bangla-1st-2nd-paper-lecture-sheet by Atiq Isamee

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ D”P gva¨wgK

evsjv c_Ö g I wØZxq cÎ evsjv wefvM

K¨v g weª qv b K †j R Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb

 cÖKvkK K¨vgweªqvb cvewj KkÝ cøU-2, ¸jkvb mv K©j-2 XvKv| dvb : 9891919, 9881355 [cÖKvkK KZ…©K me©¯^Z¡ msiwÿZ]

 cÖ_g cÖKvk  cÖ_g ms¯‥iY  wØZxq ms¯‥iY  Z…Zxq ms¯‥iY  Z…Zxq ms¯‥iY  Z…Zxq ms¯‥iY

: 15 RyjvB, 2008 : 01 RyjvB, 2009 : 10 gvP©, 2010 : 25 Ryb, 2011 : 25 Ryb, 2012 : 25 Ryb, 2013

 †UªW gvK© †iwRt bs : 96504, kªwY-16, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv `k miKvi

 cÖ”Q` I AjsKiY : eyjeyj Avn‡g`

 K‡¤úvR : †gv. Rwniæj Bmjvg

Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

...

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb

cvÖ K K _ b

kªwYK ÿ wkÿv`vb cÖwµqvq cÖfvlY GKwU eûj cÖPwjZ I Kvh©Ki c×wZ| kªwYK ÿ cÖfvl Yi gva¨ g djcÖm~ I cÖvYešÍÑwkÿ Yi ÿ Î wkÿv_©x Ges wkÿ Ki c~e© cÖ¯‘wZi Kvb weKí bB| Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ GB cÖ¯‘wZi ÿ Î we kl mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb Ki Z cv i| Kbbv, cÖfvlY c Îi gva¨ g K¬v mi c~ e©B cvV`v bi welqwU K wkÿv_x© ì AeMZ Kiv j wkÿv`vb cÖwµqv A bK ewk mnR I djcÖm~ nq| GB we kl w`KwUi K_v we ePbv K i K¨vgweªqvb ¯ zj GÛ K j Ri cÖKvkbv wefvM K¨vgweªqvb cvewj Kkb wbqwgZfv e Ô†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎÕ cÖKvk K i Avm Q| Avgv ì Rvbv g Z D”P gva¨wgK ch©v q K¨vgweªqvb ¯ zj GÛ K jRB evsjv ` k cÖ_g G ai bi D `¨vM wb q Q| K¨vgweªqvb ¯ zj GÛ K j Ri evsjv wefvM _ K cÖKvwkZ GB Ô†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎÕ MÖ š’ D”P gva¨wgK kªwYi evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq c Îi b¤î eÈb, MÖš’ cwiwPwZ, cÖwZwU Aa¨v qi g~j Av jvP¨ welq, Qwe msewjZ jLK cwiwPwZ, cvV cwiwPwZ, cv Vi Drm, e¨vKi Yi wewfbœ msÁv I ` óvšÍ, fvlY I cÖwZ e` bi AvaywbK KvVv gv I MVb K kj Ges ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖkm œ n Abykxjbg~jK KvR mwbœ ewkZ n q Q; hv wkÿv_x© ì Ávb Avni Y h _ó mnvqK n e| Avgv ì GB cÖqvm K Kv R jvwM q wkÿK I wkÿv_x©iv DcK Z n j Gi cQ b Avgv ì wPšÍv, gav I kª gi h mgš^q N U Q Zv mv_©K n e| evsjv wefvM K jR kvLv K¨vgweªqvb ¯ zj GÛ K jR, 23, cÖMwZ miwY, evwiaviv, XvKv|

Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb

welq : evsjv (Avewk¨K)

cÖ_g cÎ (M`¨, KweZv I Dcb¨vm)

welq †KvW : 101

GKv`k †kªwY †gvU K¬v‡mi msL¨v : 116 wU

 mvaviY D‡Ïk¨ wkÿv_©x `i gv S bv›`wbK PZbv MVb, ms e`bkxjZv e w×, gvbweK g~j¨ eva m wó, fvlvMZ DrKl© mvab, m RbkxjZvi weKvk Ges RMr I Rxeb m¤ú K© kwíK ` wófw½ wbg©vY GB Kv mi© g j D Ïk¨|

 wkLb dj Kvm©wU m¤úbœ K i wkÿv_©x `i g a¨ cvi¯úwiK hvMv hvM I fve wewbg qi ÿgZv e w× cv e| wkÿv_©xiv evsjv fvlv ï×fv e wjL Z, ej Z I co Z cvi e| e¨envwiK ÿ Î G fvlvi ï× cÖ qvM Ki Z cvi e| m m ½ fvlvi wewPÎ I wkwíZ cÖ qvM NUv Z cvi e| GQvov Kv bv wKQy we kølY I Zv cÖKvk Kivi mÿgZv AR© bi gva¨ g wb R K G wel q D”PZi wkÿvi Rb¨ cÖ¯Z ‘ Ki Z cvi e|

 gvbeÈb m„Rbkxj K -wefvM (M`¨) - 20 2 wU m Rbkxj cÖ kœi DËi wjL Z n e ( 3wU _ K) :

10  2 = 20

L -wefvM (KweZv) Ñ 20 2 wU m Rbkxj cÖ kœi DËi wjL Z n e ( 3wU _ K) : M-wefvM (Dcb¨vm) - 20 2 wU m Rbkxj cÖ kœi DËi wjL Z n e ( 3wU _ K) :

10  2 = 20 10  2 = 20

eûwbe©vPbx evsjv msKjb eB qi M`¨ I KweZv _ K 40wU cÖ kœi DËi wjL Z n e Ñ

40  1= 40 me©‡gvU = 100

 cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb bxwZgvjv : cÖ_g cÎ   m Rbkxj As k 1wU K i AwZwi³ cÖkœ `qv _vK e|  cÖwZwU cÖ kœ 1wU K i DÏxcK I 4wU K i cÖkœ _vK e (Ávb, Abyaveb, cÖ qvM I D”PZi `ÿZv)|  m Rbkxj cÖ kœi cÖwZwU DÏxcK n e g wjK|  eB _ K mivmwi Kv bv DÏxcK `qv hv e bv|  eûwbe©vPbx cÖ kœ Kv bv AwZwi³ cÖkœ `qv _vK e bv| cÖwZwU cÖ kœi DËi w` Z n e|  eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ mvavib, eûc`x mgvwßm~PK I Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËKÑGB wZb fv M wef³ _vK e|

Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb

 cv V¨ cy ¯Í K m g~ n  (RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK evW© KZ© K Aby gvw`Z cvV¨cy¯Í Ki bvg) 1. D”P gva¨wgK evsjv msKjb msKjK : W. gvneyeyj nK 2. cÙvb`xi gvwS g~j : gvwbK e ›`¨vcva¨vq m¤úv`bv : gyn¤§` RvjvjDÏxb wek¦vm cÖKvkK : Kvgiæj G›UvicÖvBR

cvV¨m~wP M`¨ µwgK 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Aa¨v‡qi wk‡ivbvg KgjvKv šÍi Revbew›` ngšÍx mvwn Z¨ Ljv wejvmx Aa©v½x h e bi Mvb KwjgwÏ `dv`vi `ybx©wZ, Dbœq bi AšÍivq I DËi Yi c_ GKwU Zzjmx Mv Qi Kvwnbx GKz ki Mí Aciv nèi Mí

†jLK ew¼gP›`ª PÆcva¨vq iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi cÖg_ P ayix kirP›`ª P Ævcva¨vq iv Kqv mvLvIqvZ nv mb KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg Avey Rvdi kvgmyÏxb msKwjZ iPbv mq` IqvjxDjøvn Rwni ivqnvb ûgvq~b Avn g`

KweZv µwgK 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

KweZvi wk‡ivbvg e½fvlv mvbvi Zix Rxeb-e›`bv evsjv `k Kei Zvnv iB c o g b Avgvi c~e© evsjv cv Äwi AvVv iv eQi eqm GKwU d UvMÖvd

Kwe gvB Kj gaym~`b `Ë iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg Awgq PµeZ©x RmxgD`&`xb mywdqv Kvgvj mq` Avjx Avnmvb diiæL Avng` myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© kvgmyi ivngvb

Dcb¨vm  cÙvb`xi gvwS : gvwbK e ›`¨vcva¨vq Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

c ôv b¤^i-12

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb

welq : evsjv (Avewk¨K) wØZxq cÎ welq KvW : 102 Øv`k †kªwY  cÖkœcÎ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 

cÖYqb bxwZgvjv : wØZxq cÎ 

bvU Ki 2 wU iPbvg~jK cÖkœ _ K 1wUi DËi wjL Z n e| bvU Ki 2 wU welqwfwËK mswÿß cÖkœ _ K 1wUi DËi wjL Z n e| bvU Ki 2 wU e¨vL¨v _ K 1wU e¨vL¨v wjL Z n e| cÖeÜ iPbvi Rb¨ 5wU welq _vK e| h Kvb 1wU welq Aej¤^ b cÖeÜ iPbv Ki Z n e| e¨vKi Yi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ cvV¨m~wP _ K 8wU cÖkœ Ìqv _vK e| Gi g a¨ 5wU cÖ kœi DËi w` Z n e| eY©bvg~jK cÖkœ Qvov Ab¨vb¨ cÖk¸ œ jv Z evQvB K i DËi Ìqvi my hvM _vK e| cÎ wjL bi Rb¨ 2wU cÖkœ _vK e| Gi g a¨ h Kvb 1wUi DËi wjL Z n e| 1wU fvlY Ges 1wU cÖwZ e`b Ìqv _vK e| G `ywU _ K h Kvb 1wUi DËi wjL Z n e| KweZvsk _ K 1wU Ges M`¨vsk _ K Av iv 1wU fvee¯‘ Ìqv _vK e| G `ywU _ K h Kvb 1wUi fvem¤cÖmviY Ki Z n e| cÖeÜ iPbv, cÎ wjLb, fvlY Ges cÖwZ e` bi welq Ggbfv e wba©viY Kiv n e hv Z K i cixÿv_©xiv Zv ì wbR¯^ wPšÍv I AwfÁZvi Av jv K Zv wjL Z cv i| gyL¯’ K i DËi `v bi cÖeYZv `~i Ki Z mvaviYZ h me MZvbyMwZK welq cixÿvq Av m m¸ jv h_vm¤¢e cwinvi Ki Z n e|

 cv V¨ e B m g~ n  ( RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK evW© KZ© K Aby gvw`Z ) 1. i³v³ cÖvšÍi (bvUK) g~j : gybxi P ayix msKjK I m¤úv`bv : cÖYe P ayix 2. fvlv wkÿv : W. nvqvr gvgy` 3. evsjv e¨vKiY : W. kvnRvnvb gwbi 4. bZzb evsjv iPbv : AwRZ Kzgvi ¸n I Avwbmy¾vgvb| 5. evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY I iPbv ixwZ : W. gvneyeyj nK 6. D”P gva¨wgK evsjv e¨vKiY I iPbv : Ave`yjøvn Avj gvgyb 7. D”PZi evsjv e¨vKiY I iPbv : Aa¨vcK wbiÄb AwaKvix

 cv V¨ my wP  1. bvUK : i³v³ cÖvšÍi (RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK evW© KZ© K Aby gvw`Z) 2. cÖeÜ iPbv 3. e¨vKiY : kã MVb, evK¨ MVb, mgvm, mwÜ, cÖK wZ-cÖZ¨q, DcmM©, mgv_©K kã, wecixZ kã, cvwifvwlK I `vßwiK kã, weivgwP ýi e¨envi, evK¨ I k ãi ï× cÖ qvM| (G me wel q cÖkœ cÖYq bi ÿ Î ÔD”P gva¨wgK evsjv msKjbÕ MÖ š’i cvV¨m~wPfy³ cvV ¸iæZ¡ cv e|) 4. cÎ wjLb 5. fvlY I cÖwZ‡e`b 6. fve m¤cÖmviY Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

c ôv b¤^i-13

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb

GKv`k †kªwY †gvU Uvg© Ñ 3wU

†gvU K¬vm msL¨v Ñ 100wU

K¬vm msL¨v - 35 cvV Ñ 1 cvV Ñ 2 cvV Ñ 3 cvV Ñ 4 cvV Ñ 5 cvV Ñ 6 cvV Ñ 7 cvV Ñ 8 cvV Ñ 9 cvV Ñ 10 cvV Ñ 11 cvV Ñ 12 cvV Ñ 13 cvV Ñ 14 cvV Ñ 15 cvV Ñ 16 cvV Ñ 17 cvV Ñ 18 cvV Ñ 19 cvV Ñ 20 cvV Ñ 21 cvV Ñ 22 cvV Ñ 23 cvV Ñ 24 cvV Ñ 25 cvV Ñ 26 cvV Ñ 27 cvV Ñ 28 cvV Ñ 29 cvV Ñ 30 cvV Ñ 31 cvV Ñ 32 cvV Ñ 33 cvV Ñ 34 cvV Ñ 35

cÖ_g el© : cÖ_g Uvg© cwiwPwZce© I evsjvmvwn Z¨i BwZnvm-1 evsjvmvwn Z¨i BwZnvm-2 wm jevm I cixÿvi gvbeÈb m¤úwK©Z Av jvPbv m Rbkxj I eûwbe©vPwb cªkœ m¤úwK©Z Av jvPbv KgjvKv šÍi Revbew›` Ñ 1 KgjvKv šÍi Revbew›` Ñ 2 KgjvKv šÍi Revbew›` Ñ 3 e½fvlv Ñ 1 e½fvlv Ñ 2 e½fvlv Ñ 3 ngšÍx Ñ 1 ngšÍx Ñ 2 ngšÍx Ñ 3 ngšÍx Ñ 4 ngšÍx Ñ 5 mvbvi Zix Ñ 1 mvbvi Zix Ñ 2 mvwn Z¨ Ljv Ñ 1 mvwn Z¨ Ljv Ñ 2 mvwn Z¨ Ljv Ñ 3 Rxeb-e›`bv Ñ 1 Rxeb-e›`bv Ñ 2 wejvmx Ñ 1 wejvmx Ñ 2 wejvmx Ñ 3 wejvmx Ñ 4 evsjv `k Ñ 1 evsjv `k Ñ 2 Aa©v•Mx Ñ 1 Aa©v•Mx Ñ 2 Aa©v•Mx Ñ 3 Aa©v•Mx Ñ 4 c~e© cv Vi cybiv jvPbv (M`¨) Ñ 1 c~e© cv Vi cybiv jvPbv (M`¨) Ñ 2 c~e© cv Vi cybiv jvPbv (KweZv) Ñ 3

K¬vm msL¨v - 35 cvV Ñ 36 cvV Ñ 37 cvV Ñ 38 cvV Ñ 39

cÖ_g el© : wØZxq Uvg© KweZv I Q›` m¤úwK©Z Av jvPbv কবর-১ কবর-২ কবর-৩

Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

c ôv b¤^i-14

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

cvV Ñ 40 cvV Ñ 41 cvV Ñ 42 cvV Ñ 43 cvV Ñ 44 cvV Ñ 45 cvV Ñ 46 cvV Ñ 47 cvV Ñ 48 cvV Ñ 49 cvV Ñ 50 cvV Ñ 51 cvV Ñ 52 cvV Ñ 53 cvV Ñ 54 cvV Ñ 55 cvV Ñ 56 cvV Ñ 57 cvV Ñ 58 cvV Ñ 59 cvV Ñ 60 cvV Ñ 61 cvV Ñ 62 cvV Ñ 63 cvV Ñ 64 cvV Ñ 65 cvV Ñ 66 cvV Ñ 67 cvV Ñ 68 cvV Ñ 69 cvV Ñ 70

h e b iMvb Ñ 1 h e bi Mvb Ñ 2 h e bi Mvb Ñ 3 Zvnv iB c o g b Ñ 1 Zvnv iB c o g b Ñ 2 Zvnv iB c o g b Ñ ৩ KwjgwÏ `dv`vi Ñ 1 KwjgwÏ `dv`vi Ñ 2 KwjgwÏ `dv`vi Ñ 3 KwjgwÏ `dv`vi Ñ 4 cv Äwi Ñ 1 cv Äwi Ñ 2 cv Äwi Ñ 3 GKwU Zzjmx Mv Qi Kvwnbx Ñ 1 GKwU Zzjmx Mv Qi Kvwnbx Ñ 2 GKwU Zzjmx Mv Qi Kvwnbx Ñ 3 GKwU Zzjmx Mv Qi Kvwnbx Ñ 4 Avgvi c~e© evsjv Ñ 1 Avgvi c~e© evsjv Ñ 2 Avgvi c~e© evsjv Ñ 3 GKz ki Mí Ñ 1 GKz ki Mí Ñ 2 GKz ki Mí Ñ 3 `yb©xwZ, Dbœq bi AšÍivq I DËi Yi c_ Ñ 1 `ybx©wZ, Dbœq bi AšÍivq I DËi Yi c_ Ñ 2 `ybx©wZ, Dbœq bi AšÍivq I DËi Yi c_ Ñ 3 `ybx©wZ, Dbœq bi AšÍivq I DËi Yi c_ Ñ 4 `ybx©wZ, Dbœq bi AšÍivq I DËi Yi c_ Ñ 5 c~e© cv Vi cybiv jvPbv (M`¨) Ñ 1 c~e© cv Vi cybiv jvPbv (M`¨) Ñ 2 c~e© cv Vi cybiv jvPbv(KweZv) Ñ 3

K¬vm msL¨v - 30 cvV Ñ 71 cvV Ñ 72 cvV Ñ 73 cvV Ñ 74 cvV Ñ 75 cvV Ñ 76 cvV Ñ 77 cvV Ñ 78 cvV Ñ 79 cvV Ñ 80 cvV Ñ 81 cvV Ñ 82 cvV Ñ 83 cvV Ñ 84 cvV Ñ 85

cÖ_g el© : Z…Zxq Uvg© (el© mgvcbx) AvVv iveQieqm Ñ 1 AvVv iveQieqm Ñ 2 Aciv nèiMí Ñ 1 Aciv nèiMí Ñ 2 Aciv nèiMí Ñ 3 GKwUd UvMÖvd Ñ 1 GKwUd UvMÖvd Ñ 2 cÙvb`xigvwS Ñ 1 cÙvb`xigvwS Ñ 2 cÙvb`xigvwS Ñ 3 cÙvb`xigvwS Ñ 4 cÙvb`xigvwS Ñ 5 cÙvb`xigvwS Ñ 6 cÙvb`xigvwS Ñ 7 cÙvb`xigvwS Ñ 8

Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb

c ôv b¤^i-15

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ cvV Ñ 86 cvV Ñ 87 cvV Ñ 88 cvV Ñ 89 cvV Ñ 90 cvV Ñ 91 cvV Ñ 92 cvV Ñ 93 cvV Ñ 94 cvV Ñ 95 cvV Ñ 96 cvV Ñ 97 cvV Ñ 98 cvV Ñ 99 cvV Ñ 100

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb

cÙvb`xigvwS Ñ 9 cÙvb`xigvwS Ñ 10 cÙvb`xigvwS Ñ 11 cÙvb`xigvwS Ñ 12 cÙvb`xigvwS Ñ 13 cÙvb`xigvwS Ñ 14 cÙvb`xigvwS Ñ 15 cÙvb`xigvwS Ñ 16 c~e© cv Vicybiv jvPbv (M`¨) Ñ 1 c~e© cv Vicybiv jvPbv (M`¨) Ñ 2 c~e© cv Vicybiv jvPbv (M`¨) Ñ ৩ c~e© cv Vicybiv jvPbv (KweZv) Ñ4 c~e© cv Vicybiv jvPbv (KweZv) Ñ 5 c~e© cv Vicybiv jvPbv (Dcb¨vm) Ñ 6 c~e© cv Vicybiv jvPbv (Dcb¨vm) Ñ 7

cÖ_g I wØZxq Uvg© cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb c×wZ I gvb eÈb

mgq : 3 NÈv

evwl©K (el© mgvcbx) cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb c×wZ I gvb eÈb

cÖ kœ c Î cÖ Y q b c × wZ I gv b e È b

mgq : 3 NÈv

c~Y©gvb : 100

1. M`¨vsk _ K 3wU m Rbkxj cÖ kœi DËi w` Z n e (5wUi g a¨) : 103=30 2. KweZvsk _ K 3wU m Rbkxj cÖ kœi DËi w` Z n e (4wUi g a¨) : 103=30 3. M`¨ I KweZvsk _ K 40wU enywbe©vPbx cÖ kœi DËi w` Z n e (40wUi g a¨) : 140=40 [24wU (60%) Ávb I Abyavebg~jK Ges 16wU (40%) cª qvM I `ÿZvg~jK cÖkœ _vK e]

Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

1. 2. 3. 4.

c~Y©gvb : 100

M`¨vsk _ K 2wU m Rbkxj cÖ kœi DËi w` Z n e (3wUi g a¨) : 102=20 KweZvsk _ K 2wU m Rbkxj cÖ kœi DËi w` Z n e (3wUi g a¨) : 102=20 Dcb¨vm _ K 2wU m Rbkxj cÖ kœi DËi w` Z n e (3wUi g a¨) : 102=20 M`¨ I KweZvsk _ K 40wU enywbe©vPbx cÖ kœi DËi w` Z n e (40wUi g a¨) : 140=40 [M`¨ I KweZvsk _ K 24wU (60%) Ávb I Abyavebg~jK Ges 16wU (40%) cª qvM I `ÿZvg~jK cÖkœ _vK e]

c ôv b¤^i-16

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb

Øv`k †kªwY Uvg© msL¨v Ñ 3 wU

†gvU K¬vm msL¨v Ñ 100wU

K¬vm msL¨v - 35 cvV Ñ 1 cvV Ñ2 cvV Ñ3 cvV Ñ4 cvV Ñ5 cvV Ñ6 cvV Ñ7 cvV Ñ8 cvV Ñ9 cvV Ñ10 cvV Ñ11 cvV Ñ12 cvV Ñ13 cvV Ñ14 cvV Ñ15 cvV Ñ16 cvV Ñ17 cvV Ñ18 cvV Ñ19 cvV Ñ20 cvV Ñ21 cvV Ñ22 cvV Ñ23 cvV Ñ24 cvV Ñ25 cvV Ñ26 cvV Ñ27 cvV Ñ28 cvV Ñ29 cvV Ñ30 cvV Ñ31 cvV Ñ32 cvV Ñ33 cvV Ñ34 cvV Ñ35

wØZxq el© : cÖ_g Uvg© wm jevm I cixÿvi gvbeÈb m¤úwK©Z Av jvPbv fvlv I e¨vKiY m¤úwK©Z Av jvPbv Ges msÁv e¨vKi Yi Av jvP¨m~wP I cÖ qvRbxqZv aŸwb msµvšÍ Av jvPbv kã I k ãi DrcwËMZ cÖKvi f` k ãi A_©MZ cÖKvi f` k ãi MVbMZ cÖKvi f` I wewfbœ MVb c×wZ kã msµvšÍ mgwš^Z Av jvPbv fve m¤cÖmviY (wba©vwiZ 3wU fve m¤cÖmviY ) Ñ 1 fve m¤cÖmviY (wba©vwiZ 3wU fve m¤cÖmviY) Ñ 2 evK¨, D Ïk¨, we aq I mv_©K evK¨ MV bi ewkó¨mg~n ev Kï MVbMZ cÖKvi f` I i cvšÍi c×wZ ev Kï A_©MZ cÖKvi f` I i cvšÍi c×wZ ev Kï evaMZ cÖKvi f` I i cvšÍi c×wZ evK¨ i cvšÍi I evK¨ msµvšÍ mgwš^Z Av jvPbv cÎ (cÎ m¤úwK©Z aviYv I e¨w³MZ cÎ) Ñ 1 cÎ (Av e`b cÎ) Ñ 2 Y-Z¡ weavb l-Z¡ weavb mgvm Ñ 1 mgvm Ñ 2 mgvm Ñ 3 mgvm Ñ 4 fvlY Ñ 1 fvlY Ñ 2 fvlY Ñ 3 mgv_©K kã Ñ 1 mgv_©K kã Ñ 2 AbymM© DcmM© cÖeÜ iPbv (cÖv_wgK Av jvPbv) Ñ 1 cÖeÜ iPbv (wba©vwiZ 1wU iPbv) Ñ 2 cÖeÜ iPbv (wba©vwiZ 1wU iPbv) Ñ 3 cÖeÜ iPbv (wba©vwiZ 1wU iPbv) Ñ 4 cÖeÜ iPbv (wba©vwiZ 1wU iPbv) Ñ 5

K¬vm msL¨v - 30 cvV Ñ36 cvV Ñ37 cvV Ñ38 cvV Ñ39 cvV Ñ40 cvV Ñ41 cvV Ñ42

wØZxq el© : wØZxq Uvg© cÖK wZ-cÖZ¨q Ñ 1 cÖK wZ-cÖZ¨q Ñ 2 cÖK wZ-cÖZ¨q Ñ 3 cÖK wZ-cÖZ¨q Ñ 4 fve m¤cÖmviY (wba©vwiZ 3wU fve m¤cÖmviY) Ñ 3 fve m¤cÖmviY (wba©vwiZ 3wU fve m¤cÖmviY) Ñ 4 wecixZ kã Ñ 1

Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

c ôv b¤^i-17

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

cvV Ñ43 cvV Ñ44 cvV Ñ45 cvV Ñ46 cvV Ñ47 cvV Ñ48 cvV Ñ49 cvV Ñ50 cvV Ñ51 cvV Ñ52 cvV Ñ53 cvV Ñ54 cvV Ñ55 cvV Ñ56 cvV Ñ57 cvV Ñ58 cvV Ñ59 cvV Ñ60 cvV Ñ61 cvV Ñ62 cvV Ñ63 cvV Ñ 64 cvV Ñ 65

wecixZ kã Ñ 2 cvwifvwlK kã Ñ 1 cvwifvwlK kã Ñ 2 cvwifvwlK kã Ñ 3 cÎ (cwÎKvi cÎ) Ñ 3 cÎ (Avgš¿Y cÎ / wbgš¿Y cÎ, gvb cÎ) Ñ 4 cÎ (e¨emvwqK cÎ I Ab¨vb¨ cÎ) Ñ 5 mwÜ Ñ 1 mwÜ Ñ 2 kã ïw×KiY Ñ 1 kã ïw×KiY Ñ 2 evK¨ ïw×KiY Ñ 1 evK¨ ïw×KiY Ñ 2 cÖwZ e`b (cÖv_wgK Av jvPbv I cÖwZ e`b cwiwPwZ) Ñ 1 cÖwZ e`b (cwÎKvi cÖwZ e`b) Ñ 2 cÖwZ e`b (Awdwmqvj cÖwZ e`b) Ñ 3 cÖwZ e`b (mvwe©K Av jvPbv I Abykxjb) Ñ 4 hwZ wPý Ñ 1 hwZ wPý Ñ 2 cÖeÜ iPbv (wba©vwiZ 1wU iPbv) Ñ 6 cÖeÜ iPbv (wba©vwiZ 1wU iPbv) Ñ 7 cÖeÜ iPbv (wba©vwiZ 1wU iPbv) Ñ 8 cÖeÜ iPbv (wba©vwiZ 1wU iPbv) Ñ 9

K¬vm msL¨v - 35 cvV Ñ 66 cvV Ñ 67 cvV Ñ 68 cvV Ñ 69 cvV Ñ 70 cvV Ñ 71 cvV Ñ 72 cvV Ñ 73 cvV Ñ 74 cvV Ñ 75 cvV Ñ 76 cvV Ñ 77 cvV Ñ 78 cvV Ñ 79 cvV Ñ 80 cvV Ñ 81 cvV Ñ 82 cvV Ñ 83 cvV Ñ 84

wØZxq el© : Z…Zxq Uvg© (el© mgvcbx) i³v³ cÖvšÍi Ñ 1 i³v³ cÖvšÍi Ñ 2 i³v³ cÖvšÍi Ñ 3 i³v³ cÖvšÍi Ñ 4 i³v³ cÖvšÍi Ñ 5 i³v³ cÖvšÍi Ñ 6 i³v³ cÖvšÍi Ñ 7 i³v³ cÖvšÍi Ñ 8 i³v³ cÖvšÍi Ñ 9 i³v³ cÖvšÍi Ñ 10 i³v³ cÖvšÍi Ñ 11 i³v³ cÖvšÍi Ñ 12 i³v³ cÖvšÍi Ñ 13 i³v³ cÖvšÍi Ñ 14 i³v³ cÖvšÍi Ñ 15 i³v³ cÖvšÍi Ñ 16 i³v³ cÖvšÍi Ñ 17 i³v³ cÖvšÍi Ñ 18 i³v³ cÖvšÍi Ñ 19

cvV Ñ 85 cvV Ñ 86 cvV Ñ 87

i³v³ cÖvšÍi Ñ 20 fve m¤cÖmviY (wba©vwiZ 3wU fve m¤cÖmviY) Ñ 5 fve m¤cÖmviY (wba©vwiZ 3wU fve m¤cÖmviY) Ñ 6

Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb

c ôv b¤^i-18

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ cvV Ñ 88 cvV Ñ 89

fve m¤cÖmviY (wba©vwiZ 3wU fve m¤cÖmviY ) Ñ 7 cÖeÜ iPbv (wba©vwiZ 1wU iPbv) Ñ 10

cvV Ñ 90 cvV Ñ 91 cvV Ñ 92 cvV Ñ 93 cvV Ñ 94 cvV Ñ 95 cvV Ñ 96 cvV Ñ 97 cvV Ñ 98 cvV Ñ 99 cvV Ñ 100

cÖeÜ iPbv (wba©vwiZ 1wU iPbv) Ñ 11 cÖeÜ iPbv (mvwe©K Av jvPbv) Ñ12 c~e© cv Vi cybiv jvPbv (e¨vKiY) Ñ 1 c~e© cv Vi cybiv jvPbv (e¨vKiY) Ñ 2 c~e© cv Vi cybiv jvPbv (fve m¤cÖmviY) Ñ 3 c~e© cv Vi cybiv jvPbv (cÎ) Ñ 4 c~e© cv Vi cybiv jvPbv (fvlY I cÖwZ e`b) Ñ 5 c~e© cv Vi cybiv jvPbv (i³v³ cÖvšÍi) Ñ 6 c~e© cv Vi cybiv jvPbv (i³v³ cÖvšÍi) Ñ 7 c~e© cv Vi cybiv jvPbv (cÖeÜ iPbv) Ñ 8 c~e© cv Vi cybiv jvPbv (cÖeÜ iPbv) Ñ 9

cÖ_g I wØZxq Uvg© cixÿv

cÖ kœ c Î

cÖ Y q b

c × wZ

gv b e È b

mgq : 3 NÈv



GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb

c~Y©gvb : 100

cwVZ wel qi Ici wfwË K i gvb eÈb mv c ÿ cÖkœ cÖYqb Kiv n e|

mgq : 3 NÈv

c~Y©gvb : 100

 bvUK

 1 wU iPbvg~jK cÖkœ (2wU _ K)  1 wU welqwfwËK mswÿß cÖkœ (2wU _ K)  1 wU e¨vL¨v (2wU _ K)

el© mgvcbx cixÿv

101 =10 51 =05 51 =05

 cÖeÜ, e¨vKiY I weiPb

    

1 wU cÖeÜ iPbv (5wU _ K) 5 wU e¨vKiYg~jK cÖkœ (8wU _ K) 1 wU cÎ wjLb (2wU _ K) 1wU fvlY A_ev cÖwZ e`b 1 wU fve-m¤cÖmviY (2wU _ K)

201=20 65 =30 101 =10 101 =10 101 =10 me© gvU=100

GB c ôv ev` hv eGB c ôv ev` hv e

Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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cÖ_g cÎ

