z nq bv, †¶Î we‡k‡l wbq‡gi wkw_j cÖ‡qvM N‡U †m m¤ú‡K©I Avgv‡`i aviYv R‡b¥| wb‡P kã MV‡bi wewfbœ ixwZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡”Q|

evsjv kãMV‡bi c×wZmg~n wewfbœ Dcv‡q evsjv fvlvq kã MwVZ nq| †hgb Ñ (K) cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M (L) DcmM©‡hv‡M (M) mwÜi gva¨‡g (N) mgv‡mi gva¨‡g (O) wØi“w³i gva¨‡g (P) c`vš—‡ii gva¨‡g BZ¨vw`| (K) cÖZ¨q ‡hv‡M : avZz ev k‡ãi m‡½ cÖZ¨q hy³ K‡i bZzb bZzb kã m„wó KivB n‡jv cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M kãMVb| †hgb Ñ Kuv`& + bv = Kvbœv, Pj& + Ab = Pjb BZ¨vw`| cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M Avevi `yfv‡e kã MwVZ nq| ‡hgb Ñ 1. K…r cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M Ges 2. Zw×Z cÖZ¨q †hv‡M| (L) DcmM© ‡hv‡M : wKQz Ae¨qm~PK kãvsk avZz ev k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m g~j k‡ãi A‡_©i cwieZ©b, cwiea©b, ms‡KvPb BZ¨vw` NwU‡q _v‡K| Gfv‡e bZzb kã MVb cÖwµqv‡K e‡j DcmM©‡hv‡M kãMVb| †hgb Ñ nv + fvZ = nvfvZ, cwi + nvi = cwinvi BZ¨vw`| DcmM©‡hv‡M Avevi wZbfv‡e kã MwVZ nq| h_v Ñ 1. evsjv DcmM©‡hv‡M, 2. Zrmg DcmM©‡hv‡M Ges 3. we‡`wk DcmM©‡hv‡M| (M) mwÜi gva¨‡g : cvkvcvwk `y‡Uv aŸwbi wgj‡bi bvg mwÜ| mvaviYZ mn‡R D”PviY Ges aŸwbMZ gvayh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨B mwÜi gva¨‡g kã MVb Kiv nq| mwÜi gva¨‡g wZbfv‡e kã MVb Kiv hvq| h_v Ñ 1. ¯îmwÜi gva¨‡g| †hgb Ñ we`¨v + Avjq = we`¨vjq 2. e¨ÄbmwÜi gva¨‡g ‡hgb Ñ Dr + †jL = D‡j−L Ges 3. wemM©mwÜi gva¨‡g| ‡hgb Ñ Avwet + Kvi = Avwe®‹vi (N) mgv‡mi gva¨‡g : evsjv fvlvq kã MV‡bi †h me Dcvq i‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg Dcvq nj mgvm| `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK c‡ì GK c‡` cwiYZ nIqv‡K mgvm e‡j| ‡hgbÑ bxjcÙ, wPimyLx, nvU-evRvi BZ¨vw` mgv‡mi gva¨‡g MwVZ k‡ãi `„óvš—| mgv‡mi gva¨‡g bZzb bZzb kã MVb Kiv m¤¢e; hv evsjv fvlvi kãm¤¢vi‡K mg„× K‡i| mgv‡mi gva¨‡g Qq fv‡e kã MVb Kiv hvq| (O) c`vš—i ev c` cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g : GK cÖKvi c`‡K Ab¨ cÖKvi c‡` cwieZ©b K‡i bZzb bZzb kã MVb Kiv hvq| evsjv fvlvq mvaviYZ we‡kl¨ †_‡K we‡klY, we‡klY †_‡K we‡kl¨ Ges wµqv †_‡K we‡kl¨ c` MVb Kiv hvq| †hgbAsk > AvswkK, wPÎ > wPwÎZ, wK‡kvi > ˆK‡kvi, wjL > wjwLZ BZ¨vw`| (P) wØi“w³i gva¨‡g : evsjv kã MV‡bi †¶‡Î wØi“w³i f~wgKv AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| wØi“w³i gva¨‡g iPbvq e¨Äbv m„wó nq Ges fvlv myMwVZ iƒc jvf K‡i| evsjv fvlvq wKQz wKQz kã GKevi eënvi Ki‡j †h A_© cÖKvk K‡i, ‡m¸‡jv `yBevi eënvi Ki‡j Ab¨ A_© cÖKvk K‡i| Avi Gfv‡e k‡ãi `yevi cÖ‡qv‡MB wØi“w³ kã MwVZ nq| †hgb - Avgvi Nyg Nyg jvM‡Q| eo eo Avg wb‡q G‡mv| wØi“w³ kã MwVZ nq wZbfv‡e| h_v Ñ 1. k‡ãi wØi“w³i gva¨‡g, 2.c‡ì wØi“w³ i gva¨‡g I 3. aŸbvZ¥K ev AbyKvi wØi“w³i gva¨‡g | cwi‡k‡l Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, Dchy©³ c×wZi gva¨‡g evsjv fvlvq AmsL¨ kã MwVZ n‡q‡Q| G me kã evsjv fvlvi kã fvÊvi‡K †hgb †mŠKh©gwÊZ K‡i‡Q †Zgwb h‡_ó mg„×I K‡i‡Q|

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Abykxjbg~jK KvR 1. wb‡Pi cÖwZwUi gva¨‡g cvuPwU K‡i kã MVb Ki :

DcmM©‡hv‡M, cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M, mwÜi gva¨‡g, mgv‡mi gva¨‡g, wØi“w³i gva¨‡g|

2. wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q‡`i †iLvwPwýZ kã¸‡jv †Kvb ‡Kvb wbq‡g MwVZ n‡q‡Q Zv ‡jL| w`b KvwUqv hvq| Rxeb AwZevwnZ nq| FZyP‡µ mgq cvK Lvq, cÙvi fvOb-aiv Zx‡i gvwU awm‡Z _v‡K, cÙvi ey‡K Rj †f` Kwiqv RvwMqv D‡V Pi, Aa© kZvãxi we¯—xY© Pi cÙvi R‡j Avevi wejxb nBqv hvq| ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖkœvewj

1. kã MVb Kv‡K e‡j? D`vniYmn kã MV‡bi cuvPwU wbqg †jL| 2. Kx Kx Dcv‡q kã MwVZ nq ? D`vniYmn Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 3. AwZ, wbt, cwi, mg DcmM© †hv‡M cuvPwU K‡i MVb Ki|

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evK¨ I evK¨ cÖKiY evK¨ : †h c` ev c` mgwó Øviv †Kvb c~Y© g‡bvfve e¨³ Kiv nq, †m c` ev c`mgwó‡KB evK¨ e‡j| evK¨ n‡”Q fvlvi cÖavb Dcv`vb| Avi ev‡K¨i †gŠwjK Dcv`vb n‡jv kã| GKvwaK c` ev kã ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ n‡qB evK¨ MVb K‡i| W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq evK¨ m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡Qb, Ò †h c` ev c`mgwói Øviv †Kvb wel‡q e³vi g‡bi fve m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cÖKwUZ nq, †mB c` ev kãmgwó‡K evK¨ (sentence) e‡j|Ó ev‡K¨ mvaviYZ `ywU Ask _v‡K| †hgb Ñ (1) D‡Ïk¨ I (2) we‡aq 1. D‡Ïk¨ : ev‡K¨ hv‡K j¶ K‡i ev hvi m¤ú‡K© wKQy ejv nq Zv‡K D‡Ïk¨ e‡j| †hgb : †g‡qwU eB co‡Q| ev‡K¨ Ô‡g‡qwUÕ m¤ú‡K© wKQz ejv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Ô†g‡qwUÕ D‡Ïk¨| 2. we‡aq : ev‡K¨ D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© hv wKQz ejv nq ZvB we‡aq| †hgb Ñ †Q‡jwU ej †Lj‡Q| ev‡K¨ Ôej †Lj‡QÕ we‡aq| ev‡K¨ D‡Ïk¨ A_©vr Ô†Q‡jwUÕ m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q| KZ¸‡jv c` GK‡Î wgwjZ n‡jB evK¨ nq bv| evK¨ n‡Z n‡j Zvi mywbw`©ó KZK¸‡jv ˆewkó¨ ev ¸Y _vKv Avek¨K|

mv_©K ev‡K¨i ˆewkó¨mg~n Ñ

GKwU mv_©K ev‡K¨i 3wU ¸Y _vKv Avek¨K| h_v Ñ (1) AvKv•¶v (2) AvmwË ev c`µg Ges (3) †hvM¨Zv|

1. AvKv•¶v : ev‡K¨i A_© cy‡ivcywi Abyave‡bi Rb¨ GK c‡`i ci Av‡iK c` †kvbvi †h B”Qv Zv‡K AvKv•¶v e‡j| †hgb-

evsjv‡`k 1971 mv‡j...... | G ev‡K¨ g‡bi fve m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cÖKvk cvq bv| G ev‡K¨i A_© cy‡ivcywi †evSvi Rb¨ Av‡iv wKQz c‡`i cÖ‡qvRb| hw` evK¨wU‡Z ejv nq, evsjv‡`k 1971 mv‡j ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i‡Q| Z‡e g‡bi fve m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cÖKvk cvq| myZivs GB evK¨wU‡K mv_©K evK¨ ejv hvq|

2. AvmwË ev c`µg : ÔAvmwËÕ A_© ‰bKU¨| G‡K c`µgI ejv nq| ev‡Kï myk„•Lj c`web¨vmB AvmwË ev c`µg| A_©vr ev‡Kï A_© †evSvi Rb¨ c`¸‡jv‡K Ggbfv‡e mvRv‡Z n‡e †hb GK c‡ì ci Av‡iK c` MVb Abyhvqx e‡m| GK K_vq ev‡Kï c`¸‡jv fvlvi ¯^vfvweK wbqg †hb †g‡b P‡j| †hgb:Ñ †m co‡Q K‡j‡R GB hveZ `yB eQi| GB evK¨wU mv_©K evK¨ bq| wKš‘ Avgiv hw` evK¨wU‡K Gfv‡e mvwR‡q wjwLZ- †m GB K‡j‡R `yB eQi hveZ co‡Q| Z‡e evK¨wU mv_©K evK¨ n‡e| Avi ZvB evK¨‡K mv_©K iƒc w`‡Z n‡j AvmwË ev c`µg wVK ivL‡Z n‡e| [‡bvU : Bs‡iwR‡Z evK¨MVb Kiv nq sub + verb + obj-GB c×wZ‡Z; Z‡e evsjv evK¨ MwVZ nq sub + obj + verb GB wbq‡g]| 3. †hvM¨Zv : evK¨w¯’Z c`mg~‡ni A_©MZ Ges fveMZ wgjeÜb‡KB †hvM¨Zv ejv nq| hLb †Kvb ev‡Kï kãMZ A_© Ges ‡evaMZ A_© Awfbœ iƒc jvf K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K ejv nq †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ evK¨| †hgb - Mi“¸‡jv AvKv‡k Do‡Q| evK¨wU‡Z AvKv•¶v, AvmwË meB wVK Av‡Q wKš‘ †hvM¨Zv †bB| KviY Ggb ev‡Kï kãMZ A‡_©i mv‡_ Avgv‡ì ‡evaMZ A‡_©i †Kvb wgj †bB| ZvB GwU GKwU †hvM¨Zvnxb evK¨| wKš‘ hw` ejv nq, cvwL¸‡jv AvKv‡k Do‡Q| Zvn‡j evK¨wU mv_©K n‡e| KviY GB evK¨wUi kãMZ A‡_©i mv‡_ Avgv‡ì †evaMZ A‡_©i wgj Av‡Q| ZvB mv_©K evK¨ n‡Z n‡j †mLv‡b Aek¨B †hvM¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e| myZivs, Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, evK¨‡K mv_©K n‡Z n‡j Zv‡Z Aek¨B Dchy©³ ¸Y¸‡jvi mgš^q _vK‡Z n‡e|

ev‡K¨i †kªYx wefvM

fve, A_© Ges MVbixwZi w`K †_‡K evK¨‡K GKvwaK fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| ev‡K¨i G ai‡bi `ywU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© fvM n‡jv (K) A_©MZ cÖKvi‡f` Ges (L) MVbMZ cÖKvi‡f`|

ev‡K¨i A_©MZ cÖKvi‡f`

A_© Abymv‡i evK¨‡K mvaviYZ cuvP fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v Ñ 1. eY©bvg~jK: †h evK¨ Øviv mvaviYfv‡e †Kvb wKQy eY©bv ev wee„Z Kiv nq; Zv‡K eY©bvg~jK evK¨ e‡j| eY©bvg~jK evK¨‡K wee„wZg~jK evK¨I e‡j| h_vÑ evsjv‡`k GKwU b`xgvZ…K †`k| 2. cÖkœm~PK : †h evK¨ Øviv mivmwi †Kvb wKQy wRÁvmv Kiv nq Zv‡K cÖkœm~PK evK¨ e‡j| †hgb: Zzwg wK ‡L‡qQ ? 3. Av‡`k ev Dc‡`kg~jK : †h evK¨ Øviv Av‡`k, Dc‡`k, AbyMÖn cÖf„wZi fve cÖKvk cvq; Zv‡K Av‡`k ev Dc‡`km~PK evK¨ e‡j| h_v : Av‡`kÑ GLbB cov †kl Ki‡e| Dc‡`kÑ wg_¨v e‡jv bv| AbyMÖnÑ `qv K‡i KjgwU w`b| †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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4. cÖv_©bvg~jK : †h ev‡K¨ cÖv_©bvi fve cÖKvwkZ nq Zv‡K cÖv_©bvg~jK evK¨ e‡j| †hgb: Zzwg myLx nI| 5. we¯§q ev Av‡eMm~PK evK¨: †h evK¨ Øviv we¯§q ev wewfbœ cÖKvi Av‡eM cÖKvwkZ nq Zv‡K we¯§q ev Av‡eMm~PK evK¨ e‡j| h_v : evn! Kx my›`i `„k¨|

ev‡Kï MVbMZ cÖKvi‡f` MVb Abyhvqx evK¨‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v Ñ 1. mij evK¨ : †h ev‡K¨ GKwU gvÎ D‡Ïk¨ ev KZ©v Ges GKwUgvÎ we‡aq ev mgvwcKv wµqv _v‡K, Zv‡K mij evK¨ e‡j| †hgb Ñ †LvKv AvR ¯‹z‡j wM‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Ô†LvKvÕ D‡Ïk¨ ev KZ©v Ges ÔwM‡q‡QÕ we‡aq ev mgvwcKv wµqv| 2. RwUj evK¨ : †h ev‡K¨ GKwU cÖavb LÊev‡Kï m‡½ GK ev GKvwaK AvwkªZ evK¨ ci¯úi mv‡c¶fv‡e hy³ nq; Zv‡K RwUj evK¨ e‡j| G ev‡Kï Av‡iK bvg wgkª evK¨| †hgb Ñ †h cwikªg K‡i, †m myL jvf K‡i| GLv‡b AvwkªZevK¨ Ô‡h cwikªg K‡iÕ Ges cÖavb LÊevK¨ Ô‡m myL jvf K‡i|Õ G `ywU LÊevK¨ ci¯úi m¤úwK©Z n‡q GLv‡b GKwU ALÊ ev c~Y© evK¨ MVb K‡i‡Q| RwUj evK¨ mvaviYZ †h, †m; hviv, Zviv; whwb, wZwb; hLb, ZLb; BZ¨vw` mv‡c¶ me©bvg Øviv hy³ nq| 3. †hŠwMK evK¨ : ci¯úi wbi‡c¶ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK mij ev RwUj evK¨ hLb ‡Kvb Ae¨q ev hwZ wPý Øviv hy³ n‡q GKwU ALÊ ev c~Y© evK¨ MVb K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K †hŠwMK evK¨ e‡j| †hŠwMK ev‡Kï Aš—M©Z evK¨¸‡jv Ges, I, wKš‘, A_ev, A_P, wKsev, eis, Z_vwc cÖf„wZ Ae¨q Øviv mshy³ nq| †hgbÑ kwdK Ges wmdvZ AvR †eov‡Z hv‡e| †jvKwU abx, wKš‘ K…cY|

¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖkœvewj

1. evK¨ Kv‡K e‡j? GKwU mv_©K ev‡K¨i KqwU ¸Y _vKv Avek¨K, D`vniYmn Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 2. MVb Abyhvqx evK¨ KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx ? D`vniYmn Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 3. D`vniYmn A_© Abyhvqx ev‡K¨i †kªYxwefvM Av‡jvPbv Ki|

