Ruthann Anderson, Editor With nearly two years of CAPCA time and resources invested, Bee Where will launch just before almond bloom 2019! This project has been a strategic outreach for CAPCA and is a rare opportunity to be proactive instead of reactive in this political landscape. With a new GIS mapping layer integrated into Cal Ag Permits, the launch signifies the start of the next phase which includes education and outreach to beekeepers, growers, industry stakeholders. Applicators like yourself can assist to ensure the success of Bee Where. Although speeches are planned to California Aerial Applicators Association and at local Spray Safe events, this launch needs a word-of-mouth, grassroots outreach to spread before bloom. How can you get involved? Educate yourself on how the Bee Where registry integrated into CalAgPermits will streamline your 48-hour pesticide notification to beekeepers within a mile of an application during bloom. Per 3 CCR § 6654(a) Each person intending to apply any pesticide toxic to bees to a blossoming plant shall, prior to the application, inquire of the commissioner, or of a notification service designated by the commissioner, whether any beekeeper with apiaries within one mile of the application site has requested notice of such application. Your notification options for the pilot in 2019 are: • Utilize your current crop management software to access registered beekeeper information - Agrian and CDMS supported platforms will send electronic request for notification information and preferences based on permit information • Call your local County Agricultural Commissioners & Sealers office and request a report directly. Talk with your employer or grower about the new online register and its impact to your current 48-hour notification process. The ultimate goal of the project is to increase communication between stakeholders during bloom, and this hinges on beekeepers registering their hive locations to open up a dialogue with you as applicators prior to pesticide application. As developers work diligently to finalize the software necessary, CAPCA along with CACASA have launched an informational website at www.beewherecalifornia.com which will serve as an access point for registration site(s) starting in late December.
01 Editorial 03 Soil moisture sensors 04 Mycorrhizae & soil health 08 Automated thinner & weeder tech 09 Microbial control options 10 2019 Events Calendar
NOVEMBER 2018 VOL. III, NO. 4
IN THIS ISSUE:
APPLICATOR ALERTS
Bee Where launch in 2019
CAPCA EDITORIAL STAFF Ruthann Anderson - Editor Joyce Basan - Deputy Editor Dee Strowbridge - Membership/Conference Sylvia Stark - Advertising Sales Manager Ariana McCray - So. CA Representative Rachel Taft - Executive Assistant Adam Barsanti - Outreach Relations Manager Ixchel Flannery - Office Administrator Graphic Design - Rosemary N. Southward southwardr@comcast.net PURPOSE California Association of Pest Control Advisers (CAPCA) is a non-profit voluntary mutual benefit association. CAPCA’s purpose is to serve as the leader in the evolution of the pest management industry through the communication of reliable information. CAPCA is dedicated to the professional development and enhancement of our members’ education and stewardship which includes legislative, regulatory, continuing education and public outreach activities. PUBLISHING INFORMATION Applicator Alerts is published by the California Association of Pest Control Advisers (CAPCA), 2300 River Plaza Dr., Suite 120, Sacramento, California 95833. Web: www. capca.com, (916) 928‑1625. POSTMASTER: send address change to CAPCA. CAPCA has endeavored to include appropriate and accurate statements, but disclaims any and all warranties and/or responsibility for the statements or articles submitted to Applicator Alerts that may have additionally been edited for style, content and space prior to publication. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent CAPCA policies, or positions or endorsements. Editorial content of this publication is educational and informational in nature. No part of this publication, including images, may be reproduced without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact CAPCA at (916) 928‑1625 for reprint authorization. PRINTING: Sundance Press Tucson, Arizona
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HOLIDAY HOURS FOR CAPCA STATE OFFICE The CAPCA State Office will be closed from Friday, December 21, 2018 at 1:00 pm through Tuesday, January 1, 2019 in observance of the Christmas & New Years holidays. To allow for processing and mailing, all requests for CE hours printouts must be received no later than 12:00 noon on Friday, December 21, 2018.
