Ruthann Anderson, Editor
AGRICULTURE IS A TEAM. And the value of acting as a team was brought into sharp focus this past year in certain discussions about regulation changes and cultural perceptions of pesticides.
Since launching this publication a year ago, I have had the opportunity to learn more in the field from a variety of applicators. I appreciate the insight gained from hearing some of the obstacles they face as we addressed the School Buffer Zone regulations, and the obstacles that Aerial applicators have when applying new PPE regulations to real situations. Applicator Alerts gave the Citrus and Subtropical Crop Team a platform to provide some timely updates in the spring and opened doors for new collaborations this past year, including our special Spray Safe Issue with the Kern County Agricultural Commissioner’s office. Your feedback and
readership has been vital to this success. There are so many hands that contribute in the process of bringing food from soil to table. This spring CAPCA made adjustments to our Advocacy outreach in order to more clearly paint the picture of how vital growers, PCAs, applicators, packers and a whole line of other individuals are to the production of commodities, fibers and protection of green spaces. We are grateful to see team agriculture continuing to work together to find solutions, and become proactive in educating one another and their communities.
SAVE THE DATE • SAVE THE DATE
APPLICATOR ALERTS ✔ From t ✔ CAPC
Hutchins Street Square 125 S. Hutchins Street Square, Lodi, CA 95240 Seminar Times: 7:30 a.m. - 3:15 p.m.
ISSUE:
he Editor
A ED Up
Lodi - July 11, 2017
- p. 1
date - p. 3 ✔ Microo rganisms & Soil He alth - p. 4 ✔ Fertigati on throug h Microirr igation - p ✔ Measu .6 ring Soil M oisture p. 7 ✔ Boots on the G round - p .8 ✔ Propo rtional C hemigatio n - p. 9
Registration Fee: $70 before 6/27/17 $90 after 6/27/17
Online Registration Closes July 4th
AGENDA INCLUDES: Almond Orchard Recycling and the Effect on Almond Replant Disease, Soil Fertility, and Organic Matter Interpreting Water Quality & Irrigation Analysis Reporting K Fixing Soils in the Central Valley The Importance of Sulfur in Crop Production • AND MORE Register today at https://members.capca.com/event/40
JUNE 2017 VOL. 1I, NO. 2
IN THIS
CCA Nutrient Management Seminar
APPLICATOR ALERTS
From the Editor
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CAPCA ED – 2017 Schedule Mark your calendars now for these valuable training events. June 13, 2017 – Palm Desert – CAPCA ED June 22, 2017 – Sacramento – CAPCA ED June 28, 2017 – Oxnard – OFAC July 11, 2017 – Lodi – CCA Nutrient Management July 26, 2017 – Fresno – Nutrient Management August 2, 2017 – San Mateo – CAPCA ED August 2, 2017 – Ontario – CAPCA ED August 10, 2017 – Tulare – OFAC August 15, 2017 – Carlsbad – CAPCA ED August 17, 2017 – Simi Valley – CAPCA ED August 24, 2017 – San Luis Obispo – CAPCA ED September 12, 2017 – San Jose – CAPCA ED September 13, 2017 – Santa Paula – CAPCA ED September 14, 2017 – Bakersfield – CAPCA ED September 21, 2017 – Modesto – CAPCA ED September 27, 2017 – Chico – CAPCA ED October 15- 17, 2017 – Reno, NV – CAPCA Conference November 1, 2017 – Sacramento – CAPCA ED November 9, 2017 – Tulare – CAPCA ED November 14, 2017 – Napa – CAPCA ED November 15, 2017 – Modesto – CCA Nutrient Management November 15, 2017 – Arcadia – CAPCA ED November 16, 2017 – Santa Ana – CAPCA ED November 29, 2017 – Bakersfield – Nutrient Management November 30, 2017 – Gilroy – Nutrient Management December 14, 2017 – Calistoga - OFAC Watch our website for registration information: https://capcaed.com/ For additional information contact: Ariana Zamora, So. CA CAPCA ED Representative ariana@capca.com / (805) 704-3255 Jackie Tabarez, No. CA CAPCA ED Representative jackie@capca.com / (916) 928-1625 x205
CAPCA EDITORIAL STAFF
Ruthann Anderson - Editor
Joyce Basan - Deputy Editor Dee Strowbridge - Membership/Conference Sylvia Stark - Advertising Sales Manager Lien Banh - Office Manager Ariana Zamora - So. CA Representative Jacqueline Tabarez - No. CA Representative Rachel Taft - Executive Assistant Graphic Design - Rosemary N. Southward southwardr@comcast.net PURPOSE California Association of Pest Control Advisers (CAPCA) is a non-profit voluntary mutual benefit association. CAPCA’s purpose is to serve as the leader in the evolution of the pest management industry through the communication of reliable information. CAPCA is dedicated to the professional development and enhancement of our members’ education and stewardship which includes legislative, regulatory, continuing education and public outreach activities. PUBLISHING INFORMATION Applicator Alerts is published by the California Association of Pest Control Advisers (CAPCA), 2300 River Plaza Dr., Suite 120, Sacramento, California 95833. Web: www.capca.com, (916) 928‑1625. POSTMASTER: send address change to CAPCA. CAPCA has endeavored to include appropriate and accurate statements, but disclaims any and all warranties and/or responsibility for the statements or articles submitted to Applicator Alerts that may have additionally been edited for style, content and space prior to publication. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent CAPCA policies, or positions or endorsements. Editorial content of this publication is educational and informational in nature. No part of this publication, including images, may be reproduced without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact CAPCA at (916) 928‑1625 for reprint authorization. PRINTING: Sundance Press Tucson, Arizona
FIND US ON LINKEDIN: https://www.linkedin.com/company/californiaassociation-of-pest-control-advisers-capca-
SOIL/WATER/NUTRIENT ISSUES
Microorganisms and Soil Health Surendra K. Dara, Strawberry and Vegetable Crops Advisor, UCCE, San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara Counties SOIL IS A VERY COMPLEX and dynamic medium with numerous biotic and abiotic properties. In an undisturbed ecosystem, there is a natural balance among biotic factors such as microorganisms (beneficial and harmful), plant roots, insects, and other organisms along with organic matter, minerals, moisture, and other abiotic factors. Agroecosystems also have their own composition of biota depending on the crop and agronomic and pest management practices. Microorganisms play an important role in maintaining soil structure, fertility, and health, thus contributing to crop health. Each gram of agricultural topsoil can have up to one billion microorganisms. Algae, bacteria, fungi, lichens, and protozoans are among a diverse range of microorganisms that perform a variety of tasks. Maintaining soil structure and fertility: Microorganisms decompose plant and animal residues and degrade complex organic molecules, thus adding organic matter and nutrients to soil. In addition to improving the porosity, water holding capacity, pH, and physical structure, microbial activity enhances the bioavailability of nutrients through nitrogen fixation and mobilization of other nutrients such a s phosphorus, potassium, iron and sulfur. Species of bacteria Azospirillum, Azotobacter,
Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhizobacteria, and Streptomyces and fungi Agaricus, Aspergillus, Glomus, and Rhizophagus are examples for improving soil structure and fertility. Nitrogen fixing bacteria can add about 2090 lb/ac nitrogen to soil. Several bacteria also solubilize inorganic and organic phosphate compounds and reduce iron [from ferric (Fe3+) to ferrous (Fe2+)] and manganese (from Mn4+ to Mn2+) to soluble forms. Bacteria and fungi also solubilize phosphorus and potassium by releasing organic acids, production of siderophores (high-affinity iron chelating compounds) or through mycelial transportation (in the case of fungi). Mycorrhizae hydrolyze organic matter to release nutrients that are absorbed by plants. Biodegradation of toxic compounds and contaminants: Bacteria and fungi can biotransform a variety of toxic materials into less harmful forms. Degradation of oil, alkanes, and naphthalene by Pseudomonas spp., atrazine by Arthrobacter nicotinovorans, DDT by Terrabacter sp., pentacholorphenol and dioxin by Phanaerochaete chrysosporium, and heavy metals by Alcaligenes eutrophus, and oxidation of methane into carbon dioxide by methanotrophic bacteria and fungi are a few examples. Promoting soil and plant health: Several soil bacteria (e.g. Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp.) and fungi (e.g. entomopathogenic
fungi – Beauveria spp., Isaria spp., Lecanicillium spp., Metarhizium spp. and mycorrhizae – Trichoderma spp. and Glomus spp.) antagonize harmful microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes and/ or help with nutrient and moisture absorption to improve crop health. Some mycorrhizae as well as entomopathogenic fungi also help plants withstand drought and saline conditions. Abundance and diversity of microorganisms is generally more in organically farmed fields than in conventional fields. Several studies demonstrated that adding organic matter and beneficial microorganisms improved soil quality or restored degraded soils. Inoculating soil with beneficial microorganisms after fumigation or anaerobic soil disinfestation helps increase their populations and fight reestablishment of pathogen inocula. There are several microorganismbased products that are commercially available as biostimulants, biopesticides, or soil amendments. Some formulations have a single microorganism (e.g. Azospirillum brasilense, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. mycoides, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Rhizophagus intraradices, or Trichoderma virens) while others have a combination of multiple species of bacteria, fungi or both. Depending on the purpose, one or more of these commercial products can be used to improve crop growth, health, or yield.