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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evK¨ iƒcvš—i

evK¨ iƒcvš—i : A‡_©i †Kvb ai‡bi cwieZ©b bv NwU‡q GK cÖKvi evK¨‡K Ab¨ cÖKvi ev‡K¨ iƒcvš—i Kivi cÖwµqv‡KB ejv nq evK¨ iƒcvš—i| wewfbœ Dcv‡q evK¨ iƒcvš—i Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ev‡Kï A_© AcwiewZ©Z †i‡L MVbMZ, fveMZ Ges A_©MZ w`K †_‡K evK¨ iƒcvš—i n‡Z cv‡i| wb‡P Gm‡ei wKQz `„óvš— †`qv n‡jv| MVbMZ iƒcvš—i • mij †_‡K RwUj mij : wkwki Avgvi †P‡q `yB eQ‡ii †QvU wQj| RwUj : †h wkwki, †m Avgvi †P‡q `yB eQ‡ii †QvU wQj| • RwUj †_‡K mij RwUj : †Zvgvi whwb gvgv, Zvi bvg Kx? mij : †Zvgvi gvgvi bvg Kx? • mij †_‡K †hŠwMK mij : mviw_‡K GB Av‡`k w`qv ivRv Z‡cve‡b cÖ‡ek Kwi‡jb| †hŠwMK : mviw_‡K ivRv GB Av‡`k w`‡jb Ges Z‡cve‡b cÖ‡ek Kwi‡jb| • †hŠwMK †_‡K mij †hŠwMK : ciw`b kn‡i LeiUv Qwo‡q c‡o Ges AbvwkªZ‡ì AvMgb ïi“ nq| mij : ciw`b kn‡i LeiUv Qwo‡q co‡j AbvwkªZ‡ì AvMgb ïi“ nq| • RwUj †_‡K †hŠwMK RwUj : hwÌ wkwk‡ii eqm h_vmg‡q †lvj nBj, Zey †mUv ¯^fv‡ei †lvj| †hŠwMK : wkwk‡ii eqm h_vmg‡q †lvj nBj, wKš‘ †mUv ¯^fv‡ei †lvj| • †hŠwMK †_‡K RwUj †hŠwMK : †Kn Kwnqv w`‡Z‡Q bv, Z_vwc Z‡cveb ewjqv †eva nB‡Z‡Q| RwUj : hwÌ †Kn Kwnqv w`‡Z‡Q bv, ZeyI Z‡cveb ewjqv †eva nB‡Z‡Q| fveMZ iƒcvš—i : • Aw¯—evPK †_‡K †bwZevPK Aw¯—: cwÄKvi cvZv DëvB‡Z _vwKj| †bwZ: cwÄKvi cvZv Dëv‡bv eÜ iwnj bv| • †bwZevPK †_‡K Aw¯—evPK †bwZ: Z‡e bvwjkUv ‡hŠw³K bq| Aw¯—: Z‡e bvwjkUv A‡hŠw³K| A_©MZ iƒcvš—i : • eY©bvg~jK †_‡K cÖkœ‡evaK eY©bv: †Q‡jwU K‡j‡R hv‡”Q| cÖkœ: †Q‡jwU K‡j‡R hv‡”Q wK? • cÖkœ‡evaK †_‡K eY©bvg~jK cÖk:œ evsjv‡`k wK b`xgvZ…K †`k ? eY©bv: evsjv‡`k b`xgvZ…K †`k| • eY©bvg~jK †_‡K AbyÁvm~PK eY©bv: fvj QvÎiv gb w`‡q †jLvcov K‡i| AbyÁv: gb w`‡q †jLvcov Ki| • eY©bvg~~jK †_‡K cÖv_©bvm~PK eY©bvg~jK: †Zvgvi mvdj¨ Kvgbv Kwi| cÖv_©bv: Zzwg †hb mdj nI| • wb‡`©kvZ¥K †_‡K we¯§qm~PK eY©bv: dzjwU my›ì| we¯§q: evn, dzjwU KZ my›ì! †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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Aw¯—evPK †bwZevPK cÖkœevPK †bwZevPK wb‡`©kg~jK RwUj mij †hŠwMK Aw¯—evPK Aw¯—evPK cÖkœevPK AbyÁv we¯§q‡evaK mij RwUj †hŠwMK wgkªevK¨ RwUj †hŠwMK †bwZevPK †hŠwMK AbyÁv RwUj we¯§qevPK Aw¯—evPK †bwZevPK RwUjevK¨ †bwZevPK mijevK¨ cÖkœevPK mijevK¨ †bwZevPK †hŠwMKevK¨ †bwZevPK mijevK¨ †bwZevPK Aw¯—evPK †hŠwMKevK¨ we®§qevPK †bwZevPK

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Y-Z¡ Ges l-Z¡ weavb Y-Z¡ weavb : evsjv fvlvq eëüZ Zrmg k‡ãi evbv‡b ÔYÕ Gi eënv‡ii mwVK wbqg‡K Y-Z¡ weavb e‡j| †hgb Ñ 1. F, i, l I ¶-GB eY©¸‡jvi ci g~a©b¨-Y eëüZ nq| †hgb: F / F-Kvi ( „ ): FY, Z…Y, N„Yv, g„Yvj BZ¨vw`| i / †id ( ©) / i-djv ( ª) : KviY, aviY, giY, KY©, P~Y©, `xY©, cY©, NÖvY, cÖYq, eªY, hš¿Yv, BZ¨vw`| l : lÊ, Nl©Y, `~lY, el©Y, fxlY BZ¨vw`| ¶ : ¶Y, ¶wYK, ¶xY, ¶zYœ BZ¨vw`| (Ô¶Õ g~jZ evsjv eY© bq| GwU K Ges l Gi hy³iƒc| ZvB Gi Af¨š—‡i ÔlÕ i‡q †M‡Q e‡jB Gi c‡i g~a©b¨-Y eëüZ nq)| wb‡Pi QovwU †_‡K Y-Z¡ weav‡bi GKwU wbqg g‡b ivLv mnR nq|

FKvi iKvi lKv‡ii ci bKvi hw` _v‡K; Lu¨vP K‡i Zvi KvUe gv_v †Kvb& evc Zv‡i iv‡L| [ bKvi (b)-Gi gv_v KvUv gv‡b gvÎv bv-‡`Iqv, Avi Zvi A_©B nj g~a©b¨-Y ]

2. Ôi,F, l, ( „ , ©, ª) A_ev Ô¶Õ-Gi c‡i hw` K-e‡M©i 5wU eY© (K L M N O), c-e‡M©i 5wU eY© (c, d, e, f, g) A_ev h, q, n I Ab¨ †Kvb ¯^iaŸwb _v‡K Z‡e Zvi c‡i Ôg~a©b¨-YÕ n‡e| †hgbÑ civqY, †ivcY, K…cY, M„wnYx, AMÖnvqY BZ¨vw`| e¨wZµg : Mixqvb, el©xqvb, kªxgvb |

3. U-e‡M©i U, V, W, X-GB PviwU e‡Y©i m‡½ hy³e¨Äb wn‡m‡e me mgq ÔYÕ e‡m| †hgb Ñ KÈK, NÈv, KÉ, jyÉb, VvÊv BZ¨vw`| 4. DËi, ci, cvi, iex›`ª ,P›`ª Ges bvi-kã¸‡jvi c‡i ÔAqbÕ hy³ n‡j mvwaZ k‡ã Ô`š—¨-bÕ Ôg~a©b¨-YÕ †Z iƒcvš—i nq| †hgb Ñ DËi + Aqb-DËivqY, ci + Aqb = civqY, bvi + Aqb = bvivqY BZ¨vw`| Ggb wKQz kã Av‡Q †hLv‡b ¯^fveZB g~a©b¨-Y e‡m| G¸‡jv †Kvb wbq‡gi AbymiY K‡i bv| G RvZxq kã¸‡jv g‡b ivLvi Rb¨ GKwU PgrKvi Qov i‡q‡Q| QovwU wb‡P D×„Z n‡jv Ñ PvYK¨ gvwYK¨ MY evwYR¨ jeY gY †eYy exYv K¼Y KwYKv Kj¨vY †kvwYZ gwY ¯’vYy MyY cyY¨ †eYx dYx AYy wecwY MwYKv| AvcY jveY¨ evYx wbcyY fwYZv cvwY †MŠY †KvY fvY cY kvY wP°Y wb°Y Z~Y K‡dvwY ewYK MyY MYbv wcYvK cY¨ evY|

we‡kl ÁvZe¨

1. hy³ e¨Ä‡bi †¶‡Î Z, _, `, a-GB PviwU e‡Y©i m‡½ me mgq ÔbÕ eëüZ nq| †hgb : Aš—, Kvš—, cÖvš—, cš’v, A›ì, L›`, MÖš’, µ›`b BZ¨vw`| 2. we‡`wk kã A_ev bv‡gi evbvb Ges wµqvc‡ì †¶‡Î Y eëüZ nq bv| A_©vr GmKj †¶‡Î Ôg~a©b¨-Y bv n‡q Ô`š—¨-bÕ eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ Mfb©i, wb‡ik BZ¨vw`| 3. mgvme× c‡` mvavibZ Ôg~a©b¨-YÕ- bv n‡q Ô`š—¨-bÕ eëüZ nq| †hgb- wÎbqb, me©bvg, `yb©xwZ, `yb©vg BZ¨vw`| 4. A-Zrmg k‡ã (A_©vr Z™¢e k‡ã) me©`v `š—¨-b nq| ‡hgb-Sibv, ivbx, cyivb (cyivZb), aib BZ¨vw`| l-Z¡ weavb : evsjv fvlvq eëüZ Zrmg k‡ãi evbv‡b ÔlÕ eënv‡ii mwVK wbqg‡K l-Z¡ weavb e‡j| evsjv fvlvq ÔmÕ aŸwbi iƒc wZbwU -k, l, m d‡j evbv‡b mgm¨vq co‡Z nq| G ‡¶‡Î l-Z¡ weavb g‡b ivL‡j G m¤úwK©Z evbv‡bi wecwË n‡Z A‡bKUvB i¶v cvIqv hvq| 1. A Ges Av Kvi Qvov me ¯îe‡Y©i c‡i Ôg~a©b¨-lÕ nq| A_©vr B, C, D, E, G, H, I Ges J-Gi ci mvaviYZ ÔlÕ nq| †hgb Ñ Clr, fxlY, wRMxlv, Dò, mylg, Zzlvi, Eli, Elv, f~lY GlY, Glv, †Øl,HwlK, êòe,Ilwa, Ilya, Jla, †cŠl BZ¨vw`| 2. i, ‡id ( ©) Ges F ev F-Kvi ( „ )-Gi ci mvaviYZ Ôg~a©b¨-lÕ nq| †hgb Ñ Kl©Y, Fwl, gnw©l©, Z…òv BZ¨vw`| †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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3. I V eY© `ywUi mv‡_ hy³ Ae¯’vq memgq Ôg~a©b¨-lÕ e‡m| †hgb- e„wó, Abyôvb, wewkó BZ¨vw`| 4. evsjv fvlvq †`wk-we‡`wk kã wgwj‡q cÂvkwUiI †ewk ÔDcmM©Õ Av‡Q| †hgb- Awa, Aby, Awf, Dc, civ, cwi, cÖwZ, my BZ¨vw`| Gme Dcm‡M©i g‡a¨ B-Kvivš— (Ôw Õ w`‡q †kl n‡q‡Q Ggb-h_v : Awa, Awf, cÖwZ, cwi BZ¨vw`) Ges D-Kvivš— Dcm‡M©i ci mvaviYZ Ôg~a©b¨-lÕ nq| †hgb- Abyl`, Awf‡lK, cÖwZôvb, Abyl½ BZ¨vw`|

we‡kl ÁvZe¨

1. we‡`wk k‡ãi †¶‡Î St D”PviY n‡j Ô÷Õ wjL‡Z n‡e| †hgbÑ †÷vi, †÷kb, ÷j, w÷j| 2. Aviwe, dviwm, Bs‡iwR BZ¨vw` we‡`wk k‡ã KL‡bv g~a©b¨ ÔlÕ n‡e bv| Gme k‡ãi g~j D”PviY Abyhvqx Ô`š—¨-mÕ A_ev ÔZvje¨ -kÕ n‡e| †hgb Ñ Aviwe : bKkv, gRwjm, dmj| Bs‡iwR : Kwgkb, weªwUk, †gwkb, wm‡jevm| dvwm© : Lywk, †Lvk, Pkgv, iwm`, Lvbmvgv|

wb‡Pi kã¸‡jv ï× K‡i †jL :

Aveib, eib, aibx, nwib, wbgš¿b, wgkªb,kªveb, cÖbvg, cwibvg, KvÛ,gÛjx, jÚb,gvóvi, †cvóvi, d‡Uvó¨vU, wbM©gb, kªxgvb, `yb©vg. Abyôvb, Avwe¯‹vi, cyi¯‹vi, Plgv, mY`, wój, ój, ewj÷, a~wjl¨vr,Awf‡mK, bexY, bevYœ, aibx, M„wnbx, `„w÷, Ac‡P÷v,wbwm³, kª×vfvR‡bly, e¨vcwUó, wjcwóK, †ówWqvg, Bó, GKwb÷, gwnm|

¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖkœvewj

1. Y-Z¡ weavb K‡K e‡j ? D`vniYmn Y-Z¡ weav‡bi cvuPwU wbqg †jL| 2. l-Z¡ weavb Kv‡K e‡j ? D`vniYmn l-Z¡ weav‡bi cuvPwU wbqg D‡j−L Ki|

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mgvm

mgvm: ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK c‡`i GKc‡` cwiYZ nIqv‡K mgvm e‡j| mgvm gv‡b ms‡¶cY, wgjb ev GKvwaK c‡`i GKc`xKiY| mgv‡mi gva¨‡g GKvwaK c` ev kã wgwjZ n‡q GKwU bZzb c` ev kã m„wó K‡i| ZvB mgvm‡K bZzb kã ‰Zwi I cÖ‡qv‡Mi GKwU we‡kl ixwZ ejv hvq| mgv‡mi ixwZ ms¯‹…Z †_‡K evsjvq G‡m‡Q|

mgv‡mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

mgvm fvlv‡K msw¶ß I kÖ“wZgayi K‡i| mgv‡mi gva¨‡g Avgiv bZzb bZzb kã ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvwi|

mgvm m¤úwK©Z wKQy cwifvlv mg¯— c` : mgv‡mi gva¨‡g `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK c` wg‡j †h bZzb c` MwVZ nq, Zv‡K mg¯— c` e‡j| †hgb : wmsnvmb (wmsn,

Avmb)| GLv‡b ÔwmsnvmbÕ c`wU mg¯— c`| mg¯— c`‡K mgvme× cÌ e‡j| mgm¨gvb c` : ‡h †h c‡ì wgj‡b mg¯— c` MwVZ nq, Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨KwU c`‡KB ejv nq mgm¨gvb c`| †hgb Ñ wmsn/ Avmb (wmsnvmb)| GLv‡b wmsnvmb mg¯— c`wUi Aš—M©Z ÔwmsnÕ Ges ÔAvmbÕ G `ywU c` n‡jv mgm¨gvb c`| e¨vmevK¨ ev weMÖnevK¨ : mg¯—c`‡K we‡k−lY Kivi Rb¨ †h evK¨vsk eënvi Kiv nq Zv‡K, e¨vmevK¨ ev mgvmevK¨ ev weMÖnevK¨ e‡j| †hgb Ñ wmsn wPwýZ Avmb (wmsnvmb)| GLv‡b Ôwmsn wPwýZ AvmbÕ n‡”Q e¨vmevK¨ ev weMÖn evK¨| c~e©c` : mg¯— c‡ì cÖ_g Ask‡K c~e©c` ejv nq| †hgb Ñ ÔwmsnvmbÕ kãwU‡Z ÔwmsnÕ n‡”Q GB c~e©c`| cic` : mg¯— c‡ì †kl Ask‡K cic` ev DËi c` e‡j| †hgb Ñ ÔwmsnvmbÕ kãwU‡Z Avmb n‡”Q cic` ev DËi c`| mgvm mvaviYZ Qq cÖKvi h_v Ñ (1) Ø›Ø (2) wØ¸ (3) Kg©aviq (4) Zrcyi“l (5) eûeªxwn I (6) Ae¨qxfve| wb‡gœ mgvm m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj

Ø›Ø mgvm

†h mgv‡m mgvb wefw³ wewkó GKvwaK c` GKc‡` cwiYZ nq Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwU c‡ì A‡_©i cÖvavb¨ _v‡K Zv‡K Ø›Ø mgvm e‡j| †hgb: Zvj-Zgvj = Zvj I Zgvj| Ø›Ø mgv‡m A‡c¶vK…Z m¤§vwbZ I ¯¿xevPK c` c~‡e© e‡m| †hgb: ¸i“-wkl¨ = ¸i“ I wkl¨, gvZv-wcZv = gvZv I wcZv| Ø›Ø mgv‡m c~e©c` I cic‡ì m¤^Ü †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ e¨vmev‡K¨ I, Ges, Avi-G wZbwU Ae¨qc` eëüZ nq|

Kg©aviq mgvm †h mgv‡m we‡klY ev we‡klYfvevcbœ c‡ì mv‡_ we‡kl¨ ev we‡kl¨fvevcbœ c‡ì mgvm nq Ges DËic‡ì A_© cÖvavb¨ cvq Zv‡K Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j| †hgb: bxjcÙ Ñ bxj †h cÙ, KuvPvwgVv Ñ hv KvuPv ZvB wgVv| Kg©aviq mgv‡m we‡klY c`wU mvaviYZ cÖ_‡g e‡m| †hgb : i³ Kgj Ñ i³ (e‡Y©i) †h Kgj| Avevi we‡klY c`wU KL‡bv c‡iI e‡m| †hgb : R‰bK Ñ Rb †h GK| Kg©aviq mgvm K‡qK cÖKvi| †hgb Ñ ga¨c`‡jvcx, Dcgvb, DcwgZ Ges iƒcK Kg©aviq| 1. ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq mgvm : †h Kg©aviq mgv‡mi ga¨c` †jvc cvq ev Dn¨ _v‡K, Zv‡K ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j| †hgb: wmsnvmb = wmsn wPwýZ ‡h Avmb, cjvbœ = cj (gvsm) wgwkªZ †h Abœ BZ¨vw`| 2. Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgvm: hvi mv‡_ †Kvb wKQz Zyjbv Kiv nq Zv‡K Dcgvb c` e‡j| Avi Dcgvb c‡ì mv‡_ hv‡K Zzjbv Kiv nq, Zv‡K e‡j Dc‡gq c`| Dc‡gq c‡ì D‡j−L bv K‡i Dcgvb c‡ì mv‡_ mvaviY ¸Y ev ag©evPK c‡ì wgj‡b †h mgvm nq Zv‡K Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j| ‡hgbÑ ågiK…ò (åg‡ii b¨vq K…ò), Zzlviïå (Zzlv‡ii b¨vq ïå), wgkKv‡jv (wgwki b¨vq Kv‡jv) BZ¨vw`| 5 Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgvm = we‡kl¨ + we‡klY | 3. DcwgZ Kg©aviq mgvm : mvaviY ¸‡Yi D‡j−L bv K‡i Dcgvb c‡ì mv‡_ Dc‡gq c‡ì wgj‡b †h mgvm nq Zv‡K DcwgZ Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j| †hgb: IjKwc (Kwc I‡ji b¨vq), KiKgj (Ki Kg‡ji b¨vq), Puv`gyL (gyL Puv‡ì b¨vq) BZ¨vw`| 5 DcwgZ Kg©aviq mgvm = we‡kl¨ + we‡kl¨ | †h we‡kl êwk‡óï Rb¨ GKwU e¯‘‡K Ab¨ e¯‘i mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq Zv‡K e‡j mvaviY ag© ev ¸Y| 4. iƒcK Kg©aviq mgvm : Dcgvb I Dc‡gq c‡ì g‡a¨ A‡f` Kíbv Kiv †evSv‡j iƒcK Kg©aviq mgvm nq| †hgb : gbgvwS (gb iƒc gvwS), welv`wmÜz ( welv` iƒc wmÜz)| †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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wØ¸ mgvm mgvnvi ev mgwó A‡_© msL¨vevPK k‡ãi mv‡_ we‡kl¨ c‡`i †h mgvm nq Zv‡K wØ¸ mgvm e‡j| wØ¸ mgv‡m mgvme× c`wU we‡kl¨ c` nq| †hgb : †mZvi = †m (wZb) Zv‡ii mgvnvi, AóavZz = Aó avZzi mgvnvi|

