October 2017 Adviser Magazine by CAPCA

F N CO L UA PO N EX 0 AN I- e 2 A GR Pag P C & A ee S CA

ADVISER OCTOBER 2017 | VOL . XX, NO. 5

California Association of Pest Control Advisers www.capca.com

Keep the beauty of almond bloom longer.

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Products That Work, From People Who Care ® | valent.com | 800-6-VALENT (682-5368) Always read and follow label instructions. Products That Work, From People Who Care is a registered trademark of Valent U.S.A. LLC. ReTain is a registered trademark of Valent BioSciences Corporation. ©2017 Valent U.S.A. LLC. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A. AM57991

Cover photo: Â© slobo / iStock

Cover photo: fotokostic, Getty Images

Table of Contents LEADERSHIP

UC IPM

CAPCA Moving Forward

Rick Wescott

CAPCA Rebrand

Kris Tollerup

Gary Silveria

FARM ADVISORS

PCA PROFILE 14

Hans Herkert

Rachel Taft

EDUCATION 16

2017 Scholarship Winner Announced

Rick Wescott

COMMUNICATIONS 30

CAPCA Visits Tremont Lyman in Woodland CA

Adam Barsanti

DEPARTMENTS

Navel Orangeworm Monitoring: An Intractable Problem?

Citrus Weed Control with Indaziflam and Rimsulfuron Herbicides

B. Faber, O. Daugovish, J. De Soto, A. Howell, T. Bean

Wild Pig Management in Citrus in 2017

Sonia Rios, Niamh Quinn, and Etaferahu Takele

New Pests of Landscape Ficus in California Donald R. Hodel

An Update on Spotted-wing Drosophila and its Management Surendra K. Dara

Ice-nucleating Bacteria Glenn McGourty

From the Editor

Featured: Organics

Pathway to PCA

Career Opportunities

CCA Update

Continuing Education

Featured: Nutrients

CAPCA Updates

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AT THE CENTER OF PLANT HEALTH

CAPCA EDITORIAL STAFF Ruthann Anderson - Editor Joyce Basan - Deputy Editor Dee Strowbridge - Membership/Conference Sylvia Stark - Advertising Sales Manager Lien Banh - Office Manager Ariana Zamora - So. CA Representative Jacqueline Tabarez - No. CA Representative Rachel Taft - Executive Assistant Adam Barsanti - Outreach Relations Manager Graphic Design - Rosemary N. Southward southwardr@comcast.net MISSION & PURPOSE California Association of Pest Control Advisers (CAPCA) is a non-profit voluntary mutual benefit association that represents 75% of the 4,000 California EPA licensed pest control advisers. CAPCA’s purpose is to serve as the leader in the evolution of the pest management industry through the communication of reliable information. CAPCA is dedicated to the professional development and enhancement of our members’ education and stewardship which includes legislative, regulatory, continuing education and public outreach activities.

From the Editor Serving and Supporting Our Membership Did you notice the new CAPCA brand? Over the last year and a half, under the direction of the CAPCA Board and guidance of the CAPCA Forward Committee, CAPCA has taken on a new brand identity! With a revitalized focus on telling the story of IPM, CAPCA leads with a new tagline: “At the Center of Plant Health.” Since our 2015 demographic survey indicated that 50% of the current membership would be retiring over the next 10 years, CAPCA leadership set their sights on refreshing the brand, and outreach and member resources to reach younger PCAs who will be the future of the Association.

PUBLISHING INFORMATION CAPCA Adviser is published bi-monthly by the California Association of Pest Control Advisers (CAPCA), 2300 River Plaza Dr., Suite 120, Sacramento, California 95833. Web: www.capca.com, (916) 928‑1625. POSTMASTER: send address change to CAPCA. A portion of CAPCA membership dues is used to provide subscription privileges to the Adviser magazine. Non-member subscriptions are $30/year. Third class bulk postage paid at Tucson, AZ and at additional mailing offices.

Over the next couple months, I hope that you find value in how the updates help you stay informed and connected to CAPCA! Our mission is still to serve the PCA. From a mobile-friendly website to a new email service that allows you to customize the types of emails you want to receive from CAPCA, our primary goal continues to be to serve and support our membership! █

CAPCA has endeavored to include appropriate and accurate statements, but disclaims any and all warranties and/or responsibility for the statements or articles submitted to CAPCA Adviser that may have additionally been edited for style, content and space prior to publication. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent CAPCA policies, or positions or endorsements. Editorial content of this publication is educational and informational in nature. No part of this publication, including images, may be reproduced without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact CAPCA at (916) 928‑1625 for reprint authorization.

Ruthann Anderson, Editor ruthann@capca.com

PRINTING: Sundance Press Tucson, Arizona

The brand features a leaf-in-hand mark that was designed to showcase the service nature of the PCA working with growers to make the right recommendation. This mark helps Government Relations Committee, PR Committee and Pathway to PCA Outreach tell the story PCAs have within California Agriculture.

OCTOBER 2017 | CAPCA ADVISER

LEADERSHIP

CAPCA Moving Forward By Rick Wescott, CAPCA Chairman Welcome to the new look of CAPCA. This being our first Adviser magazine sporting the new rebranded logo for CAPCA, I want to give thanks to the chairman of the CAPCA Forward Committee, Gary Silveria along with his committee for all their work and effort for the last 18 months to getting this transition to the new brand completed. The new web site is also up and running and is more user-friendly than our previous web site. Go online and take a look at it and give us your thoughts about anything you would like added, changed, or fixed. As you know with anything new, there may be some issues that need attention. Welcome to all of you who will be attending CAPCA’s 43rd Annual Conference & Agri-Expo in Reno, NV. The conference committee has put together an excellent program centered on the theme, “Guardians of the Green.” Please remember to visit the exhibitor booths in the Agri-Expo portion of the conference. Our exhibitors are very supportive of the conference and CAPCA’s success throughout the year. One of the reasons the CAPCA Board thought it was necessary to change our logo is to keep up with our younger PCAs coming into the organization and give CAPCA a more modern look. We also wanted to make CAPCA more visible to those not directly involved in agriculture and the Green Industry, such as the legislators in Sacramento. We want to be one of the organizations that our legislators look to for information and guidance before they make decisions on bills and laws that come before them. We also want to be the leader in working with other organizations in agriculture and the Green Industry to protect our profession and anything that threatens agriculture and food production. We can accomplish much more as a united front with other organizations than go it alone. In closing, I would like all of you to meet my granddaughter, Noel, pictured with me here. Our kids' and grandkids' futures depend on all of us to do the right things to preserve our profession and production agriculture in California and the Nation. This is what motivates me in everything I do! Find your Motivation! █

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

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LEADERSHIP

CAPCA Rebrand By Gary Silveria, CAPCA Forward Chair CAPCA has always strived to be a professional and ethical organization. We hold ourselves to the highest standard. Using the latest technologies to deliver the best products has been our focus and our goal. If we use the best, we are able to deliver the best.

what pest control product to apply. Having expertise and knowledge to practice integrated pest management allows for a more comprehensive recommendation that will have a greater benefit to the grower.

CAPCA’s hope is to reach more than just PCAs, the companies, and growers we serve. Our brand wishes to reach the consumer. In this day and age, the consumer is concerned with where their food comes from and how it got here. Many people are concerned with the food they eat and how it is treated. Is what we are eating safe? The PCA is always conscious of this and they have dedicated themselves to working with the growers to produce the most plentiful and safest food possible. We care in this way because we are consumers ourselves.

Our rebrand brings a fresh look to CAPCA. The younger generation of PCA uses many platforms to communicate with their growers, their colleagues, and CAPCA. Being able reach our PCAs through those various platforms is crucial in maintaining CAPCA’s link to PCAs with changing technology and needs and allows us to share that more readily with our PCAs performing their jobs.

Along with a responsibility to our consumers, we have a responsibility to the clients we serve. Our re-commitment to our clients include remaining updated and educated on current issues that could affect them. Being a PCA is more than just advising

The leaf-in-hand image represents the love and care we take every day to bring the best we can, as well as our devotion to plant and human health. It reaffirms our commitment to the consumer that we are doing our best for everyone. “PCAs are at the front line of plant health and we are proud of our profession and the services we provide.” █

CAPCA STAFF CONTACTS

RUTHANN ANDERSON CAPCA President/CEO Adviser Editor ruthann@capca.com (916) 928-1625

JOYCE A. BASAN

Programs/Communications Dir. Adviser Deputy Editor joyce@capca.com (916) 928-1625

SYLVIA STARK

Advertising Sales Manager Advertising/Publications sylvia@capca.com (916) 607-0059

DEE STROWBRIDGE

Membership/Conferences Dir. Sustaining Membership, Acct. dee@capca.com (916) 928-1625

ADAM BARSANTI

Outreach Relations Manager adam@capca.com (916) 928-1625

LIEN BANH

Office Manager Membership, C.E., Mtgs, Web lien@capca.com (916) 928-1625

JACKIE TABAREZ

Northern California CAPCA Representative jackie@capca.com (916) 928-1625

RACHEL TAFT

Executive Assistant Leadership Institute, Grants rachel@capca.com (916) 928-1625

ARIANA ZAMORA

Southern California CAPCA Representative ariana@capca.com (805) 704-3255

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CAPCA Annual Financial Report for Period Ending December 31, 2016

Organization: CAPCA is a California non-profit 501 (c) 6 mutual benefit corporation.

2016 STATE REVENUES Total = $2,468,243

Advertising Income $290,670 12%

Base of Reporting: 2016 financial statements were prepared using an accrual basis of accounting. Property and equipment purchased were capitalized and depreciated over their useful lives.

Conferences & Meetings $823,201 33%

Income Tax Status: CAPCA and Regional Chapters, Stanley W. Strew Educational Fund, and the CAPCA Political Action Committee are exempt from income taxes under IRS code sections 501 (c) 6, 501 (c) 3 and 527 respectively. Functional Expense Allocation: 86.6% of expenses are directly related to CAPCAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s purpose and mission. Only 13.4% is spent on general administration.

Continuing Education $432,333 17%

Membership Dues $734,273 30%

2016 STATE PROGRAM EXPENSES Total = $2,289,215

The CPA firm of Damore, Hamric and Schneider Inc. performed a financial review of CAPCA, Stanley W. Strew, Regional Chapters and the CAPCA PAC accounts. They found all financials to be in order.

Professional Services $230,178 10%

Office $259,933 11%

Personnel $823,247 36% Conferences/Events/Mtgs $577,079 25%

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

Special Events/Mtgs (Chapters) $75,015 3% CCA/FREP Contract $66,223 3% Grant Revenue $16,938 1% Misc. Income $29,590 1%

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GOVERNMENT

Update- Government Relations Henry Buckwalter, CAPCA Government Relations Chair 2017 has been a busy and exciting year for CAPCA's Government Relations Committee. We began with the selection of George Soares as CAPCAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s new lobbyist in spring of 2017. One way that CAPCA is working for you with a fresh direction is contributing and participating in legislative issues that impact all of agriculture and that can ultimately affect you, the PCA. In the last month, we have contributed comment letters on proposed bans or restrictions on active ingredients. We drafted and submitted a letter to the Federal EPA opposing the possible ban on some critical uses of pyrethroids, by illustrating why pyrethroids play a key role in crop protection for CA agriculture. We also engaged the EPA by responding to yet another proposed ban on neonicotinoids in certain applications. CAPCA also commented on the local level, sending a response to the Coachella Valley Resource Conservation District. This proposal was voted down thanks to the efforts of our Desert Valley and Riverside County partners. In the past, CAPCA has not engaged issues such as these but is taking a much more active role now and we hope to have our voices heard. After all, the voice of CAPCA is your voice. We are preparing to issue comments on chlorpyrifos and other issues in the coming months. Another step we are taking in the coming year is to take a proactive stance on the Best Management Practices for pollinators. We know that pollinators are important to California agriculture, but keeping track of bee hives during the busy bloom season comes with unique challenges. Our goal is to increase communication between bee keepers, PCAs, Applicators and Ag Commissioners to better safeguard pollinators in the fields. This will require registration

We are collaborating with other industry leaders to ensure that the right steps are being taken on all sides.

compliance, but ultimately allow for safer and better-informed applications and movement of pollinators. We are collaborating with other industry leaders to ensure that the right steps are being taken on all sides. Our goal is to increase communication between everyone to ensure the best result. The Government Relations Committee is calling on you as a CAPCA member and as a local constituent to meet with your legislator, build relationships and inform them of the unique role of the PCA in team agriculture. The committee will be working through the Chapters this fall to engage on a local level in our hope that if we engage the legislator on a local level, it will create a stronger bond between the legislator and chapter. That way, as potential issues arise in the Capital, legislators will have CAPCA in their minds, and that is a win in our book. â&#x2013;&#x2C6;

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CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

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PCA PROFILE

Hans Herkert: PCA Career is Rewarding and Fulfilling By Rachel Taft Hans Herkert, along with Joe Malm and Gary Silveria, recently provided CAPCA staff with a field tour in Yolo County. During the tour he shared helpful career insights, a clear commitment to the success of agriculture and an ability to articulate the PCA profession in a way that would be accessible to a non-industry audience. In a follow-up interview, Hans explained what he does as a PCA: “I work with growers to maximize the health of their crops. The job of PCAs is not unlike what a doctor and nutritionist are for humans. We help formulate plant and soil nutritional programs. We also provide recommendations (think medical prescriptions) to treat insect and disease infestations. We use an integrated approach to ensure that resistance does not develop to our plant protections materials (think medicine) and to promote bio-diversity.” Personal experience at an early age (his first job around 12 years old was shoveling horse manure in a neighbor’s pasture for $20 per week) gave Hans a passion for agriculture and a satisfaction in the work. “I had decided on a career in agriculture around the age of 10 [and] to become a PCA during my second year of college. I knew this profession was a good fit for me because of my passion for crop production and my desire to interact within the agricultural community… Seeing your time and effort pay off in the form of successful harvests [is] the main highlight… I enjoy the fact that my office is the valley farmland that I grew up in.” When asked what he would share with newer PCAs or things he wished he’d known sooner, Hans replied, “[T]ake advantage of the great opportunity in front of you. Know that your reputation is all you have, in this career especially. Your reputation in the industry will begin forming before your first day at work. Seek to build your reputation as someone who is reliable, hard-working (especially on Sunday afternoons), and professional. Also, build skills in communicating and collaborating with people. This will help the work flow go well and will help you have fun while you work. Your employers and customers will value your work ethic and personability as much as they will your technical knowledge.” And to college students interested in the career Hans advises, “[It’s] a great career path, one that can be very rewarding and fulfilling. Make sure it is what you want to do. Don’t buy into any rumors that the job will be a walk in the park and your golf game will improve. Seek out respected professionals in the industry that might mentor you. Apply for jobs working for PCAs while you’re in school. Ask around about what potential employers have the best reputation for providing their customers with the best service, they are who you’ll want to work for. As I mentioned before, realize that you are

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

HANS HERKERT CAPCA Chapter: Sutter Buttes Education: California State University, Chico Year of PCA License: 2010 Additional license: Certified Crop Adviser Employer: Grower’s Ag Service in Yuba City, since 2010

building your reputation now, and if done well, people will go the extra mile to help you succeed.” Investing in your reputation and working hard are strong themes for Hans. Speaking about his first job he says “It was a lot of work and I had to rely on the lights of the tractor many times in order to meet my deadline. There is a joke in here somewhere about comparing the life of a PCA to shoveling manure, but that isn’t my point. My point is that this job, like many in agriculture, is a lot of hard work and can’t be done from 9 am to 5 pm taking weekends off. I had many jobs throughout high school and college including painting silos at a rice dryer, clerking at a sporting goods store, and general farm labor for three different farming operations. All of these jobs provided me with two things; tuition money for school and a foundation of hard work.” But he sums up his experience thus far with overall satisfaction: “As tough as this job can be, there is a lot of freedom that comes with it. When I was hired by Grower’s Ag Service just before graduating from Chico State, I was told that once my clientele was established, that this job would be the closest thing there is to working for myself. I believe that is true. As a PCA, there is the freedom to manage your own time and to prioritize your days in the way that works best for you and your clients.” Hans believes in agriculture as an industry that he’s proud to be a part of. “Ag folks are good people and I enjoy the culture.” He believes PCAs have a role in advocating for our industry. “I became aware of the importance of advocacy though my high school FFA program in Colusa. Since then I have tried to be involved in volunteer opportunities when possible. I have been active in my local Farm Bureau and CAPCA chapters. I am also currently enrolled in the California Ag Leadership program as a part of Class

47. I decided to apply for the program two years ago with the goal of learning and building leadership skills that would help me bring value to the industry and also help me in my career. Just past the half way point in the program, I can’t say enough good things about my experiences so far. I recommend that anyone who is interested in building their professional skills and broadening their horizons should look for opportunities like the Ag Leadership Program. In commenting on his recent participation in CAPCA’s Legislative Day in June, Hans says, “I believe that our industry needs volunteers to advocate for its success. If agriculture does not stand up for itself by advocating in the legislature and educating the public, our future would be very dark. Organizations like CAPCA, Farm Bureau, and numerous commodity groups are making advocacy a high priority. For the PCA specifically, CAPCA is championing the fact that our profession is crucial to our state, particularly for the relationship between farming and the environment. In doing this, CAPCA is providing a great service to our industry that is often over-looked. I feel it is important for every PCA and students thinking of becoming PCAs to join CAPCA. I also believe that it is important for CAPCA members to participate in opportunities such as the recent legislative day. It is your story that is being told, and you may want to be there for it.” Hans is currently a member of the CAPCA Sutter Buttes Chapter. “I recommend that newer PCAs become involved with their local CAPCA chapter. It is a great opportunity to stay up to date on current issues and to build contacts within the industry. Involvement can be at any level from sitting in on chapter meetings to organizing a continuing education seminar. Young PCAs are the future of our industry and should have a seat at the table.” █

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EDUCATION

2017 Scholarship Winner Announced By Rick Wescott, SWS Chair Each year CAPCA, through the Stanley W. Strew (SWS) Educational Fund awards a scholarship to an exceptional student who is pursuing a career in the pest management industry. The Stanley W. Strew Educational Fund, Inc., Mission Statement states, “We promote and communicate the development and implementation of educational and scholarship programs to insure the future prosperity of our nation’s food, fiber and ornamental enterprises.” The Fund is dedicated to establishing educational opportunities and career growth avenues for the students of today and the leaders of tomorrow. The Stanley W. Strew Educational Fund administers these programs. Applications were distributed to interested students, universities and were posted on CAPCA’s website. The CAPCA Scholarship recipient receives $3,000. This year we congratulate our 2017 Stanley W. Strew Scholarship recipient, Ignacio Mendoza. Ignacio Mendoza 2017 CAPCA Scholarship Ignacio was attending Hartnell College in Salinas and is continuing his education at Fresno State University this fall. His major is Plant Science with a concentration in Plant Health, and he looks to minor in Pest Management or Ag Business. Ignacio holds a 3.5 overall grade point average, and plans to become a grower, Pest Control Adviser and Certified Crop Adviser. In 2016, he was one of only 16 students in California selected to participate in the Produce Marketing Association Foundation for Industry Talent Program (PMA-FIT). He has interned with the California Strawberry Commission, and looks forward to completing his education. Growing up on his grandfather’s ranch, Ignacio learned how to cultivate the soil and grow crops at a young age. One of his faculty references cites his “true passion for agriculture and the hands-on work that it requires." In his application, Ignacio says: “Fundamentally, I desire to do more for the world than the world does for me.”

