Africa, South and Southeast Asia and the Pacific
The cambridge world prehisTory VOLUME 1 • Edited by Colin Renfrew & Paul Bahn
32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521119931 © Cambridge University Press 2014 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2014 Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data The Cambridge world prehistory / [edited by] Colin Renfrew, Paul G. Bahn. volumes cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-521-11993-1 (set) – ISBN 978-1-107-02377-2 (volume 1) – ISBN 978-1-107-02378-9 (volume 2) – ISBN 978-1-107-02379-6 (volume 3) 1. Prehistoric peoples – Encyclopedias. 2. Anthropology, Prehistoric – Encyclopedias. 3. Antiquities, Prehistoric – Encyclopedias. I. Renfrew, Colin, 1937– II. Bahn, Paul G. GN710.C36 2012 569.9–dc23 2012008268 ISBN 978-1-107-02377-2 Volume 1 Hardback ISBN 978-1-107-02378-9 Volume 2 Hardback ISBN 978-1-107-02379-6 Volume 3 Hardback ISBN 978-0-521-11993-1 Three-Volume Hardback Set Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
TABLE 1.17.1.
Chronology of Pharaonic History.
PREDYNASTIC PERIOD (5000–3000) Badarian Culture Naqada I (Amratian) Culture Naqada II (Gerzian) Culture Naqada III Culture Horus or Throne Name
5000–4000 BCE 4000–3500 BCE 3500–3150 BCE 3150–3000 BCE
Personal Name
ARCHAIC PERIOD (3050–2663; Dynasties I–II) Dynasty I Horus Narmer Horus Aha Horus Djer Itit Horus Djet Iti Horus Den Semti Horus Adjib Merpibia Horus Semerkhet Irinetjer Horus Qaa Qebh Dynasty II Horus Hetepsekhemwy Horus Nebre Horus Ninetjer ? ? Horus Sekhemib/ Seth Peribsen ? ? Horus and Seth Khasekhemwy
Baunetjer Kakau Ninetjer Weneg Sened
Regnal Dates
3050–
–2813 2813–
Perenmaat Neferkasokar ?
–2709 2709–2701 2701–2690
Nebwyhetepimyef
2690–2663
OLD KINGDOM (2663–2195; Dynasties III–VI) Dynasty III Horus Netjerkhet Nebka Horus Sanakht Djoser Horus Sekhemkhet Djoser–ti Horus Khaba Teti? Nebkare Seth?ka Horus Qahedjet? Huni
2663–2654 2654–2635 2635–2629 2629–2623 2623–2621 2621–2597
Dynasty IV Horus Nebmaat Horus Medjedu Horus Kheper Horus Userib Horus Kakhet Horus Shepseskhet
Senefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Menkaure Shepseskaf
2597–2547 2547–2524 2524–2516 2516–2493 2493–2475 2475–2471
Dynasty V Horus Irimaat Horus Nebkhau Neferirkare Shepseskare Horus Neferkhau Niuserre Menkauhor
Userkaf Sahure Kakai Isi Neferefre Ini Ikauhor
2471–2464 2464–2452 2452–2442 2442–2435 2435–2432 2432–2421 2421–2413
Pharaonic History
Horus or Throne Name
Personal Name
Regnal Dates
Djedkare Horus Wadjtawy
Isesi Unas
2413–2385 2385–2355
Dynasty VI Horus Seheteptawy Nefersahor/Meryre Merenre Neferkare Merenre?
Teti Pepy I Nemtyemsaf I Pepy II Nemtyemsaf II
2355–2343 2343–2297 2297–2290 2290–2196 2196–2195
FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD (2195–2066; Dynasties VII–mid-XI) Dynasty VII/VIII Netjerkare ? 2195– Menkare Nitokris Neferkare ? Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemay Neferkare Khendu Merenhor ? Nikare ? Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor ? Neferkare Pepysonbe Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure ? Neferkauhor Khuihapy Neferirkare ? –2160 Dynasties IX/X (Herakleopolitan) Meryibre Akhtoy I Neferkare ? Wahkare Akhtoy II ? Senenen Neferkare Akhtoy III Mery. . . Akhtoy IV (Various) (Various) ? Meryhathor Nebkaure Akhtoy V Merykare ? ? ? Dynasty XIa (Theban) Horus Tepya Horus Sehertawy Horus Wahankh Horus Nakhtnebtepnefer
Mentuhotep I Inyotef I Inyotef II Inyotef III
2160–
–2040 2160– –2123 2123–2074 2074–2066
MIDDLE KINGDOM (2066–1650; Dynasties mid-XI–XIII) Dynasty XIb Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II 2066–2014 Sankhkare Mentuhotep III 2014–2001 Nebtawyre Mentuhotep IV 2001–1994 Dynasty XII Sehetepibre
Amenemhat I
1994–1964 281
1.17
SALIMA IKRAM
TABLE 1.17.1.