Zrcyi“l mgvm c~e©c‡` wefw³ ‡jv‡c †h mgvm nq Ges †h mgv‡m DËic` ev cic‡ì A‡_©i cÖvavb¨ _v‡K Zv‡K Zrcyi“l mgvm e‡j| †hgb: wec`vcbœ-wec`‡K Avcbœ (2qv Zrcyi“l), kªgjä-kªg Øviv jä (Z…Zxqv Zrcyi“l), ivRcyÎ-ivRvi cyÎ (6ôx Zrcyi“l) BZ¨vw`| Zrcyi“l mgvm wewfbœ cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb Ñ bT Zrcyi“l mgvm : bT Ae¨q (Ab, b, †bB, bvB, A, Av) c~e©c‡` e‡m †h mgvm nq Zv‡K bT Zrcyi“l mgvm e‡j| †hgb: AKvj- bq Kvj| Av‡avqv-bq †avqv| Abve„wó-bq e„wó| Dcc` Zrcyi“l mgvm : K…`š— c‡ì c~e©eZx© c`‡K Dcc` ejv nq| K…`š—c‡ì m‡½ Dcc‡ì wgj‡b †h mgvm nq Zv‡K Dcc` Zrcyi“l mgvm e‡j| †hgb: c‡KUgvi (c‡KU gv‡i †h), †Q‡jaiv (†Q‡j a‡i †h), Qv‡cvlv (Qv †cv‡l †h) BZ¨vw`| AjyK Zrcyi“l mgvm : ‡h Zrcyi“l mgv‡mi c~e©c‡` wefw³ †jvc cvq bv Zv‡K AjyK Zrcyi“l mgvm e‡j| †hgbÑ wN‡q fvRvwN‡q fvRv, K‡j QvUv-K‡j QvUv|

eûeªxwn mgvm †h mgv‡m mgm¨gvb c`¸‡jvi †KvbwUiB A_© bv eywS‡q Ab¨ †Kvb c`‡K †evSvq Zv‡K eûeªxwn mgvm e‡j| †hgb: Avkxwel Ñ Avkx‡Z (`uv‡Z) wel hvi| Giƒc : eûeªxwn, b`xgvZ…K BZ¨vw`|

Ae¨qxfve mgvm c~e©c‡` Ae¨q‡hv‡M wb®úbœ mgv‡m hw` Ae¨‡qi A_© cÖvavb¨ cvq Zv‡K Ae¨qxfve mgvm e‡j| Ae¨qxfve mgv‡m ïay Ae¨‡qi A_©‡hv‡M e¨vmevK¨wU ‰Zwi nq| †hgb : AvgiY-giY ch©š—| DcKÉ-K‡Éi mgx‡c, wbivwgl-Avwg‡li Afve| cÖvw` mgvm : c~e©c‡` cÖ, civ, cÖwZ, Awf DcmM© †hv‡M †h mgvm nq Zv‡K cÖvw` mgvm e‡j| ‡hgb cÖfvZ-cÖK…ó iƒ‡c fvZ, cÖePb- cÖK…ó iƒ‡c ePb| ` Abykxjbx

e¨vmevK¨mn mgv‡mi bvg †jL:

Rxeb-Av‡eM, K~cgÊyK, D×Z-wki, gi“-Kwe, †Lqvj-Lywk, wec−e-Awfhvb, wMwi-wbtmªve, Mij-wcqvjv, eb¨-k¦vc`-m¼zj, gvZ©ÊcÖvq, RevKzmygm¼vk, wZwgiwe`vix, †hŠebm~h©, cvlvY¯Z~c, mwjjmgvwa, Av‡jvKwcqvmx, †gNjyß, †gvnwb`ªv, RqgyKzU, ‰mb¨mvgš—, bec„w_ex, SiYvaviv, AjmZ›`ªv|

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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mgv_©K kã ev cÖwZkã mgv_©K kã : mgv_©K k‡ãi eÿrcwË n‡”QÑ mg + A_© + K| Gi A_© nj GK ev Abyiƒc, GKv_©‡evaK, mgv_©ÁvcK wKsev mg A_© wewkó| ZvB Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, mg A_© wewkó `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK k‡ãi GKwU‡K AciwUi cÖwZkã ev mgv_©K kã e‡j| Bs‡iwR‡Z G‡K Synonym ejv nq| h_v Ñ Av¸b : AwMœ, Abj, cveK, ewý, ûZvkb, ûZfyK, me©fyK| †PvL : P¶z, AuvwL, Aw¶, bqb, †bÎ, †jvPb| mgv_©K k‡ãi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv evsjv fvlvq mgv_©K k‡ãi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©| GwU GKvav‡i kã msL¨v †hgb e„w× K‡i, †Zgwb A_©‡K êwPÎ¨gq K‡i fvlv‡K AjsK…Z K‡i I fvlvi †mŠ›`h© e„w× K‡i| fvlvq eëüZ Q‡›ì gvÎv eënv‡ii †¶‡ÎI mgv_©K k‡ãi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q| e¨w³K g‡bvfv‡ei †hŠw³K I h_v_© cÖ‡qvM Ges k‡ãi †cŠbtcywbKZv `~i Ki‡ZI mgv_©K k‡ãi ¸i“Z¡ i‡q‡Q| †m m‡½ e³e¨ I wee„wZ cÖ`vb Ges Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi †¶‡Î mgv_©K kã fvlv‡K gvwR©Z iƒc`vb K‡i mylgvgwÊZ K‡i †Zv‡j|

wKQy cÖ‡qvRbxq mgv_©K kã µg

cÖ`Ë kã mgv_©K kã

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

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23.

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24.

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25.

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26.

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29.

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30.

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31.

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33.

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34.

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41.

42.

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45.

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51.

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54.

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GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi 5wU K‡i cÖwZkã †jL :

cvnvo, bvM, †e‡nk&Z, mwjj, wen½, aiYx, mvMi, MMb, Av¸b, †Nvov, evZvm, †mvbv, nvwZ, fxwZ, mybvg, mgªvU, c¼R, fvB, igYx, SMov, `ykgb, cÖfv, wZwgi, †g‡q, Pzj, Puv`, kixi, ivwÎ, Avj−vn&, evwo, Zi½, gvZv, cÖqvY, bqb, AiY¨, wKbviv, Zi“, Rj`, Zbq, cv_i, hk, fvM¨, gb, gvwU|

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evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

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GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨q cÖK…wZ : wµqvg~j ev k~b¨ wefw³hy³ bvg c`‡K cÖK…wZ e‡j| †hgb Ñ co&, Ni, Pj&, BZ¨vw`| cÖK…wZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v Ñ 1. bvg cÖK…wZ : k~b¨wefw³hy³ bvg c` ev cÖvwZcw`K‡K bvg cÖK…wZ ev ejv nq| †hgb Ñ nvZ, `uvZ, MvQ, Ni, c„w_ex BZ¨vw`| 2. wµqv cÖK…wZ : wµqv c‡`i g~j Ask ev avZz‡K wµqv cÖK…wZ ejv nq| †hgb Ñ Kvu`& , evua& , ai& , co, XvK& , Wye& BZ¨vw`| cÖZ¨q : avZz ev cÖvwZcw`‡Ki ci †h me aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwó hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i †m me aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwó‡K cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb Ñ Ab, Avj, Bqvj, wòK, BK, Av, Dqv, B, A, ò, e, h BZ¨vw`| cÖZ¨q `yB cÖKvi| h_v Ñ 1. Zw×Z cÖZ¨q : bvg cÖK…wZi mv‡_ †h me aŸwb ev aŸwb mgwó hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i, †m me aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwó‡K Zw×Z cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb Ñ Ni + Dqv (N‡ivqv), ‡`k + Cq (‡`kxq), bxj + Bgb (bxwjgv), dzj + `vwb (dzj`vwb) BZ¨vw`| 2. K…r cÖZ¨q : avZz ev wµqv cÖK…wZi mv‡_ †h me aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwó hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i, †m me aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwó‡K K…r cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb Ñ co& + Dqv = co–qv, K… + Ze¨ (KZ©e¨), Pj& + Aš— (Pjš—), gyo& + AK (†gvoK) BZ¨vw`| Zw×Zvš— kã : bvg cÖK„wZi mv‡_ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q †h kã MwVZ nq, Zv‡K Zw×Zvš— kã e‡j| †hgb Ñ N‡ivqv (Ni + Dqv), dzj`vwb (dzj + `vwb ) ‡`kxq (‡`k + Cq) BZ¨vw`| K…`š— kã : avZz ev wµqv cÖK„wZi mv‡_ K…r cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q †h kã MwVZ nq, Zv‡K K…`š— kã e‡j| †hgb Ñ co–qv (co& + Dqv), KZ©e¨ (K… + Ze¨), Pjš— (Pj& + Aš—), †gvoK (gyo&+ AK) BZ¨vw`|

ex A h B BK Cq Avqb AbU bv

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cÖZ¨q wbY©‡qi wKQz mvaviY wbqg h hw` †Kvb cÖZ¨qhy³ k‡ãi †k‡l ÔgvbÕ D”PvwiZ nq Ges H kã‡K we‡k−lY Ki‡j cÖK…wZ hw` avZz cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j kvbP& (gvb) cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡e| wKš‘ cÖK…wZ hw` bvg cÖK…wZ ev bvgkã nq Zvn‡j gZzc (gvb) cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡e| Z‡e weKí wn‡m‡e ÔgvbÕ ‡jLv hv‡e| †hgb Ñ eyw×gvb = eyw× + gZzc/gvb Ñ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q ea©gvb = √e„a& + kvbP Ñ K…r cÖZ¨q BZ¨vw`| h hw` †Kvb cÖZ¨qhy³ k‡ãi †k‡l ÔevbÕ D”PvwiZ nq Zvn‡j me©`v ÔeZzc&Õ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡e| Z‡e weKí wn‡m‡e ÔevbÕ ‡jLv hv‡e| †hgb : Ávbevb = Ávb + eZzc/evb Ñ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q ejevb = ej + eZzc/evb Ñ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q BZ¨vw`| h cÖZ¨qhy³ †Kvb ms¯‹…Z k‡ãi †k‡l ÔAbÕ D”PvwiZ n‡j ‡m ‡¶‡Î AbU& cÖZ¨q hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ ms¯‹…Z kã bv n‡j ÔAbÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb : `k©b = √`„k& + AbUÑK…r cÖZ¨q, el©Y =√e„l&+AbUÑK…r cÖZ¨q BZ¨vw`| h hw` †Kvb cÖZ¨qhy³ k‡ãi †k‡l ÔBKÕ D”PvwiZ nq Zvn‡j ÔwòKÕ A_ev ÔBKÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡e| †hgb Ñ mvgvwRK = mgvR + wòK / BK Ñ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q ˆeÁvwbK = weÁvb+wòK / BK - Zw×Z cÖZ¨q `vk©wbK = `k©b+wòK/ BK - Zw×Z cÖZ¨q BZ¨vw`| h hw` †Kvb cÖZ¨qhy³ k‡ãi †k‡l ÔCÕ Kvi _v‡K Zvn‡j mvaviYZ ÔBbÕ ev ÔCÕ cÖZ¨q nq| wKš‘ H k‡ãi †kl eY© hw` ÔeÕ nq Zvn‡j ÔBbÕ bv n‡q ÔwebÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡e| †hgb : Ávbx = Ávb+Bb/C Ñ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q ‡gavex = †gav+web&Ñ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q Zc¯^x = √Zcm&+webÑK…r cÖZ¨q BZ¨vw`| h hw` †Kvb cÖZ¨qhy³ k‡ãi †k‡l ÔAqÕ D”PvwiZ nq Zvn‡j ÔAj&Õ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡e| Z‡e weKí wn‡m‡e ïay ÔAÕ emv‡jI Pj‡e| †hgb : fq =√fx + Aj/A Ñ K…r cÖZ¨q ¶q =√¶x + Aj/A Ñ K…r cÖZ¨q BZ¨vw`| h hw` †Kvb cÖZ¨qhy³ k‡ãi †k‡l Ô×Õ A_ev Ô»Õ hy³ _v‡K Zvn‡j Ô³Õ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡e| †hgb : gy» = √gyn&+³- K…r cÖZ¨q, `» =√`n&+³- K…r cÖZ¨q BZ¨vw`| †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

c„ôv b¤^i-107

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

h hw` †Kvb cÖZ¨qhy³ k‡ãi †k‡l ÔZvÕ D”PvwiZ nq Ges H k‡ãi cÖK…wZ hw` avZz nq Zvn‡j ÔZ…P&Õ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡e| wKš‘ cÖK…wZ hw` bvgkã nq Zvn‡j ïay ÔZvÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡e| †hgb : KZ©v =√K…+Z…P& ÑK…r cÖZ¨q, GKZv =GK+Zv Ñ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q h hw` †Kvb cÖZ¨qhy³ k‡ãi †k‡l ÔZÕ eY© hy³ _v‡K Zvn‡j Ô³Õ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡e| †hgb : fy³ = √fyR& + ³ Ñ K…r cÖZ¨q f³ = √fR& + ³ Ñ K…r cÖZ¨q e¨³ =√ weP& + ³ Ñ K…r cÖZ¨q gy³ =√ gyP& + ³ Ñ K…r cÖZ¨q| h †Kvb cÖZ¨qhy³ k‡ãi †k‡l ÔwZÕ D”PvwiZ n‡j Zv‡Z ÔwZÕ cÖZ¨q Ges Ôw³Õ D”PvwiZ n‡j Ôw³Õ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡e| †hgb Ñ evowZ = √evo& + wZ Ñ K…r cÖZ¨q gyw³ = gyP& + w³ Ñ K…r cÖZ¨q fw³ = fR& + w³ Ñ K…r cÖZ¨q Dw³ = eP&& + w³ Ñ K…r cÖZ¨q h hw` †Kvb cÖZ¨qhy³ k‡ãi †k‡l ÔhÕ (¨) djv hy³ _v‡K Zvn‡j ÔhÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡e| †hgbÑ ˆewPÎ¨ = wewPÎ + h Ñ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q| b¨vh¨ = b¨vq + h Ñ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q mn¨ = √mn& + h Ñ K…r cÖZ¨q h hw` †Kvb cÖZ¨q hy³ k‡ãi †k‡l ÔeÕ eY© hy³ _v‡K Zvn‡j ÔòÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡e| Z‡e weKí wn‡m‡e ÔAÕ cÖZ¨q †hvM Kiv hv‡e| †hgbgvbe = gby + ò / AÑ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q ˆkke = wkï + ò / A Ñ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q †MŠie = ¸i“ + ò / AÑ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q cvÊe = cvÊy + ò / AÑ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q h hw` †Kvb cÖZ¨qhy³ k‡ãi †k‡l ÔBÕ ev ÔCÕ Kvi _v‡K Ges H k‡ãi †kl eY© hw` ÔjÕ nq Zvn‡j ÔAvwjÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡e| wKš‘ ÔgÕ _vK‡j ÔAvwgÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡e| †hgbh Nivwg = Ni+Avwg Ñ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q, †mvbvwj = †mvbv + Avwj Ñ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨q wbY©q Ki : bxwjgv, Wyeš—, HwZnvwmK, cvw_©e, `c©Y, XvKvB, †gvoK, †R‡j, nvZvb, `ªvwNgv, mvwnwZ¨K, mgªvU, gš¿x, Mv‡ovqvb, †`kxq, evowZ, ‡mŠ›`h,© evwl©K, ‡µZv, `y», bKjbwek, MvQwU, Mš—e¨, KzwVqvj, PvKv, ‡gavex, jvj‡P, D³, cv_y‡i, bk¦i, cvš—v, cvVK, Kvbœv, Wyeš—, cwÊZ, KviK, kvixwiK, †KŠwkK, Av‡Mœq, fq, g„b¥q, w`e¨, nj‡`, DRvb, aybywi, ˆ`Z¨, †ivMv‡U, †KŠkj, Z¨vM, kqb, ‡kvPbxq, jvwjgv, B”QzK, KZ©e¨, eovB, gwngv, cÖPwjZ, kxZj, ˆkwíK, kû‡i|

c„ôv b¤^i-108

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

evsjv fvlvq †h Ae¨qm~PK kã¸‡jv KL‡bv ¯^vaxb cì~‡c, Avevi KL‡bv kãwefw³i b¨vq ev‡K¨ eëüZ n‡q ev‡Kï A_© cÖKv‡k mvnvh¨ K‡i, †m¸‡jv‡K AbymM© ev Kg©cÖePbxq e‡j| AbymM©¸‡jv KL‡bv cÖvwZcw`‡Ki c‡i, Avevi KL‡bv Ô‡KÕ ev ÔiÕ wefw³hy³ k‡ãi c‡i eëüZ nq| ‡hgb Ñ webv : `ytL webv myL jvf nq wK gnx‡Z? (cÖvwZcw`‡Ki c‡i) m‡b : gq~ixi m‡b bvwP‡Q gq~i| (i/lôx wefw³hy³ k‡ãi c‡i) evsjv fvlvq eû AbymM© Av‡Q| †hgb: cÖwZ, webv ,wen‡b, mn, Dci, Aewa, †nZz, g‡a¨, gv‡S, c‡i, wfbœ, eB, e¨ZxZ, Rb¨, ch©šZ, A‡c¶v, mnKv‡i, Z‡i, cv‡b, bv‡g, gZ, wbKU, AwaK, c‡¶, Øviv, w`qv, KZ©„K, mv‡_, m‡½, nB‡Z, n‡Z, †_‡K, †P‡q, cv‡Q, wfZi BZ¨vw`| G‡ì g‡a¨ Øviv, w`qv, KZ…K© , n‡Z, †_‡K, †P‡q, A‡c¶v, g‡a¨ cÖf„wZ AbymM©¸‡jv ev‡K¨ kã wefw³iƒ‡c eëüZ nq| ev‡K¨ Abym‡M©i cÖ‡qvM webv / we‡b : Zzwg webv (we‡b) Avgvi †K Av‡Q ? wewb : wewb myZvq Muv_v gvjv| wen‡b : D`¨g wen‡b Kvi cy‡i g‡bvi_ ? gv‡S : Zcy Avevi wd‡i G‡m‡Q Avgv‡ì gv‡S| w`‡K : AevK n‡q Ii w`‡K ZvwK‡q _v‡K Iiv| w`‡q : nvwm w`‡q NiUv‡K fwi‡q w`Z †m | c‡i : eQi Lv‡bK c‡i †iYy‡K we‡q K‡i Zcy| m‡½ : K¨vwcUv‡j Zvi m‡½ †`Lv n‡qwQj| n‡Z : †fvi n‡Z †Q‡jey‡ov G‡m Rgv‡qZ nj|

