The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society Spring 2015 by Cape Cod Genealogical Society

COVER PROVIDED by Cape Cod Regional Tech Printers Volume 5, No. 1 Spring 2015

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society Cover Note by H. Morse Payne Seven families from the original Plimoth Colony are known in Cape Cod history as the Nauset “First Comers” comprising some fifty individuals, all settling at Nauset in 1644. The existing town line of Eastham and Wellfleet (originally known as Billinsgate without the first “g”) is the original line from Billingsgate Island to Hatch’s Creek continuing on a straight line to the sea (Nauset Beach). The other reference point –“Namskaket” – is today the creek at Cape Cod Bay beginning at the town line of Orleans and Brewster, just south of Rock Harbor. These two references formed the fundamental distance from the north to the south of what we know as the Town of Eastham, with only a very small portion of land in Orleans. Using the foregoing reference points of the land “lying from sea to sea across the neck of land,” a simple division of the longer distance (north/south) divided into seven equal distances from the Billingsgate line to Namskaket Point reveals an exact layout of the original seven families’ lot lines. A system of order lay over all the lands of Cape Cod, providing a basic logic for the placement of almost all the original town lines. The system was based on three basic points of overall importance. First: The original town line of Yarmouth and Nauset (today’s existing Brewster and Dennis town line) extended out into Cape Cod Bay in a continuous line to Provincetown – more exactly, to Race Point. Remarkably, this line was exactly on magnetic north. Second: A line from Race Point to Plymouth, more exactly to “Gurnet Point,” proves to be at a right angle to the first mentioned Yarmouth town line to Race Point. Third: The original town line of Eastham-Wellfleet (the Billingsgate line) and the town line of Wellfleet and Truro were also at right angles to the firstmentioned Yarmouth town line to Race Point. The principal town lines of Yarmouth, Barnstable, and Sandwich, if extended out into Cape Cod Bay, all converged at a common point in the middle of Cape Cod Bay. This point is located on the line to magnetic north from the Yarmouth town line to Race Point – and, remarkably, also the town line of Wellfleet and Truro extended westward into the Bay to the same point. Still more remarkable – each of these lines formed pie-shaped segments, all of equal angles, approximately 22.5 degrees. The west line of Sandwich begins with a similar point on the beach, and this also forms the same angle. However, the Sandwich line travels erratically, providing the Plymouth coast access to the south side of the Cape, Falmouth and the “Aptuxet Trading Post.” The cover design for the Journal is based on this theory. The recreation of this map and the rediscovery of the ancient boundary stones is also the subject of the Cornerstone Project on Cape Cod.

JOURNAL STAFF

OFFICERS 2013 - 2014

EDITOR L. Ray Sears, III LRSears@gmail.com

President: David Martin DavidChina_2000@yahoo.com

EDITOR EMERITUS John Warwick Bower

Vice-President: Joan Frederici Corresponding Secretary: Melvina Brock crosby1635@gmail.com

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE Eleanor D. Darby Bill Horrocks Bernice D. Latham Debra Lawless David S. Martin Dorothy Robinson Wayne Van Buren Robert Ward Carolyn Weiss Mailing: George and Margo Lewis

Recording Secretary: Ellen Geanacopoulos EllenGean@verizon.net Treasurer: Wayne VanBuren VanBurenW@comcast.net Past President: Robert Ward

Mission The mission of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society is to promote research and education in genealogy and history; to acquire, catalog and preserve genealogical and historical information emphasizing but not limited to Cape Cod; and to disseminate genealogical and historical information by various means. The Cape Cod Genealogical Society, Inc. was founded on 21 August 1971 and formalized by the adoption of by-laws and the election of officers on 16 March 1972. Membership is open to all who have an interest in genealogy, and in particular of the Cape Cod area, whether or not they can attend the meetings of the Society. Please write to the membership chairman (address on next page) for a membership application. The Societyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s genealogical book collection is listed on our website at http://www.CapeCodGenSoc.org. The genealogy room is available for research and assistance at the Dennis Public Library, 5 Hall Street, Dennis Port, Massachusetts.

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

http://www.CapeCodGenSoc.org Table of Contents President’s Message .................................................................................................................... 1 Will The Real John C. Fowler Please Stand Up? by David S. Martin ......................................... 2 Eastham Land Records 1650 – 1745 by Robert P. Carlson ....................................................... 22 Jacob Sears Memorial Library by L. Ray Sears, III ................................................................... 45 How Serendipity and a Fraktur Changed My Research by Carolyn Weiss................................ 52 My Black Sheep Relative (or Flock) by Martha Day ................................................................ 54 My Family and the Brooklyn Bridge by Pam Eichin................................................................. 57 Home by L. Ray Sears, III ......................................................................................................... 60 American Civil War Articles and Reviews ................................................................................ 62 The American Civil War – Factual Background by Robert L. Ward .................................... 63 The Homefront: Clinton, Massachusetts by Ellen Schiereck ................................................ 65 The Mystery of Charles E. Brooks by Betsy Ferris .............................................................. 89 The Civil War and Chatham’s “Blind Chaplain” by Debra Lawless .................................... 96 The Search for Samuel Richards by Phyllis Day ................................................................ 104 Medal of Honor Legacy and the Civil War by Carlton Copp ............................................. 111 Civil War Medal of Honor Winner, Charles Dearborn Copp by Carlton Copp ................. 114 The Last Union Officer Killed in The Civil War Had Local Ties by Suzanne L Benoit .... 117 The U.S. Sanitary Commission During the Civil War by Francis Dorr Robinson and Dorothy Bowering Robinson ........................................................................................ 121 Women in the Civil War by Eva Holway Needs ................................................................ 130 A Corroded Cannon: Harwich Calamity, 1865 by Joan M. Maloney ................................. 133 Book Reviews From Balls Bluff to Gettysburg The Civil War Letters of Private Bowen ......................... 138 Liar, Temptress, Soldier, Spy: Four Women Undercover in the Civil War ........................ 140 Meeting Summaries ................................................................................................................. 143 Immigration and Naturalization .......................................................................................... 143 Family Stories and Valued Heirlooms ................................................................................ 146 How to Write and Publish a Biographical Sketch ............................................................... 148 Research at the Boston Public Library................................................................................ 149 Google Earth....................................................................................................................... 150 New England Regional Genealogical Conference April 2015 – Highlights ............................ 152 Society Book on Cape Men in the Civil War .......................................................................... 150 Contributor’s Bios ................................................................................................................... 154 Index........................................................................................................................................ 157

The Journal Of The Cape Cod Genealogical Society (ISSN 2160-9284) is published semi-annually by the Society. All rights reserved ©2015 by the Cape Cod Genealogical Society, PO Box 1394, Harwich, Massachusetts 02645 Printed by PressonGraphics, Kingston, Mass.

Volume 5, No. 1 [Spring 2015]

President’s Message by David S. Martin he year 2015 is marked by many anniversaries. But among the most meaningful to most Americans is the observance of this 150th Anniversary of the end of the Civil War. This event, which resulted in the largest loss of life of any war ever fought by Americans, is filled with events of heroism, anguish, compassion, extreme loss, and poignant moments (in some cases happy and sad). This event is still close enough in time for many of us living today to have had not-so-distant ancestors involved in one or another aspect of this terrible conflict. And in some ways, that war is not yet finished because of strongly lingering feelings and attitudes in both South and North. As the Cape Cod Genealogical Society’s tribute to this event, we dedicate both of our 2015 issues of the Journal to this theme. A number of articles this year will shed historical and genealogical light on events, which are closely held by families. The fact that in this issue we have several articles by authors who were willing to share those sometimes-more-private details, is indication that in the interest of genealogical proof and evidence, our authors are readily contributing to our general understanding of many dimensions of this historical era. Contained within these Civil War-related articles are little known facts, striking details, somewhat amusing anecdotes, and a minor shock or two. We hope that this issue and our Fall issue will illuminate this period in our national history in a way that is unique to genealogists. And we would welcome submissions of manuscripts on this or other themes for our Fall issue, for which the deadline will be September 30 this year. A separate reflection would be the question of What is the Future of Genealogy? A recent publication, The Invisible History of the Human Race: How DNA and History Shape Our Identities and Our Futures, by Christine Kennedy (Viking, 2014), describes the importance of family history as a way of reconstructing “pasts” which have been “erased” by history, both on the individual family and cultural levels. The reconnection with family and history, she points out, can deepen our lives. She indicates that culture rather than genetics shapes our values and behavior. We should bear this idea in mind as we all continue our investigations into family pasts. As a postscript, this President’s Message is my final one as President, as I step down from this fascinating role after four years. I would like to say to all of my colleagues in the Society that it has been a true pleasure and source of pride to serve in this role at this time. We have made a number of significant improvements, as a result of the dedication and enthusiasm of many people, including a Board of Directors whose interest in the welfare of the Society is unequalled. It’s been a privilege to serve with all of them.

