WHITEFISH RIVER FIRST NATION
COMMUNITY ENERGY PLAN 2016
This project was made possible in part through the financial support of The Independent Electricity System Operator’s Aboriginal Community Energy Plan Program
This Community Energy Plan was developed with the assistance of Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Final Version
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY An executive summary of this document is available under separate cover.
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Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Final Version
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................1
1.1
OUR TRADITIONAL VIEW OF ENERGY......................................................................................1
1.2
INTEGRATION WITH OTHER PLANS..........................................................................................3
1.3
INTEGRATION WITH PROVINCIAL, NATIONAL, AND GLOBAL TRENDS ................................4
1.3.1
Provincial........................................................................................................................................4
1.3.2
National ..........................................................................................................................................5
1.3.3
Global.............................................................................................................................................6
2.0
COMMUNITY OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................7
2.1
COMMUNITY VISION AND MISSION...........................................................................................7
2.2
LOCATION.....................................................................................................................................7
2.3
POPULATION ................................................................................................................................7
2.4
COMMUNITY FACILITIES AND ASSETS.....................................................................................8
2.5
RESIDENTIAL HOUSING..............................................................................................................8
2.6
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS ..........................................................................................................8
2.7
WATER, WASTEWATER, AND WASTE SERVICES ...................................................................9
2.8
INDUSTRIAL..................................................................................................................................9
3.0
PAST AND PLANNED ENERGY INITIATIVES ..........................................................................10
3.1
ENERGY CONSERVATION INITIATIVES ..................................................................................10
3.2
ENERGY GENERATION INITIATIVES .......................................................................................13
4.0
SUMMARY OF COMMUNITY FEEDBACK ................................................................................14
4.1
ENERGY SURVEY RESULTS ....................................................................................................14
4.2
ENERGY INDEPENDENCE ENGAGEMENT SESSION ............................................................15
5.0
COMMUNITY ENERGY PLAN VISION AND GOALS................................................................16
5.1
VISION .........................................................................................................................................16
5.2
GOALS.........................................................................................................................................16
5.3
WHAT DOES ENERGY INDEPENDENCE LOOK LIKE? ...........................................................17
6.0
CURRENT ENERGY USE ...........................................................................................................19
6.1
TYPES OF ENERGY AND HOW WE USE IT .............................................................................19
6.1.1
Electricity......................................................................................................................................19
6.1.2
Heating Oil ...................................................................................................................................20
6.1.3
Wood and Propane ......................................................................................................................20
6.1.4
Diesel Fuel ...................................................................................................................................20
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Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Final Version
6.2
TOTAL ANNUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION .............................................................................20
6.2.1
Breakdown by Type of Energy.....................................................................................................21
6.2.2
Breakdown by Sector ...................................................................................................................21
6.2.3
Residential Energy Use Breakdown ............................................................................................22
6.3
OCCUPANCY DATA ...................................................................................................................23
7.0
FUTURE ENERGY NEEDS .........................................................................................................25
7.1
CONSUMPTION TREND IMPACT ..............................................................................................25
7.2
POPULATION GROWTH IMPACT..............................................................................................26
7.3
HOUSING GROWTH IMPACT ....................................................................................................26
7.4
NATIONAL ENERGY BOARD FORECAST ................................................................................26
7.5
TECHNOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR .............................................................................................26
7.6
CLIMATE AND WEATHER IMPACT ...........................................................................................28
7.7
FORECASTED ENERGY CONSUMPTION ................................................................................28
7.8
FORECASTED ENERGY DEMAND............................................................................................29
8.0
OPPORTUNITIES AND PRIORITIES .........................................................................................31
8.1
ENERGY EDUCATION................................................................................................................31
8.1.1
Energy Prices...............................................................................................................................31
8.1.2
Energy Cost Comparison – Heating Your Home .........................................................................32
8.1.3
Space Heating Choice for Our Community..................................................................................34
8.1.4
Environmental Impact of Energy Use ..........................................................................................35
8.1.5
Electrical Demand, Consumption, and Kilowatt Hours ................................................................35
8.1.6
Hydro One Invoices .....................................................................................................................36
8.1.7
Other Energy Education Actions..................................................................................................41
8.2
ENERGY CONSERVATION ........................................................................................................42
8.2.1
Household Energy Use ................................................................................................................42
8.2.2
Changing Behaviour vs. Changing Technology...........................................................................43
8.2.3
Home Energy Audits ....................................................................................................................44
8.2.4
Phantom Load..............................................................................................................................44
8.2.5
Proper Winter Preparation ...........................................................................................................45
8.2.6
Use of Firewood ...........................................................................................................................46
8.2.7
Community Energy Advisor .........................................................................................................46
8.2.8
Youth Energy Champions ............................................................................................................47
8.2.9
Providing Resources ....................................................................................................................47
8.2.10
Energy Efficiency for New Construction ......................................................................................47
8.2.11
Bulk Purchases ............................................................................................................................47
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Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Final Version
8.2.12
Consumption Tracking .................................................................................................................47
8.2.13
Property Management Software ..................................................................................................48
8.3
ENERGY GENERATION .............................................................................................................49
8.3.1
What Is Renewable Energy Generation? ....................................................................................49
8.3.2
Motivations for Renewable Energy Generation ...........................................................................50
8.3.3
Connection Overview ...................................................................................................................51
8.3.4
Grid Capacity ...............................................................................................................................53
8.3.5
Renewable Generation Technology Overview ............................................................................56
8.3.6
Renewable Energy Type Applicability and Summary ..................................................................64
8.3.7
Environmental Approvals and Considerations.............................................................................65
8.3.8
Funding for Renewable Energy Projects .....................................................................................65
9.0
IMPLEMENTATION PLAN ..........................................................................................................66
9.1
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY.................................................................................................66
9.1.1
Funding ........................................................................................................................................68
9.1.2
Updating and Assessing Progress of The Implementation Strategy ...........................................68
9.2
IMPLEMENTATION TABLE AND ACTIONS INVENTORY.........................................................68
9.3
THE ANNUAL ACTION PLAN .....................................................................................................69
10.0
GLOSSARY OF TERMS .............................................................................................................70
LIST OF INSERTED FIGURES Figure 1 - Energy Reliance vs Energy Independence ...................................................................................17 Figure 2 - Total Annual Energy Use...............................................................................................................20 Figure 3 - Breakdown by Energy Type, 2015 ................................................................................................21 Figure 4 - Total Energy Used by Sector, 2015...............................................................................................22 Figure 5 - Typical Breakdown of Home Energy Use......................................................................................22 Figure 6 - Technological Impact Upon Energy Use 2013 – 2020 ..................................................................27 Figure 7 - Year Over Year Change in Energy Prices.....................................................................................31 Figure 8 - Impact of Demand .........................................................................................................................35 Figure 9 - TOU Schedule ...............................................................................................................................37 Figure 10 - Electricity Charges.......................................................................................................................37 Figure 11 - Effects of Density Rating .............................................................................................................40 Figure 12 - Home Energy Use Breakdown ....................................................................................................42 Figure 13 - Energy Star Label ........................................................................................................................43
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Figure 14 - Phantom Load Comparison of Common Devices .......................................................................44 Figure 15 - Insulation .....................................................................................................................................45 Figure 16 - Wood Burning Stove....................................................................................................................46 Figure 17 - Renewable Energy Technologies................................................................................................49 Figure 18 - Hydro One's Electrical Grid .........................................................................................................52 Figure 19 - A Typical Fixed Ground-Mounted Solar PV Array.......................................................................56 Figure 20 - A Large Scale Wind Farm Project ...............................................................................................57 Figure 21 - Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric Station...........................................................................................58 Figure 22 - Bioenergy Facility at UBC............................................................................................................59 Figure 23 - Typical Landfill Gas Collection System .......................................................................................60 Figure 24 - Durham York Energy Centre .......................................................................................................60 Figure 25 - Solar Thermal Technology ..........................................................................................................61 Figure 26 - Geothermal Heat Pump Piping....................................................................................................62 Figure 27 - Summary of Implementation Strategy .........................................................................................66
LIST OF INSERTED TABLES Table 1 - Energuide Rating Scale for Home Efficiency..................................................................................10 Table 2 - Summary of Community Engagement Activities ............................................................................14 Table 3 - Case Study Summary.....................................................................................................................18 Table 4 - Property Breakdown by Type .........................................................................................................21 Table 5 - Building Occupancy Information .....................................................................................................24 Table 6 - Electrical Demand...........................................................................................................................29 Table 7 - Size of Generation Equipment for 100% Energy Independence in 2026 .......................................30 Table 8 - Cost Comparison for Heating .........................................................................................................33 Table 9 - Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Energy Type.................................................................................35 Table 10 - Hydro One Delivery Charges........................................................................................................39 Table 11 - Connection Types .........................................................................................................................55 Table 12 - Summary of Renewable Technologies Available to WRFN .........................................................64 Table 13 - Year 1 Annual Action Plan ............................................................................................................69
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LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E Appendix F Appendix G Appendix H Appendix I Appendix J Appendix K Appendix L
Band Council Resolution WRFN Community Energy Survey Results Summary of Path Exercise Case Studies: First Nation Communities Pursuing Energy Independence Methodology – Baseline and Future Energy Consumption WRFN Hydro One Distribution Map Energy Cost Management Programs Energy Related Incentives and Conservation Programs Heating with Wood Efficiency Considerations in New Home Construction Funding for Renewable Energy Projects Implementation Table and Actions Inventory
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1.0 INTRODUCTION At Whitefish River First Nation, we are a community interested in energy – energy education, energy conservation, energy generation, and energy self-sufficiency. We are a community who remains very open-minded towards new and alternative energy solutions. Our history contains numerous examples of initiatives in each of these areas, but we now seek a strategy to take us further – a Community Energy Plan (CEP). Our CEP will build upon the conservation initiatives that we have already implemented in our community. Conservation initiatives in homes can increase occupant comfort and reduce energy use and high energy costs. We hope to help our membership better understand and manage their energy use. Our community facilities and assets must also be considered, as energy costs for large spaces can be very high. We feel that although we know about energy conservation from our participation in past programs, we must set goals and actions to ensure those conservation initiatives remain to be implemented in the future. We are also motivated by the idea of energy independence. Our community already generates electricity for the grid in several ways. We would like to investigate the potential for energy self-sufficiency. Our focus in this area could not be more clearly illustrated than in our recent (February 2016) Band Council Resolution to determine the viability of Whitefish River First Nation being independent from Hydro One transmission, based on our desire not be wholly dependent on Hydro One for our energy needs by 2026. The Band Council Resolution is available in Appendix A. This desire and our Community Energy Plan will link to our ongoing focus on community wellness, education, and economy. 1.1
OUR TRADITIONAL VIEW OF ENERGY
Maintaining our culture is vitally important in all that we do, so establishing a traditional view of energy is part of our CEP. The fundamental essence of Anishinabek life is unity and balance: an intertwinement of all that exists and all that has and will exist.
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People, like animals, plants, and water, are all connected in each of the cycles of living things - of birth, growth, death, and new birth. Our Creation story, how the Anishinabek were first created, tells us of this great interconnectedness we have. It is also told in our legends and dances, in dreams, in symbols, in our songs, in our spirit and family names, our stories, and placed in our memories. This natural balance within which the Anishinabek people had always lived was a gift and responsibility that was given to us in original instruction by the Creator. As individuals, we have to have respect and values in life which stem from the great teachings of Nanabush who gathered the Seven Grandfathers to help the Anishinabek understand their gifts and responsibilities. Energy is part of our everyday life and our everyday responsibility. What is energy in a traditional sense? Energy is the spirit of all that is living. We know from our oral traditions that our rocks, our minerals, our wind, our sky, our mountains, lakes, rivers, and streams are all living entities, just like the Anishinabek and all that surrounds us, including the air, the sun, the moon, and the stars. It is a very deep concept, but when you inherently know this, it becomes a part of that natural balance. Within this natural balance comes the responsibility that each entity has. The wind was given a gift, just as the sun, an ant or a blade of grass was given. There is not one living entity that is greater than another. Each has its’ place within the circle of life and even more so, in the circle of death and everlasting existence. So when we harness energy, be it from the sun, the wind, the rocks, the water, or any plant or animal life, we are already connected to that entity. Those are our relations. We cannot harm or destroy our relations. We have to live in harmony with all our relations and bring about healing and wellness to all living entities by working together. How is it then that we can work with the sun, or the earth or water or wind? This is done through our connection with the Creator who connects to all our relations through prayer and ceremony. This is a gift that was given to the Anishinabek through many different ways such as the pipe ceremony, shaking tent, sweat lodge, and our sacred medicines, to name a few.
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In anything, any action that we do, we always have to remember and be mindful about our connection to the Creator, to all of Creation, to one another and keep in mind our original instructions that were given to Anishinabek. From our traditional view of energy we can conclude that when using energy, we always need to protect our living relations and keep our purpose and responsibilities focused on the grassroots starting point, which is our Creation as Anishinabek of Whitefish River First Nation. And thus the following directly impact our Community Energy Plan:
That one type of energy is better than another (renewable versus fossil fuels) when we consider our responsibility of stewardship of our natural / environmental surroundings;
That there is a responsibility to use energy wisely and efficiently, especially when we consider our responsibilities related to the air, earth, wind and water; and
That there is benefit to becoming more energy independent (i.e. off-grid), as we are not seeking to damage the environment any further, but we still need something to survive.
1.2
INTEGRATION WITH OTHER PLANS
In order to create the most effective CEP possible, our CEP needs to integrate the relevant components of other plans and strategies currently existing in the community. In particular, our CEP needs to consider our Capital Planning Study. This study recommends the development of approximately 30 new residential properties over the next 10 years, of which 15 are to be built on lots that are currently serviced but vacant. The study also recommends the construction of a 6-8 unit Elder’s Lodge complex, as well as the completion of a Hydro One Load Study for Old Village Road North. Other community plans are also in development but are not yet complete, including our Solid Waste Study, Source Water Protection Plan and preliminary research into off-grid opportunities for the Shawanosowe School and future residential housing. These plans should also be integrated with future energy related activities.
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1.3
INTEGRATION WITH PROVINCIAL, NATIONAL, AND GLOBAL TRENDS
This section examines provincial, national and global trends in electricity generation from renewable energy sources. These trends include innovation and advancements in various technologies and their applications. They also include the development and implementation of various programs aimed to reduce overall energy use, costs, and impact to the environment. 1.3.1
PROVINCIAL
Our provincial energy trend can be described as two-pronged – increasing renewable energy generation capacity as well as increasing energy conservation. In addition, Ontario is ramping up its efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Since Ontario began the Feed-In-Tariff (FIT) program in 2009, the Province has been recognized as a Canadian leader in renewable energy generation. In 2014, Ontario invested 42% (approximately $4.5 billion) of Canada’s total investment into clean power generation, which was more than any other Province in Canada. Ontario’s Long Term Energy Plan (LTEP) reports that the province has more than 18,500 MW of renewable energy online or announced. This includes more than 9,000 MW of hydroelectric capacity and more than 9,500 MW of solar, wind, and bioenergy capacity.1 This future investment into renewable resources reduces Ontario’s reliance on fossil fuels and has helped the province phase out coal. In 2013, Ontario generated about 27% of its electricity from renewable sources, with the majority (56%) being generated by nuclear. Ontario also emphasizes electricity conservation. In 2013, it was estimated that electricity conservation efforts have helped reduce the total required electricity generation by 5%. The LTEP identifies a plan to increase this to 16% by 2032. Ontario will release its next Long Term Energy Plan in 2017 and has undertaken consultation initiatives. In 2016, Ontario released its Climate Change Action Plan outlining various environmental goals that the provincial government would like to achieve. Ontario reduced its level of greenhouse gas emissions by 6% of 1990 levels in 2014, and plans to reduce further to 15% by 2020, 37% by 2030, and 80% by 2050.2 Part of strategy includes a new Cap-and-Trade program which is currently in development. In September
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2016, Ontario announced that it has suspended the second round of its Large Renewable Procurement (LRP II) process and the Energy-from-Waste Standard Offer Program. 1.3.2
NATIONAL
Canada relies on both fossil fuels and renewable resources for energy generation, although it relies more heavily on renewables for electricity generation. The electrical capacity of hydroelectric, wind and solar power have steadily increased since 2002 – with hydroelectricity growing by almost 90%, wind power by almost 2700%, and solar power by nearly 7700% between 2002 and 20123. Renewable energy sources currently provide about 63% of Canada’s total primary electricity supply, with flowing water (hydro power) being the most important renewable energy source.
Hydroelectricity
currently provides Canada with 60% of its electricity generation, resulting in Canada being the second largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world.4 Wind, solar, biomass, and tidal power all work together to contribute to 3% of Canada’s electricity supply. Despite wind and solar photovoltaic energies accounting for small percentages of Canada’s energy production, these technologies are the fastest growing sources of electricity in Canada. If nuclear energy is taken into account, about 77% of Canada’s electricity supply does not emit greenhouse gasses.
gas
emissions
generating capacity has grown at a rapid pace. This trend is expected to continue, with international organizations, governments and industry associations alike forecasting the wider
Canada recognizes that climate change and greenhouse
Over the last decade, renewable electricity
are
global
challenges that require global solutions. The
deployment of renewable technologies around the globe. Canada: A Global Leader in Renewable Energy - 2013
country is committed to reducing emissions by participating in global agreements, such as the Paris Agreement which has a goal to limit the global average temperature rise to below 2 degrees Celsius and pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. In addition to this, renewable energy production has been promoted across the country, as evident in initiatives such as the federal Wind Power Production Incentive Program and the ecoENERGY for Renewable Power program. These programs provide an incentive of 1 cent per kilowatt-hour to renewable energy projects that qualify.
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1.3.3
GLOBAL
Globally, renewable energy experienced growth rates of approximately 110% each year between 1990 and 2014. Solar and wind combined account for 70% of this growth.5 Canada is making progress in renewable energy generation, although some other countries around the world are taking larger steps towards 100% renewable electricity generation. This can be seen by countries such as those in the European Union. Denmark and Scotland, which utilize wind energy to produce about 39% and 14% of their electricity needs, respectively. The European Union as whole has traditionally been a world leader in generation from solid biofuels, but has seen a shift towards other renewable resources between the years of 2005 and 2013. Overall, wind, solar PV, and biofuels have seen the most increases in use during the 7 year period between 2005 and 2013. During this period in the European Union, wind power has been reported as the fasted growing technology in renewable resources. Renewable energy generating technologies are regularly arising to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and other non-renewable resources. Some new and innovative ideas are generating electricity though harnessing ocean wave power and body heat, as well as advancements in solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind harnessing technologies.
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2.0 COMMUNITY OVERVIEW 2.1
COMMUNITY VISION AND MISSION
Our community vision and mission are well-established, and considered in all projects that we undertake. They are as follows: Vision: The Anishinabek of Whitefish River First Nation will work in harmony while maintaining our culture, traditions, and knowledge to enrich and empower our people. Mission: The Anishinabek of Whitefish River First Nation will strive to improve community well-being by collectively protecting, strengthening, and developing its resources and culture through mutual cooperation. 2.2
LOCATION
We are an Anishinabek/Ojibway community located on the La Cloche Peninsula in the North Channel of Lake Huron, near the north end of Georgian Bay. Our community is situated on Ontario Highway 6, between the nearby towns of Espanola (27 km north on the mainland) and Little Current (25 km to the south, on Manitoulin Island). The nearest major service centre exists in Sudbury, which is approximately 100 km to the southwest of the community. 2.3
POPULATION
Our on-territory population is 460, of which 379 are First Nation members and 81 are non-First Nation members.
Our total First Nation membership including off-territory members is 1,292, indicating that
913 (or 72%) of registered First Nation members live off-territory.6 Our projected growth rate is about 2.0% annually over the next 10 years7, resulting in an overall onterritory population of 561 by 2026.
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2.4
COMMUNITY FACILITIES AND ASSETS
Our community operates a number of facilities which service our members and also impact our energy use. Those facilities include the following:
2.5
Ball Field
Health Centre
Firehall
Pumphouse (Old)
Community Centre
Seven Fires Elders/Youth Centre
Marina (Dock)
PRV Building
Water Storage Tower
Fitness Centre
Sunshine Alley
Administration Office
Water Treatment Plant
Rainbow Lodge
Library
Business Centre
Outdoor Ice Rink
Streetlights
Public Works Garage
Shawanosowe School
Implement Shed
Daycare
RESIDENTIAL HOUSING
Our community has 182 permanent housing units on-territory, which includes 5 triplexes and 2 duplexes. 100 of these units are privately owned, while 82 units are rentals (26 of which are First Nation-financed, 56 of which are managed by the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation). The average occupancy is 2.6 persons per household.8 Housing growth over the next 10 years is projected to be 34 units plus an 8-unit Elder’s Lodge complex.9 This represents a 17% increase in permanent housing units and will generate a noted increase in our community’s energy demand and consumption 2.6
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
Within our community there are also a few commercial operations including three retail stores (Wolfie’s, D & D Trading Post, General’s Store), and two marinas (J & G Marina, Stillwater Marina). Energy use for these operations has been included in our CEP.
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2.7
WATER, WASTEWATER, AND WASTE SERVICES
Water – We constructed a new water treatment plant in 2010 which was designed to supply the 20 year projected demands of our community. The system draws water from the North Channel of Lake Huron. There are approximately 152 service connections to this distribution system as well as fire hydrants. In addition, the community owns a water truck that services 36 households and 2 businesses not on the main line. Our water treatment services impact our energy use through the electricity and oil required to run the water treatment equipment and facility. Wastewater - All wastewater (sewage) generated in our community (including residential units and community facilities) is disposed of using individual septic systems. The community has experimented with constructed wetlands as a method of disposal for triplex units. Any seepage that is removed from holding tanks is disposed of in a designated pit near the community landfill. Some septic systems in our community do utilize pumps, and thus would impact our energy use. However, overall, our wastewater systems have minimal impact on our energy use. Solid Waste – We operate our own landfill site and provide weekly curbside pickup of waste.
Our
members are required to take their recyclables to the landfill where sorting bins are available. Our solid waste system impacts our energy use in the form of fuel burned to operate the waste pickup vehicle. However, solid waste also represents a potential energy source, through incineration. We are currently completing a Solid Waste Study for our community, which will be integrated where possible into our future energy plans and activities. 2.8
INDUSTRIAL
A Lafarge cement production facility is located within our First Nation. The facility is owned and operated by non-community members and is situated on leased land. The Lafarge facility is not included in this analysis.
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3.0 PAST AND PLANNED ENERGY INITIATIVES Given our significant interest in energy, we have undertaken a number of related projects in recent years. These activities have occurred in two areas: conservation and generation. 3.1
ENERGY CONSERVATION INITIATIVES
EnerGuide Evaluation for Houses, 2005 Evaluations under the EnerGuide for Houses program were performed by the Abor Group in 2005. This program allowed for energy evaluations of the Whitefish River housing stock, specifically the rental units. The EnerGuide Energy Efficiency rating scale was used to identify how homes compared to others in terms of efficiency. This scale is from 0 to 100, 0 representing an old house with considerable air leakage issues, no insulation, and extremely high energy consumption; and 100 representing an airtight, wellinsulated home that requires no purchase of energy. A table outlining the rating system can be found below10. Table 1 - Energuide Rating Scale for Home Efficiency House Characteristics
Typical EnerGuide Rating
Older house, not upgraded
0 to 50
Upgraded older house
51 to 65
Energy efficient, upgraded older house; or typical new house
66 to 74
Energy efficient new house
75 to 79
Highly energy efficient new house
80 to 90
House requiring little or no purchased energy
91 to 100
The homes evaluated in 2005 ranged from 66 to 81 on the scale. Most of the homes evaluated were rated in the low-to-mid-70’s, indicating their true nature as older homes with some energy inefficiencies. The EnerGuide Energy Efficiency Evaluation Reports also indicated a “potential” rating that each home could feasibly reach with upgrades such as insulation improvements and heating and cooling equipment retrofits. Many of the homes exhibited potential for improvement up to 10 points. Most homes had potential to reach high 70’s on this scale. EcoEnergy Energy Efficiency Evaluation, 2014 An additional evaluation of our housing stock was completed in 2014 by CanSpec Inspection Services. This included both privately owned homes and rental units. The rental units, which were previously evaluated in 2005, showed improvements and achieved ratings in the mid-to-high 70’s. The evaluations Cambium Aboriginal
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Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Final Version
reported little potential gains in rating, suggesting that although improvements can be made, the nature of these buildings is such that they have achieved their maximum level of efficiency. Privately owned homes achieved ratings in the low 80’s and also indicated minimal potential for upgrade given the nature of the buildings. Aboriginal Conservation Program, 2014 In 2014, our community participated in Ontario Power Authority’s Aboriginal Conservation Program (ACP). It was designed to reduce energy demand and to help manage energy costs within selected First Nations communities by increasing the energy efficiency of homes and businesses. The ACP was delivered by First Nations Engineering Services who acted as the Program Manager, along with their subcontractor, the Abor Group Ltd. Both companies are First Nations owned and operated. Through the ACP, our residents, businesses and community-owned facilities had the opportunity to receive energy assessments and energy saving upgrades. Residential households were eligible for home energy audits by certified energy auditors and could qualify for installation of energy saving measures to their homes. Businesses and community-owned facilities were eligible to receive assessments of their lighting and water-heating systems and could qualify to receive upgrades of up to $1500 towards these systems. During the ACP program for our community, approximately 60 homes applied for the project, with 57 being accepted and 52 audits actually being completed. Activities included:
Lighting replacement using CFL bulbs
Installing power bars with timers;
Adding insulation to water tanks and pipes;
Installing efficient showerheads;
Installing aerators to kitchen/bathroom faucets;
Installation of attic and basement insulation:
Replacement of refrigerators, freezers, air conditioners, and dehumidifiers; and
Installation of programmable thermostats.