FIND US ON LINKEDIN: https://www.linkedin.com/company/californiaassociation-of-pest-control-advisers-capca-
AG TECH & INNOVATION
Technology and advantages of soil moisture sensors
Andre Biscaro, Irrigation and Water Resources Advisor, UCCE, Ventura County; Jean Caron, Professor of Soil Physics, Laval University Soil moisture sensors (SMS) can provide invaluable information to support irrigation scheduling decisions, along with field observations and crop knowledge. Growers and field managers can optimize crop transpiration rates and consequently maximize yield and quality by making sure that soil moisture at the root zone stays within ideal levels throughout the crop cycle. Soil moisture sensors can be an important ally for that. Research shows significant yield gains for soil moisture sensors guided irrigation, including 9% for celery and 10 % for strawberries, relative to grower’s practices. Recent results conducted on strawberry and almonds show that SMS can greatly help with managing deficit irrigation, saving 10% to 16% of water use while obtaining maximum yield (Gendron et al., 2018, and Collin et al., in press) Although soil moisture sensors of different types have been around for at least 50 years and their benefits quantified in research projects, their use in irrigated agriculture is still not widespread. Crop type, familiarity with technology, agronomic understanding of the information, willingness to invest time and resources for training staff, and capacity to integrate the information into the decision-making processes are usually the main factors influencing the adoption rate of SMS. Adoption can also be influenced by sensors choice at first-time acquisitions, where unsuitable choices may discourage continued use. Yet choosing the right product can be overwhelming for the end-user who is unfamiliar with the technology and faces innumerous options of brands, models, service platforms and prices. New companies and products have appeared in the market as never before. There are approximately four major types of technology for quantifying soil moisture
status in the field: neutron probes, TDR and FDR (both measure the dielectric constant of soil and water), tensiometers and gypsum blocks. Among those, the most common are TDRs/FDRs and tensiometers. Tensiometers are usually more suitable to crops that are sensitive to water stress such as berries and vegetables; these sensors tend to be more accurate and responsive to moisture changes in the near field capacity range. Tensiometers are also favored by many users for their suitability across different soil textures as they don’t require soil calibration. This isn’t the case for sensors that quantify volumetric water content, as they require site calibration for increased accuracy in addition to being sensitive to soil-water salinity. A common practice of SMS users is to use research-established moisture thresholds for determining when to start irrigation. This specific threshold varies according to crop types and irrigation systems, mostly due to large differences in wetted perimeter and rooting depth. This results in drier thresholds for deep rooted and overhead irrigated crops, and wetter thresholds for shallow rooted, drip irrigated crops such as strawberries and baby spinach. Volumetric water content sensors are usually simpler to install and may require less maintenance, depending on the quality of the tensiometer. Recent improvements in hardware of certain tensiometer brands have significantly increased their robustness, resulting in lower maintenance requirement and increased accuracy and reliability. Other important advancements in the soil moisture sensing industry are significant software upgrades, which allows for improved data access, visualization, and friendlier user-interface. In addition, alert messages can be texted or emailed to users once the soil moisture reaches a pre-determined threshold.
Given the broad range of products and services available on the market, it is important that end-users understand their specific needs before committing to a sensor. In addition to choosing a type of sensor, one can choose how to access data: readings can be taken where the sensors are installed, or data transmitted to smart phones or computers through the internet. Increased data accessibility is usually more attractive to high-value crops and crops with low tolerance to water stress. Besides data transmission, data storage is also a factor to consider. Most sensors have the option of including a datalogger so the information can be graphed for better understanding of how soil moisture fluctuates throughout the season. Some sensors will require costumers to set up, install and maintain them, while others offer it all as part of the service, including a website or app for data access. Irrigation agronomic support service is also included in some cases. Needless to say, prices vary accordingly. Most important is to define which sensor or sensor package works best based on crop type and frequency of data use. Consulting local Farm Advisors and consultants can also help with making the right choice. References: Yield and water use in almond under deficit irrigation. 2019. Collin, G., J. Caron, G. Létourneau, and J. Gallichand. Agronomy Journal (in press). Real-time irrigation: Cost-effectiveness and benefits for water use and productivity of strawberries. Gendron, L., G. Létourneau, L. Anderson, G. Sauvageau, C. Depardieu, E. Paddock, A. van den Hout, R. Levallois, O. Daugovish, S. Sandoval Solis, and J. Caron. 2018. Scientia Horticulturae 240:468-477. 3
AG TECH & INNOVATION
Starting in the soil –
How mycorrhizae below helps the crops above
Kevin Forney, Product Development Manager, Valent U.S.A. Mycorrhizal fungi can provide both shortand long-term value to growers by building stronger, better plants from the soil up Healthy crops above the surface begin with a healthy soil and root zone below the surface. In order to sustain a healthy operation over time and maximize profitability, it’s essential for growers to maximize their soil health. With this in mind, accessing water and nutrients below the surface is challenging if ground resources are depleted or if the natural rhizosphere is compromised.