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Will The Real John C. Fowler Please Stand Up? by David S. Martin Introduction enealogical “brick walls” are common for a great many of us who seek our ancestral roots. In fact, many who seriously investigate family history will at some point encounter some endof-the-road “wall” because the available records have come to a stop for one or another reason. On the other hand, brick walls in the United States in the nineteenth century would not be the result of that problem—instead perhaps due to a variety of other gaps or even deliberate omissions on the part of some family member. The particular wall about which this article is written is the result of a John C Fowler combination of factors and presented the author with a thirty-year trail of false leads and frustrations. The eventual resolution was the result of efforts by several persons, including one most helpful mentor without whose imagination and persistence this resolution would have taken at least ten more years. We hope that the convoluted trail described here can in some ways be helpful to others in their ongoing searches. The Relationship John C. Fowler was the great-great-grandfather of the author, through his mother’s maternal grandmother’s line. This descendancy is: John C. Fowler, b. ca. 1834, m. Abby Lamb Congdon Frank Eugene Fowler, b. 1857, m. Sarah Louise Swift Florence Josephine Fowler, b. 1885, m. Thomas Arthur Raymond Elinor Louise Raymond, b. 1912, m. Theodore Tripp Martin David Standish Martin, b. 1937, m. Susan Katherine Orowan Who, then, were the parents of this John C. Fowler?

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A Dilemma: Multiple Options The starting point for this investigation was the 1860 U.S. census which lists John C. Fowler of Montville, Conn., age twenty-six, residing in a household with wife Abby Lamb (Congdon), son Frank at age three (the author’s great grandfather), mother-in-law Mary P. Congdon, and two boarders. The census gives a birthplace of Canterbury, Conn. and a profession of blacksmith.1 From this point began a search for John’s elusive parents. The initial effort was naturally to seek a birth or baptism record in eastern Connecticut for a John C. Fowler. When none was found at either Canterbury Town Hall nor in any database nor in historical records, the next line of investigation was a natural broadening of the search. Amazing to the author was the fact that in the early 1830s in just the eastern part of the United States, no fewer than eight John C. Fowlers were found in various databases—ranging from other parts of eastern Connecticut through southern states as well as the Midwest. For example, the International Genealogical Index (IGI) in 1998 lists a John Calhoun Fowler who was born 1832 in Georgia;2 although it was tempting to jump on the Calhoun as the explanation for the middle initial “C,” the household names do not match in any way. And The History of the Fowlers lists a John Clinton Fowler who was born 1844, and married to an Abigail C.3 This information is corroborated in the 1880 U.S. census, although at the time of that census, that John C. and family were Frank Eugene Fowler (1856-1939) living in Mount Pleasant, Minn.; no Courtesy of Allan E. Fowler Frank is listed as a child in that household, and no evidence was found for that nuclear family to have ever lived in Minnesota. Immediately the task became a slow process of elimination. An Intriguing Native-American Path Returning to a focus on eastern Connecticut, through the guidance of a professional genealogist, it was discovered that the Mohegan Native Americans—a tribe with strong historical roots in Eastern Connecticut and Long Island—had adopted some English surnames during the eighteenth century, including Fowler. Their adoption of these names occurred at least

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

by the mid-eighteenth century—well before the birth date of John’s potential parents. Research on Mohegan couples of this era indicated one who was the correct age to have had a son born in the early 1830s, with a traceable lineage back three additional generations. In fact, a Mohegan couple with the surname Fowler in that region had a son named John. These Mohegans, after adopting English names in the eighteenth century, lived peacefully among the white immigrants in this region of Connecticut. The Native American Directory, by L.R. Henry, lists a John Collins Fowler, b. 19 September 1817 in Brothertown, N.Y.4-- the place to which a number of the Mohegans had then immigrated after they had left eastern Connecticut, in order to do religious proselytization to Christianize other Indians. An 1861 Connecticut state report on the distribution of the lands of the Mohegans lists numerous Fowlers and Congdons as Indians.5 A conversation in 1991 with Gladys Tantaquidgeon, the last surviving Mohegan in Montville, Conn., who had an exhibit of Mohegan artifacts as a museum in her home (age ninety-one), revealed that she had a maternal uncle named Edwin Fowler who may have possibly been a Montauk. This Edwin C. Fowler is listed as a Native-American in the Report of 1861 cited above. Edwin C. Fowler is a son of Jacob Fowler 2nd, whom the author believed could have been John C. Fowler's brother. A Jacob and Sarah Fowler with Indian ancestry were living in the Montville, Conn. area and were of an age to have had a son of John's age. In the Connecticut State Library the two volumes of Indians of Connecticut6 on microfilm list a John Fowler who dealt with Native-Americans as a Clerk of the Lower House in 1784; among the transactions were the appointment of guardians for the Mohegans. It is thus possible that the name Fowler came to be familiar to the Mohegans and could have been adopted as a name. DeForest’s history of Connecticut Native-Americans, however, says that there were disputes between the Mohegans and the white men regarding land.7 He also reports that there was a Mohegan Chapel in Montville, Conn. The book, Samson Occum (a Mohegan sachem) also lists a John Collins Fowler, a Mohegan (as mentioned above) who was born in Brothertown, N.Y. in 1817 and whose lineage was John (4), James (3), David (2), and James (1).8 Further research at the New England Historic Genealogical Society found manuscripts referring to the Jacob and Sarah (Sally) Fowler couple and their multiple children. Specifically, a Brotherton (Brothertown) Native-American manuscript provides a large handwritten descendancy chart for Montville, Conn. in which a John C. Fowler is listed as a sibling of Layton (b. 9 January 1824), David, William, Samson, Layton again, Russell, and Roxanna.9 This John C. Fowler was the son of James Fowler

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and Patience, who was the son of Jacob (b. 1789) and Amy Potter (b. 1793 and d. 10 February 1862 in Connecticut and who was the daughter of Samson Potter), and who in turn was the son of David Fowler and Phoebe (a Mohegan). One place mentions a John Clinton Fowler. (Thus, we begin to see an accumulation of possible middle names for which the “C” could have stood in our John C. Fowler-- Collins and Clinton, so far). Examination of the manuscripts found further information on the couple, Jacob Fowler and Sally Comewas and their multiple children, including John. Believing that this discovery could be a strong possibility, even though no middle initial was consistently found for this particular John Fowler in the latter manuscript, the author began to provide this information as a tentative finding for his relatives, who were highly interested in these tentative results for the elusive parents of John C. Fowler. However, shortly after this time, the author learned that the National Geographic Society had just made available its DNA testing to indicate the DNA percentages of any living individual in regard to ethnic group membership. The author immediately submitted a DNA sample, but the returned result disappointingly indicated 0% of Native-American heritage for the author, thus ending this line of further research. A Review of the Facts; Marriage and Divorce After the Native-American disappointment, a decision was made to step back and carefully review once again all of the verified information before proceeding again: 1. Records document the marriage of John C. Fowler and Abby Lamb Congdon. The Norwich, Conn. Town Clerk records in April 1994 indicated a record of marriage on 1 July 1855,10 showing John as being born in Canterbury, Conn., and marrying at age 21. The couple reportedly resided in Norwich after they were married before moving to Montville. The officiating clergyman at the wedding was Rev. Daniel D. Lyon of Norwich, where the marriage occurred. (Canterbury is a few miles northeast of Norwich in a rural area.) No parents, however, are given on the marriage certificate. 2. The Norwich Town Clerk and Canterbury Town Clerk were both unable to locate a birth record for John C. Fowler. No church records in either Canterbury or Norwich listed parents for John. The Canterbury Town Clerk, however, indicated that in the Baldwin Cemetery there, a John C. Fowler was buried. However, a visit to the cemetery found the gravestone with the dates of 1871-190111— clearly not the John C. Fowler of this article. A History of Windham County, Conn., lists on the last page of the Canterbury chapter the

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3. 4.

name of a company, the Robinson, Fowler Co., manufacturers of Hollow Ware, Stoves, and Agricultural Implements, with a Westminster address. John was described in the 1860 U.S. census as a blacksmith and in the later 1870 U.S. census as a “mechanic.” Both he and Abby were employed at a “cotton mill” in the 1870 census. But the possibility of a family relationship to this Fowler Company in Windham County could not be investigated. Their only child, Francis Eugene (known in the family as Frank), was b. 21 December 1856.12 However, ten years later, Abby and John divorced, as reported in Connecticut Divorces 1719-191013 and a copy of the divorce decree was found in the Civil War Pension File to be discussed later. The facts of the case state, “Abby Fowler of Montville who m. 1 July 1855 John C. Fowler—misconduct; [they had a] minor child, Francis E. age ten. Applied Norwich 20 April 1867; granted.” Following this divorce, son Frank petitioned to have his mother Abby named as his legal guardian until his majority, and the petition was granted on 24 February 1874.14 An interesting note is that although John and Abby divorced in 1867, the 1870 U.S. census shows John still living at the same address of his former mother-in-law, Mary P. Congdon, and Abby as former wife is still in the household along with son Frank. But by the 1880 U.S. census, he is found elsewhere, as we shall detail later in this narrative. Abby Lamb Congdon Fowler remarried John Smith and died in 1898.