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

We received the following letter from Ignacio: I am sincerely honored to have been selected as the recipient of the 2017 CAPCA Stanley W. Strew Scholarship. Thank you for your generosity, which has allowed me to pursue my dream of becoming a grower, Pest Control Advisor (PCA), Certified Crop Advisor (CCA), and the first in my family to attend a four-year university. Agriculture is necessary for the existence of our nation. Thomas Jefferson, once said “Agriculture is our wisest pursuit, because it will in the end contribute most to real wealth, good morals, and happiness”. Agriculture plays a critical role in the life of an economy. It is the backbone of our economic system, it is the premier source of our state income. Not only does agriculture provide food and raw materials, also, employment opportunities to a very large portion of the population. Thank you, CAPCA/Stanley W. Strew Scholarship for reinforcing that I am part of the best industry in the world. I have found my purpose in life! If you want to find a caregiver for the earth, look no further than a farmer. My motivation for further education is to discover, understand and improve the world we live in. At present, I am completing two Associates of Science degrees in Agriculture Production and Agriculture Business at Hartnell College in Salinas. Education is my paramount value, gaining acceptance to California State University, Fresno and majoring in Plant Science, is a dream come true. I believe that education is not preparing for life, education is life itself!

I consider myself a life-long learner. I plan to continue on with higher education after I complete my undergraduate degree while working on my career. My ambition is to obtain a doctorate degree in agronomy and in the future perhaps teach at the college level. An aspiration of mine is to travel to third world countries and dedicate my time and knowledge to contribute on developing robust and sustainable agricultural practices to those in need. Fundamentally, I desire to do more for the world than what the world does for me. Your generosity has inspired me to help others and give back to the community. One day I will help students achieve their goals, just as you have helped me. █

My motivation for further education is to discover, understand and improve the world we live in.

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OCTOBER 2017 | CAPCA ADVISER

PATHWAY TO PCA

student network Facilitating Conversation, Investing in the Future

SAVE THE DATE! SUNDAY, OCTOBER 15th 2017 Grand Sierra Resort  Reno NV

students

This event is included at no additional cost with your 2017 Annual Conference registration. Mark your calendar and register for Annual Conference at the beginning of May. Student Conference Registration $150 Student Conference Registration + Student Network Event $150 Student Network Event Sunday only (Sunday pass to Agri Trade Show) $75

college educators

Connect with other educators and industry representatives, get key updates and discuss relevant issues at the Educator’s Workshop, and stay for the Student Network following. Educator Conference Registration + Educator’s Workshop & Student Network Event $225 Educator’s Workshop & Student Network Event (+Sunday pass to Agri Trade Show) $75

capca chapters

Engage with Student Members during conference and assist those considering careers as Pest Control Advisers. Chapter Representative at Student Network Event $75

recruiters

Industry representative will have the opportunity to meet with educators and interact with students during the Educator’s Workshop and Student Network. Recruiter Registration: $500 for CAPCA sustaining members; $750 for non-sustaining members

For more event details contact the registrar, Rachel Taft, at 916.928.1625 | rachel@capca.com

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CAPCA’s 43rd annual conference & agri-expo

october 15-17, 2017 - grand sierra resort - reno, nevada

Luncheon by Performance Conference Registration and Hotel Accommodations can be made at

CAPCA.COM/CONFERENCE Registration Rates:

Accommodations:

Member/Exhibitor - $380 Non Member - $475 Student - $150 Spouse - $150 Children - $100 Golf Fees - $95 Clay Shoot - $75

Hotel room block closes 9/15. Rooms are still available but group rate may no longer be honored.

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

15 CEUs CDPR

Please always remember to book accommodations through CAPCA’s website or directly with the hotel. Most 3rd party companies offering lower rates are a scam.

CAPCAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 43rd annual conference & agri-expo

Optional events Saturday, October 14, 2017 Lunch is included with either event

Golf Tournament 9:00 am Shotgun Start LakeRidge Golf Course, Reno, NV $95.00/ person For more information contact Larry Fisk - fisklarry53@yahoo.com

Sporting Clays Shoot 9:00 am Safety Meeting Capitol Gun Club, Carson City, NV $75.00/ person (100 Targets) Gun Rental onsite $20.00/day For more information contact Dennis Pelucca dracoh2o@cs.com

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ADVERTORIAL

The Almond Conference

Yara Crop Nutrition Solutions for Tree Nuts Yara Tree Nut Plantmaster Yara has extensive crop nutrition knowledge generated by more than 100 years of research and development in more than 150 countries around the world. Our trial database contains proven results from research conducted with partners across the globe. This unmatched commitment to agronomic knowledge has been used to create a comprehensive Plantmaster publication series. The Tree Nut Plantmaster will make available the combined knowledge of Yara’s research and agronomic experts coupled with input from West Coast nut growers. The Tree Nut Plantmaster has been published and will help farmers achieve better, healthier and more profitable harvests.

Fall and winter fertilization of almonds Fall fertilization of almonds is a key to laying the foundation for an outstanding crop next year. Applying the appropriate amount of post-harvest nitrogen, up to 20% of the total nitrogen program, will help ensure that the tree has adequate nitrogen stored for vigorous growth next spring. Foliar application of YaraVita BUD BUILDER WP after harvest will help delay senescence so the leaves remain photosynthetically active longer and help ensure that the buds have adequate levels of phosphorus, boron, and zinc. Almonds remove large amounts of potassium, as much as 80 lbs per 1,000 lbs of nuts, and this potassium must be replaced to maintain soil productivity. Almond trees are sensitive to chloride and salts so almond trees should receive the majority of the potassium as potassium sulfate because it has the lowest salt index of all common potassium fertilizers. 3

Yara has developed an Almond Nutrition Solution that will provide almond trees with the nutrition they need to achieve their genetic potential. The Yara Almond Nutrition Solution is based on providing almond trees with the nutrients they need and when they need them using soil-applied, fertigated, and foliar fertilizers. Consult with your local Yara agronomist for specific nutrient application rates for your trees.

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COMMUNICATIONS

CAPCA Visits Tremont Lyman in Woodland CA

By Adam Barsanti, CAPCA Outreach Relations Manager In July of this year, CAPCA staff was cordially invited to the Tremont/Lyman group facilities to receive a tour and to go out into the field on a ride-along with some of their PCAs. The tour was organized between our CEO, Ruthann Anderson, and Tremont’s VP of sales and marketing, Gary Silveria. Our morning consisted of a brief overview of the many facets that make up Tremont/Lyman, from their fertilizer division, to their farm supply stores. After our presentation, we were given a guided tour through several of the crop fields that PCAs Joe Malm of Agrifom and Hanz Herkert of Grower’s Ag Service work on. Joe, Hans, and Gary took us out to a tomato field, walnut grove, an almond orchard, and a sunflower field. There, we were given insight as to what a PCA did on a daily basis. We learned what they look for when they walk fields. They gave us an opportunity to inspect the crops and look for pests as well. After a full morning in the field, we were treated to lunch where we got to sit down with them and listen to the challenges and obstacles they face and work through on a daily basis. This experience helped give CAPCA staff some much-needed perspective. It allowed us to walk in the shoes of the PCA, so to speak, and it is our hope that this opportunity to expand our knowledge and understanding will allow us to work harder and smarter for all of our members. CAPCA would like to thank the entire Tremont Lyman staff for their kindness and hospitality. █

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

Introduce Spear®-O and Spear®-T to Some of Your Little Friends Spear®-O and Spear®-T are Vestaron’s new biopesticides for control of thrips, whiteflies, and spider mites in greenhouse ornamentals and greenhouse vegetables. Field trials of Spear demonstrate results equivalent or superior to conventional control chemicals. Two novel modes-of-action make these Spear products ideal in a resistance management program. ®

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Power of synthetics, safety of biologicals.

Realize dependable weed control. Single, low use rate for tree and vine crops. DuPont™ Matrix® SG herbicide is the easy choice for dependable weed control in tree nuts, stone fruit, pome fruit, citrus and grapes. It provides extended preemergence control of California’s toughest grass and broadleaf weeds, including glyphosateresistant fleabane and marestail, and suppression of nutsedge. Matrix® SG offers many advantages including broad crop labeling, proven crop tolerance, no restricted use periods and more. matrix.dupont.com

ADVERTORIAL

4 Steps to Season-Long Weed Control Fall is the best time to launch a more proactive plan for your orchard.

he last few years have made seasonal weather patterns less achieved excellent preemergence weed control in those seasons, predictable on the West Coast. But one thing you can count on and extended residual control into late spring and summer, he says. when fall or winter rains arrive is that weeds will quickly follow. “Applying Matrix® SG in a sequential treatment program — one 50 percent or less banded treatment in the fall and a second Avoid the challenges of controlling late-winter and early-spring 50 percent or less banded treatment in the spring — will reduce the weed flushes in your orchard by taking a more proactive approach to need to use multiple applications of burndown herbicides during weed control starting this fall, recommends Jeff Pacheco, technical the busy late spring and summer months.” sales agronomist, DuPont Crop Protection. “Stopping weeds before they emerge is key to staying ahead of weeds throughout the year.” He offers these strategies for effective season-long weed control in orchards.

1. Start clean after harvest. Removing leaves, trash, large weeds or large weed carcasses from under trees is a good post-harvest practice for many reasons. For one, it lets you spot late-germinating weeds while they’re still small. A fall burndown application with a postemergence herbicide might be a necessary late summer or early fall cleanup step. Two weeds that often germinate again in the fall, marestail and fleabane, are becoming more challenging to control because of increased resistance development to contact herbicides such as glyphosate and paraquat, notes Pacheco. “DuPont™ Matrix® SG herbicide is a good alternative for control of these two tough broadleaf weeds and can be tank mixed with a variety of other herbicide modes of action to achieve customized weed control with resistance management.” Matrix® SG can be applied as a single broadcast application in fall or early winter, or as sequential applications in fall and spring, depending on weed pressures and moisture patterns, he adds.

2. Get ahead of winter weed growth cycle.

3. Aim for broad-spectrum control.

Choosing a foundational herbicide that controls a wide range of broadleaf and grass weeds will save you time and money, adds Pacheco. Matrix® SG controls 10 tough grass species and 37 common broadleaf weeds, including fleabane and marestail. “A sequential program also allows for tailoring a tank mix to control the orchard’s most important weed problems in the late fall, winter, spring and early summer months,” he says. “Using Matrix® SG in a tank mix with DNA herbicides, such as Prowl and Surflan or Alion, has provided the most effective and extended summer grass control when applied in the spring,” he says.

4. Maintain flexibility. A herbicide that offers both preemergence and early postemergence control of difficult weeds can also provide application flexibility. Matrix® SG provides several key benefits: • Commercially proven crop tolerance

• No application restrictions during dormant or nondormant periods • No soil restrictions

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• Water-soluble granule formulation that dissolves faster and goes into complete solution for more consistent weed control

Most orchards are plagued by a healthy crop of young weeds when fall or winter moisture is plentiful and soils begin to warm in the spring. A preemergence residual herbicide applied in late fall, prior to a rain event, can provide effective control through the winter and early spring months, says Pacheco. “Following that with a sequential herbicide treatment in the spring, usually in mid- to late March, will allow growers to get consistent and extended weed control while taking advantage of California’s typical rainfall patterns.”

A well-planned preemergence weed control program is more effective and provides a good return on a grower’s investment, says Pacheco. “By achieving more consistent control, it helps avoid the cost and hassle of follow-up or rescue treatments and working around unpredictable weather conditions during the fall and winter season. It’s the best way to stay ahead of weeds and improve orchard productivity.”

In field studies, sequential applications in the fall and spring that included Matrix® SG as the foundational residual herbicide

For more information on how Matrix® SG can help you prepare for next year, please visit matrix.dupont.com.

Always read and follow all label directions and precautions for use. DuPont™ Matrix® is not registered in all states. Contact your DuPont representative for details and availability in your state. Unless indicated, trademarks with ®, ™ or SM are trademarks of DuPont or affiliates. © 2017 DuPont. Alion® (Bayer); Prowl® (BASF Corporation); Surflan® (United Phosphorus Limited).

OCTOBER 2017 | CAPCA ADVISER

CCA UPDATE

The Fertilizer Value of Nitrate in Irrigation Water Tim Hartz, Department of Plant Sciences, UC Davis

However, determining a ‘fertilizer credit’ for irrigation water N is a controversial topic. Two questions commonly asked by growers are whether plants can effectively utilize N at the relatively low concentrations common in irrigation water, and to what degree does irrigation inefficiency reduce irrigation water NO₃-N availability. While inefficient irrigation clearly can reduce the fraction of irrigation water NO₃-N taken up by the crop, the same can be assumed for N applied as mineral fertilizer. In determining a fertilizer credit for irrigation water NO₃-N the important question is what is its relative efficiency of uptake by the crop compared to fertilizer N. To answer that question UC Farm Advisors Mike Cahn and Richard Smith conducted a series of four field trials in the Salinas Valley comparing the efficiency of N utilization from N fertilizer and from N in irrigation water. In these trials lettuce and broccoli crops were germinated with sprinklers, then grown using drip irrigation. Crop growth and N uptake were compared across a range of treatments simulating different irrigation water NO₃-N concentrations during the drip-irrigated phase of the crop. The 34

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

different NO₃-N concentrations were achieved by using waterpowered proportional injectors to enrich all drip-applied water to either 12, 25 or 45 PPM. Additional N fertilization treatments were included in which periodic AN-20 fertigations were applied, simulating traditional N management. Each N treatment was evaluated at two levels of irrigation to observe the interaction between irrigation efficiency and the efficiency of crop N uptake. The lower level of irrigation, 110-120% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), represented efficient management with minimal leaching. The higher level of irrigation, 160-200% of ETc, resulted in leaching fractions of 40-50% of applied water. A detailed summary of these trials can be found in the 2017 AprilJune issue of California Agriculture (http://calag.ucanr.edu/). Across these four trials, irrigation water NO₃-N was at least as efficiently taken up by crops as was N from fertigated AN20. This was true even in treatments that had high leaching fractions. One reason for such efficient crop uptake of irrigation water NO₃-N is the fact that it is a " just in time" N application technique. Both the crop irrigation requirement and the rate of crop N uptake increase as the season progresses, so the amount of N applied in the irrigation water rises in tandem with the crop N uptake requirement. N fertigation events typically apply enough N to supply crop uptake for several weeks; during that time the fertigated N may be more prone to leaching than NO₃-N applied continuously in irrigation. There are several ways to calculate a fertilizer credit for irrigation water NO₃-N. A conservative approach would be to credit 100% of the N contained in the volume of water transpired by the crop, as opposed to the volume of water applied to the field. The logic of this approach is simple - transpiration efficiently brings the NO₃-N content of irrigation water into direct contact with roots. The fertilizer credit can be calculated by multiplying the estimated

Photo: Fred Rehrman

California agriculture faces increasing regulatory pressure to improve nitrogen management to protect groundwater quality. One important element of efficient N management is adjusting N fertilization rates to account for nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) in the irrigation water. Several of California’s Regional Water Quality Control Boards will require growers to report the amount of N contained in irrigation water, and these Boards will include this N in the calculation of on-farm nitrogen balance (N applied vs. N removed in harvested products); farms with high N balances are likely to draw regulatory scrutiny. In some regions of the state irrigation water N constitutes a substantial portion of all N input; 2015 grower-submitted data estimated that the mean annual amount of N contained in irrigation water in the Salinas Valley exceeded 150 lb/acre. Clearly, growers using irrigation water with elevated NO₃-N have a powerful incentive to adjust their fertilization practices to utilize that N.

ADVERTORIAL SPONSORED BY NETAFIM USA

CHOOSING A DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM THAT WORKS FOR YOU Today, there are many ‘kinds’ of drip irrigation systems available to growers. There are many that work, some that don’t work well, too many that don’t work at all, and a precious few that work the best. A drip irrigation system should allow the farm manager to reliably apply water and fertilizer to the crop root zone uniformly, in adequate quantities, at timely intervals, economically (both from a system purchase point of view, as well as a management point of view) and without requiring a PhD or an IQ over 200. Drip irrigation systems should be user-friendly and highly efficient. If they aren’t, then the grower didn’t get what he paid for. If the grower didn’t pay enough, then he probably did get what he paid for. When considering the options, try to think of how much the system will make instead of how much it will cost. TIPS FOR SUCCESS Drip irrigation is an art and a science, just like farming. In order to ensure success, the grower must demand professional service and quality products from the irrigation dealer and he must commit the time to learn how to operate the system.