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evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm  evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i hyM-wefvM mvwnZ¨ mgv jvPKMY evsjv mvwnZ¨ iPbvi mgqKvj K gvU wZbwU fv M wef³ K i Qb| h_v : 1. cÖvPxb hyM (650Ñ1200 wLª÷vã)| 2. ga¨ hyM (1201Ñ1800 wLª÷vã)| 3. AvaywbK hyM (1801ÑA`¨vewa)|

 cÖvPxb hyM               

wb`k©b : Ph©vc` (¯^Zš¿ Zvj I ivMwewkó e × a g©i mvab msMxZ)| gvU c ì msL¨v : 51 wU| msM nxZ c ì msL¨v : mv o 46 wU| msMÖ ni Drm : bcv ji ivRìevi¯’ cvVvMvi| msMÖn I Avwe® v ii mgq : 1907 wLª÷vã| msMÖvnK : gnvg nvcva¨vq nicªmv` kv¯¿x| cÖ_g cÖKvk : 1916 wLª÷vã (e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil`, m¤úv`K Ñ gnvg nvcva¨vq nicªmv` kv¯¿x)| Ph©vKv ii msL¨v : 24 Rb| Ph©vKvi‡ì bvg : jyB, Kz°zix, weiyAv, MyÛix, PvwUj, fymyKz, Kvý, Kvgwj, Wv¤^x, kvwšÍ, gwnËv, exYv, min, kei, AvR è, XÛb, `vwiK, fv `, ZvoK, K¼Y, RAbw›`, avg, Zš¿x I jvox Wv¤^x| msM nxZ c ì g a¨ jvox Wv¤^xi Kvb c` cvIqv hvqwb| c ì fwYZvq cÖ Z¨K c`KZ©vi bv gi k l m¤§vbm~PK ÔcvÕ hy³ Kiv n Zv| A bK c`KZ©vi bvgB wQj QÙbvg| me©vwaK c` iPwqZv : Kvýcv` (13 wU)| welqe¯‘i we klZ¡ : agx©q Z Ë¡i mv _ mgvRwP Îi Dcw¯’wZ| GKwU c ì Askwe kl  DÂv DÂv cveZ Zwnu emB meix evjx| gviv½ cx”Q cwinvY meix MxeZ ¸Äix gvjx|| [ DuPz DuPz ce©Z Ñ Z_vq e m keix evwjKv, gq~icy”Q cwiwnZ keix Mjvq ¸Ävi gvjv| Ñ keicv]

 ga¨ hyM  D jøL hvM¨ wb`k©bmg~n 1. kªxK…òKxZ©b Kve¨ : eo– PÛx`vm kªxK òKxZ©b Kv e¨i LÐ msL¨v : 13 wU (Rb¥LÐ, Zv¤^yjLÐ, `vbLÐ, b KvLÐ, fviLÐ, QÎLÐ, e ›`vebLÐ, Kvwji`gbLÐ, hgybvLÐ, nviLÐ, evYLÐ, eskxLÐ I ivavwein)| 2. •eòe c`vejx : we`¨vcwZ, PÛx`vm, Mvwe›``vm, Ávb`vm, ejivg`vm, RM`vb›`, ivq kLi, kL Kwei, AvdRj, kL dqRyjøvn&, mq` AvBbywÏb, mq` gZ©yRv, AvjvIj, Avjx iRv, Kgi Avjx, mq` myjZvb, bIqvwRm cÖgyL| 3. kªx •PZb¨‡`‡ei Rxebx mvwnZ¨ (GKvwaK) : e ›`veb`vm, jvPb`vm, Rqvb›`, K ò`vm KweivR, Mvwe›``vm, P~ovgwY`vm cÖgyL| 4. Abyev` mvwnZ¨ K. ivgvqY : K wËevm, A™¢yZvPvh©, P›`ªveZx| L. gnvfviZ : Kex›`ª ci gk¦i (j¯ i civMj Lv bi wb `© k), kªxKi b›`x (j¯ i civMj Lv bi cyÎ QzwU Lv bi wb `© k), mÄq, Kvkxivg `vm| Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

c ôv b¤^i-21

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†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb

M. fvMeZ (kªxK ò weRq) : gvjvai emy (¸YivR Lvb Ñ M ok¦i KZ© K `qv Dcvwa)| 5. g½jKve¨ K. gbmvg½j : Kvbvnwi`Ë, bvivqb è, weRq¸ß, wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB, wØR eskx`vm, KZKv`vm ÿgvb›`, ÿgvb›`, Zš¿wef~wZ, RM¾xeb Nvlvj, weòzcvj, lôxei `Ë, Kvwj`vm, mxZvivg`vm cÖgyL| L. PÛxg½j (Kvj KZz DcvL¨vb, abcwZ m`vM ii Kvwnbx): gvwYK `Ë, wØR gvae, gvaevPvh©, gyKz›ìvg PµeZx©, wØR ivg è, nwiivg, jvjv RqbvivqY mb, fevbxk¼i `vm, AwKÂb PµeZx© cÖgyL| M. `yM©vg½j : wØR Kgj jvPb, fevbxcÖmv` ivq| N. ag©g½j (ivRv nwikP ›`ªi Kvwnbx, jvD m bi Kvwnbx) : gq~ifÆ, Avw` i civg, Ljvivg PµeZx©, gvwYKivg, i civg, k¨vgcwÐZ, mxZvivg `vm, ivRvivg `vm, ivg`vm Av`K, wØR cÖfyivg, Nbivg PµeZx©, ivgP›`ª e ›`¨vcva¨vq, mn è PµeZx©, ü`qivg mvD, biwmsn emy cÖgyL| O. wkeg½j   wkevqb : ivgK ò ivq, k¼i KweP›`ª, iv gk¦i fÆvPvh© cÖgyL|  g„Mjyä : ivgivRv, iwZ è| P. KvwjKvg½j (we`¨vmy›` ii Kvwnbx): Kwe K¼, kªxai KweivR, mvwewi` Lvb, Mvwe›` `vm, ejivg Kwe kLi, ivgcÖmv` mb cªgyL| Q. Abœ`vg½j : fviZP›`ª ivq ¸YvKi| GQvovI g½jKve¨ wn m e ZLb h Kve¨¸ jv iwPZ n q Q Zvi g a¨ D jL hvM¨ n jv Ñ lôxg½j, ivqg½j, kxZjvg½j I Kgjvg½j Kve¨| 6. bv_ mvwnZ¨ K. Mviÿ weR qi Kvwnbx : kL dqRyjvn&, k¨vg`vm mb, Kex›`ª`vm, fxg mb| L. gqbvgZx ev MvcxP ›`ªi MxZ : `yj©f gwjK, fevbx`vm, myKzi gvngy`| 7. AvivKvb ivRmfvi evsjv mvwnZ¨   †`․jZ KvRx : mZx gqbv I jvi P›`ªvbx (Kwei g Zzï ci Kve¨wUi klvsk iPbv K ib Kwe AvjvIj)|  gi`b : bmxiv-bvgv|  †Kv‡ikx gvMY VvKzi : cÙveZx|  AvjvIj : cÙveZx (g~j : gvwjK gyn¤§` Rvqmx), mqdzj gyjyK ew`D¾vgvj, mZx gqbv I jvi P›`ªvbxi klvsk, mß cqKi, Zvn&dv, mKv›ìbvgv, m½xZkv¯¿ (ivMZvjbvgv), ivaK ò i c K iwPZ c`vejx|  Ave`yj Kixg ‡Lv›`Kvi : `yjv gRwjk| 8. †ivgvw›UK cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb  kvn gyn¤§` mMxi : BDmyd Rv jLv|  ` jZ DwRi evnivg Lvb : jvqjx gRby|  gyn¤§` Kexi :gaygvjZx|  mvwewi` Lvb : nvwbdv-Kqivcix, we`¨vmy›ì|  `vbvMvRx P ayix : mqdzj gyjyK ew`D¾vgvj|  ` jZ KvRx : mZx gqbv- jvi P›`ªvbx|  AvjvIj : cÙveZx, mß cqKi|  Kv ikx gvMY VvKzi : cÙveZx|  Ave`yj nvwKg : jvjgZx mqdzj gyjyK|  bIqvwRm Lvb : ¸ j eKvIjx|  g½j Puv` : kvnRvjvj-gaygvjv|  mq` gyn¤§` AvKei : RejgyjyK kvgv ivL|  gyn¤§` gyKxg : g MveZx|  kL mv`x : M`vgwjKv| 9. gwm©qv mvwnZ¨  kL dqRyjvn& : Rqb ei P wZkv|  ` jZ DwRi evnivg Lvb : R½bvgv|  gyn¤§` Lvb : g³zj nv mb|  kievR : Kvwk gi jovB|  nvqvr gvngy` : R½bvgv (Ab¨vb¨ Kve¨: wPË DÌvb, wnZÁvbevYx I Avw¤^qvevYx)| Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

c ôv b¤^i-22

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†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb

 Rvdi : knx`-B Kvievjv|  nvwg` : msMÖvg ûmb| 10. †jvK mvwnZ¨ : Qov, Mvb ( jvKMxwZ), MxwZKv (AvL¨vbg~jK jvKMxwZ), bv_ MxwZKv, ggbwmsn MxwZKv (gûqv, gjyqv, P›`ªveZx, Kgjv, Ìqvb fvebv, `my¨ Kbviv gi cvjv, i ceZx, K¼ I jxjv, KvRj iLv I Ìqvbv gw`bv), c~e©e½ MxwZKv, K_v (M `¨ ewY©Z Kvwnbx), i cK_v, DcK_v (ckycÿxi PwiÎ Aej¤^ b iwPZ Kvwnbx), eªZK_v ( g qwj eª Zi mv _ m¤úwK©Z Kvwnbx), auvauv, cÖev` BZ¨vw`| 11. KweMvb  KweMv bi Askmg~n : K. e›`bv ev ¸iæ ` ei MxwZ, L. mLxmsev` M. wein Ges N. LDo  Kweqvje ›`: MuvRjv MyuB, fevbx e b, ivmy-b wmsn, niy VvKzi, Kóv gywP, wbZvB eivMx, ivg emy, fvjv gqiv, G›Uwb wdwiw½, kªxai K_K, bxjgwY cvUbx, ejivg eòe, ivg-my›ì m¨vKiv cÖgyL| 12. UàvMvb : ivgwbwa Myß (wbay evey), Kvjx wgR©v, kªxai K_K| 13. cuvPvwj Mvb : `vkiw_ ivq (`vï ivq)| 14. cuyw_ mvwnZ¨  dwKi Mixeyjvn& : BDmyd- Rv jLv, Avgxi nvgRv (cÖ_g Ask), R½bvgv, mvbvfvb, mZ¨cx ii cuyw_|  •mq` nvgRv : gaygvjZx, Avgxi nvgRv ( klvsk), RMy bi cuyw_|  †gvnv¤§` `v‡bk : Pvnvi ì ek, Mvj e Qvbyqvi, b~iæj Bgvb, nv Zg ZvB|  Ave`yj Mdzi : MvRx Kvjy I P¤úveZx|  Ave`yj nvwKg : MvRx Kvjy I P¤úveZx|  1200 _ K 1350 wLª. ch©šÍ mgqKvj K ejv nq AÜKvi hyM| G mg qi D jL hvM¨ mvwnZ¨ KxwZ© n jv :  k~b¨cyivY : ivgvB cwÐZ (ag©c~Rvi kv¯¿MÖš’)|  †mK ï‡fv`qv : njvq~a wgkª (j²Y m bi mfvKwe)|

 AvaywbK hyM     K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. P.   1. 2.

AvaywbK hy Mi m~Pbv ÿÎ : wn›`y K jR| AvaywbK hyM cÖeZ© bi cÖavb cyiæl : wW ivwRI (wn›`y K j Ri wkÿK)| AvaywbK hyM cÖeZ© bi g~j PvwjKv kw³ : Bqs e½j (wW ivwRI -Gi gš¿gy» wkl¨ `j)| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AvaywbKZvi j²Ymg~n : gvbweKZv ( è- èxi gvnvZ¥¨ Z_v ag©wbf©iZv cwinvi K i gvby li cÖvavb¨ cÖwZôvmn gvbweK g~j¨ ev ai weKvk)| e¨w³ PZbv AvZ¥ PZbv I AvZ¥cÖmvi mgvR m PZbZv `k cÖg ivgvw›UKZv g wjKZv gy³eyw× bvMwiKZv Avw½ Ki i cvšÍi (c `ï GKK Avwac Zï cwie Z© M `ï cÖvavb¨)| gy`ªYh š¿i eënvi| evsjv M`¨ mvwnZ¨ weKv ki Avw` ÿÎ : kªxivgcyi wgkb I dvU© DBwjqvg K jR| M`¨ mvwnZ¨ weKv‡ki cÖavb `yB w`Kcvj ivRv ivg gvnb ivq Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi

Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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 AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Zï avivmg~n :  cÖeÜ : ivRv ivg gvnb ivq, Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi, ` e›`ªbv_ VvKzi, AÿqKzgvi `Ë, c¨vixPuv` wgÎ, KvjxcÖmbœ wmsn, f~ è gy Lvcva¨vq, ivRbvivqY emy, ew¼gP›`ª P Ævcva¨vq, KvjxcÖmbœ Nvl, mÄxeP›`ª P Ævcva¨vq, wkebv_ kv¯¿x, gxi gkviid nv mb, P›`ª kLi gy Lvcva¨vq, nicÖmv` kv¯¿x, AÿqKzgvi g Îq, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, iv g›`ªmy›ì wÎ e`x, cÖg_ P ayix, e j›`ªbv_ VvKzi, Aebx›`ªbv_ VvKzi, AZzjP›`ª ¸ß, gvwnZjvj gRyg`vi, W. mybxwZKzgvi P Ævcva¨vq, AwRZKzgvi PµeZx© cÖgyL|  Dcb¨vm : n¨vbv K¨v_vwib g¨v jÝ, c¨vixPuv` wgÎ, KvjxcÖmbœ wmsn, f~ è gy Lvcva¨vq, ew¼gP›`ª P Ævcva¨vq, ZviKbv_ M ½vcva¨vq, i gkP›`ª `Ë, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, cÖfvZKzgvi gy Lvcva¨vq, kirP›`ª P Ævcva¨vq, Abyi cv èx, wbi cgv èx, Bw›ìv èx, mxZv èx, kvšÍv èx, kjevjv NvlRvqv, Avkvc~Y©v èx, cÖwZfv emy, gnv ¯^Zv fÆvPvh©, evYx ivq, jxjv gRyg`vi, ey× è emy, AwPšÍ¨Kzgvi mb¸ß, cÖ g›`ª wgÎ, cÖ evaKzgvi mvb¨vj, Abœ`vk¼i ivq, gvwbK e ›`¨vcva¨vq, Zvivk¼i e ›`¨vcva¨vq, wewf~wZf~lY e ›`¨vcva¨vq, ejvBPuv` gy Lvcva¨vq (ebdzj), g bvR emy, kjRvb›` gy Lvcva¨vq, cÖg_bv_ wekx, wegj wgÎ, mg ik emy, gxi gkviid nv mb, bIqve dqRy bœQv P ayivbx, gvRv ¤§j nK, gvnv¤§` bwRei ingvb, mq` BmgvBj nv mb wmivRx, KvRx Bg`v`yj nK, eMg iv Kqv mvLvIqvZ nv mb, Wv³vi gvnv¤§` jyrdi igvb, kvnv`r nv mb, KvRx Ave`yj I`y`, KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg, mq` gyRZev Avjx, Rwni ivqnvb, Bg`v`yj nK wgjb, ûgvq~b Avn g` cÖgyL|  †QvUMí : ew¼gP›`ª P Ævcva¨vq, b M›`ªbv_ ¸ß, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, cÖfvZKzgvi gy Lvcva¨vq, kirP›`ª P Ævcva¨vq, `wÿYviÄb wgÎ gRyg`vi, D c›`ªwK kvi ivq P ayix, cÖg_ P ayix, ivR kLi emy, eMg iv Kqv mvLvIqvZ nv mb, cÖ g›`ª wgÎ, AwPšÍ¨Kzgvi mb¸ß, ey× è emy, KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg, kjRvb›` gy Lvcva¨vq, Zvivk¼i e ›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK e ›`¨vcva¨vq, cÖg_bv_ wekx, wewf~wZf~lY gy Lvcva¨vq, wewf~wZf~lY e ›`¨vcva¨vq, kiw`›`y e ›`¨vcva¨vq, ejvBPuv` gy Lvcva¨vq (ebdzj), g bvR emy, Abœ`vk¼i ivq, mq` gyRZev Avjx, cÖ evaKzgvi mvb¨vj, m ivRKzgvi ivq P ayix, my eva Nvl cÖgyL|  bexb KweZv : Ck¦iP›`ª ¸ß, i½jvj e ›`¨vcva¨vq, gvB Kj gaym~`b `Ë cÖgyL|  gnvKve¨ : gvB Kj gaym~`b `Ë, ngP›`ª e ›`¨vcva¨vq, bexbP›`ª mb, Kvq Kvev`, mq` BmgvBj nv mb wmivRx, nvwg` Avwj, hvMx›`ªbv_ emy cÖgyL|  MxwZ KweZv : wenvixjvj PµeZx© ( fv ii cvwL), K òP›`ª gRyg`vi, my i›`ªbv_ gRyg`vi, wØ R›`ªbv_ VvKzi, ¯^YK © zgvix èx, Mvwe›`ªP›`ª `vm, ` e›`ªbv_ mb, gvRv ¤§j nK, AÿqKzgvi eovj, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, wØ R›`ªjvj ivq (wWGj ivq), Kvwgbx ivq, iRbxKvšÍ mb, mq` Gg`v` Avjx, kL dRjj Kwig, m Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë, KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg, hZx›`ª gvnb evMPx, KzgyìÄb gwjøK, hZx›`ªbv_ mb¸ß, gvwnZjvj gRyg`vi, Rxebvb›` `vm, myax›`ªbv_ `Ë, weòz `, Awgq eµeZx©, ey× è emy, cª g›`ª wgÎ, myKvšÍ fÆvPvh©, myfvl gy Lvcva¨vq, Aveyj nv mb, nvm b Aviv, diiæL Avng`, eMg mywdqv Kvgvj, Avj gvngy`, nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb, kvgmyi ivngvb, wbg© j›`y MyY cÖgyL|  bvUK I cÖnmb : ivgbvivqY ZK©iZœ, gvB Kj gaym~`b `Ë, `xbeÜz wgÎ, wMwikP›`ª Nvl, gb gvnb emy, gxi gkviid nv mb, wØ R›`ªjvj ivq, Ag Zjvj emy, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg, g n›`ª ¸ß, weavqK fÆvPvh©, gybxi Pxayix, Ave`yjøvn Avj gvgyb, AvgRv` nv mb, gvgybyi ikx`, mwjg Avj `xb, ûgvq~b Avn g`, Bg`v`yj nK wgjb cÖgyL| GQvov, AvaywbK hy M M`¨ weKv ki d j msev`cÎ I mvgwqKc Îi m~Pbv Ges AMÖhvÎv m~wPZ nq| MÖ š’ bv : eyjeyj Avn g` Z _¨ m~ Î :  evsjv mvwn‡Zï BwZnvm Ñ gvneyeyj Avjg evsjv mvwn‡Zï m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë Ñ W. AwmZ Kzgvi e ›`¨vcva¨vq  

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KgjvKv‡šÍi Revbew›` ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq  †jLK cwiwPwZ evsjv Dcb¨v mi RbK I evsjvmvwn Zï Ab¨Zg kªô jLK| wZwb ÔmvwnZ¨ mgªvUÕ wn m eI AwfwnZ n q _v Kb| wZwb Ôe½`k©bÕ mvwnZ¨ cwÎKvi cÖwZôvZv m¤úv`K wQ jb| evsjv mvwn Zï weKv k Ges kw³kvjx jLK m wó Z Zuvi Ae`vb Amvgvb¨| ew¼gP›`ª AvaywbK evsjv mvwn Zï cÖavb m wókxj jLK ì GKRb| Rb¥ : 1838 wLª÷v ã cwðge ½i PweŸk ciMYv Rjvi KuvVvj cvovq | g„Zz¨ : 1894 wLª÷v ã|

 iPbvewj Dcb¨vm : `y M©kbw›`bx (cÖ_g cÖK Z evsjv Dcb¨vm), KcvjKzÐjv, wele ÿ, K òKv šÍi DBj, ivRwmsn| cÖeÜ MÖš’ : jvKinm¨, KgjvKv šÍi `ßi, wewea cÖeÜ, mvg¨|

 Drm I cwiwPwZ ÔKgjvKv šÍi Revbew›`Õ cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq Ôe½`k©bÕ cwÎKvi 1288 e½v ãi dvêyb msL¨vq| GwU ew¼gP ›`ªi weL¨vZ igë¨½ iPbv msKjb ÔKgjvKv šÍi `ßiÕ Gi me© kl msL¨vi iPbv|G iPbvi wbe©vwPZ Askwe kl GLv b m¤úvw`Zfv e msKwjZ n q Q| G iPbvwUi g~j wk ivbvg wQj ÔKgjvKv šÍi Rvevbew›`Õ| ÔKgjvKv šÍi Revbew›`Õ iPbvwU Awfbe bKkv RvZxq iPbv| GwU ew¼g mvwn Zï Ab¨Zg PgKcÖ` m¤ú`| GLv b Av`vj Zi KvVMovq ùvov bv mvÿx KgjvKv šÍi Revbew›ì gva¨ g ew¼gP›`ª `wL q Qb Av`vj Z h mvRv bv MvQv bv Mvjfiv Kvievi P j Zv A bKvs kB K wÎg AvbyôvwbKZvgvÎ| G iPbvq ew¼gP›`ª K ZzKim m wó Z h `ÿZvi cwiPq w` q Qb Zv AZyjbxq|  mvwnZ¨‡eva  bKkv  evM&‰e`» ( Wit )  kãv_© I UxKv GRjvm WcywU KvUviv gynywi ag©veZvi kvgjv mi&Kk& Iu h ÁvcexZ KzVvwi

 evbvb mZK©Zv eªvþY, mvgMÖx, mvÿx, mvÿ¨, cÖZ¨ÿ, eªvþ|  bgybv cÖkœvewj

 ................................................................................................................ eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ 1. KgjvKvšÍ Kvb cwiP q Av`vj Z G m Qb? K. dwiqvw` L. Avmvgx Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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M. mvÿx N. DwKj 2. Ôci gk¦i K cÖZ¨ÿ RvwbqvÕ evK¨vs ki cÖPwjZ A_©i. wek¦vm ivLv ii. mivmwi `Lv iii. Dcw¯’wZ Dcjwä wb Pi KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii 3. Ô hB mvÿx GB iKg, Zvnv K Avwg Pvwn bvÕ-GB RwUj evK¨wUi mij Ges PwjZ i c KvbwU? K. h mvÿx GiKg Zv K Avwg Pvwn bv| L. Avwg G iKg mvÿx PvB bv| M. Avwg GB mvÿx Pvwn bv| N. Avwg I mvÿx PvB bv| 3. Aby ”Q`wU co 4 Ges 5 b¤î cÖ kœi DËi `vI: eb¨vcøvweZ GjvKvi ÎvYcÖv_x© jvK ì ah© aivi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq mevms¯’vi cwiPvj Ki j¤^v -PIov e³e¨ kl nj| eq¯ ¯ zj wkÿK ÿzäK É D”P¯^ i ej jb, ÒAvcbvi iPbvg Z Avgv ì RVivwMœ ev Zóv Kv bvwU gUv Z mg_© bq| Ggwb wK ïK bv Dc ` k wPov fRv bvi g Zv cvwbi eÇ Afve| 4. Aby ”Q ì wkÿ Ki msjv c KgjvKv šÍi K _vcK_ bi Kvb w`KwU cÖavbfv e dz U D V Q? K. K ZzK L. køl M. PgK N. nuqvwj 5. ÔKgjvKv šÍi Revbew›`Õ Gi h e³e¨ Aby ”Q`wU Z dz U D V Q Zv nji. mgv Ri AmsMwZ ii. wePvi eë¯’vi AmiZv iii. Abyôvb me©¯^Zv wb Pi KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 1. ` jZcy ii abvX¨ e¨w³ ` jZ Luv qi Pwjøkv Dcj ÿ `wi`ª fvRb I e¯¿`v bi wekvj Av qvRb Kiv n q Q| Luv qi fv Mœ Gnmvb Z`viwK Ki Q| Abyôv bi klvs k Lv`¨-e ¯¿i NvUwZ `Lv Mj| Gnmvb wgqv AwMœg~wZ© aviY K i wPrKvi K i DVj, ÔnvRvi jv Ki Av qvRb, Zik K LvIqvjvg| Muv qi me jvKB `LwQ Mwie|Õ lv Uva© ivqnvb wgqv Reve w` jb, ÔAvgiv `xbnxb, Zv Z m ›`n wK? `Ljvg Gnmvb wgqvi evwoi w` K Kvgjviv Lvev ii WKwP Avi Kvc oi MvwÆ wb q hv ”Q| AvR Ki w` b Gnmvb wgqvB Zv `x bi P q `xb| Pj i mevB, evwo hvB|Õ K. Ôh ÁvcexZÕ k ãi AvwfavwbK A_© Kx? L. Ôewj LvI Kx Kwiqv?Õ- msjvcwU Øviv Kx evSv bv n q Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| M. KgjvKv šÍi Kvb ewkó¨ ivqnvb wgqvi Pwi Î cvIqv hvq? e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Dc ii Aby ”Q`wU ÔKgjvKv šÍi Revbew›`Õ iPbvwUi fvev _©i `c©Y|Õ-gšÍe¨wU hvPvB Ki| 2. ZvivMÄ MÖv g P ayix mv n ei bv g GwZgLvbvi fywi fv Ri Av qvRb Kiv n q Q| GjvKvi MY¨gvb¨, Ae¯’vcbœ e¨w³ivI Zv Z mvwgj n q Qb| P ayix mv ne GwZg ì wbR nv Z cwi ekb Ki Qb,- nvZZvwji m ½ wK¬K wK¬K K i K¨v givi d¬vk R¡j Z jvM jv| Ab¨w` K eûe¨Äb kvwfZ Uwe j Avgwš¿Z e¨w³ ì Avc¨vq bi eë¯’v n q Q| GwZgLvbvi evi eQ ii evjK ew`D ii g b GK welg fvebvi Rb¥ nq- ÔG MÖv g GZ MY¨gvb¨ GwZg i q Qb!Õ K. Ôdwiqvw` cÖmbœ MvqvwjbxÕ evK¨wUi RwUj i c jL| L. Ô NviZi K òeY©Õ msjv c DwK ji cÖZ¨vwkZ DËi I KgjvKv šÍi Abyave bi cv_©K¨ eywS q `vI| M. ew`D ii fvebvi m ½ KgjvKv šÍi msjv ci fvev _©i mv` k¨ eywS q wjL| Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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N. Dc ii Aby ”Q ` ÔKgjvKv šÍi Revbew›`Õi g~jfvewU wfbœ cÖÿvc U cwi ewkZ n q QÕ- gšÍe¨wUi ÿ Î Zvgvi gZvgZ Dc¯’vcb Ki|

•ngšÍx iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi  †jLK cwiwPwZ wek¦Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi wQ jb AZzjbxq I me© ZvgyLx cÖwZfvi AwaKvix| wZwb GKvav i wQ jb Kwe, myiKvi, MxwZKvi, MíKvi, bvU¨Kvi, Jcb¨vwmK, Awf bZv, wkíx I wPÎKi| wZwb mvwnZ¨ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K I `ÿ wkÿvmsMVK wn m eI cwiwPZ wQ jb| gvÎ c bi eQi eq m Zuvi cÖ_g Kve¨ ÔebdzjÕ cÖKvwkZ nq| wZwb 1913 wLª÷v ã we k¦i kªô Kwei gh©v`v wb q Gkxq `i g a¨ mvwn Z¨ me©cÖ_g bv ej cyi¯ vi cvb| evsjv QvUM íi cw_K r wZwb| ÔkvwšÍwb KZbÕ I Ôwek¦fviZxÕ ZvuiB m wó| Rb¥ : 1861 mv ji 7 g (25 ekvL, 1268 e½vã) KjKvZvi Rvovmuv Kvi VvKzi evwo Z| g„Zz¨ : 1941 mv ji 7 AvM÷ (22 kªveY, 1348 e½vã) KjKvZvq|

 iPbvewj Dcb¨vm : e VvKzivYxi nvU (cÖ_g), ivRwl©, Pv Li evwj, b KvWywe, Mviv, PZzi½, N i evB i, hvMv hvM, `yB evb, Pvi Aa¨vq, gvjÂ, k li KweZv|

†QvUMÖš’ : Mí¸”Q, Mímí| cÎ mvwnZ¨ : wQbœcÎ, wPwVcÎ, ivwkqvi wPwV, Rvcvb hvÎx| wPÎbvU¨ : wPÎv½`v, k¨vgv, PÐvwjKv, wemR©b, gvwjbx| cÖeÜ mvwnZ¨ : wewPÎ cÖeÜ, mf¨Zvi msKU, cÂf~Z, KvjvšÍi| Rxeb K_v : Rxeb ¯§ wZ, we`¨vmvMi PwiZ, ey× `e, Avgvi Q j ejv| Kve¨ MÖš’ : ebdzj (cÖ_g), mÜ¨v m½xZ, gvbmx, wPÎv, mvbvi Zix, PZvjx, ÿwYKv, Lqv, c~iex, ejvKv, k¨vgjx, cÖfvZ m½xZ, fvbywmsn VvKz ii c`vejx, MxZvÄwj, kl jLv, gûqv, cybð, Qovi Qwe, Kíbv, Kwo I Kvgj| bvUK : APjvqZb, wPiKygvi mfv, Ai ciZb, Zvcmx, Zv mi `k, WvKNi, i³Kiex, gy&³aviv, gyKzU, ivRv, M n cÖ ek|

 Drm I cwiwPwZ Ô ngšÍxÕ MíwU cÖg_ P ayix m¤úvw`Z ÔmeyRcÎÕ cwÎKvq R¨ô 1321 e½v ã (1914 wLª÷vã) cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| GwU cÖ_ g ÔMí mßKÕ MÖ š’ 1916 wLª÷v ã; c i ÔMí¸”QÕ Z Zxq L Ð 1926 wLª÷v ã mwbœ ewkZ nq| Ô ngšÍxÕ GK ¯^fve Kvgj, cweÎ, gvayh©gq, jveY¨gqx g qi Kvwnbx; h h ZzKcÖ_vi h~cKv ô wbg©g ewj n q Q| ü`qnxb ¯^v_©vÜ k¦ïi-kvïwoi wbôzi AvPi Y Avi Zvi ¸Ygy» A_P c iælnxb ¯^vgxi wb ðó AmnvqZvi gy L mij, ïå, wb® j¼ mZ¨eªZx Ges GKB m ½ ZRw¯^bx ngšÍxi e`bvweayi cwiYwZ Avgv `i gg©g~ j AvNvZ K i|

 kãv_© I UxKv MvwjPv cÙvmb aªæe IuPv ÿxYRxex cÖRvcwZ c btcywbK welg k¥kvbPvix Zvgªkvmb wLowK wUcvB

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LvÆv ivm Kvwô AvBeo cÂg¯î evRLuvB bv` Fwl èvjq i Ü« i Ü« Avmw³ k³ e¨v gv evRLuvB wkKvq Zvjv Pzjvq Ìqv Gd, G M ix`vb cÖZœZvwË¡K gvwU© bv evK©

 evbvb mZK©Zv ¯^v`, wØav, d«Â i fvjy¨kb, gy» eva, el©Y, mbœ¨vmx, k¥kvbPvix, Li i `ª, cÖZœZvwË¡K, Aiæ Yv`q, kZiÄ, k¦ïi, cY, AšÍtcywiKv, ¸uwRqv, DrmyK, wekªx, Kvwô, wbey©w×Zv, AvBeo, euvab, MÄbv, Kj¨vY, MnŸi, Av”Qbœ, Af~Zc~e©, M ix`vb, wUcvB, cÙvmb, MvwjPv, Avbvwo, wLowK, cÖmªeY, Kwlqv, KUz, `yM©wZ, k~b¨Zv, ÿzä|  bgybv cÖkœvewj

.................................................................................................................. eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ 1. Ô ngšÍxÕ M í Acyi Rxe b KZ eQi eqmwU Aÿq n qwQj? K. lvj L. m Zi M. AvVvi N. Dwbk 2. ngšÍxi lvj eQi eqmwU wQji. mg qi lvj ii. cÖK wZi lvj iii. wbq gi lvj wb Pi KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii wb Pi msjvc¸ jv co Ges 3 I 4 b¤^i cÖ kœi DËi `vI| Av jv : evev, Avgvi wdi Z mÜ¨v n e| Lvevi nUc U i L Mjvg, mgqgZ L q wbI| AvdZve : wVK Av Q| wPwbi K UvUv Kv_vq i gv? Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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Aa©v½x †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb  †jLK cwiwPwZ evOvwj gymwjg bvixÑRvMi Yi cw_K r iv Kqv GKvav i wQ jb eyw×Rxex, jwLKv I mgvRKg©x| GB wZb i cB wZwb Zuvi wb R K weKwkZ K iwQ jb| evOvwj, evOvwj-gymjgvb, evOvwj-gymjgvb bvix mgvR, bvixwkÿv, bvixRvMiY G me K K›`ª K iB Zuvi wPšÍv-fvebv AvewZ©Z n q Q| ¯ zj, bvixKj¨vY ms¯’v cÖwZôv ; G me wQj Zuvi K g©i cwiwa| jwLKv wn m e h me Mí-KweZv-Dcb¨v mi ga¨ w` q wZwb AvZ¥cÖKvk K i QbÑ m m ei ga¨ w` qI bvixRvMiY Z_v mgvRwnZÑ Gi AvKv•ÿvB Zxeª n q cÖKvk c q Q| g~jZ wZwb cÖvewÜK; M`¨B Zuvi wPšÍvi cÖavb evnb| Zuvi weKvk I Kg© ÿÎ g~jZ wZb RvqMvqÑiscyi (evsjv `k), fvMjcyi (wenvi) I KjKvZv (cwðge½)| Aek¨ Zuvi cÖwZfvi ù~iY N UwQj KjKvZv ZB|

Rb¥ : 1880 wLª÷v ã iscyi Rjvi wgVvcyKzyi _vbvi cvqive›` MÖv g| g„Zz¨ : 1932 wLª÷v ã|  iPbvewj ÔÔgwZP~iÓ (1g I 2q LÐ), ÒcÙivMÓ, ÒAe ivaevwmbxÓ, myjZvbvi ¯^cœ, Sultana’s Dream.