With this review of what was clearly known, the search began again. Further Connecticut Searches Continuing to keep in mind the likelihood of individuals not traveling far and wide in search of a spouse during this period in history, the author reinitiated the search to include all of Connecticut. John Fowlers or John C. Fowlers were found in multiple places. Possible Fowler parents were found in the towns of Lebanon and Woodstock, Conn.—both in the same county (Windham) as was Canterbury. In addition, multiple Fowler families were found in southwestern Connecticut, in the region west of New Haven (Guilford, Milford, etc.). An exhaustive search revealed a number of John C. Fowlers, among which were the following:

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1. The Connecticut State Library Family Bible Records tell of a John C. Fowler, born 27 December 1825 and died at Bridgeport 14 July 1916 in records kept by a Mrs. Jane Atherton of Bridgeport.15 The death is corroborated in the Connecticut State Library’s records of newspaper deaths, but the birth date of 1825 does not mesh with the age of the author’s John C. Fowler in the 1860 U.S. census as being age twenty-six. 2. The History of the Fowlers lists a John Clinton Fowler who was born in 1844, and married to an Abigail C.16 As mentioned earlier, this information is corroborated in the 1880 U.S. census and was intriguing because the wife’s first name and surname initial coincided with the John C. Fowler of this narrative; but at the time of that census, this John C. and family were living in Mount Pleasant, Minn.; no Frank is listed as a child in that household, and no evidence was found for that nuclear family ever living in Minnesota. 3. Census records in Conn. show a John C. Fowler in the 1850 U.S. census, age six, in Lebanon, Conn.,17 (but the wrong age for the author’s John C. Fowler); he would probably be the John Clinton Fowler mentioned above in the Christina Fowler book. 4. The well-regarded Barbour Index (Brown Diary) of Connecticut Town Records lists a John Fowler (no “C”) as born on 25 May 1834 in Woodstock, Conn.18 (the right birth year), but Woodstock Town Records indicate that this John Fowler, who served as an attorney and Town Clerk, had four children, none of whom match with the author’s John C. Fowler. 5. The American Genealogical Index lists a John C. Fowler, born in 183? [sic], with a reference to Thomas Trowbridge, no.1316.19 This John C. Fowler was the son of Clarissa Trowbridge (b. 1807; d. 1867) and Whedon (Weeden) Fowler. No further information on John C. Fowler in this family is given in the Trowbridge Genealogy. This Index also lists the John Chandler Fowler of Woodstock, Conn., in the Woodstock Genealogy, as mentioned earlier.20 6. Research at the Salt Lake Family History Center in June 2007 located a John C. Fowler who was born in North Guilford, Conn. “about 1837;” the father was Asa Fowler, b. 1812 in N. Guilford and the mother was Laura Camp. This lineage then goes to James Fowler and Anna Johnson; then Nathan b. 13 November 1750 in

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society North Guilford and Sarah Kimberley; then back to Ebenezer 2nd b. 11 January 1717 in Guilford and Desire Bristol; then to Ebenezer 1st, b. 1684 Guilford and Elizabeth Starr; then to Abraham b. 29 August 1655 and Elizabeth Bartlett; then to Joseph b. 16 September 1626 in Dalbury, Lees, Derbyshire (England) and Mary Hubbard; then to Philip b. 1591-1598 in Marlborough, Wiltshire (England); and finally to Philip b. 1565 in Wiltshire. 7. One Fowler Family as a published genealogy includes a letter from Donald Lines Jacobus saying that he suspected a Rhode Island origin for “these New London Fowlers;” he further says that the name was not originally common in New London County (Conn.), and that there is probably no connection between these Fowlers and the Guilford and Milford (Conn.)21 Fowlers of earlier generations. He also says that perhaps these Fowlers lived in the North Parish, which became Montville (Conn.) and refers the inquirer (a Mrs. Beem) to the North Parish records. Morris Fowler is the progenitor of this branch, and is listed in the 1790 U.S. census of New London; Morris Fowler and his wife were married in 1734. No mention, however, is made of John C. Fowler in this work.

Thus, the western Connecticut connection was tentatively eliminated. While Jacobus’ statement would not constitute “hard” evidence since no source citation was provided, the author nonetheless determined to use his statement as at least a guide to more localized subsequent searches, given his high reputation as a genealogist. Searching from Parent to Child Instead of seeking parents from a birth record of the ancestor, the reverse sequence is another strategy. Accordingly, a next step in this search was the systematic listing of all possible parents of John C. Fowler in the 1830s in any part of eastern Connecticut to see who might have had a son John C. of the appropriate age. A list of possible fathers was generated through this approach and built upon several of the above-mentioned potential fathers. A check of wills and probates in Connecticut under Fowler in the period 1834 to 1900 (the time span in which a parent could have named John C. Fowler in a will) at first produced no probates listing John C.; checked were the probates of Robert Fowler of Preston (d. 1834), James Fowler of Preston (d. 1834), Anson Fowler of Lebanon (d. 1894), and Edward Perry Clinton Fowler of Woodstock (d. 1843). Other Fowler wills were found in Connecticut for that period, but were geographically more remote— specifically, in the towns of Danbury, East Haven, Kent, Bethel, and

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Killingsworth, Conn. No will was found for Whedon (aka Weeden) Fowler, who is mentioned earlier in this narrative. Genealogical research at the Daughters of the American Revolution Library, the National Archives, and the Library of Congress led to the following summary listing of possibilities and eliminations for the father of John C. Fowler: Amos Had one son age 5-9 in 1840 U.S. census, Lebanon, Conn. Anson Had one son age 5-9 in 1840 U.S. census, Lebanon, Conn. Asa Had a son born 1837 Cornelius Had son John born 1833, but father was born in New York and mother in Connecticut. Edward P.C. Had son John C. Fowler, b. 1844 Jacob Could have had son born in the correct period, but was an Indian (no DNA supports this possibility) James Died 1834; no will naming a son, John John No sons of right age Robert Died 1834; no will naming a son, John Robert D. Had one son under 5 years old in 1840 U.S. census in Canterbury; but married in 1835 Whedon (Weeden) Had one son John C. Fowler b. 1842 or 183? [sic], linking to the Trowbridge genealogy as noted earlier. Both Amos (b. 1795) and Anson Fowler (b. 1803) were brothers, and both were born in Lebanon, Conn. to Amos Fowler, Sr. (b. 1758, Colchester) and Rebecca Dewey (b. 1780, Lebanon). This line appeared to be the most promising in terms of Windham County, Conn., but the 1850 U.S. census does not list John C. by name in order to confirm either Amos or Anson as John C.â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s father. Census search on Ancestry.com for John C. Fowler of the correct time period indicates individuals with that name born in New York, Pennsylvania, Alabama, Virginia, and Tennessee, but none match the 183334 birth date and place of Canterbury, Conn. except the citation for the already-mentioned correct John C. Fowler in the 1860 U.S. census as age twenty-six (calculated birth year of 1833-34), living in Montville, Conn. as a blacksmith, married to Abby Congdon, living with mother-in-law Mary P. Congdon, and with a son Frank Eugene. Searches of Fowler heads of families in 1840 and 1850 U.S. censuses with sons named John or sons of correct age in eastern Connecticut yielded no further possibilities.