Remember that historically the most common cause of drip system failure is plugging. To combat this problem, both the industry and growers have developed systems and management techniques to prevent emission devices from clogging. DESIGN & INSTALLATION The system must be designed, installed and managed properly. Quality products must be used and backed by a reputable manufacturer. The system must be installed correctly. The best design and equipment may be seriously flawed if not put in the ground properly. And since most of the drip system components are buried and inaccessible, it is best to ensure the quality of the installation before it is too late. SYSTEM MANAGEMENT

Last but not least, the system must be managed properly to ensure success. If the grower is unfamiliar with the technology, help should be obtained for the first season or two. It is far different to manage the plant’s root zone using drip and the grower needs to closely monitor how much water and fertilizer is applied and how often.

THE MOST IMPORTANT FEATURE A typical drip system consists of many components: a pump, pipe lines, filter, valves and drip emitters. All of these components are essential, but the most important is the dripline or micro-sprinklers because ultimately this is the part of the system that makes direct contact in delivering the water to the target plant. For this reason, it is imperative that the emission devices are of premium quality. Always weigh quality and performance over price when selecting driplines or micro-sprinklers. ADDITIONAL FEATURES Other important evaluation criteria includes: • Uniformity of water and fertilizer application (flow exponent for the pressure compensation of the emission device) • Quality of manufacturing (Cv for the uniformity of the flow rate for each emission device) In conclusion, there are many things to consider when evaluating and prior to purchasing drip irrigation equipment. Use this information as a guideline when comparing products and systems as there are many choices.

NETAFIM USA CUSTOMER SERVICE 6 am - 5 pm PST (888) NETAFIM (638-2346) netafim.usa@netafim.com www.netafimusa.com

OCTOBER 2017 | CAPCA ADVISER

CCA UPDATE, CONT., The Fertilizer Value of Nitrate in Irrigation Water

inches of seasonal ETc by the nitrate concentration of the irrigation water using these formulas: irrigation water PPM NO₃-N x 0.227 = lb N/acre.inch lb N/acre.inch x inches of seasonal transpiration = lb N/acre of fertilizer credit The potential agronomic significance of irrigation water N can be illustrated by calculating the fertilizer credit for a broccoli crop grown with well water containing 25 PPM NO₃-N. If the seasonal ETc is 10 inches, the credit would be: 25 PPM NO₃-N x 0.227 x 10 inches = 57 lb N/acre For crops like processing tomato that have high seasonal ETc (typically 22-29 inches) even a relatively low water NO₃-N concentration can represent a significant N contribution. An alternative approach to calculating a fertilizer credit would be to disregard the NO₃-N in irrigation applied to establish a crop, then credit all of the NO₃-N in water applied after establishment. The logic of this approach is that irrigation for crop establishment is often the least efficient irrigation of the season, and it will be weeks after establishment before a substantial root system is developed to utilize the N applied. Any irrigation water NO₃-N remaining in the root zone after establishment can be accounted for by pre-

sidedress soil nitrate sampling. Once the crop is actively growing a higher fraction of irrigation water is likely to be transpired, and increasing root depth as the season progresses allows recovery of some NO₃-N from lower in the soil profile. However, if inseason irrigation is poorly controlled, or features particularly large individual applications, some adjustment to the fertilizer credit may be warranted. When calculating a fertilizer credit for irrigation water it is important to consider what units the laboratory reported the nitrate concentration in. Labs may report irrigation water concentration as either nitrate (NO3) or as nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N). The conversion between these units is: PPM NO3 ÷ 4.43 = PPM NO₃-N Nitrate is usually the only form of N present in irrigation water in an agronomically significant amount, so it is the only N form reported on the typical water test. However, recycled municipal wastewater, which is increasingly being used for irrigation in California, can contain a substantial amount of NH4-N as well as some organic forms of N that become plant-available relatively quickly. Wastewater treatment plants routinely test for these other N sources in addition to NO₃-N, and this information is publically available. One should consider all forms of N when estimating a fertilizer credit for N in recycled water. █

2017 CCA Exam Information: The next CCA exam will be: Friday, February 2, 2018 Registration will be available online from Oct. 2 - Dec. 8, 2017

https://www.certifiedcropadviser.org/exams An exam preparatory workshop will be held for the State portion of the exam on November 27, 2017 in Sacramento. Visit http://cacca.org/exams for more information or contact Lien Banh: lien@capca.com, (916) 928-1625.

The Almond Conference is a

DECEMBER

5-7

event for anyone in the Sacramento Convention Center California almond industry, 1400 J Street with something for everyone! Sacramento, CA 95814

2.25 reasons to attend the Almond Conference

countries in attendance

booths

expected attendees

Registration is now open!

AlmondConference.com Hotel reservations are now open. The process for booking hotels has changed this year.

2.25 BILLION pounds of almonds forecasted for 2017

speakers and industry experts

Special to the Adviser

Pest Control Through Plant Nutrition V By JW Lemons, Field Agronomy Manager, CCA, CPAg Through this five-part series of articles, we have reviewed a few of the key nutrients and how they can help to resist, reduce, and sometimes even prevent some of the pest pressure crops face throughout the growing season. This series thus far has highlighted potassium, calcium, silicon, and sulfur. These are just a few elements that can enhance pest control. Micronutrients should not be overlooked in a pest management or a crop nutrition management plan. Due to time and space constraints, this article will cover a couple of those micronutrients.

Boron.

It is unfortunate that many research papers and resource books, on the topic of nutrient relationships to plant disease, begin with a disclaimer statement, such as, “Although boron (B) has been reported to reduce disease infection, or lessen its effects, its exact role is not clear.” In other words, an effect has been observed, and continued research is needed to better understand the exact role of each element. When a plant is infected by a fungus, its natural defenses are triggered. An increased production of phenolic compounds and flavonoids occurs at the site of the infection and in other parts of the plant. Nutrition is responsible for much of the production and transport of these compounds. A shortage of boron and/or other key nutrients such as potassium (K), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) reduce the amount of the plant’s natural antifungal compounds at the site of infection. When B is deficient, plant cell walls tend to swell and split. The intercellular space is also weakened. The immediate result is a weakened physical barrier to the initial infection and the spread of the infection. Higher amounts of compounds like sugar and amino acids are also exuded if B is deficient in the plant. These tend to promote the establishment of fungal infection.

Copper.

A nutrient that has been known for more than 100 years to have disease-prevention properties, is copper (Cu). This element is often used as a fungicide. Copper is an essential nutrient to higher plants, such as crops and ornamentals, as well as to fungi and bacteria. Cu is also toxic to all plants when present at high levels. Plants such as crops and ornamentals can tolerate much higher levels of Cu than fungal and bacterial diseases can withstand. This tolerance to Cu by crops allows the successful use of this nutrient to control these diseases. Balanced copper fertilization has decreased the severity of a wide range of fungal and bacterial diseases. Cu is known to control disease when foliar applied, however foliar diseases can also be controlled with soil applications of Cu. A shortage of Cu in a plant will reduce the plant’s natural antifungal defense system. An additional plant response to infection is the formation of oxygen radicals and hydrogen peroxide. These species can destroy the pathogen against which it is defending, as well as the plant’s own cells. Plants can over-respond and develop too much of the oxygen radicals or hydrogen peroxide during a fungal attack. In both cases, Cu acts to detoxify the oxygen radicals and hydrogen peroxide, limiting the damage to healthy plant cells. Plants with low tissue levels of Cu, as it pertains to adequate nutrient standards (levels), are more susceptible to various diseases. Disease suppression occurs over a wide range of concentrations. Therefore, while Cu is a direct inhibitor (pesticide) to various diseases, Cu nutrition also better enables plants to defend themselves against disease.

Diseases B has been known to control: CROP COMMON NAME OF DISEASE/PEST SCIENTIFIC NAME OF DISEASE Various crucifers Club root Plasmodiophora brassicae Beans Root rot Fusarium solani Various Yellows Fusarium oxysporum Tomato Wilt Verticillium albo-atrum Cotton Wilt Verticillium albo-atrum Mungbean Stem rot Rhizoctonia solani Beans Tobacco mosaic virus Tobamovirus spp. Tomato Yellow leaf curl virus Begomovirus spp. Potato Potato wart disease Synchytrium endobioticum Wheat Mites Petrobia latens

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

A partial list of many of the diseases and crops for which Cu has shown to be beneficial in controlling disease. These pathogens can affect additional plant species other than listed below: CROP Wheat Sunflower Ginseng Wheat Rye Barley Rice Wheat Sugarbeets Tomato Cotton Potato Eucalyptus marginata Wheat

COMMON NAME OF DISEASE Mildew Leaf/Stem spot Bacterial leaf spot Leaf rust Ergot Ergot Blast Leaf/Glume blotch Nematode Wilt Wilt Common scab

SCIENTIFIC NAME OF DISEASE Blumaria grammis var. tritici Alternaria spp. Pseudomonas cichorii Puccinia triticina Claviceps purpurea Claviceps purpurea Pyricularia oryzae Septoria spp. Heterodera spp. Verticillium albo-atrum Verticillium dagliae Streptomyces scabies

Root rot

Phytophthora cinnamomi

Take-all

Baeumannomyces graminis var. tritici

An important note: Cu, Mn, Zn, and Fe are antagonistic toward each other in their plant-available forms. This antagonism has been seen occasionally in nutrient uptake. Some research has shown that uptake of Cu was suppressed by excess zinc (Zn). Cu and Zn both have antifungal properties; however, Cu is the stronger antifungal element between the two. When the uptake of Cu was suppressed by Zn, the disease control benefits of Cu were also reduced and the incidence of disease were shown to increase. Other micronutrients with pest-control properties worth investigating are manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), chlorine (Cl), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), and lithium (Li). All of these have a specific role or roles in pest control. Nitrogen (N) also plays a critical role in not only plant nutrition, but the suppression of some plant diseases, however excessive nitrogen application can enhance or increase pressure of some insect pests. Sometimes correcting the form, and/or timing, of nitrogen applications can affect pest control. █

References:

Soilborne Plant Pathogens: Management of Diseases with Macro- and Microelements, Arthur W. Engelhard, ed., American Phytopathological Society, 1993 Potato Health Management, Randall C. Crowe, ed., American Phytopatholocical Society, 1993 Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, Horst Marschner, Academic Press, 1995

NUTRITION ENHANCES THE THREE MAIN RESISTANCE FACTORS: Mechanical resistance - where nutrition creates tougher fiber. An example is silicon use, which discourages feeding insects. Lignification development in plants helps resist infestation. Physical resistance - such as maintaining green color and avoiding yellowing deficiencies, which reduces plant insect attraction. Changing surface properties to smoother, tighter growth, and enhancing surface hairs make the leaf less attractive to insects. Stronger cell walls resist puncture and cementing the cell walls more tightly together helps reduce leakage that feeds fungal, bacterial, and viral attacks. Chemical and Biological resistance - occurs by ensuring balanced nutrition. Every nutrient plays a role in the plant. Many of those are intricate parts in developing or maintaining enzymes and their function within a plant. When a plant is firing on all cylinders it is capable of producing attractants, repellants, toxins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and oxalates. Any or all of these serve to act as a natural defense against pest pressures.

• More than 600 million people could be fed each year by halting the spread of fungal diseases in the world's five most important crops. • World scientists are calling for new solutions to prevent the proliferation of existing and emerging fungal infections in plants and animals in order to prevent further loss of biodiversity and food shortages in the future, and plant nutrition is part of the solution. • Fungal infections presently destroy at least 125 million tons of the top five food crops -- rice, wheat, maize, potatoes, and soybeans -- each year, which could otherwise be used to feed those who do not get enough to eat. These crops provide the majority of calories consumed by people. • The damage caused by fungi to rice, wheat, and maize alone costs global agriculture $60 billion per year.

Micronutrients in Agriculture, J. J. Mortvedt, et al, Soil Science Society of America, 1991 Chloride and Crop Production, T. L. Jackson, ed, The Potash and Phosphate Institute, 1986 Microelements, Arthur W. Engelhard, ed., American Phytopathological Society, 1993

OCTOBER 2017 | CAPCA ADVISER

UC IPM

Navel Orangeworm Monitoring: An Intractable Problem? Kris Tollerup, San Joaquin Valley Area IPM Advisor, University of California Cooperative Extension and Statewide IPM Program By the early 1970s it became very evident that navel orangeworm (NOW) had become a primary pest on almond. In 1973, about 25 years after it was first described on almond, the moth pest caused an estimated 12-million-dollar loss to the crop produced on approximately 213 thousand acres. By the mid-1970s, Rice (1975) published his work on comparison of different NOW monitoring techniques. Not only did his work establish the foundation on which much of our current understanding of NOW flight patterns in almond are based, but gave us the egg trap. I can imagine that Dr. Rice thought - if NOW lays eggs on mummy nuts, why not devise a trap that mimics mummies. As an entomology researcher that has worked on developing monitoring tools, I admire Dr. Rice’s insight. Egg traps have played and continue to play an important role in monitoring NOW in almond as well as pistachio. The University of California, Statewide IPM Program, Pest Management Guidelines instruct in the use of egg traps. And moreover, provide treatment timing recommendations based on a NOW developmental model (Fig. 1). The principal value of egg traps as a monitoring tool stands out in that they can detect the initiation of egg deposition, in other words, a biofix (Fig. 1), which occurs from mid-March to about mid-April. However, subsequent egg capture typically decreases considerably during the second NOW flight (late June–August) and sometimes third flight (August–September) and therefore their utility as a season-long monitoring tool is limited. Moreover, egg traps may not detect egg-laying activity in low-population orchards.

This could be due to PCAs with years of experience using egg traps feeling more confident making management decisions based on egg capture data. Moreover, a primary limitation of pheromone traps is that they cannot reliably establish an NOW biofix. Unlike other lepidopterous pests such as codling moth and Oriental fruit moth, NOW does not have a synchronized spring emergence following a winter diapause period. Male NOW moths can emerge and fly as early as January given warm enough temperatures and therefore establishing a biofix is not possible. The UC Pest Management Guidelines recommends deploying one NOW egg trap per 10 acres or at least four traps per orchard and one pheromone-baited wing or delta trap per 50 acres or at least two per orchard. Although a few additional traps may be required, egg and pheromone traps can be deployed in sets consisting of a single pheromone trap and two egg traps deployed in the same

In 2010 Kuenen of the USDA, ARS and two University of California, Riverside researchers, McElfresh and Millar, published their findings of a navel orangeworm fourcomponent sex pheromone blend. It took a couple of years but USDA ARS researchers Higbee and Burks developed a stable delivery system and the NOW monitoring lure became commercially available in 2012. An advantage of pheromone-baited traps lies in that the tool has a much greater resolution than egg traps and reliably detects peaks in second and third flight activity; and moreover, can detect flight activity in orchards with a very low population. This advantage makes pheromone traps attractive as an NOW monitoring tool, and it’s safe to say that the great majority of PCAs working in almond, as well as pistachio employ the relatively new tool. The use of pheromone lures, however, have not completely foregone the use of egg traps.

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

Figure 1. Mean male and egg capture at an orchard in the San Joaquin Valley (Merced County). Bottom figure shows the accumulated degree days from egg biofix indicating the date at which the second (1056) and third (2112) flight periods are predicted respectively.

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UC IPM, CONT., Navel Orangeworm Monitoring: An Intractable Problem?

tree-row approximately 100 ft to either side of the pheromone trap. Deploy trap sets at 1 per 10 acres or 4 per orchard. When deploying traps in that manner, do not alter the Pest Management Guidelines management recommendations. Another level of complexity in NOW monitoring has developed with the arrival and rapidly expanding use of mating disruption. When working properly, mating disruption shuts down pheromone traps; the absence of males provides a strong indicator that males likely cannot effectively locate females as well. That raises the question, “if pheromone traps are not capturing male moths, how can management decisions be made?” Of course, egg traps function well and provide the needed information to make insecticide application decisions if a treatment becomes necessary. Although not yet available, monitoring lures for use in orchards under mating disruption should become commercially available by 2018. Additional monitoring options do exist for orchards under mating disruption but require a little more time to implement. About a decade ago, the USDA funded an NOW Areawide Control Project that included Federal, UC, and private researchers conducting multiple projects. At the Santa Fe Areawide site (Wonderful Orchards), led by Higbee, a monitoring program that allows a spray decision (spray or no spray) with a high degree of confidence for orchards under mating disruption was developed. It involves monitoring of at least six sites (four around the orchard edges and two-four in the orchard interior). Each set has an egg trap, a pheromone trap, an oviposition attractant as a lure in a sticky trap and an area in which samples are taken to determine preharvest infestation levels. That level of intensive monitoring provides the needed information for making highly confident no-treat decisions. Stern, one of the founding fathers of IPM defined economic threshold (ET) as "the amount of injury which will justify the cost of artificial control measures." Commonly, researchers get asked, what number of male NOW moths and/or eggs per week constitutes an ET in almond and pistachio? Developing such a predictive model requires a keen understanding of host-plant and pest physiology and depends on estimating and predicting several difficult parameters. The ET, or sometimes termed an action threshold, exists for very few crops. The majority of ET values are subjective, in other words, based on a practitioner’s experiences. University of California researchers are working to develop an ET model for almond and pistachio, however the complexity of developing such a model, large acreages, and number of host crops presents considerable challenges. So yes, effectively monitoring navel orangeworm for making sound management decisions is challenging. Symmes in the June 2017 issue of the CAPCA Adviser discusses some of the recent developments for monitoring NOW in almond and pistachio as well as codling month in walnut. However, until these new tools become commercially available for monitoring orchards both under mating disruption and not, PCAs and growers will have to rely on the host of available monitoring tools. █

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

The California Weed Science Society 2018 Annual Conference

“California Weed Science: From Restoration to Recreation” January 24-26, 2018 The Fess Parker Santa Barbara Hotel 633 East Cabrillo Boulevard Santa Barbara, CA 93103 Phone: 805.564.4333 www.cwss.org Featured Sessions Include:

• IPM approaches to weed control from “Restoration to Recreation” and everything in between including a discussion on cannabis pesticide regulatory issues • Student Oral Paper and Poster contests • The latest in weed biology and management in CA agricultural crops & orchards, turf & ornamentals, roadside & industrial sites, forestry, range & natural areas, and aquatic sites • Laws and Regulations Sessions DPR CEU’s have been requested To register online and view hotel reservation details, visit www.cwss.org or call (831) 442-0883 for a program agenda and registration form.