DcmM©

Ae¨qm~PK kãvskB n‡jv DcmM©| evsjv fvlvq Ggb wKQz Ae¨qm~PK aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwó i‡q‡Q, hv KL‡bv ¯^vaxb c` wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i bv; G¸‡jv Ab¨ kã ev avZzi c~‡e© kãvs‡ki g‡Zv e‡m bZyb bZzb kã MVb K‡i| G¸‡jv‡KB e‡j DcmM©| Gme Dcm‡M©i wbR¯^ †Kvb A_© †bB| Z‡e Giv Ab¨ †Kvb kã ev avZzi c~‡e© e‡m Zvi A‡_©i Ici cÖfve we¯—vi Ki‡Z cv‡i| Dcm‡M©i cÖfv‡e c~‡e©i avZz ev kãwUi g‡a¨ K‡qK ai‡bi cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb Ñ K) bZzb kã MVb| L) k‡ãi A‡_©i cwieZ©b| M) k‡ãi A‡_©i m¤cÖmviY ev ms‡KvPb| Dcm‡M©i cÖKvi‡f`: evsjv fvlvq wZb cÖKvi DcmM© Av‡Q| h_v : (1) evsjv DcmM©, (2) Zrmg ev ms¯‹…Z DcmM© Ges (3) we‡`kx DcmM©| DcmM© cwiwPwZ (1) evsjv DcmM©: evsjv DcmM© †gvU GKzkwU| h_v: A, ANv, AR, Abv, Av, Avo, Avb, Ave, BwZ, Eb, K`, Kz, wb, cvwZ, we,fi, ivg, m, mv,my, nv| evsjv DcmM© mvaviYZ evsjv k‡ãi c~‡e©B hy³ nq| Zrmg ev ms¯‹…Z DcmM©: Zrmg DcmM© wekwU| h_v : cÖ, civ, Ac, mg,wb, Aby, Ae, wbi, `yi, we, Awa, my, Dr, cwi, cÖwZ, AwZ, Awc, Awf,Dc, Av| Zrmg DcmM©¸‡jv mvaviYZ Zrmg k‡ãi Av‡M e‡m| Av, my, we, wb, -G PviwU DcmM© GKB mv‡_ evsjv I Zrmg Dcm‡M©i Aš—f©y³| (3) we‡`kx DcmM©: evsjv fvlvq mvaviYZ Aviwe, dviwm, wnw›`, Bs‡iwR, D`y© cÖf„wZ fvlv ‡_‡K AvMZ eû Dcm‡M©i cÖ‡qvM †`Lv hvq| h_v: Kvi, `i, bv, wbg, wd, e`, †e,ei, e, Kg (dviwm DcmM©)| Avg, Lvm, jv,Mi, (Aviwe DcmM©) dzj, nvd, †nW, mve (Bs‡iwR DcmM©), ni (wnw›` DcmM©)|

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

cÖfvlY cÎ

D`vniY Acgvb wbi¶i myPwiÎ eKjg jvcvËv mve-RR

†h me aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwó avZz ev k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m bZzb kã MVb K‡i, †m me aŸwb ev aŸwb mgwó‡K DcmM© e‡j| Dcm‡M©i cÖavb êwkó¨ nj, ÔGi †Kvb A_©evPKZv †bB, wKš‘ A_©‡`¨vZKZv Av‡Q|Õ cÖ‡Z¨KwU DcmM© g~jZ GK ai‡bi kãvsk ev kãLÊ| Giv †Kv_vI c„_Kfv‡e eëüZ nq bv, wKsev G‡ì wbR¯^ †Kv‡bv A_©I †bB| Giv †Kej avZz ev k‡ãi c~‡e© hy³ n‡jB A_© cÖKv‡ki ¶gZv AR©b K‡i| DcmM© hLb ‡Kvb bZzb kã MVb K‡i ZLb MwVZ k‡ãi gva¨‡g g~j kã ev avZzi A‡_©i cwieZ©b, cwiea©b, ms‡KvPb ev Zvi c~Y©Zv mvab K‡i| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq, ÔnviÕ kãwUi c~‡e© wewfbœ DcmM© †hv‡M A‡bK¸‡jv bZzzb kã MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ g~j kã DcmM©‡hv‡M MwVZ mvwaZ kã DcmM© cÖ

cÖnvi (gviv)

Dcnvi (Dc‡XŠKb) nvi

Av we

Avnvi (LvIqv) wenvi (ågY)

Avgiv Dc‡ii mvwaZ kã¸‡jv †_‡K cÖ, Dc, Av, we DcmM©¸‡jv c„_K Ki‡j Zv‡`i †Kvb Avjv`v A_© cvB bv| Gfv‡eB wbR¯^ A_©nxb G DcmM©¸‡jv Ab¨ †Kvb kã ev avZzi c~‡e© hy³ n‡q bZzb bZzb kã MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡jB ejv nq- Dcm‡M©i A_©evPKZv †bB; wKš‘ A_©‡`¨vZKZv Av‡Q|

¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖkœ

c„ôv b¤^i-110

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

cÖfvlY cÎ wecixZ kã

wecixZ kã : GKwU kã †h A_© cÖKvk K‡i Ab¨ GKwU kã Zvi wecixZ A_© cÖKvk Ki‡j kã `ywUi GKwU‡K AciwUi wecixZ ev wecixZv_©K kã ejv nq| A_©vr, wecixZ A_© cÖKvkK `ywU k‡ãi GKwU‡K AciwUi wecixZ kã e‡j| †hgb: ‡`k Ñ we‡`k, Avmj Ñ bKj, fyj Ñ wbf©yj BZ¨vw`| wecixZ k‡ãi MVb : wecixZ kã mvaviYZ `yÕwU Dcv‡q MVb Kiv hvq | h_v Ñ 1. bZzb kã eënvi K‡i : †Kvb k†ãi mv‡_ Av¶wiK m¤úK©nxb m¤ú~Y© bZyb GKwU k‡ãi gva¨‡gI wecixZ kã MVb Kiv hvq | †hgb : ivZ Ñ w`b, Av‡jv Ñ Qvqv, fvj Ñ g›` BZ¨vw`| 2. k‡ãi Askwe‡kl cwieZ©b K‡i : bZzb †Kvb kã eënvi bv K‡i c~‡e©v³ k‡ãi Askwe‡kl cwieZ©b K‡iI wecixZ kã MVb Kiv hvq| †hgb : ev`x Ñ weev`x, `~i Ñ A`~i, wgj Ñ Miwgj/ Awgj BZ¨vw`| G RvZxq kã MV‡biI `ywU c×wZ i‡q‡Q| h_v : (K) k‡ãi c~‡e© A, Ac, `yi, Mi, Ab, we BZ¨vw` DcmM© hy³ ev wehy³ K‡i | h_v : cvi Ñ Acvi, gvb Ñ Acgvb, MwZ Ñ `yM©wZ, wgj Ñ Miwgj, Avì Ñ Abvì, †`k Ñ we‡`k BZ¨vw`| (L) k‡ãi †k‡l nxb, wenxb, k~b¨, Qvov BZ¨vw` kã ev kãvsk hy³ ev wehy³ K‡i| h_v : Ávb Ñ Ávbnxb, Ávbx Ñ Ávbk~b¨, j²x Ñ j²xQvov BZ¨vw` |

wecixZ k‡ãi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv K) L) M) N)

fvlvi Muv_ywb msnZ Ki‡Z, kãfvÊvi e„w×Ki‡Y, A‡_©i êwPÎ¨ Avb‡Z evsjvfvlvq wecixZ k‡ãi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| G QvovI wecixZ kã wb‡æv³ cÖ‡qvRbmg~‡n eëüZ nq| e³e¨ mnRxKiY: A‡bK †¶‡ÎB wecixZ kã eënvi Ki‡j e³e¨ ¯úó I mnRZi nq| e³e¨ hyw³c~Y©KiY : fvlvq e³e¨ hyw³c~Y©Ki‡Yi †¶‡ÎI wecixZ kã ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| fvlvi kÖ“wZgvayh© weavb: fvlvi kÖ“wZgvayh© weav‡bi †¶‡ÎI wecixZ kã GKwU we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| k‡ãi msL¨ve„w× I fvlvi mg„×KiY: kã msL¨v e„w× I fvlv mg„×Ki‡Yi ‡¶‡ÎI wecixZ kã h‡_ó ¸i“Z¡cY~ © Ae`vb iv‡L| wKQy cÖ‡qvRbxq wecixZv_©K kã cÖ`Ë kã myKw… Z †mŠg¨ gnr webxZ BZi AÜ Clr Elv cÖkvwš— J×Z¨ DcPq R½g cÖjq Avwej AjxK Mij †Mvcb K`vwPr

wecixZ kã `y®K…wZ Kivj nxb `ywe©bxZ f`ª P¶z®§vb AwaK †Mva~jx Akvwš— webq AePq ¯’vei m„Rb Abvwej ev¯—e Ag„Z cÖKvk mve©¶wYK

wecixZ kã cÖZxP¨ cviwÎK ¸i“ mbœ¨vmx m~² fvwU fvUv ïK¬ cyi¯‹vi wZ‡ivfve weKl©Y cðvr Abvh© cÖZ¨vMgb ewa©òz mgZj weivM ¯’~j c„ôv b¤^i-111

AbyR `yó cÖvPxb wbw›`Z ev`x we‡k−lY

cÖ`Ë kã¸‡jvi wecixZ kã †jL : Akb, eb¨, A¤−, welv`, mv`„k¨, wbMÖn, A¯’vei, †jL¨, mskq, wZwgi, wei³, Hk¦h©, †fuvZv, Zxeª, Kvcyi“l, †Pvi, ¯^M©, bk¦i, Lj, Abyi³, we¯—…Z, AvZ¥xq, weØvb, Avek¨K, `yiš—, Aš—i, †jvf, UvUKv, Agm„Y, Av`©ª, cÖkvwš—, wbe©vK, wbj©¾, ü`¨Zv, f~wgKv, Avevnb, wbi¶i, mÜ¨v, RwUj, cÖxwZ, Aš—, AvUK, BwZ, ¶gv, Ávbx, Zvc, c_, hy³, B`vwbs, VKv, NvZ, n«vm, Aat, Zb¥q, cviwÎK, J`vh©, k¦vm, mÂq, DVwZ, wbwl×, Ajm, UvUKv, MÖvg¨, `y¨‡jvK, †K‡Rv, Hw”QK, Ac©Y, mij, gnvZ¥v, D`vi, †evKv, wRZ, wjß, mij, ciKxq, Abkb, evûj¨, Acgvb, cÖxwZKi, AbvPvi, AvMgb, myi, †hŠeb, mykxj, Svby, cvwZQvMj, m„wó, cyY¨, fxi“, kÎ“, wbwl×, Kzrmv, eÜb, D`vi, FRy, `vZv, Zx¶è, DrKl©, wbgxwjZ, PÂj, ke©ix, D¾¡j, mgwó, PwiÎevb, Zxeª, hk, mim, MwZ, wbMÖn, wel|

c„ôv b¤^i-112

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

cvwifvwlK kã

cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

cvwifvwlK kã

Ávb weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvq wewkó A_© cÖKvkK welqwfwËK kã‡KB cvwifvwlK kã e‡j| A_©vr †Kvb wbw`©ó wel‡q we‡kl A‡_© eëüZ kã¸‡jv‡KB e‡j cvwifvwlK kã| †hgb Ñ c`v_© weÁv‡bi †¶‡Î fi, †eM, MwZ; Kw¤úDUv‡ii †¶‡Î gvDm, gwbUi, i¨vg; Awdm-Av`vj‡Zi †¶‡Î dvBj, Iqv‡i›U, †eBj BZ¨vw`| Z‡e, Avgv‡ì D”P gva¨wgK †kªYxi e¨vKiY As‡k cvwifvwlK kã ej‡Z hv cvV¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q, Zv‡K Bs‡iwR k‡ãi evsjvKiY ev evsjv Abyev` ejv hvq| Gw`K †_‡K ejv hvq, †hme Bs‡iwR k‡ãi h_vh_ †Kvb evsjv cÖwZkã †bB wKsev _vK‡jI iƒcvš—wiZ kã A‡c¶v g~j kãwUB AwaK kÖ“wZga~i, eënvi Dc‡hvMx , cª‡qvMmdj ev A_©en Zv‡KB cvwifvwlK kã e‡j| †hgb Ñ Kw¤úDUvi, †Uwjwfkb, †Uwj‡dvb, †gvevBj, cywjk, Kwgkbvi, A¨vKvD›U, Aw·‡Rb, G·‡i BZ¨vw`|

cvwifvwlK k‡ãi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

c„w_exi †Kvb fvlvB GKKfv‡e ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq| ZvB fvlv‡K mg„× Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZwU RvwZB wfbœ wfbœ fvlv †_‡K wKQz bv wKQz kã msMÖn K‡i Zv‡ì Ávb I Kg© cwiwa we¯—…Z K‡i _v‡K| †mw`K †_‡K evsjv fvlvI e¨wZµg bq| Ávb-weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvq we‡kl aviYv ev e¯‘‡K wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨ evsjv fvlv‡ZI GRvZxq wfbœ fvlvi A‡bK kã cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| ZvB Gme aviYv cÖKvk Ki‡Z wKsev e¯‘‡K wPwýZ Ki‡Z evsjv fvlvq cvwifvwlK k‡ãi h‡_ó cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q| GQvov, A‡bK †¶‡ÎB evsjv ev‡Kï †fZi mivmwi Gme cvwifvwlK kã eënvi K‡i evK¨‡K kÖ“wZgayi Ges mnR‡eva¨ Kiv hvq| Gw`K †_‡KI evsjv evK¨ MV‡b cvwifvwlK kã h‡_ó ¸i“Z¡cY~ © f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| GQvovI Ñ 1. cvwifvwlK kã GKwU fvlvi kãfvÊvi e„w× K‡i| 2. cvwifvwlK k‡ãi eënv‡i evK¨ kÖ“wZgayi nq| G‡Z ev‡Kï êwPÎ¨ cÖKvk cvq| 3. A‡bK we‡`wk k‡ãi †Kvb evsjv cÖwZkã bv _vKvq †m mKj kãeënvi Kivi Rb¨ cvwifvwlK k‡ãi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| 4. fvlv I mvwnZïmg„×Ki‡Yi cvkvcvwk Abyev` mvwn‡Zï †¶‡ÎI cvwifvwlK k‡ãi h‡_ó cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|

Abykxjbx A - Admission, Agenda, Acknowledgement, Air-mail, Academic year, Administration, Autonomous, Allotment, Assembly, Acting editor, Acting, Academic, Aid, Account, Adviser, Address of Welcome, Author, Appendix, Air-conditioned, Affidavit, Adult Education, Admit Card, Accounting, Agreement, Advice. B - Back-ground, Bio-data, Break of study, Book post, Basic pay, Bail, Ballot paper, Board, Bidder, Boy scout, Biography, Bacteria, Banker, Brand, Bearer. C - Chancellor, Cold storage, Cartoon, Capital, Calendar, Cabinet, Catalogue, Constitution, Campus, Conduct, Caretaker, Crown, Code, Cordon, Carbon-di-Oxide, Copyright, Caption, Cable, College, Copy, Civil War. D - Donation, Data, Donor, Deed, Deputation, Dowry, Deputy, Dialect, Demonstrator, Diplomat, Diplomacy, Donate, Defence, Deed of Gift. E - Editor, Embargo, Excuse, Enquiry, Editorial, Expert, Energy, Earned Leave, Economist, Equation, Edition. F - Fundamental, Fiction, File, Follow up, Faculty, Fact, Feudal, Fee, Finance, Fine Arts, Fixture, Folio, Floor. G - Godown, Green room, Galaxy, Geology, Global, Gunny, Gazetted, Goodwill, Graduate, Graph, Guest House, Guarantee, Grade, Guide Line. H - Hostage, Hood, Handbill, Hostile, Home ministry, Handicraft, Heading, High Way. I - Irrigation, Idiom, Index, Interview, Ideology. Illegal, Immigrant, Imprisonment. J - Justice, Judge, Jiont Account, Journalist, Judicial. K - Key-Word, Keeper, Key note, Knot, Know-how. L - Leap year, limited, Legend, Lien, Ledger, Legal Adviser, Letter Head, Life insurance, Literature, Linguistics. M - Mercury, Memorandum, Method, Mayor, Manuscript, Manifesto, Marine. N - Notice Board, National Assembly, Nursery, Notice, Nationalization, Note, Nationality. O - Option, Occupation, Obedient, Oxygen, Objective. P - Payee, Pollution, Pay bill, para, Principle, Passport, Parliament, Principal, Public works. †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

c„ôv b¤^i-113

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

Q - Quota, Quotation, Quality Control, Quarterly. R - Rank, Republic, Regiment, Radical, Ratio, Rational, Reputation, Republic, Renew, Resign, Regulation, Resource, Registration.

