August 2015 CAPCA Adviser Magazine by CAPCA

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ADVISER

L A 15 W 20 N E E 2 T 2 RE DA ge PR UP e Pa

CAPCA

AUGUST 2015 / VOL . XV11I, NO. 4

California Association of Pest Control Advisers www.capca.com

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Table of Contents LEADERSHIP

REGULAR FEATURES: 5.

From the Editor

8 ��CAPCA Forward Update

14.

CCA Update

COMMUNICATIONS

24.

CAPCA ED

26.

Pathway to PCA

62.

Career Opportunities

FARM ADVISORS

66.

CAPCA Updates

44 ��Organic Pest Management Options: Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation (ASD) and Weed Control with New Organic Herbicide

67.

Continuing Education

6 ��CAPCA - Moving Forward in 2015 John McClenahan Gary Silveria

10 ��Pesticide Use Near Schools Now on the Front Burner Doug Okumura

UC IPM 40 ��Reducing Herbicide Drift Injury Kassim Al-Khatib and Tunyalee Martin

Oleg Daugovish, Joji Muramoto and Richard Smith

48 ��Pinot Leaf Curl

Rhonda J. Smith, Larry J. Bettiga and Douglas O. Adams

56 ��Twospotted Spider Mite and its Management in Strawberries Surendra K. Dara

60 ��Effect of Insecticide Application Timing on Feeding Injury of Bagrada Bug in Broccoli Shimat V. Joseph

See page 14

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From the Editor PREPARING FOR FALL 2015

he year is half over and CAPCA is in full swing preparing for the second half of 2015.

Those of you who will be renewing this year (last name M-Z) will want to make sure you are prepared for submitting your CE hours and license renewal application to DPR. DPR has provided CAPCA with an article that includes some helpful reminders and deadlines to get you organized for the renewal cycle (see page 22 of this issue). DPR will be mailing renewal packets in mid-September so be on the lookout for yours. We encourage anyone who has had an address change to submit your current mailing address to DPR to ensure that you receive your renewal forms on time. For those of you looking for additional CE hours, we recommend that you visit our CAPCA ED web site www.capcaed.com for some great seminar opportunities coming your way. Besides our regular CAPCA ED meetings, we have four events planned covering nutrient management topics such as nutrients and plant health, nitrogen and water compliance, soil and tissue testing, sustainability programs and other important issues. Also coming up is the CAPCA 41st Annual Conference & Agri-Expo, which will be held at the Grand Sierra Resort in Reno, NV on October 18-20th. Not only is this a great chance to listen to some knowledgeable speakers on timely topics and obtain CE hours but it is an excellent opportunity for networking and connecting with a wide variety of industry representatives and companies. Conference registration and hotel accommodation information is available on our web site’s conference page at www.capca.com/conference. So plan ahead and mark your calendars now. We look forward to seeing you at one of our upcoming CAPCA events. Joyce A. Basan Deputy Editor joyce@capca.com

CAPCA EDITORIAL STAFF Terry Stark - Editor Joyce Basan - Deputy Editor Dee Strowbridge - Marketing/Advertising Lien Banh - No. CA CAPCA ED Coord. Ariana Zamora - So. CA CAPCA ED Coord. Mindy DeRohan - Nutrient Mgmt. Coord. Ruthann Anderson - Executive Assistant Graphic Design - Rosemary N. Southward southwardr@comcast.net MISSION & PURPOSE California Association of Pest Control Advisers (CAPCA) is a non-profit voluntary mutual benefit association that represents 75% of the 4,000 California EPA licensed pest control advisers. CAPCA’s purpose is to serve as the leader in the evolution of the pest management industry through the communication of reliable information. CAPCA is dedicated to the professional development and enhancement of our members’ education and stewardship which includes legislative, regulatory, continuing education and public outreach activities. PUBLISHING INFORMATION CAPCA Adviser is published bi-monthly by the California Association of Pest Control Advisers (CAPCA), 2300 River Plaza Dr., Suite 120, Sacramento, California 95833. Web: www.capca.com, (916) 928‑1625. POSTMASTER: send address change to CAPCA. A portion of CAPCA membership dues is used to provide subscription privileges to the Adviser magazine. Nonmember subscriptions are $30/year. Third class bulk postage paid at Tucson, AZ and at additional mailing offices. CAPCA has endeavored to include appropriate and accurate statements, but disclaims any and all warranties and/or responsibility for the statements or articles submitted to CAPCA Adviser that may have additionally been edited for style, content and space prior to publication. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent CAPCA policies, or positions or endorsements. Editorial content of this publication is educational and informational in nature. No part of this publication, including images, may be reproduced without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact CAPCA at (916) 928‑1625 for reprint authorization. PRINTING: Sundance Press Tucson, Arizona

AUGUST 2015 | CAPCA ADVISER

LEADERSHIP

CAPCA - Moving Forward in 2015 John McClenahan, CAPCA Chair

APCA has had numerous challenges that your state board representatives and staff have addressed during the first six months of 2015. As you all know, we were transitioning CEOs from the recent retirement of Terry Stark to Gary Schulz. This experience presented your Executive Board of Directors with some difficult decisions resulting with Gary leaving effective June 1, 2015. The Executive Committee limited its announcement of the departure of the CEO to the CAPCA Board of Directors to be mindful of all legal requirements associated with the departure of our CEO. I want to acknowledge that the Executive Committee has called upon Terry Stark to provide CEO duties on an interim basis until a search for a full time President & CEO can be accomplished. Ms. Joyce Basan has been asked to provide the day to day management services for CAPCA and oversee all staff activities. I am pleased to say that staff has performed in an exemplary manner during this period and are there to provide membership any services they may require. On the more positive side of accomplishments for CAPCA, we conducted a Chapter Presidents Council in May and utilized this opportunity for both an orientation session and a listening session from the Chapter leaders.

John McClenahan, CAPCA Chair john@spmcclenahan.com CAPCA will be conducting our 2015 Demographic Survey immediately following the 4th of July holiday. If you receive this email, please respond at your earliest convenience. CAPCA uses the survey in its legislative and regulatory advocacy efforts as well as our Pathway to PCA recruitment efforts. This data allows CAPCA to articulate to industry and industry affiliates our key demographics that create interest in our activities such as our annual conference and sustaining memberships. Please complete the survey.

2015 CAPCA DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEY CAPCA will be conducting a demographic survey of our PCA membership in July, via email. It will only take you 12 minutes or less to respond. We are hopeful this survey will reach the majority of our members and provide a true reflection of our membership.

Thank you in advance for participating! 6

CAPCA ADVISER | AUGUST 2015

Our registration for the 41st CAPCA Annual Conference at the Grand Sierra Resort, Reno NV is open at http://capca.com/conference/ and reservations are open for hotel accommodations as well. A link to hotel room rate information and the online room reservation site is available on our web site’s conference page and can be accessed by selecting the “Accommodations” tile. Conference Chair Paul Crout has secured outstanding speakers for the annual meeting, themed “Reaching New Heights.” Development of the CAPCA Crop Teams is moving forward and more detailed information will be forthcoming as these volunteers introduce the mission & purpose of the crop teams to the membership. As your Chair, I encourage everyone to volunteer their time to make CAPCA a valuable resource within the pest management industry and to articulate to our elected officials and regulatory partners the positive efforts you as PCAs make daily in stewardship of our environment and the protection of public health. Please feel free to contact your state directors or members of the CAPCA Executive Board if we can be of assistance to you. T

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LEADERSHIP

CAPCA Forward Update Gary Silveria, CAPCA Forward Committee Chair

would like to take this opportunity to inform you that the CAPCA Forward Committee has been working hard behind the scenes and continues to develop future strategic framework to take the CAPCA Association membership to the next level in the industry while maintaining our relevance. We are still focused on the core values of CAPCA and working on a pro-active rather than a reactive direction for our membership. CAPCA Forward’s ultimate objectives include developing a unification of purpose and increased representation, expanding our communication platforms and streamline dissemination of information, thereby enabling the association and the PCAs to be more effective in their professional endeavors. Among other initiatives being discussed are: Membership – retention and growth. How to increase the value of being a member of CAPCA to industry participants - licensees, sustainable members, and student members. Chapter Purpose – assisting chapters in defining purpose, becoming more involved in initiatives, and honing their direction. The local members of the chapters are a great resource of knowledge and experience that needs to be utilized to benefit the association as a whole. Technology – embrace technology at the individual PCA app level and the web page level. We need to identify our members’ needs and provide valuable information to them. This will develop into a valuable resource to assist licensees in their daily work while becoming informed on industry issues where CAPCA’s voice needs to be heard.

CAPCA ADVISER | AUGUST 2015

Outreach – We need to continue to be on the leading edge of sound communication to our members, the public, regulators, legislators, other associations and industry groups. We will begin discussions with the CAPCA Public Relations Committee to identify opportunities for outreach and the branding of CAPCA. We are reaching out to members for other ideas to consider moving CAPCA forward the next 3-8 years and beyond. There will be a question on the upcoming Demographic Survey in regards to what you as a licensee view as issues that need to be addressed. We ask that you give the question serious thought if you are one of the PCAs selected to complete the survey. A large effort has been put into the Crop Team development. Some teams are further along than others. To get all teams heading in a similar direction but not necessarily with the exact same style, we have contracted the services of Ag Innovations to facilitate discussions with all of the seven Crop Team champions. A meeting will take place in July to work on the Crop Teams Project. The project objectives are to increase CAPCA’s relevance of its service and the value of its professional development and certification offerings to current and prospective members. Task 1 will be to work in collaboration with the CAPCA Forward committee and the Crop Teams to develop an active Crop Team model and process. This process will include chapter participation. Task 2 is to work with CAPCA staff and membership to identify grant funding sources to further develop and expand the Crop Team Project, plus the funding

Gary Silveria, CAPCA Forward Chair

and development of technological advances to aid in the dissemination of information to the membership and industry. Your involvement and ideas are always welcome and appreciated so do not hesitate to contact the CAPCA office or call me at (707) 249-8974. T

CAPCA Forward

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COMMUNICATIONS

Pesticide Use Near Schools Now on the Front Burner Doug Okumura, CAPCA Consultant

n May and June, the Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) held public workshops around the state to gather input from all stakeholders, including the agricultural community, parents, teachers, school officials, county health officials, and others on the topic of pesticide use near schools. The meetings were designed to solicit input on issues and concerns of pesticide use in and around school properties. From this information, DPR will evaluate the need for additional regulatory requirements. This issue is not only about restricted materials, it has the potential to impact the use of all pesticides used around schools. Why did DPR having these public workshops? “Based upon feedback from many stakeholder groups, DPR is gathering input on new requirements for pesticide use near schools. DPR recognizes and intends to address the need for consistent, statewide requirements that pertain to agricultural pesticide applications near schools.” Note that DPR’s statement is very general and refers to “agricultural pesticide applications.” While sitting in the Sacramento workshop, I noted there was a lot of discussion from the agricultural community as to why DPR is moving forward on this issue. DPR has historically depended on recurring incidents, and scientific data to propose and make regulatory decisions. In the documents provided by DPR at the workshops, the reasoning was not clear and it did not appear that there was any solid argument for DPR’s proposal. As an example, in one document DPR summarized their review of a survey of County Agricultural Commissioner (CAC) for pesticide inquiries received about schools between September 2011 and September 2014. DPR states in the document: “Investigation revealed that 26 (1.5%) of the inquiries were due to pesticides applied on campus

CAPCA ADVISER | AUGUST 2015

is intended and designed to prevent hazards or injury to humans and the environment in and around pesticide applications. The topics summarized below represent the starting point for DPR’s discussion to address concerns and enhance protection of school children:

Doug Okumura, CAPCA Advisor and 58 (3%) were due to pesticides applied outside of campus. None of the investigations discovered any exposure incident or illness. While the frequency of inquiries was low, many people expressed a desire for more information about pesticide applications near schools.” In addition, DPR released their 2014 air monitoring results. In the report it states: “They show that most of the monitored pesticides, in various agricultural communities, were found well below levels that indicate a health concern or need for further evaluation.” It is important that PCAs follow this issue closely because DPR’s plan is to implement additional regulatory requirements that I believe will impact how, when, where pesticides can be applied, and contain additional requirements for use of pesticides around schools. The two targeted areas at this point are notification requirements, and additional use requirements around school properties. In past Adviser articles, we have been covering the requirement of site evaluation, the reasoning (CEQA), and importance of site evaluation by PCAs. I believe that site evaluation in and around pesticide application sites has always been one of the most important regulatory requirements placed on PCAs, and PCOs. As we have covered in the past, site evaluation

Increase communication through notification to schools... • of intended applications of certain pesticides • made when the school is in session • within a certain proximity to the school Reduce risk of exposure by additional restrictions on applications... • of certain pesticides • made using specific application methods • within a certain proximity to the school Note: Based on the workshop discussions and findings, DPR can and may change the concepts of notification and additional restrictions, and take additional mitigation steps. DPR is accepting written comments on the two concepts until July 31, 2015. Submit comments to: George Farnsworth, Branch Chief Enforcement Branch Calif. Dept. of Pesticide Regulation P.O. Box 4015 Sacramento, CA 95812-4015 George.Farnsworth@cdpr.ca.gov Process and Timeline: DPR will follow a two-phase process to develop restrictions for schools. The first phase will be the development and public discussion of regulatory concepts (above). The second phase will be the formal rulemaking for statewide regulations based on the final concepts.

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• May-June 2015: DPR hold regional workshops • August 31, 2015: DPR completes posting of comments on regulation concepts • August-December 2015: DPR evaluates comments and drafts regulations • December 2015: DPR releases proposed regulation for formal public comment • February 2016: DPR holds public hearing on proposed regulations • December 2016: DPR submits final regulation to Office of Administrative Law • April 2017: Regulations become effective if regulations are approved The first step in the proper and safe use of the most toxic pesticides (restricted materials) has been historically left to the CAC. Early in my career at DPR, I learned that the CAC’s local knowledge and experience was an important part of regulating the proper and safe use of pesticides. Through the restricted materials permit system, the CAC evaluates the environment in and around proposed pesticide application sites at the time of permit issuance. If they see a concern or potential problem, they will issue permit conditions designed to mitigate their concern or potential problem. With the restricted material permit comes the requirement of the NOI, NOA, and NOC which completes key parts of the Site and Time specific requirements of CEQA (mini EIR). A very important point for PCAs to understand is that at this point, DPR’s public workshops are not proposing to address restricted material only, but also non-restricted materials. Therefore, the CAC does not have the ability to provide the first layer of environmental site evaluation for all pesticides as they do with restricted material pesticides. Since I do not see DPR making all pesticides restricted materials, I suspect that all the new regulatory requirements for non-restricted pesticides will be put into regulation. This means that all those involved in pesticide sales, recommendations,

CAPCA ADVISER | AUGUST 2015

and use/application will now need to refer to DPR regulations to know what the new requirements for use are. Putting regulatory requirements in regulation, instead of using the CAC system, seems to be the trend. Agricultural use pesticide surface water mitigation regulations in development are proposed to be in regulation. The non-Ag pesticide and VOC pesticide use requirements have already been put in regulation. Compliance will be very difficult and complex unless you as a PCA keep up and know what all these requirements are. I think that use of the CAC’s local expertise and knowledge is a better way to go in the stewardship of the proper and safe use of pesticides. With the investment the CAC’s have made in technology of site mapping and GPS, it only makes sense that they remain the first level of site evaluation and can issue site or chemical specific mitigation. Designating a pesticide a restricted material and therefore using the existing CAC restricted material system has its own issues. Designating a pesticide a restricted material often times has a certain negative stigma attached to it, and designating pesticides as restricted materials will significantly increases activities and the costs to the CAC pesticide regulatory program. More info: http://www.cdpr. ca.gov/docs/legbills/regsdeve.htm

Regulatory Update DPR’s 2014 Air Monitoring Program Results: DPR has released the monitoring report and made it available to the public. They show that most of the monitored pesticides, in various rural agricultural communities, were found well below levels that indicate a health concern or need for further evaluation.