For more information on microbial control:
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http://ucanr.edu/strawberries-vegetables
2ND AG INNOVATIONS CONFERENCE: MICROBIAL CONTROL
Sunday, August 13, 2017 The Great Hall, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA This one-day conference is organized in conjunction with the 50th Annual Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology (SIP) at UC San Diego, La Jolla. The objective of the 2nd Ag Innovations Conference: Microbial Control event is to bring applied microbial control research concepts from around the world to growers, PCAs, agriculture and ornamental industry partners in Southern California. This all-day conference includes government agency and industry representatives, and UCCE advisors, covering topics such as dual action biopesticides, microbial control of pests in vegetable, fruit, orchard, turfgrass, and ornamental production, endemic and invasive pest management, entomopathogenic fungi as plant growth promoters and disease antagonizers, and much more! Registration and Agenda Information: http://ucanr.edu/AIC2017 Registration by June 15th is $25 / After June 15th through August 6th is $50. For more information: Surendra Dara at skdara@ucdavis.edu or (805) 720-1700
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Dawn Fluharty, Northwestern Regional Technical Manager 650-996-8291 • dfluharty@arborjet.com • PCA #126831
SOIL/WATER/NUTRIENT ISSUES
Fertigation through Microirrigation Franz Niederholzer, UCCE Farm Advisor, Colusa and Sutter/Yuba Counties FERTIGATION – applying fertilizer with irrigation water – through drip or microjet systems is an important technical development that saves growers money. Microirrigation fertigation can deliver nutrients directly to active roots while rapidly incorporating the fertilizer without the expense of a tractor and a fertilizer spreader. This article will review some of the key points presented in Fertigation with Microirrigation, a publication by the University of California’s Ag and Natural Resources Division (Publication No. 21620). Some of the high points presented in this publication will be briefly reviewed here as answers to questions I’ve had, first as a PCA and then as a farm advisor. The take home messages appear in italics. Q. What is the best nitrogen fertilizer injection timing strategy – when and for how long – using drip or micros? A. Injecting all fertilizer early in a long irrigation set risks leaching some nitrate or urea fertilizer through the root zone – even in a loam soil. Efficient fertilizer application (pound of fertilizer into the plant per pound of fertilizer applied) through microirrigation systems is influenced by soil type and fertilizer material, timing and length of fertilizer injection, and length of irrigation set. In long irrigation sets (e.g. 36 hours) fertigation from hours 1-3, followed 33 hours of freshwater irrigation should push fertilizer nitrate and/ or urea down and through at least a part of the root zone. This may waste expensive fertilizer and limit the amount of fertilizer available to the plant. Injecting late in the irrigation set will result in much less nitrate and/or urea leaching and more nitrogen remaining in the drip line area. Longer injection periods
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during the middle third or half of the irrigation set will give the most uniform distribution of nitrate and/ or urea fertilizer in the root zone, but lower concentrations throughout the root zone. Short irrigation sets of only a few hours with long or short relative injection periods didn’t show much difference in leaching or availability. [Note: Nitrate and urea are very mobile in many soils during application. Urea behaves much like nitrate during application, so be careful not to use excessive irrigation water with urea applications. Ammonium is very immobile in soil as it is being injected, but may be lost from the soil as ammonia if it is left near the soil surface and the soil pH is alkaline.]