 Drm I cwiwPwZ ÔAa©v½xÕ cÖe Ü jwLKv Dwbk kZ Ki kl I wek kZ Ki Mvovq fviZe l© cyi ælkvwmZ mgvR Rxe bi me ÿ Î bvix, we kl K i gymjgvb bvixmgv Ri cðv`c`Zv, Kzms¯ viv”QbœZv, AwaKvinxbZv I `ywe©ln Rxeb m¤ú K© Av jvKcvZ K i Qb| cvkvcvwk GB cÖe Ü cyiæ li msKxY© ` wófw½, ¯^v_©ciZv I AvwacZ¨Kvgx gvbwmKZvi cwiPq dzwU q Zz j Qb| wZwb GB iPbvq AZ¨šÍ e¨w_Z wP Ë bvixmgvR K ÁvbPP©v I Kg©eªZ, AwaKvi m PZbZv I gyw³ AvKv•ÿvq DØy× Ki Z m Pó n q Qb| wZwb ewjô hyw³i gva¨ g `Lv Z P q Qb, mgvR h c~Y© I ¯^vfvweK MwZ Z AMÖmi n Z cvi Q bv Zvi KviY cwievi I mgvRRxe bi Acwinvh© A a©K kw³ bvixmgv Ri `ye©j I AebZ Ae¯’v| G Rb¨ wZwb cyiælmgv Ri ` wófw½ I msKxY©Zv K `vqx K i Qb| wZwb `Lv Z P q Qb, mgvR Rxe bi AMÖMwZ I Kj¨vY mva bi Rb¨ bvixRvMiY Ges mB m ½ cyiælmgv Ri msKxY© ` wófw½ cwieZ© bi Kvb weKí bB|  kãv_© I UxKv evZzj : cvMj, Db¥v`| ivmfKY© : Mvavi Kvb| cvwm© : cvim¨ ` ki A_©vr Bivwb| bv Ki `wo : bvKvj I eva¨ Kivi A¯¿| Aejv RvwZ : ejnxbv| GLv b bvixmgvR A _© eëüZ| ïK¬ Kk : kyå ev mv`v Pzj wewkó, cK¡ Kk| ivgP›`ª : ivgvq Y ewY©Z `ki_ I K kj¨vi cyÎ Ges mxZvi ¯^vgx| mxZv : ivgvq Y ewY©Z wgw_jvivR Rb Ki Kb¨v I ivgP ›`ªi cZœx| Kj¤^vm : wµ ÷vdvi Kj¤^vm (1447-1506) cÖwm× BZvjxq bvweK Ges Av gwiKv gnv ` ki Avwe® Zv© | ev av`q : Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi iwPZ ÔwkïwkÿvÕ Z Zxq fvM eB qi bvg Ô ev av`qÕ| eBwU cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq 1851 wLª÷v ã| Gd. G : First Arts. eZ©gvb D”P gva¨wgK ch©vq| GbUªvÝ : cÖ ewkKv, eZ©gvb gva¨wgK ev Gm.Gm.wm| bRg&-Dj-Ijvgv : Ávbx ì g a¨ bÿÎ| kgm-Dj-Ijvgv : Ávbx ì g a¨ m~h©|

 evbvb mZK©Zv ev®úxf~Z, wbixÿY, ÿxY, m~², w`OwbY©q, ew›`bx, AwaKvwiYx, cÖYwqbx, Aa©v½x, `c©Y, Muvov, ¯^Z¡-¯^vwgZ¡, AšÍtcyi, R¨vwZ e©Ëv, Avwe® vi, kxl©K, M wnYx, e¨³, we Øl, fMœx, aŸsm| Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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 ...........................................................................................................eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ 1. mvM ii cvwb ev®ú n q g N cwiYZ nq| Avevi mB gN e wóKYv n q mvM i cwZZ nq| Dc ii evK¨¸ jv Øviv evSv bv n q QK. G K Ac ii Abymvix L. cÖ Z¨ K Avgiv c ii Z i M. G Ki KZ©e¨ A bï AwaKvi N. cÖ Z¨ KB cÖ Z¨ Ki wbKU FYx 2. bvix ì ïay ivbœva iB mxgve× ivLv DwPZ bq| KviY GUv Zv ìi. AKg©Y¨ K i Zv j ii. gvbwmK `vmZ¡ cÖKvk K i iii. ¯^vgx ì AvivgwcÖqZv e w× K i wb Pi KvbwU mwVK? K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. ii I iii 3. ÔAa©v½xÕ cÖe Ü ewY©Z Ôbv Ki `woÕ k ãi A_© Kx? K. AwaKvi I gvwjKvbvi e¯‘ L. g q ì AvUK ivLvi K kj M. Zš‘ eqb K i ZwiK Z iwk N. bZRvby I eva¨ Kivi A¯¿ wb Pi KweZvsk c o 4 I 5 b¤î cÖ kœi DËi `vI| we k¦i hv wKQz gnvb m wó wPiKY¨vYKi A a©K Zvi Kwiqv Q bvix, A a©K Zvi bi 4. Dc ii KweZvs ki gg©vbymv i bvixi mv_©K cwiPq KvbwU? K. cÖYwqbx L. mnPix M. Aa©v½x N. mgfvwMbx 5. mvgvwRK Kj¨vY mva b eMg iv Kqvi Kvb AvnevbwUi m ½ Dc ii KweZvs ki wgj Av Q? K. bvixi gvbwmK `vmZ¡ gvPb L. bvixi h_vh_ m¤§vb cÖwZôv M. bvix K cyiæ li mgKÿ Kiv N. bvix cyiæ li mw¤§wjZ cÖ Póv

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 1| iYy I ivRy GKB wcZv-gvZvi mšÍvb| wKš‘ Zv ì wcZv-gvZv ivRy K iYy A cÿv ewk Avì hZœ K i| `yB fvB evb L Z em j eo fvMUv ivRy cvq| ivRy Kvb Aciva Ki j Zv ì wcZv-gZv eUv Q j e j Avg j bq bv| ivRyi Rb¨ M nwkÿK _vK jI iYyi Rb¨ Zv ivLv nq wb| iYy hZB eqtcÖvß n ”Q wcZv-gvZv Zvi we q Ìqvi Rb¨ ZZB e¨vKzj n q D V Q| G Z iYy AvcwË Ki j Zvi gv e jb, g q ì GZ jLvcov wk L KvR bB, eis Ni- `vi mvRv bv MvQv bv, my qUvi eybb Ges ivbœv KivUv wk L wb j Zv Kv R Avm e| K. Ôkgm-Dj-IjvgvÕ A_© Kx? L. Ô¯^vgxiÕ¯’ j ÔAa©v½Õ kãwU cÖPwjZ nIqvi myweav eY©bv Ki| M. iYyi cwiev i bvixi h Ae¯’vwU dz U D V Q Zv ÔAa©v½xÕ cÖe Üi Av jv K e¨vL¨v Ki| N. iYyi gv qi g bvfv ei g a¨ h welqwU cÖKvk c q Q Zv we kølY Ki| 2. wkwib GK gymwjg cwiev i Rb¥MÖnY K i| evwjKv eq m Zvi ¯ z j hvIqvi Lye kL _vK jI m cvwievwiK kvmb wWw½ q ¯ z j h Z cv i wb| gv qi Kv Q m Aviwe eY©gvjv wk L Q| Gici Kvq`v wk L hLbB Avgcviv wkL Z ïiæ K i ZLbB Zvi we qi cÖ¯Íve Av m| Zvi wcZv-gvZv Kvjwej¤^ bv K i g qi we q `q| fvM¨¸ Y wkwib fvj ¯^vgx c q hvq| m ¯^vgxi msmv i _ K wb Ri cÖ Póv I ¯^vgxi Drmv n we`¨v AR©b K i| Zv Z m mgv R bvixi nxb Ae¯’v eyS Z cv i| bvixi gh©v`v cÖwZôvi Rb¨ m bvixwkÿv K›`ª K i Zvi GjvKvi bvix ì wkwÿZ K i Zv j| K. Ae iva cÖ_v Kx? L. bvixi cÖwZ cyiæ li Kvb ` wófw½ ÔAa©v½xÕ cÖe Ü cÖeÜKvi mgv jvPbv K ib? eY©bv Ki| M. wkwib wcZ -cwiev i bvixi cÖwZ g bvfve cvV¨cy¯Í Ki Av jv K e¨vL¨v Ki| N. wkwi bi Kv Ri g a¨ ÔAa©v½xÕ cÖe Üi cÖvewÜ Ki B”Qvi wK K bv cÖwZdjb N U Q? DË ii c ÿ hyw³ `vI| Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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†h․e‡bi Mvb KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg  †jLK cwiwPwZ Q j ejvq j Uv Mv bi ` j hvM `Iqvi gva¨ gB KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg Zvi m Rbkxj Kg©Kv Ði m~Pbv K ib| MÖv gi g³ e covi ci wZwb ea©gvb I gqgbwms ni wÎkvj _vbvi `wiivgcyi nvB ¯ z j jLvcov K ib| 1917 mv j wZwb mbvevwnbxi evOvwj cë b hvM w` q KivwP hvb| mLv bB Zvui mvwnZ¨ Rxe bi m~Pbv N U| Zvui jLvq wZwb mvgvwRK AwePvi I civaxbZvi weiy × mv”Pvi n q Qb| G Rb¨ Zuv K Ôwe `ªvnx KweÕ ejv nq| evsjv mvwnZ¨ RM Z Zvui Avwefv©e GK bZzb w`M šÍi D b¥vPb K i| gvÎ ZZvwjøk eQi eq m cÖvewÜK `yiv ivM¨ iv M AvKªvšÍ n q evKkw³ nvwi q d jb| evsjv `k cÖwZôvi ci Amy¯’ Kwe K XvKvq Avbv nq Ges c i Zvu K evsjv ` ki bvMwiKZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Zvu K ¯^vaxb evsjv ` ki ÔRvZxq KweÕi ghv©`vq f~wlZ Kiv nq| Rb¥ : 1899 wLª÷v ãi 25 g, 1306 m bi 11 R¨ô, fvi Zi cwðge •Mi ea©gvb Rjvi Avmvb mvj gnKzgvi Pziæwjqv MÖv g| g„Zz¨ : 1976 mv ji 29 AvM÷ XvKvq| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq gmwR` msjMœ cÖv½ Y Zvu K cwic~Y© mvgwiK ghv©`vq mgvwnZ Kiv nq|

 iPbvewj Kve¨MÖš’ : AwMœexYv, we li evuwk, QvqvbU, cÖjq-wkLv, PKªevK, wmÜz-wn ›`vj BZ¨vw`| cÖeÜMÖš’ : hyM-evYx, `yw`© bi hvÎx, iy`ª-g½j, ivRe›`xi Revbe›`x BZ¨vw`| Mí MÖš’ : e¨_vi `vb, wi ³i e`b, wkDwjgvjv| Dcb¨vm : g Zz¨-ÿzav, Kz nwjKv, euvabnviv BZ¨vw`| bvUK : Av jqv, wSwjwgwj, cyZz ji we q|

 Drm I cvV cwiwPwZ 1932 wLª÷v ã wmivRM Ä gymwjg hye mgv Ri Awfb›` bi DË i Zv `i D Ï k KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg h cÖv Yv”Qj fvlY w` qwQ jb Ô h e bi MvbÕ iPbvwU ZviB cwigvwR©Z wjwLZ i~c| GB Awffvl Y wZwb `yišÍ `yev©i h e bi cÖkw¯Í D”PviY K i Qb| h eb n ”Q AdzišÍ cÖvYkw³i Avavi| Zv gvby li Rxeb K K i MwZkxj I cÖZ¨vkvgq| `yev©i DÏxcbv, K¬vwšÍnxb D`¨g, Acwimxg J`vh©, AdzišÍ cÖvYPÂjZv I AUj mvabvi cÖZxK h eb g Zz¨ K Zz”Q K i ms¯ v ii eovRvj wQbœwfbœ K i mKj evav cwi q GwM q hvq mgvR-cÖMwZ I bZzb ¯^cœgq gy³Rxe bi c _| Avi wecbœ gvbeZvi cv kI m `vuovq meveªZxi f~wgKvq| cÿvšÍ i iÿYkxjZv, RoZv, ms¯ viv”QbœZv I cðv`c`Zvgq eva©K¨ evav n q `vuovq Rxe bi cÖvYešÍ AMÖMwZi c _| ZvB ¯^fve ewk ó¨i w`K _ K h h eb `k-RvwZ-Kvj I a g©i evuab gv b bv, mB h eb-kw³ K jLK D`vË AvnŸvb Rvwb q Qb mg¯Í RxY©-cy iv bv ms¯ vi K aŸsm K i g bi g Zv bZzb RMr iPbvi mvabvq AMÖmi n Z|

 kãv_© I UxKv evqm PÂz iywai aviv Z›`ªv `e gvZ©Ð gywi` wØav Aj ÿ cwiµgY bv-IqvwKd RevKzmygm¼vk wZwgiKyšÍjv jxjvf~wg bvwfk¦vm AwMœgv›`¨ Dw`© RxY©veiY bqvgZ

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 ...........................................................................................................eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ 1. Ô h e bi MvbÕ cÖe Ü jLK Kx n q ZiæY ì gnv`vb MÖnY Ki Z Pvb? K. ga¨gwY L. `jcwZ M. mnhvÎx N. c~Rvix 2. ÔAvwg Kwe e bi cvwLi g Zv ¯^fve Avgvi Mvb KiviÕ- Dw³wU Z eywS q QbK. h e bi D”Q¡jZv L. gvbe Kj¨v Y eªZ nIqv M. Zviæ Yï cÖwZ AKzÉ cÿcvZ N. Mv bi cvwLi mv _ KweZvi Zzjbv Aby ”Q`wU co Ges 3 I 4 b¤î cÖ kœi DËi `vI| c~e©Kv j BD iv c AvBb Øviv Kzô ivMx ì wbe©vmb Ìqv n Zv| gvbe cÖwgK `vwb qj h e bi fv-jvjmv Z¨vM K i gvjv Kv Øx c Kzô ivMx ì mevq eªZx n jb, Ck¦i K ej jb cÖfy! AvR Avgvi cÖg mKj c~Y©Zvq mdj I mv_©K n jv| 3. Aby ”Q ` h e bi Kvb ewk óï me©vwaK cÖwZdjb N U Q? K. D`¨g L. J`vh© M. gvZ i c N. mvabv 4. Kvb ev K¨ Aby ”Q ì ewk óï cwiPq Av Q? K. Bnviv _v K kw³i wcQ b L. is QvovB Z QovB Z A¯Í M. hLb `ye© ji cv k ej nBqv ùvovq N. Zvnvi nvwm Z Mvb, Zvnvi Kvbœvq Mvb Aby ”Q`wU co Ges 5 I 6 b¤î cÖ kœi DËi `vI| Ôeva©K¨ wKQz Kvo Z cv i bv e j wKQz Qvov ZI cv i bv- `ywU Kv jv Pv Li RbÏ bq, wek KvwU Kv jv jv Ki RbÏ bq| 5. GLv b Ô h e bi MvbÕ cÖe Ü e ×i h ewk óï cwiPq cvIqv hvq, Zv nji. cðv`c`Zv ii. iÿYkxjZv iii. ¯’weiZv wb Pi KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 6. Aby ”Q ` ewY©Z eva© Kï wecixZ fvlv KvbwU? K. kw³i cQ b iæwai avivi g Zv Mvcb L. m ivwÎi ci ivwÎ RvwMqv cwiPh©v K i M. ZiæY Aiæ Yi g ZvB h ZviæY¨ wZwgi we`vix N. AbšÍ AvKv ki mxgv LyuwR Z wMqv cÖvY nvivq

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evsjv ` ki AMÖMY¨ K_vmvwnwZ¨K Avey Rvdi kvgmyÏxb cÂvk eQ iiI ewk mgq a i mvwnZ¨ mvabvq wb qvwRZ wQ jb| wZwb wQ jb GKvav i MíKvi, Jcb¨vwmK, bvU¨Kvi I Abyev`K| mvsevw`K wn m eI wZwb ek mycwiwPZ wQ jb| evsjv ` ki mvwnZ¨ A½ b wZwb we kl cwiwPwZ jvf K ib Zuvi eûj Av jvwPZ ÔfvIqvj M oi DcvL¨vbÕ wj L| mvwn Z¨ I mvsevw`KZvq K wZZ¡c~Y© Ae`v bi ¯^xK wZ wn m e RxeÏkvq wZwb Ôevsjv GKv WgxÕ, Ôgy³avivÕ BZ¨vw` mvwnZ¨ cyi¯ vimn ÔGKz k c`KÕ jvf K ib| Rb¥ : 1919 wLª÷v ã XvKv Rjvi KvwjM Ä| g„Zz¨ : 1988 wLª÷v ã XvKvq|  iPbvewj Dcb¨vm : fvIqvj M oi DcvL¨vb, cÙv gNbv hgybv, msKi msKxZ©b, cÖcÂ, `qvj| MíMÖš’ : Avey Rvdi kvgmyÏx bi kªô Mí, kl ivwÎi Zviv, GK Rvov c¨v›U I Ab¨vb¨, iv Rb VvKz ii Zx_©hvÎv BZ¨vw`| ÔAvZ¥¯§ wZÕ Zvui GKwU Amvgvb¨ MÖš’|

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 wb‡Pi kãyM‡jvi evbv‡b P›`ªwe›`y bv w`‡j fyj n‡e: Lyuwo, `vuwo, DuwP q, AvuKvevuKv, Gu K eu K, XuwK, Kvua, Qyu Pv, Bu`yi, DuPz, mvuZvi|  bgybv cÖkœvewj

 ...........................................................................................................eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ 1. ÔAv¸Bbv wPZv Kx? K. wnsmª cÖvYx we kl L. flR Dw™¢` M. R¡jšÍ k¥kvb N. wÿcÖ hv×v 2. KwjgwÏ `dv`v ii evW© AwdmwU Kv_vq? K. mì iv¯Ív msjMœ L. kxZjÿ¨vi Zx i M. ij ÷k bi cv k N. nvB¯ z ji cv k 3. KwjgwÏ `dv`vi Zvi KvR K gh©`vc~Y© g b Kivi KviYi. g¤^viiv Avcwb e j m ¤^vab Ki Zb ii. _vbvi `v ivMv m¤§vb Ki Zb iii. `dv`v ii KvRwU A bK m¤§v bi wb Pi KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 4. Lvb mbviv LZibvK Ae¯’vi g a¨ coZ Kb? K. G ` ki iv¯ÍvNvU m¤ú K© aviYvi Afve| L. gyw³ mbvi G jvcv_vwo Avµg Yi Kvi Y| M. Zv ì muvZvi Rvbv wQ jv bv| N. Zv ì Mwijv Uªwbs wQ jv bv| wb Pi Aby ”Q`wU co Ges 5 I 6 bs cÖ kœi DËi `vI| Lv ji Icv i KvRjWv½v MÖvg| mKv j wM q `Lv Mj MÖvgwU jÐfÐ| Nievwo cywo q `qv n q Q| wf U¸ jv Luv Luv Ki Q| cv kB GKwU Lv ji cv o wKQz jvk c o Av Q| i ³i aiviv wM q wg k Q Lv ji cvwb Z| 5. ewY©Z wPÎKíwU ÔKwjgwÏ `dv`viÕ M íi h NUbvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K i Zv n jvi. Lvb mbv ì bviKxq nZ¨vhÁ ii. gyw³hy × kÎæ evwnbxi AZ¨vPvi iii. Lvb mbv ì hy ×i `ÿZv wb Pi KvbwU mwVK? Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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mvwKbv wewei Kcvj fvO jv, wmuw_i wmu`yi gy Q Mj nwi`vmxi| Zzwg Avm e e j, n ¯^vaxbZv, kn ii ey K RjcvB i Oi U¨v¼ G jv `vb ei g Zv wPrKvi Ki Z Ki Z Zzwg Avm e e j, n, ¯^vaxbZv QvÎvevm, ew¯Í DRvo n jv| wiK qj jm ivB dj Avi gwkbMvb LB dvUv jv hÎZÎ|Ó K. `dv`vi c`wU Kx? L. Lvb mbviv KwjgwÏ `dv`vi K Zv ì Awfhv bi m½x wn m e e Q bq Kb? M. KweZvskwUi 2q I 3q PiY ÔKwjgwÏ `dv`viÕ M íi Kvb w`K K wb `©k K i? N. KweZvskwU hb ÒKwjgwÏ `dv`vi M í Kveï cÓ-g~j¨vqb Ki| evsjvi el©v| wf U¸ jv Qvov mg¯Í MÖvg cvwbi wb P| Kvjy gvwS `kcÖxwZ Z wek¦¯Í| Lvb mbv ì Acv ik b wb q hvq m b Kv e q| b`xi Icv i gyw³evwnbx Av¯Ívbv M o Q| mUv ¸uwo q w` Z n e| Lvb mbviv cÖ¯Z ‘ | Acv ikb n e AvR iv ZB| Kvjy gvwSi WvK co jv| fiv Rvqv ii b`x| gvS b`x Z b Kv| A¯¿ Avi Lvb mbv evSvB b KvwU nVvr `y j D V KvZ n q Mj| AvZ bv` K i b`x Z c o Mj Lvb mbviv| muvZ i K~ j DV jv Kvjy gvwS| K¬všÍ gy L Zvi weRqxi nvwm| K. Pig `yw`© bI KwjgwÏ `dv`vi Kgb gvbyl? L. Ô`dv`vi fvB Avc bI?Õ-K_vwU w` q Kx evSv bv n q Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| M. Kvjy gvwS Ges KwjgwÏ `dv`vi Gi ckvMZ cv_©K¨ M íi Av jv K e¨vL¨v Ki| N. ÔKvjy gvwS KwjgwÏ `dv`vi Gi cÖwZ”QweÕ- KwjgwÏ `dv`viÕ Mí Aej¤^ b gšÍe¨wU we kølY Ki|

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GKwU Zzjmx Mv‡Qi Kvwnbx •mq` IqvjxDjøvn  †jLK cwiwPwZ evsjv K_v mvwn Zï kªô i cKvi mq` IqvjxDjøvn, wZwb wQ jb mgvR m PZb mvwnZ¨ wkíx| RxebmÜvbx G wkíx e¨w³Rxeb I mgvR mgm¨v K K i Qb Zuvi m RbK g©i cÖavb DcRxe¨| mq` IqvjxDjøvn KjKvZvi GKwU weL¨vZ `wbK cwÎKvq mvsevw`K wn m e Kg©Rxeb kyiæ K ib| Gi ci PvKwi K i Qb XvKv I KivwP eZvi K ›`ªi evZv© wefv M| c i cvwK¯Ívb miKv ii e `wkK wefv M| Kg©m~ Î bqvw`wjø, wmWwb, RvKvZv© I jÛ b `vwqZ¡ cvjb k l `xN©w`b c¨vwi m Kg©iZ wQ jb| mLv b Ae¯’vbKv j 1971-G evsjv ` ki gyw³hy × mwKªq f~wgKv cvjb K ib| Rb¥ : 1922 wLª÷v ãi 15 AvM÷, PÆMÖv g| g„Zz¨ : 1971 wLª÷v ãi 10 A ±vei, c¨vwi m|  iPbvewj Dcb¨vm : ÔjvjmvjyÕ (1948) divwm I Bs iwR fvlvq Ab~w`Z Zvui weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm| G Dcb¨v mi gva¨ g wZwb RvZxq I AvšÍRv©wZK L¨vwZ AR©b K ib| ÔPvu ì Agvem¨vÕ (1964) I ÔKvu `v b`x Kvu `vÕ (1968)| Mí : ÔbqbPvivÕ (1951) Ô`yB Zxi I Ab¨vb¨ MíÕ (1965)| bvUK : ÔewncxiÕ (1965), ÔZi•Mf•MÕ (1966) I Ômyo•MÕ (1964)|  Drm I cwiwPwZ mq` IqvjxDjøvni ÔGKwU Zzjmx Mv Qi KvwnbxÕ MíwU 1965 wLª÷v ã cÖKvwkZ Zvui Ô`yB Zxi I Ab¨vb¨ MíÕ bvgK MíMÖš’ _ K msKwjZ| M íi mxwgZ cwim i Rxe bi Mfxi Kvb Zvrch© K Bw•MZgq I e¨Äbvmg × K i cÖKvk Kivi ÿ Î mq` IqvjxDjøvni gywÝqvbv i q Q| ÔGKwU Zzjmx Mv Qi KvwnbxÕ ZI G MyYwU jÿ Kiv hvq| `k wefv Mi AeëwnZ c iB XvKvq GKwU cwiZ¨³ evwo `Lj K i KjKvZv _ K AvMZ K qKRb DØv¯Íy Kg©Pvix| KjKvZvi wNwÄ GjvKvq Kvb iK g gv_v Myu R `ywe©ln Rxebhvcb Ki jI wbivkªq Ae¯’vq DØv¯Íy Rxe bi D ØM Avi DrKÉv Zv ì MÖvm K i dj wQj; d j KjKvZvi Zyjbvq A bK Lvjv gjv evwo c q Zviv Kej h nvud Q o evuPj Zv bq, eis evwoLvbv K Zv ì Kv Q g b nj e nk&Z| AwP iB evwoi DVv b AvMvQvi g a¨ Zviv Avwe® vi Kij GKwU Zzjmx MvQ| Ab¨ Avi Kvb wPý bv _vK jI GB GKwU wb`©kb _ KB mevB eySj G evwowU Avm j GKwU cwiZ¨³ wn›`y evwo| mevB cÖ_ g MvQUv K Dc o djvi Rb¨ n P Ki jI ciÿ YB Zv ì gv S wKQyUv wØav Rv M Ges kl ch©šÍ eu P hvq Zzjmx MvQUv| `Lv Mj mK ji ARv šÍ KD GKRb Zvi cwiPhv© Ki Z kyiy K i Q| Zvici GKw`b miKvwi wb `© k eAvBwb `Lj _ K Zv ì D ”Q` Kiv nj| k~b¨ evwoUv Z iBj Kej Qov bv wQUv bv cwiZ¨³ AveR©bv Avi mB Zzjmx MvQUv| cvwbi Afv e Zzjmx MvQUv AwP iB Avevi ky® cÖvq n q DVj| G _ K eySv hvq, AmsL¨ gvby li kvšÍ Rxeb hfv e ivR bwZK N~Yv©e Z©i wkKvi n q Q Zzjmx MvQUvI Zv _ K gy³ bq|

 kãv_© I UxKv K¨vbfvm ¸o¸wo gw`i Wiv civnZ wdwKi wi cvU© R jym evgcš’x KwoKvV BqvW© wiKzBwRkb K”Q `kxq

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mv¤cÖ`vwqKZv : m¤cÖ`vqMZ f`eyw×m¤úbœ gvbwmKZv I wµqvKjvc|  evbvb mZK©Zv mq` IqvjxDjøvn, KwoKvV, evgcš’x, R jym, AwaKvi¯^Z¡ , eAvBwb |  bgybv cÖkœvewj

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 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 1.