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In total, the changes reduced our overall estimated energy demand by 18.1 kilowatts (kW) and our estimated energy consumption by 132,500 kilowatt hours (kWh’s), with an approximate savings of $55,000 annually. Energy Audits – First Nation Owned Buildings – 2012/13 As part of Ontario’s saveONenergy™ program, we completed a lighting audit on all public buildings to potentially upgrade to more energy efficient lighting. Details were not available during the completion of our CEP. Installation of Motion Sensors Exterior motion sensors were recently installed on our Administration building and we are currently in the process of installing motion sensors on the interior of several of our other community-owned buildings. Streetlights Our community infrastructure includes approximately 50 streetlights, and we are considering switching to a LED solar powered model. It is recommended that we pursue this change with 5 – 10 existing lights. Together these could form a pilot project demonstrating energy conservation and renewable energy generation to our community members. The effectiveness of the streetlight pilot project should be monitored and reported upon, with results shared with the community. In addition, we should retrofit the remainder of our streetlights with more efficient LED bulbs. New Homes and Current Home Renovations – Additional Conservation Measures Based on recently approved funding, plans are underway to improve the energy efficiency on 12 of our CMHC Section 95 homes as part of a major renovation of each of these houses. Energy efficiency measures will include new propane furnaces to replace current electrical heating, hot water on demand systems, and LED lighting. In addition, we have received approval to build 5 new 2-bedroom homes in our community. Each of these homes will include the same energy efficiency measures noted above for heating, lighting, and hot water. These changes provide us with an excellent opportunity to measure the impact (in consumption and dollars) of the energy efficiency measures in comparison to our current Section 95 houses. In addition,
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we should investigate and provide information to our community members on the cost benefit of propane heating versus both oil and electric. 3.2
ENERGY GENERATION INITIATIVES
Helios Whitefish River Our community is already a leader in renewable energy generation. We own and operate a renewable energy generation company called Helios Whitefish River, with joint partner, Helios. Whitefish River owns 51% of the company, while Helios owns 49%. Helios Whitefish River develops, installs and maintains solar photovoltaic systems for private and public owners. The following projects are already underway and generating electricity for the company (and therefore, in part, our community):
Sunderland 10MW Fixed Tilt Solar Farm (Large Renewable Project - LRP)
Orillia 6.5MW Fixed Tilt Solar Farm (Large Renewable Project - LRP)
Whitefish River Community Centre 10 kW Fixed Tilt Rooftop (microFIT)
Whitefish River Administration Office 6kW Flush Mount Rooftop (microFIT)
MniDoo Mnising Power Whitefish River First Nation is a member nation of the United Chiefs and Councils of Mnidoo Mnising (UCCMM). Other member nations include M’Chigeeng First Nation, Sheguiandah First Nation, Sheshegwaning First Nation, Aundeck-Onmi-Kaning First Nation, and Zhiibaahaasing First Nation. Given the ample wind exposure of the region, the UCCMM recognized the potential for wind energy production and created an energy corporation known as Mnidoo Mnising Power (MMP) to generate revenues and protect the cultural wishes of the member communities. A recent partnership has brought MMP together with Northland Power to form a 50/50 partnership on a 60MW windfarm on Manitoulin Island, known as the McLean’s Mountain Wind Farm. Revenue from the project is distributed by UCCMM to support its member communities, including our community. Our CEP identified a lack of awareness of the above noted projects by our community members. With our community’s stated goal of moving towards energy independence, each of these projects represents an opportunity to educate our community members on renewable energy generation and its benefits.
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4.0 SUMMARY OF COMMUNITY FEEDBACK In developing our plan, we intentionally spent a lot of time and effort in connecting with our community members to inform them of the project and to gather their feedback. Below is a summary of our activities. Table 2 - Summary of Community Engagement Activities Activity
Timing
Details
Kickoff Event
October 22, 2015
Presentation and discussion with community members regarding the CEP. Included meal.
Hiring of Local Energy Liaison
January – August, 2016
Hiring of a local community member able to answer questions and investigate concerns revealed through the development of the CEP.
Community Energy Survey
February – May 2016
Gathered feedback from community on energy use, concerns, and ideas. 131 surveys completed
Winter Carnival
February 27, 2016
Set up display to provide information on CEP, answer questions, and complete surveys. Approx. 75 visitors and 50 surveys completed.
Earth Week Presentations & Open House
April 19 – 20, 2016
CEP display, presentations, and discussions with community members. Also included presentations by Hydro One. Approximately 40 visitors and 30 surveys completed.
Elephant Thoughts – Children’s Program
May 2 – 5, 2016
Educational program in Shawanosowe School to teach about energy and environmental issues. There were 56 participants.
One-on-One Sessions with Energy Liaison
May – August, 2016
Completed sessions focused on explaining Hydro One bills. 12 sessions have been completed to date.
Energy Independence – Community Session
September 23, 2016
Completed a half-day session with 16 community members to chart a preferred path to energy independence
4.1
ENERGY SURVEY RESULTS
Our community energy survey achieved strong representation (72% of households participated) and focused on our current situation in terms of energy habits and concerns. Regarding concerns, an overwhelming number of our community members want to see lower energy costs as an outcome of our Community Energy Plan. In addition, almost all of our residents expressed concern that Hydro One rates and delivery charges are too high. In terms of habits, our key findings included the following:
Most of our homes (about 79%) use electricity as their primary source of energy, with the secondary source being fuel/heating oil (43%). Other energy sources include propane and wood
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We primarily heat our homes (60%) and our water (96%) using electricity. We cool our homes using electricity – fans and air conditioners (55%)
Three-quarters (75%) of the households in our community are aware of Time-Of-Use (TOU) electricity pricing, with many of us timing our electricity use to avoid peak pricing periods
Approximately 59% of us do not prepare our homes for cold winter weather
About 76% of us are interested in learning more about energy conservation
A more in depth summary of the survey results can be seen in Appendix B. 4.2
ENERGY INDEPENDENCE ENGAGEMENT SESSION
The development of our CEP also included a community session focused on moving towards energy independence. The event brought together a cross-section of the community and revealed the following key findings:
An information gap exists between Council/Administration and the community regarding the desire for energy independence and the current renewable energy generation projects – improved and ongoing education is needed
The community is open to moving towards energy independence – but would like to do so in a slow manageable manner
Our energy independence strategy should begin with smaller projects (pilot projects) that can then be assessed and used to educate the community on benefits and challenges - Try – Assess – Educate… and repeat
Change in Council every two years represents a potential hurdle to progress – an arm’s length energy advisory group should be established to drive the energy strategy
Both residential and community-owned facilities should be part of the strategy
Energy independence strategy should look for opportunities to create employment and to focus on youth
Major investments/expenditures should include an “ask” of the community (i.e vote or referendum)
A more in-depth summary of the session can be found in Appendix C.
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5.0 COMMUNITY ENERGY PLAN VISION AND GOALS Energy related vision and goals are vital to the development and implementation of our CEP. The vision provides the future state that our community is hoping to achieve. Without it, there is no direction or inspiration to move away from our current state. The goals provide a defined roadmap towards our energy vision, taking into account feedback that we’ve received from the community. Our vision and goals are supported by our community’s willingness to play the role of “early adopter” in new and evolving energy technologies that can potentially improve the well-being of our members. 5.1
VISION
The vision for our plan was developed through our discussions with the community, Administration, and Council. It was modified throughout the development of our plan as additional feedback was received. Our energy vision is as follows: The Anishinabek of Whitefish River First Nation are recognized leaders in improving community wellbeing through energy understanding, energy conservation, renewable energy generation, and energy independence.
5.2
GOALS
The goals for our CEP were drafted in the early stage of its development, and modified as necessary as we moved through the Plan’s development. Our goals are meant to be achieved in 10 years’ time, by 2026. Through discussions, meetings, and presentations, we have determined the following goals of our Community Energy Plan:
Make our community one of the most energy educated in Canada;
Create a culture of conservation such that we use as little energy as practically possible;
Determine the best path for our community to transition towards energy independence; and
Identify and provide support for funding programs related to our current and future energy initiatives.
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To help us accomplish our energy goals, we have developed an implementation plan, available in Section 9 of this document. It is intended that these goals be further refined during the implementation process, specifically to ensure that they are realistic, achievable, and measurable. 5.3
WHAT DOES ENERGY INDEPENDENCE LOOK LIKE?
Energy independence for a community can fall somewhere along the range shown below:
100% of Energy Needed is Supplied by Others
100% of Energy Needed is Generated by the Community
Energy Reliance
Energy Independence
Figure 1 - Energy Reliance vs Energy Independence
Energy independence is made up of both energy generation and energy conservation. Conservation can be viewed as a step towards independence because the less energy you need from others, the less dependent you are on them. There are many paths that a community can take to move towards energy independence, but some lessons can be gained from reviewing the experience of others. As part of our CEP, we looked at two First Nation communities – one well on their way to independence (T’Sou-ke First Nation) and the other in the earlier stages of moving towards this goal (Whitesand First Nation). A summary of their stories can be found in Appendix D, but the lessons learned are outlined in Table 3.
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Table 3 - Case Study Summary Lesson Learned
Details
Focus on the Future – T’Sou-ke FN
The First Nation wanted to ensure a secure future for their grandchildren’s children, with four goals in mind; 1) energy security; 2) food security; 3) cultural renaissance; and 4) economic self-sufficiency.
Build Energy Independence into the Community Vision – T’Sou-ke FN
The community spent a lot time preparing a collective vision – one in which everyone could see for themselves. The vision was guided by the community’s desire for selfsustainability and an independent future.
Gather Community Feedback – T’Sou-ke FN
A significant first step that T’Sou-ke First Nation made towards these goals was creating a comprehensive community plan. The plan incorporated the entire community and brought the concerns and needs of its members together.
Integration with Community Culture & Values – T’Sou-ke FN
The community looked to integrate projects, training, and economic opportunities into its culture and values. A large component included taking care of Mother Earth.
Start with Smaller Projects – T’Sou-ke FN
The community started with smaller projects and then built on their success to move on to bigger projects.
Incorporate Economic Development – T’Sou-ke FN
The community constantly looked for opportunities to incorporate training and employment into the projects they undertook.
Fit with Community – Whitesand FN
The Whitesand First Nation project has been so successful because it fits with the community’s overall plan. It also provides additional benefits to the social well-being and local economy of the community.
Utilize Existing Resources – Whitesand FN
The project uses the resources readily available to the community. The nearby Armstrong Forest was recently abandoned by industry and designated as a Crown Forest, allowing the community to capitalize on the available opportunity.
Perseverance in the Face of Adversity – Whitesand FN
The path towards a sustainable energy future did not come easy for Whitesand First Nation. A significant amount of time, effort, planning, and negotiations was required to get their project to where it is today.
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6.0 CURRENT ENERGY USE In this section of our CEP we seek to understand the types of energy used in our community, how we use it, and how much energy we consume annually. The methodology that we used to establish our baseline energy use is outlined in Appendix E. 6.1
TYPES OF ENERGY AND HOW WE USE IT
Energy, in one form or another, is used by nearly every member of our First Nation for many different applications, including; lighting, heating, cooling, appliances, equipment, and vehicles. In our CEP, we have split energy users within our First Nation into 3 distinctive sectors: community-owned, commercial, and residential. There are five main types of energy used within our community. In order from most to least consumed, the energy types used in our community are: electricity, heating oil, wood, propane, and diesel. Natural gas service is not available within our First Nation. A brief overview of each type of energy used is found in the sections below. 6.1.1
ELECTRICITY
Electricity is the most largely consumed energy source in our community and is used by all sectors. Electricity use accounts for about 59% of the total energy used within our community. 79% of residents have identified electricity as the primary energy source in their home and used for applications such as heating, cooling, cooking, and consumer electronics. In terms of heating, 60% of residents use electricity as either their primary or supplementary source of heating. Electricity is provided to our First Nation by Hydro One, with the Birch Island distribution station (DS) located adjacent to the Community Centre along Highway 6. The Birch Island DS has two 12.47 kV feeder lines that service our community. Three-phase power is available near highway 6 and along Bay of Islands Road to Red Eagle Road. Three-phase power is also available to our raw water pump station. The remainder of our community has access to single-phase power only. The Birch Island DS is connected to the upstream Manitoulin Transmission Station (TS) by a 44 kV distribution line along Highway 6. A map of the distribution line system can be seen in Appendix F.
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6.1.2
HEATING OIL
Heating oil (also called furnace oil or fuel oil) is the second most consumed energy source within our community. Furnace oil is provided by Manitoulin Fuels. It is primarily used for heating and cooking. Furnace oil was identified as the primary or supplementary source of heating by approximately 38% of our residents. 6.1.3
WOOD AND PROPANE
Wood and propane are moderately used within our First Nation. Wood was identified as a source of heating by about 9% of residents. Wood is primarily obtained by residents from vendors within the First Nation. Propane is supplied to us by McDougall Energy. Only about 2% of residents identified using propane as a source of heat for their homes, although it was identified by a large percentage of residents as a source of energy for cooking. A significant number of community-owned buildings also use propane for heating. 6.1.4
DIESEL FUEL
Diesel consumption by our Public Works Department was included in this analysis. However, no other forms of transportation fuel consumption were included. 6.2
TOTAL ANNUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
In order to understand our total energy use, all types of energy must be converted to a common unit of energy measurement.
The unit
generally used is gigajoules (GJ). A gigajoule is equal to 1 billion joules, which is equivalent to 30 litres of gasoline, or about 2 barbeque-sized propane
tanks.
The
average
Canadian household uses about 100 gigajoules of energy in a year.11
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Figure 2 - Total Annual Energy Use
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Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Final Version
Total energy use data was collected for the years 2014 and 2015, and are represented graphically in Figure 2, above. In 2015, our community used approximately 21,700 GJ of energy in total. A decrease of about 6% in total energy use was observed between 2014 and 2015, dropping from about 23,100 GJ the year prior. 6.2.1
BREAKDOWN BY TYPE OF ENERGY
Electricity is the most widely-used energy type within our community, resulting in about 59% of total energy consumption in 2015. Heating oil is the second most used energy type within our First Nation and accounted for approximately 22% of the total energy use in 2015. Propane and wood are moderately used and account for 8% and 7% of our total energy
consumption,
respectively.
Diesel consumption by our Public Works Department accounts for about 4% of our community’s total energy consumption. Figure 3 - Breakdown by Energy Type, 2015
6.2.2
BREAKDOWN BY SECTOR
As mentioned above, we have divided energy end users within our community into 3 distinctive sectors; community-owned, commercial, and residential. Residential units within our First Nation consist of both year round and seasonal residences. In total, there are 182 year-round residential units within our community. However, each residential unit is not necessarily a stand-alone building. In fact, we rent 5 triplexes and 2 duplexes, which account for 19 residential units but occupy only 7 buildings. Our community also contains a number of seasonal residences which have not been included within this analysis. Table 4 - Property Breakdown by Type Residential Units
First Nation Owned
Commercial
Total
182
22
8
310
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The community-owned properties include several outdoor facilities such as the WRFN Ball Field and outdoor rink. The First Nation is also responsible for common areas and the foyers of the 7 multi-plex buildings
they
responsibility
own,
for
and
utilities
take during
vacancy and renovation of these units. The
community-owned
residential
units are considered a part of the residential sector for the purposes of this report, and are accounted for within
the
number
of
overall
residential units listed in Table 4. Commercial properties include several Figure 4 - Total Energy Used by Sector, 2015 local general stores and marinas. Figure 4 shows that the residential sector is the major energy user within our community and accounted for about 70% of our energy use in 2015. The community-owned sector is the second biggest energy consumer, using about 26% of total energy use in 2015.
Our commercial sector accounts for
approximately 4% of our total energy consumption. 6.2.3
RESIDENTIAL ENERGY USE BREAKDOWN
One of the major concerns expressed
by
our
residents
during the development of our CEP was the high cost of energy for their homes. Within a typical home, about 60% of the energy used is for
5%
5% Heating
10%
Water Heating Appliances
20%
60%
Lighting Space Cooling
space heating, followed by water heating, large appliances, and lighting and space cooling12.
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Figure 5 - Typical Breakdown of Home Energy Use
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Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Final Version
Figure 5 shows the average household energy use breakdown of energy use. With space and water heating representing a combined 80% of the typical homes energy use, it also represents the largest opportunities for energy and financial savings. 6.3
OCCUPANCY DATA
Information related to the building occupancy of community-owned buildings was collected and are shown in Table 5, below. The information collected was used to determine the utilization factor. The utilization factor is the percentage of the total time that a building or facility is occupied by people. This provides some insight into energy savings that may be realized, particularly in relation to lighting and heating. The lower the utilization factor, the less time the building is occupied. This means that lights can typically be turned off and heating can be reduced, saving energy and money. The utilization factor does not necessarily mean how often operations occur within the building. For example, a facility such as the Water Treatment Plant operates continuously, but since it is only occupied during working hours, it has a utilization factor of 31%. The utilization factor is an estimation tool only, and it should be noted that it is not always possible to reduce energy consumption during unoccupied times for various reasons.
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Table 5 - Building Occupancy Information Building Name
Operating Schedules
Utilization Factor
Days/Week
Hours/Day
Shawanosowe School
5
10
30%
Old Pumphouse
0
0
0%
WRFN Health Center
6
9
32%
WRFN Daycare
5
10
30%
Community Center
7
9
38%
Firehall
7
4
17%
Fitness Center
7
4
17%
PRV Building
0
0
0%
Seven Fires Elders and Youth Center
7
10
42%
Water Treatment Plant
5
10.5
31%
Water Storage
7
10
42%
Business Center Hwy 6
5
9
27%
Rainbow Lodge
7
24
100%
WRFN Administration Office
7
9
38%
O/M Garage
5
10
30%
Library
5
9
27%
Occupancy data does not apply to the WRFN Ball Field, Implement Shed, Marina Dock, Sunshine Alley, Water Storage, Recreation Field, O/M Garage, Outdoor Rink, or Streetlights. The information above also includes time that the building is occupied by janitorial services (4 hours for Shawanosowe School, 2 hours for every other building).
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7.0 FUTURE ENERGY NEEDS Our CEP seeks to project our future energy needs in 10 years’ time – for the year 2026, both in terms of energy demand and energy consumption. Energy demand is the rate at which energy is used or required. Energy consumption is the total amount used over time, which for us was 21,700 GJ in 2015. Future energy needs are tricky to predict due to the many factors that can impact them. Key factors include anticipated changes in: 1) our population, 2) our community infrastructure, 3) technology, and 4) the way in which we use energy (our behaviour). We have estimated our 2026 energy consumption under several scenarios. The final overall forecasted projection can be found in Section 7.7. 7.1
CONSUMPTION TREND IMPACT
Our future energy needs can be predicted by analyzing our trend in energy use in the past. Unfortunately, we were unable to gather more than two years of electricity consumption data, so we are limited in compiling our past consumption. However, even two (2) years of data provides some indication. This is a “business as usual” scenario, meaning it would assume no changes in technology or behaviour in the future. While this may be unlikely, the business as usual scenario provides a great starting point for looking at our future energy needs. The 2 year trend indicates a -5.9% decrease in annual average energy use by our community. If that trend were to continue, it would mean that our total community energy use would be predicted to decline to approximately 11,100 GJ by 2026. However, it is unlikely that this declining trend would continue, making the 11,100 GJ by 2026 an unreasonable estimate of our communities future energy use. The declining trend can be attributed to a lack of historical data. Although a decline in the communities energy use may have occurred between 2014 and 2015, there are a number of reasons such as seasonal temperature and other factors which may temporarily alter total energy use. For these reasons, the 11,100 GJ projection of total community energy use in 2026 will be excluded.
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7.2
POPULATION GROWTH IMPACT
The population of Whitefish River First Nation consists of 379 on-territory First Nation members and 913 off-territory First Nation members. The total number of residents, including both First Nation and nonFirst Nation members living on-territory is 460 people. The projected growth rate for the community is about 2.0% over the next 10 years, resulting in an overall on-territory population of 561 in 2026. Given that population has the most significant impact on our current energy use, this overall increase in energy users would likely have the most impact on the projected energy use. Using the 2.0% predicted population growth rate, our total energy use would be predicted to grow to approximately 27,000 GJ by 2026. 7.3
HOUSING GROWTH IMPACT
Given our planned residential development, our growth in housing would see a corresponding growth in energy consumption. For the purposes of this plan we have assumed that 3 houses will be added each year beginning in 2018, and that each house will consume an average of 83 GJ annually. In addition, we have assumed the addition of an 8-unit elder’s complex in 2020. Given those figures, our community energy consumption would grow to an estimated 24,700 GJ by 2026. 7.4
NATIONAL ENERGY BOARD FORECAST
Projections on a larger scale can also be of value. The National Energy Board predicts that residential and commercial energy use will both grow at an average of 0.7% annually until 2035.13 This would mean that although conservation strategies and energy efficient products will be adopted, the overall energy use will increase moderately each year due to growth in the residential and commercial sectors. Given this projection, our community energy consumption would grow to an estimated 23,500 GJ by 2026. 7.5
TECHNOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR
Two areas that have the potential to directly impact energy use, but are very difficult to predict, are technology and behaviour.
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Technology refers to new energy consuming devices which enter the market, or more efficiency versions of current energy consuming devices or equipment.
This can either increase or decrease energy
consumption. Purchasing a more energy efficient clothes dryer will likely decrease consumption, while purchasing a new electronic device that has just come on the market may increase consumption. However, purchasing a new device can also decrease consumption. For example, today’s smart phone can replace an alarm clock, camera, flashlight, personal music device, and even television and laptop. Figure 6 illustrates predicted changes in residential energy use between 2013 and 2020.14 It illustrates a net decrease in energy use for lighting, water heating, and laundry machines, all of which have had recent technological energy
advances
efficiency.
in
However,
there will be a net increase in energy use by smaller devices such as televisions, computers, and small electronics such as
Figure 6 - Technological Impact Upon Energy Use 2013 – 2020 (Ontario Ministry of Energy)
smart phones. Our own behaviour can also affect energy needs in the future. We often form habits, or behaviors, which we consciously or unconsciously repeat, and which impact our use of energy. These behaviours include:
Consumption habits (leaving lights on, computer screens on, leaving phones plugged in, etc.);
Daily activities (always doing laundry in the afternoon, taking long and hot showers); and,
Consumer purchases (buying inefficient products, continually buying the newest devices).
Energy conservation depends largely on changing our behavior, but bad habits can be difficult to break! Education and awareness are needed in order to change energy behaviors. For example, consumers must first understand that shifting electricity use to off-peak hours will save them money before they change
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their practices. Community engagement, energy education, and conservation workshops will be the most useful approaches for encouraging individuals to change energy behaviors for the better. The impacts of technology and behaviour are too unpredictable to be used in estimating our future energy use, so this section has been included in our CEP for information purposes only. 7.6
CLIMATE AND WEATHER IMPACT
Climate (long-term patterns in regional weather) and weather (short-term local conditions) can have a significant impact on energy use. For example, buildings in a fairly neutral climate such as Vancouver are more likely to have a relatively stable energy use over the year, as energy for heating or cooling needs are fairly low and consistent. However, in our region, where winters are very cold and summers can be hot, energy is needed for heating and cooling, causing seasonal spikes in energy use. Climate change is beginning to impact both climate and weather patterns. Most of the 10 hottest years globally, on record to date, have occurred since 2005.15 Gradual warming results in greater demand for cooling, and if this is done through air conditioning equipment the result would be an increase in energy use. 7.7
FORECASTED ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Given the above analysis, the three most significant factors in forecasting our 2026 energy consumption
Community Energy Consumption: The Numbers
were our projected population growth, our projected
Current – 21,700 GJ per year
housing growth, and the National Energy Board energy
Future – 25,100 GJ per year
use forecast. For the purpose of this plan we are using a “business as usual” scenario, meaning that we are assuming no significant changes will be made in terms of energy conservation or generation. This allows us to remain conservative in our estimate of energy needs and gives us an idea of how much energy we will need in the future if no changes in behaviour or technology are made. Weather and climate impacts are also not considered in this scenario, as they are difficult to predict.
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Given all of the above factors, we estimate that our overall energy consumption will grow by 1.3% annually for the next 10 years, giving us an estimated community energy consumption of 25,100 GJ in 2026, up from 21,700 GJ in 2015. With the ‘business as usual’ figure established, it allows our community to establish energy conservation targets and track our progress in the coming years. 7.8
FORECASTED ENERGY DEMAND
With our stated intention of moving towards energy independence, it is also important to determine our future energy demand. Energy demand is the rate at which energy is being consumed. The faster it’s consumed, the higher the demand; and the fastest rate at which it is consumed over a period of time (i.e. month or year) is referred to as ‘peak’ demand. If we wish to be 100% independent, then we need to be able to produce enough energy to meet our peak demand. Average yearly demand was calculated based upon our forecasted energy consumption. The average yearly demand is the rate at which energy is used in our community, assuming that the rate at which energy is used is constant. The average demand for all energy types within the community was calculated to be 689 kW in 2015. Under the assumption of a “business as usual” scenario, the projected yearly average demand for all energy types 2026 is 795 kW. The average yearly demand for electricity only was calculated as 407 kW in 2015, and projected to be 469 kW in 2026. A summary of all yearly average demand projections can be seen in Table 6. Table 6 - Electrical Demand Year
Current Electrical Demand (2015)
Future Electrical Demand (2026)
Average
407 kW
469 kW
Peak
645 kW
743 kW
Our peak electrical demand was calculated assuming a “business as usual” scenario and using a ratio of peak vs average demand based on IESO forecasts for 2016. The peak electrical demand for 2015 was calculated to be 645 kW. The peak electrical demand for 2026 is projected to be 743 kW. This means that if we were to become 100% energy independent, we would need to be able to produce up to 743 kW of electricity at one time in 2026. If we are unable to supply that amount, then at the
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moment of peak demand we will not be able to operate all electricity consuming equipment in our community, and blackouts or brownouts may occur. How Much Generation Equipment Do We Need? Given the information above, the following table helps us to get a sense of the size of renewable generation projects needed to produce 100% of our own energy. Table 7 - Size of Generation Equipment for 100% Energy Independence in 2026 Generation Type
Generating Equipment
Required Nameplate to Meet 2026 Peak Demand
Requirement to Generate 2026 Total Electricity Consumption
Considerations
Wind
2.5MW GE Wind Turbine (as used in McLean’s Mountain Wind Farm)
Approx. 30% of 1 Turbine (1 turbine would meet the peak demand 3 times over)
Approximately 1 wind turbine (not including storage losses)
A wind turbine of this size would be able to easily meet peak demand requirements when the wind is blowing, but the power output will not be constant. Considering typical operating characteristics, 1 wind turbine would provide about enough energy for the community’s annual electrical needs.
Solar
250W standard solar PV panel
Approx. 3,000 panels
Approximately 11,000+ panels (not including storage losses)
3,000 panels would produce enough power to meet our peak demand, but only when the sun is shining. Panels only produce at full capacity for a few hours per day. Over 11,000 panels would be required to produce enough energy for the community’s annual electrical needs.
If 100% off-grid is desired, electricity storage would be required. The table above does not include storage or other factors such as line loss, which could significantly increase the amount of generation equipment required. The table above also examines generation equipment only, and many other types of infrastructure and control equipment would be required.