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Common practices such as tillage, compaction, eroded topsoil, fumigation and crop rotation can affect long-term soil health. Over time, these practices can degrade large populations of beneficial organisms in the soil, hence the need to reestablish these populations for many crops, including trees and vines, fruiting vegetables, cucurbits, strawberries and more. What’s Below the Surface? One of the beneficial organisms that is found beneath the surface is mycorrhizal
fungi. Mycorrhizae is a fungus that forms a mutually beneficial relationship with the host plant via hyphae generated by the mycorrhizae. Hyphae are microscopic structures that grow throughout the rhizosphere and out of the colonized plant roots, going where roots can’t to help access nutrients in the soil. These essential nutrients such as phosphorous, zinc and other micronutrients are often located in tiny spaces in the soil otherwise unreachable even by fine root hairs.
Now approved for aerial application. Once the hyphae reach those nutrients and water, they transport them back to the plant to utilize for its growth. When crops obtain the nutrients they need below the surface, overall plant growth above the surface is improved.
Keep the beauty of almond bloom longer.
In addition to hyphae, mycorrhizae are also composed of the spores, vesicles and arbuscules. The propagule spore is dormant in the soil, producing the hyphae when roots begin to grow. The vesicles are used as storage structures, providing resources as needed by the plant, while the arbuscule transfers resources gathered by hyphae to the plant. Benefits of Mycorrhizae Along with increased nutrient uptake, growers that incorporate mycorrhizae will see additional benefits for their crop’s performance – including root mass expansion, drought resistance, and improved transplant vigor and survivability. Mycorrhizae also offer long-term benefits that can improve a grower’s sustainability efforts. Damaged soils can often be made productive with the introduction of mycorrhizae. By producing glomalin and increasing carbon content, mycorrhizae are able to improve the soil structure over time. Inoculate and Incorporate To enhance your grower’s operation with mycorrhizae and improve overall productivity, it’s important to inoculate early in the crop cycle with the right concentration. There are a handful of crops (brassica, for example) that are non-mycorrhizal. In situations where those crops are in rotation, they can reduce the amount of mycorrhizae in the soil. Therefore, it is recommended to re-inoculate following a rotation with a non-mycorrhizal crop. Mycorrhizae may seem like a foreign concept to growers, but once established, this biological component of healthy soil will provide powerful, sustainable growth in crops – starting in the soil.
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CAPCA
pring ummit
April 16-17, 2019 Register through CAPCA Website
Registration Open Cost $160.00 Begins April 16, 2019 at 1:00 pm Ends April 17, 2019 at 5:00 pm
www.capca.com/events
Pechanga Resort Temecula, California Reservations can be made at the Pechanga Resort by calling 888-732-4264. Identify yourself with the CAPCA Spring Summit booking code # 3488895 Group rate for rooms expires March 15, 2019
We are still building this program. Details will be available end of December.