S - Secondary, Sanction, Specialist, Salary, Sabotage, Schedule. T - Theory, Taxable, Tabulation, Telecast, Tender, Tribal, Tropical, Transit Visa, Termination. U - Urbanization, Union, Ultra Modern, Unfair-mens. V - Valid, Vacation, Venue, Viva voce, Vehicle, Vice chairman, Validity, Venue, Version, Vocation. W - White paper, Walk out, Worship, Wage Board. X - X-ray, X-File. Y - Year book.

Z - Zoo, Zone, Zebra Crossing, Zoologist.

c„ôv b¤^i-114

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

cÖfvlY cÎ

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mwÜ mwÜ : cvkvcwk Aew¯’Z `ywU aŸwbi wgjb‡K mwÜ e‡j| †hgb : Avkv + AZxZ = AvkvZxZ, Zr + g‡a¨ = Zb¥‡a¨, Avwet +Kvi = Avwe®‹vi BZ¨vw`| mwÜ †gvU wZb cÖKvi| h_v : 1. ¯îmwÜ 2. e¨Äb mwÜ I 3. wemM© mwÜ| mwÜi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv fvlv‡K msw¶ß, cÖvÄj I kÖ“wZgayi Kivi Rb¨ evsjv fvlvq mwÜi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg| mwÜ D”PviY‡K mnR K‡i Ges fvlvq aŸwb gvayh© `vb K‡i| mwÜ bZzb kã ˆZwii GKwU wewkó cÖwµqv| G cÖwµqvq aŸwb wgj i‡q‡Q Ggb `ywU kã wg‡j GKwU bZzb kã ˆZwi nq| ZvB fvlvi kã fvÊvi e„w×‡ZI mwÜ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| ¯îmwÜ ¯îaŸwbi m‡½ ¯îaŸwbi wgjb‡K ¯îmwÜ e‡j| wb‡gœ ¯îmwÜi wKQz wbqg D‡j−L Kiv n‡jv Ñ 1. A+A=Av| †hgb : wng+APj=wngvPj| A+Av=Av| †hgb : wmsn+Avmb=wmsnvmb| Av+A=Av| †hgb : Avkv+AZxZ=AvkvZxZ| Av+Av= Av| ‡hgb : Kviv+AvMvi=KvivMvi| 2. B+B=C| †hgb : AwZ+BZ=AZxZ, iwe+B›`ª=iex›`ª B+C=C| †hgb : cÖwZ+C¶v=cÖZx¶v, cwi+C¶v=cix¶v C+B=C| †hgb : myax+B›`ª=myax›`ª, mZx+B›`ª=mZx›`ª C+C=C| †hgb : c„_¡x+Ck¦i=c„_¡xk¦i| 3. D+D=E| †hgb: gi“+D`¨vb=giƒ`¨vb, KU~w³=KUz+Dw³ D+E=E| †hgb : eny+E×©=en~aŸ© E+D=E| †hgb : ea~+Dw³=ea~w³, ea~+Drme=ea~rme 4. A+B=G| †hgb : ¯^+B”Qv=†¯^”Qv, ïf+B”Qv =ï‡f”Qv A+C=G| †hgb : cig+Ck=ci‡gk, MY+Ck=M‡Yk Av+B=G| †hgb : h_v+Bó=h‡_ó, gnv+B›`ª=g‡n›`ª Av+C=G| †hgb : igv+Ck=i‡gk, gnv+Ck=g‡nk 5. A+D=I| †hgb : bi+DËg=b‡ivËg A+E=I| †hgb : M„n+EaŸ©=M„‡nvaŸ©, be+Epv = b‡evpv Av+E=I| †hgb : M½v+Ewg©=M‡½vwg© 6. ÔAÕ-Kvivš— wKsev ÔAvÕ-Kvivš— k‡ãi ci ÔFZÕ kãwU mwÜe× n‡j A/Av+F= ÔAviÕ nq Ges mwÜNwUZ k‡ãi evbv‡b ÔAÕKvivš— wKsev ÔAvÕ-Kvivš— kãwUi †k‡l ÔAv-KviÕ Ges ÔFÕ eY©wUi cwie‡Z© Ô†idÕ †jLv nq| †hgb : Z…òv + FZ = Z„òvZ©, kxZ + FZ = kxZvZ© 7. ÔAÕ-Kvivš— wKsev ÔAvÕ-Kvivš— k‡ãi ci ÔGÕ wKsev ÔHÕ eY© _vK‡j Dfq wg‡j ÔH-KviÕ nq| †hgb : wnZ + Glx = wn‰Zlx , gZ + HK¨ = g‰ZK¨ 8. ÔAÕ-Kvivš— wKsev ÔAvÕ-Kvivš— k‡ãi ci ÔIÕ wKsev ÔJÕ eY© _vK‡j Df‡q wg‡j ÔJ-KviÕ nq| †hgb : eb + Ilwa = e‡bŠlwa, gnv + Ilwa = g‡nŠlwa 9. hw` †Kvb mwÜe× k‡ãi gvSLv‡b ÔhÕ djv (¨) _v‡K, Z‡e Zvi mwÜ we‡”Q‡ì mgq †h e‡Y©i m‡½ ÔhÕ djv (¨) hy³ wQj †m e‡Y©i mv‡_ ÔhÕ djvi cwie‡Z© ÔBÕ Kvi (w) hy³ n‡e| Z‡e G‡¶‡Î cieZx© k‡ãi Avw`‡Z Aek¨B ÔBÕ ev ÔCÕ e¨ZxZ Ab¨ ¯îaŸwb _vK‡Z n‡e| †hgb : h`¨wc=hw`+Awc, e¨ZxZ=we+AZxZ, e¨³=we+D³, cÖZ¨n=cÖwZ+An 10. ÔAÕ-Kvivš— wKsev ÔDÕ-Kvivš— DcmM© ev k‡ãi ci ÔDÕ wKsev ÔEÕ e¨ZxZ Ab¨ ‡Kvb ¯îaŸwb _vK‡j ÔAÕ ev ÔDÕ aŸwbwU Zvi c~e©eZx© e‡Y©i mv‡_ Ôe-djvÕ wn‡m‡e hy³ nq| †hgb: my+AvMZ=¯^vMZ, my+A”Q=¯^”Q, Aby+GlY=A‡š^lY, ¯^+Aaxb=¯^vaxb, ¯^+B”Qv =†¯^”Qv wbR¯^ mËv †evSv‡j Aš—t¯’ ÔeÕ memgq AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| †hgb : ¯^vaxb=¯^+Aaxb, †¯^”Qv=¯^+B”Qv

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11. hw` †Kvb mwÜNwUZ k‡ãi cÖ_g e‡Y©i mv‡_ ÔAqÕ D”PvwiZ nq Z‡e Zv mwÜ we‡”Q` Kivi mgq ÔAqÕ D”PvwiZ nIqv k‡ãi cÖ_g e‡Y©i m‡½ ÔGÕ Kvi hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e| c‡ii Ask AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e| †hgb : bqb=†b+Ab, eqb=†e+Ab, Pqb=‡P+Ab 12. hw` †Kvb mwÜhy³ k‡ãi cÖ_g e‡Y©i mv‡_ ÔAvqÕ D”PvwiZ nq Z‡e Zv mwÜ we‡”Q` Kivi mgq ÔAvqÕ D”PvwiZ nIqv k‡ãi cÖ_g e‡Y©i mv‡_ ÔH-KviÕ †hvM Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e G‡¶‡Î c‡ii Ask AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| †hgb : MvqK=ˆM+AK, bvqK=ˆb+AK 13. hw` †Kvb mwÜe× k‡ãi cÖ_g e‡Y©i mv‡_ ÔAeÕ D”PvwiZ nq Z‡e Zv mwÜ we‡”Q` Kivi mgq cÖ_g As‡ki cÖ_g e‡Y©i mv‡_ ÔI-KviÕ hy³ nq| G‡¶‡ÎI c‡ii Ask AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| †hgb : jeY=†jv+Ab, feb=†fv+Ab, ceb=†cv+Ab 14. hw` †Kvb mwÜhy³ k‡ãi cÖ_g e‡Y©i mv‡_ ÔAveÕ D”PvwiZ nq, Z‡e Zv mwÜ we‡”Q` Kivi mgq cÖ_g As‡ki cÖ_g e‡Y©i mv‡_ ÔJÕ Kvi hy³ nq| G‡ZI c‡ii Ask AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| †hgb: bvweK=†bŠ+BK, kveK=†kŠ+AK, fveyK=†fŠ+DK ¯îmwÜ‡Z Ggb wKQz kã j¶ Kiv hvq, hv †Kvb wbqg gv‡b bv| †hgb: Mev¶=†Mv+A¶, ˆ¯î=¯^+Ci, †cÖŠp=cÖ+Ep, gbxlv=gbm+Clv/gb+Clv| e¨ÄbmwÜ ¯îe‡Y©i mv‡_ e¨ÄbeY©, e¨Äbe‡Y©i mv‡_ ¯îeY© wKsev e¨Äbe‡Y©i mv‡_ e¨Äbe‡Y©i wgj‡b †h mwÜ nq Zv‡K e¨Äb mwÜ e‡j| †hgb : KuvPv+Kjv=KvuPKjv, †evb+AvB= †evbvB, e`+RvZ=e¾vZ| wb‡gœ e¨ÄbmwÜi wKQz wbqg D‡j−L Kiv n‡jv Ñ 1. c~e©c‡ì †k‡l ¯îaŸwb Ges cic‡ì ïi“‡Z ÔQÕ eY© _vK‡j mwÜe× k‡ã ÔQÕ Gi cwie‡Z© Ô”QÕ nq| †hgb : GK+QÎ=GK”QÎ, cÖ+Q`=cÖ”Q`, gyL+Qwe=gyL”Qwe, ¯^+Q›`=¯^”Q›`, c~Y©+†Q`=c~Y©‡”Q`, we=wQbœ+wew”Qbœ Av=Qv`b=Av”Qv`b,cwi+Qbœ=cwi”Qbœ, Av+Qbœ=Av”Qbœ | 2. c~e©c‡ì †k‡l Z (r) ev ` Ges cic‡ì ïi“‡Z P ev Q _vK‡j mwÜe× k‡ã Z, r ev ` Gi cwie‡Z© P nq| †hgb : Dr+PviY=D”PviY, Pjr+wPÎ=Pjw”PÎ, wec`+wPš—v=wecw”Pš—v, Dr+PwKZ=D”PwKZ, 3. c~e©c‡ì †k‡l eMx©q cÖ_g eY© Ges cic‡ì ïi“‡Z eMx©q Z…Zxq ev PZz_© eY© _vK‡j mwÜe× k‡ã eMx©q cÖ_g e‡Y©i cwie‡Z© Z„Zxq eY© nq| †hgb : w`K+`k©b=w`M`k©b, evK+`Ëv=evM`Ëv, evK+aviv=evMaviv, w`K+åvš—=w`Måvš— 4. P-eM©xq aŸwbi c~‡e© Z-eM©xq aŸwb _vK‡j mwÜe× k‡ã Z-eM©xq aŸwb jyß n‡q P-eM©xq aŸwbi wØZ¡ nq| ‡hgb : bvZ+RvgvB= bv¾vgvB, e`+RvZ=e¾vZ 5. c~e©c‡ì †k‡l ¯îaŸwb Ges cic‡ì ïi“‡Z e¨ÄbaŸwb _vK‡j mwÜNwUZ k‡ã ¯îaŸwbwU jyß nq| †hgb : KuvPv + Kjv = KvuPKjv, †Nvov +†`Šo = †Nvo‡`Šo| wemM© mwÜ ms¯‹…Z mwÜi wbq‡g c‡ì Aš—w¯’Z i& I m& A‡bK †¶‡Î A‡Nvl D®§ aŸwb A_©vr n aŸwbiƒ‡c D”PvwiZ nq Ges Zv wemM© (t) iƒ‡c †jLv nq| i& I m& wemM© e¨Äb aŸwbgvjvi Aš—M©Z| †m Kvi‡Y wemM© mwÜ e¨Äb mwÜi Aš—M©Z| e¯‘Z wemM© n‡”Q i& Ges m&-Gi msw¶ß iƒc| wemM©‡K `yfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_vÑ 1. i& -RvZ wemM© 2. m& - RvZ wemM©| wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi mwÜ we‡”Q` K‡i †`LvI: wKsev, Z¯‹i, w`Mš—, Anin, ivÁx, eb¯úwZ, gyL”Qwe, ivRwl©, bxie, ¯^”Q, msmvi, kxZvZ©, cÖ‡Z¨K, MvqK, e¨ZxZ, g‰ZK¨, h‡_ó, g‡n›`ª, mwÜ, cÖZ¨q, mgvm, KviK, ¯^vMZ, ˆ¯î, jeY, ï‡f”Qv, Zš^x, wgZvwj, †mŠi|

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ïw×KiY : kã I evK¨ †Kvb †jLvq wel‡qi eY©bv hZB Zvrch© ev fveMv¤¢xh©c~Y© †nvK bv †Kb, Zv‡Z Dc¯’vwcZ k‡ãi evbvb hw` fyj _v‡K wKsev ev‡Kï MVb hw` Î“wUc~Y© nq, Z‡e †m †jLv †jL‡Ki `ye©jZv‡KB ¯úó K‡i †Zv‡j| †Kvb wKQy fy‡ji E‡aŸ© bv n‡jI †mB fy‡ji Aek¨B GKUv gvÎv _vKv DwPZ| ZvB †Kvb wKQz †jLvi c~‡e© Zvi ï×Zv m¤ú‡K© ‡jLK‡K Aek¨B mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e| Avi ZvB wbfy©j iPbvixwZi Rb¨ GKRb wk¶v_©x‡K kã I evK¨ m¤úwK©Z my¯úó aviYv jv‡fi cvkvcvwk G msµvš—e¨vKi‡Yi wbqgKvbyb¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e Rvb‡Z n‡e| Avi GUv Rvbv n‡j Zvi c‡¶ mn‡RB wbf©yj kã I ev‡Kï mgš^‡q gvbm¤úbœ †jLv ‰Zwi Kiv m¤¢e n‡e| wb‡gœ Dwj−wLZ wKQz Kvi‡Y mvaviYZ G fyj¸‡jv n‡q _v‡K| G me wel‡q mZK© _vK‡j fvlvi wjwLZ iƒ‡c A‡bKvs‡kB ï×Zv eRvq ivLv m¤¢e nq| K) evsjv k‡ãi evbv‡b GKB aŸwbi Rb¨ GKvwaK eY© _vKvi Kvi‡YB (†hgb: B/C, D/E; b/ Y, R/h, Z/r, k/ m/ l, O/s) †ewk fyj n‡q _v‡K| L) Y-Z¡ Ges l-Z¡ weavb bv Rvbvi Kvi‡Y| M) DcmM©, mgvm, mwÜ I cÖZ¨q m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYvi Afv‡e| N) GKB ai‡bi GKvwaK e¨Äbe‡Y©i (†hgb: R/S, `/a, e/f i/o/p, m/l/k) cÖ‡qvMixwZ m¤ú‡K© mwVK aviYv bv _vKvq| O) m‡gv”PvwiZ k‡ãi A_©MZ weåvwš—i Kvi‡Y| P) ev‡K¨ c`ms¯’vcbixwZ wel‡q mwVK aviYvi Afv‡e| Q) mvay I PwjZ fvlvixwZi wgkª‡Yi Kvi‡Y| R) AvÂwjK D”Pvi‡Yi cÖfve Ges k‡ãi ï× D”PviY m¤ú‡K© AÁZvi Kvi‡Y| S) k‡ãi h_vh_ A_© m¤ú‡K© aviYv bv _vK‡j A‡bK mgq ev‡K¨ k‡ãi AccÖ‡qvM N‡U| we‡kl¨ ev we‡klY c` wPwýZ Ki‡Z bv cvivq mvaviYZ G ai‡bi fyj nq| T) cÖev` cÖeP‡bi weK…wZRwbZ Î“wUi Kvi‡Y| evK¨ MVb I k‡ãi evbv‡bi †¶‡Î G fyj¸‡jvB Avgv‡ì Aïw×i g~j KviY| Z‡e G‡¶‡Î evbvbRwbZ fyj¸‡jvB †ewk nq| ZvB G welqwU g‡b †i‡L 1937 mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq, 1988 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯—K †evW© Ges 1991 mv‡j evsjv GKv‡Wgx evbvb ms¯‹v‡ii D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i| G‡ì wba©vwiZ wbqg †_‡K wKQy wbqg wb‡gœ D‡j−L Kiv n‡jv| 1. evsjv fvlvq eëüZ ms¯‹…Z k‡ãi evbvb h_vh_ I AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e| 2. †h me Zrmg k‡ã B, C ev D, E Dfq ï× †mB me k‡ã †Kej B ev D Ges Zvi Kvi wPý wn‡m‡e Ô w Õ eëüZ n‡e| †hgb : wKse`wš—, wPrKvi, m~wPcÎ BZ¨vw`| 3. †id Gi ci e¨Äbe‡Y©i wØZ¡ n‡e bv| †hgb: AP©bv, Kvh©vjq, âh©, PP©v| 4. K, L, M, N c‡i _vK‡j c‡ì Aš—w¯’Z g& ¯’v‡b Aby¯^vi (s) wjL‡Z n‡e| †hgb: AnsKvi, fqsKi, msMxZ, msNUb BZ¨vw`| Z‡e weK‡í O †jLv hv‡e| GQvov Ô¶Õ - Gi c~‡e© me©Î O n‡e| †hgb: AvKv•¶v| 5. mKj A-Zrmg A_©vr Z™¢e, †`wk, we‡`wk Ges wgkª k‡ã †Kej B Ges D Ges G‡ì Kvi wPý Ô w Õ Ges Ô y Õ eëüZ n‡e| ¯¿xevPK I RvwZevPK k‡ãi †¶‡ÎI GB wbqg cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e| †hgb: Mvwo, kvwo, `vwe, Rvcvwb, wnw›`, Aviwe, fvwe, Bs‡iwR BZ¨vw`| Abyiƒcfv‡e ÔAvwjÕ cÖZ¨qhy³ k‡ã B-Kvi n‡e| †hgb: †Lqvwj, wgZvwj, †mvbvwj BZ¨vw`| 6. me©bvg cìƒ‡c Ges we‡klY ev wµqv we‡klY cìƒ‡c ÔKxÕ kãwU C-Kvi w`‡q wjL‡Z n‡e| †hgb : Kx KiQ? Kx Lv”Q? Kx Avb›`! Kx `yivkv!, Kx †kvfv !, Kx Qvhv !, Kx eo BZ¨vw`| 7. Ae¨q cìƒ‡c ÔwKÕ kãwU B-Kvi w`‡q wjL‡Z n‡e| †hgb : fvZ †L‡q‡Qv wK? Zzwg wK Mvb MvB‡Z cvi? Avcwb hv‡eb wK? 8. k‡ãi †k‡l wemM© _vK‡e bv| †hgb: Kvh©Z, cÖavbZ, g~jZ BZ¨vw`| 9. nm&-wPý h_vm¤¢e eR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb: g`, KvZ, dUdU, KjKj BZ¨vw`| 10. EaŸ©-Kgv h_vm¤¢e eR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb: e‡j, Pvik, `yRb BZ¨vw`| 11. mgvme× c`¸wj GKm‡½ wjL‡Z n‡e, gvSLv‡b duvK ivLv Pj‡e bv| †hgb: msev`cÎ, c~e©cwiwPZ, mgm¨vc~Y©, †bkvMÖ¯— BZ¨vw`| kã I ev‡Kï ïw×Ki‡Yi KwZcq D`vniY kã ïw× Aï×