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8.0 OPPORTUNITIES AND PRIORITIES 8.1
ENERGY EDUCATION
The first goal of our CEP is to continue to educate our community members so that they can conserve energy and reduce costs. While a deep, detailed understanding of energy is not necessary, a basic understanding of certain topics is extremely helpful. Below is a summary of energy education topics that are important to our community. 8.1.1
ENERGY PRICES
As identified through our Community Energy Survey, our residents wanted to see lower energy costs as an outcome of our CEP. Ontario’s Long-Term Energy Plan (LTEP) released in 2013 projects a 42% increase in overall home power bills (regardless of energy type) by 2018, climbing to 68% by 2032 16. This indicates a strong need to pursue conservation in our community in order to bring down overall energy costs. Comparing energy prices is difficult since they are all measured in different units, and used in different ways. However, it is helpful to look at the year over year
Electricity
increase over the past 10 trends. Figure 7 shows that the price of electricity has continually risen
since
2006,
while
propane, diesel, and fuel oil prices have levelled off. The price of natural gas has steadily declined over this
Diesel
Fuel Oil
Natural Gas
80.00 Total Annual Percent Change
years to get an idea of the
Propane
60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00 -20.00
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
-40.00 -60.00 -80.00
Year
Figure 7 - Year Over Year Change in Energy Prices
period. Electricity currently accounts for the largest contribution to our total energy consumption at about 59%. This presents a challenge since the cost of electricity is expected to continue to rise in the upcoming
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years. In fact, the Ontario Energy Board (OEB) has approved a three-year (2015, 2016 and 2017) distribution rate increase of 19%. 8.1.2
ENERGY COST COMPARISON – HEATING YOUR HOME
In a typical Canadian home, space heating represents about 62% of household energy use17. It is also known that the typical Ontario household consumes approximately 107 GJ of energy in total18. Thus we can assume that the typical Ontario household uses about 66 GJ of energy for space heating. Types of Fuel and Equipment
There are many types of energy sources that can be used for heating. Furthermore, each energy source has a number of different equipment types that can be used to convert it into heat. Our analysis will focus on the energy and equipment types listed below.
Electricity – Central/Baseboard
Natural Gas – Standard efficiency and Condensing (High Efficiency) Furnaces
Propane – Standard efficiency and Condensing (High Efficiency) Furnaces
Heating Oil – Retention Head Burner and Mid Efficiency Furnace
Wood – Conventional and State-of-the-Art Woodstove
Conversion Efficiency
In order to analyze the different costs of energy sources, it is important to first understand that, with the exception of electricity, all energy sources waste a portion of their total energy when used for heating. This occurs because the energy source needs to be burned to produce heat, and losses occur during this process such as the venting of exhaust. For example, the burning of wood converts the “fuel” (wood) into “thermal energy” (heat), but since the exhaust must be transported outside through a chimney, a significant amount of the total energy of the wood is lost in the process. In order to take this loss into account for our comparison, we used the Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE). This factor is a measurement of thermal energy compared to the total amount of fuel energy that is supplied19, in other words, how efficient the fuel is.
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Cost of Fuel Types
In Table 8 below, we have calculated the total yearly cost of heating a typical Ontario home for each fuel and equipment type. For comparison purposes, this table assumes that a home uses a single heating source, which may not be true in all cases. Because fuel costs are continually fluctuating, averages were calculated using available information specific to our region on the date at which this analysis was conducted. Table 8 - Cost Comparison for Heating Fuel
Equipment Type
Annual Consumption (including AFUE)
Fuel Energy Conversion 20 Factor
Electricity
Central/Baseboard
66 GJ
0.0036 GJ/kWh
Natural Gas
Standard Efficiency Furnace
81.5 GJ
0.0373 GJ/m
3
40.1 ¢/m
Condensing Furnace
70.5 GJ
0.0373 GJ/m
3
Standard Efficiency Furnace
80.5 GJ
Condensing Furnace
Propane
Heating Oil
Yearly Total (without tax)
Cost per GJ of Useful Thermal Energy
$3560
$54
3 ††
$875
$13
40.1 ¢/m
3 ††
$760
$12
0.02553 GJ/L
94.9 ¢/L
†††
$2990
$45
72 GJ
0.02553 GJ/L
94.9 ¢/L
†††
$2675
$41
Retention Head Burner
89 GJ
0.03672 GJ/L
90.3 ¢/L
†††
$2190
$33
Mid-efficiency Heating Oil Burner
77 GJ
0.03672 GJ/L
90.3 ¢/L
†††
$1890
$29
Conventional Woodstove
132 GJ
24 GJ/bush cord
$300/bush †††† cord
$1650
$25
State-of-the-Art Woodstove
80 GJ
24 GJ/bush cord
$300/bush †††† cord
$1000
$15
Wood
Fuel Cost per Unit (without tax)
19.4 ¢/kwh
†
† Hydro One, 76% medium density, 24% low density. Assume heating is uniform throughout the year and throughout the day – 12 equal bills at 65.8% off peak, 17.1% mid peak and 17.1% on peak (off peak = 11 stat holidays, 104 weekend days, 125 regular days, mid and on peak = 62.5 regular days). No Tax. Total Fuel cost unit includes delivery and regulatory charges and may vary with different calculation method. †† Use of OEB Natural Gas Calculator21, Union Gas (Northern) taken. Assume heating is uniform throughout the year and throughout the day – 12 equal bills. Price based off of average use of 169.9 m3 per month (average between standard efficiency and condensing furnace. No Tax. Total fuel unit cost includes delivery and regulatory charges and may vary with different calculation method. ††† Cost taken from Natural Resources Canada.22 Propane values for Sault St Marie Ontario. Furnace Oil values for Sudbury. August 2016. No Tax. †††† Wood estimated as $10 per face cord ($300 per bush cord)
There are a number of factors that are revealed by our analysis. One of the most important is the efficiency (AFUE value) of the specific type of equipment. The AFUE value of the equipment is a determining factor in the amount of fuel that must be used for home heating, ultimately affecting the Cambium Aboriginal
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Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Final Version
total cost of heating. This can be best exemplified in varying AFUE values of woodstoves, which vary in efficiency from 45% to 95%. Capital cost factors are not considered in this analysis, but AFUE of the type of equipment, or its ability to efficiently convert the fuel into useful heat should be considered when choosing a home heating system. In general, propane and heating oil are similar in operating cost, varying from about $30 to $45 per GJ of useful heat energy. Heating by electricity is the most expensive way to heat a home, with a typical cost of $54 per GJ of useful heat energy. Use of natural gas is the least expensive method of heating a home with an operating cost of between $12 and $13 per GJ of useful heat energy. Wood is also fairly inexpensive, with a fuel cost of between about $15 and $25 per GJ useful thermal energy. Our community should be educated on these costs, with heating with oil or propane preferred over electricity. 8.1.3
SPACE HEATING CHOICE FOR OUR COMMUNITY
Although slightly more expensive than heating oil in our region, propane is generally found to be cleaner burning than oil for space heating applications. In addition, heating oil tanks are now required to be replaced more frequently to avoid potential leaks and the associated environmental impacts. As a community, we are planning retrofits on 57 (12 of them in 2017) of our residential units to replace electric heating systems with propane systems. Given the fact that electricity prices are projected to increase over the term of this plan, and that natural gas (a more inexpensive option) is not currently available, we should consider the following actions:
Continue to retrofit to propane systems all residential units that currently use electrical space heating;
Install wood or propane heating systems in all newly constructed homes;
Focus on energy conservation, particularly related to space heating and electricity use in homes and community buildings; and
Pursue discussions to determine the feasibility and possibility of bringing natural gas to our community.
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8.1.4
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ENERGY USE
There is no such thing as a completely “clean” energy source. All energy sources have some level of environmental impact, most often in the form of greenhouse gas emissions.
However, the level of
impact varies by type - some energy sources have a greater impact than others. Below is an overview of the environmental impacts of various energy types measured in greenhouse gas emissions. Table 9 - Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Energy Type Energy Type
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Vehicles Removed from Road Assuming a 5% Reduction of our Current Energy Use**
Wood
20.49 kg of CO2e/GJ
0.6
Electricity
30.56 kg of CO2e/GJ
3.9
Natural Gas
49.21 kg of CO2e/GJ
0.0
Propane
61.00 kg of CO2e/GJ
1.0
Heating Oil
70.49 kg of CO2e/GJ
3.5
Diesel Fuel
72.85 kg of CO2e/GJ
0.3
*CO2e = carbon dioxide equivalents **Assumes average vehicle produces 5,000 kg of CO2e annually
8.1.5
ELECTRICAL DEMAND, CONSUMPTION, AND KILOWATT HOURS
Understanding the concepts of electrical demand and consumption is fundamental to understanding how we can conserve electricity, and save money. Electrical demand is the rate at which electricity is used. Electrical consumption is the total amount of electricity used over a period of time.
Electrical
demand is typically measured in a unit called a kilowatt (kW), which is
Figure 8 - Impact of Demand
a unit of power. Electrical consumption is measured in a unit called a kilowatt-hour (kWh).
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When we use electricity, our demand and consumption are related to one another by the equation: Electrical Demand (kW) x Time (hours) = Electrical Consumption (kWh) To illustrate, think about filling a 1000 litre swimming pool using a garden hose. The rate at which the water comes out of the garden hose is similar to electrical demand (kW). The amount of water that is in the pool after a certain amount of time is similar to the electrical consumption (kWh). So, if the hose flowed at 100 litres per hour (your demand), and you ran it for 10 hours, you would have supplied 1000 litres of water (your consumption). Now, say you have a 100 watt lightbulb. Keeping in mind that 1 kW is equal to 1000 W, how much energy would be used after the lightbulb has been left on for 10 hours? Using the equation above: 100 W x 10 hours = 1000 Watt-hours (Wh) = 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) We see that there are two factors that affect the total electrical consumption, the electrical demand and the amount of time the lightbulb was used. So, reducing our consumption can be achieved by reducing our demand (using a lower wattage lightbulb) and/or by reducing the time that the lightbulb is turned on. 8.1.6
HYDRO ONE INVOICES
During the development of our CEP, nearly all community members expressed concern with the high cost of Hydro One rates. Hydro One is our local distribution company (LDC) for electricity. A typical Hydro One residential bill has three main parts: electricity charges, delivery charges, and regulatory charges. While Hydro One collects for all three, only the delivery charge is delivered to Hydro One. It collects the electricity and regulatory charges on behalf of other organizations. Each type of charge is described in greater detail below. Electricity Charges Electricity charges are collected by Hydro One on behalf of electricity generators and can be thought of as the cost to generate the electricity provided. Hydro One makes no profit on this section of the bill. Electricity prices are set by the Ontario Energy Board (OEB). Electricity costs are based on consumption, and the time of day at which this consumption occurs, both of which are measure by smart meters.
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Smart
Meters
allow
for
the
implementation of Time-of-Use (TOU) pricing, and for the tracking of our daily, monthly, or annual electricity use and cost. With Time-of-Use (TOU) pricing, the cost of electricity varies depending on when it is used. Certain times are separated into on-peak, mid-peak and off-peak periods. Electricity use during on-peak periods is the most costly and electricity use during off-peak periods is the least expensive.
Figure 9 - TOU Schedule
TOU has been implemented in an attempt to reduce the total demand on the grid system, by offering a cost reduction incentive for times when demand is less. TOU prices are set by the Ontario Energy Board (OEB) seasonally. Current prices and periods can be seen in Figure 9. Updated prices can be found on Hydro One’s website when they become available. Significant electricity cost savings can be realized by taking advantage of TOU pricing, as the off-peak price is less than half of the on-peak price. When possible, the use of activities that consume large amounts of electricity, such as laundry, should be done during off-peak hours. Although most residents in our community have indicated they are aware of TOU pricing, about 25% of residents remain unaware. We should ensure that all of our community members understand how TOU works and the cost savings that can be incurred by scheduling activities that use electricity accordingly. On the Hydro One invoice, our monthly electricity consumption
Figure 10 - Electricity Charges
during each TOU period will be shown. This consumption is then multiplied by the respective TOU rate to calculate electricity charges, as shown in Figure 10.
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Delivery Charges Delivery charges are used by Hydro One to cover the cost of transmitting and delivering electricity to its customers. This includes construction and maintenance of all infrastructure required to do so, such as transformers, transmission lines, and distribution lines. Emergency maintenance is also included in this cost (i.e. repair of line damage due to storm outages). Delivery charge rates are not set by the OEB, but must still be approved by them. Our delivery charge rates vary based upon our service type. The main service types are residential, seasonal residential and general service.
Residential and general service customers are further
categorized based upon our density rating, which has a very significant impact on our monthly bill. Density Ratings are determined by the number of customers in the geographic area of the household or facility and the number of customers per kilometer of line. Generally, the fewer people who live in an area and lower the population density, the more effort it takes to supply reliable energy to each customer due to infrastructure (poles, lines, etc.) and maintenance costs. The result is higher delivery costs. Our community has both low and medium density zones. The medium density zone was identified as the area located near the community of Birch Island and contains about 138 medium density residential customers. The remaining Whitefish River First Nation residential customers are classified as low density residential. There are also a number of seasonal residential accounts within our community. In 2013, Hydro One conducted a province-wide density rating review of their service territory, which resulted in 12 customers in our community being reclassified from low density to medium density as of May 2015. Density ratings for general service customers are defined differently. More information on density rating classification can be found on Hydro One’s website: http://www.hydroone.com/MyHome/MyAccount/UnderstandMyBill/Pages/ServiceTypes.aspx Since many First Nations are located in low density rural areas, the Ministry of Energy has asked the OEB to examine and provide advice on electricity rates for First Nations customers. The OEB is engaging with First Nations communities on the issue and is expected to report back in early 2017. We should monitor this process closely and participate where possible.
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In order to calculate your delivery charges, you must first know your density rating and your total monthly consumption (in kWh), both of which are found on Page 2 of your Hydro One invoice. Your delivery charge is then the sum of each of the charges below: Table 10 - Hydro One Delivery Charges Charge Type
High Density
Medium Density
Low Density
Cost(s) Covered
Distribution Service Charge (per month)
$22.86
$30.88
$43.32**
Billing, meter reading, customer service, and 24hour power restoration services.
Distribution Volume Charge (per kWh)
1.60 ₵
2.98 ₵
4.27 ₵
Building and maintaining distribution lines, poles, stations, and transformers that deliver electricity to the home.
Transmission Connection* (per adjusted kWh)
0.49 ₵
0.48 ₵
0.46 ₵
Operating and maintaining the high voltage transmission system (lines, towers and stations) that deliver electricity from generating stations.
Transmission Network* (per adjusted kWh)
0.69 ₵
0.68 ₵
0.65 ₵
Smart Meter (per month) Adjustment Factor
Installing Smart Meters across the province. Collected on behalf of the IESO until October 2018.
$0.79
1.057
Reflects line loss. Factor is multiplied by your metered usage *Charge based on Adjusted Usage **With credit applied 1.076
1.105
These rates are current as of November 2016 and should be checked regularly as they do change. Hydro one has filed an application with the Ontario Energy Board (OEB) to change distribution rates beginning January 1, 2017. The most up to date delivery rates can be found on Hydro One’s website at: http://www.hydroone.com/MyHome/MyAccount/UnderstandMyBill/Pages/ResidentialDeliveryRates.aspx
Your delivery charge has both fixed and variable charges. Fixed charges are flat monthly fees that do not change no matter how much electricity you use, while variable charges will depend on your metered or adjusted usage. To calculate your adjusted usage, simply multiply your metered usage by the adjustment factor for your density rating given in Table 10. The charge not clearly shown in Table 10 is the calculation for line loss. Line loss is energy lost as heat during the transmission and distribution of electricity from the generation source to your home.
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Density rating can significantly impact the total cost of our Hydro One bill, as can be seen in Figure 11 below. This figure shows the breakdown of the Electricity, Regulatory and Delivery charges based on the various density ratings for a typical residential customer. The overall monthly electricity usage and TOU patterns are the same; only density ratings have been changed. As can be seen, the total medium
density
rating
classification is about 32% and 14% more, respectively, than an urban high density rating.
Gigajoules (GJ)
electricity bill cost for low and
Electricity charges remain the same
(approximately
regardless rating.
of
the
$83)
200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Delivery Regulatory Electricity
Low Density
density
However, regulatory
Medium Density
Urban High Density
Figure 11 - Effects of Density Rating
and delivery charges vary
Hydro One rates as of August 2016. Varying density ratings. Assume use is 750 kWh per month at
depending on our density
125 regular days, mid and on peak = 62.5 regular days). Tax and other incentives/credits are not
rating.
Regulatory charges
65.8% off peak, 17.1% mid peak and 17.1% on peak (off peak = 11 stat holidays, 104 weekend days,
shown.
make up a relatively minor portion of the overall bill and changes in cost based on density rating are fairly insignificant. Delivery charges, on the other hand, are the major contributor to the overall price increase observed. Delivery charges for customers with a low density rating were found to be about $94.04 a month, which is nearly twice as much as urban high density delivery charges, at $49.73 per month. Delivery charges for customers with a medium density rating were found to be about $69.69 a month, which are still 40% higher than those with an urban high density rating. In general, customers with a lower density rating will be charged more for their total electricity bill due to increased delivery charges.
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Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Final Version
Regulatory Charges Regulatory charges cover the costs of services of several organizations that are part of the electricity system and wholesale market. Portions of these charges go to the OEB, IESO, provincial government and Hydro One as well as to fund conservation and renewable energy programs. Regulatory charges consist of fixed and variable costs dependent on monthly electricity consumption.
The most up to date
regulatory charges can be found on Hydro One’s website at: http://www.hydroone.com/MyHome/MyAccount/UnderstandMyBill/Pages/RegulatoryCharges.aspx HST Exemption and Debt Retirement Charge First Nations people living on-territory are fully exempt from paying the Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) on electricity bills. Those living on territory were also exempt from the Debt Retirement Charge (DRC), which was cancelled for residential customers in January 2016. If residents were paying for the DRC or are currently paying for HST on their electricity bills, they can contact Hydro One to complete their Debt Retirement Charge & GST/HST Exemption Form for removal of these charges. It is also possible to get reimbursed for previously paid DRC and HST charges by inquiring through Hydro One and the Canada Revenue Agency.
Cost Management Programs There are a number of cost management programs available to help low-income residents with utility bills. A list of these programs can be seen in Appendix G, and could be added to our community website. 8.1.7
OTHER ENERGY EDUCATION ACTIONS
Below are several additional energy education actions discussed during the development of our CEP.
Establish and host an annual Community Energy Day
Host a “Dollars to $ense Energy Management Workshop” which is offered by National Resource Canada’s Office of Energy Efficiency. There are six streams offered for this workshop, which provide energy-saving and cost-saving tips to businesses and institutions.
Our First Nation Administration could purchase several simple energy meters and lend them out to residents to allow them to learn about which appliances use the most energy in their homes.
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8.2
ENERGY CONSERVATION
An understanding of energy conservation is essential to achieving our energy vision, and also supports the first goal of our CEP. Below, we discuss some of the initiatives that can support in regards to residential and community energy conservation. We begin with an overview of household energy use. 8.2.1
HOUSEHOLD ENERGY USE
Our residents should be aware of the fact that approximately 60% of their total energy consumption is used for simply heating their homes. knowledge
indicates
that
This
efficient
heating systems will reduce the largest chunk of energy consumption in the home.
It also means that installing
proper insulation and weather stripping (which
also
happen
to
be
very
inexpensive as compared to other
Figure 12 - Home Energy Use Breakdown
conservation efforts) is one of the best ways to save energy. As seen in Figure 12, water heating accounts for about 20% of energy use in the home. Insulating our hot water heater, washing clothes in cold water, and doing dishes by hand are great ways to save energy. The remainder of energy use in the home is taken up by appliances and devices, lighting, and space cooling. Our residents can also watch for devices that draw “phantom power” in the home. These are electronics that use energy even when they are in ‘standby’ or ‘off’ mode. Electronics can use up to 10% of their normal consumption when powered off! Tips on reducing phantom power can be found in Section 8.2.4. This kind of energy understanding in the household can help community members to make better choices and save energy. We should ensure that we educate our community members on where energy is used in their homes and how actions to conserve energy in relation to space and water heating can have the Cambium Aboriginal
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Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Final Version
greatest impact on total energy consumption. A great resource to learn about ways to conserve energy at all points in the household is available here: https://www.saveonenergy.ca/Consumer/Consumer-TipsTool.aspx 8.2.2
CHANGING BEHAVIOUR VS. CHANGING TECHNOLOGY
Put simply, energy conservation comes from changing our behaviour (habits), or changing our technology (devices, appliances). Often changing behaviour is less expensive but more difficult, while changing technology is more expensive but less difficult. A combination of both usually leads to the best results. Changing Behaviour As we discussed in Section 7.5, energy use behaviour has a major impact on consumption and cost. Awareness of energy conservation is needed to change energy use behaviours. It takes education, time, and consideration to develop other energy-saving habits, such as turning off lights when not in use or taking shorter showers. Creating a culture of conservation in our community can create social change and make energy conservation a norm.
A fun and engaging way of promoting conservation may be a voluntary
conservation reporting system. For example, a bulletin board in the Community Hall could display a graph each month of residents who volunteer to report their monthly consumption. The winner each month could receive a small prize or be recognized on the board. Changing Technology Upgrading appliances and equipment when possible can save money. For example, new furnace motors use up to 60% less electricity than older ones, so replacing your old furnace can result in large savings. In addition, installing
and
using
a
programmable
thermostat can also reduce heating and cooling costs by up to 10%. Figure 13 - Energy Star Label
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Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Final Version
As a category, appliances are the 3rd largest energy users in our homes. Refrigerators use the most electricity of any home appliance. Replacing a refrigerator from before 1999 can save up to $125 per year in electricity costs23. Rebates for retrofitting home appliances are available through the IESO. Please see Appendix H for more details. Our community could implement a ‘Green Procurement Strategy’. This is a policy directive that states that any new purchases of electronic appliances or equipment must follow certain energy efficiency guidelines. For example, any new office computers, refrigerators, or microwaves must be EnergyStar certified. This ensures a steady replacement of older equipment with more efficient equipment in our community-owned buildings.
We should also create a strategy to develop partnerships with
organizations and institutions to access new energy related technology. 8.2.3
HOME ENERGY AUDITS
In 2014, our community took part in the Ontario Power Authority Aboriginal Conservation Program. Hydro One will soon be launching a similar program and those who did not participate in the ACP program may be eligible. Our community should stay in contact with our Hydro One representative and pursue the program when it becomes available. 8.2.4
PHANTOM LOAD
A phantom load is any household device or appliance that consumes electricity when plugged in, but not in use.24
Active energy consumption Phantom load
Phantom loads are very
prevalent in electronic devices such as computers and video game consoles. Many of these devices enter into a “stand-by” mode instead of completely turning off. Figure
1425
shows
the
typical
contribution of phantom load to the annual
electricity
Cambium Aboriginal
use
of
various
Figure 14 - Phantom Load Comparison of Common Devices 44
Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Final Version
common household devices. A good example of a device very prone to phantom load is a desktop PC. As shown, phantom load can contribute to over 50% of the desktop PC’s yearly energy consumption. Many devices in our homes may be drawing phantom load, wasting energy and costing us added money. However, there are steps that can be taken to help reduce phantom loads, including the following:
Unplugging devices when not in use;
Making use of power bars to easily switch off multiple devices at a time;
Look for ENERGY STAR® rated electronics and appliances, which identify energy-efficient products and include phantom load considerations; and
8.2.5
Unplug battery using devices as soon as they are fully charged. PROPER WINTER PREPARATION
Responses to our community energy survey indicated that the majority of our residents (roughly 59%) do not prepare their home for cold winter weather. Given the fact that the majority (over 60%) of annual residential energy consumption in Canada goes towards heating our homes, preparing for the cold weather can mean a significant reduction in our energy consumption. A few ideas to consider include:
Lay door-snakes or towels along the bottom of doors to reduce drafts;
Install window insulation film;
Replace or install caulking and weather-stripping around windows and doors, where wires enter and exit the home, chimneys, corners, and along your foundation;
Replace or clean furnace filters regularly throughout the winter - dirty filters restrict air flow and demand more energy from the furnace;
Add extra insulation to walls, attics and crawl spaces to create a thicker barrier between the interior and exterior of your home;
Insulate water pipes - cold pipes require a greater amount of energy to heat your water;
Cambium Aboriginal
Figure 15 - Insulation
Source: thisoldhouse.com
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Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Final Version
Turn down the temperature during the day or other times when no one is home; and
Installation of programmable thermostats.
8.2.6
USE OF FIREWOOD
Approximately seven (7%) of our community’s total energy use is from the combustion of firewood. Two factors significantly impact the amount of heat generated from firewood: 1) how dry the wood is and 2) the type of tree you burn. The drier the wood is, the more efficient it will burn, resulting in greater heat generation and less amount of wood used. Regarding the type of tree, different tree species produce different amounts of heat. In general, hardwoods (deciduous) trees generate more heat energy when burned than softwoods (coniferous). Both of these factors should be taken into consideration
Figure 16 - Wood Burning Stove
when choosing the wood to be burned, as they can significantly impact the amount and cost of wood burned during a season. Appendix I provides a summary of the amount of heat produced by the various types of trees. Posting this information on our website would be helpful in educating our community. 8.2.7
COMMUNITY ENERGY ADVISOR
A great idea to keep our community moving forward on energy initiatives would be to hire and train a part-time Community Energy Advisor. This individual can assist our community in the areas of energy education and conservation on an ongoing basis. They could provide assistance in understanding energy invoices, dealing with energy suppliers, and recommending ways to reduce energy costs. As a member of the community, they would be a trusted resource, and be more likely to be called upon versus a third party consultant or energy supplier such as Hydro One. If possible, funding for this individual and their training should be obtained. The saveONenergy program offers an Energy Management Training incentive which covers half the cost of a $3,000 course26. More information about this program can be found at: https://www.saveonenergy.ca/Business/ProgramOverviews/TRAINING---SUPPORT/Energy-Manager-Training/Images/OPA_Training_v11.aspx Cambium Aboriginal
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8.2.8
YOUTH ENERGY CHAMPIONS
It is advised that members of our community youth be selected as energy champions. These youth energy champions will be trained in energy conservation and generation and will act as role models within our community. It is anticipated that these youth energy champions will also encourage their parents and guardians to be more conscientious about energy use and educate in regards to the need and benefits of renewable energy generation within our community. 8.2.9
PROVIDING RESOURCES
Our community website represents an excellent opportunity to support both education and conservation. We should develop a section on the community website dedicated to energy and provide information and resources (see Appendix H) related to energy education, conservation, and updates on energy generation. 8.2.10 ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR NEW CONSTRUCTION The construction of new homes in our community represents an excellent opportunity to ensure that homes are built with energy efficiency and generation in mind. As part of our CEP we have developed guidelines to be considered in new home construction. These can be found in Appendix J. 8.2.11 BULK PURCHASES Our community could investigate the potential of coordinating bulk purchases of energy efficient appliances for community members. For example, we could confirm which community members would be interested in purchasing a new refrigerator, and then proceed to purchase them in bulk, which would allow our community to negotiate a lower price for the fridges, and potentially eliminate any delivery charge. 8.2.12 CONSUMPTION TRACKING Our community could implement a process to gather community energy consumption and cost data for ongoing comparison and analysis.
This will also help us to track our conservation progress as a
community.