Note: DPR and USEPA Region 9 will continue to do air monitoring in various agricultural settings. For the air monitoring reports see: http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/ airinit/air_network_results.htm

Chlorpyrifos Designated as a California Restricted Material: Effective July 1, 2015 DPR will designate chlorpyrifos a California Restricted Material when it is an ingredient in a pesticide product labeled for use in the production of an agricultural commodity. Commercial applicators will now require a written recommendation by a licensed PCA or equivalent from a certified private applicator. DPR is developing recommended interim permit condition based on human health and environmental risks. Permit conditions will likely include buffer zones near sensitive areas, good management practices to reduce drift, and measures to reduce runoff into surface water. See your local CAC for the actual permit conditions they will be issuing for their county. Note: Permit conditions may not be all the same in all counties. There may be some counties that add additional permit conditions specific to a site or their county. The counties ability to add mitigation is one of the reasons I support the current county system when DPR moves forward with the school issue. More info: http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/ docs/legbills/rulepkgs/14-002/14-002.htm T

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CCA UPDATE

Water Quality Reporting Elements Shift to Growers

Dan Munk, University of California

n December 23, 2014 the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board issued a Nitrogen Management Plan Template to agricultural water quality coalitions that would be distributed to growers with the goal of documenting on-farm nitrogen management planning in early season as well as actual nitrogen application practices at season’s end. This new phase of the Irrigated Lands Regulatory Program (ILRP) marks some of the first stages of the expanded ILRP that will include more detailed reporting and monitoring of the Region’s groundwater resources. Since 2006 growers and agricultural water quality Coalitions implemented a previous Waste Discharge Requirement (WDR) focused on monitoring and reporting the conditions of surface water quality within Coalition borders. While the initial ILRP involved the membership of thousands of growers who could potentially discharge to a surface water, it wasn’t until this latest order that virtually all Central Valley commercial farms and fields will be required to document their planning and practices of nitrogen management on commercial irrigated lands. 14

CAPCA ADVISER | AUGUST 2015

Because all irrigated agricultural activities result in some drainage below the crop root zone, there is potential for the salt, nutrient and pesticide components of the drainage to migrate to the groundwater, thereby impacting aquifer water quality. While salt and pesticide contamination issues are being regulated through different program elements, nitrate contamination of groundwater is of particular concern due to its widespread use in agriculture over many decades and its frequent presence above the Federal and State Maximum Contaminate Level (MCL). The report “Addressing Nitrate in California Drinking Water,” commissioned by Senate Bill X2 1, confirmed the widespread occurrence of nitrates in the Tulare Lake Basin and Salinas Valley and concluded that nitrate levels in drinking water aquifers will continue to rise due largely to past agricultural activities. Armed with the responsibility of protecting California waters, the Regional Board has been meeting with growers, third party Coalitions, agricultural industry and the environmental justice community to establish a framework for reporting

and monitoring agricultural practices and activities that can potentially impact groundwater systems. However, the process for developing and implementing a sensible and effective nitrogen monitoring and reporting program in complex agricultural systems is difficult and not without controversy. Achieving the coequal goals of protecting groundwater quality while simultaneously limiting farm productivity losses caused by the under-application of nitrogen requires considerable investment by the grower aimed at the proper application of current technology as well as improvements in scientific understanding of how these systems operate. Soil variability for instance is present in all farm management units and in some cases results in significant differences in water transmission rates, water holding capacity and nutrient storage and release. While each crop type has a characteristic nutrient uptake pattern, there can be substantial field-to-field variability depending on many factors including rooting depth, root system uptake efficiency, and crop productivity. Climate also

plays a key role in nutrient uptake by controlling the pace of above and belowground plant metabolism governing the growth rates that influence the plant’s ability to access nitrogen in the field. Nitrogen application technology provides another major source of variability in distributing nitrogen in fields. Although the complexity of agricultural systems complicates the ability of growers and coalitions to precisely predict both crop response and environmental fate, considerable research accumulated over many decades supports our capacity to achieve the coequal goals of balancing agricultural productivity and environmental protection. Studies conducted by university, agency and private industry scientists have established a foundation for better understanding key nitrogen balance elements including crop nitrogen uptake rates, nitrogen amounts removed at harvest, nitrogen transformed into unusable forms for crops and mechanisms which move nitrogen below the root zone. The initial monitoring and reporting approach supported by the Board is to develop nitrogen balance estimates in individual or grouped field units having “like” management. A key tool in developing that balance is the Nitrogen Management Plan (NMP) Template. The NMP Template provides a tool for growers to identify N management expectations for the coming year by developing estimates of nitrogen anticipated to be available by the crop throughout the year (expressed as an N credit), estimating anticipated crop yield (crop N demand) as well as estimating anticipated N applications to the field that take into account inefficiencies of the farming unit. The NMP template will then serve as a planning tool that directs growers to make more informed decisions about their N applications, identify the major N losses in the system and begin to identify means to minimize those losses and take corrective actions should those losses be substantially

greater than regional averages of similar systems. The intent of the approach is to develop a method by which local Coalitions can assess and compare regional N balances within similar systems and make a valued assessment about the efficiency of each farming unit in the long-term. The second part of the NMP Template is that once the certified individual has completed and signed the plan, post-harvest actual N applications will be required to further document any unanticipated changes in N management. In-season changes in yield estimates can either increase or decrease expected N demand while supplemental information such as soil or plant tissue N testing can modify early expectations. The PCA and CCA

“To date, more than 600 CCAs have been instructed in general nitrogen management as well as targeted training regarding the nuances of efficient N management in perennial and annual cropping systems.”

can play a particularly useful role here through their unique ability to assess in-season impacts of pests or changing growth patterns on yield. Providing a common tool for all growers to use is one thing, but it is quite another to make these worksheet assessments consistently effective and meaningful. It will be essential that the certified planners use similar assessment tools and methods to document individual elements of the NMP. Common methods for estimating N removed or N released from organic

amendments are good examples of how using different approaches to estimate N balance can result in very different Template reporting. To avoid these pitfalls, and to ensure that the program is useful to growers and Coalitions, growers and their consultants need to follow recommended procedures and use the best available information that supports the NMP. It is expected that trained Coalition staff will assist in identifying situations where farming system improvements may be needed to help improve field N balance and make informed recommendations on how to best take corrective actions. With a grant from the CDFA, the University of California’s Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources (UCANR) developed an agricultural nitrogen management training course aimed at training California Certified Crop Advisors (CCAs). To date, more than 600 CCAs have been instructed in general nitrogen management as well as targeted training regarding the nuances of efficient N management in perennial and annual cropping systems. During Day 1 of the training, modules were presented on nitrogen sources, nitrogen cycling, irrigations influence on N movement and management, N budgeting and tools available to develop those budgets. Day 2 training was divided into perennial and annual cropping systems; within each of these systems there are common elements of N management across crops. Currently UCANR and the agricultural industry led by Coalitions, growers, and commodity groups are engaged in a coordinated effort to assemble and distill the available nitrogen management literature that would collectively support agriculture’s ability to more accurately predict individual commodity nitrogen needs under a wide variety of conditions that are likely to occur in cultivated California conditions. This effort will be key in honing nitrogen fertilization requirements for specific crops and identifying major sources of N loss AUGUST 2015 | CAPCA ADVISER

CCA UPDATE in each cropping system. It will also help to organize priorities for future research by identifying current data gaps or situations where research was applied under very different irrigation or production systems and needs to be updated. This is the first time that such a concerted effort has been made to organize information from a wide range of technical sources with the common goal of improving farm N balance. In an effort to include more professionals in the certification process, Coalitions, CDFA, and UCANR are moving forward with a grower certification program, supported by the Regional Board. The training curriculum currently in development will take a similar form to what was presented to CCAs, but will be condensed to those elements needed to understand and fill out the NMP Template using best available information. Investments in grower and CCA training can be an effective means to maintain knowledge proficiency by providing best available information from reliable sources followed by the support of a continuing education program. To this end, the process being proposed will include an effort to distill and make available crop specific information that will be posted for all growers and CCAs to consult as well as provide a mechanism to modify or add to the information as new or better information become available. While some of this information is already made available on the CDFA FREP Fertilizer Guidelines website, an additional database is being created to support the proper field application of the NMP Template. Several important issues related to the NMP Template remain unresolved that will influence how the information will be used by third Parties and the Regional board. It has yet to be determined which

CAPCA ADVISER | AUGUST 2015

elements of the NMP Template will be submitted to the Coalitions who will be charged with data aggregation and reporting to the Regional board. Which of those Coalition aggregated Template elements will be reported to the Regional Board? The Regional Board will likely be looking to specific Template metrics such as nitrogen removal, removal ratio, or total N applied in evaluating the efficiency of N in diverse farming systems. How will the Regional Board use those metrics provided by Coalitions and what will the decision making process be in determining what is actionable or in violation of an Order? Currently the Nitrogen Technical Advisor Work Group is developing a method of standardizing estimates that will

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Several important issues related to the NMP Template remain unresolved that will influence how the information will be used by third Parties and the Regional board.â&#x20AC;?

be used in Templates to report N in irrigation water, evaluating N in soils and estimating N contributions from the many organic amendments applied annually in farming systems. Looking forward, there will likely be Regional Board changes to the nutrient management elements of the ILRP as the Board continues to gather and evaluate information on agrosystem N management. The CDFA report on Nitrogen Tracking and Reporting System for Agriculture provided recommendations on nitrogen use reporting in high vulnerability areas and will aid as guidance to the Board. Similarly the Agricultural Expert Panel Final Report provides recommendations on metrics that can be used in evaluating the risk or vulnerability of agricultural practices on groundwater nitrate levels in the context of an ILRP. The Panelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s report emphasized the value of working to identify inefficient field systems in the short term by focusing on current agricultural practices and deemphasized the value of a groundwater monitoring program that is more effective at assessing long term changes in water quality. Perhaps the most forward looking elements of the ILRP include the ability to regularly assess the current reporting and monitoring requirements and allow the program to evolve over time as strengths and weaknesses of the process become more apparent and as new information becomes available. One thing that is already clear in this new ILRP effort is that growers will be much more engaged as their planning efforts are formalized and standardized for reporting and support of plan implementation. T

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CCA UPDATE

Clark Webb, CA CCA Board Member

n 2014 the Arizona Certified Crop Advisor program merged with the California program. California is well known for its wide diversity in agriculture and environments. While the agriculture in Arizona isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t as diverse, it may surprise a few people. The Desert is more than just Arizona; for the sake of this article it will also include the Imperial Valley, the Coachella Valley, Blythe and Central Arizona. Arizona has two different systems to obtain water for irrigation. Most of the central part of the state is dependent on ground water. Some areas around the Phoenix and Casa Grande areas do receive water from the Central Arizona Project canal, but other outlying areas use ground water almost exclusively. Yuma, Imperial and Coachella Valleys, Blythe, Parker and areas up the river use the Colorado River as their main water source. These areas are known as the Lower Colorado River Basin. The irrigation systems were put into place as early as 1910. The siphon in Yuma that moves water under the river to the Valley was originally dug around this time and is still in use today. That siphon and the dams and storage systems along the Colorado provide water to what is called the Winter Salad Bowl. Depending on the literature you read, this provides upwards of 90% of the fresh produce consumed in the US during the winter months from November to early March. Central Arizona and the Parker areas still grow cotton, alfalfa and other forage crops. Blythe grows cotton, melons, and produce with a little citrus. The Coachella Valley grows produce, grapes at time peppers and tomatoes, and citrus with Medjool Dates. The Imperial Valley has large acreages of alfalfa, Bermuda

CAPCA ADVISER | AUGUST 2015

grass, citrus, sugar beets and still has room for produce. The Yuma Valleys and the Mesa have alfalfa, citrus and some Bermuda grass. The areas in the Lower Colorado River Basin will generally rotate winter produce with Sudan grass, cotton or small grains in the summer. One of the unique aspects of farming in the produce producing areas is the amount of cropping that happens in a calendar year. For example, a grower could finish a vegetable crop in January, and within a week have that ground turned around into wheat. The wheat harvest in that field could finish in June, and then have another vegetable crop planted in September with an early December harvest and another wheat crop planted on it before the first of the next year. Most of the productive soils in the Desert are river alluvial soils. There are exceptions like the Coachella and the Imperial Valleys. Regardless of the origin of the soil, there are some common problems that need to be addressed. In the commercial produce areas, our biggest challenge is providing adequate amounts of phosphate for the plant. Most of the soils in the Desert are high lime soils resulting in an effective rate of 8-10% of applied phosphate availability for fast growing produce planted in the late summer and early fall plantings. Vegetables and sugar beets may be planted with daytime temperatures of over 105 degrees with nighttime lows in the 80â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. Those same high temperatures also speed up the soil solutions reactions in fixing the applied phosphate. The other major factor faced in most of these areas is relative high pH. The average range of soil pH will vary from 7.3 to as high as 8.5. These ranges also make the

availability of most minor elements difficult to impossible for plant usage. Zinc, iron and manganese are the nutrients that will require monitoring and deficiencies are common. Addressing these likely deficiencies early in the crop life (at planting) is the most efficient way to prevent deficiencies as the produce crops are growing quickly in the early planting window. Crop professionals who work along the Colorado River may have PCA licenses in both states and in California possibly multiple counties. The role of a CCA in these areas is starting to grow. As regulations grow and become more defined in California, the expertise unique to the CCA will also grow. Unlike the PCA licenses, your CCA certification is recognized in both states. At the current time, the CCA certification in Arizona is proof that without specific regulations mandating it, that person has shown the initiative to take two difficult exams to further their knowledge and professionalism. The CCA certificate is something to be proud that you have earned, and your Board of Directors is always trying to meet the concerns of CCAs from Northern California to the eastern border of Azizona. T