Save these 2019 SPRAY SAFE event dates! Kern County Spray Safe Event January 25, 2019
Kern County Fair Grounds, 1142 South P Street, Bakersfield 9:00 a.m.-1:30 p.m. – Trade Show opens at 7:00 a.m. Lunch is provided Info: Jeff Rasmussen (661) 978-8076 Save the Date: https://kerncfb.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ Spray-Safe-2019-Save-the-Date.pdf Sponsorship Info: https://kerncfb.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ Sponsor-Opportunities-Spray-Safe-2019-web-fillable.pdf
Yolo County Spray Safe Event February 6, 2019
Waite Hall, Yolo Co. Fairgrounds 1250 Gum Ave., Woodland Registration: 7:45 - 8:30 a.m. Seminar: 8:30 a.m. - 1:00 p.m. $20.00 pre-registration $25.00 at the door YCFB Spray Safe PDF https://d38trduahtodj3.cloudfront.net/files. ashx?t=fg&rid=YoloFarmBureau&f=2019_Registration_Flyer(1).pdf 6
Yuba Sutter Spray Safe Event Wednesday, January 16, 2019
For Updated information, contact: 475 N. Palora Ave, Ste A, Yuba City, CA 95991 Office Phone: (530) 673-6550 Fax: (530) 671-5836 Email: ysfb@ysfarmbureau.com
San Joaquin Spray Safe Event Tuesday, February 26, 2019
For updated information contact: 3290 N Ad Art Rd, Stockton, CA 95215 Phone: (209) 931-4931 Fax: (209) 931-1433
Santa Barbara Spray Safe Event Wednesday, February 20, 2019 Fair Park, Santa Maria, CA For more information, contact: 180 Industrial Way Buellton, CA 93427 Tel: 805-688-7479 Fax: 805-688-0428
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AG TECH & INNOVATION
Automated thinner and weeder technology Richard Smith, Farm Advisor, University of California Cooperative Extension, Monterey County
Lettuce in the Salinas Valley is direct seeded by planting more seed than is necessary to establish the crop and then thinning the excess plants to establish the final stand. Direct seeding is done to minimize issues with crop emergence and establishment, and to assure consistent, good stands. Lettuce is thinned by hand, but labor shortages have created a need for a mechanized alternative. In 2012 the first automated thinners came onto the market and have been adopted by many growers. All automated thinners use a camera to detect the crop, a computer to make decisions on which plants to keep or remove, and then activate a kill mechanism. Automated thinners used in the Salinas Valley use a spray kill mechanism. Sprays include salt-based fertilizers and the herbicide, carfentrazone and the organic herbicide caprylic & capric acids. Thinned fields have a curious checkerboard pattern right after thinning with sprayed unwanted plants and unsprayed “keeper� plants (Photo 1). The current technology used by the thinners have limited ability to distinguish between crop plants and weeds. Too many weeds would confuse the machine and therefore automated thinners are dependent on low weed pressure to operate effectively. Good cultural practices that help reduce weed populations such as rotations, preirrigation
and effective weed control in prior crops are critical to reducing weed pressure. In addition, the use of preemergence herbicides such as pronamide, bensulide and benefin is a critical to effective use of automated thinners. In addition to thinning, these machines can also provide growers with information on the stand count of the crop and the average spacing between plants which can be useful in predicting crop yield. Thinners can be outfitted with a secondary manifold that can spray the keeper plants with insecticides, fungicides or plant nutrients. The second manifold turns the thinner into a precision applicator which applies low volumes of pesticides, and which may have important implications for best management practices for certain pesticides that are susceptible to off-site movement into adjacent waterways. In addition to automated thinners, automated weeders are now available on the market and are being used by a number of growers. There are several designs, but all that are currently in use in the Salinas Valley use either a split knife or a spinning blade that travels in the seedline taking out weeds not controlled by traditional cultivation. The blades open or spin around the keeper plants. These machines use the same basic technology describe above for the thinners to detect
Photo 1. A field recently treated by an automated thinner showing sprayed plants that will die and the unsprayed keeper plants.