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GKz‡ki Mí Rwni ivqnvb  †jLK cwiwPwZ RxebgyLx mgvRm PZb K_vmvwnwZ¨K Rwni ivqnvb wQ jb GKvav i mvwnZ¨wkíx, mvsevw`K, ivR bwZK Kgx©, Pjw”PÎKvi| Zvi Avmj bvg gvnv¤§` Rwniyjøvn| cieZx© Rxe b Pjw”PÎKvi wn m e Amvgvb¨ L¨vwZ AR©b Ki jI Zvi L¨vwZi m~Pbv N U MíKvi I Jcb¨vwmK wn m e| wkíxi `vwqZ¡ eva _ KB mgvR Rxe bi bvbv elg¨, Ab¨vqAwePv ii weiæ × wZwb Kjg a iwQ jb| evsjv ` ki Pjw”PÎ A½ b wZwb ¯§iYxq n q Av Qb Zuvi ÔRxeb _ K bqvÕ, Ô÷c R bvmvBWÕ, Ô jU `qvi we jvBUÕ BZ¨vw` Pjw”P Îi Rb¨| Rb¥ : 1933 wLª÷v ã dbx Rjvi gRycyi MÖv g| wb‡LuvR : gyw³hy × evsjv ` ki weRqjv fi AeëwnZ c i 1972 wLª÷v ãi 30 Rvbyqvwi wZwb wb LvuR nb| Gici Zvui Avi Kvb mÜvb g jwb| aviYv Kiv nq cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbxi G `kxq `vmiiv Zuv K nZ¨v K i Q|  iPbvewj Dcb¨vm : nvRvi eQi a i, Av iK dvêyb, eid Mjv b`x, Avi KZw`b| MíMÖš’ : Rwni ivqnv bi Mí msMÖn| Pjw”PÎ : Rxeb _ K bqv, ÷c R bvmvBW, jU `qvi we jvBU BZ¨vw`|  Drm I cwiwPwZ Rwni ivqnv bi ÔGKz ki MíÕ PwqZ n q Q 1981 wLª÷v ã cÖKvwkZ ÔRwni ivqnvb iPbvejxÕi wØZxq LÐ _ K| 1952 mv ji fvlv Av ›`vj bi cÖÿvc U jLv GB M í jLK Gu K Qb gwW Kj K j R Aa¨qbiZ GK cÖvYešÍ, DÏvg, ü`qevb mncvVxi Qwe h knx` nq fvlv Av ›`vj b| ¸wj K i g i djvi ci cvwK¯Ívwb wgwjUvwiiv Zvi jvk wb q hvq| gwW Kj K j Ri QvÎvev m bi-K¼v ji m •M wgwj q kixiwe`¨v covi mg q Avwe® Z nq mB knx` mncvVxi K¼vj|  kãv_© I UxKv KwU Ñ Kvgi| ¯ wjUb Ñ K¼vj(Skeleton)| ¯ vj Ñ gv_vi Lywj(Skull)| wUweqv deyjv Ñ R•Nvw¯’ I AbyR•Nvw¯’ (Tibia-fibula) GbvUwg Ñ A½ eë ”Q`we`¨v(Anatomy)| `vnviv Ñ gvUvI bq ivMvI bq| K_vi Zzewo Ñ AbM©j K_v| wWm cbmvwi Ñ Ily ai `vKvb| mgy`ª- Mfxi RbZv Ñ RbZvi DËvj mgy`ª| cø¨vKvW© Ñ cÖKv k¨ cÖ`k© bi Rb¨ `qvj cÎ ev cv÷vi| evb©vW© k Ñ RR© evb©vW© k (1856-1950)| Bs iwR mvwn Zï weL¨vZ jLK I bvU¨Kvi| 1925 wLª÷v ã wZwb mvwn Z¨ bv ej cyi¯ vi cvb| Ôg¨vb GÛ mycvi g¨vbÕ, Ô m›U RvqvbÕ BZ¨vw` Zuvi weL¨vZ bvUK|  evbvb mZK©Zv wPwKrmv, PiY, iYy, AvuKveuvKv, wgwjUvwi, ` wó, Zwi, Kuvcv, k¦vm-cÖkv¦ m, weoweo, evb©vW© k, Luvov, Mu qv, nuvU Z, ZR©bx, cø¨vKvW©, AK¯§vr, k~b¨, GbvUwg, A¸wYZ|  bgybv cÖkœvewj

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 Dcb¨v‡mi msÁv kªxkP›`ª `vk Zvui ÔmvwnZ¨ m›`k©bÕ Mª š’ Dcb¨vm m¤ú K© e j Qb- ÔMÖš’vKv ii e¨w³MZ Rxeb-`k©b I Rxebvbyf~wZ Kvb ev¯Íe Kvwnbx K Aej¤^b Kwiqv h eY©bvZ¥K wkíK g© i~cvwqZ nq, Zvnv K Dcb¨vm K n|Õ E.M. Froster- Gi g Z, Dcb¨v mi kã msL¨v Kgc ÿ cÂvk nvRvi nIqv DwPZ| kªx bvivqY P ayix Dcb¨v mi Rxe bi K_v ej Z wM q e j Qb- ÔA Novel is not life as it is but life as it should have beenÕÑ A_v©r, ÔDcb¨v mi Rxeb AweKj Rxeb bq, wKš‘ Rxeb h iKg nIqv DwPZ m iKgB|Õ

 Dcb¨v‡mi MVbm~Î Dcb¨v mi msÁv I MVb K kj K mvg b i L Dcb¨vmZË¡we`, cwÐZ I mgv jvPKMY Dcb¨v mi cvuPwU m~Î wee Z K i Qb| hgb(K) cÖ¯Ívebv (L) mgm¨vi Dc¯’vcbv, (M) AvL¨vbfv Mi g a¨ RwUjZvi cÖ ek, (N) Pig msKU gyn~Z©, (O) msKU we gvPb ev Dcmsnvi| Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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 Dcb¨v‡mi †kªwY wefvM : welqe¯‘ I cÖeYZv Abymv i Dcb¨vm K AšÍZ c ÿ bqwU fv M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v(1) HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm : BwZnvm K Aej¤^b K i h Dcb¨vm iwPZ nq, Zv-B HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm| hgb- ¯ Ui AvBfvb nv, fvwmwj Bqv bi Pw½m-Lvb, wjI Uj÷ qi Iqvi A¨vÛ wcm, ew¼gP›`ª P Ævcva¨v qi ivRwmsn, Avb›`gV, P›`ª kLi BZ¨vw`| (2) mvgvwRK-cvwievwiK Dcb¨vm : cwievi I mgvR Rxe bi bvbv welqe¯‘, NUbv I NvZ-cÖwZNvZ K Aej¤^b K i G ai bi Dcb¨vm jLv n q _v K| hgb- ew¼gP›`ª P Ævcva¨v qi K òKv šÍi DBj, wele ÿ; gvnv¤§` bwRei ingv bi Av bvqviv; kirP›`ª P Ævcva¨v qi cjøxmgvR, M n`vn, PwiÎnxb; KvRx Bg`v`yj n Ki Ave`yjøvn cÖf wZ| (3) Kveägx© Dcb¨vm : h me Dcb¨v m Kvwnbx I PwiÎwPÎb A cÿv jL Ki Kve¨` wó cÖvavb¨ cvq Ges eY©bvq I fvlvixwZ Z Zv dz U I V, m ai bi Dcb¨vm K Kveägx© Dcb¨vm ejv nq| hgb- iex›`ªbv_ VvKz ii Ô k li KweZvÕ, KvRx bRiæj Bmjv gi Ôe¨_vi `vbÕ, ey× è emyi Ô h w`b dzUj KgjÕ BZ¨vw`| (4) gb¯ÍvwË¡K Dcb¨vm : h Dcb¨v mi cvÎ cvÎx ì g bvwe kølY jL Ki Kv Q gyL¨ n q I V; m ai bi Dcb¨vm K gb¯ÍvwË¡K Dcb¨vm ejv nq| hgb- iex›`ªbv_ VvKz ii Ô Pv Li evwjÕ, ÔN i evB iÕ; gvwbK e ›`¨vcva¨v qi ÔwèvivwÎi Kve¨Õ BZ¨vw`| (5) †Mv‡q›`v Dcb¨vm : wewfbœ Acivag~jK NUbv K Aej¤^b K i mv_©K Mv q›`v PwiÎ m wó K i G ai bi Dcb¨vm jLv nq| kiwe›`y e ›`¨vcva¨vq, bxnviiÄb mb¸ß, mZ¨wRr ivq evsjv mvwn Zï wewkó Mv q›`v Dcb¨vm iPwqZv| (6) e¨•MimvZ¥K Dcb¨vm : mvgvwRK bvbv Am•MwZ K Zxeª e¨•M I nvmï mi gva¨ g G ai bi Dcb¨v m Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| ciïivg, wkeivg PµeZx© I mq` gyRZev Avjx G ai bi iPbvq we kl mvdj¨ `wL q Qb| (7) AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK Dcb¨vm : Jcb¨vwmK Zvui e¨w³MZ Rxe bi bvbv NvZ-cÖwZNvZ K A™¢yZ iPbv kjx I wjwc KzkjZvi ga¨ w` q Dc fvM¨ Dcb¨v m i~c`vb K ib| hgb- kirP›`ª P Ævcva¨v qi Pvi L Ð jLv ÔkªxKvšÍÕ, wef~wZf~lY e ›`¨vcva¨v qi Ôc _i cvuPvjxÕ BZ¨vw`| (8) AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK åg‡Yvcb¨vm : Kvb f~-ch©UK ev feNy i jLK Zvui ågY c _i wewPÎ AwfÁZv K AvZ¥Rxebxi Av` j hLb Dcb¨v mi gZ mim I Dc fvM¨ K i j Lb Zv K AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK åg Yvcb¨vm e j| mq` gyRZev Avjxi Ô ` k-we ` kÕ, Abœ`vk¼i iv qi Ôc _ cÖev mÕ AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK åg Yvcb¨v mi DrK ó D`vniY| (9) AvÂwjK Dcb¨vm : we kl Kvb AÂj ev m AÂ ji wbw`©ó cwim ii gvby li myL-`ytL, nvwm-Kvbœv wgwkªZ h Kvwnbx ZvB AvÂwjK Dcb¨vm| hgb- Zvivk¼i e ›`¨vcva¨v qi ÔKweÕ, Ônvumywj evu Ki DcK_vÕ, gvwbK e ›`¨vcva¨v qi ÔcÙvb`xi gvwSÕ, A ØZ gjøeg© Yi ÔwZZvm GKwU b`xi bvgÕ cÖf wZ|  bgybv cÖkœvewj

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 1. Mwie eM©vPvwl Imgvb| eû K ó gv_vi Nvg cv q d j c ii Rwg Z dmj djvq m| wKš‘ dm ji cy ivcywi Ask Zvi cÖvc¨ bq| dm ji A a©K m cvq| GZ K ói dmj m meUzKz cvq bv e j Zvi `yt Li AšÍ bB| m LZgRyi, L Zi gvwjK bq| L Zi gvwjK L Zi Kv Q bv wM qI Zv K bvbv K k j VwK q dm ji wmsnfvM K o bb| GB gvwj Kiv hb Ruv Ki g Zv-B i³ Pvlv| Mwie Pvwli i³ Pz l Giv dz j du c I V| wKš‘ G kvlY `xN©w`b Pj Z cv i bv| GKw`b Zviv msNe× nq| iæ L ùvovq kvlK RvZ`vi ì weiæ ×| K. ÔcÙvb`xi gvwSÕ Kvb ai bi Dcb¨vm? L. ÒBwj ki gImyg dzivB j wecyj cÙv K cY nBqv hvqÓ- Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| M. Imgvb wgqvi gvbwmKZvi m ½ Kz ei gvwSi gvbwmKZvi KZUzKz wgj i q Q? N. Ô cÖÿvcU wfbœ n jI Imgvb I Kz ei kªgRxex gvby li cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki Q|Õ GB Dw³i Zvrch© wePvi Ki| 2. gvwbKM Äi gaycyi GjvKvi Awaevmx AvgRv`| GjvKvi AwaKvsk jvK g rwk íi KvR K i RxweKv wbe©vn K i| Afve-AbU bi Kvi Y Q j- g q K fv jvfv e L Z w` Z cv i bv m| B ”Q _vKv m Ë¡I ¯ z j cvVv Z cv i bv, Z e AvaywbKZvi cÖfv e g rwk í wKQzUv cwieZ©b nIqvq AvgRv ì cwiev iI cwieZ©b G m Q| AvR Zviv `y ejv `ygy Vv L Z cvq| GKUz ¯^w¯Íi wbtk¦vm d j| K. wgQv K_v KBjvg bvwK i Kzwei? ÑG Dw³wU Kvi? L. ÒCk¦i _v Kb H MÖv g, f`ª cjøx Z- GLv b Zvnv K LyuwRqv cvIqv hvB e bv|Ó Dw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki|

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 gv b e È b  c~Y©gvb : 100  bvUK 1 10 = 10 1  05 = 5 1 0 5 = 5

 1 wU iPbvg~jK cÖkœ  1 wU welqwfwËK mswÿß cÖkœ  1 wU e¨vL¨v

 e¨vKiY, weiPb I iPbv     

1  20 = 20 5  6 = 30 1  10 = 10 1  10 = 10 1  10 = 10 me© gvU = 100

1 wU cÖeÜ iPbv 5 wU e¨vKiYg~jK cÖkœ 1 wU cÎ wjLb 1wU fvlY A_ev cÖwZ e`b 1 wU fvem¤cÖmviY

 cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb bxwZgvjv : wØZxq cÎ  1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 

bvU Ki 2wU iPbvg~jK cÖkœ _ K 1wUi DËi wjL Z n e| bvU Ki 2wU welqwfwËK mswÿß cÖkœ _ K 1wUi DËi wjL Z n e| bvU Ki 2wU e¨vL¨v _ K 1wUi e¨vL¨v wjL Z n e| cÖeÜ iPbvi Rb¨ 5wU welq _vK e| h Kvb 1wU welq Aej¤^ b cÖeÜ iPbv Ki Z n e| e¨vKi Yi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ cvV¨m~wP _ K 8wU cÖkœ `qv _vK e| Gi g a¨ 5wU cÖ kœi DËi w` Z n e| eY©bvg~jK cÖkœ Qvov Ab¨vb¨ cÖk¸ œ jv Z evQvB K i DËi `qvi my hvM _vK e| cÎ wjL bi Rb¨ 2wU cÖkœ _vK e| Gi g a¨ h Kvb 1wUi DËi wjL Z n e| 1wU fvlY Ges 1wU cÖwZ e`b `qv _vK e| G `ywU _ K h Kvb 1wUi DËi wjL Z n e| KweZvsk _ K 1wU Ges M`¨vsk _ K Av iv 1wU fvee¯‘ `qv _vK e| G `ywU _ K h Kvb 1wUi fvem¤cÖmviY Ki Z n e| cÖeÜ iPbv, cÎ wjLb, fvlY Ges cÖwZ e` bi welq Ggbfv e wba©viY Kiv n e hv Z K i cixÿv_©xiv Zv `i AwfÁZvi Av jv K A_ev wb Riv wPšÍv K i Zv wjL Z cv i| gyL¯’ K i DËi `v bi cÖeYZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ mvaviYZ h me MZvbyMwZK welq cixÿvq Av m m¸ jv cwinvi Ki Z n e|

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 cv V¨ e B m g~ n  (RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK evW© KZ© K Aby gvw`Z)

1. i³v³ cÖvšÍi (bvUK) g~j : gybxi P ayix msKjK I m¤úv`bv : cÖYe P ayix 2. fvlv wkÿv : W. nvqvr gvgy` 3. evsjv e¨vKiY : W. kvnRvnvb gwbi 4. bZzb evsjv iPbv : AwRZ Kzgvi ¸n I Avwbmy¾vgvb| 5. D”PZi evsjv e¨vKiY I iPbv : Aa¨vcK wbiÄb AwaKvix 6. evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY I iPbv ixwZ : W. gvneyeyj nK 7. D”P gva¨wgK evsjv e¨vKiY I iPbv : Ave`yjøvn Avj gvgyb

 cv V¨ m~ wP  1| bvUK : i³v³ cÖvšÍi (RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK evW© KZ© K Aby gvw`Z)

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fvlv I e¨vKiY  fvlv : Abyfe Avi Dcjwäi mgwó wb qB Avgv ì Rxeb| GB Abyfe Avi Dcjwäi cÖavb evnK n ”Q fvlv| fvlvi gva¨ gB gvbyl gvby li m ½ cÖ qvRbxq hvMv hvM iÿv K i _v K| mf¨Zv Ges mgvR-msNU b fvlvi f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| mf¨Zv wbg©v Yi c~ e© gvbyl Bkviv-Bw½ Zi gva¨ g g bi fve cÖKvk Ki Zv| wbe©vK gvbyl hLb g bi ARv šÍ GKw`b aŸwb m wó Ki jv ZLbB fvlvi BwZnvm m~wPZ n jv| Gici gvbyl GKw`b fve cÖKv ki cÖZxK m wói gva¨ g fvlvi jL¨ i ci cÖeZ©b K i|  fvlvi msÁv: evM&h š¿i mvnv h¨ D”PvwiZ h mKj A_© evaK aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwó Øviv gvbyl Zvi wb Ri g bi fve A bï Kv Q cÖKvk K i Ges hv GKwU wbw`©ó fvlvfvlx Rb Mvôxi g bvfve cÖKv k mvnvh¨ K i Zv K fvlv e j| fvlvcwÐZMY fvlv m¤ú K© wewfbœ gZvgZ e¨³ K i Qb| Zuviv GUv K msÁvwqZI K i Qb bvbvfv e| GLv b K qKwU wewkó msÁv D jøL Kiv n jv : W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn fvlvi msÁvq e j Qb, Ògvbe RvwZ h aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwó w` q g bi fve cÖKvk K i, Zvi bvg fvlv|Ó fvlvwe` gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB- Gi g Z, ÒGK GK mgv Ri mKj gvby li A_© evaK aŸwbi mgwó fvlv|Ó gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK-Gi g Z, Ògvbyl Zvi g bi fve cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ evM&h š¿i mvnv h¨ Ac ii evaMg¨ h aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwó D”PviY K i _v K, m aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwó K fvlv ejv nq|Ó Dch©y³ Av jvPbv _ K Avgiv fvlvi K qKwU ewkó¨ wPwýZ Ki Z cvwi| hgb Ñ 1. fvlv g bi fve cÖKvkK 2. fvlv A_©c~Y© aŸwbi gva¨ g D”PvwiZ 3. we kl Rb Mvôx ev mgv Ri Rb¨ evaMg¨|  evsjv fvlvi DrcwË : B ›`v-BD ivcxq fvlv Mvôx _ K evsjv fvlvi DrcwË| evsjv QvovI ms¯ Z, j¨vwUb, wMÖK, divwm BZ¨vw` fvlv GB Mvôxi AšÍfy©³|  evsjv fvlvi iƒc: cÖwZwU fvlvi g Zv evsjv fvlviI `yÕwU cÖavb i c i q Q| h_v: 1. jL¨ i c I 2. K_¨ i c| 1. jL¨ i c K `ywU fv M fvM Kiv hvq| hgb: mvay I PwjZ| K_¨fvlvi i cI `ycÖKvi| h_v Ñ 1. AvÂwjK I 2. PwjZ|  wewfbœ fvlvixwZi •ewkó¨ mvayfvlv: GB fvlv K wÎg, myk •Lj, ¸iæM¤¢xi, Zrmg kãeûj, bvUK I e³ Zvi Abyc hvMx| PwjZ fvlv: GB fvlv cwieZ©bkxj, Z™¢e kãeûj Ges mnR eva¨| G Z me©bvg Ges wµqvc ì mswÿß i c eëüZ nq| AvÂwjK fvlv: GB fvlv wbw`©ó AÂ j eëüZ nq| mK ji Rb¨ evaMg¨ bq, AÂj f ` i ci cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb| hgb Ñ mvayfvlv: ivRv Zvnv ì i ci gvayh© `wLqv wew¯§Z nBqv ewj Z jvwM jb, Bnviv Avkªgevwmbx, Bnviv hi c i~ceZx, GBi c i ceZx igYx Avgvi AšÍtcy i bvB| eywSjvg, AvR D`¨vbjZv m ›`h©¸ Y ebjZvi wbKU civwRZ nBj| PwjZ fvlv: ivRv Zv ì i ci gvayh© ` L wew¯§Z n q ej Z jvM jb, Giv Avkªgevwmbx, Giv hi c i~ceZx, Gi c i ceZx igYx Avgvi AšÍtcy i bB| eySjvg, AvR D`¨vbjZv m ›`h©¸ Y ebjZvi wbKU civwRZ nj| AvÂwjK fvlv (MvRxcyi): ivRv Zv Mv i c `BLv AevK ABqv KB Z jvM jv, Aiv Avkª g _v K, Aiv hgb my›ì Agb my›ì gvBqv gvbyl Avgvi evwoi wfZ i bvB| eyRjvg AvBRKv e bi jZvcvZv my›` ii ¸ Y evMv bi jZvcvZv K AvivBqv w`j|

 e¨v K i Y  msÁv : e¨vKiY n ”Q fvlvi Af¨šÍixY k •Ljv welqK Ávb ev we`¨v| e¨vKiY k ãi A_© we klfv e we kølY (we + Av + K + Ab)| h MÖ š’ Kvb fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`v bi cÖK wZ I ¯^i ci wePvi we kølY Kiv nq Ges wewfbœ Dcv`v bi m¤úK© wbY©q I cÖ qvMwewa wek`fv e Av jvwPZ nq Zv K e¨vKiY e j| evsjv e¨vKiY: W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g Z, Ô h kv¯¿ Rvb j evsjv fvlv ï×i c wjL Z, co Z I ej Z cviv hvq Zvi bvg evsjv e¨vKiY|Õ W. mybxwZKzgvi P Ævcva¨v qi g Z, Ô h kv¯¿ w` q evsjv fvlv K we kølY K i Zvi ¯^i c, cÖK wZ I cÖ qvM bxwZ wek`fv e wbY©q Kiv hvq Zv K evsjv e¨vKiY e j|Õ GK K_vq, h kv¯¿ cvV Ki j evsjv fvlv ï×i c ej Z, wjL Z I co Z cviv hvq Zv K evsjv e¨vKiY e j|

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 evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi DrcwË I weKv‡ki BwZnvm: evsjv fvlvq e¨vKi Yi PP©v ewk w` bi bq, BD ivcxq ewYK m¤cÖ`vq I wgkbvwiiv L ÷vb ag© cÖPvi Ges eëmvq cÖwZôv jv fi cÖ qvR b evsjv fvlv wkÿvi cÖ qvRbxqZv Abyfe K i| GB we `wkivB cÖ_g evsjv fvlvi wjwLZ e¨vKi Yi c_ cÖ`k©K| 1. evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY cÖ_g 1743 mv j iPbv K ib g bvGj `¨v Avmmy¤úmuvD ; hv cZz©wMR fvlvq iwPZ| 2. Bs iwR fvlvq evsjv e¨vKiY iPbv K ib 1778 mv j Gb we n¨vj nW | 3. evsjv fvlvq evsjv e¨vKiY cÖ_g iPbv K ib 1833 mv j ivRv ivg gvnb ivq| cieZx©Kv j W. mybxwZKzgvi P Ævcva¨vq, W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn, W. myKzgvi mb, W. Gbvgyj nK cÖgyL evsjv e¨vKiY iPbvi cÖqvm c q Qb|  evsjv e¨vKiY cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv fvlv ï×i c Rvbv I eënvi Kivi Rb¨ cÖ Z¨K fvlvfvlx Rb Mvôxi e¨vKiY cvV Kiv Acwinvh©| ZvB evsjv fvlv mwVKfv e eënv ii Rb¨ Avgv ìI e¨vKiY cv Vi cÖ qvRb i q Q| wb P e¨vKiY cv Vi ¸iyZ¡ Av jvPbv Kiv nj : 1. fvlvi ¯îƒc I cÖK…wZ Rvbvi Rb¨ : g bi fve h- Kvb i c cÖKvk Kiv hvq; Bkvivq ev Bw½ Z, K_vq ev Qwe Z| Z e fvlv w` q g bi fve K mwVKfv e cÖKvk Ki Z n j e¨vKiY cv Vi cÖ qvRb i q Q| KviY, e¨vKiY fvlvi ¯î c ev cÖK wZ wePviwe kølY K i fyjÎæwU wbY©q K i ky×i c eënvi Ki Z mvnvh¨ K i| 2. mwVK evbvb I D”PviY †kLvi Rb¨: fvlv K wjwLZ i c Ìqvi Rb¨ hgb e Y©i cÖ qvRb, Zgwb D”Pvi Yi Rb¨ cÖ qvRb aŸwbi| GB eY© I aŸwb¸ jvi mwVK evbvb I D”PviY e¨vKi Yi Av jvP¨ welq| ZvB e¨vKiY cvV Ki j Gi mwVK eënvi Rvbv hv e| evsjv fvlvq wZbwU ÔmÕ aŸwb i q Q| `ywU ÔbÕ aŸwb i q Q| G QvovI B;C, D;E Ges ekwKQy hy³eY© i q Q| e¨vKiY cvV Ki j k ãi evbv b G¸ jvi eënvi Ges D”PviY c×wZ Rvbv hvq| 3. k‡ãi eënvi, MVb I A_© wbY©‡qi Rb¨ : k ãi h_vh_ eënvi, A_© wbi cY Ges bZzb bZzb kã MV bi Rb¨ e¨vKi Yi Ávb _vKv Avek¨K| mgvm, DcmM©, cÖZ¨q ev mwÜmn Kx Kx Dcv q kã MwVZ nq e¨vKiY _ K ZvI Rvbv hvq| Gm ei Rb¨ Aek¨B e¨vKiY cvV Kiv cÖ qvRb| 4. evK¨ MVb I fvecÖKv‡ki Rb¨ : ïay k ãi ÿ Î bq, evK¨ MV bi ÿ Î Ges ev Kï gva¨ g h_vh_ fve cÖKv ki ÿ ÎI e¨vKi Yi Ávb _vKv Avek¨K| ev Kï evP¨v_© I jÿ¨v_© Abyave bi Rb¨ Aek¨B e¨vKi Yi Ávb _vKv ìKvi| mij, RwUj I h wMK evK¨ m¤ú K© h_vh_ aviYv jv fi Rb¨ e¨vKi Yi evK¨ZË¡ AskwU cvV Kiv ìKvi| Gi gva¨ g mwVKfv e evK¨ MVb I eënv ii welqwU m¤ú K© we¯ÍvwiZ nvbv hv e| 5. Q›` I AjsKv‡ii Áv‡bi Rb¨ : gvbyl Mvb ev KweZvi gva¨ gI g bi fve cÖKvk K i| Avi Gme Mvb I KweZvi Acwinvh© Ask n jv Q›`| e¨vKiY cvV Ki j GB Q ›ì ¯î c I Zvi ï×vïw× m¤ú K© Rvbv hv e| hv ï×fv e Mvb I KweZv wjL Z I co Z mvnvh¨ Ki e| G Qvov fvlvq AjsKvi cÖ qvMI e¨vKi Yi Av jvP¨ welq| ZvB fvlvq ï×i c Q›` I AjsKvi cÖ qv Mi Rb¨ e¨vKi Yi Ávb _vKv Avek¨K| 6. mvwn‡Zï †`vl¸Y m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf : mvwn Zï QvÎ ì Rb¨ e¨vKiY cvV Kiv Acwinvh©| mvwn Zï `vl-¸Y wbY©q ev Dcjwäi Rb¨ h_vh_ Ávb AvniY Ki Z n j Zv ì Aek¨B e¨vKiY cvV Ki Z n e| m e©vcwi, fvlvi mwVK eënvi I weï×Zvi Rb¨ e¨vKiY cvV Kiv GKvšÍ ìKvi|  e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jvP¨ welq cÖ Z¨K fvlviB PviwU g wjK Dcv`vb _v K| G¸ jv n ”Q- aŸwb, kã, evK¨ I A_©| cÖ Z¨K fvlvi e¨vKi YB G welq¸ jv Av jwPZ nq| Avi G¸ jvB n ”Q e¨vKi Yi Av jvP¨ welq|  ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖkvœ ewj 1. e¨vKiY Kv K e j ? e¨vKiY cv Vi cÖ qvRbxqZv Av jvPbv Ki| 2. Òfvlvi Af¨šÍixY k •Ljv Avwe® v ii bvgB e¨vKiYÓ- Av jvPbv Ki|

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aŸwb cwiPq  aŸwb gvby li evMhš¿ Z_v KÚbvjx, gyLweei, wRnev, Avj wRnŸv, Kvgj Zvjy, k³ Zvjy, `vuZ, gvwo, VuvU, Pvqvj BZ¨vwì mvnv h¨ D”PvwiZ AvIqvR K aŸwb e j|  aŸwbi cÖKvi‡f` : D”Pvi Yi ewkó¨ Abyhvqx aŸwb K `yBfv M fvM Kiv hvq| hgb : ¯îaŸwb I e¨ÄbaŸwb|  ¯îaŸwb : h me aŸwb D”Pvi Yi mgq dymdzmZvwoZ evZvm evMh š¿i Kv_vI evavcÖvß nq bv, Zv ì ¯îaŸwb e j| evsjvfvlvq ¯îaŸwbi msL¨v 11 wU| h_v Ñ A, Av, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J|  e¨ÄbaŸwb : h me aŸwb D”Pvi Yi mgq dzmdzmZvwoZ evZvm evMh š¿i Kv_vI bv Kv_vI evavcÖvß nq ev Nl©Y jv M Zv ì e¨ÄbaŸwb e j| hgb : K, L, M, N BZ¨vw`| evsjvfvlvq e¨ÄbaŸwbi msL¨v 39 wU| h_v Ñ K, L, M, N, O P, Q, R, S, T U, V, W, X, Y Z, _, `, a, b c, d, e, f, g h, i, j k, l, m, n o, p, q, r s, t, u  ¯îaŸwbi cÖKvi‡f` : D”PviYKv ji e¨vwß Abyhvqx ¯îaŸwbmg~n K `yBfv M fvM Kiv hvq| hgb : n«¯^¯i^ : A, B, D| `xN©¯î : Av, C, E, G, H, I, J|  e¨ÄbaŸwbi cÖKvi‡f` : D”PviY ¯’vb Abyhvqx e¨ÄbaŸwbi cÖKvi f` wbæi c : KÉ¨ K, L, M, N, O Zvjy P, Q, R, S, T g~a©v U, V, W, X, Y `šÍ¨ Z, _, `, a, b Iô¨ c, d, e, f, g AšÍt¯’ h, i, j D®§ k, l, m, n ZvobRvZo, p (q-AšÍt¯’, r- Z-Gi mswÿß i c) civkªqx s, t, u| G QvovI e¨Äbe Y©i Av iv wKQz kªwYwefvM n Z cv i| hgb : bvwmK¨ aŸwb, cvwk¦©K aŸwb, K¤úbRvZ aŸwb, ¯ú ó aŸwb BZ¨vw`|  D”PviY ewkó¨ Abyhvqx e¨ÄbeY© K Avevi Pvifv M wef³ Kiv n q Q| hgb Ñ A Nvl aŸwb : e M©i 1g I 2q eY©| Nvl aŸwb : e M©i 3q I 4_© eY©| AícÖvY aŸwb : e M©i 1g I 3q eY©| gnvcÖvY aŸwb : e M©i 2q I 4_© eY©|  hy³eY© (hy³e¨Äb) `yB ev Z ZvwaK eY© GK Î hy³ n j Zv K hy³eY© e j| Ôhy³Õ k ãi A_©Ñ hvM| evsjv fvlvq e¨Äbe Y©i ÿ ÎB hy³e Y©i G eënvi jÿ Kiv hvq| GKwU e¨Äbe Y©i mv _ Aci GKwU e¨ÄbeY© hy³ n q h bZzb eY©wU Zwi nq Zv K GK K_vq hy³eY© ev hy³e¨Äb e j| hgb : ÔKÕ I ÔlÕ `ywU e¨ÄbeY©| G eY© `y Uvi ms hv M ÔÿÕ (wLI) hy³e¨Äb MwVZ n q Q| hy³ e¨Äbe Y©i gv S Kvb ¯îeY© _v K bv| e Y©i mv _ eY© hy³ n j Zv ì AvK wZi cwieZ©b N U| evsjvfvlvq hy³e Y©i msL¨v A bK| G¸ jvi g a¨ wb Pi hy³eY©¸ jvi eënviB ewk `Lv hvq|

hy³eY© ³ ° K¡ ÿ Mœ »

MVb K+Z K+K K+e K+l M+b M+a

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D”PviY K- q Z- q mshy³ K- q K- q mshy³ K- q e- q mshy³ K- q l- q mshy³ M- q b- q mshy³ M- q a- q mshy³

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R+T U+U U+i ( ª) Y+W Y+b Z+Z Z+b Z+g Z+i Z+_ b+_ b+b b+g c+Z e+a g+b g+g l+Y l+K m+_ m+K m+Z n+g n+Y n+b n+F n+h (¨) `+e `+a T+R T+P T+Q T+S

Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ R- q T- q mshy³ U- q U- q mshy³ U- q i ( ª)- q mshy³ Y- q W- q mshy³ Y- q b- q mshy³ Z- q Z- q mshy³ Z- q b- q mshy³ Z- q g- q mshy³ Z- q i- q mshy³ Z- q _- q mshy³ b- q _- q mshy³ b- q b- q mshy³ b- q g- q mshy³ c- q Z- q mshy³ e- q a- q mshy³ g- q b- q mshy³ g- q g- q mshy³ l- q Y- q mshy³ l- q K- q mshy³ m- q _- q mshy³ m- q K- q mshy³ m- q Z- q mshy³ n- q g- q mshy³ n- q Y- q mshy³ n- q b- q mshy³ n- q F- q mshy³ n- q h- q mshy³ `- q e- q mshy³ `- q a- q mshy³ T- q R- q mshy³ T- q P- q mshy³ T- q Q- q mshy³ T- q S- q mshy³

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb

Ávb QvÆ ivóª KvÐ welYœ `Ë hZœ AvZ¥ QvÎ AkÌ MÖš’ Abœ Rb¥ myß jä wbæ m¤§vb K ò ï® `yt¯’ cyi¯ vi g¯Í eªvþY Acivnè ga¨vý Acn Z evn¨ D Øj e× MÄ AÂj evÃv SÅv c ôv b¤^i-88