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8.2.13 PROPERTY MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE The community does not have a system in place to track the residential housing stock in our community. As a result, we do not have a comprehensive database of energy related issues that can be prioritized for action. As our ability for direct investment will be limited, we will need to identify the areas where we will get the most out of our energy spending. With this in mind, our community should obtain property management software that can be used to determine improvements to our housing stock and community assets. This software will allows us to do four key things: 1. Document, track, and monitor the current energy issues within our housing and commercial building stock; 2. Group issues and investment areas so that comparisons and economies of scale can be achieved (ie. 70 houses need new windows; 30 houses have blown insulation and 30 do not, etc). 3. Develop a management and maintenance plan for the housing stock – as it pertains to energy – and ensure that energy actions and investments are properly managed over time. 4. Identify properties that have generation opportunities (e.g. south facing roofs for solar installations) This software would allow us assess and track retrofits to these buildings that would increase their energy efficiency – today and over the term of our investments in energy.
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8.3
ENERGY GENERATION
Obtaining energy independence, particularly in relation to Hydro One is one of the major goals of our CEP. In February of 2016, a Band Council Resolution was passed in which Council supports measures to determine the viability of our community being independent from Hydro One transmission and to not be wholly dependent on Hydro One for energy needs by 2026. This Band Council Resolution can be seen in Appendix A. Our community already has experience with the development of renewable energy generation projects. This section of our CEP provides a high-level overview of additional renewable energy generation options that are available to us. A more detailed analysis of the potential for renewable energy generation is beyond the scope of this CEP, but should be part of the strategy to move further down the path towards energy independence. It is recommended that our community pursue funding to undertake the research required to determine the feasibility and develop a plan to generate more of our own energy. Applying for the new consolidated funding program offered by the IESO on the opening of the next intake could be one such step.
This new program combines the Aboriginal Renewable Energy Fund with other
community, municipal and aboriginal energy funding programs. 8.3.1
WHAT IS RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION?
Renewable energy generation is the production of energy from a source that can naturally replenish itself. Examples of renewable energy include the use of wind, solar, geothermal heat, and tidal resources to produce electricity. There are many benefits to the use of renewable energy.
One of the biggest is the inherent
sustainability of renewable technologies.
Since
renewable sources naturally replenish themselves,
Figure 17 - Renewable Energy Technologies Source: cleantechies.com
they will not deplete. Renewable energy generation also has a reduced environmental impact in comparison to traditional energy generation methods (such as oil or natural gas), particularly when considering air and greenhouse gas emissions.
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In this section of the report, the terms energy and electricity are used interchangeably. Electricity is one of many forms of energy. When discussing renewable energy generation, we are referring to the production of electrical energy unless otherwise stated. Some technologies discussed also produce thermal (or heat) energy. 8.3.2
MOTIVATIONS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION
There are several reasons for a community to pursue renewable energy generation. Those include economic development (revenue generation), energy independence, lower environmental impact, and enhanced image. While our community has a stated objective of energy independence (as per our Band Council Resolution), this section explores all of these reasons and provides some background as to what they consist of. Economic Development and Revenue Generation To generate for economic development refers to a desire to produce and sell the energy (mainly electricity) as a means of revenue generation for our community. In this scenario, the generated electricity is not used locally, but is distributed into the electricity grid. This option can be implemented by our community as a whole, by individual members, or by our business owners. It is also common for communities to partner with renewable energy developers on larger scale projects for economic development purposes. These types of projects often use the FIT, microFIT or other energy programs in which the electricity generated is sold to the grid at an increased rate, making the generation system more affordable. Our partnership through Mnidoo Mnising Power in the 60 MW McLean’s Mountain Wind Farm as well as our involvement in Helios Whitefish River which has several generation projects here in our community and throughout Ontario are two examples of energy generation for economic development. Energy Independence – Generate for Use To generate for our own use refers to a desire to move towards energy independence, meaning that we would no longer be fully reliant on buying our energy from others (i.e. Hydro One). Our community or our individual residents would generate electricity for our own use. This scenario utilizes technologies that are not connected to the electricity grid and is typically referred to as “off-grid” generation.
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Both Revenue Generation and Energy Independence Electricity can also be generated for both economic development and our own use. This refers to a desire to produce electricity that can be used by the community or its members first, with any excess being sold to the grid. This option typically uses net metering and micro-grid initiatives. Lower Environmental Impact Renewable energy can also lower environmental impact. A shift towards renewable energy generation is very prominent in Ontario. This is largely due to the environmental benefits of using renewable energy in comparison to other forms of power generation, such as the burning of fossil fuels. Many communities also choose to develop renewable energy projects for the environmental benefits associated with them. The three major environmental benefits of renewable energy generation are:
A reduced contribution to climate change;
A reduction in negative impacts to human health and the environment associated with the burning of fossil fuels; and
8.3.3
A sustainable means of energy generation that does not deplete natural resources. CONNECTION OVERVIEW
Energy generation entails some type of connection system to get the energy to the user. This section provides an overview of the three relevant connection types: off-grid, feed-only and micro-grid/net metering systems. Off-Grid Off-grid generation refers to the generation of electricity which is used internally and not supplied or sold to the grid. Again, the use of off-grid connection types can apply to both our community as a whole or the individual members within it. There are several benefits to choosing an off-grid generation system, the primary being the ability to gain energy independence. Except in remote locations, generating electricity off-grid is typically more expensive than drawing from the grid. This is due to two factors. First, higher rate incentives such as those available from the FIT and microFIT programs designed to make grid-tied projects more economically viable are not applicable to off-grid generators. Secondly, producing enough energy to operate an off-grid electricity system often Cambium Aboriginal
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requires energy storage in order to compensate for times of low energy production. The added cost of energy storage significantly increases the capital and maintenance cost of off-grid renewable generators. Grid-Tied An electrical grid is an interconnected network for delivering electricity from suppliers to consumers. It consists of generating stations that produce electrical power, high-voltage transmission lines that carry power from distant sources to demand centers, and distribution lines that connect to individual customers. We review the three most common grid-tied systems below. Feed Only A “feed only” grid-tied energy generation facility is one that supplies all of its generated energy to the grid.
None of the energy
produced is used locally, but is instead sold to our local electricity provider (i.e. Hydro One) and delivered through the grid. Renewable generation technologies that are feed only can be implemented by our community as a whole, or by our individual members or businesses. Figure 18 - Hydro One's Electrical Grid
This feed only option typically relates to energy
Source: hydroone.com
production for economic development purposes. Ontario’s FIT and microFIT programs offered by the IESO are typically utilized for feed only projects since they allow projects to be more financially viable. These programs are discussed in more detail in Appendix K. Micro-Grid A micro-grid is a local energy grid with capability to disconnect from the traditional electricity grid and operate independently. The traditional electricity grid (i.e. Hydro One) typically comprises of large, more centralized energy generators and substantial transmission and distribution infrastructure to supply electricity to end use customers. A micro-grid on the other hand relies on smaller, more localized energy generators and a distribution system to provide electricity to a smaller area.
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Micro-grids offer us a greater choice as consumers and reduce our dependence on major electricity providers. They also provide a backup for intermittent renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, as they allow for access to the traditional grid in times of low power production. Micro-grids also reduce the need for costly energy storage. Micro-grid systems are typically larger investments that would be made by the community as whole, or for use with multiple community-owned buildings. Net Metering Net Metering is a program offered by Hydro One to support renewable energy technologies. Customers who generate electricity primarily for their own use can send the excess electricity to Hydro One’s distribution system for a credit that offsets their electricity costs. This type of project would be in place of a microFIT contract (a project can only fall into one contract type, microFIT or net-metering). For example, the community or a community member could install solar panels to generate energy for that building or home with any excess energy sold to the Hydro One grid for a set price. Net metering projects are typically smaller in size and implemented by community members or for individual community buildings. 8.3.4
GRID CAPACITY
Although our main motive in relation to renewable energy is energy independence, it is still important for us to know what line capacity is available. Grid connection may also be required for net-metering and micro-grid opportunities. In order for an electricity generator project to successfully connect to the grid so that it can sell the energy produced, the grid system must be able to efficiently accept and distribute the electricity.
Factors associated with safety, infrastructure design, and operation must first be
considered. Generator systems can connect to either a distribution grid or transmission grid, depending on their size and the amount of electricity that they generate. Generally, smaller projects, with a voltage of less than 50,000 volts can connect to a distribution system, whereas larger projects, with a voltage greater than 50,000 volts will typically connect to a transmission system. An example of a smaller project would be a Cambium Aboriginal
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rooftop solar PV installation on a house while an example of a large project would be a wind farm with multiple turbines. Our community’s electricity is supplied by Hydro One. We are serviced from Hydro One’s Birch Island Distribution Station (DS), with the Birch Island DS F1 line servicing the majority of our territory and the Birch Island DS F2 line servicing a small portion of our community to the east of the DS. The Birch Island DS is fed from the upstream Manitoulin Transmission Station (TS), owned and operated by Hydro One. A map of the local distribution system can be seen in Appendix F. The Manitoulin TS is approximately 18 km from the Birch Island DS along Highway 6. The Birch Island DS has very limited capacity. A review using Hydro One’s Station and Feeder Capacity shows that generator projects greater than 10 kW require an individual assessment due to transmission constraints. The Birch Island DS does not have capacity for projects over 250 kW. The limitations of the Birch Island DS can be attributed to the lack of capacity at the Manitoulin TS, which supplies electricity to the Birch Island DS. A review using Hydro One’s Station and Feeder Capacity for the Manitoulin TS shows that, like the Birch Island DS, projects greater than 10 kW require an individual assessment. The Manitoulin TS does not have capacity of generation projects over 500 kW. In summary, there is limited connection capacity for generation within our community. Small scale projects under 10 kW are likely possible. Medium scale projects, between 10 kW and 500 kW may be possible but will require an individual assessment with Hydro One. Capacity for projects over 500 kW does not exist at this time. It should be noted that the values presented above are estimates only. Further consultation with Hydro One should occur if projects are to be seriously considered. There are other factors which may need to be considered, such as generator projects already in queue to use this capacity. Any serious generation project would have to participate in a Hydro One Connection Impact Assessment prior to connection. This should be done as early within the project development process as possible to avoid investment prior to confirmation of an adequate connection for generation. The closest transmission station with capacity is the Espanola TS, located about 31 km away, following Highway 6. Connection points to the Espanola TS may be located closer. Although connection to the
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Espanola TS is a possible option, it is not likely that connection would be financially viable unless the project were large enough to make up for this cost. Hydro One’s generator connection process is outlined in detail online at: http://www.hydroone.com/Generators/Pages/default.aspx. Community Connection Type Summary The table below shows a summary of the connection types available to our community. Table 11 - Connection Types Connection Type
Fits with Energy Independence
Available Capacity
Consider
Off-Grid
Yes
Not Required
Yes
Feed Only
No
Limited
No
Micro Grid/Net Metering
Yes
Limited
Yes
As described above, our main motivation for renewable energy project development is gaining energy independence. As such, it is recommended that net-metering, micro-grid and off-grid opportunities are considered for our community. It is recommended that net-metering and micro-grid projects be given priority, as they will result in a more cost effective means of energy generation than an off-grid option. Net-metering and micro-grid projects will also allow for an overall easier and more manageable transition towards energy independence Since micro-grid and net-metering are still both grid-connected options, they are limited primarily by access to grid connection. Although further consultation with Hydro One is required, it appears that there is limited generation capacity available in our community but projects up to 500 kW may be possible. Further consultation with Hydro One should be conducted to determine the availability of connection capacity in our community for small scale net-metering and micro-grid projects between 10 kW and 500 kW. If additional connection capacity is required, preliminary consultation with Hydro One should occur to determine the viability of connection the Espanola TS. In the event that connection capacity in not available, we can still focus on the development of complete off-grid generation options.
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8.3.5
RENEWABLE GENERATION TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
This section of the CEP describes the various renewable energy technologies that exist, and also identifies, at a high level, those which would be most suitable for our community, Solar Photovoltaic Solar Photovoltaic (Solar PV) panels, or “solar panels”, are made up of semiconductor cells which convert the sun’s energy into electricity. Solar PV installations do not release emissions during operation and are a sustainable technology. They are suitable for both small and large scale projects and can be implemented by individual residents or by our community as a whole. Solar PV panels require very little maintenance. They also do not Figure 19 - A Typical Fixed Ground-Mounted
have any moving parts, and are silent, which make Solar PV Array them an agreeable option for most people.
Source: EnergySavingsEngineering.com
Solar PV panels can be mounted either on rooftops or on the ground. Rooftop solar installations typically have a reduced cost since an extensive mounting system is not required; however, they are limited in the direction and angle that they can be installed. Solar panels installed in the northern hemisphere have an optimal electricity generation when south facing and placed at a specific angle, which depends on the latitude of the location. Ground-mounted solar panel installations can be optimized in respect to tilt angle and direction, although they can have a higher capital cost due to the price of the required installation system. Tracking systems can also be installed on these systems, which allow for the panel to follow the sun through the day and even through variations between seasons. Ground mounted tracking systems are the most expensive mounting type. Due to the uncontrollable and intermittent nature of light from the sun, batteries or a connection to the grid is required for backup during times of low electricity production.
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Wind Wind power generating systems can come in many forms and sizes, however, they all operate in the same fashion; large blades move with the wind, directing this energy to a central turbine which produces electricity27.
Similar to solar PV, wind
systems do not release any emissions during operation and are a sustainable technology. Wind generators are available in both small and large scale projects, and they can be developed by residents, businesses or our community as a whole.
Figure 20 - A Large Scale Wind Farm Project Source: obwf.ca
Due to their size, space requirement and ability to generate audible noise, they are sometimes seen as more intrusive than solar panels and can have significant opposition in public opinion during development. There are also some environmental concerns with wind turbines in relation to bird and bat mortality, although these concerns can often be readily mitigated. Wind turbines have moving parts which need maintenance, resulting in a relatively high operation and maintenance cost over the life of the project in comparison to solar PV projects. In addition, wind turbines do not always generate electricity when energy demand is highest. Like solar PV, batteries or a connection to the grid is required for backup during times of low power production due to the uncontrollable and intermittent nature of wind. Hydroelectric Hydroelectric generation refers to the use of waterpower to generate electricity.
Hydroelectric
generators capture the energy of water, using this energy to drive a water turbine to rotate an electrical generator and produce electricity. There are no emissions related to the operation of a hydroelectric generator and they are considered renewable technology. In fact, hydroelectric generation is one of the most common types of renewable generation in Ontario, representing about 22% of the province’s total installed capacity as of 2013. Furthermore, hydroelectric generation makes up about 70% of Ontario’s total installed renewable capacity28. Hydroelectric generating stations are able to provide a steady power output, except in times of reduced water flow and during drought events. Cambium Aboriginal
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There are several types of hydroelectric generation types, with the most typical being the conventional hydroelectric dam where water is stored in a reservoir. There are also pumped-storage and run-of-the-river types of hydroelectric power. Hydroelectric power plants can come in a variety of sizes.
A hydroelectric generating facility is typically
considered large if it has a capacity is over 10 MW. The Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric generating stations in Figure 21 - Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric
Niagara Falls for example have a combined capacity of Station
almost 2,000 MW. Small and even micro hydroelectric source: opg.com generating stations are also available. Although the operation of hydroelectric facility is considered renewable, the construction and implementation of dams can have significant environmental impact to the surrounding area due to the disruption of waterway flow.
Smaller facilities create less of an impact than larger facilities and
environmental mitigation measures can be employed to help reduce these impacts. Thermal Generation Processes Thermal generation is the process of generating electricity through the use of thermal energy, or heat. Thermal energy is used to produce steam which drives a steam turbine and generator, producing electricity. Production of electricity using thermal generation methods is common and many different fuel types can be used. Despite which type of fuel is used however, the process of generating electricity from thermal energy created from combusting these fuels is similar. This section will outline the various renewable thermal processes available, based upon the type of fuel.
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BioEnergy Bioenergy is the process of creating energy through the combustion of biological materials such as forestry, agricultural, or livestock waste (plant material, manure, etc.)29. Bioenergy generation facilities are typically larger in scale and as such are not suitable for residential use. Biomass technology, which burns wood or crop waste to produce electricity, is considered carbon neutral since the carbon dioxide released during combustion is part of the natural carbon cycle of the vegetation.
This
carbon would be released to the environment upon decomposition of the vegetation after its death. Other pollutants may still be released into the surrounding environment due to the combustion process, although it is often considered far less harmful than the burning of fossil fuels which are used in traditional thermal
Figure 22 - Bioenergy Facility at UBC Source: energy.ubc.ca
generating processes. The use of pollution control measures can be implemented to reduce this impact. Bioenergy systems can be operated to generate energy around peak demand, but in order to be cost effective the system must have enough available “feedstock” (combustible materials) to operate consistently. Technologies also exist that allow for biomass feedstock to be used for the production of liquid fuels, meaning that a grid connection is not required. Landfill Gas Landfill gas (primarily methane) is created by the natural decomposition of organic waste in a landfill. The combustion of landfill gas can be used to create energy. Landfill gas generation facilities are typically larger in scale and community owned. Although not a “renewable” energy in the strictest sense of the word, the use of landfill gas a fuel source does have benefits. It allows for the use of a resource that would otherwise be wasted, and offsets energy generation from the combustion of fossil fuels. Furthermore, landfill gas consists primarily of methane, which is known to have greenhouse gas properties which are even worse than carbon dioxide. Cambium Aboriginal
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The combustion process actually converts this methane into carbon dioxide, ultimately reducing the total greenhouse gas impact of the landfill. As with any combustion process, pollutants may still be released to the surrounding environment. The use of pollution control measures can be implemented to reduce this impact. Similar to biogas systems, landfill gas generation needs to have a consistent supply of gas to
Figure 23 - Typical Landfill Gas Collection System Source: diamondsci.com
combust in order to be cost effective. Energy-from-Waste Energy-from-waste is the concept of generating electricity from waste that would have otherwise gone to a landfill. There are several available technologies, but in principal, the waste itself is burned to produce thermal energy. This differs from landfill gas, in which it is only the gas from the decomposition of solid waste already in a landfill that is burned. Energyfrom-waste generation facilities are typically larger in scale and community owned. Like landfill gas, energy-from-waste is not actually a renewable energy but does have benefits. It is first
and
foremost
considered
a
waste
management solution and an alternative to a landfill.
Using waste to generate energy can
offset the use of fossil fuels. It can also reduce
Figure 24 - Durham York Energy Centre Source: durhamradionews.com
the total greenhouse gas impact of decomposing waste by conversion of methane into carbon dioxide. Due to the fact that waste materials are being combusted, there is a possibility of harmful pollutants being released into the air. This can typically be mitigated to meet provincial air quality criteria through the use of air pollution control. An energy-from-waste facility would also have environmental concerns typical to a waste transfer station, such as potential for leachate. Cambium Aboriginal
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The amount of available feedstock within the area (i.e. household waste) and public opinion would be limiting factors in the development of an energy-from-waste facility. Technologies also exist that allow for waste feedstock to be used for the production of liquid fuels, meaning that a grid connection is not required. Combined Heat and Power With any thermal generating process, there is the opportunity for the use of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) applications. A CHP generating facility is one that produces electricity, but also produces useable heat from the process. In a typical thermal generating facility, this heat is wasted. The use of CHP technology allows for an increase in overall efficiency, ensuring the use of the most energy possible from the process. The usable thermal energy from the CHP process can be used for local heating purposes and even in applications where steam is required. One limit to the use of CHP technology is that the user of the generated thermal energy must be located near the facility due to physical constraints associated with transporting heat. CHP technologies could be integrated into any of the thermal generating processes described above. Thermal Processes This section of our CEP focuses on technologies which do not generate electricity, but can be used to produce thermal energy suitable for heating. Solar Thermal Solar thermal energy is the collection of energy from the sun in the form of heat. A basic example of this would be a small solar thermal water heater; it consists of a panel of tubing which is filled with water. When installed at a proper angle on the ground or on a roof, the sun heats this water for use in the home. This can also be done on a larger scale to serve buildings and industries for both hot water and space heating needs.
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Figure 25 - Solar Thermal Technology Source: business-superstar.com
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Technologies also exist that can use thermal energy to generate electricity by producing steam, but these technologies are typically placed in climates with maximum sun exposure. The solar thermal technology typically seen in our area does not generate electricity, but can reduce energy costs related to space and water heating. Like solar PV panels, this technology is typically well received by the general public since it is silent and non-intrusive. Solar thermal systems also have relatively low maintenance costs and are applicable to use for both residential and larger community-owned and commercial buildings. Geothermal Geothermal energy is the use of the earth’s thermal (heat) energy to heat and cool, and also to generate electricity. Electrical generation using geothermal technology is primarily limited to geographical locations where temperatures within the earth are high, such as those found near tectonically active areas. In areas without significant geothermal activities, such as our community, electricity generation and heating from geothermal energy is not possible, but
Figure 26 - Geothermal Heat Pump Piping Source: heatpump-reviews.com
geothermal heat pumps can be used. At a depth of about 2 metres, the temperature of the earth stays relatively stable and is not affected by the temperature of the surface. A typical geothermal heat pump consists of several piping loops placed within this stable temperature zone. When water or another fluid is pumped through these pipes, heat can be gained or lost, reducing the energy required for space heating or cooling. A geothermal heat pump does not generate energy, but can be used to help offset the amount of energy used for heating and cooling, lowering the associated costs. Although there are benefits to the use of geothermal heat pumping technology, the high capital cost and long payback period make the technology undesirable for most residential applications in Ontario. However, the use of geothermal heat pumps is more aptly suited to use in commercial and industrial buildings and applications.30
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Other Technologies Related to Renewable Energy Generation Alternative Battery Storage Systems Many renewable energy generation types are intermittent, meaning that there is a lack of control in when the energy is produced. Furthermore, energy from intermittent sources is not necessarily produced when it is needed. For example, solar generation only produces sunlight during the day, but what if you need energy in the evening or at night? Energy storage, usually in the form of batteries is required. Conventionally, off-grid renewable energy generation systems have been limited by energy storage. Due to capital, operational and maintenance costs, as well as a loss in overall electrical efficiency, the implementation of traditional battery storage systems has decreased the financial viability of off-grid renewable energy systems. New technologies have and are being developed that can reduce the financial burden of battery storage systems.
These technologies include more cost effective and efficient batteries as well as
charging/discharging algorithms and configurations that can increase overall efficiency. In addition, means of energy storage other than electrical batteries are also available, such as the use of hydrogen fuel cells and water pumping/storage for use in hydroelectric generation. Smart Grid Technology The traditional grid system, the one we are connected to now, was first constructed decades ago and “patched” together with new technology as it became available. Although this system has worked for a long time, new technologies exist which can provide a grid system with improved functionality and reliability in comparison to the traditional grid system. Smart grid technology is an electrical grid system that includes a variety of digital technology that allows two-way communication between utilities and its customers. This ultimately allows for an adaptive electricity grid in which generation and distribution can be efficiently controlled to allow for quick response to the electrical demand of customers.
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8.3.6
RENEWABLE ENERGY TYPE APPLICABILITY AND SUMMARY
This section briefly outlines the applicability of each renewable technology for our community based on technical criteria only.
It does not include consideration of community motivation or connection
availability. In addition, this section focuses only on projects taking place within our community itself. Development opportunities and partnerships may be available for projects located outside of our community, but these opportunities are beyond the scope of our CEP. A summary of the findings of this section can be found in Table 12. Table 12 - Summary of Renewable Technologies Available to WRFN Technology Type
Technically Feasible
Reasoning and Considerations
Consider for Future Development
Solar PV
Yes
Amount of sun received is adequate (Natural Resources 31 Canada ). Land availability may be a challenge.
Yes
Wind
Yes
Adequate wind resources are available, but taller wind turbines (greater than 50 meters) are required (NRC 32 Renewable Energy Atlas ). Land availability and public acceptance may be a challenge.
Yes
Hydroelectric
No
Adequate water resources do not exist within the community 33 (NRC Renewable Energy Atlas ).
No
Bioenergy
To Be Determined
There is limited feedstock (wood) to sustainably operate a bioenergy facility from resources located within our community. Research into the economic viability of a bioenergy facility in our community and the availability of feedstock from the surrounding area is required.
Yes
Landfill Gas
No
Limited due to the size of community and landfill.
No
Energy from Waste
To Be Determined
Limited amount of waste is generated by our community. Importing waste from surrounding areas may be an option, but further investigation into economic viability and availability of feedstock (waste) is required. Public acceptance should also be gauged and thoroughly considered.
Yes
Solar Thermal
Yes
Available to all sectors of our community. Does not generate electricity but can reduce heating requirements.
Yes
Geothermal
Yes
Can help reduce heating and cooling requirements. Better suited for larger scale commercial and community-owned buildings.
Yes
Alternative Storage Battery Systems
Yes
Technologies can be considered for any renewable energy system.
Yes
Smart Grid Technology
Yes
Smart-grid technology can be considered for implementation with off-grid and micro-grid connection types.
Yes
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Solar PV is the primary candidate for renewable energy generation within our community. Development of wind energy should also be considered, but it is important to note that wind resources are acceptable but only at heights greater than 50m above ground level. It is also recommended that additional research into the viability of electricity from bioenergy be conducted, particularly the availability of biomass and energy from waste feedstock in the surrounding area. Land use should be considered for any renewable energy project. Solar thermal and geothermal technologies are also applicable to our residents. These technologies do not generate electricity but can reduce heating and cooling costs. It is also recommended that we consider and implement alternative battery storage systems and smart grid technology where possible within our community, especially as we strive towards energy independence. This includes consideration of the implementation of these technologies in all new constructions within our community, both residential and community-owned. 8.3.7
ENVIRONMENTAL APPROVALS AND CONSIDERATIONS
Renewable energy projects developed within Ontario require adherence to various environmental regulation and must obtain environmental approval. The cost of obtaining an environmental approval, including conducting the necessary preliminary studies, can have a substantial impact on the capital cost of a project and influence the project schedule. Projects developed within a First Nation territory are not necessarily subject to these approvals. However, research should be completed, early in the process, to determine if any regulations must be followed or if any approvals must be obtained for any renewable energy project. 8.3.8
FUNDING FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS
Funding is an important aspect of any renewable energy generation project. In this section, several funding methods and options are described for both renewable energy projects and infrastructure. Consideration should be given to applicable funding programs if our community wishes to invest in renewable energy generation or to create our own community energy grid. More information on funding is available in Appendix K.
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9.0 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Ensuring that our Community Energy Plan is implementable was a crucial part of its development. Our implementation plan has been developed as a living document, meant to be updated and added to on an ongoing basis as new ideas, feedback and opportunities come forward from community members and other stakeholders. Our approach includes a multi-stage Implementation Strategy, supported by a variety of possible actions (our Actions Inventory), a handful of which are to be implemented each year (our annual Action Plans). Each of these components is explained below. 9.1
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
Our Implementation Strategy plots out a pathway to achieve our CEP goals over the next 10 years, taking the relative cost impact into account. That pathway has been broken down into a number of stages, each of which can be further classified by the following types: education, conservation, and generation.
