feminine
FORCE March 2014 • ISSUE #1
“I myself have never been able to find out precisely what a feminist is. I only know that people call me a feminist whenever I express sentiments that differentiate me from a doormat.” - Rebecca West
This issue of Feminine Force is dedicated to those who made this publication possible. The editors at the magazine are forever indebted to Candi and Betsy. Thank you for your inspiration.
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to our readers...
Thank you for picking up a copy of Feminine Force. Feminine Force Magazine is dedicated to analyzing the issues modern women face today. We at the magazine realize that the representation of women in the media is often skewed and misinterpreted. By featuring editorial cartoons our hope is to better inform readers of current events directly and indirectly affecting the female gender today. Because of the ease in which humans can be persuaded by an image which has been framed to represent reality, it is crucial to understand our own weakness, biases and shortcoming. John H. McManus theorizes that there are four ways to prevent being misled by images. First understand the human mind “processes images in almost the opposite way that they make sense of words.” Next we have to recognize the logic used when interpreting images versus text. Once you are aware of the logic being used, modify it to eliminate misconceptions. Then come to grips with the fact that Photoshop exists and in the race to produce the most striking image, many scenes are manipulated. Do research to discover what is reality and what is simply a construction. Last but not least, the good news is that “we can learn to ‘read’ images. But this takes time and we will never learn to interpret images as clearly as we are able to decipher text. (McManus, 2012) Editorial cartoons are a unique form of media in that they are able to address sensitive topics without the edge that often offends and alienates those opposed to the issues at hand or those who are very opinionated. Cartoons have a history of conveying emotion, ideals and even revolutionary concepts. The bias found in the featured cartoons are their own, not ours. “What is real? Because unceasingly we are bombarded with pseudo-realities manufactured by very sophisticated people using very sophisticated electronic mechanisms. I do not distrust their motives; I distrust their power. They have a lot of it. And it is an astonishing power: that of creating whole universes, universes of the mind.” (Dick, 1978) This issue features international issues, the military, the political world and sexual issues women face daily. Modernity has known women to be progressive, resilient and passionate. Our goal is to embody this spirit and open the eyes of many who do not see women as a force to be reckoned with.
Sincerely,
Feminine Force Editors MARCH 2014 • 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS Meet the Editorial Board
Obama Leaves Romney & Female Voters
Spanish Supression BY ITZEL LEON
Hidden in Darkness
Political Evolution
BY ROBYN VAN VALKENBURG
BY ROBYN VAN VALKENBURG
BY ITZEL LEON
6
9 Fighting for their Rights
10
BY CAMERON MOORE
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11
13
Bikini vs. Burka BY ROBYN VAN VALKENBURG
14
16
Hillary Vision Not Clear
BY MADISON MANERS
18
20
The Monsters Inside BY ITZEL LEON
23
Those Pesky Pills
BY CAMERON MOORE
Mary’s Choice
That’s Why We Pay Him The Big Bucks
BY MADISON MANERS
Sex and Scandal
Uncle Sam Wavers
BY CAMERON MOORE
BY CAMERON MOORE
Editorial Notes
BY CAMERON MOORE
24
25
26
Love, Lust & Lies BY ITZEL LEON
27
29
Abortion Statistics
30
32
We Can Do It BY ROBYN VAN VALKENBURG
33
34
Women Explode Through Barriers
BY MADISON MANERS
36
References
MARCH 2014 • 5
Meet the editorial board Cameron Moore broke his arm after plummeting from a water bed at the age of 8. He has since recovered and can now play the Ukelele with said arm. Moore loves his mother and has such a great relationship with her that he has taken cooking lessons from her. He can whip up one amazing meal! He often uses his love of food to bribe others to work on group projects. His favorite animals are all 101 dalmations. He loves to take long walks on the beach and is Utah State University’s most eligible bachelor. He can be reached at (555)878-7867 “Just stop. This is too awesome.”
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-Cameron Moore
Ever the victim of racial profiling, Itzel Leon’s rocky past has helped her to become the woman she is today. She almost lost her life after riding a runaway donkey while being chased by peacocks to escape the scene of a crop fire she began with a fire cracker in Mexico. She worked hard to overcome her fear of wildlife and criminal record to have a wonderful relationship with her pet rooster, Rodney. In Itzel’s spare time she gives her boyfriend facials, although she does not have a license to do so. “Cameron don’t walk so fast. It’s #awkward.”
-Itzel Leon
Madison Maners found her passion while studying at USU. The flute player can often be seen picking pansies from the university flower boxes and attempting to sneak rented puppies into the Merrill-Cazier Library. The hours she has spent watching historical documentaries has given her an edge in her field. Madison loves to travel and prides herself on her sense of direction. The longest she has been lost in an underground metro system is 2 1/2 hours. If she had one power it would be teleportation. “I never finish my to-do lists. Ever.”
-Madison Maners
If you have ever been lured into a study room by a woman wearing a leather jacket and camo baseball hat, given a cookie and sent away without an explanation then you have been lucky enough to meet Robyn Van Valkenburg. Robyn is a cripple who trains wild mustangs for the US Bureau of Land Management in addition to a rat named Delilah. The accordion player has also had her share of struggles but has successfully overcome a chips-and-salsa addiciton. “Slapping babies is part of my religion. Don’t judge me.” -Robyn Van Valkenburg MARCH 2014 • 7
INTERNATIONAL WOMEN “My persuasion can build a nation. Endless power... You’ll do anything for me. Who run the world? Girls.” - Beyonce
A
s women make progress toward equality in some areas of the world, others still fight battles for basic rights in others. The oppression of women is a disease which cannot easily be cured. Media outlets throughout the world vary in their portrayals of women. But the fact is that while women are still suffering, no matter how remote or distant the location, the gender as a whole will continue to suffer as well.
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Fighting For Their Rights be overweight, uneducated and unrefined. It suggests that the individual on the right half of the cartoon has it much worse and is advocating for more serious rights than the individual on the left. What reality is constructed/framed by your issue? The reality constructed by this cartoon is that Americans do not always understand the lack of human rights around the world. Americans, specifically Conservative Americans, are always wanting more but they aren’t understanding the way that others suffer from lack of human rights. Publication: The Irish Times, 1/4/2013, “Bare Arms” (#010613) by Martyn Turner, International.
by • Cameron Moore What action is taking place in this cartoon? What is the context? This cartoon is split up into two sections. The first section shows an american woman dressed quite manly with her holster and National Rifle Association ball cap. She is picketing for “The Right to Bear Arms.” The second section has an Arab woman clothed in black holding a sign that says “The Right to Bare Arms.” There are mixed reaction in the Arabic world to Islamic dress codes. “Some progressive groups, such as the Women’s Action Forum (WAF) in Pakistan, explicitly condemn all attempts to impose a dress code on women. They argue that those who do Niqab: Veil that covers face, showing only eyes
not conform to it are stigmatized. They say that it denies women the freedom to decide on their own appearance. Women’s groups endorsing a strict interpretations of Islam, on the other hand, aggressively promote dress codes, putting out information sheets listing its requirements.” (Keddie & Rostam-Kolayi, 1999) Which side is supported by the framing of the cartoon? Those who are opposed to Second Amendment rights are supported by this cartoon. What evidence can you give the cartoon supports one side or the other? The woman on the left side of the cartoon has been portrayed in an obviously negative light. She appears to Burka: Full face and body covering, associated with Afghanistan
Hijab: general term for modest dress code. Also refers specifically to scarf which covers the hair
Source: http://www.channel4.com/news/from-hijab-to-burqa-a-guide-to-muslim-headwear
Analysis The words in the upper left-hand corner of the cartoon read, “The Wacky World of Human Rights.” This is particularly interesting because it illustrates the fact that while some people consider the right to bear arms to be an essential human right, others are fighting and working for the right to dress the way they choose. It is left up to the reader to decide which individual has it worse. This cartoon implies that while selfish, white, fat Americans are protesting for rights which, in most areas of the world, are not considered natural liberties, those who are truly oppressed are pursuing freedoms such as the freedom to choose what you wear each day. The problems women face in the U.S. do not compare to the issues of women in the Middle Eastern world.