MANAGE NEMATODES IN POTATOES: PROTECT YOUR CROP WITH FOLIAR SPRAY

TREATING NEMATODES TO PROTECT POTATO QUALITY AND YIELD

ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE Root-knot nematodes are one of the most widely found varieties of nematodes and affect numerous crops, including potatoes. Their larvae invade roots or tubers and establish feeding sites, which causes reduced plant vigor and blemishes on tubers. As their name suggests, root-knot nematodes can also cause hard, swollen knots to form on plant roots.

GOLDEN NEMATODE Another type of nematode commonly found throughout potato-growing regions is the golden nematode, which feeds on plant roots and develops into swollen cysts at the feeding site. They get their name from the goldenyellow stage they pass through before becoming the cyst, according to the University of Nebraska.

“

To protect potatoes from nematodes throughout the season, implementing an integrated management system is critical.

-Steve Olson, Senior Product Manager at CropScience.

“

A consistent problem for potato growers is nematodes, microscopic roundworms that feed on plant roots and can transmit diseases such as Tobacco Rattle Virus. Nematodes come in many forms and vary in the symptoms they cause.

Although nematodes are a common problem throughout the nation’s potato fields, a variety of solutions exist that can help to reduce crop damage, treat infestations in the current season and prevent infestations from remaining in the field for the next season.

One cultural practice recommended by the University of Idaho is early harvesting of potato varieties that mature quickly. The longer tubers remain in the field, the more likely nematodes will have an effect on the crop. Ensuring fields have the proper balance of nutrients and proper fertilization can also help to improve plant strength, resulting in reduced nematode impact. Crop rotation can also provide a solution that helps reduce nematode populations in fields. A few examples of nonhost crops recommended by the University of Idaho include wheat, corn and certain types of oil radish. Chemical options to help manage nematodes also exist. With the right foliar spray, like Movento® insecticide from Bayer, potato growers can protect their crop against nematodes and increase the quality and quantity of their seasonal harvest. Applied as a foliar spray, Movento insecticide moves throughout the entire plant system, from leaves to roots, to provide protection from above-ground pests as well as below-ground nematodes. Learn more by visiting www.movento.us.

© 2017 Bayer CropScience LP, 2 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Always read and follow label instructions. Bayer, the Bayer Cross, and Movento are registered trademarks of Bayer. Not all products are registered for use in all states. For additional product information, call toll-free 1-866-99-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our website at www.CropScience.Bayer.us.

OCTOBER 2017 | CAPCA ADVISER

FARM ADVISORS

Citrus Weed Control with Indaziflam and Rimsulfuron Herbicides B. Faber1, O. Daugovish1, J. De Soto1, A. Howell1, and T. Bean2 University of California Cooperative Extension Ventura County; 2 University of California Riverside.

Introduction Weeds can impact cultural operations, tree growth, and yields by altering the spray pattern of low-volume irrigation systems, intercepting soil-applied chemicals (fertilizer and agricultural chemicals), reducing grove temperatures during freeze events, and interfering with pruning and harvest operations. The presence of weeds in a citrus grove can also affect insect populations. Weeds growing around tree trunks may also create a favorable environment for pathogens that infect the trunk and roots. Weed species compete with citrus trees in many ways and with varying intensities; management of more competitive weeds such as Conyza bonariensis and C. canadensis, Sorghum halapensis, Paspallum dilatatum, and Ipomea purpurea should be prioritized. While some weeds (e.g., Tribulus terrestris, Xanthium strumarium, Urtica urens, Cirsium vulgare, and Picris echioides) may have low competitive effects on citrus trees, they can hinder labor operations and may also rank high for active management. Citrus integrated pest management (IPM) programs typically utilize a combination of control practices, like cultural, mechanical, and chemical, to minimize competitive effects of weeds on crop productivity. Weed management can be an expensive part of the total citrus production program, but resources invested here can provide significant economic returns. Proper weed identification is a critical in developing an effective management program. Weed species will vary with location, climate, season, soil type, previous site history, and current and past management programs. A photo gallery of weeds, weed seedlings, and various weed anatomical features is available online through UC IPM at: http:// www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/weeds_intro.html. Additionally, an online identification tool is available through the UC Weed Research and Information Center at: http://weedid.wisc. edu/ca/weedid.php. Scouting for weeds should be conducted in all areas in and near the grove, including tree rows, row middles, water furrows, ditch banks, fence rows, and adjacent perimeter locations. These sites may receive different cultural practices which can facilitate the persistence and spread of different weed species. Look for small isolated weed patches and manage them before they spread to other areas of the grove. Since weeds emerge all year long, schedule weed surveys throughout the year, especially after rains or soil 44

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

disturbances. Scouting should occur even if weeds are not easily visible or their above-ground parts appear to be dead. Re-growth from perennial plants is common. If weeds are correctly identified in the seedling or vegetative stage, then proper control can be achieved through: 1) optimal treatment timing; 2) possible reduced herbicide application rate; and 3) reduced environmental impact from treatments. The weed species present will vary with season and location, because weeds are typically not distributed uniformly. For further information about characteristics used to identify, see the Weeds section of the UC IPM Citrus Pest Management Guidelines, http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG. When scouting for weeds, records should be developed and recorded as to species abundance, location, and identity. Preventive programs are often overlooked, but are an important component of cultural practices and are cost-effective. Practices, such as sanitation, spot spraying, and/or hand removal of weed escapes before they produce new seed are examples of prevention. While preventive programs may not stop the spread of all weed

Figure 1. Indaziflam (2 fl. oz/A) in combination with rimsulfuron at 2 fl. oz/A applied in November provided excellent weed control for up to 4 months (front) while untreated checks had high weed densities (back).

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Ensure season-long control of pre- and post-emergent weeds WEEDS REDUCE TREE HEALTH AND CROP QUALITY. Weeds compete with trees and vines for nutrients, water and light and can impact yield and hinder harvesting practices. Weeds can even compete with target plants for uptake of insecticides and other chemicals, making the crop more susceptible to insects and disease.

Key weeds present in orchards and vineyards have been found to be resistant to glyphosate. A best practice to slow down weed resistance to herbicides includes using multiple effective modes of action in your pre- and post-emergent herbicide sprays.

WEEDS RESISTANT TO GLYPHOSATE

While cultural and mechanical practices can provide some help in managing weed pressures, most growers utilize herbicides to deal with major threats. Whether or not resistant weeds are currently present, having an integrated approach to weed control can mean the difference to bottom lines.

Alion® and Rely® 280 weed program from Bayer are complementary pre- and post-emergent herbicides for tree nuts, grapes and citrus that effectively eliminate tough grass and broadleaf weeds with long-lasting residual control and excellent crop safety. Together, Alion and Rely offer versatile application approaches to ensure you start and stay weed-free.

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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXTENSION RESEARCH SHOWS: Using Alion® and Rely ® together results in season-long weed control

JUNGLE RICE CONTROL

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99%

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Application included Alion 5 oz. + Rely

University Trial for Hairy Fleabane and Ryegrass Control by Brad Hanson, UC IPM, Arbuckle, CA, 2015

© 2017 Bayer CropScience LP, 2 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Bayer, the Bayer Cross, Alion, and Rely are registered trademarks of Bayer. Roundup is a registered trademark of Monsanto Technology LLC. Always read and follow label instructions. Not all products are registered for use in every state. For additional product information, call toll-free 1-866-99-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our website at www.CropScience.Bayer.us.

OCTOBER 2017 | CAPCA ADVISER

FARM ADVISORS, CONT., Citrus Weed Control with Indaziflam and Rimsulfuron Herbicides

species, these practices may slow the spread of undesirable species, thereby reducing long-term weed control costs. Cultivation or tillage has been used in the past for many years in citrus production. Tillage is an effective method of controlling annual weeds effectively by severing weed stems and roots but is can be counterproductive for perennial weeds that can propagate vegetatively. Soil erosion concerns are cited as a reason why tillage use is decreasing as more groves are planted on raised berms. Also, citrus trees have a shallow fibrous root system and tillage increases risk of root and trunk damage. With the use of lowvolume irrigation systems and closer in-row planting distances, tillage in both directions is no longer possible. Mechanical mowing is generally more expensive than tillage and can throw seed under the tree canopy, increasing weed pressure next to the tree trunk. Herbicides used in a citrus are generally divided into two groups: 1) soil-applied (preemergence) herbicides that should be applied to fairly clean soil surfaces prior to weed emergence, and 2) foliarapplied (postemergence) herbicides that are applied after weeds have emerged. Preemergence herbicides are generally applied two to three times per year, so the maximum amount of herbicide is in the upper soil profile (0 to 2 inches) slightly before peak weed emergence. Herbicides applied too early, before weeds emerge, will not provide adequate weed control due to herbicide leaching or degradation on the soil surface or within the soil profile. Preemergence herbicides must be incorporated (mainly by rainfall or irrigation) and are usually broadcast on the entire orchard floor since growers do not know where weeds will emerge and to reduce

Figure 2. Slight curling and brown spotting of new leaves from a direct spray (drift simulation) of combination of rimsulfuron with indaziflam (left) compared to untreated leaves (right) at 1 week after treatment.

Table 1. Potential injury ratings (1= none to 10= most severe) from direct spray (50 gal/acre solution) of herbicides on Satsuma mandarins. 1 week after 5 weeks after Treatments and rates per acre treatment treatment Untreated 1 1 Indaziflam, low concentration at 5 1.58 3.25 fl. oz Indaziflam, low concentration at 5 2.13 3.5 fl. oz + rimsulfuron at 2 oz Indaziflam, high concentration at 1.54 3 2 oz Indaziflam, high concentration at 2 1.25 2.25 oz + rimsulfuron at 2 oz Rimsulfuron at4 oz 1.75 1.75

risk of frost damage. Growers using drip irrigation or microsprinkler irrigation have a difficult time adequately incorporating preemergence herbicides, so usually try to treat prior to predicted rainfall (Rector et al. 1998). Soil type can influence herbicide selection and rate used. Many preemergence herbicides including oxyfluorfen, pendimethalin, oryzalin, trifluralin, and metolachlor can be used on sandy soils without injuring citrus trees. Tree age is also an important consideration when selecting which herbicide(s) to use. Postemergence herbicides are used to control weeds that escape control by preemergence herbicides or mechanical cultivation. Postemergence herbicides can be systemic or contact in activity. Systemic herbicides are moved within the target plant, killing the foliage and root system of the treated plant. Contact herbicides are active only on those parts of the weeds the herbicide comes into contact with. Hence, adequate spray coverage of the weeds is more critical than with systemic materials. These herbicides are effective on small annual weeds and usually only suppress growth of perennials. It should be noted that the majority of organic herbicides are contact herbicides. Glyphosate is a systemic postemergence herbicide in widely used in citrus due to its efficacy on many weed species and relatively low cost. However, continuous use of the same mode of action over time will likely lead to the development of resistant populations in some weeds species. Amongst other weed species, Conyza canadensis and C. bonariensishave both been reported to be resistant to glyphosate in California citrus. To help reduce the likelihood of herbicide resistance development, herbicides with different modes of action should be rotated and/ or mixed. New herbicides and rotations are needed to address the increasing occurrence of resistance among weeds in citrus orchards, and provide more effective and economic, season-long control while minimizing crop injury. Rimsulfuron is a relatively new pre-post emergence herbicide registered for use in California citrus. It has both grass and broadleaf weed activity. Indaziflam, also recently introduced to

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

OCTOBER 2017 | CAPCA ADVISER

FARM ADVISORS, CONT., Citrus Weed Control with Indaziflam and Rimsulfuron Herbicides

California citrus, has a pre-emergence activity against many common grasses and broadleaves. Both of these materials would fit into a rotation and/or herbicide mix. In 2016 and 2017 we conducted trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of these two materials in a citrus orchard.

arranged according to a RCBD with four replications. At one and five weeks after treatment (WAT) we rated foliar injury on a scale from 1 (none) to 10 (most severe). Averages of four independent ratings on the same date were used to conduct statistical analyses as described previously.

Materials and Methods Weed control. At a clay loam site (pH =7.4) near Santa Paula, CA, the weed control efficacy of two product formulations of the indaziflam, (at 2 and 5 fl. oz/A)) was evaluated. These were applied alone or in combination with rimsulfuron at 2 fl. oz/A, which was also applied alone at 4 fl.oz/A, for a total of 5 treatments plus an untreated control. All of the treatments were applied to 90ft Â˛ plots either in November 2015 and 2016 or in February 2016 and 2017. Herbicide treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering spray solution via three flat nozzles in a volume equivalent to 50 gal/acre. Treatment plots in row middles had been previously treated with glyphosate and shallow cultivation. In November, no weeds germinated prior to application, while in February weeds germinated after winter rains in all plots. We evaluated weed densities at two, four, and six months after treatment (MAT).

Results and Discussion Weed control. The most common weeds in the plots were little mallow (Malva parviflora), horseweed and hairy fleabane (Conyza spp.), field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), spurge (Euphorbia spp.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), burning nettle (Urtica urens) and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea). All of the herbicide treatments were consistently effective in controlling broadleaf weeds compared to the untreated control regardless of the evaluation period (combined weed densities shown in Fig. 4). Indaziflam at both rates plus rimsulfuron provided superior control over other treatments for most weeds in both seasons and application timings. Although spurge was not controlled with this herbicide combination, we suspect that performance may be improved with the addition of a surfactant. Common purslane and field bindweed were least susceptible to herbicide treatments. Even though there was partial control of above-ground bindweed shoots, new growth regenerated from below-ground buds was not affected. Purslane seed bank in soil provided multiple germination cohorts and the seed germinated 2-4 MAT were likely not exposed to lethal herbicide concentrations and germinated and established. The efficacy of all treatments greatly diminished between two and six MAT. Additional herbicide applications and integrated control might have provided longer-term control.

Citrus injury potential. Even though the tested herbicides are applied to soil and should not come in contact with citrus foliage when applied properly we evaluated potential impact of herbicidal drift on citrus. In 2017 we have simulated severe drift by spraying all treatments (as described previously) to halves (aprox. 20 ftÂ˛) of the foliage of 6-8 ft tall Satsuma mandarins. Again, treatments were

Figure 3. Significant chlorosis and discoloration, particularly on new foliage observed at 5 weeks after direct spray (drift simulation) with indaziflam (left) compared to untreated leaves (right).

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

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Not All Zinc Products are Created Equal: New Studies Examine the Uptake and Efficacy of Different Forms of Zinc In 2017, BRANDT conducted trials, using independent consultants and in-house agronomists, to measure and compare the uptake and efficacy of different of zinc foliar applications on apples, cherries and walnuts. Several forms of zinc were evaluated, including: zinc sulfate, zinc EDTA chelate, a zinc sulfate and organic acid combination, and BRANDT® Manni-Plex® Zn, which is a proprietary zinc nitrate and sugar alcohol nutrient formulation designed for superior foliar nutrient delivery. Throughout the study, plant tissue samples were collected and the amount of zinc present was measured before, during and after the zinc applications.

Zinc Efficacy Trial on Cherries March 2017. Tulare, CA. Conducted by BRANDT.

This trial was conducted in an established Brooks cherry orchard. A single foliar spray of zinc was made using a backpack mistblower at shuckfall. Tissue samples were taken just prior to application, plus 1, 8, and 28 days after application. After a detergent and acid wash, samples were analyzed for zinc content. At both 1 and 8 days after application, trees treated with BRANDT Manni-Plex Zn had the highest level of zinc present. Zinc PPM 8 Day

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120 Untreated

May 2017. Royal City, WA. Trial conducted by Crop Matters.

This trial was conducted in a high-density Granny Smith apple orchard. A single foliar spray of zinc was made using a backpack mistblower in late May. Tissue samples were pulled from nonbearing spurs for each treatment on the day of application, just prior to spraying. Additional samples were pulled 1, 7, 14, and 28 days after application. After a detergent and acid wash, samples were analyzed for zinc content. At 1, 7, and 28 days after application, the trees treated with BRANDT® Manni-Plex® Zn foliar had the highest levels of zinc present, despite having the lowest zinc levels in the pre-treatment sample. Zinc PPM 29 Day

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Zinc Efficacy Trial on Walnuts June 2017. Hanford, CA. Conducted by BRANDT.

This trial was conducted in a nonbearing Chandler walnut orchard, interplanted with alfalfa. A single foliar spray of zinc was made using a backpack mistblower in mid-May. The grower pulled tissue samples for the whole block 8 days before application. Additional samples were pulled for each treatment 3, 7, and 28 days after application. After a detergent and acid wash, samples were analyzed for zinc content. At both 3 and 7 days after application, trees treated with BRANDT Manni-Plex Zn clearly had the highest level of zinc present. At the 28 day evaluation, all zinc treatments had higher levels than the check but zinc sulfate and Manni-Plex Zn had higher levels than the other two treatments. Zinc PPM 28 Day

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FARM ADVISORS, CONT., Citrus Weed Control with Indaziflam and Rimsulfuron Herbicides

Citrus injury potential. Even with direct spray to foliage all treatments resulted in very low injury ratings at 1 WAT (Table 1). Rimsulfuron alone or in combination with indaziflam had slightly greater levels of injury that indaziflam at that time. However, at 5 WAT significant injury symptoms developed in treatments containing indaziflam and injury was greater at increased rate (Table 1). However, in all cases the drift that would result from soil application of any treatments is unlikely to cause significant injury, let alone negative effects on fruit production. Thus, we conclude that these herbicides can be applied safely in young citrus groves when drift is prevented. In summary: • Rimsulfuron, indaziflam and their combinations controlled most broadleaf weeds germinating from soil seedbank and those dispersed by wind to citrus furrows for up to 4 months. The higher rates were slightly more efficacious than lower rates. Rimsulfuron provided some control of field bindweed (above-ground parts). • These herbicides control germinating weeds and do not have much activity on established weeds, and may need ‘burn-down’ partner for complete weed management program. • Rimsulfuron and indaziflam have different mode of action than glyphosate (controls established weeds) and therefore are good tools in both weed and resistance management in citrus orchards. • Both herbicides were safe to citrus when applied to soil but caution should be exercised to prevent drift to crop foliage. When in contact with young leaves rimsulfuron caused minimal injury but indaziflam caused extensive chlorosis in crop canopy.

