10. List of Abbreviations

AMRT Advanced Mineral Recovery Technology BAU Business as Usual CO2 Carbon dioxide CO2eq Carbon dioxide equivalent COMEX New York Mercantile Commodity Exchange CCU Carbon Capture and Utilisation CCUS Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage CNMP Carbon Neutral Metal Production EAF Electric Arc Furnaces EU European Union EUR Euros EU ETS EU Emissions Trading System E-Waste Electronic million tonnes G Gibbs constant GHG Greenhouse Gases HKMEx Hong Kong Mercantile Exchange HPAL High pressure acid leaching IED Industrial Emissions Directive IPR Intellectual Property Rights ISF Imperial Smelting Furnace Kg Kilogram Kt Kilo tonnes LED Light Emitting Diode LIBS Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy LME London Metals Exchange MWh Megawatt hour PJ Petajoule MOFs Metal-organic frameworks PFC Perfluorocarbon PPA Power-Purchase-Agreements R&D Research and Development RE Renewable Energy RFBs Redox flow batteries RLE Roasting – Leaching – Electrolysis SHFE Shanghai Futures Exchange SX-EW Solvent Extraction and Electrowinning T Tonne TBT Technical Barriers to Trade TiB2 Titanium diboride TRBs Thermally regenerative batteries TRABs Thermally regenerative ammonia-based batteries TRL Technology Readiness level TWh Terawatt hour WEEE Waste from Electrical And Electronic Equipment WTO World Trade Organisation