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L. Avwg wQjvg ei ; myZivs weevn m¤^‡Ü Avgvi gZ hvPvB Kiv Abvek¨K wQj| 4. GKvwaK c`‡K †kªYxfy³ Kivi mgq mgRvZxq kã‡K Ab¨ ‡kªYx †_‡K c„_K Ki‡Z †mwg‡Kvjb eëüZ nq| †hgb : Avg, Rvg, KuvVvj ; kmv, jvD, †e¸b ; byb, AvUv, †Zj Gme †KbvKvUv Ki‡Z †Zv ZzwgB h‡_ó| 5.ev‡Kï †Kvb e³e¨‡K cieZ©x As‡k Av‡iv ¯úófv‡e eY©bv Ki‡Z n‡j `yB As‡ki gvSLv‡b †mwg‡Kvjb e‡m| †hgb : evsjv fvlv‡K fv‡jv K‡i wPb‡Z n‡e ; †Kv_vq Zvi kw³, †Kv_vq Zvi `ye©jZv, `yB-B Avgv‡ì Rvbv PvB| 6. `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK ev‡Kï g‡a¨ GKB fve we`¨gvb _vK‡j Zv‡ì gvSLv‡b †mwg‡Kvjb e‡m| †hgb : Avgvi kixiUv Lye Lvivc; gbUvI fvj †bB| nvB‡db (-)eënv‡ii wKQz wbqg nvB‡db‡K evsjv fvlvq c`-ms‡hvM wPý ejv nq| nvB‡db †`L‡Z A‡bKUv †QvU AvK…wZi W¨v‡ki g‡Zv n‡jI G `yÔ‡Uvi KvR m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| nvB‡db †hLv‡b `yÔ‡Uv kã‡K hy³ K‡i, W¨vk †mLv‡b K‡i wehy³| wb‡P nvB‡db (-) eënv‡ii wKQz wbqg †jLv n‡jv| 1. cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z wfbœv_©K ev wecixZ k‡ãi ms‡hvM †`Lv‡Z nvB‡db eëüZ nq| †hgb : wn›`y-gymjgvb; ‡gvMj-cvVvb; w`b-ivZ; Avmv-hvIqv BZ¨vw`| 2. `yÔwU bvg-we‡kl¨ ms‡hv‡Mi †¶‡ÎI nvB‡db eëüZ nq| †hgb : fviZ-cvwK¯—vb mxgv‡š— GLb Lye D‡ËRbv Pj‡Q| 3. `k w`‡Ki †h †Kvb `yBwU A_ev `yÔ‡qi gaëZ©x †Kvb w`K †evSv‡Z nvB‡db eëüZ nq| †hgb : evsjv‡`‡ki DËi-c~e© w`‡K †bcvj Aew¯’Z| 4. †Kvb k‡ãi mv‡_ GKK †Kvb A¶i ms‡hv‡Mi †¶‡ÎI nvB‡db eëüZ nq| †hgb : K-A¶i †Mvgvsm| 5. c` ms‡hvM NUv‡Z †Kvb †Kvb wefw³i c~‡e©I KL‡bv KL‡bv nvB‡db eëüZ nq| †hgb : K. 1947-G †`k fvM nq| L. 1-Gi ci k~b¨ emv‡j 10 nq| 6. wµqvc‡ì mv‡_ weK…Z †Kvb AbyMvgx wµqvc` _vK‡j ‡m‡¶‡ÎI nvB‡db eëüZ nq| †hgb : K. ‡L‡q-‡`‡q Nyg †`‡ev| L. †m‡R-¸‡R evB‡i hv‡ev|

hwZ wPý e¨env‡ii mgqKvj hwZ wP‡ýi bvg Kgv †mwg‡Kvjb `uvwo (c~Y©‡”Q`) wRÁvmv wPý we¯§q wPý †Kvjb †Kvjb W¨vm W¨vm nvB‡db B‡jK / †jvc wPý D×iY wPý eª¨v‡KU (eÜbx -wPý)

AvK…wZ , ; | ? ! : :Ñ Ñ Õ ÒÓ ( ) { } [ ]

weiwZ-Kvj-cwigvY 1 ej‡Z †h mgq cÖ‡qvRb 1 ejvi wØ¸Y mgq GK †m‡KÛ GK †m‡KÛ GK †m‡KÛ GK †m‡KÛ GK †m‡KÛ GK †m‡KÛ _vgvi cÖ‡qvRb ‡bB _vgvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB ÔGKÕ D”Pvi‡Y †h mgq jv‡M _vgvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB _vgvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB _vgvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB

hwZ wPý eënv‡ii wKQz ¸i“Z¡c~Y© D`vniY G Pµ‡Zv wQbœ Ki‡ZB n‡e Ki‡e †K cÖKvkK bv †µZv cÖKvk‡Ki c‡¶ Kiv KwVb KviY H w`‡q †m †c‡Ui fvZ †hvMvo K‡i †m SyuwK wb‡Z bvivR G·‡cwi‡g›U Ki‡Z bvivR wKš‘ eB wK‡b †KD‡Zv KL‡bv †`D‡j nqwb G Pµ‡Zv wQbœ Ki‡ZB n‡e| Ki‡e †K? cÖKvkK bv †µZv? cÖKvk‡Ki c‡¶ Kiv KwVb| KviY, H w`‡q †m †c‡Ui fvZ †hvMvo K‡i| †m SyuwK wb‡Z bvivR ; G·‡cwi‡g›U Ki‡Z bvivR| wKš‘ eB wK‡b †KD‡Zv KL‡bv †`D‡j nqwb| Gevi ˆng Bkvivi gv‡b eywSj ¯î Av‡iv `„p Kwiqv ewjj evev Ggb K_v KL‡bvB ewj‡Z cv‡ib bv gv Mjv PovBqv ewj‡jb ZzB Avgv‡K wg_¨vev`x ewj‡Z Pvm ˆng ewjj Avgvi evev‡Zv KL‡bvB wg_¨v e‡jb bv Gevi ˆng Bkvivi gv‡b eywSj| ¯î Av‡iv `„p Kwiqv ewjj, Òevev Ggb K_v KL‡bvB ewj‡Z cv‡ib bv|Ó gv Mjv PovBqv ewj‡jb, ÒZzB Avgv‡K wg_¨vev`x ewj‡Z Pvm ?Ó ˆng ewjj, ÒAvgvi evev‡Zv KL‡bvB wg_¨v e‡jb bv|Ó

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gnvb weRq wèm D`hvcb Dcj‡¶ iscyi †Rjv wkíKjv GKv‡Wwg KZ©„K Av‡qvwRZ AvR‡Ki GB Abyôv‡bi m¤§vwbZ mfvcwZ, gvbbxq cÖavb AwZw_, m¤§vwbZ we‡kl AwZw_, wewfbœ mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK I ivR‰bwZK msMV‡bi m¤§vwbZ m`më„›`, wewfbœ miKvix I †emiKvix cÖwZôv‡bi m¤§vwbZ Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvixe„›`, wewfbœ ‰`wbK I mvßvwnK cwÎKvmn B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqvi wcÖq mvsevw`Ke„›` Ges m¤§vwbZ myaxgÊwj, Avcbv‡ì mevB‡K ky‡f”Qv Rvwb‡q Avwg Avgvi e³e¨ ïi“ KiwQ| AvR 16 wW‡m¤î, gnvb weRq wèm| GK mvMi i‡³i wewbg‡q 1971 mv‡ji GB w`‡b Avgiv Avgv‡ì GB wcÖq gvZ…f~wg‡K kÎ“gy³ K‡iwQjvg| G w`bwU‡ZB cvK nvbv`vievwnbx XvKvi †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b †hŠ_ Kgv‡Ûi Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡i Avgv‡ì P~ovš— weRq wbwðZ K‡i| G weRq AR©b Ki‡Z wM‡q `y j¶ gv-‡ev‡bi m¤£g nviv‡Z n‡q‡Q Avi Rxeb w`‡Z n‡q‡Q cÖvq wÎk j¶ evOvwj‡K| wKš‘ †h Av`k© Avi ¯^cœ‡K aviY K‡i †mw`b Zviv GB Z¨vM ¯^xKvi K‡iwQ‡jb, `ytLRbK n‡jI mZ¨, ¯^vaxbZvi ci cÖvq PviwU `kK †cwi‡q †M‡jI Zv‡ì †mB Av`k© Avi ¯^cœ GL‡bv G †`‡k ev¯—evqb nqwb| g~jZ mykvm‡bi Afv‡eB G ‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv GLb A‡b‡Ki Kv‡QB Avkxe©v‡ì cwie‡Z© Awfkvc n‡q †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| †`‡ki gywó‡gq wKQz †jvK GB ¯^vaxbZv‡K Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì e¨w³MZ I †MvôxMZ ¯^v‡_© eënvi K‡i Gi mydj †_‡K ‡MvUv RvwZ‡K ewÂZ Ki‡Q| jyUcvU, `ybx©wZ Avi ‡PvivPvjv‡bi gva¨‡g Zviv m¤ú‡ì cvnvo M‡o Zzj‡jI †`‡ki wmsnfvM gvbyl w`‡bi ci w`b `vwi‡`ªi mv‡_ hy× Ki‡Q| Pig `vwi`ªmxgvq evm Ki‡Q †`‡ki AmsL¨ gvbyl| AvBb k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZi AebwZmn mvgvwRK mywePvi †_‡KI gvbyl GLb ewÂZ| †`‡ki cÖvq cÖwZwU †¶‡ÎB GLb Pj‡Q GK `vi“Y Ae¶q| Avgiv hw` Gme wel‡q m‡PZb bv nB, Z‡e †Kvb w`bB G Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b n‡e bv| ZvB mgq G‡m‡Q Avgv‡ì †R‡M IVvi| Avmyb Avgiv mevB Avgv‡ì AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb nB| Avgiv Avgv‡ì †hvM¨ †bZv wbe©vPb K‡i Zv‡ì gva¨‡g G †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv‡K A_©en K‡i Zzwj| mv_©K K‡i Zzwj jv‡Lv knx‡ì ¯^cœ| G‡Zv¶Y âh© a‡i Avgvi GB e³e¨ †kvbvi Rb¨ mevB‡K abëv` Rvwb‡q Ges mK‡ji my¯^v¯’¨ I `xN©vqy Kvgbv K‡i AvR‡Ki g‡Zv GLv‡bB Avwg Avgvi e³e¨ †kl KiwQ| Avj−vn nv‡dR|

KwZcq cÖ‡qvRbxq fvlY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

iex›`ª Rqš—x Dcj‡¶ GKwU fvlY ˆZwi Ki| bRi“j Rq›Zx Dcj‡¶ GKwU fvlY ˆZwi Ki| ‡Zvgvi K‡j‡Ri bexb eiY Dcj‡¶ GKwU fvlY ˆZwi Ki| ‡Zvgvi K‡j‡Ri evwl©K µxov cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Dcj‡¶ GKwU fvlY ˆZwi Ki| ‡Zvgvi K‡j‡Ri GBP.Gm.wm cix¶v_x©‡`i we`vq msea©bv Dcj‡¶ Av‡qvwRZ Abyôv‡bi Rb¨ GKwU fvlY ˆZwi Ki| c‡njv ˆekvL D`hvcb Dcj‡¶ Av‡qvwRZ GKwU Abyôv‡bi Rb¨ fvlY ˆZwi Ki| `ybx©wZgy³ mgvR MV‡bi Rb¨ Rbm‡PZbZv m„wó m¤úwK©Z GKwU gÂfvlY ˆZwi Ki| Ô`~lYgy³ cwi‡ek PvBÕ Ñ kxl©K †mwgbv‡i GKRb Qv‡Îi fvlY ˆZwi Ki| e„¶‡ivcY Kg©m~wPi ¸i“Z¡ m¤ú‡K© GKwU gÂfvlY ˆZwi Ki|

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10. bvix wk¶vi ¸i“Z¡ m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbvmfvi Rb¨ cÖavb AwZw_i GKwU fvlY ˆZwi Ki| 11. wk¶vi gva¨g wn‡m‡e gvZ…fvlvi ¸i“Z¡ m¤ú‡K© GKwU fvlY ˆZwi Ki| 12. cvV¨m~wPi evB‡i QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì eBcovi Af¨vm m¤ú‡K© GKwU fvlY ˆZwi Ki| 13. Ômevi Rb¨ wk¶vÕ kxl©K Av‡jvPbvmfvi Rb¨ GKRb Qv‡Îi fvlY ˆZwi Ki| 14. cix¶vq `ybx©wZ I Zvi cÖwZKvi m¤ú‡K© GKwU fvlY ˆZwi Ki| 15. Ôhye mgv‡Ri ˆbwZK Ae¶q cÖwZ‡iv‡a KiYxqÕ kxl©K Av‡jvPbvmfvi Rb¨ GKwU fvlY ˆZwi Ki| 16. AvaywbK mf¨Zv I weÁvb welqK GKwU fvlY ˆZwi Ki| 17. mš¿vmgy³ wk¶v½b m¤ú‡K© GKwU fvlY ˆZwi Ki| 18. ÔAcms¯‹…wZi wei“‡× Avgv‡ì KiYxqÕ kxl©K Av‡jvPbvmfvi Rb¨ GKwU fvlY ˆZwi Ki| 19. Avš—R©vwZK mv¶iZv wèm Dcj‡¶ GKwU fvlY ˆZwi Ki| 20. Avš—R©vwZK gvZ…fvlv wè‡mi Zvrch© eY©bv K‡i GKwU fvlY iPbv Ki| 21. RvZxq Rxe‡b GKz‡ki ¸i“Z¡ welqK Av‡jvPbv mfvq Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ GKwU fvlY ‰Zwi Ki| 22. RvZxq wk¶v mßvn Dcj‡¶ Ôwk¶vi gv‡bvbœqbÕ kxl©K †mwgbv‡ii mfvcwZi GKwU fvlY iPbv Ki| 23. cwi‡ek `~lY I Zvi cÖwZKvi m¤ú‡K© GKwU fvlY iPbv Ki| 24. ‡W½yR¡‡ii cÖwZ‡iva m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv m„wói j‡¶¨ GKwU fvlY iPbv Ki| 25. gnvb ¯^vaxbZv wè‡mi Zvrch© eY©bv K‡i GKwU fvlY iPbv Ki| 26. ÔweRq wèm †PZbvq A¤−vbÕ wel‡q Av‡jvPbv mfvq Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ GKwU fvlY iPbv Ki|