Education Years 1 - 10 Heavy focus on energy basics, electricity conservation, and current generation projects
Conservation Years 2 -10 Try - Assess - Educate Conservation Project #1 Energy Efficiency in Construction (5) and Renovation (12) of Section 95 homes
Generation Years 3 -10 Try - Assess - Educate Generation project #1 - Five Solar LED streetlights
Figure 27 - Summary of Implementation Strategy
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Our implementation strategy begins with a heavy push on education around energy in general and our recent and current energy conservation and generation projects. This stage will close the information gap identified in Section 4.2. Education will play a crucial role in accomplishing all of our CEP goals, and thus will continue throughout the duration of the plan. Our education program will be supported by a “Try & Assess” strategy for both energy conservation and energy generation – meaning that we will “Try” various projects over the next 10 years and “Assess” the performance and impacts. This assessment will then be used to educate our community and staff, before we move on to our next “Try”. Our first “Try”, which is already underway, will be adding energy conservation components in the construction and renovation of Section 95 homes in 2017 and 2018. Additional conservation actions will be taken throughout the remainder of our plan’s timeframe, focusing on various areas including heating, lighting, and appliances. Our conservation goals directly support our generation goal, since it is important that we use as little energy as possible in order to make our energy independence goals more achievable. One of the major findings of our CEP was that community members support a transition towards energy independence, but want it done in a slow manner and wish to be kept informed and involved along the way. To do this, we have proposed construction of multiple, small scale, demonstration projects. Thus, energy generation begins in Year 3 with the planning of our pilot/demonstration projects and the construction of the first such project: replacing five of our current streetlights with solar powered LED streetlights. We will then demonstrate off-grid alternative energy sources on our local school or similarly sized community buildings as our energy independence pilot project 2 in Year 4. Our implementation strategy concludes with developing our path to large scale energy independence, which would take into account: public opinion on technology and connection type, land availability, connection availability (if applicable), environmental approval requirements (if applicable) and the technical and financial viability of prospective projects. Our detailed Implementation Strategy can be found in Appendix L.
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9.1.1
FUNDING
As per the fourth goal of our CEP, it is important to pursue funding for all of the actions that we have defined in the Implementation Strategy. Pursuit of funding should be ongoing, as new programs may become available over time. A list of current funding programs can be found in Appendix K of our CEP. 9.1.2
UPDATING AND ASSESSING PROGRESS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
Since the Implementation Plan itself is a living document, it is expected that it will undergo constant evolution throughout the implementation process. However, we have indicated periodic reviews of the entire CEP. We will also use this opportunity to assess our progress towards our goals and adjust all aspects of the plan as necessary, including the Implementation Plan. 9.2
IMPLEMENTATION TABLE AND ACTIONS INVENTORY
The Implementation Table provides a high level schedule and overview of the various actions that need to be completed in order to move towards our energy goals. These actions are grouped together in stages. Pre-requisites have also been identified to provide a general sense of which stage should be completed prior to beginning the next.
The Implementation Table also provides the estimated cost impact
associated with each of the identified stages. The Actions Inventory provides further details on the individual actions that must be completed to meet our energy goals.
These actions are categorized in relation to the stages identified within the
Implementation Table. Again, pre-requisites are given where necessary to help show the order in which these tasks should be completed in relation to each other. Our Actions Inventory can be found in Appendix L.
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9.3
THE ANNUAL ACTION PLAN
Each year a number of actions to pursue will be chosen from the Actions Inventory. The actions are developed in a manner which ensures that they can be completed in a one year time frame. Actions that are too large to be completed in a single year will be broken down into smaller components in order to avoid the “implementation paralysis” sometimes associated with plans that don’t break down the actions into smaller bites. At the end of each year the chosen actions will be reported upon, and new set of actions will be chosen for the following year. Thus, the Action Plan is to be reviewed and updated on an annual basis. A first year annual action plan has been developed and is shown in the table below.
Table 13 - Year 1 Annual Action Plan Goal
Action
Timing
Not Applicable
Establish an Energy Committee
February 2017
Not Applicable
Hire and Train a Community Energy Advisor
April 2017
Education
Develop Community Energy Education Strategy - including a communication plan, 10 year target and method to measure progress
June 2017
Education
Develop a section of our community website as an energy education resource
September 2017
Education
Select and train youth energy champions within our community to act as role models and encourage and educate in regards to energy conservation and generation
September 2017
Education
Educate community on Hydro One invoices, specifically delivery charges, density ratings, and Time-of-Use pricing
December 2017
Education
Establish an annual community energy day to educate and engage the community, as well as to celebrate energy achievements
December 2017
Conservation
Obtain property management software to determine and track energy efficient improvements to housing stock and community assets
December 2017
Cambium Aboriginal
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Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Final Version
10.0
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Aboriginal Conservation Program (ACP): An IESO program designed to assist First Nations to reduce energy demand and manage costs by increasing energy efficiency in homes and businesses. Annual Fuel Utilization Factor (AFUE): Measurement of thermal energy generated compared to the total amount of energy that is supplied from a fuel. Building Envelope: The physical separator between the interior and exterior of a building. Business As Usual (BAU): A projected forecast given current patterns; assuming no changes. Capital Cost: Fixed, one-time expenses incurred to bring a project or installation to an operable state. Carbon emission factor: A numerical conversion factor used to express an electrical quantity as a mass of carbon dioxide (CO2). Connection Impact Assessment (CIA): A process through which Hydro One determines an electrical generator’s effects on its’ distribution and transmission system. A connection impact assessment is required to be completed prior to connection with Hydro One’s network. Cooling System: A system used to cool a building, such as an air conditioning unit. Density Rating: A Hydro One measurement used to distinguish the amount of customers in a given area. Density Rating affects the rates that a Hydro One customer pays. Energy: The ability of a system to perform work, including electrical energy and heat energy gained from combustion of various types of fuels. Energy Audit: A professional assessment of energy needs, use, efficiency, and conservation. Energy Conservation: The practice of using less energy, or using it more efficiently. Energy Consumption: The amount of energy that is used over a given period of time. Energy Efficiency: The practice of managing how energy is used in an efficient manner. Energy from Waste (EFW): Energy derived from solid waste. Refers to combustion and gasification processes. Energy Generation: The act of creating usable energy in the form of electricity or heat. Energy Star Certification: Products that are independently certified to save energy without sacrificing functionality. Electrical Generator: A technology which produces electrical energy. Electrical Load Capacity: The amount of electricity available to be supplied to a load from electrical infrastructure. Feed-in-Tariff (FIT): An economic incentive for large-scale renewable energy projects. Geothermal Heat Pump: A system used to help adjust home heating and cooling by using the earth’s temperature. Does not generate energy but can be used to offset heating and cooling requirements. Generation Capacity: The amount of electricity that electrical infrastructure can safely accept from an electrical generator. Gigajoules (GJ): A unit of energy, equivalent to the energy potential of just over two propane tanks. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The release of gasses into the atmosphere which trap thermal energy. Grid-Tied: Having access to an electrical grid system, especially in reference to electrical generation.
Cambium Aboriginal
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Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Final Version
Hydroelectric: Electrical energy derived from flowing water, typically from the use of hydroelectric dams. Independent Electricity Systems Operator (IESO): An organization responsible for the day-to-day operation of Ontario’s electrical system as well as the safe and reliable operation of that system. Infrastructure: The basic physical structures and facilities required for the operation of a society. Kilowatt (kW): A unit of power that is generally used to describe the rate at which electrical energy is produced or used. Kilowatt-Hour (kWh): A unit of energy typically used to describe the amount of electrical energy used. Local Distribution Company (LDC): Responsible for delivering electricity from transmission lines customer’s homes. microFIT: An economic incentive for small-scale renewable energy production. Micro-Grid: An energy system with energy sources and loads that is capable of operating both in parallel with and independently from the main power grid. Megawatts (MW): A unit of power that is generally used to describe the rate at which electrical energy is produced or used. A Megawatt (MW) is equal to 1000 Kilowatts (kW). Net Metering: The system of sending surplus generated power to the grid to offset energy costs. Off-Grid: Having no access to an electrical grid system, especially in reference to electrical generation. Payback Period: The length of time required for an investment to recover its initial cost (or capital cost). Phantom Load: Devices in the home that consume energy when ‘off’. Renewable Energy: Energy that is collected from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale. Smart Meter: An electronic device that records consumption of electric energy in short intervals and communicates that information to a utility company. Solar Photovoltaic: Electrical energy that is derived from the sun using semiconductor materials. Solar Thermal: Thermal energy derived from the sun. Time-of-Use (TOU): A pricing schedule introduced to reflect the costs of producing electricity at different times of the day. U-Value: A measure of how effective a material is as an insulator. The lower the U-value, the better the material is as a heat insulator. Upstream Feeder: The distribution or transmission station that supplies electricity to a specified point within an electrical grid.
Cambium Aboriginal
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Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Appendix A
Appendix A Band Council Resolution
Cambium Aboriginal
Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Appendix B
Appendix B WRFN Community Energy Survey Results
Cambium Aboriginal
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix B
QUESTION 1: We would like to include all community demographics in our Community Energy Survey. Please indicate the profile that suits you best: 12 and under 5.3% 5.3%
15.3%
13.0% 16.8% 18.3% 26.0%
13 to 18 (living with primary energy source provider payee ... parent, guardian, etc) 18+ and single, no dependents, and primary energy source provider payee 18+ with dependents and primary energy source provider payee 18+ co-habit/partner of primary energy source provider payee 55 + primary energy source provider payee
This survey yielded 131 participants from a variety of different demographics, with 89% of people stating that they are adults and either the primary energy payee or are helped by a partner or co-payee. About 48% of participants stated that they are the primary energy payee. Approximately another 32% identified themselves as older than 55.
QUESTION 2: What is the primary source of energy in your home? 3.8%
Electricity
16.8% Propane
0.8%
Fuel/Heating Oil 78.6%
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
Wood
Out of 131 participants, about 79% agreed that electricity is the primary source of energy in their home. Fuel/heating oil was used by about another 17% of participants. Wood and propane were used by another 4% and 1%, respectively.
1
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix B
QUESTION 3: What is the name of the supplier for your primary energy source? Hydro One is the electricity supplier for households, while McDougall Fuels and Manitoulin Fuels supply the communities fuel/heating oil and propane needs.
QUESTION 4: What is the secondary source of energy used in your home? Electricity
8.0% 2.7%
Propane 36.0%
42.7% 10.7%
Fuel/Heating Oil Wood
Fuel/heating oil is the top secondary source of energy used in participant’s homes at about 43%. 36% of participants reported that their secondary energy source is electricity. Propane, wood, and other sources are used by another 11%, 8%, and 3%, respectively.
Other (please specify)
QUESTION 5: What is the name of the supplier for your secondary energy source? Manitoulin Fuels and McDougall Fuels supply the communities fuel/heating oil and propane needs as a secondary energy source. Hydro One is the electricity supplier.
QUESTION 6: Do you use any additional sources of energy in your home for heating, cooling, cooking, etc.? 9.1%
Electricity 22.7%
22.7%
Fuel/Heating Oil Wood
18.2% 59.1%
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
Propane
Other (please specify)
Additional sources of energy to homes are propane (about 59%), electricity (23%), wood (23%), fuel/heating oil (18%), and other (9%), such as generators. More than one option can be chosen, resulting in total percentages equalling more than 100%
2
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix B
QUESTION 7: How do you heat your home? (More than one option can be chosen) 9.4%
Electricity Propane
37.5%
60.2%
2.3%
Fuel/Heating Oil Wood
Electricity is used the most to heat participant’s homes at 60%. 38% percent of people rely on fuel/heating, 9% rely on woo, and 2% rely on propane. 128 people answered this question.
QUESTION 8: If you use wood for indoor heating, how many cords of wood do you use per year? 12.5% 1-2 cords 25.0% 62.5%
3-5 cords
Most people (about 63%) use more than 5 cords of wood to heat their home each year. 16 people participated in this question.
more than 5
QUESTION 9: Do you prepare your home for cold winter weather? (Examples: using window cling, weather stripping, draft snakes, additional insulation, etc.)
40.6% 59.4%
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
Yes No
59% of people do not winterize their homes, resulting in 41% preparing in some way.
3
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix B
QUESTION 10: How do you cool your home? 3.1%
Central Air Conditioning Unit
3.9% 38.0%
79.1%
58.9%
Window Air Conditioning Unit Electric Fans (ceiling-mounted or freestanding) Open Windows
79% of people cool their homes sometimes by simply opening windows. Electricity is used to cool participant’s homes by central air conditioning units (4%), window air conditioning (38%), and electric fans (59%). Other sources (3%) include window reflector coating and attic ventilation.
QUESTION 11: What type of water heater do you have? 0.8%
1.6% 1.6% Electric
96% of participants use an electric hot water heater. Other sources are instantaneous/on-demand heaters (2%), propane (2%), and fuel/heating oil (1%). 126 participants answered this question.
Oil Propane Instantaneous/ On-Demand
96.0%
QUESTION 12: Do you have an insulation blanket for your hot water tank?
34.9% Yes 65.1%
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
65% of 126 participants do not have a hot water heater blanket.
No
4
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix B
QUESTION 13: Do you have a timer for your hot water tank? 7.1%
Yes
92% of 126 participants do not have a timer for their hot water tank.
No 92.9%
QUESTION 14: Are you aware of Time-Of-Use (TOU) electricity pricing?
24.8% Yes No
75% of 125 participants are not aware of Time-of-Use (TOU) electricity pricing.
75.2%
QUESTION 15: Have you changed your energy use habits in other ways in the past few years? If so, how?
31.6%
clothesline 72.4%
41.8% 30.6% 63.3%
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
cooking at off peak using dryer at off peak outdoor cooking
98 participants answered this question, with 72% and 63% of people opting to change their laundry habits by hanging clothes out to dry on a line or using the dryer during off peak hours. Almost 42% and 31% of participants also chose to change their cooking habits by cooking outdoors or waiting until off peak hours. Another 32% of people have changed their habits in other ways such as turning off or unplugging lighting and appliances when not in use.
5
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix B
QUESTION 16: Are you interested in learning more about energy conservation and efficiency in our community? 7.8% Yes
16.3%
No Comments? 76.0%
Out of 129 question participants, 76% are interested in learning more about energy conservation and efficiency. 16% are not interested. About 8% of people decided to leave a comment instead, explaining that it’s hard to stay interested when they don’t see direct benefits. They want to learn about incentives and programs which help pay off their hydro bill and keep their bills at a manageable cost.
QUESTION 17: Overall, what are your main concerns as related to Hydro One billing? Delivery charges
9.3% 28.7%
Hydro Cost Neither
60.5%
27.9% 2.3%
Both Other (please specify)
The main concern of 61% of 129 people is the cost of hydro and the delivery charges associated with these. Participants who chose “Other” (9%) as an answer commented that all charges and costs were too high and expensive. 2% of participants were not concerned with their Hydro One bill. An explanation in one of the comments was that they use propane for their fireplace, BBQ and stove. This frees some of their reliance on electricity and allows some flexibility.
QUESTION 18: If you would like to receive updates on the Community Energy Plan, including opportunities to participate again, please leave your contact information below. 68 out of 131 participants left their contact information to be contacted to participate in other opportunities related to their community energy plan.
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
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Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Appendix C
Appendix C Summary of Path Exercise
Cambium Aboriginal
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix C
1.0 COMMUNITY CONSULTATION – DEVELOPING A COMMUNITY DESIGNED PATH TO ENERGY INDEPENDENCE Date of Session:
September 21, 2016
Location:
Whitefish River First Nation Community Centre
Facilitators:
Cambium Aboriginal Inc. - Michael Jacobs, Rob Arkell, Rob Voigt
WRFN Staff Resource: Georgina Recollet WRFN Participants: Lee Jacko
Aaron Recollet
Greg Francis
Kim Laundrie
Pat Andrews
Valerie Boyter
Karen McGregor
Brianna McGregor
Jean McGregor Andrews
Ev Jacko
Sheri Nahwegahbow
Dennis McGregor
2.0 ENERGY INDEPENDENCE – PATH ENGAGEMENT EVENT Our energy independence engagement session was designed by Cambium Aboriginal Inc. to assess the community’s desire for energy independence. The engagement was meant to gauge the manner, pace, and how far to move towards self-sufficiency.
The session
involved gathering 16 residents together to represent a cross-section of our community, then exploring their thoughts and feelings on moving Whitefish River First Nation towards energy independence. This engagement session was designed with a purpose. If energy independence is the desired end goal, what scope and velocity of change will be supported and accepted by the community. With this information the energy planning team can begin to determine how action inventory items can begin to be ordered in a way that would be acceptable to the community over time.
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix C
3.0 THE BEGINNING AND END POINTS OF OUR PATH The session began with the consulting team providing a walk-through of the key components of the energy plan. There was a special focus on the baseline study and the BCR (Band Council Resolution), indicating a desired departure from Hydro One dependence by 2026. The participants were asked to describe their current feelings towards energy in their community as of today. Their responses were very somber, stressed and definitively on the negative side. When the community was asked what they would like to feel following the implementation of the energy plan, the participants indicated a much lighter, positive and changed community. They provided end points of a community determined PATH from one state of affairs to another. Describing Now
Describing Future
Debilitating / Dependent
Freedom / Own Control
Costly (especially for the vulnerable)
Less Cost – (more disposable income)
Waste
Disciplined / Diligent
Unaware
Educated
Anxiety
Less Worry for Future Generations
100% Electrical
Use of New/Future Technology
Limited Transmission
Adaptable
Convenience
Jobs
Reliable
Positive Choice
To translate this, the community would like to move from a group of unaware individuals currently dependent on Hydro One infrastructure to a state of an educated, aware, and non-reliant community:
Fearful, Anxious & Wasteful Community
Unaware Individuals
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
A Community Currently Dependent on Hydro One
Understanding Community in Control of Their Energy
Dependent Community
Edcuated, Aware, Non-Reliant Community
2
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix C
4.0 DEVELOPING A PATH TO CHANGE STATUS QUO At this point in time, the teams were separated (gender was used to divide the teams) to try incorporate some fun into the exercise. The two PATH’s that were developed were quite different. The items selected by the men created a methodical and benchmarked path, while the women ensured a similar end, but with much more integration and community related interactions. This difference was interesting to note. Below, you will see images of the path elements for each team
: Figure 1 – Women’s Team Key Elements
Figure 2 - Men's Team Key Elements
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix C
5.0 KEY FINDINGS – CUMULATIVE DESIRES TO CHANGE THE STATUS QUO As the findings and discussion were analyzed, there were common/shared elements to the path that were iterated by the community members. ELEMENTS PERTAINING TO THE SCOPE OF CHANGE FOR THE COMMUNITY
5.1
The community members were supportive in many areas – there was a common procedure that kept coming up (try something, assess how it is working and educate the community on it):
Try - Community generally believed that they can develop generation/independence demonstration projects o
“What type?” / “Where?” were questions that no one had answers to
Current homes
New (prototype) homes
Use the school as a pilot project (community-owned facility)
Assess – Educate – Roll Out – Assess
The community would then ask the following questions:
o
How much did it cost / save?
o
Other impacts
o
Next steps - Community Consultation
o
Who to partner with? What projects are available?
o
Need to confirm right path continually – but path will not be a straight line
The community also believed that energy is an opportunity to: o
Create Employment – build/maintain/operate
o
Find Investors/Partners
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix C
Throughout the sessions, ideas were brought forward that the community could look into: o
Better construction techniques for efficiency
o
On-demand hot water systems
o
Propane heating systems
o
Solar panels with battery backups
o
Alternative heating sources – i.e. wood stove
o
LED lighting
ELEMENTS PERTAINING TO THE VELOCITY OF CHANGE FOR THE COMMUNITY
5.2
One of the areas of uncertainty within the energy planning process is what rate of change will the community be accepting of. There were many discussions and thoughts about this, such as:
The community believes that a slow approach, with small manageable steps with education as the focus:
o
About renewable energy
o
About how to utilize the technology we have
o
Start with residential
o
Current / past projects as education tools
Community Consultation – possible referendum on larger projects to pursue – in other words, major investments are a community wide decision and the community should be involved in them.
The community continually brought up what they see as a potential pitfall to a long term strategy: o
Council changes every 2 years – slows process and/or changes direction – energy plan needs to be an independent panel of First Nation members
o
There will need to be a staff resource to keep energy plan moving forward over the long term
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix C
6.0 FACILITATOR’S FINAL THOUGHTS FOLLOWING SESSIONS As a result of the session, the facilitators’ developed some common themes over the session that should resonate in the Community Energy Plan.
The community needs to be continually educated on activities and for the most part will be supportive of Whitefish River First Nation taking a leadership role in this area.
There is a need to close the information gap between leadership and community members. At the individual level, the energy message is not being fully received or registering. This is very important on current projects as this will provide the trust required for the next phases of implementation by leadership.
Move slowly along path to energy independence. 2026 is too soon to be fully independent, but the community would like to be positioned to take that on in the more distant future.
Develop smaller pilot projects – and use them to educate the community – build on their success to pursue larger projects
Continually educate the community on conservation and generation – this step is never viewed as over.
Create a culture of conservation – focus on youth and ensure that our younger generation is ready for the next phases beyond 2026.
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
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Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Appendix D
Appendix D Case Studies: First Nation Communities Pursuing Energy Independence
Cambium Aboriginal
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix D
CASE STUDY 1 T’Sou-Ke First Nation: A Community Moving towards Energy Independence A First Nation that has made inspiring advances towards energy self-sufficiency is the T’Sou-ke First Nation on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. In 2009, the community built a 400 panel solar photovoltaic system on three administrative buildings. Each of these buildings produces 100% of the energy they consume. On the residential side, twenty-five homes were equipped with panels and produce approximately 50% of the energy that each home consumes.
In addition, solar
thermal technology, used for supplementary heating purposes, was installed on 42 of the 86 residential and Figure 1: Installed solar photovoltaic
1
community-owned buildings within the community .
As a result of the T’Sou-ke solar initiative, this First Nation community has been named “Canada’s First Aboriginal Solar Community” in which they were awarded $175,000 to be put towards their commercial greenhouse project.
This project consists of four large greenhouses used to grow fresh produce for
community members. The facility is fully operated using solar generated energy. Other plans for the community include growing wasabi for markets in Japan, creation of a 70-hectare oyster farm, development of a large scale wind farm on Southern Vancouver Island, and, the use of tidal 2
energy from the ocean to generate electricity . Key Lessons for Pursuit of Energy Independence A number of lessons can be gathered from the experience of T’Sou-ke First Nation’s journey 3
towards energy independence .
“If it wasn’t for the smaller quick-start
Focus on the Future: The First Nation wanted to
projects, the bigger projects would have
ensure a secure future for their grandchildren’s
never materialized. Opportunities build
children, with four goals in mind 1) energy security;
upon
2) food security; 3) cultural renaissance; and 4)
successes”
economic self-sufficiency.
First Nation Solar Project Manager
opportunities,
successes
upon
Andrew Moore – T’Sou-Ke
Build Energy Independence into the Community Vision: The community spent a lot time preparing a collective vision – one in which everyone could seem themselves. And one guided by the community’s desire for self-sustainability and an independent future.
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix D
Gather Community Feedback: A significant first step that T’Sou-ke First Nation made towards these goals was creating a comprehensive community plan. The plan incorporated the entire community and brought the concerns and needs of its members together. Integrate with Community Culture & Values: The community looked to integrate the projects, training, and economic opportunities into its culture and values. A large component included taking care of Mother Earth. Start with Smaller Projects: The community started with smaller projects, then built on their success to move on to bigger projects. Incorporate Economic Development: The community constantly looked for opportunities to incorporate training and employment into the projects.
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix D
CASE STUDY 2 4 Whitesand First Nation: A Community Moving Towards Sustainability Whitesand
First
Nation
(WFN)
is
a
small
community of
approximately 300 people, located in Northern Ontario, about 5
250km north east of Thunder Bay . The community is not connected to the provincial electricity grid and currently relies on a diesel generator for all of its electricity 6
needs .
This
greatly
limits
its
economic
development
7
opportunities . The diesel generator is also nearing full electrical capacity, putting a limitation on community growth in respect to housing and infrastructure. The situation results in a host of social Figure 1 - Whitesand First Nation Logo problems within the community. WFN has developed the Community Sustainability Initiative (CSI), with a forward thinking goal to guide the community to a better economic future. The CSI will also address the social, cultural and education related 8
problems present within the community . Arising Opportunities: Whitesand First Nation seized the opportunity to propose a combined heat and power biomass facility and wood pellet manufacturing plant for the community using the nearby Armstrong Forest which was redesignated as a Crown Forest in 2007. The biomass facility will be capable of producing enough electricity to meet 100% of the current and future electrical demand of the community. This will be the first biomass 9
facility proposed for Renewable Energy Approval in Ontario . As part of the Community Sustainability Initiative, a new bio-economy will be created around the development of the biomass facility.
This
economy will include harvesting operations, the operation of the wood pellet manufacturing facility, and the biomass facility itself all of which will provide
meaningful
employment
to
WFN
10
Residences . Figure 2 - Whitesand First Nation Administration Office
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix D
Overcoming Challenges: The progress made towards the development of the biomass and wood pellet manufacturing facilities by WFN did not come without its challenges. Whitesand First Nation’s first attempt to enter into a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with the Ontario Power Authority did not come to fruition and negotiations were ended in early 2015. However, the Minister of Energy released a Directive mandating the IESO to enter into a PPA with the community, recognizing 11
12
the special significance of the project . Negotiations began in January 2016 . Key Lessons Learned: Although Whitesand First Nation has a unique situation, the progress that the community has made towards energy independence demonstrates several key lessons. Fit with Community - The Whitesand First Nation project has been so successful because it fits with the community’s overall plan. It also provides additional benefits to the social well-being and local economy of the community. Utilize Existing Resources - The project uses the resources readily available to the community. The nearby Armstrong Forest was recently abandoned by industry and designated as a Crown Forest, allowing the community to capitalize on the available opportunity. Perseverance in the Face of Adversity - The path towards a sustainable energy future did not come easy for Whitesand First Nation. A significant amount of time, effort, planning and negotiations was required to get the Community Sustainability Initiative to where it is today.
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix D
REFERENCES:
1
Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. (2015.) T’Sou-ke First Nation: A Leader in the Innovative Use
of Renewable Energy in Canada. Retrieved from: https://www.aadncaandc.gc.ca/eng/1360179335542/1360179499959 2
Sarah Petrescu (Times Colonist). (2014.) Island First Nation grasps potential of alternative power. Times Colonist.