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A search of Fowler surname genealogies revealed William Fowler (immigrant ancestor of many Connecticut Fowlers), according to a biographical publication by William Chauncey Fowler.22 Also, the William Fowler who married Hannah Taneyhill [sic] was shown to have a son Cornelius, according to H.A. Fowler’s An Incomplete Guide to the Fowler Family.23 And a William Eric Fowler’s lineage of Virginia goes back through John C. Calhoun Fowler of Georgia, Riley Fowler of South Carolina, and then back to another John Fowler who came directly from the Fowlers of Virginia, according to Genealogy of the Fowler and Paden Families of England.24 Thus, no confirmatory evidence could be found with the use of this strategy. One by one, none of these John C. Fowlers was found to be married to an Abby and had a son Frank, even though some of their birthdates were in the range of 1830-36. A New York Puzzle and Another Marriage An implicit assumption by the author had been that John C. Fowler was born, lived, and died (somewhere) in Connecticut. However, research at the Salt Lake City Family History Center found the 1880 U.S. census listing John C. Fowler living in Queens, N.Y. (Jamaica) as a contractor, with spouse Fannie M. The New York City Directory of that year confirmed this finding. This New York location as well as a second spouse then set in motion a search for more information. A search once again of the Norwich, Conn. records then Frank Fowler revealed a marriage certificate for Courtesy of Allan E. Fowler John C. Fowler and Fannie Matilda DeMoranville (of Dartmouth, Mass.) on 30 July 1873 with officiation by the Rev. George B. Stoddard.25 Fannie was born on 3 May 1834 (father’s birthplace was France and mother’s birthplace was Massachusetts).26 Recall that the author’s John C. Fowler and Abby had divorced in 1867, even though John continued to live in the Congdon household as recorded in the 1870 U.S. census. This marriage was Fannie’s second; she had been married earlier to Cornelius Veazie. She filed an affidavit in the Civil War Pension

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Application File stating that she married John in the neighborhood where her new husband (John) had grown up, and that the marriage took place at the home of John’s sister and brother-in-law. This statement led immediately to a re-examination about possible siblings for John to see if this were the “right” John C. Fowler. We shall return to the significance of this piece of evidence and the New York connection in a subsequent section. The Middle Name Question Throughout this narrative, we have continually referred to the middle initial “C,” with no definitive indication thus far of what that letter could represent. We have seen a number of John Fowlers with middle names of Collins, Chandler, Calhoun, Clinton, and Chauncey, and a possible father named Cornelius for whom John could have been named as a middle name. A Google search indicated that the husband of Fannie Matilda DeMoranville was John Cottle Fowler, and then was substantiated in a published genealogy, including and the death date for him as 1888 in Denver, Colorado.27 Thus, not only had possible new information about the middle name emerged, but at the same time also a question about why the geographic transition from Connecticut to New York to Colorado. That question then led to a significant revelation of a different sort. The Civil War It had been established that John and Abby were married in 1855, had a son in 1856, and divorced in 1867. Until recently, no indication of Civil War Service had emerged. A John C. Fowler from Connecticut had been found earlier as serving in the Union Infantry in the Fourth Maine Regiment but was of the wrong age to be this John C. Fowler and also was married to a different woman (neither Abby nor Fannie). The author together with his mentor re-initiated a search of U.S. Military Pension Files for John C. Fowler; a Pension File was found for John C. Fowler who entered the Union Navy in 1861 and had a wife Abby Congdon. The entire Pension File of what turned out to be the correct John C. Fowler was then obtained, and it contained a wealth of information, which ultimately indicated the identity of John’s parents and by extension a possible line of his ancestors as well.28 As often happens with the richness of these pension files when they are available, this extensive file permitted the author to add not only definitive biographical detail but also life details (including military service) which shed light on his personality and what was occurring in this heretofore “blank” period of 1861-65 of his life, for which no information had been available.

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

The file, of course, contains multiple documents related specifically to his, and later his widow Fannie’s, attempts to obtain a military pension, based on service during the Civil War. We learn from the file first that John enlisted in June 1861 in New York for a three-year term in the Union Navy and began at the rank of Landsman—the lowest rank. He was assigned to the frigate Roanoke at the age of twenty-five, had a “light” complexion, an estimated birth year of 1836, and a birthplace of Canterbury, Conn.29 His stated occupation was Gun Forger, which coordinates with his stated profession of blacksmith in the 1860 U.S. census for Connecticut, as cited earlier. Next, we learn that in military action while in service at this period, he was transferred from the Frigate Roanoke to the Gunboat Commander Barney, which cooperated with the military forces of General Burnside in the attack upon and capture of Roanoke Island on 7 and 8 February1862. The Roanoke was designated as the flagship of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron. On board this ship he was promoted from Landsman to Armorer’s Mate. During this time, according to attestation from a physician, John was “under fire on sea and shore for two consecutive days, wet and exhausted from exposure, and therefrom he contracted a severe cold, which was intensified” on 8 March 1862 when the battle continued. (The Roanoke fought against the batteries of Sewall’s Point and Craney Island; in this battle, the U.S. Frigate Congress was burned and the U.S. Frigate Cumberland was sunk by the ironclad Confederate ship Merrimac.) Immediately after this battle, John on 9 March was a volunteer for duty on the ironclad Union ship Monitor; during that brief service, according to John’s attestation, he “sustained great nervous shock” when the heavy guns of the ironclad were fired. In a letter of attestation in the Pension File, John provides further detail in an 1886 letter to the government’s Pension Committee: “When I first regained consciousness, I was unable to move hand or foot; my whole body seemed to be paralyzed, but gradually power to move returned, and I was finally enable to make my way to the beach from whence I was taken on board the Mohican. My brain was terribly confused for a long time. My spine and my lower extremities seemed benumbed, so that I had great difficulty in walking steadily or in a direct line, but as my duties were light, I did not go upon the Sick List, as the Surgeon said the effect would wear away in time. I think he said I had congestion of the spinal cord and brain and prescribed some slight medication and ordered rest. The more serious effects seemed to wear away for a time, but later on, and after I left the service, they returned and notwithstanding all I have done in the way of medical treatment, my condition has gradually

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become worse, until at the present time I have a partial paralysis of the lower extremities, great confusion of ideas, and heart, and lungs with partial paralysis of the larynx, which incapacitates me from any manual labor or effort of mind or body whereby I might be enabled to earn a subsistence.”30 He apparently had also contracted anthrax later in 1861, and in June 1862 a “return” is listed for John C. Fowler in the Naval Hospital Tickets, indicating a diagnosis of syphilis, after which he was discharged for weakness of the lungs and “general debility.”31 We shall return to this medical history and the debate surrounding the issue of the alleged syphilis diagnosis shortly but will continue first with the chronology of his service record. In detailed letters in the file, we also learn that when he returned to New York aboard the Roanoke, he was then sent to the Marine Hospital in Brooklyn, N.Y. for treatment, from 8 March to 9 June 1862, when he was discharged from the hospital. He then served as Inspector of Firearms in the U.S. Ordnance Department at the Starr Armory in Yonkers, N.Y. in 1863 and part of 1864. He tried unsuccessfully to re-enlist in September 1864, but was appointed Paymaster’s Steward on board the U.S.S. Mohican, and later promoted to Paymaster’s Clerk on 7 October 1864. Another genealogist’s “nightmare” occurred while researching John’s records during the War. It was found that a Juan C. Fowler enlisted in the U.S. Navy in 1864; the immediate conclusion is that this person was different from the present John C. Fowler. However, the Pension File includes a later attestation from John himself that he tried re-enlisting under Juan so as not to be associated with his previous record; he admits in this attestation that using the name “Juan” was a mistake; in his words in a letter of 1877, he states, “My use of the Spanish form of my name during my second term of service was simply a freak of humour at the moment, which I have ever since regretted.” Thus, Juan C. Fowler and John C. Fowler are the same person! He served as Paymaster’s Clerk until April 1865 when the war ended. While on board this ship, he volunteered to be a member of the storming party onto the “sea face” of Fort Fisher, N.C. During the storming, the Union ship “Vanderbilt” shelled the fort. A shell from the fort battery “burst short,” giving John a “severe concussion” according to a physician, and knocking him down. John himself alleged that as a consequence, he was “rendered insensible for nearly three hours afterwards while they were picking up the dead and wounded.” He further says that he returned to his ship and was not under medical treatment, but obtained medicines from the surgeon’s steward. He claimed as a result of the shock that he was “unable to perform manual labor or work at my trade of blacksmith;” a physician’s