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kã I k‡ãi †kªwY wefvM  

kã : A_©c~Y© aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwó K kã e j| hgb Ñ Kjm, cw_K, b`x, c w_ex BZ¨vw`| k‡ãi †kªwY wefvM

wewfbœ w`K _ K k ãi kªwY wefvM Kiv hvq| hgb Ñ 1. DrmMZ kªwYwefvM : (K) Zrmg (L) Aa©-Zrmg (M) Z™¢e (N) `wk (O) we `wk| 2. MVbMZ kªwYwefvM : (K) g wjK (L) mvwaZ| 3. A_©MZ kªwYwefvM : (K) h wMK (L) i p / i wp (M) hvMi p|

 k‡ãi DrmMZ †kªwYwefvM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Drm Abyhvqx kã K cuvP fv M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v Ñ Zrmg, Aa©-Zrmg, Z™¢e, `wk I we `wk| Zrmg kã : ms¯ Z fvlv _ K AvMZ h me kã KvbiKg weK Z bv n q mivmwi evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ n ”Q, m me kã K Zrmg kã e j| hgb : e ÿ, eÿ, KY©, bvwmK¨, P›`ª, m~h©, MÖn, bÿÎ, n¯Í, ¯ Ü, ïå, K ò BZ¨vw`| Aa©-Zrmg kã : h me kã ms¯ Z fvlv _ K wKQzUv weK Z ev cwiewZ©Z n q evsjv fvlvq G m Q, m me kã K Aa©Zrmg kã e j| hgb : wMbœx (M wnYx), Kó (K ò), QivÏ (kªv×), cbœvg (cÖYvg), Nbœv (N Yv), evógx ( eòex) BZ¨vw`| Z™¢e kã : h me kã ms¯ Z fvlv _ K cÖvK Z ¯Í ii gva¨ g i cvšÍwiZ n q evsjv fvlvq G m Q, m me kã K Z™¢e kã e j| hgb : Puv` (P›`ª > P›` > Puv`), nvZ (n¯Í > nÌ > nvZ), Pvgvi (Pg©Kvi > P¤§Avi > Pvgvi) BZ¨vw`| †`wk kã : h me kã Avw`Kvj _ KB evsjv fvlvi wbR¯^ kã wn m e e¨eüZ n q Avm Q, m me kã K `wk kã e j| hgb: Kzjv, XuwK, SuvUv, Uvci, wWwO BZ¨vw`| we‡`wk kã : ms¯ Z Qvov Ab¨vb¨ we `wk fvlv _ K h me kã evsjv fvlvq G m Q, m me kã K we `wk kã e j| hgb: Pv, wPwb, Zvjv, Pvwe, PvKz, jyw½, ¸`vg, Avjgvwi, PvKi, `v ivMv, bvgvh, ivhv, wi·v, cvDiæwU BZ¨vw`|

 k‡ãi MVbMZ †kªwY wefvM MVbMZ w`K _ K kã `yB cÖKvi| h_v : 1. †g․wjK kã : h me kã K fvOv ev we kølY Kiv hvq bv m¸ jv K g wjK kã e j| hgb : bvK, Mvjvc, jvj, wZb BZ¨vw`| G me g wjK kã¸ jvB n ”Q fvlvi g~j Dcv`vb| 2. mvwaZ kã : h me kã K fvO j ev we kølY Ki j Ab¨ Kvb ÿz`ªZi kã cvIqv hvq, m¸ jv K mvwaZ kã e j| mvaviYZ GKvwaK kã mgvmwb®úbœ n q, wKsev Kvb kã ev avZzi mv _ cÖZ¨q ev DcmM© hy³ n q mvwaZ kã MwVZ nq| D`vniY: bxjvKvk (bxj h AvKvk), N ivqv (Ni+Dqv), mywePvi (my+wePvi) BZ¨vw`|

 k‡ãi A_©MZ †kªwYwefvM A_© f ` kã K wZb fv M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v : 1. h wMK kã 2. i p ev i wp kã 3. hvMi p kã| 1. †h․wMK kã : h me k ãi ey¨rcwËMZ I e¨envwiK A_© cÖvq GKB iKg, m¸ jv K h wMK kã e j| hgb : MvqK = M+YK (AK), KZ©e¨ = K +Ze¨| Abyi cfv eÑ N ivqv, co–qv, Q jwg, bxwjgv, M Qv, Mu qv BZ¨vw`| 2. iƒp ev iƒwp kã : h me k ãi A_© Zvi ey¨rcwË Abyhvqx bv n q wfbœ Kvb A_© cÖKvk K i, Zv K i wp kã e j| hgb : n¯Íx = n¯Í + Bb& , M elYv ( Mv+GlYv), Abyi cfv e Ñ cvÄvwe, euvwk, Zj, m ›`k, cÖexY BZ¨vw`| 4. †hvMiƒp kã : mgvmwb®úbœ hme kã Zvi mgm¨gvb c`mg~ ni KvbwUi A_© bv eywS q wewkó Kvb A_© cÖKvk K i Zv K hvMi p kã e j| hgb: c¼RÑc ¼ R b¥ hv| kvjyK, kevj, kvcjv I c Ùi g Zv A bK dzj ev Dw™¢`B c ¼ (Kv`vq) R b¥ MÖnY K i| A_P Zvi g a¨ GKgvÎ cÙdzj KB Ôc¼RÕ ejv nq| Gfv eB Ôc¼RÕ GKwU wewkó A_© cÖKvk Ki Q| `„óvšÍ : AbyR, AMÖR, gnvhvÎv, Rjwa, Z cveb BZ¨vw`|  Abykxjbx

1. MVbMZ w`K †_‡K †KvbwU †Kvb ai‡bi kã Zv c„_K K‡i †`LvI : Ljv, Pj, Puv`gyL, nvZ, nvZj, AvKvk, bxj, we`¨vjq, M n, `vZv, cov, Mvjvc, myMÜ, hyeivR, wÎbqb, Awÿ| 2. A_©MZ w`K †_‡K †KvbwU †Kvb ai‡bi kã Zv c„_K K‡i †`LvI : wgZvwj, MvqK, Zj, euvwk, Rjwa, m ivR, cÖexY, kevj, n¯Íx, gnvhvÎv, m ›`k, evwi`, Mv ovqvb, cvÄvwe| Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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3. DrmMZ w`K †_‡K †KvbwU †Kvb ai‡bi kã Zv c„_K K‡i †`LvI : bvgvh, wiKmv, ¯ zj, m~h©, bÿÎ, gv÷vi, cy¯ÍK, Pv, niZvj, Avjøvn, Lv`v, e`LZ, g jfx, c w_ex|  ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖkvœ ewj

1. kã Kv K e j? DrmMZfv e kã KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx ? D`vniYmn Zv Av jvPbv Ki| 2. kã Kv K e j? MVbMZfv e kã KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx ? D`vniYmn Zv Av jvPbv Ki| 3. kã Kv K e j? A_©MZfv e kã KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx ? D`vniYmn Av jvPbv Ki|

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kã MVb  kã : A_©c~Y© aŸwb ev aŸwb mgwó K kã e j| aŸwbi mv _ aŸwb wKsev kã ev avZzi mv _ cÖZ¨q ev DcmM© hy³ n q A_ev mwÜ ev mgv mi gva¨ g h cÖwµqvq kã MwVZ nq m cÖwµqv KB ejv nq kã MVb| kã n ”Q fvlvi cÖvYkw³| cÖwZwU kã GK GKwU fve, e¯‘ ev Abyf~wZi cÖZxK| h fvlvi kã msL¨v hZ ewk, m fvlvi fve cÖKvk Kivi ÿgZvI ZZ ewk| mg qi weeZ© bi mv _ mv _ bZzb bZzb fve cÖKv ki cÖ qvR b wKsev wkÿv-`xÿv I Ávb-weÁvb PP©vi cÖ qvR b cÖwZwbqZB bZzb bZzb kã m wó nq|  kã MV‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vKi Y kã MV bi Av jvPbv GKvwaK Kvi Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| cÖ_gZ, Kvb kã Kxfv e MwVZ nq Zv Rvb j kãwU e¨vKiYMZ ewkó¨ m¤ú K© Avgiv aviYv jvf Ki Z cvwi| wØZxqZ, kã MV bi wbqg Rvbv _vK j eûj cÖPwjZ k ãi e` j bZzb kã MVb K i fve cÖKvk Kiv hvq| Z ZxqZ, kã-MV bi ÿ Î e¨vKi Yi wbqg h me©Î Abym Z nq bv, ÿÎ we k l wbq gi wkw_j cÖ qvM N U m m¤ú K©I Avgv `i aviYv R b¥| wb P kã MV bi wewfbœ ixwZ m¤ú K© Av jvKcvZ Kiv n ”Q|

 evsjv kãMV‡bi c×wZmg~n wewfbœ Dcv q evsjv fvlvq kã MwVZ nq| hgb Ñ (K) cÖZ¨q hv M (L) DcmM© hv M (M) mwÜi gva¨ g (N) mgv mi gva¨ g (O) wØiæw³i gva¨ g (P) c`všÍ ii gva¨ g BZ¨vw`| (K) cÖZ¨q ‡hv‡M : avZz ev k ãi m ½ cÖZ¨q hy³ K i bZzb bZzb kã m wó KivB n jv cÖZ¨q hv M kãMVb| hgb Ñ Kuv`& + bv = Kvbœv, Pj& + Ab = Pjb BZ¨vw`| cÖZ¨q hv M Avevi `yfv e kã MwVZ nq| hgb Ñ 1. K r cÖZ¨q hv M Ges 2. Zw×Z cÖZ¨q hv M| (L) DcmM© ‡hv‡M : wKQz Ae¨qm~PK kãvsk avZz ev k ãi c~ e© e m g~j k ãi A _©i cwieZ©b, cwiea©b, ms KvPb BZ¨vw` NwU q _v K| Gfv e bZzb kã MVb cÖwµqv K e j DcmM© hv M kãMVb| hgb Ñ nv + fvZ = nvfvZ, cwi + nvi = cwinvi BZ¨vw`| DcmM© hv M Avevi wZbfv e kã MwVZ nq| h_v Ñ 1. evsjv DcmM© hv M, 2. Zrmg DcmM© hv M Ges 3. we `wk DcmM© hv M| (M) mwÜi gva¨‡g : cvkvcvwk `y Uv aŸwbi wgj bi bvg mwÜ| mvaviYZ mn R D”PviY Ges aŸwbMZ gvayh© m¤úv` bi Rb¨B mwÜi gva¨ g kã MVb Kiv nq| mwÜi gva¨ g wZbfv e kã MVb Kiv hvq| h_v Ñ 1. ¯îmwÜi gva¨ g| hgb Ñ we`¨v + Avjq = we`¨vjq 2. e¨ÄbmwÜi gva¨ g hgb Ñ Dr + jL = D jøL Ges 3. wemM©mwÜi gva¨ g| hgb Ñ Avwet + Kvi = Avwe® vi (N) mgv‡mi gva¨‡g : evsjv fvlvq kã MV bi h me Dcvq i q Q Zvi g a¨ Ab¨Zg Dcvq nj mgvm| `yB ev Z ZvwaK c ì GK c ` cwiYZ nIqv K mgvm e j| hgbÑ bxjcÙ, wPimyLx, nvU-evRvi BZ¨vw` mgv mi gva¨ g MwVZ k ãi ` óvšÍ| mgv mi gva¨ g bZzb bZzb kã MVb Kiv m¤¢e; hv evsjv fvlvi kãm¤¢vi K mg × K i| mgv mi gva¨ g Qq fv e kã MVb Kiv hvq| (O) c`všÍi ev c` cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g : GK cÖKvi c` K Ab¨ cÖKvi c ` cwieZ©b K i bZzb bZzb kã MVb Kiv hvq| evsjv fvlvq mvaviYZ we kl¨ _ K we klY, we klY _ K we kl¨ Ges wµqv _ K we kl¨ c` MVb Kiv hvq| hgbAsk > AvswkK, wPÎ > wPwÎZ, wK kvi > K kvi, wjL > wjwLZ BZ¨vw`| (P) wØiæw³i gva¨‡g : evsjv kã MV bi ÿ Î wØiæw³i f~wgKv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wØiæw³i gva¨ g iPbvq e¨Äbv m wó nq Ges fvlv myMwVZ i c jvf K i| evsjv fvlvq wKQz wKQz kã GKevi eënvi Ki j h A_© cÖKvk K i, m¸ jv `yBevi eënvi Ki j Ab¨ A_© cÖKvk K i| Avi Gfv e k ãi `yevi cÖ qv MB wØiæw³ kã MwVZ nq| hgb - Avgvi Nyg Nyg jvM Q| eo eo Avg wb q G mv| wØiæw³ kã MwVZ nq wZbfv e| h_v Ñ 1. k ãi wØiæw³i gva¨ g, 2.c ì wØiæw³ i gva¨ g I 3. aŸbvZ¥K ev AbyKvi wØiæw³i gva¨ g | cwi k l Avgiv ej Z cvwi h, Dchy©³ c×wZi gva¨ g evsjv fvlvq AmsL¨ kã MwVZ n q Q| G me kã evsjv fvlvi kã fvÐvi K hgb m Kh©gwÐZ K i Q Zgwb h _ó mg ×I K i Q| Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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 Abykxjbg~jK KvR 1. wb‡Pi cÖwZwUi gva¨‡g cvuPwU K‡i kã MVb Ki : DcmM© hv M, cÖZ¨q hv M, mwÜi gva¨ g, mgv mi gva¨ g, wØiæw³i gva¨ g| 2. wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q‡`i †iLvwPwýZ kã¸‡jv †Kvb ‡Kvb wbq‡g MwVZ n‡q‡Q Zv ‡jL|

w`b KvwUqv hvq| Rxeb AwZevwnZ nq| FZyP µ mgq cvK Lvq, cÙvi fvOb-aiv Zx i gvwU awm Z _v K, cÙvi ey K Rj f` Kwiqv RvwMqv D V Pi, Aa© kZvãxi we¯ÍxY© Pi cÙvi R j Avevi wejxb nBqv hvq|  ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖkvœ ewj 1. kã MVb Kv K e j? D`vniYmn kã MV bi cuvPwU wbqg jL| 2. Kx Kx Dcv q kã MwVZ nq ? D`vniYmn Zv Av jvPbv Ki| 3. AwZ, wbt, cwi, mg DcmM© hv M cuvPwU K i MVb Ki|

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evK¨ I evK¨ cÖKiY  evK¨ : †h c` ev c` mgwó Øviv †Kvb c~Y© g‡bvfve e¨³ Kiv nq, †m c` ev c`mgwó‡KB evK¨ e‡j| evK¨ n‡”Q fvlvi cÖavb Dcv`vb| Avi ev‡K¨i †g․wjK Dcv`vb n‡jv kã| GKvwaK c` ev kã ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ n‡qB evK¨ MVb K‡i| W. mybxwZKzgvi P Ævcva¨vq evK¨ m¤ú K© e j Qb, Ò †h c` ev c`mgwói Øviv †Kvb wel‡q e³vi g‡bi fve m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cÖKwUZ nq, †mB c` ev kãmgwó‡K evK¨ (sentence) e‡j|Ó ev K¨ mvaviYZ `ywU Ask _v K| hgb Ñ (1) D Ïk¨ I (2) we aq 1. D‡Ïk¨ : ev K¨ hv K jÿ K i ev hvi m¤ú K© wKQy ejv nq Zv K D Ïk¨ e j| hgb : g qwU eB co Q| ev K¨ Ô g qwUÕ m¤ú K© wKQz ejv n q Q| GLv b Ô g qwUÕ D Ïk¨| 2. we‡aq : ev K¨ D Ïk¨ m¤ú K© hv wKQz ejv nq ZvB we aq| hgb Ñ Q jwU ej Lj Q| ev K¨ Ôej Lj QÕ we aq| ev K¨ D Ïk¨ A_©vr Ô Q jwUÕ m¤ú K© ejv n q Q| KZ¸ jv c` GK Î wgwjZ n jB evK¨ nq bv| evK¨ n Z n j Zvi mywbw`©ó KZK¸ jv ewkó¨ ev ¸Y _vKv Avek¨K|

 mv_©K ev‡K¨i •ewkó¨mg~n Ñ GKwU mv_©K ev K¨i 3wU ¸Y _vKv Avek¨K| h_v Ñ (1) AvKv•ÿv (2) AvmwË ev c`µg Ges (3) hvM¨Zv|

1. AvKv•ÿv : ev Kï A_© cy ivcywi Abyave bi Rb¨ GK c ì ci Av iK c` kvbvi h B”Qv Zv K AvKv•ÿv e j| hgbevsjv `k 1971 mv j...... | G ev K¨ g bi fve m¤ú~Y©i c cÖKvk cvq bv| G ev Kï A_© cy ivcywi evSvi Rb¨ Av iv wKQz c ì cÖ qvRb| hw` evK¨wU Z ejv nq, evsjv `k 1971 mv j ¯^vaxbZv jvf K i Q| Z e g bi fve m¤ú~Y©i c cÖKvk cvq| myZivs GB evK¨wU K mv_©K evK¨ ejv hvq|

2. AvmwË ev c`µg : ÔAvmwËÕ A_© bKU¨| G K c`µgI ejv nq| ev Kï myk •Lj c`web¨vmB AvmwË ev c`µg| A_©vr ev Kï A_© evSvi Rb¨ c`¸ jv K Ggbfv e mvRv Z n e hb GK c ì ci Av iK c` MVb Abyhvqx e m| GK K_vq ev Kï c`¸ jv fvlvi ¯^vfvweK wbqg hb g b P j| hgb:Ñ m co Q K j R GB hveZ `yB eQi| GB evK¨wU mv_©K evK¨ bq| wKš‘ Avgiv hw` evK¨wU K Gfv e mvwR q wjwLZ- m GB K j R `yB eQi hveZ co Q| Z e evK¨wU mv_©K evK¨ n e| Avi ZvB evK¨ K mv_©K i c w` Z n j AvmwË ev c`µg wVK ivL Z n e| [ bvU : Bs iwR Z evK¨MVb Kiv nq sub + verb + obj-GB c×wZ Z; Z e evsjv evK¨ MwVZ nq sub + obj + verb GB wbq g]| 3. †hvM¨Zv : evK¨w¯’Z c`mg~ ni A_©MZ Ges fveMZ wgjeÜb KB hvM¨Zv ejv nq| hLb Kvb ev Kï kãMZ A_© Ges evaMZ A_© Awfbœ i c jvf K i, ZLb Zv K ejv nq hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ evK¨| hgb - Miæ¸ jv AvKv k Do Q| evK¨wU Z AvKv•ÿv, AvmwË meB wVK Av Q wKš‘ hvM¨Zv bB| KviY Ggb ev Kï kãMZ A _©i mv _ Avgv ì evaMZ A _©i Kvb wgj bB| ZvB GwU GKwU hvM¨Zvnxb evK¨| wKš‘ hw` ejv nq, cvwL¸ jv AvKv k Do Q| Zvn j evK¨wU mv_©K n e| KviY GB evK¨wUi kãMZ A _©i mv _ Avgv ì evaMZ A _©i wgj Av Q| ZvB mv_©K evK¨ n Z n j mLv b Aek¨B hvM¨Zv _vK Z n e| myZivs, Avgiv ej Z cvwi, evK¨ K mv_©K n Z n j Zv Z Aek¨B Dchy©³ ¸Y¸ jvi mgš^q _vK Z n e|

 ev‡K¨i †kªwY wefvM fve, A_© Ges MVbixwZi w`K _ K evK¨ K GKvwaK fv M fvM Kiv hvq| ev K¨i G ai bi `ywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fvM n jv (K) A_©MZ cÖKvi f` Ges (L) MVbMZ cÖKvi f`|

 ev‡K¨i A_©MZ cÖKvi‡f` A_© Abymv i evK¨ K mvaviYZ cuvP fv M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v Ñ 1. eY©bvg~jK: h evK¨ Øviv mvaviYfv e Kvb wKQy eY©bv ev wee Z Kiv nq; Zv K eY©bvg~jK evK¨ e j| eY©bvg~jK evK¨ K wee wZg~jK evK¨I e j| h_vÑ evsjv `k GKwU b`xgvZ K `k| 2. cÖkm œ ~PK : h evK¨ Øviv mivmwi Kvb wKQy wRÁvmv Kiv nq Zv K cÖkm œ ~PK evK¨ e j| hgb: Zzwg wK L qQ ? 3. Av‡`k ev Dc‡`kg~jK : h evK¨ Øviv Av `k, Dc `k, AbyMnÖ cÖf wZi fve cÖKvk cvq; Zv K Av `k ev Dc `km~PK evK¨ e j| h_v : Av `kÑ GLbB cov kl Ki e| Dc `kÑ wg_¨v e jv bv| AbyMÖnÑ `qv K i KjgwU w`b| Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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4. cÖv_©bvg~jK : h ev K¨ cÖv_©bvi fve cÖKvwkZ nq Zv K cÖv_©bvg~jK evK¨ e j| hgb: Zzwg myLx nI| 5. we¯§q ev Av‡eMm~PK evK¨: h evK¨ Øviv we¯§q ev wewfbœ cÖKvi Av eM cÖKvwkZ nq Zv K we¯§q ev Av eMm~PK evK¨ e j| h_v : evn! Kx my›`i ` k¨|

 ev‡Kï MVbMZ cÖKvi‡f` MVb Abyhvqx evK¨ K wZb fv M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v Ñ 1. mij evK¨ : h ev K¨ GKwU gvÎ D Ïk¨ ev KZ©v Ges GKwUgvÎ we aq ev mgvwcKv wµqv _v K, Zv K mij evK¨ e j| hgb Ñ LvKv AvR ¯ z j wM q Q| GLv b Ô LvKvÕ D Ïk¨ ev KZ©v Ges ÔwM q QÕ we aq ev mgvwcKv wµqv| 2. RwUj evK¨ : h ev K¨ GKwU cÖavb LÐev Kï m ½ GK ev GKvwaK AvwkªZ evK¨ ci¯úi mv cÿfv e hy³ nq; Zv K RwUj evK¨ e j| G ev Kï Av iK bvg wgkª evK¨| hgb Ñ h cwikªg K i, m myL jvf K i| GLv b AvwkªZevK¨ Ô h cwikªg K iÕ Ges cÖavb LÐevK¨ Ô m myL jvf K i|Õ G `ywU LÐevK¨ ci¯úi m¤úwK©Z n q GLv b GKwU ALÐ ev c~Y© evK¨ MVb K i Q| RwUj evK¨ mvaviYZ h, m; hviv, Zviv; whwb, wZwb; hLb, ZLb; BZ¨vw` mv cÿ me©bvg Øviv hy³ nq| 3. †h․wMK evK¨ : ci¯úi wbi cÿ `yB ev Z ZvwaK mij ev RwUj evK¨ hLb Kvb Ae¨q ev hwZ wPý Øviv hy³ n q GKwU ALÐ ev c~Y© evK¨ MVb K i, ZLb Zv K h wMK evK¨ e j| h wMK ev Kï AšÍM©Z evK¨¸ jv Ges, I, wKš‘, A_ev, A_P, wKsev, eis, Z_vwc cÖf wZ Ae¨q Øviv mshy³ nq| hgbÑ kwdK Ges wmdvZ AvR eov Z hv e| jvKwU abx, wKš‘ K cY|

 ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖkvœ ewj 1. evK¨ Kv K e j? GKwU mv_©K ev K¨i KqwU ¸Y _vKv Avek¨K, D`vniYmn Zv Av jvPbv Ki| 2. MVb Abyhvqx evK¨ KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx ? D`vniYmn Zv Av jvPbv Ki| 3. D`vniYmn A_© Abyhvqx ev K¨i kªwYwefvM Av jvPbv Ki|

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evK¨ iƒcvšÍi  evK¨ iƒcvšÍi : A _©i Kvb ai bi cwieZ©b bv NwU q GK cÖKvi evK¨ K Ab¨ cÖKvi ev K¨ i cvšÍi Kivi cÖwµqv KB ejv nq evK¨ i cvšÍi| wewfbœ Dcv q evK¨ i cvšÍi Kiv h Z cv i| ev Kï A_© AcwiewZ©Z i L MVbMZ, fveMZ Ges A_©MZ w`K _ K evK¨ i cvšÍi n Z cv i| wb P Gm ei wKQz ` óvšÍ `qv n jv|  MVbMZ iƒcvšÍi  mij _ K RwUj mij : wkwki Avgvi P q `yB eQ ii QvU wQj| RwUj : h wkwki, m Avgvi P q `yB eQ ii QvU wQj|  RwUj _ K mij RwUj : Zvgvi whwb gvgv, Zvi bvg Kx? mij : Zvgvi gvgvi bvg Kx?  mij _ K h wMK mij : mviw_ K GB Av `k w`qv ivRv Z cve b cÖ ek Kwi jb| †h․wMK : mviw_ K ivRv GB Av `k w` jb Ges Z cve b cÖ ek Kwi jb|  h wMK _ K mij †h․wMK : ciw`b kn i LeiUv Qwo q c o Ges AbvwkªZ ì AvMgb ïiæ nq| mij : ciw`b kn i LeiUv Qwo q co j AbvwkªZ ì AvMgb ïiæ nq|  RwUj _ K h wMK RwUj : hwÌ wkwk ii eqm h_vmg q lvj nBj, Zey mUv ¯^fv ei lvj| †h․wMK : wkwk ii eqm h_vmg q lvj nBj, wKš‘ mUv ¯^fv ei lvj|  h wMK _ K RwUj †h․wMK : Kn Kwnqv w` Z Q bv, Z_vwc Z cveb ewjqv eva nB Z Q| RwUj : hwÌ Kn Kwnqv w` Z Q bv, ZeyI Z cveb ewjqv eva nB Z Q|  fveMZ iƒcvšÍi :  Aw¯ÍevPK _ K bwZevPK Aw¯Í: cwÄKvi cvZv DëvB Z _vwKj| bwZ: cwÄKvi cvZv Dëv bv eÜ iwnj bv|  bwZevPK _ K Aw¯ÍevPK bwZ: Z e bvwjkUv h w³K bq| Aw¯Í: Z e bvwjkUv A h w³K|  A_©MZ iƒcvšÍi :  eY©bvg~jK _ K cÖk œ evaK eY©bv: Q jwU K j R hv ”Q| cÖk:œ Q jwU K j R hv ”Q wK?  cÖk œ evaK _ K eY©bvg~jK cÖk:œ evsjv `k wK b`xgvZ K `k ? eY©bv: evsjv `k b`xgvZ K `k|  eY©bvg~jK _ K AbyÁvm~PK eY©bv: fvj QvÎiv gb w` q jLvcov K i| AbyÁv: gb w` q jLvcov Ki|  eY©bvg~~jK _ K cÖv_©bvm~PK eY©bvg~jK: Zvgvi mvdj¨ Kvgbv Kwi| cÖv_©bv: Zzwg hb mdj nI|  wb `©kvZ¥K _ K we¯§qm~PK eY©bv: dzjwU my›ì| we¯§q: evn, dzjwU KZ my›ì! Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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Aw¯ÍevPK bwZevPK cÖkeœ vPK bwZevPK wb `©kg~jK RwUj mij h wMK Aw¯ÍevPK Aw¯ÍevPK cÖkeœ vPK AbyÁv we¯§q evaK mij RwUj h wMK wgkªevK¨ RwUj h wMK bwZevPK h wMK AbyÁv RwUj we¯§qevPK Aw¯ÍevPK bwZevPK RwUjevK¨ bwZevPK mijevK¨ cÖkeœ vPK mijevK¨ bwZevPK h wMKevK¨ bwZevPK mijevK¨ bwZevPK Aw¯ÍevPK h wMKevK¨ we®§qevPK bwZevPK

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Y-Z¡ Ges l-Z¡ weavb  Y-Z¡ weavb : evsjv fvlvq eëüZ Zrmg k ãi evbv b ÔYÕ Gi eënv ii mwVK wbqg K Y-Z¡ weavb e j| hgb Ñ 1. F, i, l I ÿ-GB eY©¸ jvi ci g~a©b¨-Y eëüZ nq| hgb: F / F-Kvi ( ): FY, Z Y, N Yv, g Yvj BZ¨vw`| i / id ( ©) / i-djv ( ª) : KviY, aviY, giY, KY©, P~Y©, `xY©, cY©, NÖvY, cÖYq, eªY, hš¿Yv, BZ¨vw`| l : lÐ, Nl©Y, `~lY, el©Y, fxlY BZ¨vw`| ÿ : ÿY, ÿwYK, ÿxY, ÿzYœ BZ¨vw`|  (ÔÿÕ g~jZ evsjv eY© bq| GwU K Ges l Gi hy³i c| ZvB Gi Af¨šÍ i ÔlÕ i q M Q e jB Gi c i g~a©b¨-Y eëüZ nq)|  wb Pi QovwU _ K Y-Z¡ weav bi GKwU wbqg g b ivLv mnR nq|

FKvi iKvi lKv ii ci bKvi hw` _v K; Lu¨vP K i Zvi KvUe gv_v Kvb& evc Zv i iv L| [ bKvi (b)-Gi gv_v KvUv gv b gvÎv bv- `Iqv, Avi Zvi A_©B nj g~a©b¨-Y ]

2. Ôi,F, l, ( , ©, ª) A_ev ÔÿÕ-Gi c i hw` K-e M©i 5wU eY© (K L M N O), c-e M©i 5wU eY© (c, d, e, f, g) A_ev h, q, n I Ab¨ Kvb ¯^iaŸwb _v K Z e Zvi c i Ôg~a©b¨-YÕ n e| hgbÑ civqY, ivcY, K cY, M wnYx, AMÖnvqY BZ¨vw`|  e¨wZµg : Mixqvb, el©xqvb, kªxgvb |

3. U-e M©i U, V, W, X-GB PviwU e Y©i m ½ hy³e¨Äb wn m e me mgq ÔYÕ e m| hgb Ñ KÈK, NÈv, KÉ, jyÉb, VvÐv BZ¨vw`| 4. DËi, ci, cvi, iex›`ª ,P›`ª Ges bvi-kã¸ jvi c i ÔAqbÕ hy³ n j mvwaZ k ã Ô`šÍ¨-bÕ Ôg~a©b¨-YÕ Z i cvšÍi nq| hgb Ñ DËi + Aqb-DËivqY, ci + Aqb = civqY, bvi + Aqb = bvivqY BZ¨vw`|  Ggb wKQz kã Av Q hLv b ¯^fveZB g~a©b¨-Y e m| G¸ jv Kvb wbq gi AbymiY K i bv| G RvZxq kã¸ jv g b ivLvi Rb¨ GKwU PgrKvi Qov i q Q| QovwU wb P D× Z n jv Ñ PvYK¨ gvwYK¨ MY evwYR¨ jeY gY eYy exYv K¼Y KwYKv Kj¨vY kvwYZ gwY ¯’vYy MyY cyY¨ eYx dYx AYy wecwY MwYKv| AvcY jveY¨ evYx wbcyY fwYZv cvwY M Y KvY fvY cY kvY wP°Y wb°Y Z~Y K dvwY ewYK MyY MYbv wcYvK cY¨ evY|

 we‡kl ÁvZe¨ 1. hy³ e¨Ä bi ÿ Î Z, _, `, a-GB PviwU e Y©i m ½ me mgq ÔbÕ eëüZ nq| hgb : AšÍ, KvšÍ, cÖvšÍ, cš’v, A›ì, L›`, MÖš’, µ›`b BZ¨vw`| 2. we `wk kã A_ev bv gi evbvb Ges wµqvc ì ÿ Î Y eëüZ nq bv| A_©vr GmKj ÿ Î Ôg~a©b¨-Y bv n q Ô`šÍ¨-bÕ eëüZ nq| hgbÑ Mfb©i, wb ik BZ¨vw`| 3. mgvme× c ` mvavibZ Ôg~a©b¨-YÕ- bv n q Ô`šÍ¨-bÕ eëüZ nq| hgb- wÎbqb, me©bvg, `yb©xwZ, `yb©vg BZ¨vw`| 4. A-Zrmg k ã (A_©vr Z™¢e k ã) me©`v `šÍ¨-b nq| hgb-Sibv, ivbx, cyivb (cyivZb), aib BZ¨vw`|  l-Z¡ weavb : evsjv fvlvq eëüZ Zrmg k ãi evbv b ÔlÕ eënv ii mwVK wbqg K l-Z¡ weavb e j| evsjv fvlvq ÔmÕ aŸwbi i c wZbwU -k, l, m d j evbv b mgm¨vq co Z nq| G ÿ Î l-Z¡ weavb g b ivL j G m¤úwK©Z evbv bi wecwË n Z A bKUvB iÿv cvIqv hvq| 1. A Ges Av Kvi Qvov me ¯îe Y©i c i Ôg~a©b¨-lÕ nq| A_©vr B, C, D, E, G, H, I Ges J-Gi ci mvaviYZ ÔlÕ nq| hgb Ñ Clr, fxlY, wRMxlv, Dò, mylg, Zzlvi, Eli, Elv, f~lY GlY, Glv, Øl,HwlK, eòe,Ilwa, Ilya, Jla, c l BZ¨vw`| Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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2. i, id ( )© Ges F ev F-Kvi ( )-Gi ci mvaviYZ Ôg~a©b¨-lÕ nq| hgb Ñ Kl©Y, Fwl, gnw©l©, Z òv BZ¨vw`| 3. I V eY© `ywUi mv _ hy³ Ae¯’vq memgq Ôg~a©b¨-lÕ e m| hgb- e wó, Abyôvb, wewkó BZ¨vw`| 4. evsjv fvlvq `wk-we `wk kã wgwj q cÂvkwUiI ewk ÔDcmM©Õ Av Q| hgb- Awa, Aby, Awf, Dc, civ, cwi, cÖwZ, my BZ¨vw`| Gme Dcm M©i g a¨ B-KvivšÍ (Ôw Õ w` q kl n q Q Ggb-h_v : Awa, Awf, cÖwZ, cwi BZ¨vw`) Ges D-KvivšÍ Dcm M©i ci mvaviYZ Ôg~a©b¨-lÕ nq| hgb- Abyl`, Awf lK, cÖwZôvb, Abyl½ BZ¨vw`|

 we‡kl ÁvZe¨ 1. we `wk k ãi ÿ Î St D”PviY n j Ô÷Õ wjL Z n e| hgbÑ ÷vi, ÷kb, ÷j, w÷j| 2. Aviwe, dviwm, Bs iwR BZ¨vw` we `wk k ã KL bv g~a©b¨ ÔlÕ n e bv| Gme k ãi g~j D”PviY Abyhvqx Ô`šÍ¨-mÕ A_ev ÔZvje¨ -kÕ n e| hgb Ñ Aviwe : bKkv, gRwjm, dmj| Bs iwR : Kwgkb, weªwUk, gwkb, wm jevm| dvwm© : Lywk, Lvk, Pkgv, iwm`, Lvbmvgv|

 wb‡Pi kã¸‡jv ï× K‡i †jL : Aveib, eib, aibx, nwib, wbgš¿b, wgkªb,kªveb, cÖbvg, cwibvg, KvÛ,gÛjx, jÚb,gvóvi, cvóvi, d Uvó¨vU, wbM©gb, kªxgvb, `yb©vg. Abyôvb, Avwe¯ vi, cyi¯ vi, Plgv, mY`, wój, ój, ewj÷, a~wjl¨vr,Awf mK, bexY, bevYœ, aibx, M wnbx, ` w÷, Ac P÷v,wbwm³, kª×vfvR bly, e¨vcwUó, wjcwóK, ówWqvg, Bó, GKwb÷, gwnm|

 ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖkœvewj 1. Y-Z¡ weavb K K e j ? D`vniYmn Y-Z¡ weav bi cvuPwU wbqg jL| 2. l-Z¡ weavb Kv K e j ? D`vniYmn l-Z¡ weav bi cuvPwU wbqg D jøL Ki|

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mgvm  mgvm: ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ `yB ev Z ZvwaK c `i GKc ` cwiYZ nIqv K mgvm e j| mgvm gv b ms ÿcY, wgjb ev GKvwaK c `i GKc`xKiY| mgv mi gva¨ g GKvwaK c` ev kã wgwjZ n q GKwU bZzb c` ev kã m wó K i| ZvB mgvm K bZzb kã Zwi I cÖ qv Mi GKwU we kl ixwZ ejv hvq| mgv mi ixwZ ms¯ Z _ K evsjvq G m Q|

 mgv‡mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv mgvm fvlv K mswÿß I kÖæwZgayi K i| mgv mi gva¨ g Avgiv bZzb bZzb kã Zwi Ki Z cvwi|

 mgvm m¤úwK©Z wKQy cwifvlv  mg¯Í c` : mgv mi gva¨ g `yB ev Z ZvwaK c` wg j h bZzb c` MwVZ nq, Zv K mg¯Í c` e j| hgb : wmsnvmb (wmsn, Avmb)| GLv b ÔwmsnvmbÕ c`wU mg¯Í c`| mg¯Í c` K mgvme× cÌ e j|  mgm¨gvb c` : h h c ì wgj b mg¯Í c` MwVZ nq, Zv ì cÖ Z¨KwU c` KB ejv nq mgm¨gvb c`| hgb Ñ wmsn/ Avmb (wmsnvmb)| GLv b wmsnvmb mg¯Í c`wUi AšÍM©Z ÔwmsnÕ Ges ÔAvmbÕ G `ywU c` n jv mgm¨gvb c`|  e¨vmevK¨ ev weMÖnevK¨ : mg¯Íc` K we kølY Kivi Rb¨ h evK¨vsk eënvi Kiv nq Zv K, e¨vmevK¨ ev mgvmevK¨ ev weMÖnevK¨ e j| hgb Ñ wmsn wPwýZ Avmb (wmsnvmb)| GLv b Ôwmsn wPwýZ AvmbÕ n ”Q e¨vmevK¨ ev weMÖn evK¨|  c~e©c` : mg¯Í c ì cÖ_g Ask K c~e©c` ejv nq| hgb Ñ ÔwmsnvmbÕ kãwU Z ÔwmsnÕ n ”Q GB c~e©c`|  cic` : mg¯Í c ì kl Ask K cic` ev DËi c` e j| hgb Ñ ÔwmsnvmbÕ kãwU Z Avmb n ”Q cic` ev DËi c`|  mgvm mvaviYZ Qq cÖKvi h_v Ñ (1) Ø›Ø (2) wØ¸ (3) Kg©aviq (4) Zrcyiæl (5) eûeªxwn I (6) Ae¨qxfve| wb gœ mgvm m¤ú K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av jvPbv Kiv nj  Ø›Ø

mgvm 

h mgv m mgvb wefw³ wewkó GKvwaK c` GKc ` cwiYZ nq Ges cÖ Z¨KwU c ì A _©i cÖvavb¨ _v K Zv K Ø›Ø mgvm e j| hgb: Zvj-Zgvj = Zvj I Zgvj| Ø›Ø mgv m A cÿvK Z m¤§vwbZ I ¯¿xevPK c` c~ e© e m| hgb: ¸iæ-wkl¨ = ¸iæ I wkl¨, gvZv-wcZv = gvZv I wcZv| Ø›Ø mgv m c~e©c` I cic ì m¤^Ü evSv bvi Rb¨ e¨vmev K¨ I, Ges, Avi-G wZbwU Ae¨qc` eëüZ nq|

Kg©aviq mgvm  h mgv m we klY ev we klYfvevcbœ c ì mv _ we kl¨ ev we kl¨fvevcbœ c ì mgvm nq Ges DËic ì A_© cÖvavb¨ cvq Zv K Kg©aviq mgvm e j| hgb: bxjcÙ Ñ bxj h cÙ, KuvPvwgVv Ñ hv KvuPv ZvB wgVv| Kg©aviq mgv m we klY c`wU mvaviYZ cÖ_ g e m| hgb : i³ Kgj Ñ i³ (e Y©i) h Kgj| Avevi we klY c`wU KL bv c iI e m| hgb : R bK Ñ Rb h GK| Kg©aviq mgvm K qK cÖKvi| hgb Ñ ga¨c` jvcx, Dcgvb, DcwgZ Ges i cK Kg©aviq| 1. ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©aviq mgvm : h Kg©aviq mgv mi ga¨c` jvc cvq ev Dn¨ _v K, Zv K ga¨c` jvcx Kg©aviq mgvm e j| hgb: wmsnvmb = wmsn wPwýZ h Avmb, cjvbœ = cj (gvsm) wgwkªZ h Abœ BZ¨vw`| 2. Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgvm: hvi mv _ Kvb wKQz Zyjbv Kiv nq Zv K Dcgvb c` e j| Avi Dcgvb c ì mv _ hv K Zzjbv Kiv nq, Zv K e j Dc gq c`| Dc gq c ì D jøL bv K i Dcgvb c ì mv _ mvaviY ¸Y ev ag©evPK c ì wgj b h mgvm nq Zv K Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgvm e j| hgbÑ ågiK ò (åg ii b¨vq K ò), Zzlviïå (Zzlv ii b¨vq ïå), wgkKv jv (wgwki b¨vq Kv jv) BZ¨vw`|  Dcgvb Kg©aviq mgvm = we kl¨ + we klY | 3. DcwgZ Kg©aviq mgvm : mvaviY ¸ Yi D jøL bv K i Dcgvb c ì mv _ Dc gq c ì wgj b h mgvm nq Zv K DcwgZ Kg©aviq mgvm e j| hgb: IjKwc (Kwc I ji b¨vq), KiKgj (Ki Kg ji b¨vq), Puv`gyL (gyL Puv ì b¨vq) BZ¨vw`|  DcwgZ Kg©aviq mgvm = we kl¨ + we kl¨ |  h we kl ewk óï Rb¨ GKwU e¯‘ K Ab¨ e¯‘i mv _ Zzjbv Kiv nq Zv K e j mvaviY ag© ev ¸Y| 4. iƒcK Kg©aviq mgvm : Dcgvb I Dc gq c ì g a¨ A f` Kíbv Kiv evSv j i cK Kg©aviq mgvm nq| hgb : gbgvwS (gb i c gvwS), welv`wmÜz ( welv` i c wmÜz)| Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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 wØ¸ mgvm  mgvnvi ev mgwó A _© msL¨vevPK k ãi mv _ we kl¨ c `i h mgvm nq Zv K wØ¸ mgvm e j| wØ¸ mgv m mgvme× c`wU we kl¨ c` nq| hgb : mZvi = m (wZb) Zv ii mgvnvi, AóavZz = Aó avZzi mgvnvi|

 Zrcyiæl mgvm  c~e©c ` wefw³ jv c h mgvm nq Ges h mgv m DËic` ev cic ì A _©i cÖvavb¨ _v K Zv K Zrcyiæl mgvm e j| hgb: wec`vcbœ-wec` K Avcbœ (2qv Zrcyiæl), kªgjä-kªg Øviv jä (Z Zxqv Zrcyiæl), ivRcyÎ-ivRvi cyÎ (6ôx Zrcyiæl) BZ¨vw`| Zrcyiæl mgvm wewfbœ cÖKvi n Z cv i| hgb Ñ  bT Zrcyiæl mgvm : bT Ae¨q (Ab, b, bB, bvB, A, Av) c~e©c ` e m h mgvm nq Zv K bT Zrcyiæl mgvm e j| hgb: AKvj- bq Kvj| Av avqv-bq avqv| Abve wó-bq e wó|  Dcc` Zrcyiæl mgvm : K `šÍ c ì c~e©eZx© c` K Dcc` ejv nq| K `šÍc ì m ½ Dcc ì wgj b h mgvm nq Zv K Dcc` Zrcyiæl mgvm e j| hgb: c KUgvi (c KU gv i h), Q jaiv ( Q j a i h), Qv cvlv (Qv cv l h) BZ¨vw`|  AjyK Zrcyiæl mgvm : h Zrcyiæl mgv mi c~e©c ` wefw³ jvc cvq bv Zv K AjyK Zrcyiæl mgvm e j| hgbÑ wN q fvRvwN q fvRv, K j QvUv-K j QvUv|

 eûeªxwn mgvm  h mgv m mgm¨gvb c`¸ jvi KvbwUiB A_© bv eywS q Ab¨ Kvb c` K evSvq Zv K eûeªxwn mgvm e j| hgb: Avkxwel Ñ Avkx Z (`uv Z) wel hvi| Gi c : eûeªxwn, b`xgvZ K BZ¨vw`|

 Ae¨qxfve mgvm  c~e©c ` Ae¨q hv M wb®úbœ mgv m hw` Ae¨ qi A_© cÖvavb¨ cvq Zv K Ae¨qxfve mgvm e j| Ae¨qxfve mgv m ïay Ae¨ qi A_© hv M e¨vmevK¨wU Zwi nq| hgb : AvgiY-giY ch©šÍ| DcKÉ-K Éi mgx c, wbivwgl-Avwg li Afve|  cÖvw` mgvm : c~e©c ` cÖ, civ, cÖwZ, Awf DcmM© hv M h mgvm nq Zv K cÖvw` mgvm e j| hgb cÖfvZ-cÖK ó i c fvZ, cÖePb- cÖK ó i c ePb|  Abykxjbx

 e¨vmevK¨mn mgv‡mi bvg †jL: Rxeb-Av eM, K~cgÐyK, D×Z-wki, giæ-Kwe, Lqvj-Lywk, wecøe-Awfhvb, wMwi-wbtmªve, Mij-wcqvjv, eb¨-k¦vc`-m¼zj, gvZ©ÐcÖvq, RevKzmygm¼vk, wZwgiwe`vix, h ebm~h©, cvlvY¯Z~c, mwjjmgvwa, Av jvKwcqvmx, gNjyß, gvnwb`ªv, RqgyKzU, mb¨mvgšÍ, bec w_ex, SiYvaviv, AjmZ›`ªv|

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mgv_©K kã ev cÖwZkã  mgv_©K kã : mgv_©K k ãi eÿrcwË n ”QÑ mg + A_© + K| Gi A_© nj GK ev Abyi c, GKv_© evaK, mgv_©ÁvcK wKsev mg A_© wewkó| ZvB Avgiv ej Z cvwi, mg A_© wewkó `yB ev Z ZvwaK k ãi GKwU K AciwUi cÖwZkã ev mgv_©K kã e j| Bs iwR Z G K Synonym ejv nq| h_v Ñ Av¸b : AwMœ, Abj, cveK, ewý, ûZvkb, ûZfyK, me©fyK| PvL : Pÿz, AuvwL, Awÿ, bqb, bÎ, jvPb|  mgv_©K k‡ãi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv evsjv fvlvq mgv_©K k ãi cÖ qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©| GwU GKvav i kã msL¨v hgb e w× K i, Zgwb A_© K ewPÎ¨gq K i fvlv K AjsK Z K i I fvlvi m ›`h© e w× K i| fvlvq eëüZ Q ›ì gvÎv eënv ii ÿ ÎI mgv_©K k ãi cÖ qvRbxqZv i q Q| e¨w³K g bvfv ei h w³K I h_v_© cÖ qvM Ges k ãi c btcywbKZv `~i Ki ZI mgv_©K k ãi ¸iæZ¡ i q Q| m m ½ e³e¨ I wee wZ cÖ`vb Ges Avjvc-Av jvPbvi ÿ Î mgv_©K kã fvlv K gvwR©Z i c`vb K i mylgvgwÐZ K i Zv j|

 wKQy cÖ‡qvRbxq mgv_©K kã µg

cÖ`Ë kã mgv_©K kã

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

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23.

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24.

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25.

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26.

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27.

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28.

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30.

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31.

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e nkZ, RvbœvZ, myi jvK, `¨y jvK, AgiveZx

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c ôv b¤^i-101

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

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33.

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37.

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43.

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44.

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45.

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46.

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47.

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48.

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49.

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50.

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51.

Aå, evwi`,Rj`, Rjai, bxi`, Nb

52.

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53.

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54.

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55.

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56.

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GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb

 wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi 5wU K‡i cÖwZkã †jL : cvnvo, bvM, e nk&Z, mwjj, wen½, aiYx, mvMi, MMb, Av¸b, Nvov, evZvm, mvbv, nvwZ, fxwZ, mybvg, mgªvU, c¼R, fvB, igYx, SMov, `ykgb, cÖfv, wZwgi, g q, Pzj, Puv`, kixi, ivwÎ, Avjøvn&, evwo, Zi½, gvZv, cÖqvY, bqb, AiY¨, wKbviv, Ziæ, Rj`, Zbq, cv_i, hk, fvM¨, gb, gvwU|

c ôv b¤^i-102

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb

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ex A h B BK Cq Avqb AbU bv

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Avb Awb AK AZv Aj Bb Bqv Bgb DK

Av‡bv Dwb, wb YK Zv A C G Bgv DKv

 KwZcq avZyi evsjv I ms¯‥„Z iƒc  ms¯‥…Z iƒc evsjv iƒc A¼& K_& K r K µ›`& µx Lv` & MV & N l& wQ`& `j& ` k& a cV &

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Dwoqv ³ w³ U Z P Z P Z P evb gvb

D‡o Z wZ wUqv Z„ Z…Y Zv eZzc gZzc

mvwaZ c` AuvKv KIqv, Knb KvUv Kiv, K i Kuv`v, Kuv`y b Kbv LvIb, LvIqv Mob, Mov Nlv Quov `jv, Wjv `Lb, `Lv aib, aiv cov, cov bv c ôv b¤^i-103

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ eÜb iÿY, iÿv kªeY, kÖæZ ¯’vb, ¯’vbxq nvmv, nvmZ üZ, niY

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GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb euvab, euvav ivLv ïbv, kvbv _vKv/ _vgv nvmv, nvwm nvi, nviv

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 cÖZ¨q

wbY©‡qi wKQz mvaviY wbqg  hw` Kvb cÖZ¨qhy³ k ãi k l ÔgvbÕ D”PvwiZ nq Ges H kã K we kølY Ki j cÖK wZ hw` avZz cvIqv hvq Zvn j kvbP& (gvb) cÖZ¨q hy³ n e| wKš‘ cÖK wZ hw` bvg cÖK wZ ev bvgkã nq Zvn j gZzc (gvb) cÖZ¨q hy³ n e| Z e weKí wn m e ÔgvbÕ jLv hv e| hgb Ñ eyw×gvb = eyw× + gZzc/gvb Ñ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q ea©gvb = e a& + kvbP Ñ K r cÖZ¨q BZ¨vw`|  hw` Kvb cÖZ¨qhy³ k ãi k l ÔevbÕ D”PvwiZ nq Zvn j me©`v ÔeZzc&Õ cÖZ¨q hy³ n e| Z e weKí wn m e ÔevbÕ jLv hv e| hgb : Ávbevb = Ávb + eZzc/evb Ñ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q ejevb = ej + eZzc/evb Ñ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q BZ¨vw`|  cÖZ¨qhy³ Kvb ms¯ Z k ãi k l ÔAbÕ D”PvwiZ n j m ÿ Î AbU& cÖZ¨q hy³ Ki Z n e| wKš‘ ms¯ Z kã bv n j ÔAbÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ Ki Z n e| hgb : `k©b = ` k& + AbUÑK r cÖZ¨q, el©Y =e l&+AbUÑK r cÖZ¨q BZ¨vw`|  hw` Kvb cÖZ¨qhy³ k ãi k l ÔBKÕ D”PvwiZ nq Zvn j ÔwòKÕ A_ev ÔBKÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ n e| hgb Ñ mvgvwRK = mgvR + wòK / BK Ñ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q eÁvwbK = weÁvb+wòK / BK - Zw×Z cÖZ¨q `vk©wbK = `k©b+wòK/ BK - Zw×Z cÖZ¨q BZ¨vw`|  hw` Kvb cÖZ¨qhy³ k ãi k l ÔCÕ Kvi _v K Zvn j mvaviYZ ÔBbÕ ev ÔCÕ cÖZ¨q nq| wKš‘ H k ãi kl eY© hw` ÔeÕ nq Zvn j ÔBbÕ bv n q ÔwebÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ n e| hgb : Ávbx = Ávb+Bb/C Ñ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q gavex = gav+web&Ñ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q Zc¯^x = Zcm&+webÑK r cÖZ¨q BZ¨vw`|  hw` Kvb cÖZ¨qhy³ k ãi k l ÔAqÕ D”PvwiZ nq Zvn j ÔAj&Õ cÖZ¨q hy³ n e| Z e weKí wn m e ïay ÔAÕ emv jI Pj e| hgb : fq =fx + Aj/A Ñ K r cÖZ¨q ÿq =ÿx + Aj/A Ñ K r cÖZ¨q BZ¨vw`|  hw` Kvb cÖZ¨qhy³ k ãi k l Ô×Õ A_ev Ô»Õ hy³ _v K Zvn j Ô³Õ cÖZ¨q hy³ n e| hgb : gy» = gyn+ & ³- K r cÖZ¨q, `» =`n&+³- K r cÖZ¨q BZ¨vw`| Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

c ôv b¤^i-104

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb

 hw` Kvb cÖZ¨qhy³ k ãi k l ÔZvÕ D”PvwiZ nq Ges H k ãi cÖK wZ hw` avZz nq Zvn j ÔZ P&Õ cÖZ¨q hy³ n e| wKš‘ cÖK wZ hw` bvgkã nq Zvn j ïay ÔZvÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ n e| hgb : KZ©v =K +Z P& ÑK r cÖZ¨q, GKZv =GK+Zv Ñ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q  hw` Kvb cÖZ¨qhy³ k ãi k l ÔZÕ eY© hy³ _v K Zvn j Ô³Õ cÖZ¨q hy³ n e| hgb : fy³ = fyR& + ³ Ñ K r cÖZ¨q f³ = fR& + ³ Ñ K r cÖZ¨q e¨³ = weP& + ³ Ñ K r cÖZ¨q gy³ = gyP& + ³ Ñ K r cÖZ¨q|  Kvb cÖZ¨qhy³ k ãi k l ÔwZÕ D”PvwiZ n j Zv Z ÔwZÕ cÖZ¨q Ges Ôw³Õ D”PvwiZ n j Ôw³Õ cÖZ¨q hy³ n e| hgb Ñ evowZ = evo& + wZ Ñ K r cÖZ¨q gyw³ = gyP& + w³ Ñ K r cÖZ¨q fw³ = fR& + w³ Ñ K r cÖZ¨q Dw³ = eP&& + w³ Ñ K r cÖZ¨q  hw` Kvb cÖZ¨qhy³ k ãi k l ÔhÕ (¨) djv hy³ _v K Zvn j ÔhÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ n e| hgbÑ ewPÎ¨ = wewPÎ + h Ñ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q| b¨vh¨ = b¨vq + h Ñ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q mn¨ = mn& + h Ñ K r cÖZ¨q  hw` Kvb cÖZ¨q hy³ k ãi k l ÔeÕ eY© hy³ _v K Zvn j ÔòÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ n e| Z e weKí wn m e ÔAÕ cÖZ¨q hvM Kiv hv e| hgbgvbe = gby + ò / AÑ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q kke = wkï + ò / A Ñ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q M ie = ¸iæ + ò / AÑ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q cvÐe = cvÐy + ò / AÑ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q  hw` Kvb cÖZ¨qhy³ k ãi k l ÔBÕ ev ÔCÕ Kvi _v K Ges H k ãi kl eY© hw` ÔjÕ nq Zvn j ÔAvwjÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ n e| wKš‘ ÔgÕ _vK j ÔAvwgÕ cÖZ¨q hy³ n e| hgb Nivwg = Ni+Avwg Ñ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q, mvbvwj = mvbv + Avwj Ñ Zw×Z cÖZ¨q  wb‡Pi kã¸‡jvi cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨q wbY©q Ki : bxwjgv, WyešÍ, HwZnvwmK, cvw_©e, `c©Y, XvKvB, gvoK, R j, nvZvb, `ªvwNgv, mvwnwZ¨K, mgªvU, gš¿x, Mv ovqvb, `kxq, evowZ, m ›`h,© evwl©K, µZv, `y», bKjbwek, MvQwU, MšÍe¨, KzwVqvj, PvKv, gavex, jvj P, D³, cv_y i, bk¦i, cvšÍv, cvVK, Kvbœv, WyešÍ, cwÐZ, KviK, kvixwiK, K wkK, Av Mœq, fq, g b¥q, w`e¨, nj `, DRvb, aybywi, `Z¨, ivMv U, K kj, Z¨vM, kqb, kvPbxq, jvwjgv, B”QzK, KZ©e¨, eovB, gwngv, cÖPwjZ, kxZj, kwíK, kû i|

c ôv b¤^i-105

evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb

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evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ Ac wbi my e jv mve

Acgvb wbiÿi myPwiÎ eKjg jvcvËv mve-RR

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb

wecixZ Afve DËg mwnZ bv Aaxb

 Dcm‡M©i A_©evPKZv †bB; wKš‘ A_©‡`¨vZKZv Av‡Q †h me aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwó avZz ev k ãi c~ e© e m bZzb kã MVb K i, m me aŸwb ev aŸwb mgwó K DcmM© e j| Dcm M©i cÖavb ewkó¨ nj, ÔGi Kvb A_©evPKZv bB, wKš‘ A_© `¨vZKZv Av Q|Õ cÖ Z¨KwU DcmM© g~jZ GK ai bi kãvsk ev kãLÐ| Giv Kv_vI c _Kfv e e¨eüZ nq bv, wKsev G `i wbR¯^ Kv bv A_©I bB| Giv Kej avZz ev k ãi c~ e© hy³ n jB A_© cÖKv ki ÿgZv AR©b K i| DcmM© hLb Kvb bZzb kã MVb K i ZLb MwVZ k ãi gva¨ g g~j kã ev avZzi A _©i cwieZ©b, cwiea©b, ms KvPb ev Zvi c~Y©Zv mvab K i| D`vniY wn m e ejv hvq, ÔnviÕ kãwUi c~ e© wewfbœ DcmM© hv M A bK¸ jv bZzzb kã MwVZ n Z cv i| hgbÑ DcmM© g~j kã DcmM©‡hv‡M MwVZ mvwaZ kã cÖ

cÖnvi (gviv)

Dcnvi (Dc X Kb)

Av we

nvi

Avnvi (LvIqv) wenvi (ågY)

Avgiv Dc ii mvwaZ kã¸ jv _ K cÖ, Dc, Av, we DcmM©¸ jv c _K Ki j Zv `i Kvb Avjv`v A_© cvB bv| Gfv eB wbR¯^ A_©nxb G DcmM©¸ jv Ab¨ Kvb kã ev avZzi c~ e© hy³ n q bZzb bZzb kã MVb Ki Z cv i e jB ejv nq- Dcm M©i A_©evPKZv bB; wKš‘ A_© `¨vZKZv Av Q|  ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖkœ 1| ÒDcm M©iA_©evPKZv bB; wKš‘ A_© `¨vZKZv Av QÓ-Av jvPbv Ki|

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GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb

wecixZ kã  wecixZ kã : GKwU kã h A_© cÖKvk K i Ab¨ GKwU kã Zvi wecixZ A_© cÖKvk Ki j kã `ywUi GKwU K AciwUi wecixZ ev wecixZv_©K kã ejv nq| A_©vr, wecixZ A_© cÖKvkK `ywU k‡ãi GKwU‡K AciwUi wecixZ kã e‡j| hgb: `k Ñ we `k, Avmj Ñ bKj, fyj Ñ wbf©yj BZ¨vw`| wecixZ k‡ãi MVb : wecixZ kã mvaviYZ `yÕwU Dcv q MVb Kiv hvq | h_v Ñ 1. bZzb kã eënvi K‡i : Kvb k ãi mv _ AvÿwiK m¤úK©nxb m¤ú~Y© bZyb GKwU k ãi gva¨ gI wecixZ kã MVb Kiv hvq | hgb : ivZ Ñ w`b, Av jv Ñ Qvqv, fvj Ñ g›` BZ¨vw`| 2. k‡ãi Askwe‡kl cwieZ©b K‡i : bZzb Kvb kã eënvi bv K i c~ e©v³ k ãi Askwe kl cwieZ©b K iI wecixZ kã MVb Kiv hvq| hgb : ev`x Ñ weev`x, `~i Ñ A`~i, wgj Ñ Miwgj/ Awgj BZ¨vw`| G RvZxq kã MV biI `ywU c×wZ i q Q| h_v : (K) k ãi c~ e© A, Ac, `yi, Mi, Ab, we BZ¨vw` DcmM© hy³ ev wehy³ K i | h_v : cvi Ñ Acvi, gvb Ñ Acgvb, MwZ Ñ `yM©wZ, wgj Ñ Miwgj, Avì Ñ Abvì, `k Ñ we `k BZ¨vw`| (L) k ãi k l nxb, wenxb, k~b¨, Qvov BZ¨vw` kã ev kãvsk hy³ ev wehy³ K i| h_v : Ávb Ñ Ávbnxb, Ávbx Ñ Ávbk~b¨, j²x Ñ j²xQvov BZ¨vw` |

 wecixZ k‡ãi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv K) L) M) N)

fvlvi Muv_ywb msnZ Ki Z, kãfvÐvi e w×Ki Y, A _©i ewPÎ¨ Avb Z evsjvfvlvq wecixZ k ãi cÖ qvRb i q Q| G QvovI wecixZ kã wb æv³ cÖ qvRbmg~ n e¨eüZ nq| e³e¨ mnRxKiY: A bK ÿ ÎB wecixZ kã e¨envi Ki j e³e¨ ¯úó I mnRZi nq| e³e¨ hyw³c~Y©KiY : fvlvq e³e¨ hyw³c~Y©Ki Yi ÿ ÎI wecixZ kã ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K i| fvlvi kÖæwZgvayh© weavb: fvlvi kÖæwZgvayh© weav bi ÿ ÎI wecixZ kã GKwU we kl f~wgKv cvjb K i| k‡ãi msL¨ve„w× I fvlvi mg„×KiY: kã msL¨v e w× I fvlv mg ×Ki Yi ÿ ÎI wecixZ kã h _ó ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv L|

 wKQy cÖ‡qvRbxq wecixZv_©K kã cÖ`Ë kã myK wZ m g¨ gnr webxZ BZi AÜ Clr Elv cÖkvwšÍ J×Z¨ DcPq R½g cÖjq Avwej AjxK Mij Mvcb Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

wecixZ kã cÖZxP¨ cviwÎK ¸iæ mbœ¨vmx m~² fvwU fvUv ïK¬ cyi¯ vi wZ ivfve weKl©Y cðvr Abvh© cÖZ¨vMgb ewa©òz mgZj weivM c ôv b¤^i-108

K k AbyR `yó cÖvPxb wbw›`Z ev`x we kølY

 cÖ`Ë kã¸‡jvi wecixZ kã †jL : Akb, eb¨, A¤ø, welv`, mv` k¨, wbMÖn, A¯’vei, jL¨, mskq, wZwgi, wei³, Hk¦h,© fuvZv, Zxeª, Kvcyi æl, Pvi, ¯^M©, bk¦i, Lj, Abyi³, we¯Í Z, AvZ¥xq, weØvb, Avek¨K, `yišÍ, AšÍi, jvf, UvUKv, Agm Y, Av`©ª, cÖkvwšÍ, wbe©vK, wbj©¾, ü`¨Zv, f~wgKv, Avevnb, wbiÿi, mÜ¨v, RwUj, cÖxwZ, AšÍ, AvUK, BwZ, ÿgv, Ávbx, Zvc, c_, hy³, B`vwbs, VKv, NvZ, n«vm, Aat, Zb¥q, cviwÎK, J`vh©, k¦vm, mÂq, DVwZ, wbwl×, Ajm, UvUKv, MÖvg¨, `y¨ jvK, K Rv, Hw”QK, Ac©Y, mij, gnvZ¥v, D`vi, evKv, wRZ, wjß, mij, ciKxq, Abkb, evûj¨, Acgvb, cÖxwZKi, AbvPvi, AvMgb, myi, h eb, mykxj, Svby, cvwZQvMj, m wó, cyY¨, fxiæ, kÎæ, wbwl×, Kzrmv, eÜb, D`vi, FRy, `vZv, Zxÿè, DrKl©, wbgxwjZ, PÂj, ke©ix, D¾¡j, mgwó, PwiÎevb, Zxeª, hk, mim, MwZ, wbMÖn, wel|

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GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb

cvwifvwlK kã  cvwifvwlK kã

 Ávb weÁv bi wewfbœ kvLvq wewkó A_© cÖKvkK welqwfwËK kã KB cvwifvwlK kã e j| A_©vr Kvb wbw`©ó wel q we kl A _© eëüZ kã¸ jv KB e j cvwifvwlK kã| hgb Ñ c`v_© weÁv bi ÿ Î fi, eM, MwZ; Kw¤úDUv ii ÿ Î gvDm, gwbUi, i¨vg; Awdm-Av`vj Zi ÿ Î dvBj, Iqv i›U, eBj BZ¨vw`| Z e, Avgv ì D”P gva¨wgK kªwYi e¨vKiY As k cvwifvwlK kã ej Z hv cvV¨ Kiv n q Q, Zv K Bs iwR k ãi evsjvKiY ev evsjv Abyev` ejv hvq| Gw`K _ K ejv hvq, hme Bs iwR k ãi h_vh_ Kvb evsjv cÖwZkã bB wKsev _vK jI i cvšÍwiZ kã A cÿv g~j kãwUB AwaK kÖæwZga~i, eënvi Dc hvMx , cª qvMmdj ev A_©en Zv KB cvwifvwlK kã e j| hgb Ñ Kw¤úDUvi, Uwjwfkb, Uwj dvb, gvevBj, cywjk, Kwgkbvi, A¨vKvD›U, Aw· Rb, G· i BZ¨vw`|

 cvwifvwlK k‡ãi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv  c w_exi Kvb fvlvB GKKfv e ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq| ZvB fvlv K mg × Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZwU RvwZB wfbœ wfbœ fvlv _ K wKQz bv wKQz kã msMÖn K i Zv ì Ávb I Kg© cwiwa we¯Í Z K i _v K| mw`K _ K evsjv fvlvI e¨wZµg bq| Ávb-weÁv bi wewfbœ kvLvq we kl aviYv ev e¯‘ K wb `©k Kivi Rb¨ evsjv fvlv ZI GRvZxq wfbœ fvlvi A bK kã cÖ ek K i Q| ZvB Gme aviYv cÖKvk Ki Z wKsev e¯‘ K wPwýZ Ki Z evsjv fvlvq cvwifvwlK k ãi h _ó cÖ qvRbxqZv i q Q| GQvov, A bK ÿ ÎB evsjv ev Kï fZi mivmwi Gme cvwifvwlK kã eënvi K i evK¨ K kÖæwZgayi Ges mnR eva¨ Kiv hvq| Gw`K _ KI evsjv evK¨ MV b cvwifvwlK kã h _ó ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K i _v K| GQvovI Ñ 1. cvwifvwlK kã GKwU fvlvi kãfvÐvi e w× K i| 2. cvwifvwlK k ãi eënv i evK¨ kÖæwZgayi nq| G Z ev Kï ewPÎ¨ cÖKvk cvq| 3. A bK we `wk k ãi Kvb evsjv cÖwZkã bv _vKvq m mKj kãeënvi Kivi Rb¨ cvwifvwlK k ãi cÖ qvRb i q Q| 4. fvlv I mvwnZïmg ×Ki Yi cvkvcvwk Abyev` mvwn Zï ÿ ÎI cvwifvwlK k ãi h _ó cÖ qvRb i q Q|

 Abykxjbx A - Admission, Agenda, Acknowledgement, Air-mail, Academic year, Administration, Autonomous, Allotment, Assembly, Acting editor, Acting, Academic, Aid, Account, Adviser, Address of Welcome, Author, Appendix, Air-conditioned, Affidavit, Adult Education, Admit Card, Accounting, Agreement, Advice. B - Back-ground, Bio-data, Break of study, Book post, Basic pay, Bail, Ballot paper, Board, Bidder, Boy scout, Biography, Bacteria, Banker, Brand, Bearer. C - Chancellor, Cold storage, Cartoon, Capital, Calendar, Cabinet, Catalogue, Constitution, Campus, Conduct, Caretaker, Crown, Code, Cordon, Carbon-di-Oxide, Copyright, Caption, Cable, College, Copy, Civil War. D - Donation, Data, Donor, Deed, Deputation, Dowry, Deputy, Dialect, Demonstrator, Diplomat, Diplomacy, Donate, Defence, Deed of Gift. E - Editor, Embargo, Excuse, Enquiry, Editorial, Expert, Energy, Earned Leave, Economist, Equation, Edition. F - Fundamental, Fiction, File, Follow up, Faculty, Fact, Feudal, Fee, Finance, Fine Arts, Fixture, Folio, Floor. G - Godown, Green room, Galaxy, Geology, Global, Gunny, Gazetted, Goodwill, Graduate, Graph, Guest House, Guarantee, Grade, Guide Line. H - Hostage, Hood, Handbill, Hostile, Home ministry, Handicraft, Heading, High Way. I - Irrigation, Idiom, Index, Interview, Ideology. Illegal, Immigrant, Imprisonment. J - Justice, Judge, Jiont Account, Journalist, Judicial. K - Key-Word, Keeper, Key note, Knot, Know-how. L - Leap year, limited, Legend, Lien, Ledger, Legal Adviser, Letter Head, Life insurance, Literature, Linguistics. M - Mercury, Memorandum, Method, Mayor, Manuscript, Manifesto, Marine. N - Notice Board, National Assembly, Nursery, Notice, Nationalization, Note, Nationality. O - Option, Occupation, Obedient, Oxygen, Objective. Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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evsjv cÖ_g I wØZxq cÎ

GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb

P - Payee, Pollution, Pay bill, para, Principle, Passport, Parliament, Principal, Public works. Q - Quota, Quotation, Quality Control, Quarterly. R - Rank, Republic, Regiment, Radical, Ratio, Rational, Reputation, Republic, Renew, Resign, Regulation, Resource, Registration. S - Secondary, Sanction, Specialist, Salary, Sabotage, Schedule. T - Theory, Taxable, Tabulation, Telecast, Tender, Tribal, Tropical, Transit Visa, Termination. U - Urbanization, Union, Ultra Modern, Unfair-mens. V - Valid, Vacation, Venue, Viva voce, Vehicle, Vice chairman, Validity, Venue, Version, Vocation. W - White paper, Walk out, Worship, Wage Board. X - X-ray, X-File. Y - Year book.