Retrieved from: http://www.timescolonist.com/news/local/island-first-nation-grasps-potential-of-alternative-power1.779062 3
Affairs and Northern Development Canada. (2013.) CCP Handbook – Comprehensive Community Planning for First
Nations in British Columbia, Second Edition. Retrieved from: https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/DAM/DAM-INTERBC/STAGING/texte-text/ccphb2013_1378922610124_eng.pdf 4
Whitesand First Nation (Prepared by Neegan Burnside). (2013.) Whitesand First Nation Cogeneration and Pellet Mill
Project Draft Project Description Report. Retrieved from: http://www.whitesandfirstnation.com/assets/files/030895_Project_Description_Report.pdf 5
Whitesand First Nation. (2008). Homepage, Overview. Retrieved from: http://www.whitesandfirstnation.com/
6
Tbnewswatch (Nicole Dixon). (2016.) Project aims to trade diesel with biomass for remote Northern communities.
Retrieved from: https://www.tbnewswatch.com/local-news/project-aims-to-trade-diesel-with-biomass-for-remotenorthern-communities-405383 7
Northern Ontario Business (Josh Lynn). (2014.) Pellet cogen plant could be “driver for change” on First Nation.
Retrieved from: https://www.northernontariobusiness.com/industry-news/forestry/pellet-cogen-plants-could-be-driverfor-change-on-first-nation-370843 8
Green Energy Doors Open ’16. (2016.) How Whitesand First Nation Will Create Social Environmental and Economic
Value Through Biomass Plant. Retrieved from: http://greenenergydoorsopen.ca/2016/05/18/sustainable-energy-asdriver-for-sustainable-communities-how-whitesand-first-nation-will-create-social-environmental-and-economic-valuethrough-a-biomass-plant/ 9
Biomass North AGM and Forum Presentation (David Mackett and Craig Toset). (2016). Whitesand First Nation
Community Sustainability Initiative. Retrieved from: http://www.biomassnorth.org/documents/forum16/presi/for_Biomass%20North%20AGM%20Forum-craig.pdf 10
Burnside. (2016.) Biomass Cogeneration and Pellet Mill Project. Retrieved from:
http://www.rjburnside.com/2015/10/22/biomass-cogeneration-and-pellet-mill-project/ 11
Ontario Ministry of Energy (Bob Chiarelli). (2014.) Letter addressed to Bruce Campbell of the IESO RE: Non-Utility
Generator Projects, Combined Heat and Power Standard Offer Program 2.0 Chaudie’re Falls Hydroelectric Generation and Whitesand First nation Biomass Cogeneration. Retrieved from: http://www.ieso.ca/Documents/MinisterialDirectives/2051214-Directive-NUG_CHPSOP_ChaudiereFalls_WhitesandFirstNation.pdf 12
Canadian Biomass Magazine (Trina Hein). (2015.) Whitesand Waiting Construction to begin in 2016 on ambitious
biomass project. Retrieved from: http://www.canadianbiomassmagazine.ca/pellets/whitesand-waiting-5140
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Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Appendix E
Appendix E Methodology – Baseline and Future Energy Consumption
Cambium Aboriginal
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix E
1.0 METHODOLOGY Our community baseline energy data was obtained through several methods. These approaches included consultation with various departments within our organization, contact with energy suppliers that deliver to our community and through the Whitefish River Community Energy Survey conducted as part of the CEP. The table below shows a summary of how data was collected for each of the energy types.
Summary of Data Collection Sources Energy Type
Method
Electricity
Collection of consumption data from Hydro One
Propane
Collection of consumption data from McDougall Energy*
Heating Oil
Collection of consumption data from McDougall Energy and Manitoulin Fuels*
Diesel
Collection of consumption data from McDougall Energy and Manitoulin Fuels
Wood
Calculation based on survey results* *
Approximations were made based on best available information.
Our Administration provided community population and housing data and information relating to the occupancy and asset data for each of the community owned buildings. Energy suppliers provided consumption data that was delineated into yearly totals for the First Nationowned, commercial and residential sectors. Consumption data was given for each individual community owned building. Due to privacy issues, consumption data for commercial and residential sectors were given as either a combined value or as an average. A summary of the data and calculations for total energy can be found in this appendix. Several estimates had to be made for data that could not be collected through other means. These estimates were based on best possible information from the Whitefish River First Nation Community Energy Survey, population information and data available from the supplier. A summary of the calculations and assumptions can also be found in this appendix. There are several limitations to the data used to determine our community energy baseline. Energy related to transportation on a whole was not included in the data, although diesel consumption from First Nation owned machinery was considered. Lack of Hydro One data prior to 2013 has limited the baseline analysis to the full years of 2014 and 2015.
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix E
Energy Consumption Data Electricity Buildi ng #
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Building Name
WRFN Ball Field Implement Shed Shawanosowe School Old Pumphouse WRFN Health Center
8
WRFN Daycare Marina Dock Community Center
9
Firehall
10
Fitness Center
11
PRV Building Seven Fires Elders and Youth Center Water Treatment Plant Sunshine Alley
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Water Storage Business Center Hwy 6 Recreation Field
19
Rainbow Lodge WRFN Administration Band Office
20 21
O/M Garage outdoor rink
22 23 24 25
Library Streetlights
Address 37 OGIMAA WABAKEKIK WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 41 BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 321 MAPLE HEIGHTS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 40 RED EAGLE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 17 RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 212 RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 6 RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 19 RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 48B SHAWANOSOWE ST WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 19 RAINBOW VALLEY RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 46 BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 27 BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 9B RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 6947 HWY 6 WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 21 OGIMAAWABAKEKIK RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 7566 B SUNSHINE ALLEY WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 17A RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 41B BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 52 BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA BIRCH ISLAND RD LITES
Electricity Supplier
Account Number
Hydro One
200002975847
Hydro One
200009573261
Hydro One
200011606019
Hydro One
200016465719
Hydro One
200027675582
Hydro One Hydro One
200028472194 200028477248
Hydro One
200032984718
Hydro One
200054824064
Hydro One
200060814422
Hydro One
200065940264
Hydro One
200066657357
Hydro One Hydro One
200088742439 200091653146
Hydro One
200097669570
Hydro One
200098009878
Hydro One
200098570256
Hydro One
200102618893
Hydro One
200108173862
Hydro One Hydro One
200109879345 200120345645
Hydro One Hydro One
200109879547 200130876916
Building Inventory Propane
Propane Supplier
Account Number
Natural Gas Natural Gas Account Supplier Number
Fuel/Heating Oil Fuel Supplier
Account Number
Manitoulin Fuels
M0511
Manitoulin Fuels
M0511
Manitoulin Fuels
M0511
Wood Wood Supplier
Account Number
Diesel Diesel Supplier
Account Number
McDougal l Energy
McDougal l Energy
McDougal l Energy
McDougal l Energy McDougall Energy
McDougal l Energy McDougal l Energy
Manitoulin Fuels
M0511
2
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix E
Electricity Consumption Building # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Building Name
Address
WRFN Ball Field Implement Shed Shawanosowe School Old Pumphouse WRFN Health Center WRFN Daycare Marina Dock Community Center Firehall Fitness Center PRV Building Seven Fires Elders and Youth Center Water Treatment Plant Sunshine Alley Water Storage Business Center Hwy 6 Recreation Field Rainbow Lodge WRFN Administration Band Office O/M Garage outdoor rink Library Streetlights
37 OGIMAA WABAKEKIK WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 41 BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 321 MAPLE HEIGHTS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 40 RED EAGLE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 17 RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 212 RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 6 RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 19 RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 48B SHAWANOSOWE ST WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 19 RAINBOW VALLEY RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 46 BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 27 BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 9B RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 6947 HWY 6 WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 21 OGIMAAWABAKEKIK RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 7566 B SUNSHINE ALLEY WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 17A RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 41B BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 52 BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA BIRCH ISLAND RD LITES
Aggregate Residential Aggregate Commercial
Electricity Supplier
Account Number
Hydro One Hydro One Hydro One Hydro One Hydro One Hydro One Hydro One Hydro One Hydro One Hydro One Hydro One Hydro One Hydro One Hydro One Hydro One Hydro One Hydro One Hydro One Hydro One Hydro One Hydro One Hydro One Hydro One
200002975847 200009573261 200011606019 200016465719 200027675582 200028472194 200028477248 200032984718 200054824064 200060814422 200065940264 200066657357 200088742439 200091653146 200097669570 200098009878 200098570256 200102618893 200108173862 200109879345 200120345645 200109879547 200130876916
Hydro One Hydro One
N/A N/A
Consumption 2014 kWh GJ 144.81 0.521316 107718.99 387.788364 170140.68 612.506448 26437.88 95.176368 40587.64 146.115504 16216.79 58.380444 1087.82 3.916152 97022.37 349.280532 16853.78 60.673608 17190.4 61.88544 6420 23.112 28332 101.9952 141325 508.77 334 1.2024 12352.43 44.468748 20216 72.7776 379.77 1.367172 13148 47.3328 61316.57 220.739652 1960.12 7.056432 3038.49 10.938564 30687.32 110.474352 50160 180.576
2872329.19 169630.56
10340.38508 610.670016
Consumption 2015 kWh GJ 301.21 1.084356 93475.7 336.51252 155838.02 561.016872 26289.42 94.641912 44478.36 160.122096 13762.81 49.546116 65.22 0.234792 72814.93 262.133748 13856.4 49.88304 11458.53 41.250708 7068.86 25.447896 27705 99.738 132286 476.2296 38 0.1368 11355.53 40.879908 34383 123.7788 289.98 1.043928 18735 67.446 52685.79 189.668844 298.47 1.074492 1957.82 7.048152 28483.84 102.541824 50160 180.576
2638006.49 152756.43
9496.823364 549.923148
Notes: Hydro One adjusted data used. Data from HydroOne - see "WRFN HydroOne Data_Final - 07.12.16.xlsx" spreadsheet. This file contains the originally received and sorted data (with details). Residential sector includes both year round customers only. HydroOne Residential sector adjustments completed - see "WRFN Data Estimations" spreadsheet from more details
3
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix E
Propane Consumption Building # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Building Name WRFN Ball Field Implement Shed Shawanosowe School Old Pumphouse WRFN Health Center WRFN Daycare Marina Dock Community Center Firehall Fitness Center PRV Building Seven Fires Elders and Youth Center Water Treatment Plant Sunshine Alley Water Storage Business Center Hwy 6 Recreation Field Rainbow Lodge WRFN Administration Band Office O/M Garage outdoor rink Library Streetlights
Address 37 OGIMAA WABAKEKIK WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 41 BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 321 MAPLE HEIGHTS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 40 RED EAGLE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 17 RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 212 RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 6 RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 19 RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 48B SHAWANOSOWE ST WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 19 RAINBOW VALLEY RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 46 BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 27 BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 9B RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 6947 HWY 6 WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 21 OGIMAAWABAKEKIK RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 7566 B SUNSHINE ALLEY WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 17A RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 41B BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 52 BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA BIRCH ISLAND RD LITES
Aggregate Residential Aggregate Commercial
Propane Supplier 0 0 0 0 McDougall Energy 0 0 McDougall Energy 0 McDougall Energy 0 McDougall Energy 0 0 0 0 0 0 McDougall Energy McDougall Energy 0 0 0
Account Number 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N/A N/A
Consumption 2014 L GJ 0 0 0 0 5042 128.72226 0 0 28960 739.3488 0 0 0 0 4453 113.68509 0 0 0 8092 206.58876 0 0 10097 257.77641 0 0 0 0 0
410 24
10.4673 0.61272
Consumption 2015 L GJ 0 0 0 0 5678 144.95934 0 0 21859 558.06027 0 1450 37.0185 0 4236 108.14508 0 0 0 9213 235.20789 0 0 16957 432.91221 5100 130.203 0 0 0
410 24
10.4673 0.61272
Notes: Band Owned Building Data (except Building #16) from McDougal Energy - see "WRFN - propane & diesel consumption - McDougall Energy.msg" email. Estimation descriptions for all identified values available - see "WRFN Data Estimations.xlsx" spreadsheet for details Building #16 (Business Center Hwy 6) values estimated using average of all other accounts. Residential aggregates are estimated using survey results. See estimation sheet for futher details. Commercial aggregates estimated using ratio between Residential and Commercial aggregates of HydroOne consumption
4
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix E
Fuel/Heating Oil Consumption Building # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Building Name WRFN Ball Field Implement Shed Shawanosowe School Old Pumphouse WRFN Health Center WRFN Daycare Marina Dock Community Center Firehall Fitness Center PRV Building Seven Fires Elders and Youth Center Water Treatment Plant Sunshine Alley Water Storage Business Center Hwy 6 Recreation Field Rainbow Lodge WRFN Administration Band Office O/M Garage outdoor rink Library Streetlights
Address 37 OGIMAA WABAKEKIK WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 41 BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 321 MAPLE HEIGHTS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 40 RED EAGLE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 17 RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 212 RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 6 RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 19 RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 48B SHAWANOSOWE ST WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 19 RAINBOW VALLEY RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 46 BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 27 BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 9B RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 6947 HWY 6 WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 21 OGIMAAWABAKEKIK RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 7566 B SUNSHINE ALLEY WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 17A RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 41B BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 52 BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA BIRCH ISLAND RD LITES
Aggregate Residential Aggregate Commercial
Fuel/Heating Oil Supplier 0 0 Manitoulin Fuels 0 0 Manitoulin Fuels 0 0 Manitoulin Fuels 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Account Number 0 0 M0511 0 0 M0511 0 0 M0511 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N/A N/A
Consumption 2014 L GJ
5333.1
8062
114064 6671
0 0 0 0 0 195.831432 0 0 296.03664 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4188.43008 244.95912
Consumption 2015 L GJ
5978.9
5812.7
114064 6671
0 0 0 0 0 219.545208 0 0 213.442344 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4188.43008 244.95912
Notes: Band Owned Building Data from McDougal Energy - see "WRFN - propane & diesel consumption - McDougall Energy.msg" email. Estimation descriptions for all identified values available - see "WRFN Data Estimations.xlsx" spreadsheet for details Residential aggregates are estimated using survey results. See estimation sheet for futher details. Commercial aggregates estimated using ratio between Residential and Commercial aggregates of HydroOne consumption
5
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix E
Wood Consumption Building # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Building Name WRFN Ball Field Implement Shed Shawanosowe School Old Pumphouse WRFN Health Center WRFN Daycare Marina Dock Community Center Firehall Fitness Center PRV Building Seven Fires Elders and Youth Center Water Treatment Plant Sunshine Alley Water Storage Business Center Hwy 6 Recreation Field Rainbow Lodge WRFN Administration Band Office O/M Garage outdoor rink Library Streetlights
Address 37 OGIMAA WABAKEKIK WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 41 BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 321 MAPLE HEIGHTS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 40 RED EAGLE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 17 RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 212 RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 6 RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 19 RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 48B SHAWANOSOWE ST WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 19 RAINBOW VALLEY RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 46 BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 27 BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 9B RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 6947 HWY 6 WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 21 OGIMAAWABAKEKIK RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 7566 B SUNSHINE ALLEY WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 17A RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 41B BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 52 BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA BIRCH ISLAND RD LITES
Aggregate Residential Aggregate Commercial
Fuel/Heating Oil Supplier 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Account Number 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N/A N/A
Consumption 2014 # of cords GJ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
187 0
1496 0
Consumption 2015 # of cords GJ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
187 0
1496 0
Notes: Wood estimation for Aggregate Residential is based off of Community Energy Survey - see "WRFN Data Estimations" spreadsheet for details. Band owned buildings and Aggregate Commercial wood use assumed to be 0. Face Cords used
6
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix E
Diesel Consumption Building # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Building Name WRFN Ball Field Implement Shed Shawanosowe School Old Pumphouse WRFN Health Center WRFN Daycare Marina Dock Community Center Firehall Fitness Center PRV Building Seven Fires Elders and Youth Center Water Treatment Plant Sunshine Alley Water Storage Business Center Hwy 6 Recreation Field Rainbow Lodge WRFN Administration Band Office O/M Garage outdoor rink Library Streetlights
Address 37 OGIMAA WABAKEKIK WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 41 BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 321 MAPLE HEIGHTS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 40 RED EAGLE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 17 RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 212 RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 6 RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 19 RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 48B SHAWANOSOWE ST WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 19 RAINBOW VALLEY RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 46 BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 27 BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 9B RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 6947 HWY 6 WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 21 OGIMAAWABAKEKIK RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 7566 B SUNSHINE ALLEY WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 17A RAINBOW RIDGE RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 41B BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA 52 BAY OF ISLANDS RD WHITEFISH R 4FN ON CA BIRCH ISLAND RD LITES
Diesel Supplier 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 McDougall Energy 0 0 0 0 0 0 Manitoulin Fuels 0 0 0
Aggregate Residential Aggregate Commercial
Account Number 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 M0511 0 0 0
N/A N/A
Consumption 2014 L GJ
1145
29292.9
Consumption 2015 L GJ
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44.2886 0 0 0 0 0 0 1133.049372 0 0 0
0 0
0
20769.3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 803.356524 0 0 0
0 0
Notes: Only diesel used by band owned buildings considered. Band owned gasoline use and community diesel/gasoline use is not considered in this analysis. Diesel data from McDougall and Manitoulin Fuels Original McDougall Data from: WRFN - propane & diesel consumption - McDougall Energy.msg Original Manitoulin Fuels Data from: Manitoulin Fuels Account - with aggregates.xlsx
7
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix E
GJ Calculator Sector
Community Owned Buildings
Total Energy Use (GJ) Building Name WRFN Ball Field Implement Shed Shawanosowe School Old Pumphouse WRFN Health Center WRFN Daycare Marina Dock Community Center Firehall Fitness Center PRV Building Seven Fires Elders and Youth Center Water Treatment Plant Sunshine Alley Water Storage Business Center Hwy 6 Recreation Field Rainbow Lodge WRFN Administration Band Office O/M Garage outdoor rink Library Streetlights
Building # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Community Owned Buildings (Aggregate) Residential Buildings (Aggregate) Commerical Buildings (Aggregate) Other TOTAL
Conversion Factors Source: https://www.neb-one.gc.ca/nrg/tl/cnvrsntbl/cnvrsntbl-eng.html
2014 1 388 613 95 275 254 4 1089 357 62 23 216 553 1 44 279 1 47 479 1140 11 110 181
2015 1 337 561 95 305 269 0 820 263 78 25 208 476 0 41 359 1 67 623 935 7 103 181
Annual Electricity Use (GJ) 2014 2015 1 1 388 337 613 561 95 95 146 160 58 50 4 0 349 262 61 50 62 41 23 25 102 100 509 476 1 0 44 41 73 124 1 1 47 67 221 190 7 1 11 7 110 103 181 181
Annual Propane Use (GJ) 2014 2015 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 129 145 0 0 0 0 739 558 0 0 0 37 0 0 114 108 0 0 0 0 0 0 207 235 0 0 0 0 258 433 0 130 0 0 0 0 0 0
Annual Oil Use (GJ) 2014 2015 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 196 220 0 0 0 0 296 213 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Annual Wood Use (GJ) 2014 2015 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Annual Diesel Use (GJ) 2014 2015 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1133 803 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6222
5755
3107
2872
1446
1647
492
433
0
0
1177
803
16035
15192
10340
9497
10
10
4188
4188
1496
1496
0
0
856 0 23114
795 0 21742
611 0 14058
550 0 12919
1 0 1457
1 0 1658
245 0 4925
245 0 4866
0 0 1496
0 0 1496
0 0 1177
0 0 803
Fuel Source Electricity Propane Natural Gas Heating Oil Wood Diesel
Unit 1 kWh = 1L= 1 m3 = 1L = 1 cord = 1L=
Conversion Factor (GJ) 0.0036 0.02553 0.0373 0.03672 24 0.03868
(face cords)
8
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix E
Energy Consumption Estimations and Calculations Calculation 1 - Hydro One Residential Sector Adjustments Year 2014 2015
Original Total Annual Average # of kWh Adjusted Customers 3,321,632.08 207 3,043,853.64 210
Readjusted Total Annual kWh Average # of Adjusted Customers 2872329.19 179 2638006.49 182
Notes: Readjusted data found since the number of residences does not match HydroOne numbers, likely includes lease properties Original data from "WRFN Hydro One Data_Final - 07.12.16
Calculation 2 - Propane Estimation for Hwy 6 Business Centre Building 2014 Usage 2015 Usage WRFN Health Centre 5042 5678 Community Centre 28960 21859 Fitness Centre 0 1450 Seven Fires Elders and Youth Centre 4453 4236 WRFN Administration 10097 16957 O/M Garage 0 5100 Avg = Hwy 6 Business Centre 8092 9213 Notes: All data originally from "WRFN - propane & diesel consumption - McDougall Energy.msg" email Hwy 6 Business Centre taken as the average of other buildings for each year
Calculation 3 - Propane/Heating Oil Estimation for Aggregate Residential McDougall Data*: Number of Residences** Survey Results***
1933 182
Electricity Respondants Percentage Use Now looking at Propane and Heating Oil Only:
Propane 77 55.0%
Propane Respondants Percentage Use Know AFUE**** values
average usage (L) per home (Propane and FO)
Heating Oil 3 2.1%
48 34.3%
Woo d 12 8.6%
Heating Oil 3 5.9%
48 94.1%
Propane Heating Oil Respondants 87% 80% Know that: H = AC, where H is the total average consumption of a home that goes towards heat, A is the AFUE value and C is the actual average consumption If it is assumed that each house uses on average the same amount of energy to heat (H), and if it is assumed that supplementary heat is equal to primary heat, then: 1) ApCp/%p = AfoCfo/%fo 2) Cfo + Cp = X , where X is the total amount of consumption (1933) Rearrange, and get: Cp = (%p/Ap)(Afo/%fo)(X)(1/(1+(%p/Ap)(Afo/%fo))) Solve for Cp, then for Cfo using 2) Propane (L) Heating Oil (L) Average Consumption 105 1828
9
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix E
Now we need to find the total amount of community households which uses each of the fuel sources and multiply that by the averages to get total consumption. Propane (L) Heating Oil (L) Total Conumption 410 114064 Notes: *McDougall Data from "McDougall Aggregate Data - 07.11.16" email - average for 98 customers but includes both propane and heating oil **Number of Residences includes year round residences only. Will assume seasonal residences do not use propane for heating. Propane used for cooking by seasonal residences is also excluded, which is insignificant in comparison to heating requirements. ***Survey results from final version of the survey - see "WRFN Final Survey Results - 05.26.16.pdf". Results from Q7 - How do you heat your home? Wood is measured in face cords, confirmed by the survey administrator. ****AFUE values from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_fuel_utilization_efficiency
Calculation 4 - Propane/Heating Oil estimation for Aggregate Commercial Know electricity consumption over multiple years: 2014 Aggregate Residential 2872329.19 Aggregate Commercial 169630.56 Ratio 5.9% Propane (L) Total Consumption Calculation 5 - Wood Estimation % using wood Number of Cords 1-2 cords 3-5 cords 5+ cords*
24 13.9% % response 12 25 63
Average** Total Wood Calculation
% Using Wood 14%
2015 2638006.49 152756.43 5.8%
Average
6%
Heating Oil (L) 6671
Cords
1.5 4 9.9
16/115 = 13.9%
7.4 Total households 182 Household Using Wood 25
Avg. Use 7.4
Total Wood Consumptio n (cords) 187
Notes: Results from final version of survey - Q8 Cords refers to face cord Assuming that commercial/industrial sector does not use wood for heating. Using 182 houses (residential only) *9.9 chords is working back from average found from normal distribution **Assume normal distribution -> z = (x-mean)/s.d. -> z for 12% = 1.18, z for 25% = .68, solve for mean with x's known (Cords)
10
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix E
Future Energy Consumption and Demand Estimated Energy Consumption Growth 10 Year Estimate Method (GJ) Average 2 Year Trend 11091 Population Growth 27033 Nat'l Energy Board 23476 Housing Growth 24664 Average* 25058 NOTE: Average excludes 2 year trend due to fact that energy consumption is unlikely to decrease annually Average Change in Energy Use between 2016 & 2026
Year Population
1.30%
Actual
Actu al
2014
#
2016
23114
#
22024
2017 2231 0
2018 2260 0
2019 2289 4
202 0 231 91
202 1 234 92
202 2 237 97
202 3 241 06
202 4 244 20
202 5 247 37
202 6 250 58
11
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix E
Energy Type Breakdown Electricity 59% Heating Oil 22% Wood 7% Propane 8% Diesel/Gas 4% Yearly Growth
0.01299
Future Energy Use Breakdown (GJ) - Based on assumption that the 2015 breakdown by energy type remains constant Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 13637.2 12827.7 Electricity 6 8 12994 13163 13334 13507 13683 13860 14040 Heating Oil 5085.08 4783.24 4845 4908 4972 5037 5102 5168 5235 Wood 1617.98 1521.94 1542 1562 1582 1603 1623 1644 1666 Propane 1849.12 1739.36 1762 1785 1808 1831 1855 1879 1904 Diesel/Gas 924.56 869.68 881 892 904 916 928 940 952 Total
23114
21742
22024
22310
22600
22894
23191
23492
23797
2023 1422 3 5303 1687 1929 964 2410 6
2024 1440 8 5372 1709 1954 977 2442 0
2025 1459 5 5442 1732 1979 989 2473 7
2026 1478 4 5513 1754 2005 1002 2505 8
2015 407 152 48 55 28 689
2016 412 154 49 56 28 698
2017 417 156 50 57 28 707
2018 423 158 50 57 29 717
2019 428 160 51 58 29 726
2020 434 162 51 59 29 735
2021 440 164 52 60 30 745
2022 445 166 53 60 30 755
2023 451 168 54 61 31 764
2024 457 170 54 62 31 774
2025 463 173 55 63 31 784
2026 469 175 56 64 32 795
2021 440 697
2022 445 706
2023 451 715
2024 457 724
2025 463 734
2026 469 743
1 Watt = 1 Joule per second Seconds per 315360 year: 00 Yearly Average Demand (kW) Year 2014 Electricity 432 Heating Oil 161 Wood 51 Propane 59 Diesel/Gas 29 Total 733
http://www.ieso.ca/Pages/PowerFrom IESO: Data/Demand.aspx Assume that the current trend in peak vs average demand remains constant over next 10 years 2016 Peak Extreme Weather Demand (MW) 2016 Normal Usage (TWh) 2016 Average Demand Ratio of Peak vs Demand Electricity Peak Demand (kW) Year 2014 Average 432 Peak 686
2015 407 645
24740 137 15605 159%
2016 412 653
2017 417 662
MW TWh MW
2018 423 670
2019 428 679
2020 434 688
12
Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Appendix F
Appendix F WRFN Hydro One Distribution Map
Cambium Aboriginal
ww ww ww
sland S D F2
ww
HIGHWAY 6
ww
ww
F1
w
I rchw
ww
ww
ww
ww
ww
ww
ww
ww ww
ww
ww
ww
ww
ww
ww
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Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Appendix G
Appendix G Energy Cost Management Programs
Cambium Aboriginal
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix G
1.0 ENERGY COST MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS 1.1
BUDGET BILLING
Customers may better manage electricity costs by opting for Hydro One’s Budget Billing Plan. This plan allows customers to pay one equal, average amount per month over the whole year to cover electricity costs. Payments are estimated based on past and current usage. Eleven monthly bills will each have the monthly service charge, plus 1/12th of the estimated annual energy use. The 12th bill will reconcile any outstanding electricity usage, or credit the account for any overpayment. This allows customers to pay a stable rate and be less susceptible to payment fluctuations throughout the year. Residents can learn more about this program here: http://www.hydroone.com/KeepingYourAccountCurrent/Pages/BudgetBilling.aspx
1.2
RURAL OR REMOTE RATE PROTECTION PROGRAM (RRRP)
Low Density Residential year-round customers are eligible to receive a $28.50 credit on each bill under the Rural or Remote Rate Protection Program (RRPP). Low density residents of the community can check their bill to ensure that they are receiving this credit. More information on this program can be found here: http://www.hydroone.com/MyHome/MyAccount/UnderstandMyBill/Pages/ServiceTypes.aspx
1.3
LOW-INCOME ENERGY ASSISTANCE PROGRAM (LEAP)
The LEAP program was developed by the Ontario Energy Board (OEB), but is administered by Hydro One. This is an emergency assistance program for low-income households who are behind on their electricity bill and are at risk of having their electricity disconnected. This emergency program offers up to $500 in towards electricity and gas bills, dependent on the annual household income and the number of people living in the home. A higher level of assistance is offered if the home is heated using electricity. The program has three facets to help low-income customers struggling to pay electricity bills:
Emergency financial assistance fund;
Targeted conservation programs; and
More flexible customer service rules.