Chador: A full body cloak, most common in Iran Khlmar: Covers the hair, neck and shoulders
MARCH 2014 • 9
Spanish Suppression by • Itzel Leon What action is taking place in this cartoon? What is the context? In this cartoon, there is a woman with an exaggerated body figure holding a man on her right palm. The woman is wearing a very tight and short red dress, accentuating her tiny waist, wide hips and breasts. The man in the cartoon is tiny compared to the woman. He has reddish cheeks and sweat bouncing off his forehead which makes him look angry. It seems like he wants to control her but he can’t because she is much larger than him. There is also a chain around her neck that the tiny man is holding. The cartoon was taken from a Spanish publication. International Women’s day was on March 8th, the day the cartoon was published. The achievements and rights of women all over the world are celebrated and some of the most successful women were invited to speak at different events for this day (International Women’s Day, n.d.). However, Spain is one of the few countries who were not so happy about celebrating International Women’s day this year (Rafael, 2014). The Spanish government wants to make women inferior to them by stripping them from their decisions on motherhood and women’s rights. 10 •
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Which side is being supported by the framing of this cartoon? The woman in the cartoon is being supported here. The woman represents all the women in Spain who are being discriminated against by the Spanish government, even though they are powerful forces.
the mother’s consent (Rafael, 2014 ). The current law on abortion in Spain allows women to have an abortion if they choose to and provides a safe health care procedure for the abortion. According to a press release, the abortion rates have dropped because of the current law in Spain. The Spanish government has proposed a new law against women but the Andalusian Association for Human Rights and the European Association for the Defense of Human Rights is opposed to it (Rafael, 2014).
What reality is constructed/framed by your Publication: issue? Political Cartoons, The reality of this issue is 3/8/2014, “International that women’s rights and recWomen’s Day” ognition on achievements (#145440) by have advanced to the highest Kap (Jaume it has ever been. The Spanish Capdevila), International government can try to pass and enforce their proposed law on abortion but organizations like APDHA and AEDH will interfere, What making it difficult for the government evidence can to proceed. you give that the cartoon supAnalysis ports one side or The cartoon illustrates how the other? much freedom women have gained As mentioned throughout the years. The man, repearlier, the man in resenting Spain and all the other obthe cartoon is trying stacles preventing women from their to control the woman rights, is tiny and less powerful than but he can’t because the woman in the cartoon. Women she is much larger and have always had a voice, it was just stronger than him. In never heard. But people are listening Spain, the governand women will fight for their rights ment has proposed and freedom. a law called Gallardon’s Law, a draft law that would eliminate abortion with or without
Bikini vs. Burka by • Robyn Van Valkenburg What action is taking place in this cartoon? What is the context? This cartoon shows two women. One is dressed in a bikini and the other is a Muslim woman dressed in a burka. The woman dressed in a bikini has a thought-bubble above her that says, “Everything covered but her eyes, what a cruel, male-dominated culture.” The woman in the burka thinks, “Nothing covered but her eyes, what a cruel, male-dominated culture.” Neither women are necessarily victims, although they pity each other out of ignorance. Muslim women wear burkas for many different reasons. Sometimes women wear a veil because of their religion and use the Quaran as a guide of how to live--including how to dress. (Veiling: The veil, n.d.) Sometimes they are required to wear it by law. (Moore, n.d.) Some women even modify the burka for different sport use. (Veiling: Hijab, n.d.) Which side is supported by the framing of the cartoon? Feminists who believe women are suppressed by males, no matter the culture or the situation, are supported by this cartoon. Those who argue that the Western world does not understand the traditions of Islam would also be supported here. What evidence can you give that the cartoon supports one side or the other?
Publication: The Christchurch Press, 1/7/2011, “Bikini vs. Burka” (cartoonist does not number work) by Malcolm Evans, International
Neither woman is seen as a major “victim” in this cartoon, but the women pity each other because of their initial cultural biases. They feel that they would not enjoy the other’s lifestyle. The Muslim woman is more supported than the woman wearing the bikini mostly because in the Western world, Muslims are the minority and are often judged poorly because the way they dress is different from Americans and Europeans. This cartoon emphasizes the fact that they are human inside and might be thinking the same thing about American woman and culture. What reality is constructed/ framed by your issue? The reality constructed by this cartoon is that many people are ignorant when it comes to different cultures. It calls for tolerance and equal rights among all ethnicities, but it recognizes that stereotypes are abundant in the world and many like to blame it on something else-in this case, men. Analysis Humans of different cultures tend to misunderstand and/or stereotype
others. This cartoon uses juxtaposition to show the differences, not only in dress but in attitude as well, of how each woman feels about the other in order to show how they feel about themselves. The woman in the bikini is very comfortable and feels empowered as a woman. She feels like being forced to cover herself up would be wrong and shameful. She feels that showing off her body makes her a proud woman. The Muslim woman feels the exact same way about her veil--she is very comfortable. She feels like being nearly naked would be shameful and would bother her because it would only be to please men. This cartoon uses complete opposites to illustrate anl issue that many face in the Western world. It uses familiar images of a woman the readers are comfortable seeing--the woman in the bikini--and then uses the very uncomfortable image of a Muslim to compare the thoughts that many people think when they see a woman dressed in a burka with the comfortable image of the woman in the bikini with a thought many people do not think right away when they see a bikini. MARCH 2014 • 11
POLITICAL “I am in politics because of the conflict between good and evil and I believe that in the end good will triumph.” -Margaret Thatcher
W
omen in the Western world have fought for their right to participate in the politics of their countries. In the U.S. today, women are seen more and more in what used to be a man’s territory. Many of the brightest political thinkers of our day have been female. Women are important icons in the political world and will continue to be as long as good triumphs over evil.
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Obama leaves Romney and Female Voters by • Itzel Leon
What action is taking place in this cartoon? What is the context? Obama is walking away from a sign labeled “Romney Camp” while carrying a binder titled, “Women Vote.” The cartoonist, Nate Beeler, has used labeling to enhance his persuasive powers. Obama is heading toward his own camp and seems to notice the women inside his binder fleeing back to the conservatives. During the 2012 presidential race, candidate Mitt Romney said the following: “We took a concerted effort to go out and find women who had background that could be qualified to become members of cabinet. “I went to a women’s group and said, ‘Can you help us find folks,’ and they brought us whole binders full of women.” (Romney, 2012) The opposing campaign took this comment and used it against Romeny for the remainder of the elections. Which side is supported by the framing of the cartoon? The side that is being supported in this cartoon is the Republican party.