Z - Zoo, Zone, Zebra Crossing, Zoologist.

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GKv`k I Øv`k †kªwb

mwÜ  mwÜ : cvkvcwk Aew¯’Z `ywU aŸwbi wgjb K mwÜ e j| hgb : Avkv + AZxZ = AvkvZxZ, Zr + g a¨ = Zb¥ a¨, Avwet +Kvi = Avwe® vi BZ¨vw`| mwÜ gvU wZb cÖKvi| h_v : 1. ¯îmwÜ 2. e¨Äb mwÜ I 3. wemM© mwÜ|  mwÜi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv fvlv K mswÿß, cÖvÄj I kÖæwZgayi Kivi Rb¨ evsjv fvlvq mwÜi cÖ qvRbxqZv Acwimxg| mwÜ D”PviY K mnR K i Ges fvlvq aŸwb gvayh© `vb K i| mwÜ bZzb kã Zwii GKwU wewkó cÖwµqv| G cÖwµqvq aŸwb wgj i q Q Ggb `ywU kã wg j GKwU bZzb kã Zwi nq| ZvB fvlvi kã fvÐvi e w× ZI mwÜ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K i|  ¯îmwÜ ¯îaŸwbi m ½ ¯îaŸwbi wgjb K ¯îmwÜ e j| wb gœ ¯îmwÜi wKQz wbqg D jøL Kiv n jv Ñ 1. A+A=Av| hgb : wng+APj=wngvPj| A+Av=Av| hgb : wmsn+Avmb=wmsnvmb| Av+A=Av| hgb : Avkv+AZxZ=AvkvZxZ| Av+Av= Av| hgb : Kviv+AvMvi=KvivMvi| 2. B+B=C| hgb : AwZ+BZ=AZxZ, iwe+B›`ª=iex›`ª B+C=C| hgb : cÖwZ+Cÿv=cÖZxÿv, cwi+Cÿv=cixÿv C+B=C| hgb : myax+B›`ª=myax›`ª, mZx+B›`ª=mZx›`ª C+C=C| hgb : c _¡x+Ck¦i=c _¡xk¦i| 3. D+D=E| hgb: giæ+D`¨vb=gi `¨vb, KU~w³=KUz+Dw³ D+E=E| hgb : eny+E×©=en~aŸ© E+D=E| hgb : ea~+Dw³=ea~w³, ea~+Drme=ea~rme 4. A+B=G| hgb : ¯^+B”Qv= ¯^”Qv, ïf+B”Qv =ï f”Qv A+C=G| hgb : cig+Ck=ci gk, MY+Ck=M Yk Av+B=G| hgb : h_v+Bó=h _ó, gnv+B›`ª=g n›`ª Av+C=G| hgb : igv+Ck=i gk, gnv+Ck=g nk 5. A+D=I| hgb : bi+DËg=b ivËg A+E=I| hgb : M n+EaŸ©=M nvaŸ©, be+Epv = b evpv Av+E=I| hgb : M½v+Ewg©=M ½vwg© 6. ÔAÕ-KvivšÍ wKsev ÔAvÕ-KvivšÍ k ãi ci ÔFZÕ kãwU mwÜe× n j A/Av+F= ÔAviÕ nq Ges mwÜNwUZ k ãi evbv b ÔAÕKvivšÍ wKsev ÔAvÕ-KvivšÍ kãwUi k l ÔAv-KviÕ Ges ÔFÕ eY©wUi cwie Z© Ô idÕ jLv nq| hgb : Z òv + FZ = Z òvZ©, kxZ + FZ = kxZvZ© 7. ÔAÕ-KvivšÍ wKsev ÔAvÕ-KvivšÍ k ãi ci ÔGÕ wKsev ÔHÕ eY© _vK j Dfq wg j ÔH-KviÕ nq| hgb : wnZ + Glx = wn Zlx , gZ + HK¨ = g ZK¨ 8. ÔAÕ-KvivšÍ wKsev ÔAvÕ-KvivšÍ k ãi ci ÔIÕ wKsev ÔJÕ eY© _vK j Df q wg j ÔJ-KviÕ nq| hgb : eb + Ilwa = e b lwa, gnv + Ilwa = g n lwa 9. hw` Kvb mwÜe× k ãi gvSLv b ÔhÕ djv (¨) _v K, Z e Zvi mwÜ we ”Q ì mgq h e Y©i m ½ ÔhÕ djv (¨) hy³ wQj m e Y©i mv _ ÔhÕ djvi cwie Z© ÔBÕ Kvi (w) hy³ n e| Z e G ÿ Î cieZx© k ãi Avw` Z Aek¨B ÔBÕ ev ÔCÕ e¨ZxZ Ab¨ ¯îaŸwb _vK Z n e| hgb : h`¨wc=hw`+Awc, e¨ZxZ=we+AZxZ, e¨³=we+D³, cÖZ¨n=cÖwZ+An 10. ÔAÕ-KvivšÍ wKsev ÔDÕ-KvivšÍ DcmM© ev k ãi ci ÔDÕ wKsev ÔEÕ e¨ZxZ Ab¨ Kvb ¯îaŸwb _vK j ÔAÕ ev ÔDÕ aŸwbwU Zvi c~e©eZx© e Y©i mv _ Ôe-djvÕ wn m e hy³ nq| hgb: my+AvMZ=¯^vMZ, my+A”Q=¯^”Q, Aby+GlY=A š^lY, ¯^+Aaxb=¯^vaxb, ¯^+B”Qv = ¯^”Qv  wbR¯^ mËv evSv j AšÍt¯’ ÔeÕ memgq AcwiewZ©Z _v K| hgb : ¯^vaxb=¯^+Aaxb, ¯^”Qv=¯^+B”Qv Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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fvlY  fvlY : Kvb wbw`©ó welq K K›`ª K i m ¤^vab I m¤¢vlY mn hv M kªvZv ì D Ï k Dc¯’vwcZ myMwVZ evK¨ mgwó KB fvlY e j|  DrmMZfv‡e fvlY `yB cÖKvi | †hgb Ñ 1. wjwLZ fvlY : wjwLZ Kvb cvÐywjwc cv Vi gva¨ g h fvlY `qv nq, Zv K wjwLZ fvlY e j| mvaviYZ, RvZxq ev AvšÍRv© wZK Kv bv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Abyôv b G ai bi fvlY `qv nq| 2. AwjwLZ fvlY : wjwLZ cvÐywjwc Qvov ZvrÿwYKfv e ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©fv e h fvlY `qv nq, Zv K AwjwLZ fvlY e j|  gva¨gMZfv‡e fvlY `yB cÖKvi | †hgb Ñ 1. cÖZ¨ÿ fvlY : kªvZv ì mvg b mivmwi Dcw¯’Z n q h fvlY `qv nq, Zv K cÖZ¨ÿ fvlY e j| 2. c‡ivÿ fvlY : kªvZv ì mvg b mivmwi Dcw¯’Z bv n q iwWI, Uwjwfkb, wmwW, wfwWI, K¨v mU, B›Uvi bU BZ¨vw` gva¨g eënvi K i h fvlY `qv nq, Zv K c ivÿ fvlY e j|  •ewkó¨MZfv‡e fvlY wZb cÖKvi | †hgb Ñ 1. ivR‣bwZK fvlY : ivR bwZK ` ji Kvh©vewji mv _ mvaviY RbMY K m¤ú ³ Kivi Rb¨ AvbyôvwbKfv e h fvlY `qv nq, Zv K ivR bwZK fvlY e j| G RvZxq fvl Yi m ¤^va b we kl Yi e¨vcK evûj¨ jÿ Kiv hvq| G Qvov, Gi e³ eï wel q _v K e¨vcK ewPÎ¨ Ges KÚ¯î ewkifvM mg qB Zvivq Ae¯’vb K i| Z e G Z KÉ¯^ ii Kvb wbw`©ó mxgv iLv bB| 2. cÖkvmwbK fvlY : Kvb ms¯’v, `ßi ev cÖwZôv bi cÖkvmwbK Kvh©vewji mv _ mivmwi m¤úK©hy³ welq wb q N ivqvfv e h fvlY `qv nq, Zv K cÖkvmwbK fvlY e j| G RvZxq fvl Yi m ¤^vab nq LyeB mswÿß Ges gvwR©Z| Gi welq nq mywbw`©ó I w`K wb `©kbvg~jK| G RvZxq fvl Y KÚ¯î mvaviYZ gy`viv mß KB mxgve× _v K| 3. mvaviY fvlY : ivR bwZK I cÖkvmwbK Kvh©vewji mv _ mivmwi m¤úK©nxb wewfbœ mvgvwRK, mvs¯ wZK, HwZnvwmK, A_© bwZK ev wkí-mvwnZ¨ welqK fvlY KB mvaviY fvlY e j| G RvZxq fvl Yi m ¤^vab mvaviYZ Aj¼ Z nq, Gi welqe¯‘ nq ZË¡ I Z_ëûj| G ai bi fvl Y KÉ¯^ i gy`viv mß Ki cªvavb¨ _vK jI D`viv mßKI eëüZ nq|  GKwU mv_©K fvl‡Y mvaviYZ 5wU Ask _v‡K| h_v Ñ 6. m ¤^vab| 7. m¤¢vlY| 8. g~j e³e¨ (m~Pbv, we¯Ívi I Dcmsnvi)| 9. we`vq m¤¢vlY| 10. mgvwß|  GKwU mvaviY fvl‡Yi m‡¤^va‡bi avivµg wbgœiƒc Ñ 1. mfvcwZ ( mfvcwZi fvl Yi ÿ Î cÖ hvR¨ bq)| 2. cÖavb AwZw_ (cÖavb AwZw_i fvl Yi ÿ Î cÖ hvR¨ bq)| 3. we‡kl AwZw_ (we kl AwZw_ GKvwaK _vK Z cv ib) 4. Ab¨vb¨ †kªwY ev †ckvRxex †Mvôx (hviv Dcw¯’Z _v Kb| hgb - K j Ri Mfwb©s ewWi m¤§vwbZ m`më ›`/ Dcw¯’Z kª ×q wkÿK I Kg©Pvixe ›`/ m¤§vwbZ AwffveKe ›`/ wcÖq QvÎ-QvÎxe ›`/ wewfbœ miKvix I emiKvix ms¯’vi Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvixe ›` / Dcw¯’Z wewfbœ RvZxq I ¯’vbxq cwÎKvi mvsevw`Ke ›`/ Dcw¯’Z Kwe, mvwnwZ¨Ke ›` / wewfbœ mvgvwRK I mvs¯ wZK cÖwZôv bi m¤§vwbZ m`më ›`/ m¤§vwbZ Av jvPKe ›` / eëmvqxe ›`/ wcÖq mnKg©xe ›` BZ¨vw`)| 5. m¤§vwbZ myaxe„›`/ wcÖq fvB I ev biv / msMÖvgx mv_x I eÜziv/ msMÖvgx K lK, kªwgK I gnbwZ gvby li GKvsk BZ¨vw`|  RvwZi D Ï k cÖ`Ë fvl Y Gme m ¤^vab Gi cwie Z© ïay ÔwcÖq `kevmxÕ m ¤^vabwU eënvi Kiv nq|  Dcw¯’Z e³ Zvi ÿ ÎI Dc ii GB avivµg cÖ hvR¨ bq|  GKRb mvaviY e³vi GKwU fvlY ïiæ Kivi bgybv : AvR Ki GB bexb eiY Abyôv bi m¤§vwbZ mfvcwZ, gvbbxq cÖavb AwZw_, m¤§vwbZ we kl AwZw_, K j Ri Mfwb©s ewWi m¤§vwbZ m`m¨mn Avgvi cig kª ×q wkÿK I wkwÿKve ›`, K j Ri wewfbœ kªwYi Kg©Pvixe ›`, kª ×q AwffveKgÐwj Ges Abyôv b AvMZ m¤§vwbZ myaxe ›` Avcbv ì mevB K AvšÍwiK kª×v, mvjvg I ky f”Qv Rvwb q Avwg Avgvi e³e¨ ïiæ KiwQ|.......  GKRb mvaviY e³vi GKwU fvlY ‡kl Kivi bgybv ........... G ZvÿY ah© a i Avgvi e³e¨ kvbvi Rb¨ Avcbv ì mevB K abëv` Rvwb q Ges mK ji my¯^v¯’¨ I `xN©vqy Kvgbv K i Avwg Avgvi e³e¨ GLv bB kl KiwQ| Avjøvn& nv dR| Avmmvjvgy AvjvBKzg|  GKRb cÖavb AwZw_i GKwU fvlY ïiæ Kivi bgybv bRiæj RqšÍx D`hvcb Dcj ÿ ivRkvnx ewYK mwgwZ KZ© K Av qvwRZ AvR Ki GB Abyôv bi gvbëi mfvcwZ, Abyôv b Dcw¯’Z m¤§vwbZ we kl AwZw_, wewfbœ mvgvwRK, mvs¯ wZK I ivR bwZK msMV bi m`më ›`, wewfbœ miKvix I emiKvix ms¯’vi Kg©KZ©vKg©Pvixe ›`, B jKUªwbK wgwWqvmn wewfbœ RvZxq I ¯’vbxq cwÎKvi mvsevw`Ke ›` Ges m¤§vwbZ myaxgÐwj, Avcbv ì mevB K A bK A bK cÖxwZ I ky f”Qv Rvwb q Avwg Avgvi e³e¨ ïiæ KiwQ|............... Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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 GKRb cÖavb AwZw_i GKwU fvlY †kl Kivi bgybv .......... AvR Ki GB Abyôv bi cÖavb AwZw_ K i Avgv K hviv m¤§vwbZ K i Qb, Zv ì cÖwZ Avwg A kl K ZÁZv cÖKvk KiwQ| G ZvÿY ah© a i Avgvi GB e³e¨ kvbvi Rb¨ Avcbv ì mevB K abëv` Rvwb q Ges GKB mv _ mK ji my¯^v¯’¨ I `xN©vqy Kvgbv K i Avwg Avgvi e³e¨ GLv bB kl KiwQ| Avjøvn& nv dR| Avmmvjvgy AvjvBKzg|  GKRb mfvcwZi GKwU fvlY ïiæ Kivi bgybv cvebv Rjv wkíKjv GKv Wgx Av qvwRZ AvR Ki GB Abyôv bi m¤§vwbZ cÖavb AwZw_ Ges MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv `k miKv ii gvbbxq wkÿvgš¿x W. Avmv`yj nK, Abyôv b Dcw¯’Z m¤§vwbZ we kl AwZw_ Ges cvebv Rjvi my hvM¨ cywjk mycvi Rbve Avt iwng, wewfbœ ivR bwZK ` ji bZ e ›`, wewfbœ `wbK I mvßvwnK cwÎKvmn B jKUªwbK wgwWqvi mvsevw`Ke ›`, Rjv wkíKjv GKv Wgxi m¤§vwbZ mvaviY K¤úv`K, KvjPvivj Awdmvi, cÖwkÿK, AwffveK I QvÎ-QvÎxe ›` Ges wcÖq myaxe ›` Avcbv ì mevB K Avwg Avgvi AvšÍwiK kª×v I ky f”Qv Ávcb KiwQ|  GKRb mfvcwZi GKwU fvlY ‡kl Kivi bgybv Avcbviv hviv Kó K i GB Abyôv b G m Avgv ì GB Av qvRb K mv_©K K i Zz j Qb Zv ì cÖwZ Avwg Avgvi AvšÍwiK K ZÁZv cÖKvk K i Ges G ZvÿY ah© a i GB Abyôvb Dc fvM Kivi Rb¨ Avcbv ì mevB K abëv` Rvwb q Ges GKB mv _ mK ji my¯^v¯’¨ I `xN©vqy Kvgbv K i AvR Ki g Zv GLv bB Abyôv bi mgvwß NvlYv KiwQ| Avjøvn& nv dR| Avmmvjvgy AvjvBKzg|  mfvcwZi cÖavb `vwqZ¡ Abyôv bi mgvwß NvlYv Kiv|  GBP.Gm.wm cixÿvq mvaviYZ RvwZi D Ï k cÖ`Ë fvlY wKsev ivR bwZK I cÖkvmwbK fvl Yi Dci Kvb cÖkœ Kiv nq bv|

 GKwU bgybv fvlY gnvb weRq wèm D`hvcb Dcj ÿ iscyi Rjv wkíKjv GKv Wwg KZ© K Av qvwRZ AvR Ki GB Abyôv bi m¤§vwbZ mfvcwZ, gvbbxq cÖavb AwZw_, m¤§vwbZ we kl AwZw_, wewfbœ mvgvwRK, mvs¯ wZK I ivR bwZK msMV bi m¤§vwbZ m`më ›`, wewfbœ miKvix I emiKvix cÖwZôv bi m¤§vwbZ Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvixe ›`, wewfbœ `wbK I mvßvwnK cwÎKvmn B jKUªwbK wgwWqvi wcÖq mvsevw`Ke ›` Ges m¤§vwbZ myaxgÐwj, Avcbv ì mevB K ky f”Qv Rvwb q Avwg Avgvi e³e¨ ïiæ KiwQ| AvR 16 wW m¤î, gnvb weRq wèm| GK mvMi i ³i wewbg q 1971 mv ji GB w` b Avgiv Avgv ì GB wcÖq gvZ f~wg K kÎægy³ K iwQjvg| G w`bwU ZB cvK nvbv`vievwnbx XvKvi im Kvm© gq`v b h _ Kgv Ûi Kv Q AvZ¥mgc©Y K i Avgv ì P~ovšÍ weRq wbwðZ K i| G weRq AR©b Ki Z wM q `y jÿ gv- ev bi m¤£g nviv Z n q Q Avi Rxeb w` Z n q Q cÖvq wÎk jÿ evOvwj K| wKš‘ h Av`k© Avi ¯^cœ K aviY K i mw`b Zviv GB Z¨vM ¯^xKvi K iwQ jb, `ytLRbK n jI mZ¨, ¯^vaxbZvi ci cÖvq PviwU `kK cwi q M jI Zv ì mB Av`k© Avi ¯^cœ GL bv G ` k ev¯Íevqb nqwb| g~jZ mykvm bi Afv eB G ` ki ¯^vaxbZv GLb A b Ki Kv QB Avkxe©v ì cwie Z© Awfkvc n q `Lv w` q Q| ` ki gywó gq wKQz jvK GB ¯^vaxbZv K Zv ì wb R ì e¨w³MZ I MvôxMZ ¯^v _© eënvi K i Gi mydj _ K MvUv RvwZ K ewÂZ Ki Q| jyUcvU, `ybx©wZ Avi PvivPvjv bi gva¨ g Zviv m¤ú ì cvnvo M o Zzj jI ` ki wmsnfvM gvbyl w` bi ci w`b `vwi `ªi mv _ hy× Ki Q| Pig `vwi`ªmxgvq evm Ki Q ` ki AmsL¨ gvbyl| AvBb k •Ljv cwiw¯’wZi AebwZmn mvgvwRK mywePvi _ KI gvbyl GLb ewÂZ| ` ki cÖvq cÖwZwU ÿ ÎB GLb Pj Q GK `viæY Aeÿq| Avgiv hw` Gme wel q m PZb bv nB, Z e Kvb w`bB G Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b n e bv| ZvB mgq G m Q Avgv ì R M IVvi| Avmyb Avgiv mevB Avgv ì AwaKvi m¤ú K© m PZb nB| Avgiv Avgv ì hvM¨ bZv wbe©vPb K i Zv ì gva¨ g G ` ki ¯^vaxbZv K A_©en K i Zzwj| mv_©K K i Zzwj jv Lv knx ì ¯^cœ| G ZvÿY ah© a i Avgvi GB e³e¨ kvbvi Rb¨ mevB K abëv` Rvwb q Ges mK ji my¯^v¯’¨ I `xN©vqy Kvgbv K i AvR Ki g Zv GLv bB Avwg Avgvi e³e¨ kl KiwQ| Avjøvn nv dR|

 KwZcq cÖ‡qvRbxq fvlY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

iex›`ª RqšÍx Dcj ÿ GKwU fvlY Zwi Ki| bRiæj Rq›Zx Dcj ÿ GKwU fvlY Zwi Ki| Zvgvi K j Ri bexb eiY Dcj ÿ GKwU fvlY Zwi Ki| Zvgvi K j Ri evwl©K µxov cÖwZ hvwMZv Dcj ÿ GKwU fvlY Zwi Ki| Zvgvi K j Ri GBP.Gm.wm cixÿv_x© `i we`vq msea©bv Dcj ÿ Av qvwRZ Abyôv bi Rb¨ GKwU fvlY Zwi Ki| c njv ekvL D`hvcb Dcj ÿ Av qvwRZ GKwU Abyôv bi Rb¨ fvlY Zwi Ki| `ybx©wZgy³ mgvR MV bi Rb¨ Rbm PZbZv m wó m¤úwK©Z GKwU gÂfvlY Zwi Ki| Ô`~lYgy³ cwi ek PvBÕ Ñ kxl©K mwgbv i GKRb Qv Îi fvlY Zwi Ki| e ÿ ivcY Kg©m~wPi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú K© GKwU gÂfvlY Zwi Ki| bvix wkÿvi ¸iæZ¡ m¤úwK©Z Av jvPbvmfvi Rb¨ cÖavb AwZw_i GKwU fvlY Zwi Ki|

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11. wkÿvi gva¨g wn m e gvZ fvlvi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú K© GKwU fvlY Zwi Ki| 12. cvV¨m~wPi evB i QvÎ-QvÎx ì eBcovi Af¨vm m¤ú K© GKwU fvlY Zwi Ki| 13. Ômevi Rb¨ wkÿvÕ kxl©K Av jvPbvmfvi Rb¨ GKRb Qv Îi fvlY Zwi Ki| 14. cixÿvq `ybx©wZ I Zvi cÖwZKvi m¤ú K© GKwU fvlY Zwi Ki| 15. Ôhye mgv Ri bwZK Aeÿq cÖwZ iv a KiYxqÕ kxl©K Av jvPbvmfvi Rb¨ GKwU fvlY Zwi Ki| 16. AvaywbK mf¨Zv I weÁvb welqK GKwU fvlY Zwi Ki| 17. mš¿vmgy³ wkÿv½b m¤ú K© GKwU fvlY Zwi Ki| 18. ÔAcms¯ wZi weiæ × Avgv ì KiYxqÕ kxl©K Av jvPbvmfvi Rb¨ GKwU fvlY Zwi Ki| 19. AvšÍRv© wZK mvÿiZv wèm Dcj ÿ GKwU fvlY Zwi Ki| 20. AvšÍRv© wZK gvZ fvlv wè mi Zvrch© eY©bv K i GKwU fvlY iPbv Ki| 21. RvZxq Rxe b GKz ki ¸iæZ¡ welqK Av jvPbv mfvq Dc¯’vc bi Rb¨ GKwU fvlY Zwi Ki| 22. RvZxq wkÿv mßvn Dcj ÿ Ôwkÿvi gv bvbœqbÕ kxl©K mwgbv ii mfvcwZi GKwU fvlY iPbv Ki| 23. cwi ek `~lY I Zvi cÖwZKvi m¤ú K© GKwU fvlY iPbv Ki| 24. W½yR ¡ ii cÖwZ iva m¤ú K© m PZbZv m wói j ÿ¨ GKwU fvlY iPbv Ki| 25. gnvb ¯^vaxbZv wè mi Zvrch© eY©bv K i GKwU fvlY iPbv Ki| 26. ÔweRq wèm PZbvq A¤øvbÕ wel q Av jvPbv mfvq Dc¯’vc bi Rb¨ GKwU fvlY iPbv Ki|

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cÖwZ‡e`b

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cÖ wZ ‡e ` b  cÖwZ‡e`b : msNwUZ Kv bv NUbv ev Kvh©vewj A_ev we`¨gvb Kv bv cwiw¯’wZ ev Zvi mv _ m¤úwK©Z fwel¨r m¤¢ve¨Zvi Dci wfwË K i we kl ixwZ Abymi Y h Z_¨ weeiYx cÖYqb Kiv nq, Zv KB cÖwZ e`b e j|  cÖwZ‡e`b cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v Ñ 1. gy³ ev msev` cÖwZ‡e`b : mivmwi Kv iv Øviv we klfv e Av `kcÖvß bv n q mvaviY gvbyl Z_v me©mvavi Yi ¯^vfvweK Z_¨Pvwn`v c~i Yi j ÿ¨ h cÖwZ e`b cÖYqb Kiv nq, Zv KB gy³ cÖwZ e`b ev msev` cÖwZ e`b e j| mvaviYZ cÖwÎKvi cvZv ZB G RvZxq cÖwZ e`b cÖKvk Kiv nq| hgb Ñ GKwU moK `yN©Ubvi Dci cÖwZ e`b, GKwU Mv g©›U m AwMœKv Ði Dci cÖwZ e`b, evRv i `ªe¨g~j¨ e w×i Dci cÖwZ e`b, cÖavbgš¿xi Rbmfvi Dci cwZ e`b, cyivKxwZ© cvPvi m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ e`b, GKRb gš¿x/ miKvix Kg©KZ©vi `ybx©wZ m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ e`b BZ¨vw`|  gy³ ev msev` cÖwZ e`b K mvaviYZ `yB fv M fvM Kiv h Z cv i| h_v Ñ K. mvaviY cÖwZ‡e`b : h me gy³ cÖwZ e` b cÖKvk¨ Kvb NUbv Zz j aiv nq, m me cÖwZ e`b K mvaviY cÖwZ e`b e j| hgb Ñ GKwU mo K hvbhU m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ e`b, GKwU moK `yN©Ubvi Dci cÖwZ e`b, GKRb cÖavbgš¿x / we ivax `jxq bZvi Rbmfvi Dci cÖwZ e`b BZ¨vw`| L. AbymÜvbx cÖwZ‡e`b : h me gy³ cÖwZ e` b Kvb AbymÜvbg~jK Z_¨weeiYx Zz j aiv nq, m me cÖwZ e`b K AbymÜvbx cÖwZ e`b e j| hgb Ñ GKwU nZ¨vKvÐ m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ e`b, cÖkc œ Î duv mi Dci cÖwZ e`b, GKRb gš¿xi `yb©xwZ m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ e`b, cyivKxwZ© cvPvi m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ e`b BZ¨vw`| 2. cÖkvmwbK ev Awdwmqvj cÖwZ‡e`b : wewfbœ Awdm, Av`vjZ I _vbvmn Ab¨vb¨ miKvix, emiKvix, mvgvwRK, mvs¯ wZK, ¯^”Qv mex, `vZe¨ I wkÿvcÖwZôvbmg~ ni wbR¯^ cÖkvmwbK KvVv gv ev Kvh©vewji Dci wfwË K i h me cÖwZ e`b cÖYqb Kiv nq, m me cÖwZ e`b KB cÖkvmwbK ev Awdwmqvj cÖwZ e`b e j| hgb Ñ Kvb wkÿv cÖwZôv bi evwl©K eb fvRb, evwl©K µxov cÖwZ hvwMZv, mvs¯ wZK mßvn wKsev cixÿv msµvšÍ cÖwZ e`b, Kvb cixÿv K ›`ª Mvj hvM m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ e`b, Kvb ¯’v b evgv nvgjv m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ e`b, Kvb cÖwZôv bi Kvh©µ gi Dci lvb¥vwmK, evwl©K wKsev wØevwl©K cÖwZ e`b, Kvb cÖwZôv bi evwl©K wnmve cÖwZ e`b, Kv_vI msNwUZ `yN©Ubv, Pzwi, WvKvwZ ev jyUcvU msµvšÍ cÖwZ e`b, Kv_vI m ó kªwgK we ÿvf ev Av ›`vjb m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ e`b, Mvwo fvsPzi ev Mvwo Z AwMœ ms hvM msµvšÍ cÖwZ e`b, Kvb Kg©KZ©v, Kg©Pvix ev gš¿xi `yb©xwZ m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ e`b BZ¨vw`|  cÖkvmwbK ev Awdwmqvj cÖwZ‡e`b‡K cÖavbZ `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v Ñ (1) wbqwgZ cÖkvmwbK cÖwZ‡e`b : mywbw`©ó mg qi eëav b h me cÖkvmwbK ev Awdwmqvj cÖwZ e`b cÖYqb Kiv nq, m me cÖwZ e`b K wbqwgZ cÖkvmwbK cÖwZ e`b e j| hgb Ñ Kvb cÖwZôv bi Kvh©vewji Dci lvb¥vwmK, evwl©K wKsev wØevwl©K cÖwZ e`b, Kvb cÖwZôv bi evwl©K wnmve cÖwZ e`b BZ¨vw`| (2) AwbqwgZ cÖkvmwbK cÖwZ‡e`b : c~e© wba©vwiZ mg qi cwie Z© AwbqwgZfv e msNwUZ NUbvi Dci wfwË K i h me cÖkvmwbK ev Awdwmqvj cÖwZ e`b cÖYqb Kiv nq, m me cÖwZ e`b K AwbqwgZ cÖkvmwbK cÖwZ e`b e j| hgb Ñ Kvb cixÿv K ›`ª Mvj hvM m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ e`b, Kvb ¯’v b evgv nvgjv m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ e`b, Kv_vI msNwUZ Pzwi, WvKvwZ ev jyUcvU msµvšÍ cÖwZ e`b, Kv_vI m ó kªwgK we ÿvf ev Av ›`vjb m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ e`b, Mvwo fvsPzi ev Mvwo Z AwMœ ms hvM msµvšÍ cÖwZ e`b, b `yN©Ubv m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ e`b, Kvb Kg©KZ©v, Kg©Pvix ev gš¿xi `yb©xwZ m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ e`b BZ¨vw`| Kvb _vbvi First Information Report (F I R) ev cÖv_wgK Z_¨ weeiYx Ges Final Report ev P~ovšÍ cÖwZ e`b G RvZxq cÖwZ e` bi ` óvšÍ|  AwbqwgZ cÖkvmwbK cÖwZ‡e`b‡KI `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| hgb Ñ K. ¯^vfvweK cÖwZ‡e`b : GKwU cÖwZôv bi AwbqwgZ Kvb ¯^vfvweK Kvh©µg wb q h cÖwZ e`b cÖYqb Kiv nq, m cÖwZ e`b K ¯^vfvweK AwbqwgZ cÖkvmwbK cÖwZ e`b e j| hgb Ñ Kvb wkÿv ev mvgvwRK cªwZôv bi mvs¯ wZK Abyôvb ev mvs¯ wZK mßvn msµvšÍ Af¨šÍixb cÖwZ e`b, Kvb wkÿv cÖwZôv bi µxov cÖwZ hvwMZvi Dci Af¨šÍixb cÖwZ e`b, Kvb cÖwZôv bi D `¨v M Av qvwRZ eb fvRb ev cÖ`k©bx m¤úwK©Z Af¨šÍixb cÖwZ e`b BZ¨vw`| L. Z`šÍ cÖwZ‡e`b : h me cÖkvmwbK cÖwZ e` bi gva¨ g Kvb ai bi Mvcb KvR ev AcivaKg© m¤ú K© DÑvwUZ Z _ï weeiY Zz j aiv nq, m me cÖwZ e`b K Z`šÍ cÖwZ e`b e j| hgb Ñ Kvb cixÿv K ›`ª Mvj hvM m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ e`b, Kvb ¯’v b evgv nvgjv m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ e`b, Kvb ¯’v b msNwUZ Pzwi, WvKvwZ ev jyUcvU msµvšÍ cÖwZ e`b, Kv_vI m ó kªwgK we ÿvf ev Av ›`vjb m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ e`b, Mvwo fvsPzi ev Mvwo Z AwMœ ms hvM msµvšÍ cÖwZ e`b, b `yN©Ubv m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ e`b, Kvb Kg©KZ©v, Kg©Pvix ev gš¿xi `yb©xwZ m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ e`b BZ¨vw`| Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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 cÖwZ‡e`b †jLvi mvaviY wbqg   gy³ cÖwZ‡e`b †jLvi mvaviY c×wZ 1. wk ivbvg (Dc ii ga¨vs k cÖ`Ë wel qi Dci wfwË K i h_vm¤¢e AvKl©Yxq K i wjL Z n e)| 2. cÖwZ e` Ki bvg / c`we I cwiwPwZ / (bvCgyj Bmjvg / kvgmyj Bmjvg, Lyjbv cÖwZwbwa / wbR¯^ cÖwZ e`K / we kl cÖwZ e`K / ewikvj cÖwZwbwa/ Rjv cÖwZwbwa, gqgbwmsn / wÎkvj (gqgbwmsn) cÖwZwbwa, åvg¨gvb cÖwZwbwa BZ¨vw`)| 3. Z_¨ weeiYx K. BbUªy ev cÖvi¤¢| L. WmµvBf ev eY©bv|  Z_¨ weeiYx †jLvi mvaviY m~Î (Qq ÔKÕ A_ev dvBf WweøD, Iqvb GBP ) (1) KLb Ñ When. (2) †Kv_vq Ñ Where. (3) †K/ Kviv Ñ Who. 5W (4) †Kb Ñ Why. (5) Kx Ñ What. (6) Kxfv‡e Ñ How. 1H  gy³ cÖwZ‡e`b †jLvi bgybv  moK `yN©Ubvi Dci GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b •Zwi Ki|  wb P moK `yN©Ubvi Dci GKwU cÖwZ e`b Zwi Kiv n jv:

Uv½vB‡j fqven moK `yN©Ubvq wbnZ 9, AvnZ 27 wbR¯^ cÖwZ‡e`K (Uv½vBj) : MZ 26 Ryb mKvj 10Uvq e½eÜz hgybv mZzi c~e© cÖv šÍ GK gg©vwšÍK moK `yN©Ubvq 9 Rb wbnZ I 27 Rb AvnZ n q Q| cÖZ¨ÿ`kx© ì weeiY _ K Rvbv hvq, XvKv _ K e¸ovMvgx GKwU hvÎxevnx ev mi (bs - XvKv - e - 23256) mv _ w`bvRcyi _ K XvKvMvgx gvj evSvB GKwU Uªv Ki (bs-ivRkvnx - n - 25632) gy LvgywL msNl© n j G `yN©UbvwU N U| G Z NUbv¯’ jB PvjKmn 4 Rb wbnZ nq| G Qvov nvmcvZv j bqvi c _ 2 Rb Ges nvmcvZv j bqvi ci Av iv 3 R bi g Zz¨ N U| wbnZ ì 3 R bi cwiPq Rvbv M Q| Giv n jv e¸ov mì Dc Rjvi aybU MÖv gi iv¯Íg Avjxi cyÎ nv Zg Avjx (32), GKB MÖv gi iwdKzj Bmjv gi cyÎ wmivRyj Bmjvg (27) Ges Mvwoi PvjK MvRxcyi mì Dc Rjvi cvBbkvBj MÖv gi g Z gwdR wgqvi cyÎ gvt Avt ReŸvi (32)| G wi cvU© jLv ch©šÍ Ab¨vb¨ wbnZ ì Kvb cwiPq cvIqv hvqwb| gvivZ¥Kfv e AvnZ 3 Rb K Uv½vBj Rbv ij nvmcvZvj _ K XvKv c½y nvmcvZv j ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv n q Q| G ì g a¨ 2 R bi Ae¯’v LyeB Avk¼vRbK e j Rvbv M Q| AvnZ Ab¨vb¨ hvÎxiv Uv½vBj Rbv ij nvmcvZvjmn wewfbœ nvmcvZvj I wK¬wb K fwZ© n q Q| A bK KB cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv k l Q o `qv n q Q| `yN©Ubvi Lei c q cywjk `ªæZ NUbv¯’ j Av m Ges ¯’vbxq RbM Yi mnvqZvq D×vi ZrciZv Pvjvq| G e¨vcv i mswkøó _vbvq GKwU gvgjv n q Q|  `ªe¨g~j¨ e„w×i Dci GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b †jL|  wb P `ªe¨g~j¨ e w×i Dci GKwU cÖwZ e`b jLv n jv :

`ªe¨g~j¨ e„w× Ae¨vnZ : †µZv‡ì Pig `y‡f©vM wbR¯^ cÖwZ‡e`K : `dvq `dvq wbZ¨cÖ qvRbxq c Yï g~j¨ e w× cvIqvq wbæ Av qi gvbylmn mvaviY µZv ì Pig `y f©vM cvnv Z n ”Q| G e¨vcv i miKvi evievi Avkvi evYx kvbv jI fv³v ì `y f©vM Kgvi Kvb jÿY GL bv `Lv hv ”Q bv| MZKvj ivRavbxi K qKwU evRvi cwi`k©b K i `Lv M Q, GK mßv ni eëav b PvD ji g~j¨ KwRcÖwZ 3 _ K 4 UvKv e w× c q Q| fvR¨ Z ji `vg e o Q wjUvicÖwZ 6 _ K 8 UvKv| Avjyi `vg e o Q KwRcÖwZ 3 _ K 4 UvKv| wPwb I Qvjvi `vg Kg jI gvQ, gvsm I mwâi `vg Av iv e w× c q Q| Gme ÿ Î wmwU K c©v ik bi wba©vwiZ ZvwjKv KD gvb Q bv| GKRb we µZvi Kv Q Gi KviY Rvb Z PvB j wZwb AwZwi³ cwienY Li Pi K_v D jøL K i e jb, wmwU K c©v ik bi ZvwjKv AbymiY Ki j jv fi cwie Z© Zv ì jvKmvb w` Z n e| Gmgq ¸u ov `ya I gmywii Wv ji `vg e w× c q Q A¯^vfvweK nv i| me P q ewk e w× c q Q KuvPv gwi Pi `vg| 3 w` bi eëav b 20 UvKv KwRi KuvPv gwiP wewµ n ”Q GLb 80 _ K 90 UvKvq| evW© d¬zi Kvi Y gyiwMi wWg I gvs mi Pvwn`v n«vm c jI `vg Lye GKUv K gwb| Av`v I imy bi `vg wKQzUv w¯’wZkxj _vK jI e w× c q Q wcuqv Ri `vg| wKQz wKQz c Yï g~j¨ AcwiewZ©Z _vK jI wbZ¨cÖ qvRbxq cÖvq cÖwZwU c Yï g~j¨B w`b w`b e o Pj Q| AbymÜv b Rvbv M Q, AvšÍRv© wZK evRv i g~jë w× I `kxq Drcv`b n«v mi cvkvcvwk GK ai bi bxie gRy``vixi Kvi YB `dvq `dvq G me c Yï g~j¨ e w× cv ”Q| G cÖm ½ GKRb µZvi mv _ K_v e j Rvbv M Q, `ªe¨g~j¨ e w× Ae¨vnZ _vKvq cÖwZwbqZ Zv ì wngwkg L Z n ”Q| w` bi ci w`b ZvwjKv _ K ev` w` Z n ”Q GKwUi ci GKwU cY¨| hvi d j cwiev ii m`mïv Acywói wkKvi n ”Q|

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`ªe¨g~j¨ e w× iv a miKvi h me c` ÿc¸ jv wb q Q, Zvi djvdj ` L mvaviY gvbyl GLb LyeB nZvk| ZvB A b KB g b K ib G e¨vcv i miKv ii DwPZ Pjgvb K kj cwieZ©b K i bZzb Kvb K kj MÖnY Kiv|  mgm¨v RR©wiZ GKwU nvmcvZv‡ji Dci cÖwZ‡e`b

( AbymÜvbx )

AšÍnxb mgm¨vi Ave‡Z© bvMicyi mì nvmcvZvj we‡kl cÖwZ‡e`K : bvbvgyLx mgm¨vi Kvi Y bvMicyi mì nvmcvZvjwU GLb APj n Z e m Q| Gi d j bvMicyievmx ì cvnv Z n ”Q Pig `y f©vM| Rbmvavi Yi ¯^vfvweK wPwKrmv w` Z e¨_© GB nvmcvZvjwU ivMx ì Pig `y f©vM Avi weo¤^bvi KviY n jI KZ ©c ÿi G wb q Kvb D ØM jÿ Kiv hv ”Q bv| Rvbv M Q, GLvbKvi bvm©, Wv³vi I Kg©Pvix ì Avevm bi Rb¨ ch©vß AvevwmK myweav _vK jI Zv ì A b KB mLv b _v Kb bv| Wv³vi ì KD KD XvKv _ K G m GLv b Awdm K ib| GB my hvM wb q Kg©Pvix ì g aÏ Kv R duvwK `qvi GKwU cÖeYZv M o D V Q| MZ `yB `k KI Gi kh¨v msL¨v 29wU _ K Avi ev owb| hwÌ Wvqwiqv AvµvšÍ ivMx ì Rb¨ GKwU ¯^Zš¿ IqvW© wbg©v Yi KvR ïiæ n q Q, wKš‘ mUv K e bvMv` kl n e Zvi Kvb m`yËi KD w` Z cvi Q bv| GLv b 7wU Gg.we.we.Gm Wv³v ii c` _vK jI 2wU c` `xN©w`b a iB Lvwj i q Q| hviv Av Qb Zv ìI wZb Rb Av mb XvKv _ K| mßv n `yÕw` bi ewk Zviv nvmcvZv j _v Kb bv| d j AvDU Wv ii ivMx ì NÈvi ci NÈv A cÿv K i Wv³v ii mvÿvZ c Z nq| Jl ai mieivnI GLv b Lye Kg| ZvI hUzKz Av m, Zvi wmsn fvMB bvwK nvmcvZvj KZ© cÿ PvivB c _ wewµ K i `q| GKgvÎ G¨v¤^y jÝwU `xN©w`b a i weKj n q Av Q| GUv givg Zi Kvb D `¨vM bB| Aciw` K G·- i gwkb mn Ab¨vb¨ A bK hš¿cvwZB GLb Avi eënvi Kiv n ”Qbv| Awf hvM i q Q, evB ii eëmvqx ì KvQ _ K wbqwgZ gv mvnviv wb q Wv³viMY wb RivB Gme hš¿ A K Rv K i i L Qb| Gi Rb¨ cÖwZ eQi bZzb K i ev RU G b `y -GK gv mi Rb¨ Zv Pvjy Kiv n jI bvbv ARynv Z Avevi Zv eÜ K i `qviI Awf hvM i q Q| G e¨vcv i Dc Rjv ¯^v¯’¨ I cwievi Kj¨vY Kg©KZ©vi mv _ hvMv hvM Kiv n j wZwb welqwU AccÖPvi e j Dwo q `b| ek KRb ivMxi mv _ K_v e j Rvbv M Q, nvmcvZv ji Lv`¨ I cvbxq R ji Ae¯’v LyeB kvPbxq| Zv ì Awf hvM, bvm© I Wv³viMY wVKgZ Zv ì `vwqZ¡ cvjb K ib bv| Aek¨ mswkøó AvevwmK wPwKrmK G welqwU cy ivcywi A¯^xKvi K i Qb| m iRwgb cwi`k© b `Lv M Q, nvmcvZvjwUi m¨vwb Ukb eë¯’v LyeB wbgœgv bi| myBcv ii f~wgKv wb qI GLv b i q Q bvbvb cÖkœ | eë¯’vcbvMZ ÎæwU, bvbv Awbqg I hLb-ZLb we`y¨r P j hvIqvi Kvi Y GLv b fwZ©K Z ivMx ì `y f©vM Pi g cu Q jI KZ© c ÿi G e¨vcv i Kvb ` wó bB| ivMx ì Ae¨vnZ bvbvwea weo¤^bv wb qI bB Kv iv Kvb gv_ve¨_v| Avi GB Aeë¯’vcbvi my hvM wb qB ek wKQz cÖvB fU wK¬wbK ivMx ì KvQ _ K cÖwZ gv m nvwZ q wb ”Q jvL jvL UvKv|  gy³ cªwZ e` bi ïiæ ZB _v K wk ivbvg| Zvici _v K cÖwZ e` Ki bvg ev c`we (wbR¯^ cÖwZ e`K/ AvÂwjK cÖwZ e`K/ we kl cÖwZ e`K BZ¨vw`) Ges k l _v K Z_¨ weeiYx| Z e weKí wn m e Av M Z_¨ weeiYx Ges c i cÖwZ e` Ki bvg ev c`we _vK Z cv i|  gy³ cªwZ e` bi ÿ Î cÖ kœ h welq D jøL Kiv n e DË ii ÿ Î mivmwi Zv D× Z bv K i mB wel qi Ici wfwË K i GKwU AvKl©Yxq wk ivbvg wjL Z nq|  cÖkvmwbK cÖwZ‡e`b Ñ (1) †jLvi c×wZ  cÖkvmwbK cÖwZ e` bi ÿ Î e¨vcK ewPÎ¨ jÿ Kiv hvq| AvKv ii w`K _ K G me cÖwZ e`b KL bv GK c ôv Avevi KL bvev GK ev GKvwaK e n`vKv ii eB qi g ZvI n Z cv i| Avgv ì RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ msµvšÍ cÖwZ e`b¸ jv G ai bi e n`vKv ii cÖwZ e` bi ` óvšÍ| Z e GBP.Gm.wm cixÿvq mvaviYZ h me cÖwZ e` bi Dci cÖkœ Kiv nq, Zv AvKv ii w`K _ K Lye eo nq bv| 1. ZvwiL 2.eivei 3. cÖvcK ev MÖnxZvi c`we I wVKvbv 4. welq : ( ÑÑÑÑÑÑ m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ e`b|) 5. m~Î (cÖ hvR¨ ÿ Î)| 6. m ¤^vab ( Rbve/ gnvZ¥b BZ¨vw`) 7. BbUªy ev m~Pbv (webxZ wb e`b GB h, DwjøwLZ wel qi/ m~Î I wel qi Av jv K Avcbvi m`q AeMwZi Rb¨ wb gœv³ Z_¨weeiYx/cÖwZ e`b Dc¯’vcb Kiv n jv|/ webxZ wb e`b GB h, MZ 13/05/2008 Bs Zvwi L Avcbvi cÖwiZ ¯§viK bscK/102/6(1)/2008. c Îi cÖwÿ Z Avcbvi m`q AeMwZi Rb¨ wb gœv³ Z_¨weeiYx/cÖwZ e`b Dc¯’vcb Kiv n jv|) 8. c~Y©v½ Z_¨ weeiYx ev we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv| 9. mycvwik (cÖ hvR¨ ÿ Î)| 10. K. wb e`K L. ¯^vÿi, bvg, c`we I wVKvbv|  `vwqZ¡cÖvß Kv bv c`vwaKvix Qvov mvaviY Kvb wkÿv_©x ev Ab¨ KD G ai bi cÖwZ e`b cÖYq bi ÿgZv iv Lb bv e j GKRb wkÿv_x© ev cixÿv_©x K `vwqZ¡kxj Kvb c`vwaKvixi cwiP q G RvZxq cÖwZ e`b wjL Z n e| Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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 cÖkvmwbK cÖwZ‡e`b - 1 Gi bgybv   †Zvgvi K‡j‡Ri bexb ei‡Yi Dci GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b iPbv Ki| ZvwiL : 20/10/08 wLª÷vã. eivei Aa¨ÿ mq`cyi wWwMÖ K jR, mq`cyi| welq : bexb eiY msµvšÍ cÖwZ e`b| m~Î : mwWK/102/10(1)/08. Zvs - 13/11/2008 wLª. Rbve, webxZ wb e`b GB h, DwjøwLZ m~Î I wel qi Av jv K Avcbvi m`q AeMwZi Rb¨ wb gœv³ cÖwZ e`b Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj| 1. MZ 10 A ±vei 2008 Bs ZvwiL mKvj 10 NwUKvq AÎ K jR wgjbvqZ b bexb eiY - 2008 Gi AvbyôvwbK Kvh©µg ïiæ nq| 2. D³ Abyôv b Dc¯’vcK wn m e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K ib AÎ K j Ri Bs iwR wefv Mi cÖfvlK Rbve ejivg PµeZ©x| Abyôv bi ïiæ ZB wZwb mfvcwZ Ges c i AwZw_e ›` K g Â Avgš¿Y Rvbvb| D³ Abyôv b mfvcwZi Avmb MÖnY K ib Aa¨ÿ Rbve gvt wgqv Puvb Ges cÖavb AwZw_i Avmb MÖnY K ib wewkó wkÿvwe` Wt Pv gwj `vm| we kl AwZw_i Avmb MÖnY K ib ¯’vbxq c imfvi Pqvig¨vb Rbve Qv bvqvi nv mb wniY| 3. cweÎ KviAvb _ K ZjvIqv Zi gva¨ g Abyôv bi cieZx© Kvh©µg ïiæ nq| 4. Gici ¯^vMZ e³e¨ iv Lb K jR QvÎ msm ì mn mfvcwZ wgR©v iæ ej ivqnvb| Gici eiYwjwc I iRbxMÜv dzj weZi Yi gva¨ g bexb ì dz jj ï f”Qv Rvwb q AvbyôvwbKfv e Zv ì eiY K i bqv nq| 5. AZtci bexb ì cÿ _ K e³e¨ iv L bevMZ QvÎ Avwmd BKevj Ges cÖexb ì cÿ _ K e³e¨ iv L kvIb| 6. Gici GKRb cÖfvlK Ges `yRb Mfwb©s ewWi m`m¨ Zv ì e³e¨ iv Lb| Zv ì ci e³e¨ iv Lb KÕRb ¯’vbxq MY¨gvb¨ e¨w³ Ges me k l e³e¨ iv Lb Abyôv bi m¤§vwbZ we kl AwZw_ I cÖavb AwZw_| wgjbvqZb fwZ© QvÎ-QvÎxiv wcbcZb bxieZvi ga¨w` q Zv ì GB g~jëvb e³e¨ kv b Ges KiZvwji ga¨w` q Abyôvb K cÖvYešÍ K i Zv j| Gici mfvcwZi fvl Yi ga¨w` q cÖ_g c e©i mgvwß N U| 7. wØZxq c e© ïiæ nq g bvÁ mvs¯ wZK Abyôvb| 8. G Abyôv bi cª_g c eÕ© K jR QvÎQvÎxiv Ave wË, msMxZ, b Z¨ I K ZzK cwi ekb Kivi ci g Â Av mb ` ki L¨vwZgvb `yB ZviKv wkíx mvqšÍbx P ayix I wkwki nvmvb | Zv ì ò NÈve¨vcx msMxZ cwi ekbvq AbyôvbwU `viæYfv e Drme gyLi n q D V| 9. Ae k l we Kj cuvPUvq Abyôv bi mgvwß N U| 10. Abyôv bi mvwe©K eë¯’vcbvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K i Q K jR QvÎ msm`| Avi Zv ì Dc `óv wn m e KvR K i Qb evsjv wefv Mi cÖfvlK Rbve di ` m nvmvb| 11. GB Abyôv bi Rb¨ 50000/- UvKvi h ev RU eivÏ Kiv n qwQj, Zv _ K kl ch©šÍ 2000/- UvKv DØ Ë nq| 12.Abyôvb K myôz I my›ì K i Zvjvi Rb¨ mevB h_vh_fv e Zv ì `vwqZ¡ cvjb K i Qb| Z e hvwš¿K Mvj hv Mi Rb¨ AbyôvbwU mvgvb¨ wewNœZ n jI mswkøó ì Zwor c` ÿ ci Kvi Y Lye Aí mg qi g a¨B Zv KvwU q IVv m¤¢e nq| wb e`K (¯^vÿi) gvt Avey nvwbd AvnŸvqK bexb eiY D`&hvcb KwgwU I cÖfvlK Ñ Bs iwR wefvM mq`cyi wWwMÖ K jR, mq`cyi|  Ggb wKQz welq i q Q hvi Dci wfwË K i GKB mv _ cÖkvmwbK A_ev gy³ cÖwZ e`b cÖYqb Kiv h Z cv i| Gme ÿ Î my¯úó Kvb KZ© cÿ ev cÖwZôv bi D jøL bv _vK j Zv K gy³ cªwZ e`b wn m e a i wb Z n e| hgb - N~wY©So Dc`ªæZ GjvKvi Dci cÖwZ e`b, weRq wèm D`&hvc bi Dci cÖwZ e`b, moK `yN©Ubvi Dci cÖwZ e`b, mgm¨v RR©wiZ nvmcvZv ji Dci cªwZ e`b BZ¨vw`|  cÖkvmwbK cÖwZ e` bi Dc ii As k cÖ_ gB _v K ÔeiveiÕ Zvici cÖvcK ev MÖnxZvi c`we I wVKvbv| Zvici _v K m~Î (cÖ hvR¨ ÿ Î) Ges welq| Kvb Kvb ÿ Î welq Gi ci m~Î D jøL Kiv nq| Gici m ¤^vab Ges m ¤^va bi wb P Dc¯’vcbv ev m~Pbv w` q Zvi wb P Z_¨ weeiYx wjL Z nq| Z_¨ weeiYx kl nevi ci cÖwZ e`K bv wj L cÖwZ e`b cÖYqbKvix K wb e`K wj L Zvi wb P wb Ri ¯^vÿi ev bvg wjL Z nq| Zvi wb P H cÖwZ e`b cÖYq bi ÿ Î Zvi hyw³hy³ c`wemn cwiPq D jøL Ki Z nq| G ÿ Î KD mvaviY QvÎ-QvÎx ev bvMwiK wn m e Kvb cÖwZ e`b wjL j Zv mwVK n e bv| ZvB cixÿvi DËic Î GKRb Q&Î/QvÎx K H ai Yi c`vwaKvixi f~wgKvq AeZxY© n Z n e; hgbwU Ki Z nq PvKzwii Av e`bc Î| Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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 GBP.Gm.wm cixÿvi cÖkc œ Î ¯^vfvweK (cÖkvmwbK) Ges gy³ cÖwZ e`b Avmvi m¤¢vebvB ewk| ZvB G¸ jvi DciB Abykxjb Ki Z n e|  KwZcq cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwZ‡e`b 1. wbZ¨ cÖ qvRbxq `ª eï g~j¨ e w× m¤ú K© GKwU cÖwZ e`b Zwi Ki| 2. Kvb gg©vwšÍK moK `yN©Ubvi Dci GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 3. Kvb GjvKvi AvBbk •Ljv cwiw¯’wZ m¤ú K© GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 4. Kvb we kl ¯’v bi hvbRU mgm¨vi Dci GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 5. jvW kwWs m¤úwK©Z GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 6. wbiÿiZv `~ixKi Y mdj GKwU MÖv gi Dci cÖwZ e`b Zwi Ki| 7. Kvb GjvKvi e ÿ ivcY Awfhv bi mdjZvi Dci GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 8. eb¨vweaŸ¯Í Kvb GjvKvi ev¯Íe Ae¯’v wb q GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 9. N~wY©So Dc`ªæZ GKwU GjvKvi wech©¯Í RbRxeb m¤ú K© cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 10. Av m©wbK `~l Y AvµvšÍ Kvb GjvKvi ev¯Íe Ae¯’v wb q GKwU cÖwZ e`b Zwi Ki| 11. Zvgvi `Lv Kvb cixÿv K ›`ªi cwi ek m¤ú K© GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 12. cixÿv K ›`ª msNwUZ Mvj hvM m¤ú K©© GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 13. Kvb nvmcvZv ji Awbqg I Aeë¯’vcbv m¤ú K© GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 14. Zvgvi `Lv Kvb eB gjv m¤ú K© GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 15. Zvgvi K j R AbywôZ mvwnZ¨-ms¯ wZ cÖwZ hvwMZv m¤ú K© GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 16. Zvgvi K j R AbywôZ evwl©K µxov cÖwZ hvwMZv m¤ú K© GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 17. Zvgvi K j R AbywôZ bexbeiY Abyôvb m¤ú K© GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 18. Zvgvi K j R AbywôZ el©eiY Abyôvb m¤ú K© GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 19. Zvgvi K j Ri evwl©K eb fvRb m¤ú K© GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 20. Zvgvi K j Ri wkÿvmd ii Dci wfwË K i GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 21. Zvgvi K j R D`hvwcZ bRiæj RqšÍx m¤ú K© GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 22. Zvgvi K j R D`hvwcZ iex›`ª RqšÍx m¤ú K© GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 23. Zvgvi K j R D`hvwcZ weRq wèm m¤ú K© GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 24. Zvgvi K j R AvšÍRv© wZK gvZ fvlv wèm Dcj ÿ Av qvwRZ Abyôv bi Dci wfwË K i GKwU cÖwZ e`b Zwi Ki| 25. Zvgvi K j R Av qvwRZ Pÿz wkwei Gi Dci GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 26. Zvgvi K jR MÖš’vMvi m¤ú K© GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 27. Zvgvi K j Ri QvÎvevm mgm¨vi Ic i GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 28. wWm G ›Ubvi Aceënvi m¤ú K© GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 29. gvevBj dv bi Aceënvi cÖm ½ GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki| 30. evsjv ` ki gvbwP Î meyR wUc Ômy›ìebÕ m¤úwK©Z GKwU cÖwZ e`b iPbv Ki|

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fve-m¤cÖmviY fve-m¤cÖmviY: mswÿß Kvb fve ev Dw³ K we¯Z Z AvKv i cÖKvk Kivi bvg fve-m¤cÖmviY| fve-m¤cÖmviY Kivi ÿ Î mvaviYZ KweZvi wKQy QÎ ev M `ï Kvb AšÍwb©wnZ Zvrch©gwÐZ K_v K we kølYg~jKfv e eY©bv Ki Z nq|  fve-m¤cÖmviY Kivi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_x©‡ì KiYxq mwVK I h_vh_fv e fve-m¤cÖmviY Kivi ÿ Î wkÿv_©x ì wb Pi K_v¸ jv g b ivLv ìKvi Ñ 1. cÖ`Ë PiY ev evK¨wU mvaviYZ mviMf© evK¨, fveMf© PiY wKsev gbbMf© cÖev` n q _v K| Zv GKvwaKevi Awfwb ek mnKv i co Z n e hv Z cÖ”Qbœ fvewU ¯úófv e Dcjwä Kiv hvq| 2. g~jfve Dcgv, i cK, cÖZxK ev ms K Zi Avov j Av Q wKbv Zv we kl we ePbvq wb Z n e| Zv n j cÖ”QbœfvewU ¯úó n e| 3. cÖ`Ë fvemZ¨ e³ e¨ DcbxZ nIqvi cQ b h me hyw³m~Î KvR K i Q Ges h ai bi cÖÿvc U fvemZ¨wU Zvrch©c~Y© e j we ewPZ nq m¸ jv Abyave b m Pó n Z n e| mnR I ¯úó fvlvq Zv Dc¯’vcb Ki Z n e| 4. g~j fveexR K wek` Kivi mgq mnvqK ` óvšÍ, Z_¨ I cÖvmw½K D× wZi eënvi Kiv h Z cv i| GgbwK cÖ qvR b GLv b HwZnvwmK, c ivwYK ev eÁvwbK Z_¨ D jøL Kiv hv e| 5. Kvb K_v ev Z _ï cybive wË I AcÖvmw½K wel qi AeZviYv fve-m¤cÖmvi Yi ÿ Î `~lYxq| 6. fve-m¤cÖmviY h nZz g~jfv ei m¤cÖmviY m Rb¨ cÖ`Ë iPbvs k Kwe ev jL Ki bvg, Kvb k ãi UxKv-wUàbx BZ¨vw` wb®cÖ qvRb| e¨vL¨vi g Zv K i ÔKwe GLv b ej Z P q QbÕ ev Ô jL Ki aviYvÕ BZ¨vw` evKëÜI jLv DwPZ bq| 7. fve-m¤cÖmvi Yi fvlv h_vm¤¢e mnR, mij I ¯úó nIqv DwPZ| `xN© evK¨ I AcÖPwjZ `y e©va¨ kã eënvi bv KivB fv jv| Z e fvlv AjsK Z I mvwnZ¨ ¸Yvwš^Z n j fvj nq| 8. fve-m¤cÖmvi Yi cwiwa cixÿvq cÖ `q b¤^ ii Dci wfwË K i wba©viY Kiv ìKvi| mvaviYZ Pwjøk jvBb ev wZbk k ãi g a¨ fve-m¤cÖmviY n j Zv fv jv nq | 9. fve m¤cÖmvi Yi ÿ Î cÖ_g Aby ”Q ` mvaviYZ fvewUi cÖ¯Ívebv _vK e| wØZxq Aby ”Q ` fvewU mvgwMÖKfv e we køwlZ n e Ges kl Aby ”Q ` Av jvPbvi mgvwß NU e| Gi cÖ_g evK¨wU hv Z h_vh_ I gvbm¤úbœ nq wkÿv_x© ì Aek¨B mw` K Lqvj ivL Z n e|

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evsjv ` ki bvU¨mvwn Zï L¨vwZgvb bvU¨Kvi ì g a¨ byiæj gv g bi (1906-1989) bvUK¸ jv we klfv e D jøL hvM¨| Zuvi iwPZ Ô b gwmmÕ GKwU AmvaviY bvUK| AvmKvi Be b kvB Li (1925) HwZnvwmK I mvgvwRK bvUK¸ jvi g a¨ ÔwZZzgxiÕ I ÔGcvi IcviÕ LyeB D jøL hvM¨| evsjv ` ki bvU¨ ÿ Î wbixÿvag©x I AvaywbK bvUK m wó Z gybxi P ayixi (1925-1971) bvg ¯§iYxq n q Av Q| Zuvi ÔKeiÕ, Ôbó Q jÕ I Ôi³v³ cÖvšÍiÕ LyeB weL¨vZ bvUK| Jcb¨vwmK kIKZ Imgv bi GKwU we kl wbixÿvag©x bvUK n ”Q (19191998) ÔAvgjvi gvgjvÕ| cÖL¨vZ Jcb¨vwmK mq` IqvjxDjøvni (1922-1971), ÔewncxiÕ I ÔZi½f½Õ bvU K Avw½ Ki wbixÿvg~jK cÖqvm jÿ Kiv M Q| G Qvov Ab¨vb¨ D jøL hvM¨ bvU¨Kvi ì g a¨ wmKv›`vi Avey Rvd ii (1918-1975) ÔwmivR Ï jvÕ, AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv ì (1932) Ôgvqvex cÖniÕ, Avwbm P ayixi (1929-1990) ÔgvbwPÎÕ bvUK evsjv ` ki bvU¨mvwn Z¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ms hvRb|  ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖkvœ ewj  iPbvg~jK-DËi cÖkœ 1. ÒUª¨v RwW Kv K e j? Uª¨v RwW wn m e Ôi³v³ cÖvšÍiÕ bvU Ki mv_©KZv wePvi Ki| 2. HwZnvwmK bvUK K K e j ? HwZnvwmK bvUK wn m e Òi³v³ cÖvšÍiÓ-Gi mv_©KZv wePvi Ki| 3. bvUK wn m e Òi³v³ cÖvšÍiÓ-Gi mv_©KZv wePvi Ki| Kvm© cwiwPwZ I cÖfvlY cÎ

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c ôv b¤^i-141