In order to benefit from the program, a person must be an existing residential customer of Hydro One, reside at the address that appears on the bill, and have a pre-tax household income at or below the Statistics Canada Low-Income cut-off plus 15%. Other considerations include whether the customer has made prior attempt to address and pay outstanding bills and if financial assistance would help to sustain electricity service. For more information visit: http://www.ontarioenergyboard.ca/oeb/Consumers/Consumer+Protection/Help+for+LowIncome+Energy+Consumers/Low-Income+Energy+Assistance+Program+(LEAP)
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix G
1.4
ONTARIO ELECTRICITY SUPPORT PROGRAM (OESP)
The program is available to low-income homes and will reduce the cost of electricity used in your household by applying a credit amount to your monthly energy bill. Annual income and number of people living in the home are used to assess eligibility. A higher level of assistance is offered to First Nations and Metis homes, electrically heated homes or if a resident of the home requires medical devices which use a lot of electricity. More information can be found here: https://ontarioelectricitysupport.ca/
1.5
HOME ASSISTANCE PROGRAM (HAP)
This program includes a detailed in-home energy assessment, professional installation of energy-saving measures and advice on steps that can be taken to save even more energy. All conservation devices and products provided under this program are directly installed in the home and are free of charge to participants. Visit the SaveONEnergy/HydroOne website to see if you qualify. Annual income and number of people living in the home are used to assess eligibility. More information can be found here: https://www.saveonenergy.ca/Consumer/Programs/Home-Assistance-Program/Resident.aspx
1.6
HARMONIZED SALES TAX (HST) EXEMPTION
First Nation people with a status card who live on territory are exempt from paying HST on Hydro One bills. If you are currently being charged for 13% HST on your bill, contact Hydro One and complete their Debt Retirement Charge & GST/HST Exemption Form for removal of a portion or all of this tax. It is possible to get up to 4 years of HST back if it has not been removed by inquiring through Hydro One and Canada Revenue Agency. To contact Hydro One, call: 1-888-664-9376, Monday to Friday from 7:30am to 8pm.
1.7
DEBIT RETIREMENT EXEMPTION
The purpose of the Debt Retirement charge on electricity is to help pay off remaining debt of the former Ontario Hydro. Customers who are Status Card holders living on-territory were exempt from this charge previous to its cancellation for residential customers in January 2016. If First Nation customers living onterritory were paying for this charge previous of December 31st, 2015, they are eligible for reimbursement of the charge. It is possible to get up to 4 years of HST back if it has not been removed by inquiring through Hydro One and Canada Revenue Agency. For more information visit: http://www.fin.gov.on.ca/en/tax/drc/
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
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Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Appendix H
Appendix H Energy Related Incentives and Conservation Programs
Cambium Aboriginal
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix H
1.0 ENERGY RELATED INCENTIVE AND CONSERVATION PROGRAMS There are a number of incentive program offered throughout Ontario by entities such as the Independent Electricity Systems Operator (IESO), electricity and fuel providers, and provincial Ministries. Below is a list of rebates, incentives, coupons, and programs designed to support energy and resource conservation.
1.1
ABORIGINAL PROGRAMS
Aboriginal Loan Guarantee Program
The $650 million Aboriginal Loan Guarantee Program supports Aboriginal participation in new renewable green energy infrastructure in Ontario including wind, solar, and hydroelectric.
More information: http://www.ofina.on.ca/algp/program/overview.htm
Aboriginal Renewable Energy Fund
Funding is available for communities applying to the FIT program and to assist with costs such as resource assessments, legal services, engineering designs, and regulatory approvals. Open to Aboriginal Communities considering developing renewable projects over 10 kilowatts.
More information: www.aboriginalenergy.ca
Aboriginal Community Energy Plans
A Community Energy Plan is a long-term plan to improve energy efficiency, reduce electricity consumption and assess opportunities for clean energy solutions. It is available to Aboriginal communities proposing to develop a new energy plan or to update an existing energy plan.
More information: http://aboriginalenergy.ca/aboriginal-community-energy-plans
Aboriginal Energy Partnerships Program
Program provides funding support to indigenous communities, co-operatives, municipalities and public sector entities to develop energy projects.
More Information: http://aboriginalenergy.ca/energy-partnerships-program
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix H
Aboriginal Transmission Fund
Provides funding to eligible Aboriginal communities for the due diligence work required to assess and develop opportunities for participation on future, planned and major transmission lines in Ontario. This is available to First Nation and Métis communities that are exploring equity positions in new, major transmission lines in Ontario where the OPA has identified a need for increased transmission capacity.
1.2
More information: http://aboriginalenergy.ca/aboriginal-transmission-fund
COMMUNITY PROGRAMS
Community Energy Partnerships Program (CEPP)
Supports Indigenous communities, co-operatives, municipalities and the public sector in funding the soft costs associated with developing renewable energy projects under the FIT Program, including obtaining the requisite regulatory approvals.
More information: http://www.ieso.ca/Pages/Participate/Funding-Programs/Energy-PartnershipsProgram/default.aspx
Peaksaver PLUS
Designed for both homes and small businesses. Customers can enroll in this program to receive a free thermostat/energy display, which will help customers see and manage electricity use and start making changes to better manage electricity costs.
More Information: http://www.hydroone.com/MyBusiness/SaveEnergy/Pages/peaksaverPLUS.aspx
saveONenergy Retrofit Program
Commercial and institutional buildings can receive up to 50% of the cost of retrofitting older equipment to more energy efficient equipment such as lighting, heating and cooling systems, and building envelope components such as insulation.
More information: http://www.hydroone.com/MyBusiness/SaveEnergy/Pages/Retrofit.aspx
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix H
Audit Funding
This program can cover up to 50% of the cost of an energy audit, which can help uncover potential energy conservation opportunities and develop an energy conservation and cost reduction plan.
Additional funding is available for a detailed analysis of potential projects
identified in the audit.
More information: http://www.hydroone.com/MyBusiness/SaveEnergy/Pages/Audit.aspx
Small Business Upgrades
Some small businesses may be eligible for up to $1,500 in lighting upgrades, among other retrofit opportunities.
More information: http://www.hydroone.com/MyBusiness/SaveEnergy/Pages/SmallBusiness.aspx
Retrofit Program
Incentives are available for replacing inefficient equipment with high-efficiency equipment. The amount of the incentive is based on the difference in electricity use of the old and new equipment. This program is open to owners and managers of commercial buildings, institutional buildings, industrial facilities, agribusinesses and multi-residential buildings.
1.3
More information: http://www.hydroone.com/MyBusiness/SaveEnergy/Pages/Retrofit.aspx
RESIDENTIAL PROGRAMS
Energy Efficiency Guides
Energy tips and tools, such as those for power quality and lighting are available for review at the following link: http://www.hydroone.com/MYHOME/SAVEENERGY/Pages/TipsTools.aspx
saveONenergy Coupons
Coupons available online to help you save on energy-efficient products.
More information: https://saveonenergy.ca/Consumer/Programs/Instant-Rebates.aspx or 1-877797-9473
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix H
SaveONenergy Heating and Cooling Incentive
Receive up to $650 when you participate. You could save up to $325 a year in energy costs when you upgrade to Energy Star certified heating and cooling systems.
More information: https://www.saveonenergy.ca/Consumer/Programs/HVAC-Rebates.aspx
Home Reno Rebate
Provides homeowners with a rebate of up to $2,500 towards energy-efficient home renovations, including the installation of Energy Star certified products and the cost of an energy assessment before and after the improvements. Must have an active Union Gas account, a natural gas furnace/boiler, own a detached, semi-detached, row town house or mobile home and live in the Union Gas franchise area to participate in this rebate.
More information: https://www.uniongas.com/residential/save-money-energy/rebates-promotions/home-reno
1.4
INDUSTRIAL PROGRAMS
Custom Solutions and Incentives
Incentives to assist industrial businesses with costs related to energy assessment, measurement and efficiency implementation initiatives - Eligible for a rebate of up to 50% of these costs.
More information: https://www.enbridgegas.com/businesses/energy-management/industrial/programs/customsolutions.aspx
Fixed Incentives
Fixed incentives designed to help industrial businesses offset the cost of energy efficiency upgrades that will reduce the amount of natural gas consumed. Upgrades include the installation of air doors/curtains, heat and energy recovery ventilators, infrared heaters and condensing make-up air units.
More information: https://www.enbridgegas.com/businesses/energy-management/industrial/programs/fixedincentives.aspx
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix H
Demand Response
Participating in the Demand Response Auction provides commercial and industrial consumers with a potential revenue opportunity. Enables consumers to reduce their electricity consumption in response to prices and system needs and enables consumers to reduce their electricity consumption in response to prices and system needs
More information: http://www.ieso.ca/Pages/Ontario%27s-Power-System/Reliability-Through-Markets/DemandResponse.aspx
Industrial Accelerator Program
Provides financial incentives to encourage investment in innovative processes and equipment to reduce electricity consumption.
More information: http://www.ieso.ca/Pages/Participate/Industrial-Accelerator-Program/Default.aspx
Northern Industrial Electricity Rate Program
Assists large industrial electricity consumers to reduce energy costs, sustain jobs, and maintain global competitiveness by receiving a rebate. To be eligible, you must be located in Northern Ontario, purchase electricity from the IESO, consume a minimum of 50,000 MWh, and be in the industry sectors of mining, oil and gas extraction, or manufacturing.
More information: http://www.mndm.gov.on.ca/en/northern-development/business-support/northern-industrialelectricity-rate-program#simple-table-of-contents-2
1.5
VARIOUS PROGRAMS
Feed-In-Tariff Program
Developed to encourage and promote the use of renewable energy sources. In a FIT contract, the supplier will be paid for electricity delivered from its generating facility. Eligible renewable Resources include: biogas, renewable biomass, landfill gas, solar photovoltaic, waterpower, and wind. The micro-FIT program for smaller renewable energy projects is also available.
More information: http://fit.powerauthority.on.ca/fit-program
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Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Appendix I
Appendix I Heating with Wood
Cambium Aboriginal
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix I
Species
Apple Ash, Green Alder Ash, White Aspen, Quaking Basswood (Linden) Beech Birch Boxelder Buckeye, Horsechestnut Catalpa Cedar, Red Cherry Chestnut Coffeetree, Kentucky Cottonwood Dogwood Douglas-fir Elm, American Elm, Siberian Fir, White Hackberry Hemlock Honeylocust Juniper, Rocky Mountain Larch (Tamarack) Locust, Black Maple, Other Maple, Silver Mulberry Oak, Bur Oak, Gamble Oak, Red Oak, White Osage-orange Pine, Ponderosa Pine, Lodgepole Pine, White Pinyon Poplar Redcedar, Eastern Spruce Spruce, Engleman Sycamore Walnut, Black Willow
Weight (lbs./Cord) Green Dry
4850 4184 3952 4404 4312 3589 4210 4560 3696 3872 4640 3319 4456 3800 3585 3984 4640 3535 4616 4685 3904 4712 4960 4888 5573 5120 3600
2950 2800 5096 4584 4320
3888 2880 2540 3472 2160 1984 3760 2992 2632 1984 2360 2060 2928 3112 2272 4230 2970 2872 3020 2104 3048 2700 3832 3150 3330 4016 3680 2752 3712 3768 3528 4200 4728 2336 2610 2250 3000 2080 2632 2240 2070 2808 3192 2540
Heat per Cord (Million BTUs)
% of Green Ash
Ease of Splitting
Smoke
Sparks
Coals
Fragrance
Overall Quality
27 20 17.5 24.2 18.2 13.8 27.5 20.8 18.3 13.8 16.4 13 20.4 18 21.6 15.8 High 20.7 20 20.9 14.6 21.2 19.3 26.7 21.8 21.8 27.9 25.5 19 25.8 26.2 30.7 24.6 29.1 32.9 16.2 21.1 15.9 27.1 Low 18.2 15.5 15 19.5 22.2 17.6
135 100
Medium Easy Easy Medium Easy Easy Difficult Medium Difficult Medium Difficult Easy Easy
Low Low
Few Few Moderate Few Few Few Few Few Few Few Few Many Few
Good Good Good Good Good Poor Excellent Good Poor Poor Good Poor Excellent
Excellent Excellent
Few Few Few Few Few Few Few Few Many Few Many Many Few Few Few Many Few
Good Good Fair Fair Excellent Good Poor Good Poor Excellent Poor fair Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent
Excellent Slight Slight Slight Slight Good Good Slight Slight Slight Bad slight Excellent Good Good Slight Slight Good Fair Slight Slight Good Slight Excellent Slight Slight Good Good Good Good
Good Fair Fair Fair Good
Few Few Many Many Many Moderate Many Many Many Many Few Few Few Few
Excellent Excellent Excellent Fair Fair poor
Good Good Excellent Good Good Good
Fair Poor Poor Poor Good Good Poor
Bitter Excellent Slight Slight Slight Good Slight
121 69 104 92 69 82 102 108 79 103 100 105 73 106 133 109 140 128 95 129 131 123 146 165 81
91 78 78 98 111 88
Low Medium Medium Medium Low Medium Low Low
Medium Easy Difficult Easy Difficult Difficult Easy Easy Easy Easy Medium Easy-med Difficult Easy Medium Easy Easy
Low Medium
Medium Medium Easy Easy Easy Easy Easy Easy Medium Easy Easy Difficult Easy Easy
Low Low Low Medium
High Medium Medium Medium Low Low Medium Low Low Low Medium Low
Medium Medium Medium Low Low
Excellent Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair Good Good Good Fair
Excellent Fair Fair Excellent Excellent Fair Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Fair Fair
Fair Fair Good Excellent Poor
Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Appendix J
Appendix J Efficiency Considerations in New Home Construction
Cambium Aboriginal
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix J
1.0 ENERGY EFFICIENCY CONSIDERATIONS FOR NEW HOME CONSTRUCTION: Energy efficiency considerations during new home construction are being explored more and more by consumers. Whether the aim is to conserve energy, decrease environmental impacts or save money over the long-term, building an energy efficient home is a smart investment. Below we have outlined a number of considerations for constructing an energy efficient home. Figure 1 - A home under construction
1.1
CHECK OUT THE CODE
Due to the lack of a First Nation specific building code, it is recommended that we follow the Provincial building code where possible.
The Ontario Building Code (OBC) has continually become more
aggressive in its energy efficiency requirements.
For example, the Ministry of Municipal Affairs’
“Supplementary Standard SB-12: Energy Efficiency for Housing” which came into effect January 2, 2012, established minimum allowable values for:
Annual fuel utilization factor (AFUE) efficiencies of furnaces;
Thermal resistance (r-values) of insulation;
Thermal performance parameters of building envelope; and,
Efficiencies of hot water heaters.
There is benefit in referring to the code, and potentially adopting some of the energy efficiency related requirements for buildings within our First Nation community. The Supplementary Standard SB-12 can be found at: http://www.mah.gov.on.ca/AssetFactory.aspx?did=9227.
1.2
HOW DO YOU RATE?
Natural Resources Canada has developed the EnerGuide Rating System to help customers with building an energy efficient home. Canadians who are interested in energy conservation in their new home should consider EnerGuide Rated or EnergyStar certified appliances or R-2000 certification for homes. More information related to each of these programs can be found on the Natural Resources Canada website at: https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/efficiency/housing/new-homes/5025
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix J
1.3
THINK SMALL
The smaller the home, the more energy efficient it will generally be because you simply have less space to heat, cool, and light. In addition, different heating and cooling systems are better for small houses (ex. radiant heat flooring is much more energy efficient when heating a small home with lower ceilings than it is when heating a larger home with higher ceilings).
1.4
ARE YOU DISORIENTED?
Home orientation and window placement are important because a house becomes a larger energy consumer when windows are placed facing north.
[2]
When windows are placed in the south, the sun can
heat the home though passive solar heat collection. This ultimately provides a net gain where heat absorbed during the day outweighs the heat lost at night.
[2]
East is the second best direction to face your
windows as it avoids the intense heat of the afternoon summer sun.
1.5
TIGHTEN YOUR ENVELOPE
Your building envelope is the physical separator between the interior and exterior of your home. It includes the exterior walls, windows, doors, roof, and foundation – and is designed to keep the weather (heat, cold, rain, wind, dust) outside. As home heating accounts for approximately 60% of home energy use, the best way to conserve energy is to minimize heat loss through your building’s envelope. The tighter the envelope, the more energy efficient your home will be. 1.5.1
INSULATION
Insulation is generally used in walls, attics, and crawlspaces to prevent heat loss or gain through these areas. The type of insulation material used impacts its ability to do so. An R-value describes the ability 1
of an insulating material to resist thermal (heat) flow ; the higher the R-value, the better the material will insulate. Suggested R-value requirements for new home construction depend on where the insulation is getting installed and the energy source that is used to heat your home. Below is a list of common insulation material and their respective R-values.
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix J
Table 1 - Common Insulation Materials
Insulation Material Fibreglass (Batt Type)
R-Value 3.0 – 3.
Mineral wool (Batt Type) Cotton (Batt Type) Fibreglass (Loose Fill) Mineral fibre (Loose Fill) Cellulose fibre (Loose Fill)
2.8 – 3.7 3.0 – 3.7 3.0 – 3.7 2.8 – 3.7 3.0 – 3.7
Type I and II (expanded) polystyrene or EPS
3.6 – 4.4
Insulation Material Type III and IV (extruded) polystyrene or XPS Rigid fibreglass Rigid mineral fibre Polyisocyanurate Wet-spray cellulose Open-cell light density polyurethane Closed cell medium density polyurethane
R-Value 4.5 – 5.0 4.2 – 4.5 4.2 – 4.5 5.6 – 6.7 3.0 – 3.7 3.6 5.5 – 6.0
A great overview on insulation can be found at the following websites: http://www.beconstructiveltd.com/does-insulation-work-in-summer/ https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/co/grho/grho_010.cfm Greener Options There are many environmentally friendly and cost effective insulation options available. These include sheep’s wool, cotton, and recycled plastics. The specific R-values of these materials and their cost should be considered on a house-by-house basis. Specific regulations and standards for insulating material types should also be considered. 1.5.2
ROOF
Your roof itself plays an important role in household energy use in two ways: minimizing heat loss and minimizing heat gain. It can also be used to support renewable energy generation. Minimizing heat loss: attics can be an easy place to find energy savings. Attics should be thoroughly insulated and properly sealed to minimize air leaks, which can contribute to substantial heat loss. Roofing materials can also act as additional insulation, with different materials offering increased insulating properties.
Material options include; asphalt, wood,
ceramic and metal (including insulated metal roof panels).
Consideration to the thermal insulating
properties of roofing materials should be given during construction to help improve the overall efficiency of the building envelope. Minimizing heat gain: the roofing material can also reduce the amount of heat gained by the house by
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
Figure 2 - A roof supporting solar pv panels
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix J
2
reflecting solar energy from the sun . A metal roof works well if it’s not painted, and thus kept shiny and reflective. More traditional tile and shingle roofs can be made “cooler” by adding reflective granules and reflective coatings as well as choosing shingles that are a lighter colour. Greener Options If solar photovoltaic panels are going to be installed onto the home’s roof, extra support should be added during the construction phase to ensure the roof can handle the extra weight of the solar panels. Green roofs are roofs which are designed to grow plants and gardens. This increases the insulation of the roof, which in turn lowers your heating and cooling costs. It also creates a greenspace and helps manage storm water. Similar to solar panels, green roofs also require additional support to be added to accommodate the additional weight. 1.5.3
WINDOWS
It is much easier for thermal (heat) energy to move through windows than through walls. Thus, high quality energy conserving windows are recommended with the following factors being considered: 3
EnergyStar Rating - Look for windows that have the EnergyStar label (see Figure 3) , indicating the performance rating. A different rating is needed depending on your climate type, but EnergyStar has made finding a suitable window easier as they have broken locations into 3 different zones. Our community is located in Canada Zone 2. Window’s suitable for Canada Zone 2 should have either an Energy Rating (ER) greater than 29, or a U-factor less than 1.40 (metric/Si) and an ER greater than 20. Typically, the higher the ER and lower the U-factor, the more energy efficient the window will be. Low-emissivity (low-e) window glazing helps to control solar heat gain by reflecting solar energy away from the house interior, and lowering the need for cooling. Double and triple paned windows with a low heat conductive gas between the panes (usually argon or krypton) are the most energy efficient on the market today. Overhangs
and
other
exterior
window
shading
excessive heat gain during peak sunny periods in summer.
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
prevents Figure 3 - Energy Star Window Rating Label
4
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix J
1.5.4
DOORS
Similar to insulation, different door materials offer different R-values. Higher R-values offer better energy efficiency. In relation to doors, higher efficiencies can be achieved by:
Choosing the proper door material (glass has lower insulating capabilities than compared to wood)
Choosing better insulated doors (medium density polyurethane insulates better than fiberglass) ;
Ensuring a high quality seal with the frame (weather stripping); and
Keeping the window size within doors to a minimum, if possible, as windows offer less insulation.
1.5.5
4
EXTERIOR WALLS
Energy efficient siding is another important aspect of home construction that can impact energy efficiency. Just like wall and attic insulation, R-values can be applied to exterior siding. There are a number of different siding types to consider, such as vinyl, wood, stucco, stone, aluminum, brick, and fiber-cement. Vinyl and aluminum siding are a popular choice among homeowners due to durability and low maintenance requirements. Insulated vinyl or aluminum sidings should be considered during home 5
construction as they have higher R-values than non-insulated siding of the same materials . Brick (4 inch thick) and wood siding also offer increased insulating properties.
1.6
ENLIGHTENING LIGHTING The efficiency of lighting technology is advancing quickly. The use of halogen, compact florescent lamps (CFLs) and
light-emitting
diode
(LED)
lighting
should
be
considered. These lighting choices conserve much more energy compared to traditional incandescent bulbs which lose about 90% of used energy as heat.
EnergyStar
certified CFLs and LEDs use less than 25% of the energy traditional incandescent lightbulbs do, and last 10 to 25 times longer. Figure 4 - (from left to right) LED, CFL and Incandescent Lightbulbs
Complementing energy efficient lighting with timers, motion sensors and dimming settings can make your home even more energy efficient.
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix J
Greener Options Making use of natural lighting through skylights and windows can be incorporated into all new home construction to reduce energy required for lighting, but placement and size of windows must be considered closely in order to balance natural lighting with heat gain/loss through the glass.
1.7
SPACE HEATING & COOLING 6
Space heating consumes the most energy in the average home – over 60% of the total energy use . Choosing an efficiency system can have a significant impact on our annual energy costs. Heating Systems All heating systems have three basic components: 1. The heat source - most commonly a furnace, boiler or heat pump 2. The heat distribution system - moves warmth through the home, such as forced air or radiators. 3. The control system - usually a thermostat which can regulate the amount of distributed heat The efficiency of heating and cooling systems should be considered.
The
most important factor to consider is the system’s ability to convert the fuel into useful heat energy, often expressed as an Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE) value. Energy efficient heating systems typical have an AFUE value over 90%, and high efficiency systems
Figure 5 – Radiant heat tubing via hot water before can have an AFUE value as high as flooring is installed. 98.5%. The operational cost of a heating system should also be considered, and is based on the AFUE value of the system as well as the cost of fuel. In Whitefish River First Nation, we currently have access to electricity, propane, heating oil and wood as fuel sources. An analysis was done to understand the operating cost of heating homes using these fuel types and typical AFUE values for those systems. These results are shown in the table below.
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix J
Table 2 – Annual Operating Costs for Heating based on Fuel Type - 2016 Fuel Type
Fuel required Annually
Energy Cost
(based on AFUE of a typical system)
Estimated Annual Operating Cost
Electricity
18,300 kWh
19.4 ¢/kWh
$3,600
Propane
3,000 L
94.9 ¢/L
$2,800
Heating Oil
2,260 L
90.3 ¢/L
$2,000
Wood
13 face chords
$100 per face cord
$1,300
Space heaters can be used to effectively heat single room areas, but not your whole house. Space heaters should be used sparingly, as they can be large energy users and most commonly on electricity, one of the most expensive forms of energy for heating purposes. Radiant heat flooring can also be installed in homes. It is generally more efficient in smaller homes with lower roofs. This type of heating can be fueled by a number of different sources. Programmable thermostats help conserve energy by turning down the heat when it is not needed. They can be programmed to keep a lower temperature during the day when you are not home.
Most
programmable thermostat units cost under $100 and are easy to install. In fact, the installation and proper use of a programmable thermostat is one of the most cost effective ways to achieve significant energy savings and costs associated in a home. As with any new home, consider which fuel types are accessible to you, the harshness of the climate you live in, weigh the costs between a higher purchase cost versus lower operating cost for high efficiency heaters, and the size of space that requires heating. Cooling Systems There are several types of cooling systems commonly used in residential applications. These cooling system types operate with different advantages and disadvantages.
The most common
cooling system types are listed below.
Window air conditioners provide cooling to small areas and rooms, they are relatively inexpensive, but are not suitable for cooling an entire home. The cost of operating a window air conditioner is relatively high and multiple units may be required to cool an entire home.