Publication: The Columbus Dispatch, 10/17/2012, “Binder Full of Women” (#120631) by Nate Beeler, U.S.
to Camp Romney. Making it their choice on who they are going to vote for instead of being handed off to someone else and forced to vote for them. What reality is constructed/framed by your issue? The reality that is being framed by this issue is which president is getting the women’s vote in the election.
Analysis The inspiration for this cartoon What evidence can you give that the cartoon supports one side or the came from a comment made by Mitt Romney during the 2012 presother? This cartoon is mocking the Dem- idential race. He said he was given ocratic Party by Obama thinking he binders “full of women” when his gubernatorial office was looking to has the women’s vote secure while hire more women in Massachusetts’ the women are throwing out their government. The Obama Campaign personal belongings and jumping capitalized on this comment and out of the binder and walking back
held that Obama was more in touch with women voters, in contrast to the “sexist” candidate. There are several underlying messages contained in this cartoon. The most striking of these messages is that in politics women are just a classification. The objectification of women continues today and can be seen through their passing from one presidential candidate to the next. However with a more critical eye one can see that the cartoonist has illustrated the fact that women can, and do, think for themselves and make their own decisions through the depiction of women leaving the binder and heading toward the Romney Camp. It is interesting to note that more women voted for Obama than Romney in the 2012 election. (Election Results, 2012) MARCH 2014 • 13
What reality is constructed/ framed by your issue: The reality that has been constructed is that Hillary Clinton is too focused on her own Presidential campaign to be responsible enough to inform the public of what really goes on overseas and in volatile situations where lives have already been lost. She has neglected her job as Secretary of State and failed the citizens of the U.S.
Publication: Political Cartoons, 1/28/2013, “Hillaryvision” (#126228) by Taylor Jones, U.S.
Hillary Vision Not Clear by • Madison Maners What action is taking place in this cartoon? What is the context? Hillary Clinton is the main focus of this cartoon. She is wearing glasses which say 2016 and she is sitting at the Benghazi Hearing while daydreaming. Clinton was wearing the same outfit and jewelry while testifying at the Benghazi Hearings in January of 2013. The 2012 Benghazi Terrorist Attacks resulted in the deaths of four Americans and an investigation of the events surrounding the attacks. Her now famous words, “What difference does it make?” in response to a question about why the attacks happened, 14 •
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came directly from her testimony at one of the hearings. (Senate Hearing, 2013) Which side is supported by the framing of the cartoon? Conservative Americans and those who are critical of Hillary Clinton are supported by the framing in this cartoon. What evidence can you give that the cartoon supports one side or the other? The cartoonist has portrayed a female political figure in a negative light who many think has been successful and has the potential to lead the United States. Many saw, and continue to see, Hillary’s testimony as inadequate and negative considering her position.
Analysis Clinton has been involved in politics independent from her husband, former President Bill Clinton, since 2001. (Hillary, n.d.) She was a front-runner for the Democratic Party in 2008 and has served as Secretary of State until February 1, 2013. Much media attention has been given to Hillary Clinton and is seen as the potential first female president of the U.S. In this cartoon Hillary Clinton is not focusing on the trials because she is thinking too far ahead into the next presidential elections. The cartoonist used a persuasive technique in this image known as symbolism. This technique is described as using simple objects or symbols to stand for larger ideas or concepts. The most obvious symbolism used here are the glasses. The glasses can also be interpreted as blinders which keep Clinton from serving the American people. It is interesting to note that during the same hearing on Benghazi, Clinton was asked a question about weapons in Turkey. She said, ““I do not know. I don’t have any information on that, you’ll have to direct that question to the agency that ran the annex.” (Senate Hearing, 2013) This quote further supports the cartoonist’s depiction of Clinton as out of the loop and uninterested in U.S. affairs.
“
With all due respect, the fact is we had four dead Americans. Was it because of a protest or was it because of guys out for a walk one night who decided that they’d they go kill some Americans? What difference at this point does it make?
”
.
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Hidden in darkness
Publication: Cagle Catoons, 05/13/2013, “Women Kidnapped Hostages” (#131671) by Bill Day, U.S.
by • Robyn Van Valkenburg What action is taking place in this cartoon? What is the context? The three iconic women in this cartoon are Lady Liberty, Lady Justice and Lady Freedom. They are portrayed as being kidnapped and locked in the dark. Lady Liberty is saying “Kidnapped and held hostage by the right-wing fringe for five years in this small Capitol closet…” The next frame of the cartoon shows the United 16 •
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States Capitol building and has a quote bubble saying; “Waiting for the voters to set us free!” The government building is very light and bright while the first frame is very dark and gray. This cartoon was published in 2013 and refers to actions taken by the government five years earlier that “locked away” liberty, justice, and freedom. During 2008 there was extensive gridlock happening in Congress from having a deeply divided and
polarized party system. (Knight, 2009) The women are locked away because nothing is getting done. The gridlock continues to last and is causing some House members to not seek re-election. (Political Gridlock, 2014) Which side is supported by the framing of the cartoon? The left-wing Democrats are being supported in this cartoon. The cartoon is blaming right-wing Republicans for the political grid-
The three victims, pictured below, have fallen prey to the political agenda of both the Democratic and Republican Parties. From let to right: Lady Liberty, Lady Freedom and Lady Justice.
Republicans, are forming political gridlock and are refusing to work together. This blames the Republicans because they are doing it knowingly. Kidnapping is not accidental action. They are What evidence can you give that the cartoon supports one side locking away the three important values that America is founded or the other? on because they are simply too The cartoon says; “Kidnapped stubborn to come to an agreement and held hostage by the righton the issues. wing fringe for five years in this small Capitol closet…” The rightAnalysis: wing political parties are mostly Republicans and the United States This cartoon uses the three well-known symbols Lady Liberty, Capitol is where Congress meets. Lady Justice and Lady Freedom What reality is constructed/ to symbolize the public. By using framed by your issue: women the artist is suggesting The reality constructed by this that the public was easy to lock cartoon is that Americans are not away, playing on the classic notion getting the liberty, freedom and of viewing women as submissive justice that they deserve because and passive. their government, specifically the This cartoon can cause readers lock that is happening because the House of Representatives and the Senate cannot agree on bills. (Biddle, 2012)
to believe that the government is failing them because they are not working together. They are failing the American people by refusing to work together. Lady Liberty, Lady Justice and Lady Freedom, representing the public, are held captive by the conservatives’ gridlock, playing on classic notions of the feminine ideal as passive. On the other hand, these conceptual women could be construed as being held back by the voting public’s apathy and inaction, represented by the darkness surrounding the Lady statues in comparison to the bright but helpless government which seems to be leaning back away from the reader because it cannot do anything on its own without the public. MARCH 2014 • 17
The Monsters Inside
Publication: Cagel Cartoons, 05/18/2013, “IRS Targets the Right” (#131944) by Gary McCoy, U.S.