high concentration of fertilizer (1-2 hour injection). The EC will increase when the fertilizer arrives, and travel time is the difference between the start of injection and when the EC meter “jumps” with the arrival of the fertilizer at the end of the system. Inexpensive EC meters are available from ag or landscaping supply stores.
Q. How can I be certain that fertilizer is being uniformly distributed throughout the irrigation system and to the crop?
Other topics covered in Fertigation with Microirrigation are gypsum injection, mixing problems with certain fertilizers, backflow prevention equipment and practices, calibrating injection applications, and a general review of fertilizers commonly used for fertigation. Fertigation with Microirrigation is available by contacting UC ANR Communication Services at (800) 994-8849, danrcs@ucanr.edu, or http://anrcatalog.ucanr.edu.
A. Across the field, make sure the fertilizer application time is long enough for the fertilizer to reach the furthest point in the system and then flush with clean water for at least the same amount of time. Within the field, make sure the irrigation water is applied uniformly throughout the block, and so will the fertilizer. Keep emitters clean, system pressure constant, emitter sizes uniform, and apply fertilizer at a constant rate. Injector pumps and venture injectors keep fertilizer application rate fairly constant, but batch tank mixing/ injecting can produce different rates of application. How long is fertilizer travel time in a system? Measure this important piece of information by monitoring the electrical conductivity (EC) of the irrigation water at the last emitter on the last hose before, during, and after a short-period injection of a
Q. How far do phosphate or potassium move from the point of water application? A. Not very far compared with urea or nitrate. Potassium should move little farther in soil than phosphorous. Adding gypsum may push potassium (or ammonium) farther down into the root zone.
by Patrick Dosier, CPAg. IT’S NOT A SECRET that one of the most effective ways to increase irrigation efficiency is to use soil moisture sensors to directly observe the soil’s status. The following is a brief guide for those looking to incorporate this technology into their operation. As this technology continues to come down in price, it makes a lot of sense to use it.
Proper placement is critical A lot can be said about where to place soil sensors for the best results. The ideal placement location varies widely by cropping system. Ask the sensor manufacturer, your Cooperative Extension Agent or a Certified Crop Adviser (CCA) for specific advice on your situation. Here are some general guidelines:
Soil moisture sensors come in two basic types Tensiometers – these sensors measure the soil water’s tension. Tension is similar to water pressure, except that it will be negative. Tensiometers measure how much energy a plant will have to exert to pull water out of the soil and into its roots. A dry soil will have higher tension.
1. Place the sensor in a representative portion of field. Avoid high or low lying areas, avoid obvious irregularities in your soil texture (like sand streaks) and avoid placing it on the edge of a planting where evapotranspiration (ET) may be distorted. It is ideal to have one soil sensor for each irrigation management zone. 2. Be sure to place the sensor tip, that is the actual sensing component of the device, in the middle of the root zone. Think about this both vertically and horizontally. Most crops roots will be in the top 18”-24” of the soil, so you want to measure soil moisture at a similar depth. Also consider horizontal placement by observing the wetting pattern of your irrigation system. Generally, you will want the sensor to be placed halfway between the irrigation source and the outside edge of the wetting front. Wetting patterns vary widely by type of irrigation and are not always easy to observe, so ask an expert if you’re not sure.
Volumetric Soil Moisture – this class of sensors measure the actual water content of a soil directly. They will be able to tell you how much of the soil volume is currently occupied by water. There are many different types of volumetric sensors which range in accuracy, precision and cost. Both of these types of sensors are now available in affordable packages that can be connected to the internet and/or can be used to run automated irrigation systems.