References Futch, S.H., M. Singh, M. 2010. 2010 Florida citrus pest management guide, Florida citrus pest management guide: Weeds, eds Rogers M.E., Dewdney M.M., Spann T.M. (Inst. Food Arg. Sci., Univ. of Florida, Gainesville), pp 125–137. Futch S.H and M. Singh. 2014. 2014 Florida Citrus Pest Management Guide: Weeds. Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Heap, I. 2005. International survey of herbicide resistant weeds. Available online: www.weedscience.org McCloskey W. B. and G.C Wright. 1998. Applying Roundup to the Base of Lemon Tree Canopies: Preliminary Effects on Leaves, Flowers, Fruitlets, and Yield. Citrus and Deciduous Fruit and Nut Research Report Rector, R. J., W. B McCloskey, G. C. Wright, and C. Sumner. 2003. Citrus Orchard Floor Management 2001-2003: Comparison of a Disk, “Perfecta” Cultivator, and Weed Sensing Sprayer. Citrus Research Report. Sharma S.D. and M. Singh. 2007. Effect of Timing and Rates of Application of Glyphosate and Carfentrazone Herbicides and Their Mixtures on the Control of Some Broad- leaf Weeds. HortScience, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2007, pp. 1221-1226.

• Application prior to rainy season (November) was very effective and may be preferred to application after rains (February) when many germinated weeds are established. █ Figure 4. Total weed density per 90 ft² plot at two, four, and six months after treatment (MAT).

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

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OCTOBER 2017 | CAPCA ADVISER

FARM ADVISORS

Wild Pig Management in Citrus Sonia Rios, Subtropical Horticulture Farm Advisor, UCCE Riverside/San Diego County Niamh Quinn, Human-Wildlife Interactions Advisor, UCCE Orange, Los Angeles, and San Diego Etaferahu Takele, Farm Management/Agricultural Economics Area Advisor, Southern California Region

Wild pigs currently exist in 56 of California’s 58 counties and can be found in a variety of habitats ranging from woodland, chaparral, meadow, grasslands and in agriculture cropping systems. Wild pigs are commonly found in the foothill areas, and they prefer areas of dense brush, however the drought has led them to encroach into orchards. Wild pigs can cause significant damage to farm and rangelands, natural resources, environmentally sensitive habitats, and property. Wild pig depredation on livestock and poultry can cause high economic loss (Choquenot et. al. 1996). Also, wild pigs can carry a number of diseases and parasites that can be transmitted to livestock, wildlife, and humans. In California, wild pigs can be carriers of Brucellosis, Cholera, Leptospirosis, Tuberculosis (Bovine, Avian, and Swine), Q fever, Trichinosis, Toxoplasmosis, Pseudorabies, and Plague (Barrett and Tietje 1993). DESCRIPTION OF THE PEST Domestic swine were imported to the United States by European settlers in the 1700s. Whereas Domestic swine foraged freely, eventually becoming semi-wild, or “feral” (CDFW 2017), California's wild pigs were descendants of the Eurasian wild boar, introduced to Monterey County, California in the 1920s. The physical characteristics of California’s wild pigs vary significantly throughout the state. Some exhibit the long hair and snouts, small erect ears and angular shaped bodies of their wild boar ancestors, while others have short hair, long floppy ears, and a barrel-shaped body. Colors range from solid black to red, striped, grizzled or spotted (CDFW 2017). Domestic pigs that are unmarked and roam freely are also considered to be wild pigs. DAMAGE IN CITRUS Cultivation operation disruption Evidence of wild pigs’ presence is obvious even if you don’t see them physically. Wild pigs use their snouts to root up the ground in search of food, including plant roots, fungus, and other items. Wild pigs are omnivorous, consuming both plant and animal matter. In general, wild pigs feed on: grasses and forbs in the spring; mast and fruits in the summer and fall; and roots, tubers and invertebrates throughout the year. 52

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

Photo 1: Courtesy of Billy Higginbotham-Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service Wild pigs will feed on insects and underground vegetation. This rooting behavior can disrupt parts of the orchard floors. it could lead to the trees becoming susceptible to root rot diseases that could spread throughout the grove. They are also known to eat fruit off of the lower branch scaffolds. Pigs will contribute to erosion which can affect water quality and also create large uneven basins, or wallows in moist soil during hot weather. Both rooting and wallows can disrupt the application of irrigation water by ruing or displacing irrigation equipment and resulting pools can become breeding habitat for mosquitoes. Food safety Wild pigs can also create a food safety issue. Growers are now required to show a Food Safety Good Agricultural Practices for California Citrus Growers (GAPs). This practice is focused on the grower’s particular role in providing safe citrus fruits for consumers. The grower should assess the impact of domestic, livestock and wild animal activity for potential pathogen contamination of the grove and fruit. The assessment should include the extent of intrusion, nearness to the grove, proximity to harvest and other relevant factors. Based on the assessment, the grower should put into place measures to exclude domestic animals and minimize the intrusion of wildlife into the grove.

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FARM ADVISORS, CONT., Wild Pig Management in Citrus

MANAGEMENT Classified as a game mammal in California, wild pigs provide year-round hunting opportunity and fall under the jurisdiction of the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW). A hunting license and a tag is required to hunt wild pigs. If wild pigs are causing damage to your property, pigs can be trapped or shot, but this requires a depredation permit. Contact your local CDFW representative for further details on depredation permits (https://www.wildlife. ca.gov/Conservation/Mammals/Wild-Pig/ Depredation).

Photo 2: Courtesy of Reg Barrett- UC Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management

• The grower should monitor the grove and adjacent land for evidence of animal activity and the potential for contamination of fruit or equipment. • The grower should return bins to packers if there is evidence of contamination. • When the assessment or monitoring indicates possibility of contamination with pathogens, the grower should take action as needed to minimize potential for contamination of the fruit and to prevent the harvest of any potentially contaminated fruit Pre-Harvest • The grower should perform a documented evaluation of the grove environment for changes that may be likely to result in contamination of the citrus fruit with pathogens. Evaluation should include inspection for: 0 Evidence of animal intrusion such as downed fences, presence of live or dead animals, animal tracks or animal feces. If animal intrusion is detected, measures shall be taken to remove or prevent from harvest any potentially contaminated product. 0 Presence of potentially contaminating materials (e.g. uncomposted manure, etc.) likely to pose a contamination risk to the grove to be harvested. 0 Evidence that the irrigation water source and delivery system may potentially be compromised. For more information regarding Citrus GAP: http://ccqc.org/wpcontent/uploads/2009/05/Final-Food-Safety-GAP-document-_ Oct-26_.pdf 54

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

Monitoring and Management Strategies Fencing Fencing can be extremely effective but because of costs it can be extremely prohibitive. However, on smaller scales, exclusionary fencing can be an effective option. One of the most effective designs seems to be the installation of sturdy wire mesh fencing. The bottom wire should be either tightly stretched on the ground surface or buried. The addition of an electrified wire about 6 to 8 inches off the ground is also recommended. The fence should be at least 36 inches high. Electric fencing alone has also been shown to restrict the movement of wild pigs also. Poorly designed and constructed fences will significantly increase repair and maintenance time. It is important to carefully consider the costs and benefits of fencing for pig exclusion before embarking on such a venture. Trapping Trapping can be an effective method of removing wild pigs from your orchard. The most commonly used traps are box traps and corral traps. Corral traps are much larger than box traps and are designed to capture multiple pigs. It is important to consider that all wild animals can be unpredictable when approaching captured pigs. In some counties, the agricultural commissioner has trappers who can assist; other counties have contracts with USDA-Wildlife Services to assist with problematic pigs. Toxicants and Repellents Currently there is one toxicant registered for use on wild pigs in the United States (EPA Reg. No. 72500). This product is not currently registered for use in California. This product may only be used to control wild pigs on pastures, rangeland, forests, noncrop areas, and crop lands. This bait may only be applied in hog feeders equipped with heavy lids (8 to 10 lbs. of total weight) on bait compartments so as to limit direct access to bait by nontarget animals. This product may be toxic to fish, birds and other wildlife. Dogs and other predatory and scavenging mammals and birds might be poisoned if they feed upon animals that have eaten the bait. Wild pigs must be conditioned to accept feed from the bait dispensers and to open the weighted lids to bait compartments.

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FARM ADVISORS, CONT., Wild Pig Management in Citrus

Repellents are not generally considered effective against many mammalian pests and this is also true for the management of wild pigs. Collecting information on wild pig damage UCANR is asking California growers and landowners to help keep track of the state’s wild pigs and the damage they are causing through a new Wild Pig App. The app is available for download on Apple and Android devices and will collect information on wild pig damage throughout California. Cell service at the site of pig damage is also not required to collect the information. The information collected will be used by University of California Cooperative Extension Specialists and Advisors to learn more about wild pigs in the State. Download the app at your App Store to participate in the wild pig damage project without the app, landowners and growers can fill out a short survey at http://ucanr.edu/wildpig2016. █ Additional Resources Barrett, R. H. and G. H. Birmingham. 1994. Wild Pigs. The Handbook: Prevention and control of wildlife damage. Cooperative Extension Division, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

Coping with Feral Hogs. Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service. Feral Hog Biology, Impacts, and Eradication Techniques (PDF). 2010. USDA APHIS Wildlife Services New Mexico. Finzel, J. A. and Baldwin, R. A., (2015) Pest Notes: Wild Pigs. UC ANR Publication 74170 Hamrick, B., M. D. Smith, C. Jaworowski, B. Strickland. 2011. A Landowner's Guide for Wild Pig Management (PDF). Publication 2659. Jay-Russell, M. T., A. Bates, L. Harden, W. G. Miller, and R. E. Mandrell. 2012. Isolation of campylobacter from feral swine (Sus scrofa) on the ranch associated with the 2006 Escherichia coli O157:H7 spinach outbreak investigation in California. Zoonoses and Public Health. 59:314-319. Kreith, M. 2007. Wild pigs in California: the issues (PDF). AIC Issues Brief No. 33. Agricultural Issues Center, University of California.

California Department of Fish and Wildlife <https://www.wildlife. ca.gov/Conservation/Mammals/Wild-Pig> Accessed: 24 July 2017.

Sweitzer, R. A. and D. H. VanVuren. 2002. Rooting and foraging effects of wild pigs on tree regeneration and acorn survival in California’s oak woodland ecosystems (PDF). USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-184.

Barrett, R. H., and W. Tietje. 1993. The wild pig in California oak woodland: ecology and economics. Conference Presentation Summaries. Univ. of California, Berkeley.

Waithman, J. 2001. Guide to hunting wild pigs in California. California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Programs Branch.

Photo 3: Courtesy of UC Natural Reserve System

West, B.C., A. L. Cooper, J. B. Armstrong. 2009. Managing wild pigs: A technical guide (PDF). Human-Wildlife Interactions Monograph 1:1.

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OCTOBER 2017 | CAPCA ADVISER

FARM ADVISORS

New Pests of Landscape Ficus in California Donald R. Hodel, Environmental Horticulturist, University of California Cooperative Extension

Ficus, especially F. microcarpa (Chinese banyan, sometime incorrectly called F. nitida or F. retusa) and to a lesser extent F. benjamina (weeping fig), are important components of Californiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban landscape. Indeed, F. microcarpa is one of the more common street and park trees in southern California and many urban streets are lined with fine, old, handsome specimens. An especially tough tree able to withstand adverse conditions and neglect and still provide expected benefits and amenities, F. microcarpa is a dependable landscape subject from the Coachella Valley in the low desert to coastal regions, from San Diego to as far north as the Bay Area, where it is much prized and planted for its glossy dark green foliage, vigorous growth, and adaptability to a wide range of conditions. Nonetheless, Ficus microcarpa is a host of numerous pests, including the well known Indian laurel thrips and the leaf gall wasp, and several scale and mealybugs, which have been attacking these trees for many years. Recently, several new pests have arrived on the scene and all are mostly attacking F. microcarpa. Here I provide a brief summary of these recent arrivals and conclude with some potential management strategies. Ficus Leaf-Rolling Psyllid (FLRP) My colleague Linda Ohara first detected the FLRP (Trioza brevigenae) in early 2016 in Carson, California. Native to India, it is now found in at least San Diego, Riverside, San Bernardino, Orange, Los Angeles, and Ventura counties where it attacks young, newly emerging leaves, causing them to roll tightly inward completely or partially from one or both margins (Fig. 1). Several nymphal stages are found inside the rolled leaf where they seek protection and suck plant juices. The rolled leaves are esthetically unpleasing, especially when viewed from within five meters, and likely reduce photosynthesis although the long-term effects on the tree are largely undocumented. FLRP nymphs are 1-2.5 mm long, dark grayish tan initially changing to brownish and then brownish green. Advance instars have fringing skirts of long, white, waxy filaments. Wing pads are typically visible in later developmental stages. FLRP adults, mostly found outside the rolled leaf where they often can be seen wagging their posterior end, are 2.6-2.8 mm long with a brownish head and brownish green thorax. The abdomen is green on young adults and changes to 58

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

Fig. 1. As the name implies, the Ficus leaf-rolling psyllid causes new leaves to roll tightly inward completely or partially from one or both margins.

brown on older adults. Wings are 3 mm long, transparent, colorless, and extend beyond the posterior end of the abdomen. Ficus Psyllid (FP) Native to Asia (China, Taiwan, and the Ryukyu Islands of southern Japan), the FP (Macrohomotoma gladiata) was detected in Europe in 2009 and then in California in San Diego in 2015. It is now also found in at least Orange and Los Angeles Counties where it attacks young, newly emerging leaves, sucking plant juices and distorting the new growth, making it congested and compact and appearing like a leaf or flower bud (Fig. 2). FPs also produce abundant, white, waxy, woolly secretions like that of mealybugs (Fig. 2); indeed, at first glance the FP might be mistaken for a mealybug. In severe infestations, leaves and shoot tips die and the canopy thins out. Adult female FPs deposit pale yellow eggs in tight cluster of 10 to 20 on new leaves. Five nymphal stages exist and all are covered by and protected within the white, waxy, woolly secretions. The young instars are orange-brown while the final instar is pale green with brown wing pads. During the final instar they move to the abaxial (lower) leaf surface where the adults emerge. Adults are 4.5-5.5 mm long with a brown head and thorax and transparent forewings with dark spots. All photos by author.

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FARM ADVISORS, CONT., New Pests of Landscape Ficus in California

Ficus Eye-Spot Midge (FESM) Although native to Southeast Asia, the FESM (Horidiplosis ficifolii) was actually named and described from specimens found on material imported into the Netherlands from Taiwan in 2003. Found in Italy in 2007 and Florida in 2008, it was first detected in California in Rancho Santa Fe and La Jolla in the San Diego area in 2014. It attacks young growth, making small, irregularly shaped, sunken, dark brown galls about 4 mm in diameter (Fig. 3). Because of its color and shape, it is often mistaken for a bacterial or fungal leaf spot disease. However, each gall typically has a very small larval exit hole 1-2 mm in diameter, which looks like an eye (Fig. 3); hence, the common name. As the infestation advances, leaf necrosis spreads, and leaves die and fall, resulting in canopy thinning. Young FESM larvae are translucent, 1 mm long, and make galls on new leaves. Mature larvae are orange, maggot-like, 2 mm long, and exit the galls to pupate. Adult FESMs are small midges with orangebrown bodies. Weak fliers, they have clear wings, those of the males 1.6 mm long and those of the females 2 mm long.

Fig. 2. The Ficus psyllid distorts the new growth, making it congested and compact and also produces abundant, white, waxy, woolly secretions like that of mealybugs.

Ficus Whitefly (FW) While several kinds of whiteflies have long been attacking Ficus microcarpa, none has the potential to be so destructive or such a nuisance as the FW (Singhiella simplex). Native to Southeast Asia, the FW was found in Florida in 2007 and was first detected in California in San Gabriel in 2012. It is now also in at least Los Angeles, Orange, and San Diego counties. While primarily a pest of Ficus microcarpa so far in California, it has a rather wide Ficus species host range in Florida, so eventually we might find it here on F. benjamina, F. lyrata (fiddle-leaf fig), F. maclellandii (Alii or Maclellandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fig), and perhaps even F. macrophylla (Moreton Bay fig) and F. rubiginosa (rusty-leaf fig). FW nymphs suck plant juices, causing leaf chlorosis, defoliation, and dieback. Growth of young trees can be stunted. Also, heavy infestations are a nuisance, resulting in clouds of adults and dripping honeydew and sooty mold. This pest does not produce the abundant white, waxy, flocculent material typically associated with whiteflies. Adult female FWs deposit small, elongate, yellow to light brown eggs mostly along the midnerve on the abaxial leaf surface. FW nymphs are light green to tan, flat, oval, semi-transparent and are camouflaged with the surrounding leaf surface (Fig. 4). Indeed, they do not look like typical whitefly nymphs but appear more like a scale insect. After about one month the adults emerge, and these are 1.4-1.6 mm long with typical white waxy wings with grayish brown markings. Adults readily disperse when disturbed.

Fig. 3. The Ficus eye-spot midge attacks young growth, making small, irregularly shaped, sunken, dark brown galls, each with a very small larval exit hole, which looks like an eye.