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crop plants and make decisions on which plant to keep. The automated weeders were designed for use on transplants which simplifies distinguishing the crop plants from weeds because transplanted crop plants are initially larger than weed seedlings, and the computer can count pixels determine the larger plants and to decide which plants to keep and which to eliminate. Automated weeders are also successfully being used in direct seeded lettuce and other crops, but as mentioned above, they work best in fields with low to moderate weed populations to avoid confusion. A buffer area is left around the keeper plants to minimize cutting roots and causing crop injury. However, weeds can survive in this buffer area. In of weed control by automated weeders, we observed that they removed about 51% of the weeds in the seedline and reduced subsequent hand weeding time by 37%. Weed detection technology is developing rapidly and the use of deep learning in which images of weeds are used to train the computer to recognize weeds and distinguish them from crop plants is currently of great interest by development engineers. The use of deep learning by automated thinners and weeders will bring the operation of these machines to a new level of accuracy and efficacy. The auto weeding operations that are currently being used by commercial growers provide a useful measure of weed control in lettuce production. They do not remove all weeds and follow up hand weeding must be carried out to get weed control to acceptable levels. However, the subsequent hand weeding operations are quicker and cheaper than fields where the auto weeder was used. The machines cannot fix a big weedy mess and a moderate weed population is needed for autoweeders to function effectively. New developments in weed/crop recognition will greatly improve the efficacy of these machines in the near future.
Surendra K. Dara, CE Advisor-Entomology & Biologicals, University of California Cooperative Extension
Microbial control refers to the use of microbial control agents, their toxins and metabolites, or derivatives or byproducts of the fermentation process for controlling pests. Target pests can be ticks, mites, insect, slugs, plant parasitic nematodes, and plant pathogens. Although microbial control has been used in pest management for a long time, biopesticides gained momentum in the recent past with the growth of organic acreage as well as increased emphasis for sustainable food production. In addition to the small biopesticide companies, now that major agrochemical companies are also developing biopesticides, their market is steadily increasing worldwide. Against arthropod pests: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) subsp. aizawai and kurstaki are primarily targeted for controlling a variety of lepidoptera. Formulations of Bt subsp. israelensis for mosquito control and Bt subsp. tenebrionis against beetles and weevils are also available. There are a number of fungi (e.g., Entomophaga spp., Entomophthora spp., Neozygites spp., and Pandora spp.) that cause natural epizootics in pest populations under humid conditions and high pest densities. Natural infections in aphids, flies, and certain moths contribute to pest management, but these fungi cannot be mass-produced and applied as biopesticides. However, another group of fungi (e.g., Beauveria bassiana, Isaria fumosorosea, Metarhizium brunneum) are available in a number of formulations for use against a variety of sucking, chewing, boring, and mining pests. Research also shows that some of the entomopathogenic fungi can form mycorrhizae-like relationship with plant roots and improve nutrient and water absorption, impart drought or salt tolerance, or protect against plant pathogens. These fungi can also colonize plant tissues and indirectly affect arthropod pests by reducing their fitness, survival, and reproductive ability. Biopesticides based on granuloviruses or nucleopolyhedroviruses are very specific to certain lepidopteran pests and effective in bringing their populations down. Products based on entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis spp. and Steinernema spp.) can be very effective against a variety of pests especially those that have soil-inhabiting life stages. Nematodes seek out their hosts, cause infections, and release symbiotic bacteria that kill the host insects. Against plant pathogens: A number of microbes have been used either as preventive or curative treatments against soil, foliar, and fruit diseases. Bacteria such as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Streptomyces lydicus and different species of these and other genera, and fungi such as Aureobasidium pullulans, Trichoderma spp., and Ulocladium oudemansii can be applied through drip irrigation or foliar sprays. In Canadian and European greenhouses, bees employed to improve pollination are also used to deliver these microbial products. Bees pick up the beneficial microbes as they leave their hives/nesting boxes and distribute the inocula on the fruits and foliage as they visit plants. Multiple studies demonstrated that bees can also be used to deliver Bt and entomopathogenic fungi for controlling pests.
A
B
(A) Bagrada bugs killed by Beauveria bassiana. (B) Strawberry aphid killed by Entomophthora planchoniana. Photos: Surendra Dara Although not currently available in the U.S., two additional control agents are being implemented in Europe and it is anticipated that eventually adoption of these options will make their way to the U.S. Against parasitic nematodes: Fungi such as Coniothyrium minitans and Paecilomyces lilacinus (not available in the U.S.) either infect or trap and kill plant parasitic nematodes that cause cysts, lesions, root knots, or other kinds of damage. Against slugs: A formulation of the slug-killing nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita is available in Europe, but not in the U.S. Several research studies reported improved efficacy by using multiple microbial control agents or combinations of microbial control agents and botanical or chemical pesticides. Growers and pest control professionals should experiment with different options to identify strategies that work best for their farms. Visit http://ucanr.edu/strawberries-vegetables for articles on entomopathogens and microbial control.