CCA UPDATE

Drip Irrigation and Root Zone Management Todd Rinkenberger, Netafim, USA

he driving force that creates the natural movement of water from soil to plant and atmosphere is based on the freeenergy gradient of the water. This gradient can be equivalent to hundreds of pounds of pressure and causes plants to lose water to the atmosphere. Plant tissue cannot block, for example, water flow. Desert plants have a very effective mechanism to protect themselves and survive, but most crops don’t. (Even desert plants, which have various protection systems, are seriously affected.) Most crops actually have little ability to cope with the environmental conditions and are extremely vulnerable to losing water to the atmosphere. A plant will absorb water from the soil to replace the loss of water to the atmosphere. The higher the soil moisture the quicker the plant will be able to replenish itself, avoid stress and recover. The water flow through the plant from roots to leaves is called the mass flow. It is much greater than the amount of water the plant needs for its direct nourishment. The mass flow is a carrier of minerals and other organic compounds which are absorbed from the soil and synthesized in the roots. The mass flow carries these essential elements to the canopy. The uptake of minerals and the metabolism of organic compounds in the root requires energy. In order to generate the energy needed for this process, the plant root must respire. The optimal concentration of air needed in the soil to ensure free breathing of roots is about 10% of soil volume. The goal is to ensure maximum moisture in the soil and optimal air concentration, to allow the plant to replenish its water needs and supply minerals and other organic compounds to the canopy. If this goal is achieved, we can maximize yield and quality while shortening growth cycles. Any water or air stress will adversely affect the above. Since

CAPCA ADVISER | AUGUST 2015

we cannot manage the atmosphere, we must try and control the soil. The name of the game is Root Zone Management. Soil & Irrigation Intervals Soil is a porous media. Soil pores can vary greatly in size. Water in the soil is held by capillary forces which are stronger than gravitational pulls. Water can flow in the soil in two basic patterns. • Saturated flow which equals piston flow • Non-saturated flow from a point source emitter Saturation, all pores are full of water and most of the air is pushed out. Field Capacity (F.C.) is a moisture level where the large pores are full of air and the small pores are full of water. This is the ideal soil/water/plant conditions. In the absence of consumers (plants), this moisture level won’t change, establishing an equilibrium. Wilting Point (W.P.) is a moisture level in the soil where the plant cannot replenish the loss of moisture to the atmosphere and the plant wilts. Available Water (A.W.) is the amount of water between Field Capacity and Wilting Point which is relatively easy for the plant to absorb. Research and field practices have found that to avoid stress to plants, irrigation should be applied to replenish the moisture when the plant reaches not more than 20% to 50% of available water. Range varies according to crop and soil type. Example: How can we calculate the proper intervals between irrigation cycles in tree crops? • The crop: peach trees 20’ by 12’ • Effective root zone depth: 3’ • The soil: medium to heavy • Daily consumption of peach orchard: 8,000 gallons/acre per day in peak season

• Available water: 50,000 gallons per acre per foot of depth of soil • Irrigation threshold: 50% of A.W. The maximum amount of water available for trees in the given root zone is 50,000 gallons per acre/per foot. 3’ x 50% provides 75,000 gallons per acre. Primary Reasons Why a Concentrated Root Zone is More Effective • Superior Aeration - Drip irrigation allows the optimum combination of air and water. Other irrigation methods which create saturation or piston flow, push the air from the effective root zone for a period of a few hours to a few days, depending upon the type of soil, effectively suffocating the plant. Under these conditions the plant is unable to generate the needed energy to take in minerals and synthesize essential organic compounds. Aeration difficulty is typical in medium to heavy soils where infiltration could last several days. • Micro-conditions in the root zone can be very different from the macro conditions. If we examine one rootlet in the soil, we will find that the soil moisture surrounding it is much lower than the soil moisture between the rootlets. An envelope of dry soil is covering the rootlet and slows the ability of the rootlet to absorb water and minerals. In light soils, this phenomenon happens very quickly and it can create a situation where average measured moisture is relatively wet while the plant cannot absorb water. Concentrated root zone has a much higher density of roots and rootlets in any given unit of soil and the effectiveness of the fertigation supplied to the soil is much greater. These two factors, aeration and micro conditions, vary according to soil type, but both play an important roll in all types of soils.

Irrigation Intervals Option 1 - If we irrigate 100% of an area (flood or sprinkler) the interval will be: 75,000 ÷ 8,000 (nine to ten day interval between irrigation cycles) Option 2 - If we irrigate 50% of an area (mini sprinkler) the interval will be: 75,000 x 50% ÷ 8,000 (approximately a five day interval) Option 3 - If we irrigate 25% of area (drip) the interval will be: 75,000 x 25% ÷ 8,000 (three day interval) In all three options we are irrigating the orchard at intervals that keep the trees from being stressed. Will the result of each option be the same? The more concentrated the root zone, the more effective the root system. Summary Advantages of Concentrated Root Volume • Frequent irrigation cycles result in minimum fluctuation in soilmoisture levels, providing the optimal water supply to the plant. • Non-saturated water flow in the soil guarantees the proper aeration

needed for all energy requiring activity in the roots, including the active uptake of minerals and metabolism of organic compounds essential to the canopy. • The combination of optimal water supply and proper aeration produces the highest quality development. This applies to all crop yield. • Valuable minerals have difficulty reaching the root zone because of lower mobility in the soil. The concentration of roots in a limited wetted volume greatly increases the effectiveness of fertigation. • Increasing the efficiency of fertigation and the precise control of irrigation, helps prevent the leaching of minerals from the root zone into the ground water. • Precise root zone management allows us to create and control conditions. Sometimes stressing a plant is a needed management technique. A limited root zone allows this technique to be accomplished quicker and with greater control. Be Aware • The reservoir of the plant, which

holds water and minerals, is smaller and frequent applications are needed. • The system must be more reliable since failure margins are very narrow and mistakes are more difficult to overcome. Limiting the root zone enables us to manage it better and increases the effectiveness of the water and minerals supplied to the plants. Your understanding and application of these concepts through the correct irrigation system will allow you to achieve the highest return for your investment. Agritechnical Benefits that Save Time and Money • With the use of drip irrigation, the wetted surface is limited. This leads to the reduction of weed development, which reduces tilling and spraying. • The dry area between rows allows the use of heavy machinery at any time without destroying the soil structure due to compaction. • Fertigation can continue without interruption. Multiple operations can take place simultaneously. T

OFAC & CAPCA EVENTS SAVE THE DATES

December Sustainable Organic Seminars:

AUGUST

DECEMBER

Tulare-Kings Chapter & OFAC August 13, 2015 Sustainable Organic Production in the Southern San Joaquin Valley

Woodland Chapter & OFAC December 3, 2015 8:00 am – 3:00 pm Yolo County Fairgrounds Woodland, CA

(approved for 6.0 DPR hrs and 6.0 CCA hrs)

8:00 am – 3:00 pm International Agri Center, Tulare, CA Registration: www.capcaed.com

North Coast Chapter & OFAC December 16, 2015 8:00 am – 3:00 pm For sponsorship opportunities or Napa County Fairgrounds additional information contact: Calistoga, CA Steve Beckley at sbeckley@aol.com or (916) 539-4107

2015 Renewal Information for DPR License L IA C E and Certificate Holders SP E TIC NO

Dates for Renewal ubmit completed renewal application to DPR by November 19, 2015, to receive your license/certificate by January 1, 2016. If submitted after November 19, you will not receive your license/certificate by January 1. Processing time is 45 days. To check if you’re renewed, go to DPR’s Web site: www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/license/currlic.htm

Renewal applications must be postmarked on or before December 31, or a late fee applies. To make the renewal process as efficient as possible, please use the renewal application DPR mailed to you. If you have not received your renewal application by the end of September, contact DPR at (916) 445-4038 or download a renewal packet from their Web site: www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/license/liccert.htm

Address Changes Always notify DPR immediately of any address or name changes.

Business License Renewal Application The following forms will be included in the renewal packet: • Business Renewal Application PR-PML-192 • Renewal Information Requirements PR-PML-140 Renewal applications must be filled out completely, signed, and submitted with the correct fee. Note: Your qualified applicator must be renewed before your business license can be renewed.

Mailing of Renewal Packets DPR will mail renewal packets mid-September to license and certificate holders with surnames that start with the letters M-Z and business names that start with the letters M-Z.

DPR CONTACT INFORMATION License or Certificate Type

DPR Staff Name and Email

Phone Number

Pest Control Advisers

Heather Allen Heather.Allen@cdpr.ca.gov

(916) 445-4046

Alpha: F-L, M, N, P, Q, R Rebecca Olson Rebecca.Olson@cdpr.ca.gov

(916) 445-6353

Alpha: A-E, O, S-Z Shernee Tousant Willie.Tousant@cdpr.ca.gov

(916) 445-0429

Alpha: A-E, N, S-Z Rayven Jenkins Rayven.Jenkins@cdpr.ca.gov

(916) 445-4013

Alpha: F-M, O-R Kenneth King Kenneth.King@cdpr.ca.gov

(916) 322-0414

Alpha: A-D, S,T, U-Z Regina Maglia Regina.Maglia@cdpr.ca.gov

(916) 445-3871

Alpha: E-L, M-R, V Elizabeth Dummert Elizabeth.Dummert@cdpr.ca.gov

(916) 445-0780

Pilots (APC/JPC)

Regina Maglia Regina.Maglia@cdpr.ca.gov

(916) 445-3871

Designated Agents

Elizabeth Dummert Elizabeth.Dummert@cdpr.ca.gov

(916) 445-0780

Supervisor

Cynthia Ray Cindy.Ray@cdpr.ca.gov

(916) 445-4026

Qualified Applicator Certificates

Qualified Applicator Licenses

Pest Control Businesses

CAPCA ADVISER | AUGUST 2015

Individual License and Certificate Renewal The following forms will be included in the renewal packet: • Renewal Application PR-PML-141 • CE Records Renewal Summary PR-PML-123 Renewal applications need to be signed, and must include the required CE records summary and correct fee. Continuing Education License and certificate holders must keep copies of their CE records for 3 years. DPR may request copies of your CE records at any time. Submit the CE Records Renewal Summary, PRPML-123, or a summary record of CE attendance from a third party professional association (e.g. CECPM). Your CE records must include: • License/Certificate Holder’s Name • License/Certificate Number and Type • Course Location, Title and Date • DPR Course I.D. Number • Course hours attended for each CE category • Name of instructor or sponsoring organization • Your Signature General Information about CE Courses DPR does not track CE hours for individuals, but has the ability to audit CE records. DPR approved CE hours must be obtained during the valid period of the license or certificate. The valid period is listed on the license or certificate (from the ‘date of issue’ until the ‘valid through’ date). NO grace period is given to obtain CE hours. NO CE hours can be carried over to the next renewal period. If renewing multiple licenses or certificates, you only need sufficient CE hours to meet the license or certificate with the most CE hours required. Questions about your CE hours? You must contact the course sponsor or your professional association. See DPR’s Web site for previous years’ courses and sponsors’ contact info: www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/license/liccert.htm

• STAY INFORMED • Increase your knowledge of the news, actions and proposed regulatory changes from the Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) that may affect your PCA license and the pest control industry.

DPR Electronic Subscription Lists DPR’s web site includes a subscription page for their electronic mailing lists. You can sign up to receive free, automatic delivery of: ➢➢DPR News Releases. ➢➢Licensing, Certification and Continuing Education Information. ➢➢Notices on Regulatory Actions or Proposed Regulatory Changes that may affect your license and/or business operations. ➢➢Specific Program Updates such as the Surface Water Protection Program, Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Program, and others. Subscribe at: http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/dept/listserv/listdesc.htm

DPR 2015 Rulemaking Calendar Regulatory changes slated on DPR’s Rulemaking Calendar for 2015 include: ➢VOCs ➢ DPR List Serve Sign up for important information and updates from DPR about Licensing and CE: www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/dept/listserv/sub1113.htm T

➢Mitigation ➢ of Hazards Associated with Pesticide Use Adjacent to Schools ➢Soil ➢ Fumigants Notification For projected dates for notifications, comment periods, and other important information, visit: http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/legbills/2015rc.pdf

CAPCA ED

Providing Solutions Through Continuing Education Assisting PCAs, QALs, QACs, CCAs, Private Applicators, Structural Pest Licensees, as well as ISA and GCSAA members in improving their professional knowledge

2015 CAPCA ED Meeting Schedule July 28, 2015 – Atascadero – Nutrient Mgmt July 29, 2015 – Fresno – Nutrient Mgmt August 5, 2015 – San Mateo – CAPCA ED August 13, 2015 – Tulare – OFAC August 19, 2015 – Carlsbad – CAPCA ED August 20, 2015 – Simi Valley – CAPCA ED September 2, 2015 – Modesto – Nutrient Mgmt (CCA) September 10, 2015 – Bakersfield – CAPCA ED September 16, 2015 – San Jose – CAPCA ED September 30, 2015 – Chico – CAPCA ED October 18-20, 2015 - CAPCA Conference & Agri-Expo Reno, NV November 4, 2015 – Sacramento – CAPCA ED November 12, 2015 – Tulare – CAPCA ED November 17, 2015 – Ontario – Nutrient Mgmt (CCA) November 18, 2015 – Westchester – CAPCA ED November 18, 2015 – Napa – CAPCA ED November 19, 2015 – Santa Ana – CAPCA ED December 1, 2015 – Bakersfield – CAPCA ED December 3, 2015 – Woodland – OFAC December 16, 2015 – Calistoga – OFAC

www.capcaed.com

CAPCA ED seminars generously supported by:

Introduce Sevin XLR Plus ®

for a more balanced citrus IPM and red scale resistance management program. Balance your citrus ipm program to control increasingly resistant California red scale with the different mode of action delivered by SEVIN xlr plus. SEVIN carbaryl insecticide from NovaSource is a familiar name in the Citrus industry. Today, the dollars invested in your rotation can work even more effectively by adding the liquid xlr plus formulation to your red scale control program. Ask your Pest Control Advisor or retailer about improving the roi on your citrus ipm by introducing SEVIN xlr plus.