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letter in the file also stated that since final discharge John had been under medical treatment for “nervous trouble,” progressive paralysis, and general debility. We return now to the question of whether or not John had syphilis—a critical question because if he had had it, he could not have qualified for a pension since his disability would not be considered to be service-related. Not only did John repeatedly deny in writing that he ever had syphilis in his life, but also three different physicians attested that John never had syphilis. From these attestations, a different picture emerges. The Special Examiner for the government in regard to approving or denying pension applications summarizes the situation by referring to evidence provided by the family physician (Dr. Baldwin) in January 1888: “The claimant’s present condition is not due to syphilis but to excessive sexual intercourse. As a young man, he was inclined to run after women. The condition is due to sexual excess; I don’t think his behavior was abnormal when he was about 25 [years old]. If he had been excessively amorous, he might have carried it out without its bringing damage to him. His [second] wife is a most voluptuous woman, and he has simply indulged himself until his powers were exhausted and his present condition was reached.” Thus the symptoms of syphilis were eventually considered to be medically unrelated to that disease. His condition continued to deteriorate. When he remarried Fannie Matilda DeMaranville in 1873 and took up residence in Jamaica, Queens, N.Y.,32 for a time he worked as a “solicitor” for “light goods” and then later as a conductor for street cars.33 For part of this time he was also employed as Trainmaster for the Long Island Railroad. In his attestations in the Pension File, he says that his serious medical problems first returned in 1866; John and Abby divorced in 1867. Then in 1881, for health reasons, believing that “the electrical influences of the climate would benefit” him (words of John C.), he and Fannie moved to Denver, Colo. (after appearing in the 1880 U.S. census as living in Queens, N.Y.). He worked for a time in Denver in selling advertising and “novelties.” His health there improved for a time, and then deteriorated again; by 1884 he was incapacitated by partial paralysis. In 1885 he was treated for five months for locomotor ataxia and sclerosis of the brain. In the Pension File, among multiple letters of attestation from physicians to support the Pension Application, is a letter from one specialist in 1884 who remarked on the “interesting” condition of John’s paralysis, writing that his case was sufficiently rare that John was among the cases about which a physician colleague had published a casestudy article in the American Journal of Medical Sciences in April 1878;34 the author obtained a copy of this article, written by Dr. Beverley Johnson,

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and it provides detailed medical discussion of John’s particular case, using the initials “J.F.” to protect privacy; that author states strongly that although some of the symptoms were “syphilitic,” the patient’s difficulties were definitely not the result of syphilis, and the partially unexplained origins of his partial paralysis and vocal difficulties rendered the case to be “of interest” [to the medical community]. John died in Denver on 5 May 1888,35 and a standard gravestone as well as a military gravestone mark his grave in Riverside Cemetery there (see photograph); the standard gravestone gives his age as fifty-three years and eight months, thus establishing his birth date as September 1833. Fannie then moved away and was reported in the 1900 U.S. census as living in Belleville, Kans.36; she was registered in the 1905 Kansas State census as living in Ellsworth, Kans.37 She died in Ellsworth on 3 October 1909.38 The Pension Application was denied by the government a few months before John’s death (January 1888)39 but was finally granted as a Widow’s Pension to his second wife Fannie in 1890. Genealogical Evidence—Wives and Family While the preceding data about military service are interesting on their own, the real purpose of obtaining the file, of course, was to establish lineage. Let us retrace the steps leading up to a critically important discovery in the Pension Files. Since John C. was last seen in the 1870 U.S. census still living with the Congdon family in Montville, Conn. in spite of having divorced Abby in 1867, the question became where John went after 1870. The 1880 U.S. census in New York refers to a John C. living with wife Fannie, but there was as yet no proof that this John C. was the “correct” one. Then a search revealed an 1873 marriage for a John C. Fowler and Fannie M. DeMaranville in Greeneville, Conn. (near Norwich) at the home of J. Wilbur40; a related question was why the marriage would take place there and in the presence of those individuals. In the Civil War Pension File is a letter from Fannie attesting that she and John C. were married at “his sister’s home.” For confirmation, a second check indicated that the Civil War Pension file listed both Abby and Fannie as first and second wives and a birthplace for John C. as Canterbury, Conn., thus confirming that the correct Pension File had been found. A subsequent search on J. Wilbur indicated that he was married on 10 March 1856 to Mary E. Fowler in Norwich, Conn.41 Meanwhile, in the Pension File, an attestation was also made in a letter from Diana (sometimes referred to as Dianna42 and sometimes as Deidama43) Fowler Spaulding, who together with her husband Harvey Spaulding, said that as John’s sister, she had known him “since infancy;” Harvey had grown up in Canterbury, Conn. and attested that he had known his brother-in-law, the applicant, for

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“many years.” A marriage record for Diana and Harvey was found for 20 July 1845 in Canterbury, Conn. (also the birthplace of John C).44 (The coincidence of John C. being married the first time to Abby Congdon in Norwich and now to a second wife in virtually the same city was intriguing; a plausible explanation is that Harvey and Diana Spaulding were already living there when John C. first married Abby in 1855, and it may have seemed natural for John C.’s second marriage to be performed in the same location near where his sisters were still living.) Thus, now in hand was information that indicated two sisters for John C.—Mary E. and Diana. In a search for other possible siblings for John, an electronic “message board” indicated a Godfrey M. as a likely sibling, and verification of cemetery data indicated that Godfrey was the son of Charles W. Fowler and Sally Herrington.45 Charles W. was born in 1790 in Rhode Island, lived for a time in Chenango County, N.Y., and died in Canterbury, Conn. in 1871;46 Sally was born in 1797 and died in 1845.47 Charles and Sally were married on 1 December 1814.48 Charles appears in both the 1850 and 1860 U.S. censuses as living alone in Canterbury, Conn.49 Canterbury, Conn. Land Records list two land purchases there in 1836 by Charles.50 In the 1870 U.S. census, however, Charles is listed as living with his daughter Mary E. and John Wilbur.51 (Genealogybank.com indicated that a Charles Fowler’s home was “unlivable” and sold a few months before he appears in the 1870 U.S. census as living with his daughter Mary E. He was awarded $900 from the property sale). A side note is that preliminary information was found on Ancestry.com that the parents of Mary E. were Charles Fowler and “Diana,” not Sally. This contradictory situation is clarified below. At that point, a revisit was made to the Connecticut State Library to search for probated wills. Charles W. Fowler’s will, as a widower in 1871, bequeaths his property to “my daughter Diana Eliza Spaulding, wife of Harvey Spaulding… and to my daughter Mary, wife of John Wilbur…etc.” Thus we have a resolution of the question of the father for John C. through an albeit indirect and circuitous route. Subsequently, yet another sibling was found through the cemetery where Charles W. was buried— Samuel Frank Fowler; his death record indicates that his father was Charles W. Fowler and mother Sally Herrington52 (not Diana as the previous information mentioned above about Charles and Diana being the parents). This paradox is resolved when we recall that Sally Herrington died in 1845 when several of these children were young; a Diana Herrington was b. 1771 and d. 185753-- she is the correct age to have been an unwed aunt of Sally Herrington who came to live with the Charles W. family and care for the children; in addition, no record of a marriage between Charles W. Fowler and Diana Herrington appears in any

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searches. And the hypothesis of Diana as the aunt of Charles’ wife is a possible source for the naming of Charles’ and Sally’s first daughter as Diana— the older sister of John. Daniel Herrington in the 1800 U.S. census in Canterbury, Conn., b. 1746, has in the household a female in the age range of over forty-five (probably wife, later identified as Dorcas Cutler), and they had a female of the age range of twenty-six-to-forty-four as reported in that census.54 That female could be this Diana-- we know that she was b. 1771, and Canterbury for the birthplace as a small town with numerous other connections to Fowlers raises this probability. Another female was in the age range of under ten for the Daniel Herrington household in the same census— Sally as a daughter would have been three years old at the time of the 1800 U.S. census. Further support for Diana Herrington as an unmarried female is found in the Canterbury Land Records, where she is recorded as having acquired land twice in 1825, once in 1834, and twice in 1845— the year when her hypothesized sister Sally passed away.55 To summarize, the Charles and Sally Fowler family consisted of children Godfrey Malbone, (b. 1815), Samuel Frank (b. 1820), Diana Eliza (b. 1824), Mary E. (b. 1828), and John C. (b. 1834). The 1830 U.S. census, although not listing names of children, shows an exact match for the ages of the first four children as well as for father Charles W., all of whom were born prior to the census (John C. of course was born after the 1830 U.S. census); Charles W. Fowler of Sherburne, Chenango County, N.Y. in the 1830 U.S. census had in his household: One male age 30-39 (Charles W.), one female age 40-49 (Sally), one male age 5-9 (Samuel), one male age 1014 (Godfrey), one female under 5 (Mary), and one female age 5-9 (Diana).56 Charles’ family had moved to Canterbury, Conn., birthplace of his wife Sally by 1834, where John was born and where Charles eventually died. Charles’ age fits with the census age range (he would have been close to forty years old in 1830), but the age of the other female age 40-49 does not coincide with Sally’s age which should have been in her mid-thirties; this age range for the wife is the only discrepancy out of the six family members’ ages derived from other data and the 1830 U.S. census data. No census information was found for Charles W. in the 1840 census. To resolve one other issue, first raised in the initial discovery of so many John C. Fowlers, the John C. Fowler gravestone found in the Baldwin Cemetery in Canterbury, Conn. with death date of 1901, turned out to be the son of our John C’s brother Samuel Frank Fowler—having named his own son for his brother John C.57 (see photograph of gravestone). A footnote to the siblings in the family is that John C. was not the only sibling to serve in the Civil War— a Pension Application also was found for