Weeping Fig Thrips (WFT) Native to Southeast Asia and found in Florida in 2003, my colleague Linda Ohara first detected the WFT (Gynaikothrips uzeli) in California in Torrance and Carson in early 2014. It causes similar damage to Ficus benjamina as its better known close relative G. ficorum (Cuban laurel thrips) has been doing to F. microcarpa for many years. Adult WFTs feed on new leaves, causing distorted and deformed foliage, the leaf folding along the midnerve and forming a permanent gall with reddish, dark brown, or purplish brown dimpling or spotting (Fig. 5). In severe cases, stunted growth and defoliation occur. 60

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

Fig. 4. Ficus whitefly nymphs are light green to tan, flat, oval, semitransparent, camouflaged with the surrounding leaf surface, and actually look more like a scale insect.

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FARM ADVISORS, CONT., New Pests of Landscape Ficus in California

Fig. 5. Weeping fig thrips feed on new leaves, causing distorted and deformed foliage, the leaf folding along the midnerve and forming a permanent gall with reddish, dark brown, or purplish brown dimpling or spotting.

References Dara, S. K. 2015. New invasive pest, the Ficus eye-spot midge, Horidiplosis ficifolii in California. Pest News June 5. Om-line: http://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail. cfm?postnum=17951 Harris K.M. and L.J.W. De Goffau. 2003. Horidiplosis ficifolii, a new species of gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) damaging ornamental fig plants, Ficus benjamina L. Tijdschr. Ent. 146: 301–306.

Female WFTs deposit smooth, cylindrical, whitish eggs inside the gall. The life cycle is about 30 days. Newly emerged larvae are oblong and initially translucent white with several dark colored posterior abdominal segments and red eyes but turn yellowish tan within 15 days as they mature. Very similar to it close relative the Cuban laurel thrips, the relatively large and stout adult WFT are 2.5 to 3.6 mm long and have brownish black bodies and whitish fringed wings. Although several other Ficus spp. are reported as hosts, including F. microcarpa, the WFT is only know to complete its life cycle on F. benjamina. WFT is similar to its close relative the Cuban laurel thrips but can be distinguished by its longer pronotal posteroangular setae. Also, the WFT primarily infests Ficus benjamina while the Cuban laurel thrips primarily infests F. microcarpa. Management Because these pests are new, relatively little is known about their management and natural enemies; however, employing the same or similar strategies used for old pests would likely be beneficial. In some instances management might be unnecessary. For example, in the case of the weeping fig thrips, damage is usually tolerable and no action is required. Use of yellow sticky cards, vigilant scouting, and judicious and immediate removal, bagging, and disposal of infested material might help in early infestations. Encourage and protect known beneficial insects such as parasitic wasps, predatory thrips, lace wings, lady beetles, and pirate bugs. Because most of these new pests attack new growth, management techniques that suppress growth, such as reduced irrigation, fertilizer, and pruning, will likely reduce infestations. Soil/root zone applications of imidacloprid and foliar sprays of dinotefuran, the latter timed especially to protect new growth, will likely be effective. █ 62

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

Hodel, D. R., G. Arakelian, L. M. Ohara, C. Wilen, and S. K. Dara. 2016. The Ficus leaf-rolling psyllid: a new pest of Ficus microcarpa. PalmArbor 2016-2: 1-10. On-line: ucanr.edu/sites/ HodelPalmsTrees/files/242336.pdf Hodel, D. R., L. M. Ohara, G. Arakelian, and S. K. Dara. 2014. A new pest of Ficus benjamina discovered in California. West. Arb. 40(2): 50-52. Leathers, J. 2015. Singhiella simplex (Singh): Ficus Whitefly. CDFA California Pest Rating. On-line: http://blogs.cdfa.ca.gov/ Section3162/?tag=ficus-whitefly Mannion, C., L. Osborne, A. Hunsberger, H. Mayer, and G. Hodges. 2008. Ficus Whitefly. A New Pest in South Florida. UF IFAS Fact Sheet. On-line: ttp://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/lso/IAWG/FIG/ The%20Fig%20Whitefly.htm Mifsud, D and F. Porcelli. 2012. The psyllid Macrohomotoma gladiata Kuwayama, 1908 (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Homotomidae): a Ficus pest recently introduced in the EPPO region. EPPO Bull. 42: 161–164. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2338.2012.02544.x Rung, Alessandra. A new pest of Ficus in California: Macrohomotoma gladiata Kuwayama, 1908 (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Homotomidae), new to North America. Check List, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 3, p. 1882, May 2016. ISSN 1809-127X. On-line: https://biotaxa. org/cl/article/view/12.3.1882. Date accessed: 04 Sep. 2017. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/12.3.1882 Steck, G.J. and S. Krueger. 2008. An ornamental fig pest, Horidiplosis ficifolii Harris (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), genus and species new to Florida and North America. On-line: http://www. freshfromflorida.com/Divisions-Offices/Plant-Industry/PlantIndustry-Publications/Pest-Alerts/Pest-Alerts-An-OrnamentalFig-Pest-Horidiplosis-Ficifolii-Harris-Diptera-Cecidomyiidae.

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FARM ADVISORS

An Update on Spotted-wing Drosophila and its Management Surendra K. Dara, Strawberry and Vegetable Crops Advisor, UCCE, San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara Counties Spotted-wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii is a polyphagous pest and infests several small fruit in California and other states. SWD belongs to the group of flies that is generally known as vinegar flies or lesser fruit flies. It was initially known as cherry fruit fly in 1930s and is now referred to as spotted-wing drosophila. SWD can be distinguished from other Drosophila spp. based on the following traits: • Females have a hard and dark (sclerotized) ovipositor with prominent serrations or saw-teeth that enable the fly to lay eggs in intact ripening fruit. • Antennae has a branched bristle-like part called arista. • Males have a distinctive dark spot at the tip of each wing, hence the name. • Males also have two dark bands (combs) of 3-6 teeth on each front leg. Origin and distribution: It is traditionally known to be a pest in Asia, but it is now reported in the Neotropics, North America, and Europe. In the US, it has been reported in Hawaii, Washington, Oregon, California, Utah, Minnesota, Michigan, Missouri, Louisiana, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida.

Male spotted-wing drosophila adult. Photo by Gevork Arakelian, Los Angeles County Ag Commissioner's Office

Host range: They generally infest thin-skinned fruit and prefer temperate climate. Host range includes apple, blackberry, blueberry, cherry, dogwood, grape, mulberry, peach, persimmons, plum, raspberry, and strawberry. Non-crop hosts that support SWD populations include barberry, brambles (wild raspberry and blackberry), buckthorn, cotoneaster, currant, dogwood, elderberry, fig, honeysuckle, laurel, mulberry, nightshade, oleaster, orange jasmine, pin cherry, pokeweed, purple flowering raspberry, spicebush, sweet box, and yew. Biology: SWD prefers 68-86 oF and overwinters as adults. Various sources suggested 5-13 generations per year. There can be 10 generations per year in California. Eggs are translucent to milkywhite. Females lay an average of 384 eggs at 7-16 per day and there can be 1-3 eggs per oviposition site. Multiple females may deposit eggs in the same fruit. Eggs hatch in 2-72 hours and larval stage lasts for 3-13 days. Larvae are milky-white with a legless body tapering towards the anterior end (towards the head). Mouthparts are dark and sclerotized. Pupation takes place inside the fruit or in the soil and lasts for 3-15 days. Pupae are reddish brown and have 64

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

Distinctive combs on the front legs of male spotted-wing drosophila. Photo by Gevork Arakelian.

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Brunmeier. “It also utilizes two modes of action for longer-lasting, consistent control of diseases that can derail yield potential.” In 2013, BASF conducted research trials in California to study the effects Merivon fungicide had on almond yields. On average, almond trees treated with Merivon fungicide at full bloom yielded 2,300 pounds per acre. When compared with the competitor used in the trial, that’s an increase of 188 pounds per acre. Merivon fungicide gives almond growers an excellent tool to maximize yield potential and protect trees for seasons to come. To learn more, visit agproducts.basf.us/ products/merivon-fungicide.

FARM ADVISORS, CONT., An Update on Spotted-wing Drosophila and its Management

Sclerotized ovipositor of SWD (right) compared to the normal ovipositor of a vinegar fly (left).

two spiracles (breathing tubes) at the anterior end. Adults are small (2-3 mm) flies. Life cycle takes anywhere from 21-25 days at 59 oF to 7 days at 82 oF. Female can start laying eggs within 1 day after their emergence and can lay up to 600 eggs in its lifetime. Based on the degree day (DD) calculations, egg, larval, and pupal stages require 20.3, 118.1, and 200 DD. Damage: Other fruit flies usually infest overripe and fallen fruit, but SWD infests fresh fruit because of its powerful ovipositor, which can rupture harder fruit tissue. Adults feed on fallen fruit but lay their eggs under the skin of intact fruit. Softening and collapse of the tissue results from larval feeding inside the fruit. Oviposition holes can be seen on the fruit with close observation. In addition to the direct damage, SWD makes the infested fruit vulnerable to other pests and diseases. Monitoring SWD is very important to avoid harvesting and marketing infested berries. Monitoring: Use traps made with apple cider vinegar or yeast-sugar solutions for early detection of SWD. There are numerous studies using a variety of containers and attractants showing varying results. Commercially available traps and lures can also be used for monitoring. Management: A variety of organic and conventional management options are available. Efficacy of the options varied among different studies and decisions should be made based on local conditions. • Cultural – Discard fallen and unmarketable fruit in the field to prevent SWD infestation. Remove wild hosts in the vicinity that might harbor SWD populations. • Biological – Studies with predators such as rove beetle (Dalotia coriaria) and insidious flower bug (Orius insidiosus) did not demonstrate their potential for field use. Natural parasitism can cause very high mortality in some Drosophila spp. and researchers are searching for suitable parasitoids (parasitic wasps) for SWD. 66

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

• Botanical – Pyrethrins and azadirachtin products were not found to be effective in some studies. • Chemical – Research indicates that organophosphates, pyrethroids, and spinosyns are among the chemicals that can be used against SWD. Remember to rotate chemicals among different mode of action groups to reduce the risk of resistance development. • Physical – Fine mesh netting can be effective in excluding SWD. • Microbial – Commercial formulations of entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana, Isaria fumosorosea, Metarhizium brunneum) and bacteria (Chromobacterium subtsugae and Burkholderia rinojensis)based products against adults, and entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis spp. and Steinernema spp.) against pupae that form outside the fruit are some of the available options. However, a naturally occurring fungus, Entomophthora muscae, caused epizootics in SWD populations on fig. Cool and moist weather coupled with high host populations usually favor epizootics by entomophthoralean fungi, a group different from hypocrealean fungi (B. bassiana, I. fumosorosea, M. brunneum and others). Entomopthoralean fungi are difficult to culture on artificial media and do not have the potential for augmentative release. However, artificial introduction in areas where climatic conditions are favorable for E. muscae infections could complement IPM practices. █ References Dreves, A. J., V. M. Walton, and G. C. Fisher. 2009. A new pest attacking healthy ripening fruit in Oregon: Spotted-wing Drosophila: Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) Oregon State University Extension Service, EM 8991. Haye, T., P. Girod, A.G.S. Cuthbertson, X. G. Wang, K. M. Daane, K. A. Hoelmer, C. Baroffio, J. P. Zhang, and N. Desneux. 2016.

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FARM ADVISORS, CONT., An Update on Spotted-wing Drosophila and its Management

Current SWD IPM tactics and their practitcal implementation in fruit crops across different regions around the world. J. Pest Sci. 89: 643-651.

SWD female with an egg being deposited. Photo: Elizabeth Beers (Washington State University) and Whitney Cranshaw (Colorado State University).

Lee, J., A. Dreves, R. Isaacs, G. Loeb, H. Thistlewood, and L. Brewer. 2015. Noncrop host plants of spotted wing drosophila in North America. Oregon State University Extension Service, EM 9113. Mann, R., and L. Stelinski. 2017. Spotted wing drosophila. University of Florida, Featured Creatures. EENY-492. (http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/ creatures/fruit/flies/drosophila_suzukii.htm) Renkema, J. M., Z. Tefer, T. Gariepy, and R. H. Hallett. 2015. Dalotia coriaria as a predator of Drosophila suzukii: functional responses, reduced fruit infestation and molecular diagnostics. Biol. Control 89: 1-10. Ripley, S., and P. Fisher. 2015. Wild hosts of spotted wing drosophila. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs. (http://www. omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/swd-wildhosts. htm) Sampson, B., Miller-Butler, M., Smith, B., Adamczyk, Jr., J., Mann, T., Layton, B., Cowles, R., Li, D.-W., and Dara, S. 2017. Spotted wing drosophila flies killed by a fungal disease in Mississippi. Mississippi Vaccinium Journal 6:4-6. Woltz, J. M., K. M. Donahue, D. J. Bruck, and J. C. Lee. 2015. Efficacy of commercially available predators, nematodes, and fungal entomopathogens for augmentative control of Drosophila suzukii. J. Appl. Entomol. 139: 759-770. Additional resources: • Biology and management of SWD: http://cesantabarbara.ucanr.edu/files/262206.pdf

SWD larvae on raspberry. Photo: Elizabeth Beers (Washington State University) and Whitney Cranshaw (Colorado State University).

• Drosophila distribution: http://pest.ceris.purdue.edu/map. php?code=IOAPAUA • SWD factsheets: http://www.ipm.msu.edu/invasive_species/spotted_ wing_drosophila/factsheets

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

SWD pupa on cherry. Photo: Elizabeth Beers (Washington State University) and Whitney Cranshaw (Colorado State University).

KERB® SC HERBICIDE RETURNS

TO LEAF LETTUCE

KERB® SC HERBICIDE CAN NOW BE USED IN LEAF LETTUCE. For years, Kerb SC has been the standard in head lettuce, controlling more weeds than any other herbicide in lettuce. Now that same level of performance is available in leaf lettuce. Applications of Kerb SC can be made by ground, air and chemigation. To learn more, contact your PCA or visit www.dowagro.com.

Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company (“Dow”) or an affiliated company of Dow Kerb SC is a federally Restricted Use Pesticide. Always read and follow label directions. www.dowagro.com

FARM ADVISORS

Frost, Cover Crops and Ice-nucleating Bacteria Glenn McGourty, Winegrowing and Plant Science Advisor, UCCE Mendocino and Lake Counties

Plant microbiomes are a topic of microbiology research that is rapidly growing with numerous new discoveries. Like humans, plants are covered with microbes that serve many functions from assisting with absorbing nutrients, protecting plants from pathogens, and other activities. We really don’t completely understand how these microbe and plant relationships work. Some we understand quite well, such as the relationship between Rhizobia and legumes. The bacteria live in the roots of the host legume in specialized structures known as nodules in which the bacteria can convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogenous compounds that the host plant can use. Endophytic fungi in roots can inhibit pathogens, and make the plants less palatable for herbivores ranging from insects to grazing livestock. Mycorrhizae fungi form mutualistic relationships in plant root systems and can perform functions ranging from absorbing nutrients from the soil, such as phosphorus for grape vines, to helping plant communities release volatile organic compounds that are produced when plants are attacked by insect pests, signaling predators and parasitoids to in turn attack the plant pests. Genomics and other laboratory analytical equipment will no doubt give us considerable new insight in the coming years on these many intriguing and complex relationships. An area in which I have studied with Dr. Steve Lindow from the Department of Plant and Microbial Biology at UC Berkeley is understanding how frost forms on grapevines. In order to do this, we have been investigating the microecology of vineyards and their relationship to cover crops and adjacent vegetation. Frost forms in the presence of moisture, temperatures at or below 32˚ F, and ice-nucleating bacteria. There are six bacteria known to nucleate the formation of ice crystals, and Pseudomonas syringae is the most prevalent in vineyards. There are proteins in their outer cell walls that catalyze the formation of frost. In the absence of these bacteria, plants can super cool to as low as 23˚F without damage to tissue. The more ice-nucleating bacteria that are present, the more likely that frost will form on the plant surface. On the surface of plant material, bacterial populations vary from lows of thousands to tens of millions of cells per gram of tissue. We often thought in the past that the idea of having clean tilled vineyard floors that were firm and moist was the best strategy to prevent frost in vineyards, especially when other frost protection systems weren’t available (wind machines and overhead sprinklers). The belief was that it was heat transfer from the soil to the air that kept the vineyard from freezing. The worst case scenario was to have tall cover crops or weeds in the vineyard, as this could lower the temperatures in the vineyard by as much as 4˚F compared to

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

clean cultivation. This is definitely true, and a contributing factor to making your vineyard less likely to freeze. Dr. Lindow’s work in the 1980s showed that ice-nucleating bacteria were present in vegetation growing on the floor of orchards and vineyards. When bud break occurs in deciduous plants, the emerging foliage is essentially sterile. Ice-nucleating bacteria from surrounding vegetation moves by wind and air currents to populate the surfaces of the newly emerged vegetation on the trees or vines, and frost risk begins to increase. If the bacteria can be controlled with antibiotics or copper compounds, frost risk is reduced by as much as 3˚F. It turns out that cover crops and weeds may have very differently sized populations. Plants with waxy cuticles such as field peas and bell beans have much fewer bacteria that many grasses. By comparison, grasses support large populations. This can be explained by the amount of exudates that are found on the surface of the cover crop leaves. Exudates are considered to be the currency of microflora—the more a plant exudes, the larger the population of microbes that can be supported. Mostly, the exudates contain sugars and other carbohydrates. Table 1: Total bacterial populations on various cover crop species Bacteria recovered Treatment Log (cells/g) Fine Fescue 8.26 a Crimson Clover 8.02 a Vetch 7.76 ab Burr Clover 7.12 bc Subclover 6.86 cd Pea 5.84 ef Grape About 4.0 *Note: every change in number indicates a 10 fold increase in bacteria

Dr. Lindow and I are currently investigating whether copper sprays can protect emerging grape vine tissue from freezing, and how vineyard floor management may affect ice-nucleating bacteria numbers in the plant. Funded by a California Department of Food and Agriculture Specialty Crop Grant, we have two large 6-acre plots broken down into four replicated treatments. We

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Always read and follow label directions. Mustang insecticide is a Restricted Use Pesticide. Shark EW herbicide is only registered for use in California. Beleaf and Carbine are trademarks of Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, Ltd. Sovran is a registered trademark of BASF. FMC, Mustang, Rhyme, Rovral, Shark and Fracture are trademarks and Investing in farming’s future is a service mark of FMC Corporation or an affiliate. ©2017 FMC Corporation. All rights reserved. 17-FMC-0765 08/17

FARM ADVISORS, CONT., Frost, Cover Crops and Ice-nucleating Bacteria

are comparing copper sprays applied about every five days following bud break to just the emerging grape vine tissue during the frost season (late March to late May) to no copper sprays; the plots are then split with some being closely mowed and some not mowed. One plot is located at Roederer Estate US vineyards in Philo, Mendocino County, and the other is located at Beckstoffer Vineyards near Kelseyville, Lake County. The two sites are quite different, as Philo is surrounded by oak and redwood trees, being only 14 miles from the Pacific ocean. The Lake County site is located on the base of Mt. Konocti, a dormant volcano, and surrounding vegetation consists of chemise and other chaparral plants, and at an elevation of about 2,000 feet. Our first year of data showed that first, this was a great year for bacteria on cover crops with all of the rain fall. In general, populations were much greater in Philo than Kelseyville, perhaps due more humidity in Mendocino County. Secondly, we didn’t see much difference between bacterial populations on grape vines growing in the mowed and unmowed treatments. We did see very big differences in bacterial populations in the vines treated with copper compared to the untreated vines. Frost did not occur this spring in either vineyard. However, we sampled shoots every week and in the laboratory, we could simulate freezing under temperature controlled conditions. The copper treated shoots were able to supercool on average by about minus 3˚ F compared to the control. Ice-nucleating bacteria were also reduced by as much as tenfold.