For more information or 2014 trial results, email us at info-novasource@ tkinet.com or call 800.525.2803. Visit our new mobile-friendly website at novasource.com

PATHWAY TO PCA

Wrapping Up the Cal Ag Plate Grant! Shannon R. Douglass, Pathway to PCA Consultant

ack in January we were pleased to be awarded a small grant from the Cal Ag Plate funding. Our project was to put on a set of tours to showcase the many careers that students can seek in crop and plant science. This served as a test project to decide if we should focus our tour attention on students or keep the efforts focused on teachers. The first tour was conducted in partnership with Butte Community College at the end of April. The students got a tour of the campus agriculture facilities and headed off for a three-stop tour of Butte County agriculture. At the first stop, Rancho Esquon in Durham, students got to see large scale farming and conservation side by side. Agromillora in Gridley was the second stop, where students toured the greenhouses and observed the many steps in tree propagation. The final stop was Pro Pacific Fresh in Durham, where students learned about food safety and distribution. The second tour event was in partnership with Woodland Community College in early May. For this tour we had three stops – two tours and a panel discussion during a sit-down lunch – in addition to the campus tour. We had a great tour from Pioneer’s sunflower division in Woodland in the morning where students learned about sunflower production. For lunch we sat down with three panelists: a current field checking intern in Woodland, a PCA just a year out of school from Dixon and an agronomist with 10 years in the industry. Each shared what they do in their jobs and how they got started in their careers. This was a great addition to the program and well-received by students. We ended the day at Matchbook Vineyards where students learned about growing and making wine. As an added bonus for all the teachers who participated, we also

CAPCA ADVISER | AUGUST 2015

Shannon Douglass shannonrdouglass@gmail.com created a seed identification kit that can be used in the vegetable crops and agronomy FFA contests. The teachers also received posters for their classrooms and student handouts. Our survey results have indicated some modest success. A majority of student surveys indicated

that students would consider a career in crop science following the tour. A vast majority would recommend the tour to friends and nearly all indicated that they knew more about crops careers after the tour than they did before. All of the teacher surveys indicated that teachers felt the tours to be highly beneficial to students. Overall we were very pleased with the tour events. The student tours are more expensive and challenging to coordinate than the teacher tours. While it is great to reach students directly, the impact that we have during teacher tours is probably more valuable and a more efficient use of our resources. Thank you to everyone who helped in making these events possible! I’m already starting to plan the teacher tour events for this fall and will be in touch with some of you to possibly provide tour locations soon! T

Agromillora in Gridley shows students how an olive cutting turns into a new olive tree.

Students learn about agriculture and wildlife conservation work at Rancho Esquon in Durham.

Students learn about vineyards and winemaking at Matchbook Winery in Zamora.

2015

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Wilbur-Ellis Company Ideas to Grow With

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The Leader in Biopesticides

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For Sustaining Membership Information Contact Dee Strowbridge (916) 928-1625 x203 dee@capca.com

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Greenbook Data Solutions Versatile Crop Protection Product Data Services

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Nufarm Americas, Inc.

Nufarm is a global plant protection supplier inspired to develop solutions that help plants and people thrive.

QualiTech, Inc.

Together, We Make Ideas That Work™

SQM North America

Ultrasol K Plus – Potassium Nitrate for Improved Yield and Quality

Suterra LLC Valent USA Corp

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Verdesian Life Sciences

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BRONZE MEMBERS Ag 1 Source Actagro Plant Nutrients AG RX AgroLogistics Systems, Inc AgroPlantae, Inc Agroplasma Inc AgSafe Baicor L.C. Buttonwillow Warehouse Company California Organic Fertilizers CDMS, Inc Certified Crop Advisers Duarte Nursery, Inc GfK Isagro USA McClenahan Pest Control, Inc. Meister Media Worldwide Mergens Insurance Agency Monsanto Crop Protection Mosaic Motomco Nabta USA International Inc Nichino America, Inc Nutrient Technologies Ocean Organics Corp OHP, INC. Polymer Ag, LLC Produce Careers, Inc. Rotam North American S Beckley & Associates San Joaquin Grower Services SePro Corporation Spectrum Technologies, Inc. Stoller USA The American Phytopathological Society The Morning Star Packing Company Tiger-Sul | HJ Baker +Bros U.S. Borax Inc a Rio Tinto Company Van Beurden Insurance Svcs. West Coast Nut Grower Guide

Pacific Gas & Electric - Sustaining Member

2015 Science Fair Award Winners

n May 19th four members of CAPCA met at the California State Science Center in downtown Los Angeles. Jared Britschgi and Roger Williams from the Kern County chapter along with Linda LaVanne from the Ventura chapter and Will Harrison from the SoCal Chapter fought through Tuesday morning LA traffic to attend the 63rd Annual California State Science Fair. These four CAPCA members were charged with awarding two $1,000.00 checks to the projects that best represented the search for knowledge in production agriculture. There were 860 projects total at the fair. Jared and Roger viewed some forty senior high projects dealing with agriculture and then interviewed about a dozen participants to pick the senior high winner. Will and Linda, judging the junior projects, dealt with slightly larger numbers of projects before selecting their junior high winner.

The junior high winner from Irvine was Maya Jaffe with a project titled “The Addition of Lysine to Strawberry Plants and the Effect on Drought Resistance.” The senior high winner from Porterville was Madison Meredith with her project titled “A Novel Strategy for Augmented NUE: The Use of Actinomycetic Transmembrane Metabolism in Agricultural Crops, Year 3.” The selection of these two projects was a difficult decision. Each judging team had a number of worthy projects to choose their winner from. As a reminder to each CAPCA chapter in the State, this program is funded by County chapter donations. The State CAPCA office only funds a portion of the money. Please be kind in your donations when you receive a request from the Kern County Chapter for this project. T

Junior Division Maya Jaffe, Grade 8

Senior Division Madison Meredith, Grade 12

Project: The Addition of Lysine to Strawberry Plants and the Effect on Drought Resistance Advisor: Mrs. Julie Warren School: Pegasus Middle School, Huntington Beach, CA

Project: A Novel Strategy for Augmented NUE: The Use of Actinomycetic Transmembrane Metabolism in Agricultural Crops, Year 3 Advisor: Ms. Jacqueline Pennell-Meredith School: Monache High School, Porterville, CA

AUGUST 2015 | CAPCA ADVISER

CAPCA

Dedicated to Supporting PCAs

Mission & Purpose CAPCA’s mission is to facilitate the success of the PCA and to represent our 3000 members who provide pest management consultation for the production of food, fiber and ornamental industries of California. CAPCA’s purpose is to serve as the leader in the evolution of the pest management industry through the communication of reliable information. CAPCA is dedicated to the professional development and enhancement of our members’ education and stewardship which includes legislative, regulatory, continuing education and public outreach. Photo: Fred Rehrman, Elysian Fields, Agricultural Public Relations

CAPCA

Reaching New Heights

41st Annual Conference & Agri-Expo

October 18-20, 2015

Grand Sierra Resort Reno Nevada

GO TO CAPCA.COM/CONFERENCE

Registration Rates: Member/Exhibitor - $295 Non Member - $365 Student - $150 Spouse - $150 Children - $100

Accommodations:

GSR Tower - $102 Summit Tower - $122 Hotel requires a deposit to hold reservation.

Paul Crout - Day 62 Journey to Reach New Heights

Golf Tournament

“Even though I began this journey alone.... I know I am not. CAPCA’s annual conference is a great place to network, and make new friends that will be valuable allies to meet the challenges we face everyday.” ~ from Paul’s video diary.

Saturday, October 17, 2015 9:00 am Shotgun Start LakeRidge Golf Course, Reno, NV $95.00/ person Golf Registration is an addition fee from Conferenence registration.

Day 62 - Video Diary

Keynote Speaker

Chris Warner

Adventurer and Leadership Expert Chris is an expert at creating and leading high performance teams. He is one of the rare adverturers on the speaking circuit with corporate and academic expertise, allowing him to educate, as well as motivate. Chris is one of only 9 Americans to summit both Everest and K2. He’s led more than 175 international mountaineering expeditions. Chris guided the first ever reality TV show on Everest for ABC.

You will be inspired by Chris’ gripping high definition footage and gut wrenching tales of leading teams when failure results in death. And you will be educated by his data driven, real world, formula for building high performance teams.

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Organic Farms Fertilizer CSI - Nutri-Cal Oro Agri, Inc Cultiva LLC Pacific Gas & Electric CVC Environmental PAPA Diamond K Gypsum Plant Food Systems Dow AgroSciences Polymer Ag Duarte Nursery Prime-Dirt Inc DuPont Crop Protection QualiTech Inc Eco Agro Redox Chemicals Evonik Corporation Ross Evnvironmentals FBSciences, Inc Rotam NA FMC Corporation RTI-AG Gowan USA Sequoia Environ. Compliance Growth Products SePRO Corporation gThrive, Inc Simplot Agribusiness GWSS Board / CDFA PD Simplot Grower Solutions Helena Chemical Company Spectrum Technologies Hortau Spensa Technologies Huma Gro Stoller USA ICL Specialty Fertilizers/ Everris Suterra LLC Interstate Ag Plastics Syngenta JH Biotech TerrAvion Kim C-1 Tetra Technologies Liphatech Inc Tiger Sul/ HJ Baker Bros Malcolm Media TKI- NovaSource Mar Vista Resources triFresh Technologies Marrone Bio Innovations Mazzei Injector Company Trece, Inc Meister Media Worldwide True Organics Micro Matic USA Inc US Borax Miller Chemical UCCE - ANR mOasis, Inc UPI Monsanto BioAg Valent USA Corp Motomco Verdegaal Brothers Nabta USA Verdesian LifeScience Netafim USA Vestaron Neudorff USA West Coast Marine Bio Processing Nichino America, Inc Westbridge Agricultural Products Nufarm Americas, Inc Western Farm Press Nutrient Technologies, Inc Willowood USA Ocean Organics Yara North America OHP, Inc Zenith Insurance OrCal Yamaha Motor

UC IPM

Reducing Herbicide Drift Injury Kassim Al-Khatib, Director, UC Statewide IPM Program and UCCE Specialist, UC Davis Tunyalee Martin, Communications Associate Director, UC Statewide IPM Program

erbicide drift is movement of the herbicide at the time of the application or soon after to any site other than where it was intended to contact. Wherever herbicides are applied, drift can happen. Drift is a physical process that is affected by the herbicide formulation, how the herbicide is applied, and weather conditions. The cost of herbicide drift is not only limited to money lost from wasted herbicide or reduced weed control. Herbicide drift injury to nontarget plants can result in the need to replant, reduced crop yield, delayed maturity and harvest, or reduced crop quality. Nontarget crops can be contaminated with unacceptable herbicide residues. Herbicide drift can harm livestock, natural resources, and pose a risk to human health and safety. Other serious consequences of drift include fines and litigation. Herbicides can move through the air as vapor or as small droplets. These two types of drift are called vapor drift and spray-particle drift. Vapor Drift Vapor drift, or volatility, refers to the ability of an herbicide to vaporize and mix freely with air. Volatility drift is a minor source of drift, typically occurring within 72 hours after herbicide application. Volatile herbicides produce vapors that can be carried long distances from the target area to other sites and injure plants (Fig. 1). The amount of vapor drift varies depending on the • herbicide • formulation • weather and soil conditions Some herbicides are more volatile than others. Volatility is determined by the herbicide’s vapor pressure. The higher the vapor pressure the more likely it is to volatilize. Dicamba, chlomazone, dichlobenil, and metam sodium are examples of some herbicides with high vapor pressure that can drift as vapor and injure sensitive plants (Fig. 2). Vapor drift also depends on the volatility of the formulation. For example, dicamba is available in two formulations: a dimethylamine salt and a diglycolamine salt. The dimethylamine salt is more volatile than the diglycolamine salt. Another herbicide, 2,4-D, is also available in formulations that differ in volatility. The short chain ester has greater volatility than the long chain ester, both of which have greater volatility than the amine formulation. Typically, weather within 72 hours of application determines the extent of drift from herbicide vapors and why vapor drift is so hard to manage. It is difficult to

CAPCA ADVISER | AUGUST 2015

Figure 1. Vapor drift of 2,4-D causing injury to cotton. Note the leaf narrowing, cupping and feathering. Photo by K. Al-Khatib

predict weather changes that can be conducive to drift. High temperatures, low relative humidity, and high winds mean more volatility and increased risk of plant injury. Soil moisture also affects volatility. Herbicides applied on wet soil will volatilize more than herbicides applied to dry soil. Physical Spray-Particle Drift Physical spray-particle drift is the movement of herbicide droplets produced when herbicides are applied. In general, herbicide injury symptoms and damage are more severe and occur more often from physical sprayparticle drift than from vapor drift. Spray droplets may travel a few feet to several miles from the intended application area. The amount of spray-particle drift depends on • weather conditions • application type High wind speed, low relative humidity, high temperatures, and a greater height above the ground where the herbicide is released increases herbicide drift. Spray-particle drift is typically produced when herbicides are applied at high pressure, low spray volume, and with small nozzle tips, leading to small droplet sizes. The distance that droplets travel depends on droplet size, with smaller droplets traveling farther than larger droplets. The potential for drift damage decreases with distance because fewer droplets are deposited or droplets become diluted as they travel from the application site (Fig. 3).