(continued)
Horus or Throne Name
Personal Name
Regnal Dates
Kheperkare Nubkhaure Khakheperre Khakaure Nimaatre Maekherure Sobkkare
Senusert I Amenemhat II Senusert II Senusert III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobkneferu
1974–1929 1932–1896 1900–1880 1881–1840 1842–1794 1798–1785 1785–1781
Dynasty XIII Sekhemre-khutawi Sekhemkare Nerikare Sehetepibre Sankhibre Smenkare Hotepibre
Sobekhotep I Sonbef ? Amenemhat V Qemau Amenemhat VI Nebnuni Hornedjhiryotef-saQemau Swadjkare ? Nedjemibre ? Khaankhre Sobkhotep I ? Renisonbe Auibre Hor Sedjefakare Kay-Amenemhat VII Khutawire Wegef Userkare/Nikhanimaatre Khendjer Smenkhkare Imyromesha Sehotepkare Inyotef IV Sekhemre-swadjtawi Sobkhotep III Khasekhemre Neferhotep I ? Sihathor Khaneferre Sobkhotep IV Khahetepre Sobkhotep V Wahibre Iaib Merneferre Ay Merhetepre Sobkhotep VI Mersekhemre Neferhotep Merkaure Sobkhotep VII Djedneferre Dedumose Seheqaenre Sankhptahi Swahenre Senebmiu
1781–
–1650
SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD (1650–1549; Dynasties XIV–XVII) Dynasty XIV Unclear; possibly located in the Delta and precursor of Hyksos or their client kings Dynasty XV (Hyksos) Maaibre Meruserre Seuserenre Nebkhepeshre/Aqenenre/ Auserre ?
282
Sheshi Yakobher Khyan Apophis
1650–
Khamudy
1545–1535
1585–1545
Horus or Throne Name
Personal Name
Regnal Dates
Rahotep Djehuty Mentuhotep VII Nebiriau I Nebiriau II Sobkemsaf I Inyotef V Inyotef VI Inyotef VII Sobkemsaf II Ahmose the Elder Taa II Kamose
1650–
Dynasty XVI ? Dynasty XVII (Theban) Sekhemre-wahkhau Sekhemre-smentawi Sankhenre Swedjenre Neferkare Sekhemre-shedtawi Sekhemre-wepmaat Nubkheperre Sekhemre-heruhirmaat Sekhemre-wadjkhau Senakhtenre Seqenenre Wadjkheperre
–1558 1558–1553 1553–1549
NEW KINGDOM (1549–1069; Dynasties XVIII–XX) Dynasty XVIII Nebpehtire Ahmose 1549–1524 Djeserkare Amenhotep I 1524–1503 Akheperkare Thutmose I 1503–1491 Akheperenre Thutmose II 1491–1479 Menkheper(en)re Thutmose III 1479–1424 Maatkare Hatshepsut 1472–1457 Akheperure Amenhotep II 1424–1398 Menkheperure Thutmose IV 1398–1388 Nebmaatre Amenhotep III 1388–1348 Neferkheperure-waenre Amenhotep IV/ 1352–1335 Akhenaten Ankhkheperure Smenkhkare 1336–1332 Neferneferuaten 1338–1332 Nebkheperre Tutankhamun 1335–1325 Kheperkheperure Ay 1333–1328 Djeserkheperure– Horemheb 1328–1298 setpenre Dynasty XIX Menpehtire Menmaatre Usermaatre-setpenre Banenre Userkheperure Menmire-setpenre Sekhaenre/Akheperre Sitre-merenamun Dynasty XX Userkhaure Usermaatre-meryamun User/Heqamaatresetpenamun Usermaatre-sekheperenre
Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merenptah Seti II Amenmesse Siptah Tawosret
1298–1296 1296–1279 1279–1212 1212–1201 1201–1195 1200–1196 1195–1189 1189–1187
Sethnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV
1187–1185 1185–1153 1153–1146
Ramesses V/ 1146–1141 Amenhirkopshef I
Horus or Throne Name
Personal Name
Regnal Dates
Nebmaatre-meryamun
Ramesses VI/ Amenhirkopshef II Ramesses VII/ Itamun Ramesses VIII/ Sethhirkopshef Ramesses IX/ Khaemwaset I Ramesses X/ Amenhirkopshef III Ramesses XI/ Khaemwaset II Herihor
1141–1133
Usermaatre-setpenremeryamun Usermaatre-akhenamun Neferkare-setpenre Khepermaatre-setpenre Menmaatre-setpenptah Hemnetjertepyenamun
1133–1125 1125–1123 1123–1104 1104–1094 1094–1064 1061–1050
THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD (1064–656; Dynasties XXI–XXV) Dynasty XXI Hedjkheperre-setpenre Smendes 1064–1038 Neferkare-heqawaset Amenemnesu 1038–1034 Kheperkhare-setpenamun Pinudjem I 1049–1026 Akheperre-setpenamun Psusennes I 1034–981 Usermaatre-setpenamun Amenemopet 984–974 Akheperre-setpenre Osokhor 974–968 Netjerkheperre-meryamun Siamun 968–948 Tyetkheperure-setpenre Psusennes II 945–940 Dynasty XXII Hedjkheperre-setpenre Sekhemkheperre-setpenre Hedjkheprre-setpenre Usermaatre-setpenamun Usermaatre-setpenre Hedjkheperre-setpenre Usermaatre-setpenamun Akheperre