Figure 6 – Outdoor unit of a Ductless/ Ductless and mini-split systems are highly efficient and mini-split cooling/heating system
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix J
provide both heating and cooling needs, allowing for the lowest operating cost. These systems are typically the most expensive to purchase, however, they do not require ductwork.
Central cooling systems cool an entire home through ductwork.
In general, these units are
moderately expensive to install and require ductwork within the home (which will likely already exist due to an installed heating system). The capital and operating costs of a central cooling system are both moderate in comparison to the other cooling types. Table 3 - Cooling System Types and Associated Levels of Costs
System Type
Capital
Operating
Central Cooling Systems
$$
$$
Window Air Conditioning Units
$
Ductless and Mini—split Systems
$$$
$$$
(per unit or room)
$
Requires Duct Work
Keep in mind that the best cooling system type in respect to costs will vary depending on the situation. Greener Options Trees - When trying to cool homes during the hot summer months, thick deciduous summer tree canopies can block out the sun and avoid overheating. Typically, during winter these tree canopies have lost their leaves allowing the sun into the home again. Geothermal - Building underground can save approximately 80% in energy costs by using the Earth’s natural geothermal mass and heat exchange.
Subsurface temperatures remain relatively stable,
resulting in the home staying cool in the summer and warm in the winter. If building underground is out of the option, geothermal heat pump technology can be used to help reduce home heating and cooling costs.
1.8
WATER HEATING 7
Water heating represents the 2nd largest energy consumption category behind space heating . Water conserving options such as low-flow water fixtures (i.e. toilets, sinks) and shower heads can be implemented to reduce the amount of water that needs to be heated. For the water heating itself, tankless, or “on-demand” hot water heaters can be implemented. Tankless hot water heaters reduce the need to continuous heat water in a storage tank and can be a good option for residential uses. These types of heaters have no storage tank and only heat flowing water when required.
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix J
1.9
APPLIANCES & DEVICES
Technology is constantly evolving to offer homeowners more energy efficient appliances and devices. As 8
appliances consume 12% of the energy of an average Canadian household, purchasing energy efficient appliances at the start can make a big difference in yearly home expenses. Look for EnergyStar rated appliance and devices. An excellent overview can be found at: Energy Star Appliance Info. Applicable appliances include:
Dishwashers
Boilers
Refrigerators and freezers
Gas furnaces
Clothes washer and dryers
Geothermal heat pumps
Ceiling fans
Computer monitors
Central air conditioners
Televisions
Ventilating fans
Although the initial purchase costs of high-efficiency appliances tend to be more expensive than lowefficiency appliances, the operating costs are lower.
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix J
REFERENCES
1
“r-value”. (Retrieved 2016.) Dictionary.com. Retrieved from: http://www.dictionary.com/browse/r-value
2
EnergyStar. (2016). Roof Products. Retrieved from EnergyStar website:
https://www.energystar.gov/products/building_products/roof_products 3
Natural Resources Canda. (2016.) Guidelines for ENERGY STAR (Fenestration). Retrieved from:
http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/products/for-participants/13069#a3d 4
Reynolds, Mike. (2014). Eco Homes: Windows and Doors. Canada Green Building Council. Retrieved
from Eco Home website: http://www.ecohome.net/guide/windows-doors 5
Vinyl Siding Institute. (2016). Energy efficiency. Retrieved from Vinyl Siding Institute website:
https://www.vinylsiding.org/why-vinyl-siding/energy-efficiency/ 6
Natural Resources Canada. (2016.) Buy an ENERGY STAR certified appliance to save you money!.
Retrieved from: http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/products/categories/appliances/13630 7
Natural Resources Canada. (2016.) Buy an ENERGY STAR certified appliance to save you money!.
Retrieved from: http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/products/categories/appliances/13630 8
Natural Resources Canada. (2016.) Buy an ENERGY STAR certified appliance to save you money!.
Retrieved from: http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/products/categories/appliances/13630
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
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Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Appendix K
Appendix K Funding for Renewable Energy Projects
Cambium Aboriginal
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix K
1.0 FUNDING FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS 1.1
NET-METERING
Net-metering allows for electricity generated from renewable energy technologies to be sent into distribution systems for a credit towards the cost of consumed electricity. Excess generation credits can be carried forward. A net-metering funding program is available to any Hydro One customer who generates electricity primarily for personal use from a renewable energy source such as wind, water, solar, radiation or agricultural biomass. Electricity generation must use equipment with a total nameplate rating of 500kW or less. More information can be found here: http://www.hydroone.com/Generators/Pages/NetMetering.aspx
1.2
MICRO GRID
A micro grid works in the same way as a large-scale electricity distribution systems, but instead of delivering electricity over a grid with thousands of customers, it caters to smaller grids such as communities or neighborhoods. This allows customizable grids to make use of a mix of clean and renewable resources to generate electricity. Micro grid funding would work in the same way a net-metering funder program would operate. For example, if our homes were Figure 1 - A Micro-Grid System equipped with renewable energy generating technologies, the generated electricity would be sent into our own community micro grid.
Generated electricity would be distributed through and shared by the
community. A micro grid is infrastructure that would allow our community to be electricity independent from distribution companies such as Hydro One.
1.3
FIT PROGRAM
The Feed-In Tariff (FIT) program was first offered in 2009 by the Ontario Power Authority, now known as the Independent Electricity Systems Operator (IESO). This program supports clean energy generation from renewable sources by offering an increased rate of return on energy generated from renewable sources. Eligible proponents include Aboriginal communities, individual homeowners, business owners, and private
Cambium Aboriginal Inc.
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix K
developers. A long term Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) is awarded for renewable generation projects (generally 20 years, with some exceptions, such as hydropower with a 40-year contract). The program guarantees a set price per kWh generated
and
delivered
to
the
existing electricity grid. The price per kWh
for
renewable
technologies
varies by type, and is available in the FIT price schedule, shown in Figure 2. This price schedule is of June 21, 2016. The pricing schedule changes regularly.
Please check the IESO
website for the most up to date version.
Figure 2 - Feed In Tariff (FIT) Price Schedule - 2016
Projects must have a generating nameplate capacity of between 10 kilowatts (kW) and 500 kW (6 kW to 500 kW for rooftop solar PV). Projects under 10 kW (6 kW for rooftop solar PV) have a slightly different set of rules and fall under the microFIT program, as described in the section below. Price adders are also available for all FIT energy types except rooftop solar PV. The price adder is a rate increase on top of the FIT contract price
to
encourage
Aboriginal,
community, municipal, and public sector
investment
in
renewables.
The price adders can be seen in Figure 2 - Feed In Tariff (FIT) Price
Figure 3 – FIT Price Adders
Schedule - 2016. The IESO recently completed its feedback period of the draft version of the FIT 5 program. The FIT application window is currently closed, but the FIT 5 application window is expected to open prior to November 1, 2016. The window for application submission is very short, and usually lasts one month. Check regularly at the IESO’s website for more details on when applications are to be accepted: http://fit.powerauthority.on.ca/what-feed-tariff-program It is important to note that approval for a project from the IESO does not include other necessary details such as initial funding, environmental assessments, and approval for grid connection from the local distribution company (LDC).
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix K
1.4
MICROFIT PROGRAM
The microFIT program is very similar to the FIT program, the main difference being that it is geared towards smaller projects. MicroFIT contracts are awarded for renewable generation projects of 10 kW or less (6 kW or less for rooftop solar PV). The pricing for microFIT projects are shown in Figure 2, above. Please note that the price adders do not apply to microFIT projects. As of June 21, 2016, the IESO is accepting applications for microFIT 4.0 until the 50 MW microFIT procurement target for 2016 is reached. The IESO’s microFIT website should be checked regularly for more details on when applications are to be accepted: http://microfit.powerauthority.on.ca/
1.5
PARTNERSHIPS
Additional opportunities for economic development may exist if consideration is given to partnerships with development companies seeking to locate renewable projects close to our community or within our traditional territory. Renewable energy development companies may see partnership with a local First Nation as a way to develop a relationship with the local community, increase project marketing value, mitigate potential opposition to the project and, due to the FIT program Aboriginal Price Adder, a means to increase the projects financial viability. Any potential partnerships should be thoroughly screened both technically and financially to ensure that they are in the best interest of our community.
1.6
CONSOLIDATED PROGRAM
Similar to the Aboriginal Renewable Energy Fund program, this Consolidated Program offers funding for applicants to undertake due diligence for proposed partnerships and to help with soft costs associated with the development of renewable energy projects under the FIT Program. The consolidated support program will consist of the following two funding streams: Partnership Stream and Project Development Stream.
Eligible applicants are Aboriginal Communities and Co-operatives,
Municipalities and Public sector Entities. More information can be found here: http://www.aboriginalenergy.ca/aboriginal-renewable-energy-fund
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Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix K
1.7
ABORIGINAL ENERGY PARTNERSHIPS PROGRAM
Program provides funding support to indigenous communities, co-operatives, municipalities, and public sector entities to develop energy projects. More Information can be found here: http://aboriginalenergy.ca/energy-partnerships-program
1.8
COMMUNITY ENERGY PARTNERSHIPS PROGRAM (CEPP)
Supports Indigenous communities, co-operatives, municipalities, and the public sector in funding the soft costs associated with developing renewable energy projects under the FIT Program, including obtaining the requisite regulatory approvals. More information can be found here: http://www.ieso.ca/Pages/Participate/Funding-Programs/EnergyPartnerships-Program/default.aspx
1.9
ABORIGINAL LOAN GUARANTEE PROGRAM
This program supports Aboriginal participation in new renewable green energy infrastructure in Ontario, including wind, solar and hydroelectric. It provides a Provincial guarantee for a loan to an Aboriginal corporation to purchase up to 75% equity in an eligible project, to a maximum of $50 million.
More information can be found here: http://www.ofina.on.ca/algp/program/overview.htm
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Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Appendix L
Appendix L Implementation Table and Actions Inventory
Cambium Aboriginal
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix L
Whitefish River First Nation Community Energy Plan Implementation Table
Stage Type
Stage ID
Stage
Planning Education Conservation Conservation Planning Generation Education Generation Generation Planning Conservation Generation Generation Planning Education Generation
P01 E01 C01 C02 P02 G01 E02 G02 G03 P03 C03 G04 G05 P04 E03 G06
Establish Community Energy Advisor and Committee Energy Education Phase #1 - Energy Basics, Electricity Conservation and Renewables, Youth Energy Champion Energy Conservation Project #1 - Section 95 Homes Retrofits (12) & New Construction (5) - Try & Assess Energy Conservation Phase #1 - Electricity Conservation 1st CEP Check In / Update Plan Renewable Energy Demonstration Projects Energy Education Phase #2 - Heating Conservation and Streetlight Pilot Project Energy Independence Pilot Project #1 - Solar LED Streetlights - Try & Assess Energy Independence Pilot Project #2 - Local School or Community Building Off-grid - Try & Assess 2nd CEP Check In / Update Energy Conservation Phase #1 - Heating Conservation Energy Independence Pilot Project #3 - One First Nation Owned Building (Net-Metering) - Try & Assess Energy Independence Pilot Project #4 - Five Residential Homes (Micro-grid)- Try & Assess 3rd CEP Check In / Update Energy Education Phase #3 - Demonstration Projects Develop Path to Large Scale Energy Independence
2026 Goals:
Make our community one of the most energy educated in Canada Create a culture of conservation such that we use as little energy as practically possible Determine the best path for our community to transition towards complete energy independence Identify and provide support for funding programs related to our current and future energy initiatives
Legend
Education Conservation Generation
Activity Type An activity pertaining to educating the community, staff or leadership An activity pertaining to conserving energy An activity pertaining to energy generation
Low Medium High Extreme
Cost Impact Will require project based funding or additional human resources less than $50k Will require an incremental project based funding or additional HR from $50k - $500k Will require an incremental project based funding or additional HR from $500k - $5M Will require incremental project based funding or additional HR greater than $5M
Pre-Requisite
None P01 P01 P01 P01 None E01 None G01 P02 C02 G01 G01 P03 G02, G03, G04, G05 G02, G03, G04, G05
2017
Implementation Schedule 2018
2019
2020
2021
* Continue as needed
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
Cost Impact Low Low Medium Low Medium Medium Low Low Medium Medium Low High High Medium Low Medium
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix L
Actions Inventory Action ID
Description
P01 - Establish Community Energy Advisor and Committee ID00 Establish a small energy committee with a mandate to implement the community energy plan. Potential members include: a member of Band Council, the Community Energy Advisor, public works staff member, youth and elder representatives and members of the community. ID01 Hire and Train a Community Energy Advisor. Responsible for assisting the community in completing the goals and tasks of the CEP related to education, conservation and generation. Funding for training is available. E01 - Energy Education Phase 1 - Energy Basics, Electricity Conservation and Renewables, Youth Energy Champion ID02 Develop Community Energy Education Strategy - including a communication plan, 10 year target and method to measure progress. ID03 Establish an annual community energy day to educate and engage the community as well as to celebrate energy achievements. ID04 Select and train youth energy champions within our community to act as role models and encourage and educate in regards to energy conservation and generation. ID05 Develop a section of our community website as a resource with information on: energy conservation, heating with firewood, renewable energy generation, our Community Energy Plan, as well as available incentives and cost management programs for residents. ID06 Add energy education to the school curriculum - with a focus on the goals and objectives of our Community Energy ID07 Ensure that all community members understand how TOU pricing works and the potential cost savings. ID08 Purchase several simple energy meters and lend them out for free to residents to monitor their electricity use and learn about which appliances use the most energy in their homes. ID09 Educate our community members on "phantom load" and provide tips to reduce it. ID10 Educate community on Hydro One invoices, specifically delivery charges, density ratings and the importance of ID11 Educate the community on WRFN CEP and renewable energy types, get feedback on possible demonstration projects. Educate on community involvement in Helios Whitefish River and Mnidoo Mnising and use as examples to showcase renewable energy and revenue generation. CO1 - Energy Conservation Project #1 - Section 95 Home Retrofits (12) & New Construction (5) - Try & Assess ID12 Incorporate energy efficiency into the 12 Section 95 home renovations. ID13 Monitor and assess energy performance of the 12 retrofitted and 5 newly constructed Section 95 in 2017. ID14 Update and implement guidelines for energy efficiency for new home construction based on review of impact to section 95 homes. C02 - Energy Conservation Phase #1 - Electricity Conservation Obtain property management software to determine and track energy efficient improvements to housing stock and ID15 community assets. ID16 Develop Community Conservation Program (10 year) and establish a realistic 10 year conservation target to be achieved within this timeframe. ID17 Implement a process to gather community energy consumption and costs from community members. ID18 Create a strategy to develop partnerships with organizations and institutions to access new energy related ID19 Create a Voluntary Conservation Reporting System for the community to encourage energy conservation. ID20 Retrofit current streetlights to higher efficiency LED models. ID21 Pursue discussions with Union Gas to determine the feasibility and possibility of bringing natural gas to our ID22 Encourage administration employees to power down computers. ID23 Encourage administration to ensure that lights are turned off at night. ID24 Consider bulk purchases of energy efficient products to make them more affordable to community members. ID25 Consider Implementation of a "Green Procurement Strategy" policy - ensuring that all FN purchases meet specified energy requirements - appliances, lighting, technology, etc. ID26 Pursue new Home Energy Audit program offered by Hydro One when it becomes available. ID27 Pursue Funding and programs to increase electrical efficiency within our community. P02 - 1st CEP Check In / Update ID28 Determine progress in relation to 10 year goals - adjust as necessary. ID29 Report findings of CEP review to Chief and Council G01 - Plan Renewable Energy Demonstration Projects ID30 Pursue funding to undertake research required to determine feasibility of generating our own energy and developing a more in depth plan specific to generation - for Demonstration Projects. ID31 Develop strategy to demonstrate renewable energy projects in the community. Set a realistic goal of the demonstration projects to be completed and assessed by 2026. Consider net-metering, micro grid and off-grid opportunities for our community, with priority given to micro-grid and net metering. ID32 Determine if regulations exist when developing renewable energy projects within our territory or if environmental or other approvals will be required - in relation to demonstration projects. ID33 Plan Renewable Energy Demonstration Projects - consider multiple options to demonstrate different sizes and connection types (net-metering, micro grid and off-grid). ID34 Complete Hydro One Load Study for Old Village Road North.
Prerequisites
None
None
ID00, ID01 ID00, ID01 None None
None None None None None None
A23 ID12 A23, A22
None ID00, ID01 ID16 ID16 ID16 None None None None None None None*
None ID28
None ID00, ID01
ID31, ID30, ID11 ID31, ID30,ID11 None
Whitefish River Community Energy Plan Whitefish River First Nation Appendix L E02 - Energy Education Phase #2 - Heating Conservation and Streetlight Pilot Project ID35 Confirm public acceptance of technology types (including bioenergy and energy-from-waste) within our community after education has occurred. ID36 Educate the community on the WRFN Renewable Demonstration Projects and results, including solar streetlight pilot project. ID37 Consult with community with regards on how to move forward with energy independence goal - which connection type(s) and technology type(s) are preferred. ID38 Educate and consider the environmental impact of the various fuel types. ID39 Educate our community members on home energy use and the best options to reduce consumption - with specific emphasis on the impact of space and water heating. ID40 Posting firewood efficiency information on our website would be helpful in educating our community in this area. ID41 Provide community members with tips to prepare their home for winter. ID42 Provide information on heating with propane vs heating oil and electric to community members. ID43 Educate community on the costs of various fuel sources and expected future trends. ID44 Educate and encourage the use of solar thermal and geothermal technologies. ID45 Host a "Dollars to $ense Energy Management Workshop" offered by National Resources Canada's Office of Energy Efficiency - provides energy-saving and cost saving tips to businesses and institutions. G02 - Energy Independence Pilot Project #1 - Solar LED Streetlights - Try & Assess ID46 Pilot Project - Switch out 5 streetlights to LED solar powered. ID47 Monitor and report on the effectiveness of the new streetlights.
ID31 ID33, ID47 ID36, A52 None None None None None None None None
None ID46
G03 - Energy Independence Pilot Project #2 - Local School or Community Building Off-grid - Try & Assess ID48 None Construct and have the demonstration project operational. Assess the effectiveness of the demonstration projects, with attention given to overall cost and comparison between ID49 ID48 the different demonstration project types. P03 - 2nd CEP Check In / Update ID50 Determine progress in relation to 10 year goals - adjust as necessary. ID51 Report findings of CEP review to Chief and Council
None ID50
C05 - Focus on Conservation related to Heating and Building Envelope within the Community ID52 Focus on energy conservation, particularly in relation to electric space heating within our homes and community ID53 Pursue Funding and programs to increase efficiency of related to heating and building envelope within our ID54 Continue to switch electric heating to propane and/or wood in Section 95 homes. ID55 Continue to retrofit all residential units that currently use electrical space heating to propane systems. ID56 Consider installation of propane or wood heating systems in all newly constructed homes within our community.
None None None None None
G04 - Energy Independence Pilot Project #3 - One First Nation Owned Building (Net-Metering) - Try & Assess ID57 None Construct and have the demonstration project operational. Assess the effectiveness of the demonstration projects, with attention given to overall cost and comparison between ID58 ID57 the different demonstration project types. G05 - Energy Independence Pilot Project #4 - Five Residential Homes (Micro-grid)- Try & Assess ID59 None Construct and have the demonstration project operational. Assess the effectiveness of the demonstration projects, with attention given to overall cost and comparison between ID60 ID59 the different demonstration project types. P04 - 3rd CEP Update ID61 Determine progress in relation to 10 year goals - adjust as necessary. ID62 Report findings of CEP review to Chief and Council
None ID61
E03 - Energy Education Phase #3 - Demonstration Projects ID63 Educate the community on results of pilot projects. Receive feedback from community on path moving forward with large scale energy independence. ID64
None ID63
G06 - Develop Path to Large Scale Energy Independence ID65 Consider land use of renewable larger scale energy project types - determine which are suitable. ID66 Determine feasibility of various technology types - looking into available resources more critically - solar, wind, biomass, EFW. ID67 Pursue funding to undertake research required to determine feasibility of generating our own energy and developing a more in depth plan specific to generation - for further energy independence of a larger scale. ID68 Consult with Hydro One to determine possibility of grid connection for micro-grid projects (if required). Connections between 10 kW and 500 kW of generation capacity may be possible. Connection greater than 500 kW of generation capacity may be unavailable or require large transmission lines. ID69 Determine if regulations exist when developing renewable energy projects within our territory or if environmental or other approvals will be required - in relation to future energy independence. ID70 Determine path moving forward with regards to energy independence - taking into account: public opinion on technology, public opinion on connection type, land availability, connection availability (if applicable), environmental approvals (if required), and technical feasibility of prospective projects. Consider and implement energy storage and smart grid applications where applicable. ID71
ID37, ID67 ID37, ID67 None ID37, ID67
ID37, ID67 ID37,ID69, ID66, ID65, ID68
ID37,ID69, ID66, ID65, ID68
Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Final Version
Endnotes 1
Ontario Ministry of the Environment. (2013). Achieving Balance Ontario’s Long Term Energy Plan. Retrieved from:
http://www.energy.gov.on.ca/en/files/2014/10/LTEP_2013_English_WEB.pdf 2
Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change. (2016). Ontario’s Five Year Climate Change Action Plan 2016-2020.
Retrieved from: http://www.applications.ene.gov.on.ca/ccap/products/CCAP_ENGLISH.pdf 3
Natural Resources Canada. (August 2013). Canada – A Global Leader in Renewable Energy. Energy and Mines Minister’s
Conference in Yellowknife Northwest Territories. Retrieved from: https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/www/pdf/publications/emmc/renewable_energy_e.pdf 4
Natural Resources Canada. (2016). Additional Statistics on Energy. Retrieved from:
http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/publications/statistics-facts/1239 5
International Energy Agency. (2016.) Key Renewables Trends – Excerpts from: Renewables information. Retrieved from:
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyRenewablesTrends.pdf 6
Whitefish River First Nation. (2016.) Community Profile, Draft.
7
Whitefish River First Nation. (2014.) Capital Planning Study.
8
Whitefish River First Nation. (2014.) Capital Planning Study.
9
Whitefish River First Nation. (2014.) Capital Planning Study.
10
Natural Resources Canada. (2005.) EnerGuide for Houses Energy Efficiency Evaluation Report. Retrieved from:
https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/efficiency/housing/home-improvements/18682 11
Statistics Canada. (2005.) Household energy use, by fuel type and by province – Average energy use. Retrieved from:
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-526-s/2013002/t004-eng.htm 12
saveONenergy.(n.d.) Look for these energy efficient features when buying a new home. Retrieved from:
https://saveonenergy.ca/Consumer/Programs/New-Residential-Construction/P1089-OPA-NH-Checklist.aspx 13
National Energy Board. (2013.) Canada’s Energy Future – Energy Supply and Demand Projections to 2035 – An Energy Market
Assessment. Retrieved from: http://www.neb-one.gc.ca/nrg/ntgrtd/ftr/2013/index-eng.html#smmr 14
Ontario Ministry of Energy. (2015.) Residential Forecast Changes in Energy by End Use TWh. Retrieved from:
http://www.energy.gov.on.ca/en/conservation-first/residential-forecast-changes-in-energy-by-end-use-twh/ 15
Climate Central. (2015.) 10 Warmest Years on Record Globally. Retrieved from:
http://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/10-warmest-years-globally 16
Ontario Ministry of Energy. (2016.) Planning Ontario`s Energy Future, A Discussion Guide to Start the Conversation. Retrieved
from: http://www.energy.gov.on.ca/en/ltep/ 17
Natural Resources Canada. (2015.) Energy Fact Book 2015-2016. Retrieved from:
https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/files/pdf/EnergyFactBook2015-Eng_Web.pdf 18
Statistics Canada. (2012.) Households and the Environment: Energy Use. Retrieved from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-
526-s/2010001/part-partie1-eng.htm 19
Furnace Compare. (n.d.) Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE). Retrieved from:
Cambium Aboriginal
Community Energy Plan 2016 Whitefish River First Nation Final Version
https://www.furnacecompare.com/faq/definitions/afue.html 20
National Energy Board. (2015.) Energy Conversion Tables. Retrieved from: https://www.neb-
one.gc.ca/nrg/tl/cnvrsntbl/cnvrsntbl-eng.html 21
Ontario Energy Board. (2013.) Your Natural Gas Utility For Residential Consumers. Retrieved from:
http://www.ontarioenergyboard.ca/OEB/Consumers/Natural+Gas/Your+Natural+Gas+Utility 22
Natural Resources Canada. (2015.) Energy Sources Retail Fuel Prices by Province. Retrieved from:
http://www2.nrcan.gc.ca/eneene/sources/pripri/price_map_e.cfm#allprices 23
SaveONenergy. (2014.) Get rid of that old fridge. Retrieved from: https://saveonenergy.ca/Consumer/Conserve-and-
Connect/2014/Get-rid-of-that-old-fridge--We%E2%80%99ll-pick-it-up-for-f.aspx 24
Hydro One. (2015.) are you aware of phantom power?. Retrieved from:
http://www.hydroone.com/OurCompany/News/Pages/Areyouawareofphantompower.aspx 25
Hydro One. (n.d.) Phantom Power, you can’t see it, but it’s there. Retrieved from:
http://www.hydroone.com/MyHome/SaveEnergy/Tips/Pages/PhantomPower.aspx 26
saveONenergy. (n.d.) Energy Manager Training Incentive – Up to $1600. Retrieved From:
https://saveonenergy.ca/Business/Program-Overviews/TRAINING---SUPPORT/Energy-Manager-Training-Incentive-(Industrialcomm.aspx 27
Canadian Wind Energy Association. (n.d.) Small Wind Energy. Retrieved from: http://canwea.ca/communities/small-wind-
energy/ 28
Ontario Ministry of the Environment. (2013). Achieving Balance Ontario’s Long Term Energy Plan. Retrieved from:
http://www.energy.gov.on.ca/en/files/2014/10/LTEP_2013_English_WEB.pdf 29
Ontario Power Authority (now IESO). (2015.) Types of Renewable Technologies. Retrieved from:
http://microfit.powerauthority.on.ca/bioenergy 30
Mike Reynolds, Ecohome.net. (2016.) Geothermal Heating and Cooling. Retrieved from: www.ecohome.net/guide/geothermal-
heating-cooling 31 32
Natural Resources Canada. (2016.) Photovoltaic and solar resource maps. Retrieved from: http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/18366
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry. (2015.) Renewable Energy Atlas. Retrieved from:
http://www.giscoeapp.lrc.gov.on.ca/REA/Renewable.html?site=REA&viewer=REA&locale=en-US 33
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry. (2015.) Renewable Energy Atlas. Retrieved from:
http://www.giscoeapp.lrc.gov.on.ca/REA/Renewable.html?site=REA&viewer=REA&locale=en-US
Cambium Aboriginal