Preventing Herbicide Drift Injury Proper application is instrumental in reducing herbicide drift. • Use the proper nozzle • Apply at the correct pressure • Ensure appropriate spray volume • Constantly calibrate your sprayer • Position nozzles to allow for windshear in aerial applications Some spray systems may be fancier than others, but regardless of the components, nozzles are most important when it comes to managing herbicide drift. Use new nozzles designed to reduce drift by improving droplet size control and emphasizing spray quality. Beginning with the extended range flat fan nozzle, continuing with the design of preorifice inserts and turbulation chambers, and now with the venturi-style nozzle design, nozzle manufacturers have worked to develop nozzles that are improving the quality of the spray emitted so that they provide effective coverage while minimizing drift. Another tip for preventing herbicide drift is to properly calibrate spray application equipment. Calibration ensures that the spray droplet spectrum is maximizing coverage while minimizing drift. Adjusting application equipment and following calibration procedures to maintain application rates within the label requirements reduces the potential for herbicide drift. Once you have calibrated your equipment, check and test it periodically to be sure the calibration stays accurate. Finally, ensure weather conditions are conducive to preventing herbicide drift. Use drift control additives when weather conditions are not optimal. Avoid applying herbicides when temperatures are high and relative humidity is low. Wind speed should be at a minimum of 3 mph but less than 10 mph. A little bit of wind ensures some spray movement and increases herbicide contact with weeds, but should not be so high that it blows the herbicide offsite. Also

Awareness is the key to preventing herbicide drift. Once applicators are aware of the hazards and possible consequences of misuse, they can take several steps to prevent problems: 1. Learn the locations of sensitive crops in the area. Avoid herbicide application near sensitive plants or select herbicides that do not cause injury to nearby plants. Be a good neighbor and do not trespass with herbicides. You will be held liable for damage even if it is unintentional. 2. Herbicide labels warn applicators to avoid using herbicides in the vicinity of susceptible crops. Therefore, it is important to be aware of any sensitive crops grown close to the herbicide application area. Although there is no legal obligation for herbicide applicators to consult and cooperate with neighbors in matters of herbicide use, it is advisable to do so. 3. Leave a buffer zone between treated fields and sensitive plants. Herbicide labels may specify the width of the buffer zone. The buffer zone will allow larger droplets to settle before reaching sensitive plants. The buffer zone may not be effective in settling small droplets and preventing nontarget crop injury. 4. Avoid the use of highly volatile formulations of herbicides in any area near sensitive crops. 5. Do not apply herbicides when wind is blowing toward sensitive plants. Apply herbicides when a light breeze is blowing away from sensitive crops. Drift is minimal when wind velocity is between 3 mph and 10 mph. Do not spray when temperature inversions are likely or when wind is high or blowing toward sensitive crops, gardens, dwellings, livestock, or water sources. High wind, and no wind situations, may result in serious herbicide drift. 6. Spray when temperatures remain below label temperature restrictions to minimize vaporization and droplet evaporation. 7. Use sprayer application techniques that produce large droplets. Selecting proper spray tips, lower spray pressures, and using drift reducing agents will decrease the number of fine droplets. Use drift-reduction nozzles such as drift-guard or air induction types that operate at a low pressure. When using venturi nozzles, higher pressures will be required to maintain an effective pattern. As the pressure is increased with these nozzles, the drift potential will increase, but it is less than from other nozzle types. 8. Use wide-angle nozzles, keep the nozzles close to the soil, and keep the boom stable. 9. It is also important to use lower application speeds. It is likely that higher speeds may increase herbicide drift. 10. Use shielded booms to minimize herbicide off-target movement. 11. Use spray additives within label guidelines to reduce production of small spray droplets. This will result in less potential for drift. Avoid tank mix ammonium sulfate with volatile herbicides as ammonium sulfate increases volatility. 12. In the case of trees or vines exposed to herbicide drift, consider pruning off the affected leaves or branches to prevent the spread of the herbicide into the plant. 13. Read and follow the directions on herbicide labels. Instructions on the label are given to ensure the safe and effective use of herbicides to minimize risk to people and the environment. Many drift complaints involve application procedures in violation of the label. AUGUST 2015 | CAPCA ADVISER

avoid herbicide applications during thermal inversions (Fig. 4). Thermal inversions are characterized by cool air at ground level, warm air overhead, stable and relatively low wind velocity, and unpredictable atmospheric conditions. During thermal inversions, even a light wind can shift an inverted air mass, transporting the herbicide away from the field. The intention of using herbicides is to kill unwanted plants in order to enable food crops or ornamentals to thrive. Sometimes the use of herbicides has the unintended consequence of injuring nontarget plants. Herbicides may physically move through air in small droplets or as vapor at the time of the application or soon after to other unintended sites. Understanding how herbicide drift occurs and proactively managing these conditions can prevent herbicide drift injury from occurring. T Figure 2. Volatility drift is in direct relationship with vapor pressure. High vapor pressure herbicides (yellow text) should be avoided near sensitive plants.

Figure 4. A smoke column showing the barrier created between cool air at ground level and warm air overhead during a thermal inversion. During thermal inversions, even a light wind can shift the air mass near the ground, transporting herbicides away from the intended application site. From Safe and Effective Use of Pesticides, UC ANR Publication 3324. Figure 3. Droplet size affects droplet life, velocity of falling, and distance of drift. Smaller droplets evaporate faster, fall slower, and weigh less so move farther. Larger droplets evaporate slower, fall faster, and weigh more so they are less likely to drift as far from the initial application site.

CAPCA ADVISER | AUGUST 2015

Working with pest management professionals in the food, fiber and ornamental industries to promote stewardship and continuing education.

FARM ADVISORS

Organic Pest Management Options: Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation (ASD) and Weed Control with New Organic Herbicide Oleg Daugovish, UCCE-Ventura Farm Advisor, Joji Muramoto UC-Santa Cruz and Richard Smith, UCCE-Monterey.

Pathogen suppression and yield improvement with ASD. naerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) has been evaluated in California since 2003 and we have made a big progress. This a technique developed in Japan and Netherlands that relies on a temporary anaerobic conditions in soil to suppress pests with a combination of biological, physical and chemical processes that develop during the anaerobiosis. Three components of successful ASD, based on our experience in California have been: 1) Delivering carbon source uniformly to soil 2) Saturating soil pores with water via irrigation 3) Applying plastic mulch to maintain anaerobic conditions

It has been a good fit for organic plasticulture production such as strawberry and over the years we have seen benefits in research and grower field trials such as: • 70-110% fruit yield increase over production in untreated soil, starting early in the season, when fruit prices are typically highest • 70-100% reduction in levels of Verticillium dahliae, a soil-borne fungal pathogen causing wilt. • Delay of disease development in strawberry fields infested with Macrophomina phaseolina and reduced incidence of charcoal rot. • 60-85% reduction in weed number in planting holes in opaque mulch and under transparent mulch in southern California. This translates into lower hand-weeding costs, often a big expense item in organic production. Over the previous years of optimizing ASD to our strawberry production system we learned that: • Mixing rice bran at 9 tons/acre with 44

CAPCA ADVISER | AUGUST 2015

soil has been consistently effective. • Regular low density polyethylene mulch was equally effective in maintaining anaerobic conditions as virtually impermeable film (VIF) as long as there are no holes and tears in mulch that can aerate the soil. • ASD works well in summer in warmer soils and takes 3-5 weeks to complete • Soil saturation with water helped maintain anaerobiosis, but even if all the pores are filled with water, a carbon source is necessary to create anaerobic conditions.

Rice bran incorporation to bed and re-shaping Of course we would like to pinpoint the mechanism or mode of action for pest suppression for ASD but it may not be simple. Besides the effect of anaerobiosis, changes in soil biology and chemistry likely play roles. During ASD process soil pH usually drops and organic volatile compounds associated with anaerobic decomposition are formed. And the type of carbon source makes a difference: after successful ASD with rice bran abundance of facultative anaerobic flavobacteria more than tripled and strawberry fruit yields doubled, but when solution of molasses was applied instead neither flavobacteria levels nor yields were different from untreated check. During 2014-2015 season ASD trial at Santa Paula, CA we compared

ASD with 9 t/a of bed applied rice bran with either immediate irrigation, 1 week delay or without irrigation. These scenarios would allow sufficient time for field irrigators to connect and check all the drip lines and potentially save water, thus making ASD application more userfriendly. Additionally, we evaluated a 4% glycerin solution injection via drip tapes as potential liquid carbon source for ASD. The good news is that at least in the clay loam soil delayed or lack of irrigation (relying only at soil moisture at bedding) did not significantly affect ASD performance and in all three cases very strong anaerobic conditions for four weeks resulted in excellent plant productivity in winter (Figure 1). Glycerin-based ASD created very strong anaerobic conditions but only for three days. Even though overall yields improved in glycerin treatment compared to untreated check, the differences started to occur only in mid-January, and prior to that plant performance was similar to the check. Also, while rice bran based ASD treatments reduced weed populations nearly 90% (mostly lambsquarters, annual sowthistle and burning nettle), glycerin treatment had no effect on weed densities and was similar to untreated check. Even though we have very good consistent results with ASD using rice bran we continue looking for other suitable and feasible sources of carbon for this technology in California as well as methods of application and integration of ASD with other IPM practices for longterm sustainable management.

ASD- Rice Bran

ASD-Glycerin

Untreated Check

ASD with rice bran improved plant vigor and earliness of fruiting and overall production compared to untreated check and Glycerin-based ASD

Weed management Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) recently approved a new herbicide for use in and around food crops including vegetables, trees and vines. It is a mix of Caprylic and Capric Acids (â&#x20AC;&#x153;fatty acid herbicideâ&#x20AC;?) and is an effective contact herbicide. In trials at Salinas, CA it provided nearly 90% control of little mallow when applied with spreader at 4 oz/100 gal rate. Other broadleaf weeds included hairy nightshade and pigweed, however it was weak on burning nettle. At Santa Paula we applied it to organically managed strawberry furrows at 12 fl oz/100 gal since we had well established large annual sowthistle plants, exercising caution not to allow drift to strawberry. Within three days plant desiccated and died resulting in >95% control compared to untreated check. However, three weeks later, new weeds germinated from seed bank or aerial deposition from elsewhere, and occasionally we saw a regrowth from survived weeds. Thus, additional application or other control measures are needed since this excellent burn-down herbicide does not provide residual activity. Repeated application is

Figure 1. ASD (anaerobic soil disinfestation) with 9 t/a of bed applied rice bran with either immediate irrigation, one week delay or without irrigation more than doubled fruit production of San Andreas strawberry (December-March), while glycerin based disinfestation provided 46% improvement over untreated check.

AUGUST 2015 | CAPCA ADVISER

especially important for perennial weeds but will also prevent seed production of annual weeds, thus, providing an important control option in organic strawberry, where proximity of plastic makes mechanical weed control in furrows challenging. T

Sowthistle control in strawberry furrows 3 days after treatment (untreated check is on the left and fatty acid herbicide on the right)

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FARM ADVISORS

Pinot Leaf Curl

Rhonda J. Smith and Larry J. Bettiga UC Cooperative Extension Viticulture Farm Advisors, Sonoma and Monterey Counties; and Douglas O. Adams, Department of Viticulture and Enology, UC Davis

n 2015, low temperatures occurred in the second week of April and symptoms known as Pinot leaf curl appeared in Pinot cultivars across many grape growing regions. Symptoms were seen in coastal and northern interior wine grape growing regions. Pinot leaf curl (PLC) is a nitrogen-related disorder that has been observed in the spring in primarily Pinot noir, Pinot blanc and Pinot Meunier grapevines. The cause of PLC is not fully understood. This article is meant to inform growers, and pest control advisers of the wide range of symptoms that may occur in Pinot cultivars affected by the disorder. The onset of PLC is associated with prolonged periods of low temperatures and brief episodes of sudden temperature depression at the beginning of the growing season through bloom. Periods of relatively low temperatures caused by consistent daily on-shore air movement in coastal regions can usher in a thick marine layer depressing daytime maximum temperatures. Radiational cooling under clear skies – that may or may not result in a frost event - have also been associated with an increase in incidence of PLC. Studies to quantify the relationship between the onset and severity of symptoms of PLC to temperature thresholds or the duration of hours within a range of temperatures have not been conducted. Pinot leaf curl does not occur in all Pinot vineyards but in others it is chronic under “normal” spring temperatures. In most years, the symptoms are primarily mild leaf curling. The incidence of the disorder varies by clone within Pinot noir but not consistently between years. Symptoms of PLC usually develop prior to bloom; however in 2015, continued cool temperatures in the

CAPCA ADVISER | AUGUST 2015

Figure 1

Figure 1: Stunted shoot on Pinot noir vine with small leaves that are dying.

north coast resulted in sustained and in some cases the reoccurrence of symptoms in vines that had initial onset in April. Symptom progression Symptoms occur in expanding blades and in other rapidly growing tissue, thus timing of symptom onset as well as the length of time that conditions are conducive determines severity and degree of crop loss. Low temperatures for three or more weeks during and following bud break often impacts shoot and cluster development resulting in severely stunted shoots (Figure 1). In some vines, “orphaned clusters” may occur on nodes when the shoot tip dies shortly after growth begins and leaves fail to develop or die, thus

only the cluster remains (Figure 2). Shelling – flower loss before or during bloom – is common. If conditions conducive to PLC occur after the basal region of the shoot has finished elongating and leaves on nodes with clusters have fully expanded, then clusters are less likely to be affected if temperatures drop for only a few days. In that case, leaves distal to the clusters will be impacted and the severity is variable. A downward curling of the leaf blades consistently occurs – as described by the name of the disorder – and is considered a mild form of PLC (Figure 3). The undersides of such blades have a necrotic area on a main vein at which point the blade curls or folds downward (Figure 4). If low temperatures persist

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 2: The shoot has been reduced to a single cluster in Pinot noir after the shoot tip has died (seen above necrotic area on cluster stem).

then symptom severity increases. Initially, petioles become necrotic followed by blades then leaf abscission occurs. Leaf loss can occur on one to several nodes distal to the clusters. Older leaves that are nearly fully expanded as well as small blades that just separated from the growing tip can be killed. From a distance, affected shoots appear to be stripped of leaves above the proximal (top) cluster (Figure 5). When that occurs, the summer buds that formed in the leaf axil may break and lateral shoots develop in the mid and terminal region of the primary shoot. A necrotic area can be seen on nodes that lost leaves (Figure 6). In severe PLC seen in 2011, necrosis continued to develop in the nodes resulting in partial shoot dieback as well as crop loss depending on proximity to the clusters (Figure 7). Fungicide applications are not advised It is common for some growers to associate the necrotic area at the nodes where petioles had been attached with symptoms of Botrytis shoot blight. In 2011, there was a significant increase of PLC in coastal growing regions due to below normal temperatures in April and May. At that time, many growers and pest control advisers first became aware of the disorder. Some applied Botrytis active fungicides in an attempt to prevent further symptom development however materials were not effective. Botrytis shoot blight is caused by Botrytis cinerea and requires prolonged, warm moist conditions and free moisture often caused by rainfall. Pinot leaf curl occurs when low springtime temperatures occur and is limited to specific cultivars. Botrytis cinerea is a weak pathogen; it is primarily a saprophyte thus it colonizes dead tissue which is present at nodes when PLC causes leaves to abscise. However, the fungus does not cause the necrosis observed on the nodes, thus fungicide applications do not reduce the incidence or severity of Pinot leaf curl.

Figure 3: Leaf blades that are not fully expanded curl downward on the terminal end of a Pinot noir shoot. AUGUST 2015 | CAPCA ADVISER

Nitrogen-related disorders Pinot leaf curl has similarities to a nitrogen-related disorder in grape cultivars known as false potassium or “spring fever” that may occur when cool weather follows a warm period in the spring (Christensen et al. 1990). False potassium (K) symptoms in leaf blades appear similar to those caused by true K deficiency in that leaf margins become lighter green followed by interveinal chlorosis. As severity increases, the margins become necrotic and leaves may abscise. “Spring fever” symptoms, particularly in Flame Seedless, include shelling of flowers and necrosis of the cluster stem. Tissue analyzed from symptomatic and non-symptomatic shoots showed that at symptom development, K levels were temporarily deficient in vines with “spring fever” yet returned to normal in later maturing leaves when symptom developed ceased (Christensen et al. 1990). Potassium levels in true K deficient vines continued to decline. False potassium tissues had higher total N and ammonium levels at the time of symptom development and once again, levels returned to normal when symptom development ceased (Christensen et al. 1990). This dynamic indicated that “spring fever” was not a true K deficiency. Nitrogen metabolism problems were suspected to be involved in symptoms development given that ammonia and other nitrogen compounds were associated with symptoms. Elevated levels of the polyamine putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane) have been associated with several conditions that lead to death of plant tissue. Thompson Seedless leaf blades with symptoms of true K deficiency or with “spring fever” contained several-fold more putrescine than non-symptom leaves (Adams et al. 1990). When “spring fever” symptom development had ceased, the concentration of putrescine in older, symptomatic blades was far greater than in recently matured blades more distal to the clusters (Adams et al. 1990). 50

CAPCA ADVISER | AUGUST 2015

Figure 4

Figure 4: Arrows indicated necrotic areas in a vein on the underside of a Pinot noir leaf blade as well as at the point of attachment of the petiole.