by • Itzel Leon
What action is taking place in this cartoon? What is the context? This cartoon shows a man and a woman sitting on a park bench, both reading papers. The lady’s paper is a newspaper that has the two headlines; “Philly Abortion Doctor Guilty” and “IRS Targeted RightWing Groups.” The man’s paper says “IRS Enemies List:” and he has 18 •
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a suitcase that says “IRS” on it. The woman’s bubble says “Cutting the spinal cords of live babies? Dr. Gosnell is a monster!” and the man says “Unless they were Conservative babies.” The man is obviously an IRS worker but in this cartoon he could be representing the government while the woman is representing society’s conscience. During the time that this cartoon was presented there was a news
story about Dr. Kermit Gosnell, a doctor who performed countless abortions. He was sentenced to life in prison on charges of first-degree murders for snipping the neck of a baby born alive in an abortion. Prosecutors said that the baby would have lived if given proper medical attention. The Defendant claimed he had never killed a living baby. (Hurdle, 2013) Another story in the news at the
time of this cartoon was the IRS’ scandal that involved policies that many claimed targeted right-wing political groups like Conservatives and Republicans. The IRS reportedly “harassed” many right-wing groups who were raising money for candidates by watching out for words like “tea-party” and “patriots” when sorting through files. Although other words like “blue” and “progressive” were on the list to check out the other political groups like the left-wing Democrats, many thought and reported that only Republican groups were attacked. (Martin, 2013) Which side is supported by the framing of the cartoon? The right-wing side is supported in this cartoon. What evidence can you give that the cartoon supports one side or the other? The cartoon shows an angry-looking scrawny man with a Hitler-mustache looking over a hit list that we know contains names of Conservative or other rightwing groups that the IRS plans on harassing. The woman is against abortion, like Conservatives. The man is seen as the monster because he justifies killing babies if they are Conservatives. The woman and the babies that are dying are the victims as are the other right-wing groups who are attacked by the IRS. It is important to note that the man has a Hitler-mustache because viewers automatically associate the words “dictator” with that particular style of facial hair.
Dr. Kermit Gosnell (above) was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility for 3 murder charges, 21 illegal late-term abortions and 211 counts of violating abortion laws.
What reality is constructed/framed by your issue: The reality constructed by this cartoon is one where the government uses harassment and biases to threaten or attack certain political groups. The government is also seen justifying their actions simply because they don’t believe with other political groups. Society is appalled but is not active in the issues. Analysis By inserting specific and relevant current events into this cartoon, the cartoonist has made an interesting point. Conservatives and Republicans are known for being pro-life.
(Abortion, n.d.) The IRS is seen as targeting these people. However, the woman is appalled at seeing what a “monster” Dr. Gosnell has committed when he killed a baby that was aborted but could have lived. The IRS man is not okay with abortion, unless they are Conservative babies. This cartoon shows how irrational the government’s IRS program is when they target certain political groups. It also makes a point by showing the article about the doctor snipping babies’ spinal cords and how monstrous that can be. It points out that the government can always justify their actions. MARCH 2014 • 19
by • Robyn Van Valkenburg What action is taking place in this cartoon? What is the context? This cartoon is a laughable timeline of issues that the Grand Old Party has strong and extreme stands on. (Grace, 2002) The first section says “Imminent threats facing America*” and has an angry-looking elephant. When you follow the asterisk to the bottom the reader finds the disclaimer: “According to the GOP.” The first section of the timeline is from 1,000 BC and says “Abandoning girl babies to die of exposure” and the baby has a thought bubble that says “Curse you, planned parenthood of Sparta!” This section is poking at the Republican party’s anti-abortion views. It uses Sparta’s ancient infanticide programs and the barbaric practices of leaving children who were deemed unfit for military performance on a hillside to die to illustrate the modern Planned Parenthood issues that society is currently debating. (Andrews, 2013) Year 650 AD is next on the timeline and says “Pan-Islamic Caliphate” and has an Arab saying “Death to America!...which hasn’t even been invented yet!” The word “caliphate” has very negative connotations in America according to Harris Zafar in “Demystifying ‘Caliphate’” it “implies a politico-religious Muslim state governed by a political leader…” (Zafar, n.d.) It is interesting that 20 •
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Political the artist used the word “invented” instead of something like “discovered.” This implies that the man in the cartoon has no interest in America as a plot of land, but the idea that it was founded upon. An idea can be invented. The man wants death to the American ideals. Republicans have always been worried about any sort of Muslim caliphate in America. The year 1879 warns about “High-Efficiency Light Bulbs” with a picture of the light bulb that says “I am the one true light bulb!” This section is about Thomas Edison’s light bulb which was invented in 1879. (First Public, n.d.) In 2013, Republican House Representative Steve King from Iowa gave a speech at the Conservative Political Action Conference about how much he hates that the government buildings switched to the new high efficiency light bulbs. (Hunter, 2012) This part of the cartoon is making fun of how much Rep. King--and by extension, the rest of the GOP-hate modern, energy-saving light bulbs. In the 1890s section of the timeline, it has the words “Voter Fraud” and has a man saying “Free beer to vote for the black fellow!” This is in reference to the voting fraud that occurred in Harrison County, Texas that favored the Democratic party. Sixty-eight percent of the voters were African-Americans and they
usually voted Populist or Republican. (Levy, 2014) Election fraud was actually fairly common in the Gilded Age of America. This part of the cartoon is making fun of the way that the Republicans threw tantrums over the issue. The next section refers to the “Bolshevik Coup” of 1917. It has a Russian saying “First we’re offering market-based health care… then we’re going to recommend against too many sugary drinks.” The Republicans have always been fearful of Socialist powers. When the Iron Curtain went up around Russia and the Soviet Union was founded, Republicans were at the front of the battle against them. The cartoon is making fun of the Republicans by showing that sometimes more government power in some areas--such as health care--aren’t necessarily evil. The final section in the cartoon has a woman holding a burning bra with the title: “The Pill” at the top. It also says “Birth control makes me want to burn my bra and be a slut!” Republicans have historically had “moral issues” against making birth control available through government programs. (Levy, 2014) Here, the artist is exaggerating a woman who has apparently taken birth control and gone crazy. It is suggesting that women who take birth control can go crazy and neglect their womanly duties.
Evolution
Publication: The Salt Lake Tribune, 06/06/2012, “Bugaboos of the Right” (#112858) by Pat Bagely, U.S.
Which side is supported by the framing of the cartoon? The Democrats/Left Wing are supported in this cartoon. The cartoon makes fun of Republicans. What evidence can you give that the cartoon supports one side or the other? This cartoon is making fun of all of the different issues that the Republicans have been complaining about throughout the years
and currently. It is portraying the elephant as a grumpy and very serious beast who does not put up with any of the world’s hooligans, including women who take birth control and a government who provides birth control to any woman with no second thought. What reality is constructed/ framed by your issue? The reality constructed by this cartoon is that the GOP is very focused on issues that are not
their problems to worry about. All of the issues presented are dramatized and shown as a huge deal when really the issues are either not the GOP’s problem or nearly non-existent. Analysis This cartoon uses dramatization and exaggeration to provoke the viewer into believing that the GOP’s main focused issues are not as big of a deal as the Republicans are making them out to be. MARCH 2014 • 21
GENDER REPRESENTATION “One is not born a woman, but one becomes one.” -Simone de Beauvoir
W
omen are often misrepresented. While they occupy much of the media and advance in basic liberties, their personal and controversial rights are discussed in American society. Debates on women’s issues are difficult and will continue to be heated, passionate and very, very public.
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Those Pesky Pills
Which side is supported by the framing of the cartoon? The Republican Party and those who are opposed to birth control requirements are supported by this cartoon.
and me and the taxpayers to pay for her to have sex.” (Johnson, 2012).