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

Finally, in a separate experiment, we looked at the effect of mowing. It turns out that when you mow, you disperse bacteria all over everything! We did this by placing petri dishes in the vine canopy with selective agar media to catch bacteria that is dispersed in the air. Following mowing, there was an almost twofold increase of bacteria in the plates sampling from the mowed plot. We will continue this project for at least another year and hopefully learn more about the best ways to manage vegetation in a vineyard to protect it from freezing. █

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OCTOBER 2017 | CAPCA ADVISER

DEPARTMENT OF PESTICIDE REGULATION LICENSING AND CERTIFICATION

SUBMIT APPLICATIONS BEFORE NOVEMBER 1 Mail your application before November so that your license or certificate can be issued before it expires. If you submit before October, you will be renewed by early December and can then register with your county before the New Year. .

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PEST CONTROL BUSINESSES Renew your qualified applicator FIRST. For pest control businesses, the qualified applicator MUST BE renewed before the business license can be renewed. If you do not receive your application contact the Licensing Program at licensemail@cdpr.ca.gov or download a blank application at: www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/license/lictypes.htm

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OCTOBER 2017 | CAPCA ADVISER

Certis USA for CAPCA Adviser

Seven Biopesticide Active Ingredients You Should Know About

By Tim Damico, Executive VP-NAFTA, Certis USA Biological pesticides are often referred to as soft materials. It is true that their impact is soft to the environment, beneficial insects, wildlife, spray applicators and farm crews. But there is nothing soft about how biopesticides kill pests. These seven common biopesticide active ingredients are formulated from naturally occurring bacteria, fungi and viruses. Like the pathogenic diseases and insect pests they control, these beneficial organisms must employ survival strategies to live. These strategies or modes of action allow them to biologically decimate their target pest species. Yet as destructive as they are to their target pests, beneficial bacteria, fungi and viruses cannot infect or harm non-target species. Their modes of action are specific to certain pests. A virus that infects corn earworm, for example, has no biological activity and therefore no effect on whitefly or honeybees. It is important to learn how these biological materials work for you in the field and to appreciate how nature can be both soft and deadly fatal at the same time. Bacillus mycoides isolate J. Let’s start with one of the newest biological active ingredients to be registered for use in the field. Discovered by Montana State University, Bacillus mycoides isolate J (BmJ) is a biological plant activator. BmJ triggers a plant’s natural immune response in a process known as induced resistance (IR). When the BmJ bacterium is sprayed onto a plant surface, it initiates the immune response by turning on a plant’s resistance genes that in turn causes a cascade of metabolic responses. Now fully armed, the plant uses those metabolites to resist infection and disease. It is noteworthy that even though BmJ turns on a plant’s immune response to disease, it has no direct effect on pathogens.

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

Isaria fumosorosea. This fungus is highly pathogenic toward a broad range of pests, including whiteflies, aphids, thrips, soil-dwelling insects and spider mites. Spores applied as a foliar spray or soil drench germinate on contact with the target pest, and the growing fungus then penetrates through the cuticle or natural openings to proliferate inside. The insect or mite stops feeding and dies soon afterward, often with dark spots at infection points as the only visible sign of fungal infection. I. fumosorosea can infect all life stages of the pest (eggs, nymphs, pupae and adults). Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. B. amyloliquefaciens is a broad spectrum preventive fungicide/bacteriacide for foliar and soil application. This bacterium rapidly colonizes root hairs, leaves and other plant Paecilomyces lilacinus fungus engulfing nematode eggs. Photo: R. Holland, Macquarie University, Australia

Cydia pomonella granulovirus occlusion bodies (OBs). Photo: BBA, Darmstadt

surfaces and employs multiple modes of action against plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi. B. amyloliquefaciens produces antimicrobial metabolites that directly kill plant pathogens by disrupting their cell membranes. It promotes plant growth by improving nutrient uptake and through hormonal interactions. It triggers the plant’s immune responses through induced resistance (IR), and it competitively excludes pathogens via colonization to prevent infection. Paecilomyces lilacinus. A naturally occurring parasite of nematodes, P. lilacinus can infect all life stages of the pests, although eggs, egg cysts and infective juveniles are particularly susceptible. When applied to the soil and watered in, the P. lilacinus spores move with the water into the rhizosphere (the soil surrounding plant roots) where they come into contact with root knot, cyst and other plant parasitic nematodes. The spores germinate upon contact with host nematodes. The fungus then penetrates and proliferates within the body of the nematode, feeding on its internal organs and eventually killing it. Cydia pomonella granulosis virus. This insecticidal virus is widely used on apples and pears, and increasingly on tree nuts, to control codling moth. CpGV infects larvae when they ingest it in the form of naturally microencapsulated particles known as occlusion bodies (OBs) contained in CpGv spray products. OBs ingested with treated plant material are broken down in the highly alkaline environment of the larval digestive tract, releasing the virus to infect the cells lining the gut. There, the viral DNA hijacks the nucleus of the cell, causing it to replicate numerous copies of the virus that rapidly spread the infection to other organs. When the larva dies, it “melts” or liquefies releasing billions of new virus OBs that can spread the infection to other codling moth larvae.

is discoloration of the larvae or pupae: as the insect dies, it may change color to pink to brown as its entire body cavity fills with fungal mass. As is the case for I. fumosorosea above, the fungus may become visible as it grows out of the host cadaver and sporulates, but this occurs after the target insect has died and is not essential to the efficacy of insect-pathogenic fungal products. Bacillus thuringiensis. The granddaddy of biopesticides, Bacillus thuringiensis or Bt is our most proven, most widely used and most successful of the known biological pesticides. The beneficial bacterium was first isolated in 1901 and has been available commercially since 1938. Formulation technology for many of our biological pesticides has been finely honed over the years by the manufacturers of Bts. The Bt bacterium produces crystalline proteins (Cry toxins) that are specifically toxic only to certain insects, primarily the larvae of Lepidoptera pests (caterpillars). When ingested by a pest caterpillar, Bt toxin crystals dissolve in the alkaline environment of the larval midgut and are further broken down by Lepidopteran-specific gut enzymes into active toxin proteins. These bind to and destroy the cellular lining of the digestive tract causing the pest to stop eating and die. █

Beauveria bassiana. This is another fungus that infects insect pests directly through contact with the insect cuticle. The spores adhere to the host insect, germinate and produce enzymes that attack and dissolve the cuticle, allowing it to penetrate and grow within the insect’s body. A common visible indication of insect death

OCTOBER 2017 | CAPCA ADVISER

K File #562

PRODUCT

POTASSIUM

PROBLEM

INFERIOR K SOURCES

SOLUTION

RECOMMEND PROTASSIUM+®

Give Your Growers

PREMIUM

Potassium

Why PCAs are Recommending Protassium+ Harvesting depletes K levels in the soil making it essential to replenish potassium each year. However, growers often apply high chloride potassium sources like muriate of potash (MOP), which contains up to 47% chloride. Crops like tree nuts, citrus, fruits, vegetables and potatoes are chloride-sensitive, and therefore, adding additional chloride to the soil can negatively affect quality and yield. With Protassium+® premium sulfate of potash (0-0-50-17S), fruits and vegetables receive high potassium and sulfate sulfur with virtually no chloride and a low salt index. In fact, Protassium+ has the lowest salt index per unit of K 2O when compared against all major potassium sources. It is a premium K source that delivers the best value to your customers and to your business.

*Lower salt index has higher level of safety.

Muriate of Potash

CHLORIDE

Less than 1%

47%

SALT INDEX

* 2 Lowest of all major potassium sources

0.85 per unit of K O

1.93 per unit of K 2O

SULFATE SULFUR

17%

POTASSIUM

50%

60%

VERSATILITY

7 Grades

Limited

ORGANIC CERTIFICATION

OMRI, CDFA

None

THE NEED FOR POTASSIUM

MORE TO OFFER

TWO ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS

Without adequate potassium replenishment, many crops can suffer. Protassium+ provides the vital K that plants need to resist drought and disease while promoting healthy growth, yield, and quality1.

Protassium+ is available in a variety of grades to provide application flexibility to any fruit and vegetable operation – granular, soluble powders and certified organic product.

Sulfur serves many essential functions in fruit and vegetable growth, including chlorophyll formation and enzyme activation2. When Protassium+ is applied, fruit and vegetables receive 17% of readily available sulfate sulfur as opposed to elemental sulfur, which can take weeks or months to convert.

With Protassium+, growers get unique benefits and features that crops need for continued health. Recommend Protassium+ sulfate of potash to growers who want the best quality inputs, for the best quality results.

Contact Compass Minerals at 800.743.7258.

PROTASSIUMPLUS.COM 1

“Protassium+” About Protassium+. Compass Minerals, Web. http://www.protassiumplus.com/about-protassium-plus

Stewart, Dr. W.M. (Mike), “ Sulfur–The 4th Major Nutrient,” IPNI Plant Nutrition TODAY, Spring, 2010, No. 7, www.ipni.net/pnt

Thank You 2017

Platinum Sustaining Members Brandt Sustainable Crop Inputs and Plant Health Innovation

AgroLiquid Bayer Crop Science Division

Willowood USA LLC Manufacturer of Post Patent Crop Protection Products

Prospering the Farmer Through Responsible Nutrient Management

ADVERTORIAL

Manage Early Season Grape Cluster Development to Maximize Wine Quality

In conditions prone to poor fruit set, prebloom and bloom foliar applications of Organic TRIGGRR and the Westbridge Wine Grape Program can increase yield by setting more berries.

Pre-bloom applications increase the number of berries per cluster and the number of medium sized berries, while reducing the number of large berries. This results in improved berry size distribution and cluster-to-cluster uniformity. These applications can be continued if increased cluster or berry size is desired. By optimizing berry size and cluster uniformity, berries and clusters are more likely to ripen uniformly, improving wine flavor and quality. Post-veraison applications can help increase brix in conditions that challenge sugar accumulation such as cool weather and senescing canopies, allowing grape growers to achieve their target sugar levels.

50 50

Post-Bloom Applications Increase 40 40 Berry Size Distribution

# of Berries Per Size Class Per Cluster

Managing your grape vines during early season development is important for maximizing uniformity, production and wine quality. Pre-bloom is the time when grape cluster architecture is being determined.

Chart Chart Title Title

50 40 30 20 10 0

30 30 20 5020 4010 10 30 0 20 0 10 0

PINOT NOIRTitle HARVEST Chart BERRY SIZE DISTRIBUTION

SMALL SMALL (< (< 8 8 MEDIUM MEDIUM (8(8mm) 10 mm) SMALL MEDIUM LARGE mm) 10 mm) (<8mm)(< 8 MEDIUM (8-10mm)(8(10mm+) SMALL LARGE (10

mm) 10 mm) mm+) GROWER STANDARD NUTRITION GROWER STANDARD NUTRITION GROWER STANDARD NUTRITION GROWER STANDARD NUTRITION + GROWER STANDARD NUTRITION + ORGANIC T GROWER STANDARD NUTRITION GROWER STANDARD NUTRITION + ORGANIC TRIGGRR PREBLOOM + ORGANIC ORGANIC TRIGGRR PRE-BLOOM GROWER STANDARD NUTRITION + ORGANIC TRIGGRR ALL GROWER STANDARD NUTRITION + SEASON+ ORGANIC T GROWER STANDARD NUTRITION GROWER STANDARD NUTRITION + ORGANIC GROWER STANDARD NUTRITION

ORGANIC TRIGGRR ALL SEASON

10% increase in mean berry size with one post-bloom application of Organic TRIGGRR & the Westbridge Wine Grape Program

The products in the Westbridge Wine Grape Program can be used with either soil or foliar fertilization programs and are safe to tank-mix with most other plant protection products. They can be applied through all types of spray and irrigation systems.

Grower Standard

Treated

Clusters treated with 1 bloom application of Organic TRIGGRR and the Westbridge Wine Grape Program showed a 40% increase in cluster weight

Foliar applications of the program temporarily increase photosynthesis, funneling more energy into the phenological process that is occurring at the time of application. Organic TRIGGRR and the Westbridge Wine Grape Program increases stem diameter, which facilitates the flow of nutrients into grape clusters. Increased rachis length can lead to looser clusters, which improves airflow, so grape clusters are less prone to disease.

ORGANIC

Auxiliary Soil and Plant Substance

ORGANIC

TRIAL SUMMARY: The Effect of Pre- and Post-Bloom Applications of Organic TRIGGRR on Wine Grapes • 30 split block trials from 2014-2017 on 10 varieties: Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Merlot, Zinfandel, Primitivo, Pinot Grigio, Roussanne, and Sangiovese • 27 trials in California spanning 9 counties, plus 3 trials in Oregon • 18.2% more berries per cluster in 28 out of 30 trials with Pre-Bloom applications of Organic TRIGGRR • Average of 30.2% more medium sized berries in 9 out of 10 trials with Pre-Bloom applications of Organic TRIGGRR • 24% increase in cluster weight in 14 of 16 trials with Pre- and Post-Bloom applications of Organic TRIGGRR

The Westbridge Nutritional Program consists of Organic TRIGGRR®, Organic BioLink® Cal Plus 7%, Organic BioLink® 3-3-3 Fertilizer and Organic BioLink® Micronutrient Fertilizer. When used together, these products work synergistically to improve plant development, enhance photosynthesis and prevent nutrient deficiencies.

Nutritional Products

www.westbridge.com • (760) 599-8855

Thank You 2017 Sustaining Members DIAMOND LEVEL Grow With Agrian

Providing Resources for Value Creation

Grow More With Less

Great Yields Begin Here

Miracles of Science

Ideas to Grow With

CHROME LEVEL BioFlora Nurtures the Partnership Between Plants and Soil

Creating Value through Innovative Solutions

www.dowagro.com

Industry Leader in Insect Monitoring and Control

www.nichino.net

Products That Work, From People Who CareÂŽ

THREE WAYS TO PROTECT NEXT YEAR’S ALMOND CROP

ADVERTORIAL

POST-HARVEST IS PERFECT TIME TO START PROTECTING NEXT YEAR’S ALMOND CROP The 2017 almond crop year is nearly complete, but that doesn’t mean the work is over for growers. In fact, protecting yields for next season should start happening soon after this year’s harvest. By learning from disease and pest trends that presented themselves this season, pest control advisors can now start to identify the best integrated pest and disease management program for next year.

PEST CONTROL Peach twig borers are one of the first pests to present themselves in the spring, usually around bloom, so it’s critical to treat for them during dormant season when they’re overwintering. DIMILIN® 2L Insecticide from Arysta LifeScience is an effective growth regulator that can be applied during dormancy. Almond growers and pest control advisors who use the product note its efficacy and appreciate how long it remains on tree surfaces to continue protection from dormancy through early bloom. DIMILIN is easy on beneficial insects and can be added to fungicide sprays for convenient application.

programs provides broad-spectrum control that is ideal for use during post-bloom, but it can be used throughout the summer months as well. It features a unique mode of action that controls Alternaria leaf spot, Almond scab, Rust and Hull rot for almonds, as well as Alternaria leaf spot in pistachios and Botryosphaeria shoot blight in pistachios and walnuts. The product works by interfering with chitin building enzymes, thereby preventing cell wall construction, making it ideal to include in a rotational management program to aid in resistance management.

MITE CONTROL With the extreme heat this summer, there was increased pressure from web-spinning spider mites. If growers observe these eggs, consider miticides like ACRAMITE®, VIGILANT®, KANEMITE® or OMITE®.

DISEASE CONTROL

VIGILANT is an effective option featuring a chemistry and mode of action that is easy on beneficial insects, yet kills mites on contact. It can be used to control mites in all life stages, from eggs to adults, through nearly all stages of the almond growth season, including hull split and pre-harvest.

Beginning mid-November through mid-January, the University of California–Davis recommends growers take spur samples of dormant trees to look for signs of pests and diseases that can overwinter, including cankers and evidence of Almond scab, Brown rot and Rust. Incorporating PH-D® Fungicide by Arysta LifeScience into growers’ management

KANEMITE delivers rapid knockdown and outstanding population control and is also easy on beneficial insects and predator mites, while the fuming action of OMITE provides coverage everywhere mites hide, delivering a fast, powerful knockdown on a wide range of mites.