Shoshenq I Osorkon I Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pimay Shoshenq V
948–927 927–892 892–877 877–838 838–798 798–786 786–780 780–743
Theban Dynasty XXIII Hedjkheperre-setpenamun Harsiese Hedjkheperre-setpenre Takelot II Usermaatre-setpenamun Pedubast I ? Iuput I Usermaatre-setpenamun Osorkon III Usermaatre Takelot III Usermaatre-setpenamun Rudamun ? Iny Neferkare Peftjauawybast
867–857 841–815 830–805 815–813 796–769 774–759 759–739 739–734 734–724
Dynasty XXIII Sehetepibenre Akheperre-setpenamun
Pedubast II Osorkon IV
743–733 733–715
Dynasty XXIV Shepsesre Wahkare
Tefnakhte Bokkhoris
735–727 727–721
Pharaonic History
Horus or Throne Name
Personal Name
Regnal Dates
Dynasty XXV Seneferre Neferkare Djedkare Khunefertumre Bakare
Piye Shabaka Shabataka Taharqa Tanutamen
752–721 721–707 707–690 690–664 664–656
LATE PERIOD (664–332; Dynasties XXVI–XXXI) SAITE PERIOD (664–525; Dynasty XVI) Dynasty XXVI Wahibre Psamtek I Wehemibre Nekho II Neferibre Psamtek II Haaibre Apries Khnemibre Amasis Ankhka(en)re Psammetikhos III
664–610 610–595 595–589 589–570 570–526 526–525
Dynasty XXVII (Persian) Mesutire Setutre ? ?
Kambyses Darius I Xerxes I Artaxerxes I
525–522 521–486 486–465 465–424
Dynasty XXVIII ?
Amyrtaios
404–399
Dynasty XXIX Baenre–merynetjeru Usermaatre–setpenptah Khnemmaatre ?
Nepherites I Psamuthis Akhoris Nepherites II
399–393 393 393–380 380
Nektanebo I Teos Nektanebo II
380–362 365–360 360–342
Artaxerxes III Okhos Arses Darius III
342–338 338–336 335–332
Dynasty XXX Kheperkare Irimaatenre Senedjemibre– setpenanhur Dynasty XXXI (Persian)
Macedonian and Ptolemaic Dynasties (332–30) Macedonian Dynasty Setpenre-meryamun Alexander (III/I) 332–323 Setepkaenre-meryamun Philippos Arrhidaeos 323–317 Haaibre Alexander (IV/II) 317–310 Ptolemaic Dynasty Setpenre-meryamun Userka(en)re-meryamun
Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy II Philadelphos
310–282 285–246
Ptolemy III Euergetes I
246–222
Iwaennetjerwysenwysetpenre-sekhemankhenamun
283
1.17
SALIMA IKRAM
TABLE 1.17.1.
(continued)
Horus or Throne Name Iwaennetjerwymenekhwysetpenptah-userkaresekhemankhenamun Iwaennetjerwy-merwyyotsetpenptah-userkaresekhemankhenamun Iwaennetjerwyperwysetpenptahkhepriirimaatamunre Iwaennetjerwyperwysetpenptah-irimaatresekhemankenamun
?
Personal Name
Ptolemy IV Philopator 222–205
Ptolemy V Epiphanes
BYZANTINE PERIOD ARAB PERIOD OTTOMAN PERIOD
284
205–180
Ptolemy VI Philometor 180–164
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes 170–163 II Ptolemy VI (again) 163–145 Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 145 Ptolemy VIII (again) 145–116
Iwaennetjermenekhnetjeretmerymutesnedjetsepenptah-merymaatresekhemankhamun Ptolemy IX Soter II Iwaennetjermenekhnetjeretmenekhsatresetpenptah-irimaatresenenankhenamun Ptolemy X Alexander I Ptolemy IX (again) Ptolemy X (again) Ptolemy IX (again) Berenike III ? Ptolemy XI Iwaenpanetjerentinehemsetpenptah-merymaatenre sekhemankhamun Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Ptolemy XII (again) Kleopatra VI Berenkike IV Ptolemy XII (again) Kleopatra VII Philopator ? Ptolemy XIII ? Ptolemy XIV Iwaenpanetjerentinehemsetpenptah-irimeryresekhemankhamun Ptolemy XV Kaisaros ROMAN PERIOD
Regnal Dates
116–110
110–109 109–107 107–88 88–80 80 80
80–58 55–51 58–57 58–55 51–30 51–57 47–44
41–30
11
30 BCE – CE 395 395–640 640–1517 1517–1805