What reality is constructed/ framed by your issue? The reality that is being constructed by the framing of this What evidence can you give that issue is that birth control should the cartoon supports one side or be provided by the taxpayers for • by Cameron Moore women in need. the other? According to Sandra Fluke, she What action is taking place in Analysis was denied to speak at the Rethis cartoon? What is the conThe cartoon is mocking the dempublican National Convention text? because she is a woman and she ocratic party by having Fluke say In this cartoon, Sandra Fluke, strongly supports birth control(- “Taxpayers should pay for this 30 a woman's rights activist, is Fluke, 2012). Fluke was very dis- year old law student to have sex.” speaking at the 2012 Democrat- appointed when Romney did not Sandra Fluke graduated from ic National Convention. She is Georgetown University with a “stand up” for when Rush Limwearing a Georgetown shirt and baugh insulted her (The Week law degree, which explains why she is talking about birth control Staff, 2012). On February 29, she is wearing a “Georgetown” and how taxpayers should pay Limbaugh publically humiliated shirt (Hodge, 2012). Georgetown for a “30 year old law student to Fluke on his show by calling her University is a Catholic school have sex.” The cartoonist used a “slut” and saying, “She wants to and their health insurance does exaggeration on Sandra Fluke, not cover birth control contrabe paid to have sex. She’s havmaking her look heavier than ceptives (Hodge, 2012). Sandra ing so much sex she can’t afford she really is with a large nose. Fluke proposed her beliefs and contraception. She wants you ideas on birth control and why Publication: Cagel Cartoons, 9/5/2012, “Fluke at DNC” (#118111) by Gary McCoy, U.S. Georgetown’s health insurance should cover it. The irony in this cartoon comes from the speech bubbles above the two Democrats speaking in the background. Clint Eastwood was the speaker at the Republican National Convention. The Democrats depicted here feel as if Sandra Fluke was a better representation for their party than Clint Eastwood was for the Republicans. The reality of the situation is that both speakers lacked credibility and reinforced the growing public disapproval of the two main parties in the U.S. (Jones, 2012) MARCH 2014 • 23
Mary’s Choice by • Madison Maners What reality is constructed/ What action is taking place in framed by your issue? this cartoon? What is the conThe reality constructed by this text? issue is that abortions and other Two prominent Christian figures are shown in an alternate practices endorsed and provided by Planned Parenthood prevent version of the Christmas story. In this cartoon Mary is sitting on children from being born. a donkey, pregnant, while Joseph Analysis The historical account states is leading the donkey. They have asked for a room at an inn where that Mary and Joseph have the baby in a stable, rather than at an Mary can give birth but the innkeeper says, “No room at this inn. By putting the Planned Parenthood offices across the street, inn.” Across the street there is the cartoonist is bringing up the a Planned Parenthood building and a woman dressed in black is irony of abortion in this situation. If Mary does have an aborsaying, “Yoo-hoo, Over here!” tion, the reader is left to think This cartoon was printed about the implications--there Christmas Eve of last year. It is would be no Christmas or Santa using the Bible story of Jesus Christ’s birth to illustrate a point about Planned Parenthood and abortion.
Claus, not to mention one of the world’s most well known religious figures would not exist. The woman at the Planned Parenthood building is dressed all in black. This is especially interesting because the cartoonist may be playing upon further Christian theology by presenting good versus evil. Black, even outside of the Christian religion, is associated with death, evil and mystery. By dressing the Planned Parenthood employee in black there is the implication that using their services and capitalizing on their accessibility is going into the unknown where anything can happen.
Which side is supported by the framing of the cartoon? Those who are pro-life are supported by the framing of this cartoon. The cartoonist has played upon many emotions of Christians. What evidence can you give that the cartoon supports one side or the other? The cartoon is supporting life because Christianity, the largest religious group in the U.S. (“Nones”, 2012) would not exist without the birth of Jesus Christ. Publication: Cagle Cartoons,12/24/2013, “Mary Planned Parenthood” (#142239) by Gary McCoy, U.S. 24 •
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Publication: LibertyAlliance.com, 1/29/2014, “Democrats for Women” (#129541) by A.F. Branco U.S.
Love, Lust & Lies by • Itzel Leon
What action is taking place in this cartoon? What is the context? In this cartoon, three Democrats; Bill Clinton, Bob Filner and Ted Kennedy are picketing the “War on Women” that they are blaming the Republicans for, but they are also “checking out” a young woman secretary as she walks by. Clinton is saying “This goes for Republicans only, right?” and is wearing boxers that say “Paula Jones was forced here” and “Juanita Broaddrick was forced here” and a sign stands by Kennedy that says “Chappaquiddick, Mary Jo Kopechne died here” referring to the politicians’ past scandals. In fact, all three politicians have scandals involving women. Clinton’s scandal involved many women, but in this cartoon the
artist refers to Paula Jones and Juanita Broaddrick. Paula Jones has claimed that Clinton raped her. (Paula Jones, n.d.) Juanita Broaddrick filed a sexual harassment suit against Clinton. (Is Juanita Broaddrick, 1999) Bob Filner has been accused of groping women. (Hoft, 2013) Ted Kennedy crashed into a river and his passenger--Mary Jo Kopechne--drowned and he escaped any repercussions because his family has connections. (Sabato, n.d.)
being sleazy, sexist and hypocritical because they are blaming the Republicans for a “War on Women” when the Democrats have plenty of scandals against them.
Which side is supported by the framing of the cartoon? The Republican side is supported in the framing of this cartoon.
Analysis This cartoon is an attempt to make the reader feel as though the Democrats are attacking women and lying when they appeal to women voters. It also reminds the reader that the Democrats have had problems with sexual harassment in the past.
What evidence can you give that the cartoon supports one side or the other? The Democrats are portrayed as
What reality is constructed/ framed by your issue? The reality constructed is one where Democrats are hypocritical because they are blaming the Republicans for attacking women but they have had issues with that in the past.
MARCH 2014 • 25
That’s Why We Pay Him The Big Bucks by • Cameron Moore
this article is that there are partial-birth abortions taking place in the United States.
oral and ethical gravity of the issue. Obama has also added an What action is taking place in objective to the Democratic parthis cartoon? What is the conty’s platform: Reduce the number text? Analysis of abortions. Other goals of the Obama is standing in a garThe fact is that President president include making sure bage can full of “aborted babies” Obama is a very liberal president adoption is a readily available representing partial birth conand is pro-choice. This cartoon option and working with those trol. Making this seem as if he doesn’t care one way or another illustrates a reality where Obama on the opposite side of the aisle to has the blood of children on his reduce the number of unwanted about abortion. Obamas stance on abortion according an article hands from all of the partial-birth pregnancies. abortions that take place each However, President Obama done by The Associated Press has also said, “If they (my daughObama supports abortion. La- year in the U.S. Whether he can ters) make a mistake, I don’t beling and irony have both been really be blamed for the actions used in this cartoon. According of others is up for debate. Howev- want them to be punished with a baby…” which leads people to to the New York Times, the GOP er, in this construction, he is. believe that he sees has a very strict abortion poliunplanned births cy, yet Obama is standing in a as a punishment. bloody trash can. (Cooper, 2012) (Obama, 2008) Which side is supported by the framing of the cartoon? Pro-life is the side being supported in this cartoon. What evidence can you give that the cartoon supports one side or the other? There is a bloody trash can that Obama is standing in. If the cartoon was in support of abortion and the pro-choice argument, it would not portray the medical procedure and the Democratic president in a negative light. What reality is constructed/ framed by your issue? The reality constructed by 26 •
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In a 2012 interview, the president said that specifically addressing the issue of abortion is above his pay grade. (Obama on Abortion, n.d.) He admitted to being pro-choice but not necessarily pro-abortion because of the Publication: The Augusta Chronical,8/31/2012, “Obama Abortion Stance” (#142239) by Rick McKee, U.S.