To learn more about the Arysta LifeScience portfolio of crop protection products, contact your crop protection retailer, visit www.ArystaSpecialty.com/TreeNuts/Almonds or call 866-761-9397. DIMILIN and OMITE are restricted-use pesticides. Always read and follow label directions. ACRAMITE, DIMILIN, OMITE, PH-D and VIGILANT are registered trademarks of an Arysta LifeScience Group Company. KANEMITE is a registered trademark of Agro-Kanesho Company, S.A. Arysta LifeScience and the Arysta LifeScience logo are registered trademarks of Arysta LifeScience Corporation. ©2017 Arysta LifeScience Group Company. SPC-1775

Thank You 2017 Gold Helping Our World Grow Healthier Plants

Yield Enhancement Solutions

www.arysta.com

Profit From Our Experience

Simply Sustainable. Always Effective.

Power to Grow

Your Trusted and Dedicated Partner in Agriculture

The Growerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Advantage

Closed, Sealed & Secure Container Valve Systems

Leaders in Nutrient Technologies

www.westernfarmpress.com

Sustaining Members Bringing Plant Potential to Life

Safe Sustainable Solutions

Independently Owned U.S. Company

Californiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Agricultural Insurance Specialist

Natural Products for Pest Management & Plant Health

For a Better and Safer World A Pioneer in Leading Crop Health Products

NUTRIENT

TECHNOLOGIES

Grow With Us!

Fertilizers and Specialty Products

Unlock the Potential Microalgae is the Key

The Ant Control Experts

A Tremendous Passion for Agriculture Courses Through Our Company Veins

Growers Trusting Our Ideas Since 1949

Thank You 2017 Sustaining Members SILVER MEMBERS

BRONZE MEMBERS

ADAMA

Actagro Ag 1 Source AG RX Agrinos Inc Agro Logistic Systems, Inc AgroPlantae, Inc Agroplasma Inc Alltech Crop Science Baicor L.C. Blue Mountain Minerals Buttonwillow Warehouse California Organic Fertilizers, Inc. CDMS, Inc Certified Crop Advisers (CCA) Deerpoint Group Diversified Waterscapes, Inc. Duarte Nursery, Inc. Helm Agro US Hortau, Inc Interstate Ag Plastics Isagro USA JCS Marketing Jet Harvest Solutions Mergens Insurance Agency Monsanto Crop Protection Motomco Nature's Source North Valley Ag Services Ocean Organics OHP, INC. Organic Ag Products Pacific Biocontrol Corporation Polymer Ag, LLC Produce Careers, Inc. San Joaquin Grower Services Sipcam Rotam Solutions 4Earth SQM North America Symborg Inc Taminco US LLC Target Specialty Products The Morning Star Packing Co Tiger-Sul Products, LLC Van Beurden Insurance Svcs Wonderful Nurseries

FMC Agricultural Solutions Investing in Farmingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Future SM

J.G. Boswell Co. Miller Chemical

Serving Global Agriculture Through Committed People, Innovative and Quality Products

Nufarm Americas, Inc S.P. McClenahan, Inc 100 Years of Arboriculture

Stoller

Unleashing the Power of Plants

Suterra LLC

Making Your World a Better Place. Naturally

TriCal, Inc

Growing a Healthy Tomorrow TM

Verdesian Life Sciences, LLC Plant Smart. Grow Wise.

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

Food Safety Starts with Fertilizer Our process directs microbes in industrial food waste to convert organic materials to plant available nutrients and soil beneficial microbes that feed plants, improve soil structure, and protect from pathogens.

Our Fertilizers Provide Better Root Development

Pathogen Free

Improved Nutrient Absorption

High Crop Yields

Disease Resistance

Crop Health

No Harvest Delay Interval

LFN

LFK

LFP

General Purpose

Nutrient Enhanced

Potassium Enhanced

Phosphorous Enhanced

Top Dressing

2.5-2.5-1.5

3.0-3.0-2.0

2.5-2.5-4.5

2.0-7.0-0.3

7.0-3.0-3.0

Visit our website for more information: www.AgroThrive.com See you at the 43rd Annual CAPCA Conference Booth #729 831-675-2853 888-449-2853

DIX-043-AgroThrive-CAPCA-ad-8.5x5.25_fnl.indd 1

8/2/17 9:55 AM

25th Annual FREP Conference November 1-2, 2017 Doubletree Hotel, Modesto, CA Registration and Information available at: https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/IS/ffldrs/frep/FREPConference.html Early registration deadline is September 30, 2017

OCTOBER 2017 | CAPCA ADVISER

CAREER OPPORTUNITIES

NOTE: The following job opportunities are abbreviated postings. To view the complete posting, please log into the MEMBERS ONLY section of our website https://capca.com/my-account/ Sales Agronomist AGQ Labs USA

Description: AGQ Labs USA is looking for a dedicated Sales Agronomist to attract new customers while maintaining our existing customer base for our agronomic services, providing specialized advice on agronomy, nutrition and water management, minimizing environmental impact and maximizing efficiency and productivity by the combination of Soil Chemistry, Plant Science and Engineering with our unique and patented technology. Minimum requirements: bachelor's or master’s degree in Soil/Plant/Horticultural/Agriculture Sciences; CCA or PCA license is required; 2 years of sales experience; Knowledge in soil chemistry, crop nutrition and water management; Learning skills, for training period on AGQ technology and lab procedures; Technical and analytical skills with the ability to explain findings clearly; Communication and sales skills, for dealing with clients and expanding services; Traveling within the state/USA and/or eventually International (Spain, Chile…); Spanish conversational level is required. Apply: Please submit your resume and a cover letter in Word or PDF format to srobles@agq.us.com

Agricultural Branch Manager - Willows, CA Wilbur-Ellis

Description: The primary function for this role is the efficient and effective management of an agribusiness operation which includes, but is not limited to; selecting, retaining, managing and developing staff, ensuring compliance of HR, Credit and EH&S processes and procedures, ensuring compliance with company policies and procedures and other designated compliance areas/initiatives, developing and implementing operational efficiencies and effective time management including delegation to achieve branch goals. Critical to the position is the ability to champion, implement and utilize change. Requirements: Bachelor’s degree or higher in Agriculture or Business related field is preferred; PCA License (or ability to obtain within 6 mos); Minimum five years' experience in the agriculture business with a demonstrated track record in Ag retail management and financial goal achievement; Minimum three years' experience selling and managing high performing sales teams required; Strong organizational skills with an ability to effectively delegate and prioritize for goal achievement of multiple projects, initiatives and directives. Apply: To apply, go to the website: www.wilburellis.com

Technical Sales Manager Alltech Crop Science

Responsibilities: Responsible for managing the growth and development of the region in the provision of plant nutrient products; Travel throughout the region in the fulfillment of duties that include technical sales support of the regional offices and distributors, key account management, training and presentations, grower consultations and product application inquiries; Work in conjunction with Territory Sales Managers and use technical knowledge to promote, build, and maintain business relationships. Qualifications: Strong background in agronomy coupled with a general working knowledge of the agricultural sector; Minimum of bachelor’s degree, PCA certification, and at least 5 years of experience in agronomic technical sales preferred. Proven experience in planning and executing agronomic research; Must be a self-starter, highly motivated individual who can work independently and as part of a team; Ability to multitask, prioritize, and be flexible. Superior time management skills with the ability to work in a fast-paced environment and manage multiple deadlines in tight time constraints. Apply: Send resume to sborst@alltech.com

PCA - Oxnard, CA Helena

Summary: Promotes Helena's products to wholesalers or other customers by performing the following duties. Essential duties and responsibilities include the following: Calls on regular or prospective customers to solicit orders (driving required); Demonstrates products and provides essential information, e.g., product availability, price, new developments, and market trends; Answers questions concerning products such as price, credit terms, and durability; Completes sales contracts or forms to record required sales information and collect receivables in a timely manner. Qualifications: The requirements listed are representative of the knowledge, skill, and/or ability required: bachelor's degree (B. A.) from 4-year college or university; one to two years related experience and/or training; or equivalent combination of education and experience. Must have a valid CA PCA license; CCA a plus. Apply: If you meet these qualifications and are interested in applying, or have questions about this position, please contact Nick Anderson, Southern SJV/Coastal Region Area Manager at (559) 217-4216.

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

Agronomy & Technical Support Leader - Western US / Canada Actagro, LLC

Description: Provides agronomy support and technical service within both regions. Acts as a field agronomy resource of Actagro products from both a technical and agronomic standpoint. Duties: Acts as the lead for understanding technical trends, key customer technical needs, competitive product positioning and use in the marketplace. Lead consultant for contributing to product and marketing positioning of the Actagro product line in conjunction with the Marketing Department. Aligns all field trial activities with the Actagro field R&D research report protocols. Contributes significantly to R&D field protocols and at times and R&D field trials as requested. Conducts field sales training for new and existing products including basic agronomic training. Compiles, evaluates and interprets data for use by the sales team as well as marketing. Establishes cradle-to-grave trials to produce needed data on existing products. Requirements: Requires M.S. in an agrelated field from an accredited college, minimum 5 years’ experience in similar agronomy role. Experience with Microsoft, especially Excel and Project Management. Project management and process improvement management skills. Ability to conduct presentations to large groups of individuals. Relocation may be required. Position involves travel in U.S. and Canada. Apply: send resume to matt.kiene@actagro. com (no phone calls, please).

Technical Area Sales Rep Central Valley, CA AgroPlantae

Description: Responsible for planning, organizing and directing sales activities by performing the following duties in the area: Develops dealer base, promotes growers programs, implements and analyzes sales programs, and makes necessary adjustments to increase sales. Establishes and implements sales goals within management guidelines. Reviews and suggests marketing materials. Understands and supports established sales policies. Promotes company products and provides quality service to customers. Establishes, develops and monitors sales projections and results. As required, represents company at trade organizations and travels to complete sales calls. Cooperate on field research trials. Qualification: Minimum 5 year experience as a technical sales agronomist role. Minimum education BS. PCA License required, CCA preferred. Communication skills, customer relations, diplomacy, organization. Apply: email to info@agroplanate.com █

“THE CLEAR SOLUTION FOR POST HARVEST TREATMENT” ALMONDS PISTACHIOS WALNUTS THE GREATEST ROOT GROWTH IN A NUT TREE IS THE POST HARVEST FLUSH.

• A broad spectrum fungicide/bactericide labeled by both the EPA and California DPR. • Highly effective against Botryosphaeria, rated Four Stars by U.C. on both Walnuts and Pistachios. Can be applied either foliar or on the soil. • Aerial Phytopthora control to protect bud-wood for next year. • Registered for Phytopthora Root Rot as well as activity against Pythium, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium to control the entire root pathogen spectrum. • Low cost control and true total systemic movement, both xylem and phloem allows foliar or irrigation applications. • Use K-PHITE 7LP post-harvest in advance of fall root flush. Apply foliar in conjunction with SIZER 4-20-22 to enable maximized bud-wood maturation and spring bloom.

For further information contact: Mark Brady, Western Marketing Manager Plant Food Systems, Inc. 559-731-1267 - mbrady@plantfoodsystems.com KPHITE® and SIZER® are registered trademarks of Plant Food Systems.

CONTINUING EDUCATION

Date

Title

Location

Sponsor

Contact

Phone

Hrs

9/27/2017 9/27/2017

CAPCA Ed Seminar

Chico

CAPCA Ed

Tabarez, Jackie

(916)928-1625

CAPCA Ed Seminar

Modesto

CAPCA Ed

Tabarez, Jackie

(916)928-1625

10/3/2017

Pesticide Use Monthly Update

Merrill, OR

Siskiyou Ag Dept

Smith, James

(530)667-5310

10/3/2017

CE For Pest Mgmt Pros - Wk 1 of 5

Merced

UCCE

Burrow, Larry

(209)385-7403

10/4/2017

CE - DAY 1

El Centro

GPCE

Garriott, Dick

(661)496-0121

10/4/2017

CPS Vegetation Mgmt Seminar

Concord

CPS

Blodget, Chris

(530)762-8253

3.5

10/5/2017

PAPA QAC/QAL Test Prep

Bakersfield

PAPA

Halsey, Spencer

(831)442-3536

Merced

UCCE

Burrow, Larry

(209)385-7403

Indio

Riverside Co Ag

Arias, Ruben

(951)312-7892

10/10/2017 CE For Pest Mgmt Pros - Wk 2 of 5 10/11/2017

Coachella Valley Farmers Meeting

10/12/2017

CE - Day 1

Colusa

GPCE

Garriott, Dick

(661)496-0121

10/12/2017

Desert Green IPM Seminar - Day 1

Las Vegas, NV

Desert Green Fdn

Hoenisch, Richard

(530)219-2555

10/13/2017

Desert Green IPM Seminar - Day 2

Las Vegas, NV

Desert Green Fdn

Cichowlaz, Scott

(702)668-4570

10/15/2017

CAPCA Conference & Agri-Expo

Reno, NV

CAPCA

Strowbridge, Dee

(916)928-1625

3.5

10/16/2017

CE - Day 1

Pismo Beach

GPCE

Garriott, Dick

(661)496-0121

10/16/2017

CAPCA Conference & Agri-Expo

Reno, NV

CAPCA

Strowbridge, Dee

(916)928-1625

7.5

10/17/2017

CAPCA Conference & Agri-Expo

Reno, NV

CAPCA

Strowbridge, Dee

(916)928-1625

10/17/2017

CE for Pest Mgmt Pros - Wk 3 of 5

Merced

UCCE

Burrow, Larry

(209)385-7403

10/19/2017

CE - Day 1

King City

GPCE

Garriott, Dick

(661)496-0121

10/23/2017

CE - Day 1

Shafter

GPCE

Garriott, Dick

(661)496-0121

Merced

UCCE

Burrow, Larry

(209)385-7403

Tulare

GPCE

Garriott, Dick

(661)496-0121

10/24/2017 CE for Pest Mgmt Pros - Wk 4 of 5 10/26/2017

CE - Day 1

10/30/2017

CE - Day 1

Fresno

GPCE

Garriott, Dick

(661)496-0121

10/31/2017

CE for Pest Mgmt Pros - Wk 5 of 5

Merced

UCCE

Burrow, Larry

(209)385-7403

11/1/2017

CAPCA Ed Seminar

Sacramento

CAPCA Ed

Tabarez, Jackie

(916)928-1625

11/1/2017

Regs & Pest Mgmt Workshop

Auburn

Placer Co Ag Dept

King, Ed

(530)889-7372

11/2/2017

PCA Breakfast Meeting

Santa Rosa

So Co Winegrape Comm

Farrant, Emily

(707)522-5851

11/2/2017

CE - Day 1

Merced

GPCE

Garriott, Dick

(661)496-0121

11/7/2017

Merrill, OR

Siskiyou Ag Dept

Smith, James

(530)667-5310

Modesto

Stanislaus Ag Comm

Bates, Angela

(209)525-4730

11/14/2017

Pesticide Use Monthly Update Pesticide Use Reporting, PCA & PCB Regs IPM Breakfast Meeting

Durham

UCANR

Symmes, Emily

(530)538-7201

1.5

11/15/2017

Ed Brainard’s Annual Prof Hort Sem

Bonita

Ed Brainard

Brainard, Ed

(619)938-0915

6.5

11/9/2017

11/15/2017

CCA Nutrient Mgmt Seminar

Modesto

CAPCA Ed

Tabarez, Jackie

(916)928-1625

11/16/2017

Ed Brainard’s Annual Prof Hort Sem

Bonita

Ed Brainard

Brainard, Ed

(619)938-0915

6.5

12/5/2017

Pesticide Use Monthly Update

Merrill, OR

Siskiyou Ag Dept

Smith, James

(530)667-5310

12/7/2017

PAPA QAC/QAL Test Prep

Sacramento

PAPA

Halsey, Spencer

(831)442-3536

CAPCA ADVISER | OCTOBER 2017

CAPCA UPDATES

Ventura CAPCA Scholarship Winners Announced James “Sunny” Brucker will be awarded $2000. He’s a senior at Cal Poly SLO majoring in Agriculture and Environmental Plant Sciences. He worked as a research assistant in pomegranates and citrus with Dr. Lauren Garner and interned this past summer with Dr. Ashraf Tubeileh doing fertilizer trials. He plans on becoming a PCA and getting his CCA as well. Madeleine Benchwick is a senior at Auburn University, and was awarded $2000 as well. Maddie is an Agronomy and Soils major with a minor in Ag Business. She has spent her last 2 summers working for Syngenta as a Developmental Sales Intern. This year’s focus was on doing a leafy vegetable and brassica survey plus collecting propagule and elisa samples in citrus and avocados. Prior summers she’s been a soil and petiole sampler for Tri-Tech

Ag products. Maddie was on course to become a PCA, but her interests are broadening and she is considering earning a degree in environmental law so she can help farmers navigate their future challenges. Our 3rd Scholarship winner is Nicholas E. Johnson. He is going into his senior year at Cal Poly SLO, majoring in Plant Science. Nick has interned the past 2 years at AgRx in Oxnard, learning a broad array of services from inventory to fielding customer questions at the front sales counter, to working with field crews in the application process, plus working directly with PCAs so he has a complete understanding of the responsibility of writing recommendations for pesticide applications. Nick wants to become a PCA or farm manager when he graduates. He too was awarded $2000. █

2017 CAPCA Chapter Events Central Valley

Nov. 16 - Label Update – Stockton

Desert Valleys

Nov. 9 – CE Mtg & Member Appreciation Lunch – Imperial

Fresno-Madera

Nov. 16, 2017 – Label Update

San Diego

Dec. 7 - San Diego CAPCA Laws & Regs Seminar - Escondido

Tri-County

Oct. 17 - Monthly CE Meeting - Merrill, OR Nov. 21 - Monthly CE Meeting - Merrill, OR Dec. 19 - Monthly CE Meeting - Merrill, OR

Photo: Fred Rehrman

OCTOBER 2017 | CAPCA ADVISER

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