9
AG TECH & INNOVATION
Microbial control options for pests and diseases
2019 CAPCA Ed & Chapter Events DATE
LOCATION
EVENT TITLE
SPONSOR
01/24/19
Bakersfield
Kern Chapter Label Update Meeting
Kern Chapter
02/07/19
Stockton
Central Valley Chapter CE Meeting
Central Valley Chapter
02/07/19
Visalia
Tulare-Kings Chapter Label Update
Tulare-Kings Chapter
02/13/19
Santa Paula
Ventura Chapter CE Meeting
Ventura Chapter
03/ 12-13 /19
Fresno
CDFA/UC Nitrogen Certification
CAPCA State Office
03/14/19
Fresno
Fresno-Madera Chapter Spring Update
Fresno-Madera Chapter
03/20/19
Ontario
CAPCA Ed CE Meeting
CAPCA Ed & UC ANR
03/26/19
Pleasant Hill
San Francisco Chapter CE Meeting
SF Bay Chapter
03/28/19
Atascadero
Central Coast Chapter CE Meeting
Central Coast Chapter
04/11/19
Brawley
Desert Valleys Golf Event & CE Mtg
Desert Valleys Chapter
04/ 16-17 /19
Temecula
CAPCA Spring Summit
CAPCA State Office
04/30/19
San Jose
CAPCA Ed CE Meeting
CAPCA Ed
05/02/19
Pomona
SoCal Chapter CE Meeting
SoCal Chapter
05/16/19
Imperial
Desert Valleys CE Meeting
Desert Valleys Chapter
06/05/19
Escondido
Nursery Greenhouse Seminar
San Diego Chapter
06/11/19
Palm Desert
CAPCA Ed & UC ANR
CAPCA Ed
06/12/19
Santa Paula
Ventura Chapter CE Meeting
Ventura Chapter
06/13/19
Blythe
Desert Valleys CE Meeting
Desert Valleys Chapter
08/01/19
La Quinta
Desert Valleys CE Meeting
Desert Valleys Chapter
08/15/19
Simi Valley
CAPCA Ed CE Meeting
CAPCA Ed
08/22/19
Atascadero
Central Coast Chapter CE Meeting
Central Coast Chapter
09/05/19
Sacramento
CAPCA Ed CE Meeting
CAPCA Ed
09/10/19
San Jose
SF Bay Chapter CE Meeting
SF Bay Chapter
09/11/19
Santa Paula
Ventura Chapter CE Meeting
Ventura Chapter
09/11/19
Escondido
San Diego Chapter CE Meeting
San Diego Chapter
09/12/19
Fresno
Fresno-Madera CE Meeting
Fresno-Madera Chapter
10/09/19
Arcadia
CAPCA Ed CE Meeting
CAPCA Ed & UC ANR
11/ 3-5 /19
Reno, NV
CAPCA 45th Annual Conference
CAPCA State Office
11/07/19
Tulare
Tulare-Kings Chapter CE Meeting
Tulare-Kings Chapter
11/14/19
Imperial
Desert Valleys CE Meeting
Desert Valleys Chapter
11/14/19
Fresno
Fresno-Madera Label Update
Fresno-Madera Chapter
12/04/19
Escondido
San Diego Chapter CE Meeting
San Diego Chapter
10
In Our Next Issue: • Cannabis Update • Pesticide Reporting App • Pesticide Use Reports • Invasive Species • PPE for Glyphosate • Environmental Justice Events
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APPLICATOR ALERTS
PRSRT STD US Postage PAID Tucson, AZ Permit No. 271
CAPCA 2300 River Plaza Dr., Ste 120 Sacramento, CA 95833
AG T ECH & INNOVAT ION ISSUE NOVEMBER 2018 / VOL . III , NO. 4
APPLICATOR ALERTS