President Barack Obama speaks at the 2013 Planned Parenthood National Conference. MARCH 2014 • 27
MILITARY “As we express our gratitude, we must never forget that the highest appreciation is not to utter words, but to live by them.” – John F. Kennedy
W
omen have always played a vital role in the defense of their nations but until recently were unable to fight alongside males in the military in the United States. Their passion and conviciton which moves them to the defense of their country is as strong, if not stronger, than that of any man’s. They cannot be ignored. They cannot be silenced. Our women in uniform are have become our protectors and advocates.
28 •
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the cartoon supports one side or the other? The literal links in the chain of this cartoon represents the male dominated US Military chain of command. What reality is constructed/framed by your issue: The issue here is that there are no women in the chain of command in the US. This is framed through the symbolism of male links in a chain, completely excluding women.
Publication: The Buffalo News, 06/05/2013, “Military Chain of Command” (#132760) by Adam Zygllis, U.S.
Sex & Scandal by • Cameron Moore
What action is taking place in this cartoon? What is the context? This cartoon is portraying the line of command in the military. The chain of command is dominated by males. It was released while several military sexual assault incidents were in the public eye. The reporting process for sexual assault cases is often mishandled, ignored and pushed aside.(McLaughlin, 2013) “The Pentagon believes that sexual assaults are underreported and calculates that that there could possibly have been as many as 26,000 incidents of unwanted sexual contact in 2012. That number is extrapolated from a survey sent to 108,000 active duty service members, 24 percent of whom responded.” (Martinez, 2013) Currently there are no females in the military chain of command.
Currently, commanders determine whether charges will be pressed in cases of sexual assault and other crimes. They are advised by military prosecutors. Commanders also have the power to overturn court-martial findings. Lt. Gen. Craig Franklin is one example of a general who exercised this power. After a lieutenant colonel under his command was convicted of aggravated sexual assault and sentenced to a year in prison, he overturned the decision. (Seitz-Wald, 2013) Which side is supported by the framing of the cartoon? those who have been sexually assaulted in the military, in addition to women’s rights and victims of sexual abuse advocates, are supported by the framing of this particular cartoon. What evidence can you give that
Analysis This cartoon illustrates the fact that women in the military have very few who will listen to their pleas and who they feel comfortable approaching when facing sexual abuse. In June of 2013, Sen. Kristen Gillibrand spoke to military officers and said, "You have lost the trust of the men and women who rely on you." She also pointed out that sexual assault victims feel that they cannot come forward after experiencing abuse because they are "afraid to report, they fear their careers are over – they feel they are being blamed ." (Top Military Officers Resist, 2013, p. 2) Those who do report incidents of sexual assault “often are retaliated against and discharged on false claims that they have mental disorders. Offenders, meanwhile, are rarely punished, and most are allowed to stay in the armed forces.” (Twice Betrayed, n.d.) This cartoon also points out the inequality of female leadership in the US Military. Women and those with feminist views have been advocating for women’s rights for years, and yet there has not been a change in the chain of command to reflect the increasing percentage of females in the military. MARCH 2014 • 29
Publication: The Buffalo News, 1/28/2013, “Women in the Military” (#126148) by Adam Zyglis, U.S.
by • Robyn Van Valkenburg What action is taking place in this cartoon? What is the context? During the time this cartoon was published, the military said that they will start to open up the front lines of war to women. (Brook, 2013) This cartoon is playing off of the poster called “We Can Do It” poster by J. Howard Miller for recruiting women to the workforce during World War II because many of the men were away fighting the war. However, for some women, leaving the house and seeking a job was frightening. The original poster is 30 •
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very appealing to women because the woman in the poster is drawn in a comforting and familiar way. (Programing Librarian, n.d.) The new poster is recruiting women for the exact opposite. With her combat uniform sleeves rolled up and her weapon strapped to her back, she is ready for the front lines. The thought of enrolling in the army and heading out to the front lines of war is scary to many ladies so this poster is drawn in a familiar, comforting sort of way similar to the original one. She has the same determined look on her face and she is wearing a camouflage bandana instead of her red one. Looking at a strong young woman like that gives others confi-
dence in their decisions to enlist. Which side is supported by the framing of the cartoon? The women who would like to serve on the front lines alongside men are being supported in this cartoon. What evidence can you give that the cartoon supports one side or the other? The woman in the poster is very strong and brave. She looks like she can do any job a man can do with her muscles and determined look on her face. There is also the patch on her arm that says “front lines” on it and the weapon and backpack that do not seem to weigh this woman down at all.
There is also the inspiring quote, cartoon also gives the viewer the an is willing to try, the military “We can do it!” that builds wom- sense that this change will have will train you to be a soldier just en’s confidence in their decision. no problems or roadblocks at all. like the men they have trained. What reality is constructed/ framed by your issue? The reality framed by this poster is one where women can do anything that men can do. It ensures that they will soon have equal opportunities as well and will be able to serve in combat roles. This
Analysis This cartoon gives women hoping to serve in combat roles in the military hope that they will be able to do as they wish. It builds confidence and makes women equals alongside men in military roles. It shows that as long as the womMARCH 2014 • 31
Uncle Sam Wavers in once confident statement
Publication: The Columbus Dispatch, 1/24/2013, “Combat Women” (#126078) by Nate Beeler, U.S.
by • Cameron Moore
What action is taking place in this cartoon? What is the context? This cartoon is playing on the poster called “I Want You for the U.S. Army” by James Montgomery Flagg that was used during World War I and World War II. (The Price of Freedom, n.d.) The colors that are used in the cartoon are very similar to the poster. The original Uncle Sam looks very aggressive, in control and knows what he wants. This Uncle Sam looks very passive, overwhelmed and unsure of his goals. The captions of this cartoon say “I Want You”but Uncle Sam is saying “Uh, ladies… Please don’t take that the old way!” and is holding a piece of paper that says “Women in combat roles.” Uncle Sam’s finger is pointing down instead of right at the reader possibly because the original poster could be seen as objectifying women when his finger points directly at a woman’s chest. This article was published in 2013. During this time, the military was undergoing a major policy change on what roles women can play in the military. Previously, women were banned 32 •
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from serving combat roles. (Military Leaders, 2013) The military is planning on opening combat roles up to all women by 2016. (Lerman, 2013) They are currently testing different groups of women and studying their performance in order to maintain the current physical standards but successfully integrate women into all combat roles. (Michaels, 2014) Which side is supported by the framing of the cartoon? The cartoon is framed against the government in favor of women. What evidence can you give that the cartoon supports one side or the other? By showing Uncle Sam as a scrawny man the artist is putting him in a vulnerable position because he looks like he does not truthfully believe that his plan to put women in combat roles will work.