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

brother Samuel Frank for service in the Union Infantry, with a pension being granted in 1907.58 New York and Rhode Island; DNA Readers know full well that the eventual establishment of one ancestor then leads immediately to asking the next question of who were the parents of the missing ancestor who was just found— a never-ending pursuit. Although it goes beyond the scope of this article, the identification of the parents of John C. as Charles W. and Sally Herrington then raises the question of their own origins in turn. While that line of investigation is still in process, it is clear from the previously-cited census records that Charles W. lived for a time in upstate New York (Chenango County) before moving to Canterbury, Conn. and that his previous roots go back to Rhode Island (Kingstown)—thus supporting what Donald Lines Jacobus had said, as indicated earlier—this branch of Fowlers originated in Rhode Island. Multiple Rhode Island Fowlers are buried in North Kingstown, R.I., with highly possible connections to the generations prior to Charles W., who was born in that same community.59 Some data indicate that the ultimate immigrant was Henry Fowler, who arrived from England about 1650.60 At this writing, a hypothesized pedigree proceeds as: John C. (7), Charles W. (6), Samuel (5), Christopher (4), Isaac (3), James (2)?, and Henry (1); work on establishing this ancestral line is under way. A Y-DNA test for the author’s first cousin once-removed has shown a thirty-sevenmarker match with the Y-DNA for another living Fowler in upstate New York;61 work is proceeding to identify their common ancestor, who may be Isaac above. Conclusion To reconstruct the lifetime of this John C. Fowler from the various pieces of evidence, we have the following timeline: John Cottle Fowler is born in Canterbury, Conn. on 7 September 1834 to Charles W. Fowler and Sally Herrington (see photograph) Marries Abby Lamb Congdon, Norwich, Conn., 1855 Son Frank Eugene born, 1856 (great-grandfather of the author) (see photo) Listed in 1860 U.S. census, living with Abby, son Frank, and mother-inlaw Mary P. Congdon in Montville, Conn. Enlists in Union Navy in New York, 1861 Involved in battle, with resultant wounds, 1862 Released to Brooklyn, N.Y. Naval Hospital, 1862 Works at Starr Armory, Yonkers, N.Y., 1863 and early 1864 Attempts to re-enlist and is rejected, 1864 Appointed Paymaster’s Clerk aboard Union ship, 1864 Involved in battle (ironclads), with resultant wounds, 1864

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Discharge from military service, 1865 Onset of partial paralysis, 1866 Divorces Abby, 1867 Appears in U.S. census as still living with Congdon family, Montville, Conn., 1870 Abby remarries John Smith, 1873 Marries Fannie Matilda DeMaranville, Greeneville (near Norwich), Conn., 1873 Works at various jobs in Brooklyn, N.Y., 1873 onward Appears in U.S. census as living in Queens, N.Y., 1880 For health reasons, moves with Fannie to Denver, Colo., 1881 Initiates Pension application, 1884 Pension Application denied by federal government, January 1888 Dies in Denver, Colo., 5 May 1888 Is buried in Veteransâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Section of Riverside Cemetery, Denver, Colo., 12 July 1888 (see photograph) Widowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Pension Application approved for Fannie, 1890 Fannie dies, Ellsworth, Kans., 1909. As we come to the end of this twisted trail that puzzled the author for so many years, we ask what we may take from this story. The appropriate

Gravestones for John C. Fowler, Riverside Cemetery, Denver, Colorado

conclusions are probably nothing unique in the annals of genealogy in regard to challenges faced by many genealogists over the years. Among those genealogical principles emerging from this particular story would be: Persist; set problem aside temporarily; then persist again Try multiple strategies: letters, pension files, cemeteries, vital records, censuses, church records, probates, and more

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Examine assumptions critically Partner with fellow genealogists for alternative approaches and brainstorming Search for proof for every assertion Organize data into a pattern Connect the ancestor’s life story with contemporary historical events Submit the data to relatives for critical review, and then revise. The author would like to express hearty appreciation to his mentor, Martha Day, for multiple helpful suggestions and research, as well as to the additional valuable assistance provided by Melvina Brock, first cousins once-removed Allan Eugene Fowler and Alison Fowler Taylor (grandchildren of John C. Fowler’s son Frank Eugene), and Melissa Craven Fowler of Ithaca, N.Y., (whose husband Thomas Fowler probably has a common ancestor with John C., shown by results of Y-DNA testing done by him and the author’s cousin Allan), all during a period of several years. We wish other genealogists well in this never-done pursuit of establishing relationships and descendancies. 1

1860 United States Federal Census, Montville, New London, Connecticut, NARA Roll M653-91, 138. 2 1860 United States Federal Census, Mullins, Cherokee, Georgia, NARA Roll M653-116, 706. 3 Christine Kennedy, The History of the Fowlers, 581. 4 L.R. Henry, Native American Directory, 1998, 25. 5 Report of the Commissioners on the Distribution of Land of the Mohegan Indians, 1861. 6 Indians of Connecticut, Connecticut State Library, 2 volumes. 7 DeForest, History of Indians of Connecticut, 1851, 308-309. 8 W. Love, Samson Occum, New England Historic Genealogical Society. 9 Brotherton Indian Manuscript, MSS 395, from Descents, Vol. 177, New England Historic Genealogical Society. 10 Town Records of Norwich, Conn.; also Connecticut Marriages, 1630-1997, Film No. 1311436. 11 Baldwin Cemetery Records, Canterbury, Conn. 12 Montville, Connecticut Birth Records, Vol. 2, 29. 13 Connecticut Divorces 1719-1910, Heritage Books, 54. 14 Montville, Conn. Probate District, Estate of Frank E. Fowler, No. 434. 15 Family Bible Records, Connecticut State Library, Vol. 8, 11. 16 Christine C. Fowler, History of the Fowlers, 581. 17 1850 U.S. Census, Connecticut, Vol. 5, 18. 18 Barbour Index of Connecticut Records. 19 The American Genealogical Index, Vol. 57. 20 Woodstock Genealogy, Vol. 5, 71. 21 Beem, One Fowler Family, 1942, Daughters of the American Revolution Library, Washington, DC. 22 William C. Fowler, William Fowler, the Magistrate, and One Line of His Descendants, 1867, New England Historic Genealogical Society. 23 H.A. Fowler, An Incomplete Genealogy of the Fowler Family, 1903, New England Historic Genealogical Society.

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Genealogy of the Fowler and Paden Families of England, 1923, New England Historic Genealogical Society. 25 Norwich, Connecticut Vital Records, Registrar’s Office, transcribed 18 Aug 1890; also Connecticut Marriages, 1729-1867, Film Number 1311437. 26 Connecticut Marriages, 1729-1867. 27 George Randall, DeMaranville Genealogy: Descendants of Louis DeMaranville, 1921, 36. 28 United States Navy Widows’ Certificates, John C. Fowler, Certificate 5894, Case Files of Approved Pension Applications of Widows and Other Dependents of Civil War and Later Navy Veterans, 1861-1910, U.S. National Archives. 29 United States Naval Enlistment Rendezvous, 1855-1861, Vol. 14, p. 108. U.S. National Archives, film M1953. 30 Pension File letter from John C. Fowler to Pension File Board, in Pension File for Civil War, 9 March 1886. 31 United States Naval Hospital Tickets and Case Papers, 1825-1889. 32 1880 U.S. census, National Archives Film T9-0918. 33 Letter of Attestation by John C. Fowler, Pension File for John C. Fowler, 1887. 34 Sinkler (Dr.), Attestation letter in Civil War Pension Application File of John C. Fowler, 1884; also, Dr. Beverly Robinson, Case Study of John Fowler, American Journal of Medical Sciences, April 1878, 378-382. 35 Certificate of Death, Board of Health, Denver, Colorado, 12 July 1888. 36 1900 U.S. census, Kansas. 37 1905 Kansas State Census. 38 George Randall, op. cit. 39 Affidavit, U.S. National Archives, Pension File for John C. Fowler, January 1888. 40 Norwich, Conn. Registrar’s Office, Marriage Certificate for John C. Fowler and Fannie M. Demaranville, 30 July 1873. 41 Connecticut, Marriages 1630-1997, Film 1311436. 42 Canterbury, Conn. Vital Records, 1703-1905, Marriage Index. 43 Canterbury, Conn. Vital Records, Vol. 2, 75 (Barbour Collection). 44 Connecticut, Church Record Abstracts, 1630-1920. 45 Connecticut, Births and Christenings, 1649-1906, LDS Batch 7450328. 46 Baldwin Cemetery Records, Canterbury, Conn. 47 Baldwin Cemetery Records, Canterbury, Conn. 48 Connecticut, Town Marriage Records, Pre-1870 (Barbour Collection). 49 1850 U.S. Census, U.S. National Archives, Film M-432; and 1860, U.S. National Archives, Film M-653. 50 Canterbury, Conn. Land Records, Book 21, 471, 472. 51 1870 U.S. census, U.S. National Archives, Film M-593. 52 Baldwin Cemetery Records, Canterbury, Conn. 53 Connecticut Deaths and Burials, 1771-1934, Film 3326. 54 1820 U.S. census, Connecticut. 55 Canterbury, Conn. Land Records, Vol. 19, 483, 525; Vol. 21, 234; Vol. 23, 480, 526. 56 1830 U.S. census, New York State. 57 Baldwin Cemetery, Canterbury, Conn., Fowler plot. 58 U.S. National Archives, Civil War Pension File for Samuel Frank Fowler, Film T-289. 59 A. McAleer, B. Hoffius, D. Nunes, Graveyards of North Kingstown, Rhode Island, 1992; Lots 45, 92, and 95. 60 Ancestry and Descendants of the Isaac Fowler Family of Rhode Island, New England Historic Genealogical Society, MSS A-5819. 61 Family Tree DNA Report, June 4, 2014.