Figure 5: Several nodes distal to the cluster have lost leaves causing the shoot ends to appear like sticks. Photo by Don Mitchell, PCA Sonoma County.

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Given those findings, putrescine was suspected of being related to PLC. Early in the season when PLC occurs, ammonium and glutamine are sourced from stored nitrogen and carbon in the permanent vine parts. The amino acid arginine is a major form of soluble nitrogen in Vitis vinifera roots. It is converted to glutamine which is found in both xylem and phloem exudate at bud break. After dormancy, bud development and shoot growth rely on remobilization of nutrient reserves in the xylem from starch, amino acids (primarily glutamine) and sugars until a net gain in photosynthate occurs around bloom (RoubelakisAngelakis et al. 1979). Arginine can be converted to putrescine if arginine decarboxylase is induced by stress or disease conditions (Adams et al. 1990). In 2012 we investigated the relationship between elevated ammonium and glutamine levels in grape leaf tissue and PLC and we compared the levels of putrescine in symptomatic and non-symptomatic leaves. A total of 29 paired samples were collected in Pinot noir, Pinot Meunier, Pinot gris and Pinot blanc vineyards; a single pair came from the susceptible cultivar Schioppettino. Each sample consisted of 5 blades with attached petioles. No correlation could be seen between the amount of ammonia or glutamine in symptom versus nonsymptom leaves (data not shown). Putrescine was elevated 2 to 25 fold in symptomatic blades compared to nonsymptom blades with the exception of two pairs, where the putrescine levels were equal (Figure 8). The role putrescine has in symptom development of PLC is not clear. Elevated putrescine was not observed in every case of symptom versus non-symptom leaves as is seen in cases of true potassium deficiency and â&#x20AC;&#x153;spring feverâ&#x20AC;?. Secondly, in some sites, the level of putrescine seen in many of the symptom leaves was well below the level observed in non-symptom leaves from other vineyards.

CAPCA ADVISER | AUGUST 2015

Figure 6

Figure 6: A necrotic region remains at the node from which a leaf detaches from the shoot.

Figure 7

Figure 7: A dead leaf hangs from each shoot on which the tips died back to the cluster-bearing node.

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Nitrogen metabolism in leaf blades with symptoms of PLC is different than in blades that do not have symptoms. However, there does not appear to be a relationship with applied nitrogen (fertilizer) to the incidence of symptoms or putrescine levels. Leaf pairs collected from sites that had received annual applications of N did not consistently show elevated levels of putrescine in symptomatic blades. In some sites which had not received N fertilizer, putrescine was greater in symptomatic blades than in nonsymptomatic blades (data not shown). The polyamine putrescine has been implicated as a toxic metabolite leading to leaf chlorosis and necrosis in potassium deficiency and â&#x20AC;&#x153;spring fever.â&#x20AC;? Pinot leaf curl is also associated with putrescine. However, given the range of putrescine observed in symptom and nonsymptom leaves from various Pinot cultivars and clones from different sites, its presence remains correlative relative to symptoms and a causal role remains to be established. Literature Cited: Adams, D.O., K.E. Franke and L.P. Christensen, 1990. Elevated putrescine levels in grapevine leaves that display symptoms of potassium deficiency. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 41:121125. Christensen, L.P., J. Boggero, and M. Bianchi. 1990. Comparative leaf tissue analyses of potassium deficiency and a disorder resembling potassium deficiency in Thompson Seedless grapevines. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 41:77-83. Roubelakis-Angelakis, K.A., and W.M. Kliewer, 1979. The composition of bleeding sap from Thompson Seedless grapevines as affected by nitrogen fertilization. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 30:14-18. T

CAPCA ADVISER | AUGUST 2015

Figure 8

Figure 8: Putrescine is elevated in most but not all of the symptomatic blades compared to non-symptomatic blades collected from 14 vineyards with Pinot leaf curl.

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Protassium+ is the right K source Compared to other potassium fertilizers, Protassium+ has virtually no chloride. With a low salinity index, Protassium+ gives crops an advantage, especially in salty soil regions, areas undergoing drought challenges or land having poor irrigation water – making it ideal for California growers looking to protect crop performance and profits during dry conditions. To learn more about Protassium+ and how it can protect against high salinity levels in the soil, call 1-800-743-7258 or visit ProtassiumPlus.com

FARM ADVISORS

Twospotted Spider Mite and its Management in Strawberries Surendra K. Dara, Strawberry and Vegetable Crops Advisor and Affiliated IPM Advisor, University of California Cooperative Extension, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Ventura Counties

wospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch is a major pest of strawberries in California. Spider mite damage reduces plant vigor and contributes to yield loss. Twospotted spider mites are typically found on the lower side of the leaf and form webbing at higher population levels. Damage: Spider mites cause damage by puncturing the epidermis with their mouthparts and sucking the plant juices. Death of plant cells appears as yellow mottling during initial stages and as feeding continues, damaged areas coalesce and result in scarring, bronzing, and drying out of leaf tissue. This reduces the photosynthetic ability of the plant and thus its growth and vigor. If left uncontrolled, damage leads to stunted plant growth or eventual death. Damage symptoms are unique in Benicia variety where upper leaf surface corresponding to spider mite feeding on the lower side, shows purplish coloration. Biology: Life cycle includes egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph, and adult stages. Females lay an average of 100 eggs in 10 days. Eggs are round, initially translucent and turn whitish as they mature. Larvae have three pairs of legs and nymphal stages have four pairs of legs. Males are wedgeshaped and about 0.3 mm long. Females are oval, 0.4-0.5 long, and have a single dark spot on either side of their body. At 85-90 oF, life cycle can be completed in 7-8 days. Management: Growers typically rely on biological and chemical control options for managing twospotted spider mites in strawberries. Type I specialist Phytoseiulus persimilis AthiasHenriot, Type II specialists Neoseiulus fallacis (Garmin), N. californicus (McGregor), Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt), and Type III generalist Amblyseius andersoni (Chant) are

CAPCA ADVISER | AUGUST 2015

common predatory mites that attack twospotted spider mites. Releasing one or more species of predatory mites is a popular practice in strawberry production. Abamectin, acequinocyl, bifenazate, etoxazole, fenbutatin-oxide, fenpyroximate, hexythiazox, and spiromesifen are the most commonly used chemical miticides according to pesticide use reports of the California Department of Pesticide Regulation. Chemical miticide use shows a 2% increase in the Watsonville-Salinas area, an 82% increase in the Santa Maria area, and a 125% increase in the Oxnard areas from 2009 to 2013. There is a continued need for identifying effective chemical and non-chemical miticides to manage twospotted spider mite in strawberries. A small plot field study was conducted in 2013 at Manzanita Berry Farms in Santa Maria to evaluate the efficacy of various botanical, chemical, and microbial pesticides. Treatments included bifenazate (WS formulation1 lb/ac), abamectin (SC formulation 4.29 fl oz/ac), entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (ES formulation at a lower label rate of 1 qrt/ac) + bifenazate (the lowest label rate of 0.75 lb/ac), rosemary and cotton seed oil (1% concentration), fenpyroximate (EC formulation 2 pt/ac), fenpyroximate (XLO formulation 2 pt/ac), Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (2 lb/ac), Burkholderia sp. strain A396 (XC formulation 2 gal/ac), and cyflumetofen (SC formulation 13.7 fl oz/ac). A spray volume of 150 gal/ acre was used with 0.25% non-ionic surfactant except for the treatment with B. bassiana, where an organosilicon surfactant was used. Each treatment had a 15â&#x20AC;&#x2122; long strawberry bed and treatments were replicated in randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer twice at

weekly intervals and eggs and mobile stages of twospotted spider mites and predatory mites were sampled 3 and 7 days after each application. On each sampling date, 10 midtier leaflets were collected from 10 random plants within each plot and mites were collected using a mite brushing machine and counted under microscope. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and significant means were separated using Tukeyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s HSD test. Pre-treatment counts were not available due to a technical issue, so comparisons were made for pest and predatory mite counts after each spray application and the post-treatment period as a whole. Compared to untreated control, treated plots had fewer spider mites throughout the observation period, but the pest suppression was not statistically significant (P > 0.05, Table 1). When the percent reduction in treatments relative to untreated control was compared, rosemary+cotton seed oil, fenpyroximate EC, and B. bassiana+bifenzate had relatively higher reduction in mobile stages while Burkholderia sp., rosemary+cotton seed oil, and cyflumetofen had a higher reduction in eggs after the first spray application (Fig. 1A). Reduction in mobile stages following the second spray was the highest in cyflumetofen followed by bifenzate, rosemary+cotton seed oil, fenpyroximate XLO, and EC (Fig. 1B). After the second spray, the highest reduction in eggs was seen in fenpyroximate EC followed by Burkholderia sp., cyflumetofen, rosemary+cotton seed oil, and B. bassiana+bifenzate. In general, rosemary+cotton seed oil treatment did a better job of reducing egg and mobile stages after both applications followed by Burkholderia sp., cyflumetofen, and fenpyroximate EC (Fig. 1C).

Table 1. Number of eggs or mobile stages (mean±SE) of twospotted spider mite 3 and 7 days after first and second spray treatment along with post-treatment average. I Spray 3DAT I Spray 7DAT II Spray 3DAT II Spray 7DAT Post-treatment Egg Mobile Egg Mobile Egg Mobile Egg Mobile Egg Mobile Untreated 109.05±2.73 23.25±1.72 111.60±15.66 20.40±0.52 133.00±9.61 22.20±1.91 85.00±5.97 23.8±1.51 109.66±5.08 22.41±0.75 Bifenzate 87.60±25.16 15.6±7.42 75.80±23.08 7.80±2.22 94.00±33.76 14.00±1.97 57.80±18.24 10.80±3.21 78.80±21.87 12.05±2.81 Abamectin 72.45±15.26 10.80±1.78 69.20±17.49 12.80±3.21 84.20±15.32 19.40±3.58 56.40±19.50 19.60±3.99 70.56±15.94 15.65±2.59 B. bassiana + 90.90±17.67 12.15±2.08 79.00±14.81 8.20±1.15 86.40±15.31 15.80±2.49 32.40±6.74 20.40±12.45 72.17±11.10 14.14±3.27 bifenzate Rosemary + 42.45±15.53 5.25±2.59 66.80±4.99 11.40±3.01 69.00±7.15 10.80±2.13 48.20±19.36 14.00±5.25 56.61±7.01 10.36±2.14 cotton seed oil Fenpyroximate 65.10±19.32 8.85±2.79 68.80±14.77 8.00±1.34 62.80±3.40 13.40±3.15 45.80±6.42 12.20±1.28 60.62±8.38 10.61±0.50 EC Fenpyroximate 71.25±18.93 19.50±8.78 85.00±28.52 11.60±1.20 91.20±15.41 15.00±4.52 43.40±15.78 10.40±1.08 72.71±8.37 14.12±3.18 XLO C. substugae 75.60±10.22 14.40±2.86 85.80±28.15 12.40±2.58 111.20±15.87 14.80±3.78 64.60±15.69 16.20±4.36 84.30±12.96 14.45±1.00 Burkholderia 45.60±10.77 16.35±2.86 54.20±18.15 16.00±5.65 65.60±2557 12.80±5.66 48.20±14.52 14.60±5.19 53.40±16.10 14.94±3.46 sp. Cyflumetofen 66.00±22.99 18.30±9.76 51.00±11.34 8.80±2.40 82.60±8.95 8.40±2.02 31.40±7.46 10.40±3.33 57.75±10.15 11.47±2.80 P value 0.2310 0.1702 0.4023 0.0490 0.1627 0.2441 0.2049 0.5918 0.0850 0.1073

Table 2. Number of eggs or mobile stages (mean±SE) of predatory mites 3 and 7 days after first and second spray treatment along with post-treatment average. I Spray 3DAT Egg Mobile 0 1.65±1.05 0.45±0.28 0.60±0.24 1.20±0.24 0.45±0.28 0.45±0.28 0.60±0.34

I Spray 7DAT Egg Mobile 1.00±0.38 0.60±0.20b* 1.00±0.60 0.60±0.38b 1.00±0.60 0.20±0.20b 0.80±0.46 1.60±0.92ab

II Spray 3DAT Egg Mobile 1.80±0.75 2.20±0.68 1.00±0.50 1.20±0.40 0.60±0.20 1.40±0.68 2.00±1.20 2.60±2.34

II Spray 7DAT Egg Mobile 2.60±1.00 4.20±1.64 1.00±0.38 1.20±0.51 0.40±0.23 2.60±1.00 1.60±0.65 4.2±2.29

Untreated Bifenzate Abamectin B. bassiana ± bifenzate Rosemary ± 0.30±0.17 0.75±0.56 2.20±0.88 0.60±0.60b 0.80±0.46 1.60±0.56 2.00±0.40 3.00±0.88 cotton seed oil Fenpyroximate 0.60±0.34 0.45±0.28 1.60±0.86 4.00±1.34a 1.00±0.75 1.00±0.20 2.00±0.76 2.60±1.54 EC Fenpyroximate 0.90±0.38 0.60±0.24 1.60±0.65 1.20±0.23ab 1.40±0.50 0.60±0.38 3.00±1.23 2.60±1.36 XLO C. substugae 0.45±0.28 0 0.60±0.38 0.80±0.32b 1.80±0.75 0.60±0.38 1.80±0.68 2.40±0.56 Burkholderia sp. 2.40±1.22 1.65±1.25 1.80±0.82 1.40±0.50ab 1.40±0.88 2.80±1.20 2.00±0.23 5.20±1.51 Cyflumetofen 0.90±0.38 1.35±0.56 1.80±0.68 0.40±0.23b 1.60±0.80 3.60±1.74 2.00±0.51 3.80±0.82 P value 0.0570 0.3899 0.7879 0.0046 0.8894 0.5535 0.3962 0.6581 *Means followed by the same or no letter within each column are not statistically significant, Tukey’s HSD.