What reality is constructed/ framed about your issue? The reality constructed is a frail government that fails to completely address issues with the confidence that the public deserves. Analysis The cartoon is using an iconic poster that many Americans recognize immediately when they see it. However, the artist uses techniques such as exaggeration and imagery to put a sarcastic and condescending tone on the issue. The cartoon shows viewers a fragile and unsure government trying to give equal rights to women in the military. The government seems to beg for help and support from the public rather than stand up for themselves and firmly believe in their changes.
Women Explode Through Barriers Publication: Cagle Cartoons, 1/24/2013, “Women in Combat” (#126081) by RJ Matson, U.S.
by • Madison Maners
What action is taking place in this cartoon? What is the context? In this cartoon, a woman is depicted as a combat soldier who has just blown up a stone wall. Her male counterpart is giving her knuckles and she appears to be very pleased with herself. Both soldiers are serving on the front lines. In 1994 women were prohibited from being assigned to smaller ground combat units. (Baldor, 2013) This cartoon was created in January of 2013 after US military leaders lifted the ban on women in combat roles, thus opening up hundreds of thousands of jobs in the military for women. (Military Leaders, 2013) It shows that women can do the job just as well as males, if not better. It also shows men’s
support for women in frontline combat areas.
Equality for women in the military is presented in this frame.
Which side is supported by the framing of the cartoon? Those in support of women serving on the front lines of the US military are supported here.
Analysis The persuasive technique that is being used in this particular cartoon is symbolism. It sheds a different light to the thought of women in the military showing that they should be treated equal no matter what the job is. The fist-bump given to the woman from the man is used to symbolize support for the female in this cartoon who has just knocked down a wall. This interaction also shows that, in certain situations, women can do the job just as well as males, if not better. It appears that she has just blown up a wall and the man has done nothing.
What evidence can you give that the cartoon supports one side or the other? The woman in this cartoon has obviously been successful in her mission and is being congratulated by her male comrade. It supports the argument that women can serve on the front lines and complete missions with the same skill and force as males. What reality is constructed/framed by your issue?
MARCH 2014 • 33
editorial notes... The editorial cartoons featured in the March issue of Feminine Force bring up issues from both Republican and Democrat sides of the political party. These issues were then used to construct a sphere where society can understand these issues more clearly. Artists used several obvious techniques to achieve this goal. Irony was employed by cartoonists to illustrate differences between reality and what a reader would expect. Exaggeration was seen when features on a specific person in the cartoon were drawn larger than its original proportions to emphasize a message. Symbolism utilized objects which represented larger concepts or ideas. Analogy was used to compare two different things in order to reach different perspectives. The cartoonists often labeled objects or people to make their message clear. There is only so much readers can infer on their own. In the international women section, we learned how the cartoonists used exaggeration, symbolism, analogy, labeling, and irony to portray how women all over the world are seen by the opposite sex. Even though some countries say women have equal rights, it is not always enforced. In the political section, the cartoons analyzed portrayed women as being held back. The cartoons also made women seem powerful by being able to make their own choices. Political women are also portrayed negative light because they seem to have to try hard to be successful in a man’s world. In the gender representation section, women were tied to the democratic party in a negative way. In the cartoons analyzed, women who were on the democratic party were ridiculed by the republican party. The cartoons also tied women and birth control in a negative perspective as well. In the military section, the cartoons analyzed portrayed women in the military in negative and positive perspectives. Women in the military, especially in physically and mentally demanding combat roles, are often discriminated against because they are different than men, but that does not give the opposite sex the right to discriminate and suppress. 34 •
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Modern women have made progress and have proved to be equal to men. But while there are any misrepresentations or injustices happening in our world, Feminine Force and its editors will be dedicated to educating its readers of the state of women in the media.
“A woman with a voice by definition is a strong women. But the search to find that voice can be remarkably difficult.� -Melinda Gates
MARCH 2014 • 35
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Hodge, H. (2012, August 30). Wasserman Schultz and Sandra Fluke make their presence felt at the RNC | Human Events. Retrieved March 24, 2014, from http://www.humanevents.com/2012/08/30/wasserman-schultz-and-sandra-fluke-make-theirpresence-felt-at-the-rnc/ Hoft, J. (2013, October 15). Creepy Democrat Bob Filner Pleads Guilty to Three Charges | The Gateway Pundit. Retrieved April 24, 2014, from http://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2013/10/creepy-democrat-bob-filner-pleads-guilty-to-three-charges/ Hunter (2012, February 12). Rep. Steve King and the scary lightbulbs of scary doom. Retrieved March 21, 2014, from http:// www.dailykos.com/story/2012/02/12/1063342/-Rep-Steve-King-and-the-scary-lightbulbs-of-scary-doom Hurdle, J. (2013, May 15). Kermit Gosnell, Abortion Doctor, Gets Life Term - NYTimes.com. Retrieved March 21, 2014, from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/16/us/kermit-gosnell-abortion-doctor-gets-life-term.html?_r=0 International Women’s Day. (n.d.). Retrieved March 24, 2014, from http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/un/international-womens-day Is Juanita Broaddrick Telling the Truth? (1999, March 3). Retrieved March 24, 2014, from http://www.slate.com/articles/news_ and_politics/explainer/1999/03/is_juanita_broaddrick_telling_the_truth.html Johnson, J. (2012, March 20). Sandra Fluke, Georgetown students continue fight for contraception coverage - Campus Overload - The Washington Post. Retrieved March 24, 2014, from http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/campus-overload/post/sandra-fluke-georgetown-students-continue-fight-for-contraception-coverage/2012/04/20/gIQAiP0BWT_blog.html Jones, J. M., Newport, F., & Saad, L. (2012, September 6). Obama’s Challenge: Higher Likability Than Approval. Retrieved March 25, 2014, from http://www.gallup.com/poll/157292/obama-challenge-higher-likability-approval.aspx Keddie, N., & Rostam-Kolayi, J. (1999). Historical Perspectives On Islamic Dress Essay (Women in World History Curriculum). Retrieved March 24, 2012, from http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/essay-01.html Kennedy, J. F. (n.d.). The new legal battlefield over abortion | Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/ fact-tank/2013/07/31/the-new-legal-battlefield-over-abortion/ Knight, D. (2009, January 16). Gridlock Returns to Congress in 2008 - US News. Retrieved March 21, 2014, from http://www. usnews.com/news/articles/2008/01/16/gridlock-returns-to-congress-in-2008 Lady Freedom [Photograph]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ladyfreedom.net/images/dd.jpg Lady Liberty [Photograph]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2011/08/statue_of_liberty_closing_for. html Larmarque/Reuters, K. (2013, January 23). Hillary Clinton Testifies [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/ world/2013/jan/23/clinton-testifies-congress-benghazi-live Lerman, D. (2013, July 7). U.S. Military Vows to Put Women in Combat Roles by 2016 - Bloomberg. Retrieved March 21, 2014, from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-07-24/u-s-military-vows-to-put-women-in-combat-roles-by-2016.html Levy, P. (2014, March 21). It’s about birth control stupid Newsweek. Retrieved March 21, 2014, from http://www.newsweek.com/ its-about-birth-control-stupid-232613 MARCH 2014 • 37