Different sensors, different installation methods There are many different makes and models of each type of soil moisture sensor. Each one of them has a specific method for proper installation. Each and every one of them will take inaccurate measurements if not installed correctly. Be sure to understand the manufacturer’s installation instructions. Interpreting the information Once your sensor is properly located and installed, you will want to understand how to read it. There is not a uniform standard for how manufacturers represent the information. If you have selected a tensiometer, you will get a reading in kilopascals (kPa), atmospheres (atm), bar or possibly some other unit of pressure. If you are using a volumetric soil moisture sensor, you will get a reading as a percent (%) water content. The goal is to understand how much plant available water is remaining in your soil. Different soil textures will have different ranges of water holding capacities. It is a good idea to have your volumetric soil moisture sensors calibrated to your soil type. Get expert feedback on your soil’s upper and lower limits of available water, as this information will enable you to be precise in interpreting the sensor readings and translating them into actionable information. Some manufacturers provide interpretation guidelines in their manual, on their website or even on the sensor itself. Once you have picked the right type of sensor for your needs, properly installed it in a representative location and gained an understanding of how to interpret it, then you will be managing your water like a pro! 7
SOIL/WATER/NUTRIENT ISSUES
Making Sense of Measuring Soil Moisture
SOIL/WATER/NUTRIENT ISSUES
Boots on the Ground: Q & A with Jerome Pier, PhD PCA & CCA, Stockton, CA APPLICATOR ALERTS (AA): There is ongoing discussion on the issue of nitrates and ground water quality. Could you provide a brief recap on where nitrate pollution occurs? Jerome Pier (JP): Nitrate is the most common drinking water pollutant in the world. The background concentration of nitrate in natural ecosystems is around 2 ppm. The USEPA estimates that more than half of the drinking water from both community and domestic wells in the US exceeds the background concentration. There are many causes of nitrate pollution. Septic systems, confined animal feeding operations and intensive farming are some of the sources of nitrate pollution. Shallow aquifers that lie below deep, coarse textured soils are most vulnerable to nitrate pollution. Under these conditions, the time it takes nitrate to reach the aquifer is on the order of months to a few years. (AA): Where is nitrate a concern in California? (JP): The eastern edge of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys, Santa Ana and Salinas Valleys are locations where there is intensive agriculture taking place over or near shallow or confined aquifers. These areas have a higher number of drinking water wells that exceed the federal maximum contaminant level of 45 ppm nitrate (10 ppm nitrate-nitrogen). (AA): The application of nitrogen is important to produce profitable crops. Can you briefly cover the how inefficient nitrogen applications can lead to nitrate leaching loss? (JP): Nitrogen is often the most limiting plant nutrient while being very complicated to manage. Nitrate is the form most taken up by plants but also most likely to leach below the root zone. Large applications of nitrogen fertilizer followed by long irrigation sets can result in significant nitrate leaching. Where the water table is close to the surface, it doesn’t take long for nitrate to reach the aquifer. (AA): How can applicators help improve nitrogen management? (JP): Many of the inefficient practices of the past are being replaced with micro-irrigation and spoon feeding. These techniques are reducing the amount of nitrogen growers need to apply to produce the same or better yields. Nitrogen management plans are requiring growers to test their irrigation water for nitrate and account for this source in their nutrient budget. The strong interaction 8
between nitrogen fertilizer and water means we need to pay closer attention to irrigation management. Finally, become more educated about crop nitrogen and water requirements as well as times when nitrogen demand is low or peaking. As an example, inject nitrogen into irrigation water near the end of a long set to keep the nitrogen in the root zone. (AA): With significant rainfall we’ve had how will this very wet winter effect soil nitrates? (JP): The early spring soil samples I have reviewed from northern California are all very low in nitrate. This is no surprise. Nearly all residual nitrogen in the root zone present in the fall of 2016 is now headed for the groundwater. Best management practices for nitrogen are to time applications to maximize crop uptake, minimize leaching and leave the root zone nearly depleted of nitrogen before rains begin.