There were no statistically significant differences in predatory mite populations among treatments except in mobile numbers on 7 days after the first spray (P = 0.0046, Table 2). Plots that were treated with Burkholderia sp. and cyflumetofen had a relatively higher number of predatory mites and bifenzate and abamectin had lower numbers, in general. Although treatment differences were not statistically significant, this study demonstrates the efficacy of various botanical, chemical, and microbial pesticides against

twospotted spider mites and their safety to predatory mites. Results show the potential of non-chemical alternatives, which can be used in rotation with chemical pesticides for a sound IPM program. General IPM recommendations: • Obtain transplants from a clean source to avoid early spider mite infestations, which could lead to season long problems in production fields. • Periodically scout the fields to evaluate infestation levels and make appropriate management decisions. • Rotate chemicals among different

Post-treatment Egg Mobile 1.35±0.25 2.16±0.58 0.86±0.29 0.90±0.20 0.80±0.10 1.16±0.47 1.21±0.56 2.25±1.36

1.32±0.23

1.48±0.41

1.30±0.47 2.01±0.39 1.72±0.46 1.25±0.25 1.16±0.24 1.90±0.35 1.57±0.14 0.4953

0.95±0.05 2.76±0.63 2.28±0.60 0.3902

modes of action groups and consider botanical and microbial control options to reduce the risk of resistance development. • Understand the dietary preferences and environmental requirements of different species of predatory mites and release the right species appropriate for the situation. • Avoid water stress for plants as spider mites thrive when plants are under stress. • Excessive nitrogen fertilization encourages spider mite population build up, so optimize fertilizer input.

AUGUST 2015 | CAPCA ADVISER

FARM ADVISORS Fig. 1. Percent reduction in eggs and mobile stages of twospotted spider mites in different treatments compared to untreated control after first (A), second (B), and both spray applications (C).

References Blecker, S. 2015. Pesticide use trends in strawberries. Presentation at Santa Maria Strawberry Field Day. http://cesantabarbara.ucanr.edu/ files/213517.pdf Dara, S. K. 2014. Managing spider mites in California strawberries. UCCE eNewsletter Strawberries and Vegetables. http:// ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail. cfm?postnum=13943 Dara, S. K. 2014. Predatory mites for managing spider mites on strawberries. UCCE eNewsletter Strawberries and Vegetables. http:// ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail. cfm?postnum=14065 Hoffland, E., M. Dicke, W. V. Tintelen, H. Dijkman, and M.L.V. Beusichem. 2000. Nitrogen availability and defense of tomato against two-spotted spider mite. J. Chemical Ecol. 26: 2697-2711. T

Purplish dark coloration of the upper leaf surface corresponding to the damaged underside is specific to the cultivar, Benicia.

CAPCA ADVISER | AUGUST 2015

ADVERTORIAL

Protect Vegetable Quality From Worm Damage Proactive steps help minimize pest destruction in leafy vegetable crops.

eeping up with consumer demands for picture-perfect produce is a constant challenge for California vegetable growers, especially when this season’s hot, dry conditions set the stage for record-level worm populations. “When it comes to worms on leafy vegetables, we have zero tolerance. We try to limit damage to less than 1 percent,” says Marc Townes, PCA, Santa Barbara Farms, Lompoc, California. “With little room for error, we are always concerned about timing applications to achieve the best possible control and get the biggest bang for our insect-control buck.” Since any amount of worm damage is too much, Townes and other PCAs keep a close eye on fields as increasingly warm, dry conditions help encourage pest development and challenge control programs.

“Of all the insecticides I used, Coragen® was the most effective at preventing worm activity under that heavy pressure.”

Heat Increases Worm Pressure “We had a very warm spring in the Camarillo area, which brought on more worm activity than I can ever remember,” says Brian Benchwick, PCA, Tri-Tech Ag Products. “We saw heavy infestations of beet armyworm and corn earworm in celery crops. Fortunately, it cooled down somewhat after that, which helped lessen worm pressure and eased the strain on irrigation requirements.” Benchwick was able to prevent early worm damage by applying DuPont™ Coragen® insect control powered by Rynaxypyr®. “In the celery fields where I had applied Coragen® prior to the onset of egg laying, the crops sustained very little damage,” Benchwick notes. “Of all the insecticides I used, Coragen® was the most effective at preventing worm activity under that heavy pressure.” Coragen® prevents feeding damage within minutes of exposure, protecting plants for 14 to 21 days and helping to prevent pest population buildup.

Scouting, Field History Are Keys to Control Townes reports light worm pressure near Santa Barbara Farms in the first part of the season, but sees pest populations increasing as conditions heat up. “As temperatures rise and drier conditions persist, we’re seeing leafminer and thrips levels rise.” His typical control program on leafy vegetables starts with applications at planting and thinning. “It’s really important to have boots on the ground checking for pest pressure,” he explains. “We also look at insect pressure history to help determine what’s needed to defend crops against these moving targets,” he explains. For head lettuce protection, the integrated pest management (IPM) program Townes uses usually includes an application of Coragen® at thinning or at second spray, depending on the pace of crop development. “With Coragen®, we know we’ll get 15 to 20 days of control for worms and leafminers,” he notes. “If worm pressure is present 15 to 20 days after the second treatment, we use DuPont™ Avaunt® insecticide for a third application. When used at a higher labeled rate, Avaunt® provides enough residual activity to protect crop quality through harvest, defending against corn earworm and cabbage looper.” Benchwick includes Avaunt® as the second spray in his IPM program for celery and cabbage, followed by Coragen®. “Avaunt® has good residual activity and it’s easy on beneficial insects that control leafminers and aphids,” he explains. “I follow Avaunt® with Coragen®, which usually extends control for up to six weeks, providing the longest residual activity of any insect control product we use.”

Different Modes of Action Add Resistance Management As a Group 22 insecticide, Avaunt® is an ideal rotation partner with Coragen®, a Group 28 insecticide. Used in rotation, these products provide lasting pest control while supporting sound resistance management. Short preharvest intervals make Coragen® and Avaunt® versatile for use in a variety of crop scenarios, Townes adds. “When you apply Coragen® and Avaunt®, you have peace of mind, knowing they will get the job done.” See your DuPont representative for more information on worm control in leafy vegetables.

Always read and follow all label directions and precautions for use. DuPont™ Avaunt® and Coragen® are not available in all states. See your DuPont representative for availability. Trademarks with ®, ™ or SM are trademarks of DuPont or affiliates. © 2015 DuPont.

AUGUST 2015 | CAPCA ADVISER

FARM ADVISORS

Effect of Insecticide Application Timing on Feeding Injury of Bagrada Bug in Broccoli Shimat V. Joseph, IPM Advisor, University of California Cooperative Extension, Salinas CA

agrada bug (Bagrada hilaris) (Fig. 1A), an invasive stink bug native to Africa, has emerged as a major pest of Brassica crops in the Central Coast vegetable production. In the US, bagrada bug was first detected in Los Angeles County in 2008 and is now well established in Central Coast. The first sample from northern Central Coast was positively identified in 2012. Thereafter, in 2013, high populations were found in the southern parts of the Salinas Valley mostly on the weed hosts along the edges of Salinas River. In 2014, widespread losses have been reported in the Central Coast especially in Monterey, San Benito, Santa Cruz, and southern Santa Clara Counties. Bagrada bug females lay their eggs both in the soil and on plant materials alike. Upon hatching, nymphs develop through five stages before molting into adult. Except egg stage, all the nymphal stages and adult can cause feeding injury to crops (Fig. 1A). In the field, adults are typically observed in mating or copulating status (Fig. 1B). Besides Brassica crops, they were also found feeding on the Brassica weeds such as perennial pepper weed and London rocket. In Central Coast, growing sweet alyssum within the vegetable fields is a common practice to encourage natural enemy populations. However, high numbers of bagrada bugs were observed on sweet alyssum throughout the growing period (Fig. 1C). Bagrada bug prefers Brassica plants but it also attacks seeds as they germinate (Fig. 1D). Severe feeding injury has been observed on emerging seedlings. They find refuge in the cracks and crevices in the soil within the field and build up colonies (Fig. 1D). Bagrada bug colonies sometimes aggregate in high numbers on few crop plants and the affected plants appear stunted. High numbers of bagrada bugs have been documented

CAPCA ADVISER | AUGUST 2015

in the border zones of the field. Feeding injury during early developmental stages of Brassica crops – from cotyledon to 4 leaves stages can result in severe economically losses. Injury on leaves appears initially as “starburst” and multiple feeding sites coalesce to form a necrotic lesion on the leaves (Fig. 1E and F). In broccoli and cauliflower, the economic injury occurs when the bug feeding kills the apical meristematic tissue of young seedlings, which either triggers development of “multiple heads” or sometime causes “blind head” (plant without a head). Severe feeding also depletes the nutrient reserves of the plant leading to severe wilting and stunting. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a single application at planting verses multiple applications on incidence of bagrada bug feeding injury. The study was conducted in broccoli in Greenfield, CA. Seeds were planted on October 25, 2014. Four replicates of each treatment were assigned to beds according to randomized complete block design. Four at-plant treatments were applied in a narrow-band along the seed line (Table 1). The rest of the treatments were applied two times at two and three weeks after planting. The water volume used for at-plant application was 100 gal/acre whereas, foliar applications were applied at 40 gal/acre. The details on insecticide products, and rates are listed in Table 1. For evaluation of bagrada bug injury, ten plant samples were randomly collected from each plot at 2, 3, and 4 weeks after planting. The sampled plants were evaluated for number of feeding sites (starburst) on the leaves. Two weeks after planting, the number of feeding sites was significantly lower on lambdacyhalothrin, cyclaniliprole,

dinotefuran, thiamethoxam (at plant only), and dinotefuran (at plant only) treated-plants than on untreated check. Three weeks after planting, all the treatments except imidacloprid (at plant only) showed significantly lower number of feeding sites than untreated check. A week later, all the treatments had significantly lower number of feeding injury sites than in untreated check. The data suggest that imidacloprid (at-plant) and clothianidin (at-plant) were slow acting as the cumulative number of feeding sites did not decrease after three and four weeks of planting, respectively. Lambda-cyhalothrin, cyclaniliprole, dinotefuran, thiamethoxam (at-plant), and dinotefuran (at-plant) were fast acting as the number of feeding injury was lower immediately after application. Four weeks after application, all the treatments reduced bagrada bug feeding injury. It is noteworthy that dinotefuran (atplant) and thiamethoxam (at-plant) treatments applied only at planting significantly reduced feeding injury two weeks after planting, and other two treatments applied only at planting, imidacloprid (at-plant) and clothianidin (at-plant) reduced feeding injury after four weeks of planting. This suggests that when applied at planting, number of foliar applications could be reduced for bagrada bug management. This study will be repeated in the following season. T

Table 1. Insecticide products and their rates used for the experiment. Weeks after planting

Insecticide

Rate/acre

Application timing1

No. of application

Clothianidin

12 fl oz

14.5 ± 3.1 a-c

5.3 ± 0.8 c

5.8 ± 1.8 b

Dinotefuran

6 oz

12.3 ± 2.9 b-d

6.8 ± 0.9 c

10.5 ± 3.4 b

Imidacloprid

10.5 fl oz

22.3 ± 6.4 a-c

17.3 ± 4.8 ab

6.0 ± 1.5 b

3.67 oz

11.0 ± 2.7 cd

10.8 ± 3.3 bc

12.0 ± 2.5 b

4 oz

7.7 ± 2.0 d

4.0 ± 1.3 c

4.8 ± 2.8 b

Thiamethoxam Dinotefuran Flonicamid

2.85 oz

26.5 ± 7.5 a

13.3 ± 3.7 c

5.8 ± 1.5 b

Cyclaniliprole

22 fl oz

10.3 ± 5.3 cd

13.0 ± 2.4 c

5.0 ± 3.3 b

Lambdacyhalothrin

1.92 fl oz

12.8 ± 3.5 b-d

8.5 ± 0.9 c

2.8 ± 0.8 b

Thiamethoxam + Lambdacyhalothrin

4.5 fl oz

23.8 ± 6.0 a-c

8.0 ± 4.3 c

7.5 ± 4.0 b

Thiamethoxam + Lambdacyhalothrin (higher concentration)

4.5 fl oz

12.0 ± 3.2 ab

9.8 ± 3.2 c

2.8 ± 1.5 b

Untreated check

25.0 ± 6.2 a

19.3 ± 8.8 a

40.8 ± 13.0 a

1A = at-plant application; B = after plant emergence. Symbols following means with similar case letters within the column are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD Test, P > 0.05).

Fig. 1. A. Bagrada bugs on broccoli leaves, B. mating or copulating bagrada bugs, C. Bagrada bug infestation on Sweet alyssum, D. Bagrada bug hiding sites in the soil and emerging seedlings with feeding injury, E. Bagrada bug feeding injury on Arugula and F. Bagrada bug feeding injury on Mizuna.