Martin, A. (2013, June 24). The IRS Targeted Liberal Groups for Scrutiny Too -- Daily Intelligencer. Retrieved March 21, 2014, from http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/06/irs-targeted-liberal-groups-for-scrutiny-too.html Martinez, L. (2013, May 7). Hagel: Sexual Assault Report Shows Armed Forces ‘Need Cultural Change’ - ABC News. Retrieved March 24, 2014, from http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/hagel-sexual-assault-report-shows-armed-forces-cultural/ story?id=19128532#.Ua4azhfVCSo Masci, D. (2013, July 31). The new legal battlefield over abortion | Pew Research Center. Retrieved March 26, 2014, from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/07/31/the-new-legal-battlefield-over-abortion/ McLaughlin, E. C. (2013, June 5). Military chiefs oppose removing commanders from sexual assault probes - CNN.com. Retrieved March 24, 2014, from http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/04/politics/senate-hearing-military-sexual-assault/ McManus, J. H. (2012). Detecting bull: How to identify bias and junk journalism in print, broadcast and on the wild web (2nd ed.). Sunnyvale, CA: Unvarnished Press. Michaels, J. (2014, March 12). Experimental force will test Marine women in combat roles. Retrieved March 21, 2014, from http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/03/12/marines-women-ground-combat-infantry-experiment/6297151/ Military leaders lift ban on women in combat roles | Fox News. (2013, January 24). Retrieved March 21, 2014, from http:// www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/01/24/panetta-opens-combat-roles-to-women Miller, J. H. (1942). We Can Do It (Rosie the Riveter) [Poster]. Retrieved from http://paintingsgallery.info/painting/archives/1710/we-can-do-it-rosie-the-riveter-wallpaper-2 Mintz, Z. (2013, March 7). International Women’s Day 2014 Quotes: 25 Sayings That Empower Women. Retrieved March 25, 2014, from http://www.ibtimes.com/international-womens-day-2014-quotes-25-sayings-empower-women-1560089 Moore, C. (n.d.). Quran-Islam.org - True Islam. Retrieved March 21, 2014, from http://www.quran-islam.org/articles/ part_3/the_burqa_(P1357).html Nash, T. Knowles, B. Pentz, W. Taylor, D. Palmer, A. van de Wall, N. (2011). Run the World [Recorded by MSR Studios]. On 4 [CD]. New York City: Columbia. “Nones” on the Rise | Pew Research Center’s Religion & Public Life Project. (2012, October 9). Retrieved March 21, 2014, from http://www.pewforum.org/2012/10/09/nones-on-the-rise/ Obama on Abortion [Video file]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://2012.presidential-candidates.org/Obama/Abortion.php Obama, B. (2008, March 29). President Obama: ‘I Don’t Want Them Punished With A Baby’ [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jszkPtsFH-k Political Gridlock On Capitol Hill Prompts Many In Congress To Bail Out And Not Seek Re-election | Fox News Latino. (2014, March 1). Retrieved March 21, 2014, from http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2014/03/01/political-gridlockon-capitol-hill-prompts-many-in-congress-to-bail-out/ The Price of Freedom: “I Want You” Poster. (n.d.). Retrieved March 21, 2014, from http://amhistory.si.edu/militaryhistory/ collection/object.asp?ID=548 Programming Librarian | The “We Can Do It” Poster. (n.d.). Retrieved March 21, 2014, from http://www.programminglibrarian.org/engage/themes/participation/we-can-do-it.html#.Uyx9Q6iJHLl Rafael, L. (2014, March 7). For 8 March, international Women’s Day, AEDH and APDHA firmly oppose to the Spanish government’s draft law on abortion - European Association for the Defense of Human Rights. Retrieved March 24, 2014, from http://www.aedh.eu/For-8-March-international-Women-s.html 38 •
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Robson, D. (2013, April 9). Margaret Thatcher: An Iron Lady born with a will of steel | UK | News | Daily Express. Retrieved March 25, 2014, from http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/390429/Margaret-Thatcher-An-Iron-Lady-born-with-awill-of-steel Sabato, L. J. (n.d.). Washingtonpost.com Special Report: Clinton Accused. Retrieved March 24, 2014, from http://www. washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/frenzy/kennedy.htm Seitz-Wald, A. (2013, June 5). Answer to military’s sexual assault problem may be overseas - Salon.com. Retrieved March 24, 2014, from http://www.salon.com/2013/06/05/answer_to_militarys_sexual_assault_problem_may_be_overseas/ Senate Hearing Benghazi Consulate Attack | Video | C-SPAN.org [Video file]. (2013, January 23). Retrieved from http:// www.c-span.org/video/?310496-1/senate-hearing-benghazi-consulate-attack Soni, D. (2013, October 22). The Eyes Have It [Graphic]. Retrieved from http://www.channel4.com/news/from-hijab-toburqa-a-guide-to-muslim-headwear Stenovec, T. (2012, October 16). ‘Binders Full Of Women’: Mitt Romney’s Comment Goes Viral (VIDEO) [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/16/binders-full-of-women-mitt-romney_n_1972337.html Talma, A. (2013, July 3). Texas Abortion Protestors [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://redalertpolitics.com/2013/07/03/ watch-texas-abortion-supporters-chant-hail-satan-to-pro-life-protesters/ The Week Staff (2012, March 9). Rush Limbaugh vs. Sandra Fluke: A timeline - The Week. Retrieved March 24, 2014, from http://theweek.com/article/index/225214/rush-limbaugh-vs-sandra-fluke-a-timeline Top Military Officers Resist Proposal to Take Sexual Assault Cases Out of Chain of Command - ABC News. (2013, June 5). Retrieved March 24, 2014, from http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/top-military-officers-resist-proposal-sexual-assault-cases/ story?id=19319814&page=2 Twice Betrayed: Sex Assaults | mySanAntonio.com | SA Express-News - San Antonio Express-News [Video file]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.mysanantonio.com/twice-betrayed/ Veiling: The veil as symbol of empowerment or oppression? - OpenLearn - Open University. (n.d.). Retrieved March 21, 2014, from http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/veiling/content-section-2.--0 Veiling: Hijab in sport - OpenLearn - Open University. (n.d.). Retrieved March 21, 2014, from http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/veiling/content-section-3.--0 Wemple, E. (2013, April 12). In the Kermit Gosnell case, conservative watchdogs rattle the mainstream media’s cage. Retrieved March 25, 2014, from http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2013/04/12/in-the-kermit-gosnellcase-conservative-watchdogs-rattle-the-mainstream-medias-cage/ Who Makes Our Laws? (n.d.). Retrieved from http://falkvinge.net/2011/03/17/who-makes-our-laws/ Wittig, M. (1992). One is not born a woman. Retrieved March 26, 2014, from http://www.oocities.org/saidyoungman/wittig01.htm Zafar (n.d.). Demystifying ‘Caliphate’ | Islam Ahmadiyya. Retrieved March 21, 2014, from http://www.alislam.org/egazette/ articles/demystifying-caliphate/
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Behold these striking pictures. But as you behold them, beware of them, for they are not real. They are fake, the products of media consultants and spin-control artists who are trying to move you or deceive you or persuade you. - Kiku Adatto
Feminine Force Magazine was created solely for the educational purposes of Utah State University, USU course JCOM 2010 and Candi Carter Olson. Copyright 2014. All editors contributed to articled published in the issue.