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cÖfvlY cÎ

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cÖwZ‡e`b

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cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

cÖ wZ ‡e ` b

cÖwZ‡e`b : msNwUZ †Kv‡bv NUbv ev Kvh©vewj A_ev we`¨gvb †Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ ev Zvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z fwel¨r m¤¢ve¨Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i we‡kl ixwZ Abymi‡Y †h Z_¨ weeiYx cÖYqb Kiv nq, Zv‡KB cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j| cÖwZ‡e`b cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v Ñ 1. gy³ ev msev` cÖwZ‡e`b : mivmwi Kv‡iv Øviv we‡klfv‡e Av‡`kcÖvß bv n‡q mvaviY gvbyl Z_v me©mvavi‡Yi ¯^vfvweK Z_¨Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi j‡¶¨ †h cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb Kiv nq, Zv‡KB gy³ cÖwZ‡e`b ev msev` cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j| mvaviYZ cÖwÎKvi cvZv‡ZB G RvZxq cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvk Kiv nq| †hgb Ñ GKwU moK `yN©Ubvi Dci cÖwZ‡e`b, GKwU Mv‡g©›U‡m AwMœKv‡Êi Dci cÖwZ‡e`b, evRv‡i `ªe¨g~j¨ e„w×i Dci cÖwZ‡e`b, cÖavbgš¿xi Rbmfvi Dci cwZ‡e`b, cyivKxwZ© cvPvi m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ‡e`b, GKRb gš¿x/ miKvix Kg©KZ©vi `ybx©wZ m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ‡e`b BZ¨vw`|

gy³ ev msev` cÖwZ‡e`b‡K mvaviYZ `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| h_v Ñ K. mvaviY cÖwZ‡e`b : †h me gy³ cÖwZ‡e`‡b cÖKvk¨ †Kvb NUbv Zz‡j aiv nq, †m me cÖwZ‡e`b‡K mvaviY cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j| †hgb Ñ GKwU mo‡K hvbhU m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ‡e`b, GKwU moK `yNU© bvi Dci cÖwZ‡e`b, GKRb cÖavbgš¿x / we‡ivax `jxq †bZvi Rbmfvi Dci cÖwZ‡e`b BZ¨vw`| L. AbymÜvbx cÖwZ‡e`b : †h me gy³ cÖwZ‡e`‡b †Kvb AbymÜvbg~jK Z_¨weeiYx Zz‡j aiv nq, †m me cÖwZ‡e`b‡K AbymÜvbx cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j| †hgb Ñ GKwU nZ¨vKvÊ m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ‡e`b, cÖkœcÎ duv‡mi Dci cÖwZ‡e`b, GKRb gš¿xi `yb©xwZ m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ‡e`b, cyivKxwZ© cvPvi m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ‡e`b BZ¨vw`|

2. cÖkvmwbK ev Awdwmqvj cÖwZ‡e`b : wewfbœ Awdm, Av`vjZ I _vbvmn Ab¨vb¨ miKvix, †emiKvix, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK, †¯^”Qv‡mex, `vZe¨ I wk¶vcÖwZôvbmg~‡ni wbR¯^ cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv ev Kvh©vewji Dci wfwË K‡i †h me cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb Kiv nq, †m me cÖwZ‡e`b‡KB cÖkvmwbK ev Awdwmqvj cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j| †hgb Ñ ‡Kvb wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi evwl©K eb‡fvRb, evwl©K µxov cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, mvs¯‹w… ZK mßvn wKsev cix¶v msµvš— cÖwZ‡e`b, †Kvb cix¶v‡K‡›`ª †Mvj‡hvM m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ‡e`b, †Kvb ¯’v‡b †evgv nvgjv m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ‡e`b, †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©µ‡gi Dci lvb¥vwmK, evwl©K wKsev wØevwl©K cÖwZ‡e`b, †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi evwl©K wnmve cÖwZ‡e`b, †Kv_vI msNwUZ `yN©Ubv, Pzwi, WvKvwZ ev jyUcvU msµvš— cÖwZ‡e`b, ‡Kv_vI m„ó kªwgK we‡¶vf ev Av‡›`vjb m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ‡e`b, Mvwo fvsPzi ev Mvwo‡Z AwMœ ms‡hvM msµvš— cÖwZ‡e`b, †Kvb Kg©KZ©v, Kg©Pvix ev gš¿xi `yb©xwZ m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ‡e`b BZ¨vw`| cÖkvmwbK ev Awdwmqvj cÖwZ‡e`b‡K cÖavbZ `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v Ñ (1) wbqwgZ cÖkvmwbK cÖwZ‡e`b : mywbw`©ó mg‡qi eëav‡b †h me cÖkvmwbK ev Awdwmqvj cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb Kiv nq, †m me cÖwZ‡e`b‡K wbqwgZ cÖkvmwbK cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j| †hgb Ñ †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©vewji Dci lvb¥vwmK, evwl©K wKsev wØevwl©K cÖwZ‡e`b, †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi evwl©K wnmve cÖwZ‡e`b BZ¨vw`| (2) AwbqwgZ cÖkvmwbK cÖwZ‡e`b : c~e© wba©vwiZ mg‡qi cwie‡Z© AwbqwgZfv‡e msNwUZ NUbvi Dci wfwË K‡i †h me cÖkvmwbK ev Awdwmqvj cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb Kiv nq, †m me cÖwZ‡e`b‡K AwbqwgZ cÖkvmwbK cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j| †hgb Ñ †Kvb cix¶v‡K‡›`ª †Mvj‡hvM m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ‡e`b, †Kvb ¯’v‡b †evgv nvgjv m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ‡e`b, †Kv_vI msNwUZ Pzwi, WvKvwZ ev jyUcvU msµvš— cÖwZ‡e`b, ‡Kv_vI m„ó kªwgK we‡¶vf ev Av‡›`vjb m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ‡e`b, Mvwo fvsPzi ev Mvwo‡Z AwMœ ms‡hvM msµvš— cÖwZ‡e`b, †bŠ `yN©Ubv m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ‡e`b, †Kvb Kg©KZ©v, Kg©Pvix ev gš¿xi `yb©xwZ m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ‡e`b BZ¨vw`| †Kvb _vbvi First Information Report (F I R) ev cÖv_wgK Z_¨ weeiYx Ges Final Report ev P~ovš— cÖwZ‡e`b G RvZxq cÖwZ‡e`‡bi `„óvš—| AwbqwgZ cÖkvmwbK cÖwZ‡e`b‡KI `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb Ñ K. ¯^vfvweK cÖwZ‡e`b : GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi AwbqwgZ ‡Kvb ¯^vfvweK Kvh©µg wb‡q †h cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb Kiv nq, †m cÖwZ‡e`b‡K ¯^vfvweK AwbqwgZ cÖkvmwbK cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j| †hgb Ñ ‡Kvb wk¶v ev mvgvwRK cªwZôv‡bi mvs¯‹…wZK Abyôvb ev mvs¯‹…wZK mßvn msµvš— Af¨š—ixb cÖwZ‡e`b, ‡Kvb wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi µxov cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Dci Af¨š—ixb cÖwZ‡e`b, †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi D‡`¨v‡M Av‡qvwRZ eb‡fvRb ev cÖ`k©bx m¤úwK©Z Af¨š—ixb cÖwZ‡e`b BZ¨vw`| L. Z`š— cÖwZ‡e`b : †h me cÖkvmwbK cÖwZ‡e`‡bi gva¨‡g †Kvb ai‡bi †Mvcb KvR ev AcivaKg© m¤ú‡K© DÑvwUZ Z‡_ï weeiY Zz‡j aiv nq, †m me cÖwZ‡e`b‡K Z`š— cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j| †hgb Ñ †Kvb cix¶v‡K‡›`ª †Mvj‡hvM m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ‡e`b, †Kvb ¯’v‡b †evgv nvgjv m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ‡e`b, †Kvb ¯’v‡b msNwUZ Pzwi, WvKvwZ ev jyUcvU msµvš— cÖwZ‡e`b, ‡Kv_vI m„ó kªwgK we‡¶vf ev Av‡›`vjb m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ‡e`b, Mvwo fvsPzi ev Mvwo‡Z AwMœ ms‡hvM msµvš— cÖwZ‡e`b, †bŠ `yN©Ubv m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ‡e`b, †Kvb Kg©KZ©v, Kg©Pvix ev gš¿xi `yb©xwZ m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ‡e`b BZ¨vw`| †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

cÖwZ‡e`b †jLvi mvaviY wbqg gy³ cÖwZ‡e`b †jLvi mvaviY c×wZ 1. wk‡ivbvg (Dc‡ii ga¨vs‡k cÖ`Ë wel‡qi Dci wfwË K‡i h_vm¤¢e AvKl©Yxq K‡i wjL‡Z n‡e)| 2. cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki bvg / c`we I cwiwPwZ / (bvCgyj Bmjvg / kvgmyj Bmjvg, Lyjbv cÖwZwbwa / wbR¯^ cÖwZ‡e`K / we‡kl cÖwZ‡e`K / ewikvj cÖwZwbwa/ †Rjv cÖwZwbwa, gqgbwmsn / wÎkvj (gqgbwmsn) cÖwZwbwa, åvg¨gvb cÖwZwbwa BZ¨vw`)| 3. Z_¨ weeiYx K. BbUªy ev cÖvi¤¢| L. †WmµvBf ev eY©bv|

Z_¨ weeiYx †jLvi mvaviY m~Î (Qq ÔKÕ A_ev dvBf Wwe−D, Iqvb GBP ) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

KLb †Kv_vq †K/ Kviv †Kb Kx Kxfv‡e

Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ

When. Where. Who. Why. What. How.

gy³ cÖwZ‡e`b †jLvi bgybv

wbR¯^ cÖwZ‡e`K (Uv½vBj) : MZ 26 Ryb mKvj 10Uvq e½eÜz hgybv †mZzi c~e© cÖv‡š— GK gg©vwš—K moK `yN©Ubvq 9 Rb wbnZ I 27 Rb AvnZ n‡q‡Q| cÖZ¨¶`kx©‡ì weeiY †_‡K Rvbv hvq, XvKv †_‡K e¸ovMvgx GKwU hvÎxevnx ev‡mi (bs - XvKv - e - 23256) mv‡_ w`bvRcyi †_‡K XvKvMvgx gvj †evSvB GKwU Uªv‡Ki (bs-ivRkvnx - n - 25632) gy‡LvgywL msNl© n‡j G `yN©UbvwU N‡U| G‡Z NUbv¯’‡jB PvjKmn 4 Rb wbnZ nq| G Qvov nvmcvZv‡j †bqvi c‡_ 2 Rb Ges nvmcvZv‡j †bqvi ci Av‡iv 3 R‡bi g„Zz¨ N‡U| wbnZ‡ì 3 R‡bi cwiPq Rvbv †M‡Q| Giv n‡jv e¸ov mì Dc‡Rjvi aybU MÖv‡gi ‡iv¯—g Avjxi cyÎ nv‡Zg Avjx (32), GKB MÖv‡gi iwdKzj Bmjv‡gi cyÎ wmivRyj Bmjvg (27) Ges Mvwoi PvjK MvRxcyi mì Dc‡Rjvi cvBbkvBj MÖv‡gi g„Z gwdR wgqvi cyÎ ‡gvt Avt ReŸvi (32)| G wi‡cvU© †jLv ch©š— Ab¨vb¨ wbnZ‡ì †Kvb cwiPq cvIqv hvqwb| gvivZ¥Kfv‡e AvnZ 3 Rb‡K Uv½vBj †Rbv‡ij nvmcvZvj †_‡K XvKv c½y nvmcvZv‡j ¯’vbvš—i Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡ì g‡a¨ 2 R‡bi Ae¯’v LyeB Avk¼vRbK e‡j Rvbv †M‡Q| AvnZ Ab¨vb¨ hvÎxiv Uv½vBj †Rbv‡ij nvmcvZvjmn wewfbœ nvmcvZvj I wK¬wb‡K fwZ© n‡q‡Q| A‡bK‡KB cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv †k‡l †Q‡o †`qv n‡q‡Q| `yN©Ubvi Lei †c‡q cywjk `ª“Z NUbv¯’‡j Av‡m Ges ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi mnvqZvq D×vi ZrciZv Pvjvq| G e¨vcv‡i mswk−ó _vbvq GKwU gvgjv n‡q‡Q| `ªe¨g~j¨ e„w×i Dci GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b †jL| wb‡P `ªe¨g~j¨ e„w×i Dci GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b †jLv n‡jv :

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15. evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl I K…lK : f~wgKv / AZxZ I eZ©gvb Ae¯’v / mgm¨v / mgvavb I M„nxZ c`‡¶c / Dcmsnvi| 16. `ªe¨g~j¨ e„w× I Zvi cÖwZKvi : f~wgKv/ g~jë„w×i KviY/ cwiYwZ ev ¶wZKi cÖfve/ cÖwZKvi/Dcmsnvi| 17. GKwU el©YgyLi mÜ¨v : f~wgKv/ mÜ¨vi m~Pbv/ eY©bv/ myLgq Abyf~wZ/ mÜ¨vi cÖK…wZ/Dcmsnvi| 18. †`k‡cÖg ev wcÖq G †`k Avgvi : f~wgKv / †`k‡cÖ‡gi ¯îƒc / †`k‡cÖ‡gi cÖKvk / cªfve / Dcmsnvi| 19. AvaywbK Rxeb I mf¨Zv : f~wgKv/ Rxeb I mf¨Zvi ¯îƒc/ Rxe‡bi m‡½ mf¨Zvi m¤úK©/ msKU/ m¤¢vebv/Dcmsnvi| 20. GKz‡ki eB‡gjv : f~wgKv/ BwZnvm/ eB‡gjvi eY©bv/¸i“Z¡ I cÖfve/ mgm¨v I mgvavb/Dcmsnvi| 21. bvixwk¶vi ¸i“Z¡ : f~wgKv / eZ©gvb Ae¯’v / cÖ‡qvRbxqZv / M„nxZ c`‡¶c / Dcmsnvi| 22. Avš—R©vwZK bvix wèm: f~wgKv/ bvix wè‡mi BwZnvm/¸i“Z¡ ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv/ evsjv‡`‡k bvix‡ì Ae¯’v/ bvix wè‡mi wk¶v/Dcmsnvi| 23. evsjv‡`‡ki wµ‡KU : f~wgKv / BwZnvm/ mv¤cÖwZK Ae¯’v / mgm¨v / m¤¢vebv / Dcmsnvi| 24. hy× bq kvwš— : f~wgKv / hy× ebvg kvwš— / hy‡×i AZxZ ‡cÖ¶vcU / eZ©gvb wek¦ cwiw¯’wZ / ¶wZKi w`K / kvwš—i D‡`¨vM / Dcmsnvi| 25. †mB †h Avgvi bvbv i‡Oi w`b¸wj ev ˆkke¯§„wZ: f~wgKv / ˆkk‡ei Ae¯’v / ‰kk‡ei ¯§„wZgq Aa¨vq / eZ©gvb mg‡qi m‡½ cv_©K¨ / Dcmsnvi| 26. eB covi Avb›`: f~wgKv/ eB‡qi êwkó¨/ eB covi ¸i“Z¡/ Rxe‡bi m‡½ eB‡qi m¤úK©/eB wbe©vPb/Dcmsnvi| 27. GKwU kx‡Zi mKvj / kx‡Zi mKvj | 28. GKwU ˆP‡Îi `ycyi / ˆP‡Îi `ycyi|

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evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

cÖfvlY cÎ

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bvUK

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cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

i³v³ cÖvš—i

bvU¨Kvi cwiwPwZ

1925 wLª÷v‡ãi 25 b‡f¤^i GK AwfRvZ m¤£vš— gymwjg cwiev‡i gvwbKMÄ kn‡i gybxi †PŠayixi Rb¥| gybxi †PŠayix 1947 mv‡j Bs‡iwR‡Z I 1954 mv‡j evsjvq XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K Gg.G K‡ib| 1958 mv‡j nvf©vW© wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K fvlvZ‡Ë¡ Gg.G wWwMÖ †bb| 1952 mv‡ji fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b mwµq AskMÖnY Zuvi Rxe‡bi †MŠiegq Aa¨vq|

iPbvewj

†gŠwjK bvUK Ñ gvbyl, bó †Q‡j, Kei, i³v³ cÖvš—i, `Ê, `ÊKviY¨, `Êai, wPwV BZ¨vw`| Abyev` bvUK Ñ gyLiv igYx ekxKiY, iƒcvi †KŠ‡Uv, †KD wKQy ej‡Z cv‡i bv, I‡_‡jv (Amgvß) BZ¨vw`| cÖeÜ MÖš’ - WªvB‡Wb I wW Gj ivq, gxi gvbm, Zzjbvg~jK mgv‡jvPbv, evsjv M`ïxwZ BZ¨vw`| i³v³ cÖvš—i bvUK I wKQy Z_¨ GKwU c~Y©v½ bvU‡K cuvPwU ce© _v‡K| h_v- cÖvi¤¢, cÖevn, DrKl©, MÖwš’‡gvPb I Dcmsnvi| i³v³ cÖvš—i bvU‡KI Zv Av‡Q| wkíixwZi we‡k−l‡Y GKwU c~Y©v½ bvU‡K PviwU Ask| h_v- Kvwnbx, PwiÎ, NUbv mgv‡ek I msjvc| gybxi †PŠayixi cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ Ges †kªô bvUK Ôi³v³ cÖvš—iÕ| Ôi³v³ cÖvš—iÕ- Gi bvU¨¸Y wePv‡ii cÖavb K‡qKwU w`K n‡”Q- HwZnvwmKZv, Uª¨v‡RwW, bvgKiY, PwiÎ m„wó, hy× we‡ivax †PZbv I fvlv msjvc| cÖK…Zc‡¶ gybxi †PŠayix HwZnvwmK cUf~wg‡Z GKwU †cÖ‡gi bvUK iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Ôi³v³ cÖvš—iÕ GKwU mv_©K Uª¨v‡RwWi `„óvš—| AvaywbK wPš—vq Uª¨v‡RwW Ôrepresentation of human unhappiness’ Ôi³v³ cÖvš—iÕ GKwU Ø›ØgyLi bvUK| 1761 mv‡ji msNwUZ cvwbc‡_i Z…Zxq hy× Ôi³v³ cÖvš—iÕ bvU‡Ki cUf~wg | Ôi³v³ cÖvš—iÕ bvU‡K bvix PwiÎ (3wU)- †Rvniv †eMg, Rwibv †eMg Ges wniYevjv| Ôi³v³ cÖvš—iÕ bvU‡K cyi“l PwiÎ (8wU)- Beªvwng Kvw`©, beve bRxe‡ÏŠjv, beve myRvD‡ÏŠjv, Avn&g` kvn Ave`vjx, AvZv Luv, w`jxc, ewki Luv Ges iwng †kL| Ôi³v³ cÖvš—iÕ bvUKwU wZbwU A‡¼ I AvUwU `„‡k¨ ms‡hvwRZ| Ôi³v³ cÖvš—iÕ bvUKwUi Kvwnbxi mvivsk †bIqv n‡q‡Q Kvq‡Kvev‡ì gnvKve¨ Ôgnvk¥kvbÕ †_‡K | Ôi³v³ cÖvš—iÕ bvU‡K hy‡×i BwZnvm bvU‡Ki DcKiY gvÎ Aby‡cÖiYv bq| Kvw`©i g„Zzï KviY B”QvK…Zfv‡e A¯úó ivLv n‡q‡Q bvU‡K| h‡Zv wn›`y Avi h‡Zv gymjgvb GB hy‡× cÖvY †`q cvK-fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m †Zgb Avi †Kvbw`b nq wb|