AUGUST 2015 | CAPCA ADVISER

CAREER OPPORTUNITIES

NOTE: The following job opportunities are abbreviated postings. To view the complete posting, please see the MEMBERS ONLY section of our website and click on the JOBS tile. http://capca.com/members/ Pest Control Adviser – Hanford, CA

Crop Production Services Hanford CPS has an immediate opening for an experienced PCA. With high earning potential, full benefits and a 401(k) plan that is second to none, experienced candidates should not pass on this opportunity. Job duties: Sells company products and services; Maintains sales programs within assigned territory/accounts; Responsible for meeting annual sales goals; Monitors competitive activity and trends; May be required to keep records and prepare reports on sales activities; Knowledge of product features, benefits, and use; Responsible to continue education on marketing techniques, products and services; Provides training to employees as needed; Initiates trials that will support marketing efforts; Interprets soil, tissue, and water analysis; Researches and responds to technical inquiries; Develops proprietary fertilizer formulations. Requirements: Demonstrated supervisory experience in vocational agricultural or a combination of education and work experience; Agricultural based degree desired; Valid driver’s license is required; Prior sales experience and valid PCA license. Apply: send resumes to Breanna.Lee@cpsagu.com or visit www.cpsagu.com

Pest Control Adviser – Merced, CA

Crop production Services Merced CPS has an immediate opening for an experienced PCA. With high earning potential, full benefits and a 401k plan that is second to none, experienced candidates should not pass on this opportunity. Job duties: Sells company products and services; Maintains sales programs within assigned territory/accounts; Responsible for meeting annual sales goals; Monitors competitive activity and trends; May be required to keep records and prepare reports on sales activities; Knowledge of product features, benefits, and use; Responsible to continue education on marketing techniques, products and services; Provides training to employees as needed; Initiates trials that will support marketing efforts; Interprets soil, tissue, and water analysis; Researches and responds to technical inquiries; Develops proprietary fertilizer formulations. Job requirements: Demonstrated supervisory experience in vocational agricultural or a combination of education and work experience; Experience in almonds, grapes and tree fruit; Agricultural based degree desired; Valid driver’s license is required; Prior sales experience and valid PCA license. Apply: send resumes to Breanna.Lee@cpsagu.com or visit www.cpsagu.com

Pest Control Adviser – Visalia, CA

Crop Production Services Visalia CPS has an immediate opening for an experienced PCA. With high earning potential, full benefits and a 401k plan that is second to none, experienced candidates should not pass on this opportunity. Job duties: Sells company products and services; Maintains sales programs within assigned territory/accounts; Responsible for meeting annual sales goals; Monitors competitive activity and trends; May be required to keep records and prepare reports on sales activities; Knowledge of product features, benefits, and use; Responsible to continue education on marketing techniques, products and services; Provides training to employees as needed; Initiates trials that will support marketing efforts; Interprets soil, tissue, and water analysis; Researches and responds to technical inquiries; Develops proprietary fertilizer formulations. Requirements: Demonstrated supervisory experience in vocational agricultural or a combination of education and work experience; Agricultural based degree desired; Valid driver’s license is required; Prior sales experience and valid PCA license. Apply: send resumes to Breanna.Lee@cpsagu.com or visit www.cpsagu.com

Head Agronomist – Buttonwillow, CA

Buttonwillow Warehouse Company Compensation: Competitive compensation package based on experience – including vehicle, medical, & 401(k) Description: Assist sales staff in developing comprehensive agronomic programs with a focus on Production improvements for grower customer base. This individual will help our sales staff increase crop yield and quality with regard to cost per acre for our customer base. Requirements: Bachelor’s Degree in Agronomy or closely related field (Preferred: a Masters of Science or Ph.D. in Agronomy or closely related field); Certified Crop Advisor (CCA) – or be willing to obtain; 8+ years of experience working as an agronomist; Experience conducting field research trials; Ability to present technical information to a diverse audience. Good communication skills are a must, so that they can listen to the problems of the farmers and are able to tell them the solution. Demonstrated expert knowledge of soil fertility, fertilizer products and horticulture cropping systems. Strong computer skills - Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, and statistical analysis. Apply: Send resumes to scowan@techag.com

CAPCA ADVISER | AUGUST 2015

Agriculture Science Instructor

West Hills College - Coalinga $63,923-$107,296 annual, 221 Day Contract, Tenure Track Under the appropriate instructional administrator, this position is responsible for a teaching variety of agriculture systems management, agriculture engineering and/or agriculture environment courses including, animal science, ag-business, soil science, crop science, pest control, GIS, GPS, and CAD. The instructor will be actively involved in the development of new courses and programs of study as well as assisting managing the production aspects of the campus farm. This position will be responsible for developing and implementing the agriculture student recruitment events and assist with advising interested students. Program promotion, student recruitment and advising, working with employers, and participation in industry groups are also expected. For job description, requirements and to apply, please visit us at: www.westhillscollege.com

Agriculture Industrial Technologies Instructor

West Hills College - Coalinga $63,923-$107,296 annual, 221 Day Contract, Tenure Track Under the appropriate instructional administrator, this position is responsible for teaching a variety of agriculture industrial technology courses including welding, industrial mechanics technology, heavy equipment technology, as well as other programs consistent with agriculture industrial industries. The instructor will be actively involved in the development of new courses and programs of study as well as assisting managing the production aspects of the campus farm. This position will be responsible for developing and implementing the agriculture student recruitment events and assist with advising interested students. Program promotion, student recruitment and advising, working with employers and participation in industry groups are also expected. For job description, requirements and to apply, please visit us at: www.westhillscollege.com

Regional Innovations Leader

ADAMA Fundamental Areas of Focus: Supports Solution Specialists in the West and Southwest Team regions by managing field trials and providing data to assist in creating demand for or Advanced products. Provides technical Innovation expertise to help differentiate ADAMA in the market. Identifies key center of influences (COI) and end users which include universities, consultants and grower locations in order to pull through ADAMA’s line of products. Builds relationships with key customers to identify market gaps and opportunities and co-create solutions that are in-line with the company strategy guidelines. Talent and Knack: Written and oral skills to communicate with all levels of business; Aligned with our core values of creating simplicity, working with passion, getting things done & empowering our people; A commitment to the big picture, collectively pursues unselfish goals with humility & invests in making all of us better; An authentic ability to connect broadly with people & motivate around a message; Averse to mediocrity, reflects an openness to change, to new experiences & knowledge; Masters or a PhD in an agricultural life sciences such as plant pathology, entomology, horticulture, agronomy plus 2-5 years of experience working in a related field. Apply: Resumes can be submitted to hollie.altice@adama.com

Registration Specialist – Gilroy-Hollister Area, CA

TriCal, Inc. Description: The Registration Specialist will be responsible for assisting the Registration Manager and Director of Research & Regulatory Affairs in the execution of strategies to obtain, support, and maintain the state, federal, and international registrations of pesticide products in the crop protection, turf, ornamental, post-harvest and structural markets. Work will involve interaction with business units, consultants, and regulatory agencies to develop product labels; helping manage regulatory studies to meet data requirements; and completing the necessary submissions and interfacing with regulatory contacts. This person will develop skills and knowledge to serve as a technical expert on issues for the business units to address registration concerns in support of sales of existing and future products. Requirements and Qualifications: Pesticide product registration and regulatory experience are not required; however, candidates should have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in agriculture or related science discipline. Personal characteristics of initiative, drive, organization, and attention to detail are critical. Applicant should have good computer skills, including proficiency in Microsoft Office, Adobe Acrobat, and similar software. Apply: Submit resume to Mike Stanghellini, Director of Research & Regulatory Affairs, mstanghellini@trical.com. Only those candidates who closely match the search criteria will be contacted for follow up.

CAPCA Conference Facility

Meeting Room Space Available Room Rate - $250/day

CAPCA has its own executive conference room located on the first floor of the California Farm Bureau corporate office in Sacramento. The CAPCA executive board room can comfortably seat up to 20 attendees, (max 30).

Our meeting room has a beautiful view of walnut/ oak trees and access to an outdoor patio. Guests have easy access to restrooms as well as the Farm Bureau cafeteria.

CAPCA Diamond level members will be allowed 5 With built-in AV you can project to either the drop meetings free per year, while Gold level members down screen or the 55â&#x20AC;? LCD monitor or both. The receive a discounted rate of $100. Platinum level members have unlimited access. room also has wireless Internet (and state of the art teleconferencing equipment). Meetings can be held Monday-Friday from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Unlike some meeting room space, CAPCA does not have a meal requirement, giving you To make reservations, contact: the flexibility to use the Farm Bureau Cafe Ruthann Anderson (conveniently located on site) or an outside caterer.

(916) 928-1625 x200 ruthann@capca.com 2300 River Plaza Dr., #120 Sacramento, CA 95833

MEMBERS ONLY!

a CAPCA Members Only Web Page a

www.capca.com

Resources and Features: a Access your CE hours a Access a CE Meeting List a Request an Official CE Printout a Access our Legislation Link a Access Job Postings

Also available:

a Insurance Information a Member Alerts

a And Other Resources

Forget About Fish!

Contact Your Local Distributor or Call Us at 602.233.2223 ferticell@agroplasmainc.com | www.agroplasmausa.com AUGUST 2015 | CAPCA ADVISER

CAPCA UPDATES

AUGUST

Tulare-Kings Chapter & OFAC August 13, 2015 Sustainable Organic Production in the Southern San Joaquin Valley 8:00 a.m. – 3:00 p.m. International Agri Center Tulare, CA Contact: Steve Beckley (916) 539-4107

SEPTEMBER CAPCA ED & CCA September 2, 2015 Nutrient Meeting Stanislaus Ag Center, Modesto, CA Contact: Mindy DeRohan (916) 928-1625 x207 Ventura Chapter September 9, 2015 Ventura Chapter CE Meeting 8:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m. Santa Paula Community Center, Santa Paula, CA Contact: Andy Klittich andyk@agrx.com Central Coast Chapter September 10, 2015 Central Coast CAPCA CE Meeting 7:30 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. Santa Maria Gun Club Santa Maria, CA Contact: Paul Crout (805) 471-4943 Kern Chapter & CAPCA ED September 10, 2015 CE Meeting Hodel’s Restaurant, Bakersfield, CA Contact: Ariana Zamora (805) 704-3255

CAPCA ADVISER | AUGUST 2015

SEPTEMBER (cont.) NorCal Chapter September 16, 2015 NorCal Chapter Scholarship Sporting Clay Shoot For information contact: Tim Carpenter (530) 514-8042 tim.carpenter@syngenta.com Fresno-Madera Chapter September 17, 2015 Fall CE Meeting Ramada Inn, Fresno, CA Contact: Scott Maurer (559) 250-8950

NOVEMBER Fresno-Madera Chapter November 12, 2015 Label Update Meeting Ramada Inn, Fresno, CA Contact: Scott Maurer (559) 250-8950 Tulare-Kings Chapter & CAPCA ED November 12, 2015 CE Meeting Contact: Lien Banh (916) 928-1625 x205

Central Valley Chapter September 17, 2015 40th Anniversary Bug Stomper Golf Tournament 9:30 a.m. Tee Time (Shotgun Start) The Reserve at Spanos Ranch, Stockton For additional information or sponsorship opportunities contact Larry Fisk (209) 814-4406 or Dennis Duda (209) 481-4746

CAPCA ED & CCA November 17, 2015 Nutrient Meeting Ontario Ayres Hotel & Suites, Ontario, CA Contact: Mindy DeRohan (916) 928-1625 x207

OCTOBER

San Diego Chapter December 2, 2015 Laws & Regulations Seminar Farm Bureau, Escondido, CA Contact: Bryan VanderMey bvandermey@ucanr.edu

SoCal Chapter & University of California October 22, 2015 California Nursery Conference Irwindale, CA Contact: Heather Palmer (949) 429-9944

For more information visit the CAPCA ED website at www.capcaed.com

DECEMBER

Woodland Chapter & OFAC December 3, 2015 Sustainable/Organic Prod. Seminar Woodland, CA Contact: Mindy DeRohan (916) 928-1625 x207 or Steve Beckley (916) 539-4107 North Coast Chapter & OFAC December 16, 2015 Sustainable/Organic Prod. Seminar 8:00 a.m. – 3:00 p.m. Calistoga Fairgrounds, Calistoga, CA Contact: Hector Bedolla (707) 478-9555

Date

Title

07/22/15

Farmers Meeting Series

07/22/15

Insect & Disease Field Tour

07/22/15

Hot Topics in IPM

07/23/15

Commodity Fumigations

07/23/15

Continuing Education Meeting

07/24/15

CWA Vineyard Tour

07/28/15

Location

Sponsor

Contact

Phone

Hrs

Indio

Riverside Co Ag

Arias, Ruben

(951) 312-7892

Happy Camp

Cal Fire

Smith, Thomas

(916) 599-6882

4.5

Catheys Valley

Mariposa Co Ag

Buirch, Tina

(209) 966-2075

Modesto

Stanislaus Co Ag

Genasci, Anna

(209) 525-4730

La Quinta

CAPCA

Barrett, Marie

(760) 427-7006

4.5

Angels Camp

Calaveras Co Ag

Wright, Kevin

(209) 754-6504

2.5

Nutrient Mgmt Seminar

Atascadero

CAPCA ED

DeRohan, Mindy

(916) 928-1625

6.5

07/28/15

WPHA Summer Reg Conference

Sacramento

WPHA

Kubiak, Rachel

(916) 574-9744

5.5

07/28/15

PAPA CE Seminar

Concord

PAPA

Tarp, Shayla

(831) 455-8068

07/29/15

Nutrient Mgmt Seminar

Fresno

CAPCA ED

DeRohan, Mindy

(916) 928-1625

6.5

07/29/15

So SJV Pre-Harvest Olive Day

Exeter

UCCE

Fichtner, Elizabeth

(559) 684-3300

07/29/15

WPHA Summer Reg Conference

Sacramento

WPHA

Kubiak, Rachel

(916) 574-9744

07/30/15

PHC Workshop

Los Angeles

Tree Care Industry

Rouse, Robert

(603) 314-5380

6.5

08/04/15

PCA Breakfast Meeting

Windsor

Sonoma Co Winegrape Comm.

Thomas, Karen

(707) 522-5862

1.5

08/04/15

Pesticide Use Monthly Update

Merrill, OR

Siskiyou Co Ag

Smith, Jim

(530) 667-5310

08/05/15

CAPCA ED CE Seminar

San Mateo

CAPCA ED

Banh, Lien

(916) 928-1625

08/12/15

PAPA CE Seminar

Fresno

PAPA

Alvitre, Sharise

(559) 623-9905

08/13/15

Sustainable/Organic Production Seminar

Tulare

CAPCA & OFAC

Beckley, Steve

(916) 539-4107

08/18/15

Weed Science School-Day 1

Davis

UC Davis

Perez, Gale

(530) 752-1748

4.5

08/19/15

CAPCA ED CE Seminar

Carlsbad

CAPCA ED

Zamora, Ariana

(805) 704-3255

08/19/15

Weed Science School - Day 2

Davis

UC Davis

Perez, Gale

(530) 752-1748

08/20/15

CAPCA ED CE Seminar

Simi Valley

CAPCA ED

Zamora, Ariana

(805) 704-3255

08/20/15

Farmers Meeting Series

Indio

Riverside Co Ag

Arias, Ruben

(951) 312-7892

08/20/15

Weed Science School - Day 3

Davis

UC Davis

Perez, Gale

(530) 752-1748

08/25/15

PAPA CE Seminar

Napa

PAPA

Tarp, Shayla

(831) 455-8068

08/27/15

PAPA CE Seminar

San Bernardino

PAPA

Alvitre, Sharise

(559) 623-9905

7.5

09/01/15

Pesticide Use Monthly Update

Merrill, OR

Siskiyou Co Ag

Smith, Jim

(530) 667-5310

09/02/15

CCA Nutrient Mgmt Seminar

Modesto

CAPCA ED & CCA

DeRohan, Mindy

(916) 928-1625

5.5

09/10/15

PAPA CE Seminar

San Mateo

PAPA

Tarp, Shayla

(831) 455-8068

Barnes, Missy

(678) 627-2286

10/05/15

Plant Operator’s Seminar

Atlanta, GA

Arch Wood Protection

10/06/15

Pesticide Use Monthly Update

Merrill, OR

Siskiyou Co Ag

Smith, Jim

(530) 667-5310

Atlanta, GA

Arch Wood Protection

Barnes, Missy

(678) 627-2286

10/06/15

Plant Operator’s Seminar

AUGUST 2015 | CAPCA ADVISER

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