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

Eastham Land Records 1650 - 1745 For John Doane 1590 - 1685 Thomas Paine 1612 - 1706 Thomas Prence 1600 – 1678 by Robert P. Carlson This article is based on land record information found using the Index to Eastham Land Records. The first of two installments of the index is included in this issue of the Journal. The indexed records are PDF files containing scanned images of the record pages. Five out of thirty six PDF files contain land records. These five PDF files contain about 1,350 handwritten pages of land records. For index purposes, the five PDF files have been assigned letters as follows: A. Births, Marriages, Deaths 1649 - 1755, Land Grants 1659 – 1710 M. Land Grants 1659 - 1710, Militia 1865 P. Meetings c 1600 – 1700 S. Land Grant Transcriptions Book 1 C. 1654 -1743 T. Land Grants 1711 – 1745 These are the same letter designations as used for the previously published indexes to early Eastham birth, marriage and death records. Files A and P were transcribed up to 1692 by Jeremy Bangs in his book The Town Records of Eastham during the Time of Plymouth Colony 1620 – 1692. Land was granted by decision of Town Meeting. These meetings consisted of a small group of men. There were twenty-nine freemen recorded in Eastham in 1655, sixty-two freemen in 1670 and 113 freemen in 1695. The land information for each individual is presented in chronological order by year with PDF file and page references. If both old style and new style year are given in the records, new style year is used here. Modern spelling is used for names and places. For reference, an acre in the 1600s is about the same as an acre today. A pole is 16.5 feet.

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John Doane â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Eastham Land Records 1650 - 1745 John Doane arrived in Plymouth Colony from England about 1630 at age forty. He had large land holdings in Plymouth before coming to Eastham (Nauset) in 1644. He was one of the leaders of the first group of Eastham settlers. He held offices in both Plymouth Colony and in the town of Eastham. In Eastham his positions included Deacon of the Church, Deputy to the Court and Selectman. He was appointed to committees for laying out land boundaries and settling land disputes. He died in 1685 and is buried in Eastham Cove Burying Ground. A monument for John Doane was placed in Cove by his descendants in 1907. 1648 John Doane and Daniel Cole exchanged about five acres of meadowland. Mr. Doane received land at the head of Boat Meadow. Mr. Cole received land near Johnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Field. PDF P9. 1659 Granted to John Doane three quarters of an acre of marsh next to other Doane land and next to land of Samuel Hix. The land now lawfully possessed by Daniel Cole. PDF A148, M210, S21. Granted to John Doane four acres now lawfully possessed by Daniel Cole. PDF A148, M210, S21. Granted to John Doane seven acres for a house lot near the Cove and near the Little Swamp. PDF A174, M73, S15. Granted to John Doane and John Doane Jr. forty five acres on Pochet on the east side of the Great Dry Swamp. PDF A174, M74, S27. Granted to John Doane about thirteen acres on Pochet east of Thomas Prince land and bordering Job Cook land near the Swamp and the Cove. PDF A174, M74, S27. Granted to John Doane a parcel of meadow containing about three acres on the south side of Boat Meadow bounded by land of Richard Sparrow on one side and land of Job Cole on the other side. PDF A174, M74. Granted to John Doane a parcel of meadow containing about two acres at Boat Meadow bounded between land of Edward Bangs and Samuel Hix. PDF A174, M74, S28. Granted to John Doane a parcel of meadow containing about one and a half acres at Common Cove in the Boat Meadow bounded between land of Edward Bangs and Samuel Hix. PDF A174, M74, S28. Granted to John Doane a parcel of meadow containing about one and one half acres at Billingsgate adjoining the meadow of Steven Wood and bounded by a stake at the head of the Creek and a marked tree. PDF A174, M75, S28.

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

Granted to John Doane a parcel of meadow containing about two acres lying in the Second Meadow at Blackfish River and lying between land of John Rogers and Mr. Snow. PDF A174, M75, S28. 1662 At Town Meeting Thomas Prence, John Doane, Edward Bangs, Nicholas Snow, Josiah Cooke, Richard Higgins, Joseph Rogers, Daniel Cole, John Smally, Job Cole and Robert Wixam jointly resolved that Lieutenant’s Island would not be granted to anyone without joint consent “to some public use.” PDF P23. Granted to John Doane swampland bounded by stakes next to his house. PDF P23. 1664 Granted to John Doane three quarters of an acre of meadow at the head of Boat Meadow next to land of Robert Wixam. PDF P3. 1666 Granted to John Doane the eighth lot next to land of Richard Higgens and Josiah Cook near the Creek and Salt Pond. PDF A230, M40. 1667 Granted to John Doane about ten acres of upland at Little Billingsgate on the north side of Duck Creek and next to about ten acres of upland granted to Daniel Cole. PDF A147, M205, S46. 1671 Granted to John Doane fifteen acres of meadow formerly granted to John Yates on the southwest side of Rock Harbor Meadow next to meadow of Giles Hopkins. PDF A173, M72, S39, S47. 1673 Granted to John Doane about ten acres of upland at the neck of Billingsgate River and Duck Creek. This land is next to ten acres granted to Thomas Prence. The land now lawfully possessed by John Mayo. PDF A167, M235. Granted to John Doane about twelve acres of upland next to the Rabbit Swamp. The land is easterly 48 pole (792 feet) and northerly 40 pole (660 feet) and bounded by four marked white oak trees. PDF M176, S36. 1677 John Doane and nine others each purchased eight acre lots of upland from Thomas Prence beginning at the southerly end of Pochet Island. The Doane land is next to eight acre lots of Josiah Cooke and Nicholas Snow. PDF A230, M40, M41, S105. 1683 Granted to John Doane four acres of meadow at Little Billingsgate running downward between the upland and the Herring River. PDF A173, M72, S39. The land grants to John Doane described here amount to about 120 acres. John Doane died in 1685. By the time he died, the following Doanes also had received land grants – Daniel, Ephraim, John Jr., Jonathan and Stephen. By 1745 fifteen more Doanes had received Eastham land grants.

Volume 5, No. 1 [Spring 2015]

Thomas Paine – Eastham Land Records 1650 - 1745 Thomas Paine arrived in Plymouth Colony from England in 1635 at age twenty-three. By 1639 he was working as a carpenter in Yarmouth. His first wife Elizabeth (1616 - 1645) died in Yarmouth shortly after birth of their second child. About 1648 Thomas married Mary Snow (1630 - 1704) of Eastham. Mary was the daughter of Nicholas Snow (1599 - 1676), a founder of Eastham, and Constance Hopkins (1605 - 1677), a Mayflower passenger as a teenager. Thomas and Mary had nine children. Mary died in 1704 and Thomas died in 1706. Thomas, Mary and her parents Nicholas and Constance Snow all most likely are buried in unmarked graves in Cove Burying Ground in Eastham. Thomas owned horses and cattle but his primary occupation was building windmills and watermills including the windmill which stands today on the Town Green in Eastham. He held several responsible town positions including Constable, Surveyor of Highways, Sealer, Deputy, Selectman and Rate Maker. He served multiple one year terms for several of these positions. He often was appointed to committees for laying out land boundaries and settling land disputes and to special projects such as building a new meeting house in 1678. 1658 Granted to Thomas Paine meadowland at Boat Meadow abutting the meadows of Joseph Harding and Thomas Williams. PDF P19. 1659 Granted to Thomas Paine three quarters of an acre of meadow at Billingsgate now lawfully possessed by John Mayo. The property runs from Mark Snow’s boundary to a marked pine tree at the mouth of the brook. PDF A110, M237, S27. Thomas Paine purchased from William Walker four acres for a house lot near land of Thomas Rogers and near the south side of the swamp. The northwest and southwest corners of the property were marked by a great white oak and a white oak blown over. PDF A185, M91, M102, S6. Granted to Thomas Paine fifteen acres of upland at Pochet next to Nicholas Snow’s land and near the Cove. Bounds are defined by marked white oak trees. PDF A193, M102, S10. Granted to Thomas Paine two and one quarter acres at Boat Meadow bounded by John Jenkins property on one side and Thomas Williams property on the other side and running to the creek. PDF A193, M102, S11. Granted to Thomas Paine three quarters of an acre at Rock Harbor. The property was near the head of the creek and bounded by the creek and by property of Daniel Cole. PDF A193, M102.