bvU‡Ki msÁv Rxeb m¤^Üxq aviYvi Kvwe¨K cÖKvk hv Awf‡bZviv iƒc w`‡Z cv‡i Ges kãgvayh© †kvbvi Rb¨ I Avw½K wµqvw` †`Lvi Rb¨ Dcw¯’Z `k©K‡ì Avb›` `vb Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb wkí gva¨g| ms¯‹…Z AvjsKvwiK‡ì g‡Z- Ôhv `„k¨ I kªe¨ Kv‡eï mgš^‡q i½g‡Âi mvnv‡h¨ MwZgvb gvbe Rxe‡bi cÖwZ”Qwe Avgv‡ì m¤§y‡L g~Z© K‡i †Zv‡j ZvB bvUK|Õ Ab¨ K_vq ejv hvq- ÔRxeb wel‡q aviYvi Ggb GK evwn¨K cÖKvk hv Awf‡bZvMY iƒc w`‡Z cv‡ib Ges hvi kã gvayh© ï‡b I Avw½K wµqvw` †`‡L Dcw¯’Z `k©Ke„›` Avb›` jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib- Zv‡K bvUK e‡j|

bvU‡Ki Avw½K I MVb‡KŠkj bvU‡Ki BwZnvm eû cÖvPxb| Mí ev Dcb¨vm m„wói eûc~‡e© cÖvPxb wMÖm †`‡k bvUK iPbvi m~ÎcvZ| bvUK wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨, g‡Âi mxgve× cwim‡i Ges wbw`©ó K‡qKwU Pwi‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ AwfbxZ nq| Avi †m Kvi‡YB bvU‡Ki ¯’vb, Kvj, NUbv I Pwi‡Îi msnwZ ev HK¨ cÖ‡qvRb| bvU‡Ki wZbwU HK¨ GKvš— evÃbxq| †m¸‡jv n‡jv: ; mg‡qi HK¨ (Unity of time) ; ¯’v‡bi HK¨ (Unity of place) †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

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; NUbvi HK¨ (Unity of action)

bvU‡Ki †kªYxwefvM Kvwnbxi Drm, welqe¯‘, MVbixwZ I im Abymv‡i bvUK‡K bvbv fv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq| †hgb Ñ K) mvgvwRK bvUK (Kvwnbxi Dr†mi wfwË‡Z) mgv‡R cÖPwjZ ixwZbxwZ, AvPvi-AvPiY I ms¯‹vi cÖf„wZ welq‡K Aej¤^b K‡i †h bvUK iwPZ nq Zv‡K mvgvwRK ev Mvn©¯’¨ bvUK e‡j| †hgb- gxi gkviid †nv‡m‡bi ÔRwg`vi `c©YÕ| L) HwZnvwmK bvUK (Kvwnbxi Dr†mi wfwË‡Z) h_vm¤¢e HwZnvwmK mZ¨ ¶zYœ bv K‡i, BwZnvm †_‡K Kvwnbx MÖnY K‡i †h bvUK iwPZ nq, Zv‡K HwZnvwmK bvUK e‡j| †hgb- wMixkP›`ª †Nv‡li ÔwmivR‡ÏŠjvÕ| M) †cŠivwYK bvUK (Kvwnbxi Dr†mi wfwË‡Z) ivgvqY,gnvfviZ ev Ab¨vb¨ fviZxq cyiv‡Yi Kvwnbxi Av‡jv‡K †h bvUK iwPZ nq, Zv‡K †cŠivwYK bvUK e‡j| †hgbgvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi Ôkwg©ôvÕ| N) iƒcK ev mvs‡KwZK bvUK (fvee¯‘ Abymv‡i) †Kv‡bv we‡kl NUbv‡K †K›`ª K‡i †Kv‡bv we‡kl ZË¡ cÖKv‡ki D‡Ï‡k¨ bvU¨Kvi †h bvUK iPbv K‡ib, Zv‡K iƒcK ev mvs‡KwZK bvUK e‡j| †hgb- iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔivRvÕ| O) MxwZbvU¨ (MVbixwZ Abymv‡i) MxwZbvU¨ ej‡Z b„Z¨MxZ msewjZ bvUK‡K †evSvq| ‡hgb: iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔwPÎv½`vÕ| P) PwiZ bvUK (welqe¯‘ Abymv‡i) †Kv‡bv gnr †jv‡Ki Rxebx Aej¤^‡b †h bvU‡Ki Kvwnbx iƒc jvf K‡i Zv‡K PwiZ bvUK e‡j| †hgb -ejvBPuv` gy‡Lvcva¨v‡qi ÔebdzjÕ| evsjv bvU‡Ki msw¶ß cwiwPwZ i“k cwieªvRK †n‡ivwmg †j‡e‡W‡di bvU¨PP©vi ga¨ w`‡q evsjv bvU‡Ki m~ÎcvZ| †n‡ivwmg †j‡e‡Wd I Zuvi eÜz gybwk †MvjKbv_ `vm wg‡j ‘Disguise’ Ges ‘Love is the best doctor’ bv‡g `yÕwU bvUK evsjvq Abyev` K‡ib Ges 1795 wLª÷v‡ã †j‡e‡W‡di cwiPvjbvq Zv KjKvZvq gÂvqb nq| Gw`K †_‡K ejv hvq, 1795 wLª÷v‡ãB evsjv bvU‡Ki Avwefv©e N‡U| Z‡e mv_©K evsjv bvU‡Ki cw_K…r g~jZ gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë (1824-1873)| wZwbB cÖ_g cvðv‡Zï bvU¨-ixwZ Abymv‡i evsjv bvUK iPbv K‡ib| Zuvi HwZnvwmK we‡qvMvš—K bvUK ÔK…òKzgvixÕ (1861)| G Qvov kwg©ôv (1859) I cÙveZx (1860) Zuvi `yÕwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ †cŠivwYK bvUK| GQvov ÔG‡KB wK e‡j mf¨ZvÕ (1860) Ges Ôey‡ov kvwj‡Ki Nv‡o †iuvÕ (1860) Zuvi `ywU mv_©K cÖnmb| gaym~`‡bi mgmvgwqK Avi GKRb mv_©K bvU¨Kvi n‡jb `xbeÜz wgÎ (1830-1873)| Zuvi Ôbxj `c©YÕ (1860) evsjv mvwn‡Zï GKwU Av‡jvob m„wóKvix bvUK| gxi gkviid †nv‡m‡bi (1847-1912) ÔRwg`vi `c©YÕ evsjv bvU¨mvwn‡Zï GKwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ ms‡hvRb| cieZ©x evsjv bvU‡K wMixkP›`ª †Nvl, wØ‡R›`ªjvj ivq I iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Amvgvb¨ mvdj¨ †`wL‡q‡Qb| wMixkP‡›`ªi ÔwmivR‡ÏŠjv; wØ‡R›`ªjv‡ji Ôb~iRvnvbÕ I ÔmvRvnvbÕ; iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔWvKNiÕ, ÔivRvÕ, ÔAPjvqZbÕ ÔwemR©bÕ, Ôi³KiexÕ ÔwPÎv½`vÕ I ÔwPiKzgvi mfvÕ evsjv bvU¨mvwn‡Zï Agi m¤ú`| KvRx bRi“j Bmjv‡gi ÔwSwjwgwjÕ, ÔAv‡jqvÕ BZ¨vw` bvUK¸‡jvI evsjv bvU¨mvwn‡Z¨ MxwZKvwe¨K e¨Äbvq wfbœgvÎv †hvM K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡Ki msw¶ß cwiwPwZ evsjv‡`‡ki bvU¨mvwn‡Zï L¨vwZgvb bvU¨Kvi‡ì g‡a¨ byi“j †gv‡g‡bi (1906-1989) bvUK¸‡jv we‡klfv‡e D‡j−L‡hvM¨| Zuvi iwPZ Ô†b‡gwmmÕ GKwU AmvaviY bvUK| AvmKvi Be‡b kvB‡Li (1925) HwZnvwmK I mvgvwRK bvUK¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ÔwZZzgxiÕ I ÔGcvi IcviÕ LyeB D‡j−L‡hvM¨| evsjv‡`‡ki bvU¨‡¶‡Î wbix¶vag©x I AvaywbK bvUK m„wó‡Z gybxi †PŠayixi (1925-1971) bvg ¯§iYxq n‡q Av‡Q| Zuvi ÔKeiÕ, Ôbó †Q‡jÕ I Ôi³v³ cÖvš—iÕ LyeB weL¨vZ bvUK| Jcb¨vwmK kIKZ Imgv‡bi GKwU we‡kl wbix¶vag©x bvUK n‡”Q (19191998) ÔAvgjvi gvgjvÕ| cÖL¨vZ Jcb¨vwmK ˆmq` IqvjxDj−vni (1922-1971), ÔewncxiÕ I ÔZi½f½Õ bvU‡K Avw½‡Ki wbix¶vg~jK cÖqvm j¶ Kiv †M‡Q| G Qvov Ab¨vb¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ bvU¨Kvi‡ì g‡a¨ wmKv›`vi Avey Rvd‡ii (1918-1975) ÔwmivR‡ÏŠjvÕ, AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv‡ì (1932) Ôgvqvex cÖniÕ, Avwbm †PŠayixi (1929-1990) ÔgvbwPÎÕ bvUK evsjv‡`‡ki bvU¨mvwn‡Z¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ms‡hvRb|

¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖkœvewj iPbvg~jK-DËi cÖkœ 1. ÒUª¨v‡RwW Kv‡K e‡j? Uª¨v‡RwW wn‡m‡e Ôi³v³ cÖvš—iÕ bvU‡Ki mv_©KZv wePvi Ki| †Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 8.

cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªYx

HwZnvwmK bvUK K‡K e‡j ? HwZnvwmK bvUK wn‡m‡e Òi³v³ cÖvš—iÓ-Gi mv_©KZv wePvi Ki| bvUK wn‡m‡e Òi³v³ cÖvš—iÓ-Gi mv_©KZv wePvi Ki| Òi³v³ cÖvš—i bvU‡Ki GKwU Ab¨Zg †PZbv nj hy×we‡ivax †PZbv|Ó-Av‡jvPbv Ki| i³v³ cÖvš—iÓ bvU‡Ki bvgKi‡Yi mv_©KZv wePvi Ki| Òi³v³ cÖvš—iÓ bvUK Aej¤^‡b Beªvwng Kvw`©i PwiÎ Av‡jvPbv Ki| Òi³v³ cÖvš—iÓ bvUK Aej¤^‡b ‡Rvniv †eM‡gi PwiÎ Av‡jvPbv Ki| Òi³v³ cÖvš—iÓ bvU‡K bvqK bq bvwqKvB cÖavb Ñ Av‡jvPbv Ki| Ôi³v³ cÖvš—iÕ GKwU Ø›ØgyLi bvUK- Av‡jvPbv Ki|

msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ 1. ÒZzwg cï, †m †`eZvÓ Ñ †K, Kv‡K Ges †Kb G K_v e‡j‡Q? 2. ÒAš—‡i Ag„Z bv _vK‡j gyL w`‡q GZ Mij DM‡i w`‡Z cvi‡Zv bv|ÓÑ †K, Kv‡K, Kvi cÖm‡½ G K_v e‡j‡Q? 3. †di wg‡Q K_v e‡j‡Qv †Zv GK †Kv‡c `yUzK‡iv K‡i †dj‡ev|Ó †K, Kv‡K, †Kb fq †`Lv‡”Q? 4. ÒKv‡jv c`©v bv QvB| H iƒ‡ci Av¸b AZ mn‡R XvKv c‡o?Ó Kvi iƒ‡ci K_v ejv n‡q‡Q? †K, Kv‡K, KLb G Dw³ K‡i‡Q? 5. w`jxc †K? ms‡¶‡c Zvi cwiPq `vI| 6. Ò†Zvgvi QÙ‡ek Aš—‡i bq ewni‡½|Ó †K, Kx cÖm‡½ G K_v e‡j‡Q? 7. ÒAvwg Avi GKR‡bi Rb¨ A‡c¶v Ki‡ev|ÕÕÑ †K, Kvi Rb¨ †Kb A‡c¶v Ki‡e? 8. Ògvbyl‡K Lyb K‡i gvbyl| gvby‡li i‡³ wcqvm †gUvq gvbyl| Rv‡bvqvi Pv‡U Rv‡bvqv‡ii i³ÓÑ †K , Kv‡K, KLb G Dw³ K‡iwQj? 9. ÒAvgvi c‡¶ Awbw`©óKvj ch©š— D`vmxb _vKv m¤¢e bqÓÑ †K Kv‡K KLb G K_v e‡jwQj? 10. ÒAvwg cix¶v Ki‡Z Avwmwb ; MÖnY Ki‡Z G‡mwQ|ÓÑ GwU Kvi Dw³? Kx cÖm‡½ G Dw³ Kiv n‡q‡Q? 11. ÒAvR Avgiv Rqx| m¤ú~Y© Rqx|Ó †K, KLb, †Kb G Dw³ K‡i‡Q? 12. wniYevjv †K? ms‡¶‡c Zvi cwiPq `vI| 13. Rwibv †K? Zvi cwiPq `vI| 14. ÒgiY †hLv‡b evmv †eu‡a‡Q Zvi bvg KvivMvi bq|Ó-‡K, Kx cÖm‡½ G Dw³ K‡i‡Q| 15. ÒGB wkwe‡i †Zvgvi Avgvi gvSLv‡b Avgvi wcZvi jvk ï‡q Av‡Q|Ó-Dw³wU †K, Kv‡K, †Kb K‡i‡Q? 16. Ò†h wd‡i hv‡e †m Avwg n‡ev bv| †m n‡e wek¦vm NvZK|Ó -Dw³wU Kvi, †Kb G Dw³ K‡i‡Q? 17. ÒAvwg Dò, Avwg Rxeš—| †Kb Avgv‡K Z¨vM Ki‡eb?Ó- ‡K, Kv‡K Ges †Kb G K_v e‡j‡Q| e¨vL¨v 1. hZ eo ¶wZ ZZ eo jvfÑ GZ RM‡Zi wbqg| 2. †`k bq, RvwZ bq, hk bqÑ hv Avcbv‡K GB AÜKvi iv‡Z Avgvi KvQ †_‡K wQwb‡q wb‡q hv‡”Q †m Ab¨ †Kvb bvix| 3. giY †hLv‡b evmv †eu‡a‡Q Zvi bvg KvivMvi bq| 4. Avwg bvix, Avwg ü`q w`‡q wek¦ Rq Kie | 5. jvj bv bxj, mv`v bv Kv‡jv, G AÜKv‡i Zv wK K‡i gvjyg Ki‡ev| 6. Kó, Ny‡gi eo K‡ó fy‡M‡Qv Zzwg| NygvI! Av‡iv NygvI| cÖvY f‡i NygvI| 7. whwb cÖK…Z exi I gnvb; wZwb `y‡qi g‡a¨ †gwKUv‡K †V‡j †d‡j w`‡q mv”PvUv Kzwo‡q wb‡q‡Qb| 8. †h wd‡i hv‡e; †m Avwg n‡ev bv| †m n‡e wek¦vmNvZK| 9. GB wkwe‡i †Zvgvi Avgvi gvSLv‡b Avgvi wcZvi jvk ï‡q Av‡Q| 10. Avwg Dò, Avwg Rxeš—| 11. Avgvi c‡¶ Awbw`©óKvj ch©š— D`vmxb _vKv m¤¢e bq| 12. †QvU gyw³Uv‡K Ae‡njv K‡i eo gyw³Uv‡K Avwj½b K‡i‡Qb| 13. gvbyl g‡i †M‡j c‡P hvq| †eu‡P _vK‡j e`jvq| Kvi‡Y-AKvi‡Y e`jvq| mKv‡j-weKv‡j e`jvq| 14. Kv‡jv c`©v bv QvB| H iƒ‡ci Av¸b AZ mn‡R XvKv c‡o? 15. Avwg wbwðZ Rvwb Rq-civRq hvB AvmyK g„Zz¨ wfbœ Avgvi gyw³i †Kvb c_ †bB|

c„ôv b¤^i-145

K¨vgweªqvb K‡jR

K¨vgweªqvb wcÖ-¯‹‡zj (†c-MÖ“c), cÖvBgvix ¯‹z‡j (1g †kªYx †_‡K 5g †kªYx), K¨vgweªqvb ¯‹z‡j (6ô-10g), K¨vgweªqvb K‡j‡R GKv`k-Øv`k †kªYx‡Z Aa¨q‡bi my‡hvM| fwZ© I Z_¨ †K›`ª

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