Charles M. Burt, Ph.D., P.E., D.WRE, ITRC, Cal Poly SLO PROPORTIONAL DOSING or injection means that the flow rate of the chemical is automatically adjusted to maintain a constant concentration of chemical (or pH) in the irrigation water. If the irrigation water flow rate changes, the chemical flow rate will change by the correct amount in proportion to the change in the irrigation water flow rate. Proportional injection is always automatic. There is no doubt that proportional chemigation requires more sophisticated and expensive equipment than is needed to simply empty 100 gallons out of a tank. The purposes of this proportional injection systems include:
the fertilizer application rates over time as plant needs vary. It also eliminates most plugging, corrosion, and incompatibility problems that can arise when infrequent large chemical applications are used. Essential Components of an Electronic Proportional System Proportional dosing can be achieved in a number of ways. Each manufacturer will offer different types of components in with their proportional system. Almost all agricultural proportional systems use electronics. The basic components that are essential to an electronic proportional dosing system are:
• Automatically provide desired/ target chemical concentrations to the field or water regardless of flow rate changes through the irrigation system, or pressure changes in the irrigation system.
• Irrigation water flow meter
• Eliminate the need to manually change the chemical flow rate when different sets are irrigated.
• Process controller
• Enable spoonfeeding – with continuous small dosages. This enables growers to gently shift
• Some way to directly measure or estimate the chemical flow rate • Chemical injector
Recommended Configuration The best configuration appears to be the depicted in the figure below. Units with this configuration are commercially available. Key items are: • The chemical flow rate is not estimated – it is directly measured with excellent magnetic meter technology that is insensitive to the type of chemical being injected. • The automatic regulating valve is a “modulating valve” that seeks the correct position (as opposed to pulsing at some on/off ratio) to deliver the proper chemical flow rate. **Note: Material for this article is extracted from the soon-tobe published second edition of Fertigation by Cal Poly ITRC. Its rewriting is supported by the CDFA FREP program.
• User interface screen/input mechanism to the process controller
Recommended configuration with an accurate chemical flow meter providing a feedback loop to the process controller, and precise, non-pulsing automatic chemical regulating valve
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SOIL/WATER/NUTRIENT ISSUES
Proportional Chemigation
SOIL/WATER/NUTRIENT ISSUES
DEPARTMENT OF PESTICIDE REGULATION LICENSING AND CERTIFICATION
SUBMIT APPLICATIONS BEFORE NOVEMBER 1 Mail your application before November so that your license or certificate can be issued before it expires. If you submit before October, you will be renewed by early December and can then register with your county before the New Year. .
Blah blah blah blah
Blah blah blah bl
AVOID PROCESSING DELAYS
Submitting earlier allows DPR staff additional time to notify you of issues or problems that could delay processing your license.
M-Z LICENSEES
DPR will mail renewal packets in August to license and certificate holders with surnames and business names starting with letters M-Z
PEST CONTROL BUSINESSES Renew your qualified applicator FIRST. For pest control businesses, the qualified applicator MUST BE renewed before the business license can be renewed. If you do not receive your application contact the Licensing Program at licensemail@cdpr.ca.gov or download a blank application at: www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/license/lictypes.htm
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CAPCA’s 43rd annual conference & agri-expo
october 15-17, 2017 - grand sierra resort - reno, nevada Registration Rates: Member/Exhibitor - $300 Non Member - $370 Student - $150 Spouse - $150 Children - $100 Golf Fees - $95 Clay Shoot - $75
Luncheon Performance:
Accommodations: GSR Standard Room - $105 Summit Suites - $125
CAPCA.COM/CONFERENCE To be an Exhibitor or Sponsor of this event Contact Dee Strowbridge - dee@capca.com
APPLICATOR ALERTS JUNE 2017 / VOL . I1, NO. 2
SOIL/WATER ISSUE Thank you to AgroLiquid for their sponsorship of this Applicator Alerts issue and their continued CAPCA Platinum Sustaining Membership.
CAPCA 2300 River Plaza Dr., Ste 120 Sacramento, CA 95833
PRSRT STD US Postage PAID Tucson, AZ Permit No. 271
APPLICATOR ALERTS