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1660 Granted to Thomas Paine a parcel of upland and swamp lying between land which Paine bought from William Walker and Nicholas Snow’s fence. PDF A193, M102, S11. 1669 Thomas Paine sold to John Freeman five acres of upland lying by the pond near the bounds of the Indian Lands at Saquatucket. PDF M38. 1670 Granted to Thomas Paine twelve more acres for a total of twenty acres at Great Namskaket. This grant was because his great lot was not so good land and was ten acres short. The land was on the south side of Great Namskaket next to land of Nicholas Snow. PDF M38, M39. Thomas Paine sold to John Freeman five acres of upland lying on the southwesterly side of Namskaket. The land is near land of Lt. Joseph Rogers and Mark Snow. The land is forty pole (660 feet) in length and near a little swamp and the cartway. PDF M38. 1672 Granted to Thomas Paine five acres adjoining his lot by the seaside near the Indian Land at Saquatucket. The land now lawfully possessed by John Mayo. PDF M39. 1673 Granted to Thomas Paine ten acres on the northwest side of Duck Creek at Little Billingsgate now lawfully possessed by John Mayo. PDF A110. Granted to Thomas Paine a neck of upland next to his fifteen acres at Pochet. The land is next to Young’s Cove. PDF A193. 1677 Thomas Paine sold fifteen acres at Pochet to John Young for nine pounds. The land borders land of Nicholas Snow and is near the Cove. PDF A244, M242, S44. Thomas Paine purchased from Thomas Brewster eight acres of upland near the southerly end of Pochet. His land is between eight-acre lots purchased from Brewster by Richard Higgins and by Joseph Rogers. The Paine lot is marked with a rock and a square piece of timber. PDF M40, S105. Granted to Thomas Paine a one and one half acre lot near the Indian Lands in the Satucket area. The Paine land is next to land owned by Giles Hopkins. PDF M263. Granted to Thomas Paine five or six acres of land about the Muddy Pond above Daniel Cole’s land. PDF P40. 1680 Granted to Thomas Paine six acres near John Doane’s tar kiln. The property was near the Cedar Swamp and on the highway from Town to the head of Great Namskaket. Two red oaks, a white oak and a pine tree were marked to define the boundaries. PDF A123. 1684 Granted Thomas Paine about twenty-six acres of upland on the northerly side of Kescayoganset River and pond. Boundaries were marked

Volume 5, No. 1 [Spring 2015]

by a great branched white oak, a stone set in the ground, a small white oak tree and the river and pond. PDF A193, M103. Granted to Thomas Paine a parcel of sedge next to property of Jonathan Jenkins and between two Sampson’s Islands on the southern side of Pochet. PDF A193, M103. These two 1684 grants were in consideration of the great costs Thomas Paine had building two gristmills for the use of the Town. PDF A193, M103. 1689 Thomas Paine sold to John Freeman five acres of upland by the pond at Satucket near the Indian Lands. PDF M38. 1700 Granted to Thomas Paine all the common meadow at Boat Meadow between the meadow of Capt. Samuel Freeman and the lower end of the lots of meadow called the Acres. PDF P93. 1703 Granted to Thomas Paine a parcel of meadow next to the creek at the southern end of Pochet Island. The meadow is defined by stakes 50 pole (825 feet) by 14 pole (231 feet). PDF A270, M147. Granted to Thomas Paine, Jonathan Sparrow Jr. and Joshua Higgins a parcel of land at Pochet high meadow near the beach. The meadow is defined by stakes 66 pole (1,089 feet) by 12 pole (198 feet). PDF A275, M157. Granted to Thomas Paine a parcel of land in the middle flat of the town flats bounded by lots of Jeremiah Smith, Joseph Myrick and Thomas Rogers. The parcel is defined by stakes and runs east west 6 pole (99 feet) and north south 104 pole (1,716 feet). PDF A279, M165, S51. 1706 Granted to Thomas Paine two parcels of land near other Paine land at Kescayoganset in exchange for three parcels of Paine land on Sampson’s Island. One parcel is at the northerly end of the island and two parcels are at the southerly end of the island. This land was to become Town Common land for the town to “quietly and peaceably enjoy.” PDF A289, M53. 1707 Granted to Thomas Paine a lot of six acres from a marked tree at the little maple swamp to another marked tree running six acres into the woods. This grant apparently was recorded after Thomas Paine died. PDF S104, S105. The land grants to Thomas Paine described here amount to about 150 acres. Thomas Paine died in 1706. By the time he died, six of his seven sons also had received land grants. By 1745 seven more Paines had received Eastham land grants.

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

Thomas Prence – Eastham Land Records 1650 -1745 The early records use the spelling Prince until about 1660 when Prence became the common spelling. Thomas Prince arrived in Plymouth Colony from England in 1621. For many years he was Assistant to Governor William Bradford. He was elected Governor for annual terms in 1634 and 1638. He was leader of the group of forty-nine from Plymouth who moved to Eastham (Nauset) in 1644. Thomas Prince was elected Governor of the Colony again in 1657 upon the death of Governor Bradford. He received permission to govern from Eastham. He was re-elected annually for fifteen years until 1672. He governed from Eastham until 1665 when he moved back to Plymouth. He died in 1678 and is buried in Plymouth. 1653 Thomas Prince, William Bradford and other partners purchased a tract of land from Wono and his son Sachamus, Sachems of Sautucket. The land was in the Manamoyst and Namskaket part of Sautucket. The record refers to “lands, ponds, brooks, swamps, timber, etc.” The purchase must have included hundreds of acres. PDF A226. 1658 Granted to Thomas Prince his proportion of land due him laid out at Tonset. PDF P19. 1659 Granted to Thomas Prince ten acres of upland and two and a half acres of marsh at Pochet. The land is next to the Indian fields and is bounded by marked trees, a stake and John Doane’s fence and the land runs to the Cove. PDF A132, M187, S17. Granted to Thomas Prince thirty acres of upland in the Tonset section of Pochet. The land is between the two Coves at the head of Mill Pond and includes a neck on the Pochet side at the mouth of Mill Pond. PDF A132, M187, S16. Granted to Thomas Prince a house lot and Mr. Prince purchased Josiah Cook’s adjoining house lot. Twenty acres of upland and two and one half acres were included in the property. The property was northwest of the meeting house with the Cove on the easterly and southerly side, the common highway on the westerly side and the town brook on the northerly side. PDF A132, M187. Granted to Thomas Prince eight acres of upland at Great Namskaket. The land was bounded by the marsh, the Dry Swamp and the land of Richard Sparrow and Edward Bangs. PDF A132, M188. Granted to Thomas Prince five acres of meadow at Great Namskatet bounded by the meadow of Edward Bangs and the creek next to Daniel Cole. PDF A132, M187, S17.

Volume 5, No. 1 [Spring 2015]

Granted to Thomas Prince four acres on the south side of Boat Meadow containing a parcel of reeds lying up in a cove. PDF A134, M189, S17. Granted to Thomas Prince two acres of meadow at the Common Cove in Boat Meadow bounded between property of Nicholas Snow and Samuel Hicks. PDF A134, M189, S17. Granted to Thomas Prince six acres at John’s Field beginning at the northern side of the Wolves Den now lawfully possessed by Daniel Cole. PDF A148, M209, S21. Granted to Thomas Prince three acres at the Wolves Den on the southerly side of John’s Field now lawfully possessed by Daniel Cole. The property adjoins his other six acres. The southeast corner of the property is next to the Swamp. PDF A148, M209, S21. 1662 Thomas Prence gave and granted to son-in-law Samuel Freeman and his wife Mercy Prence Freeman the house and land where the Freemans lived. Mr. Prence had previously purchased the property from Josiah Cook. The property was at Tonset. Mr. Prence reserved the right of free access from his property at Tonset through the Freeman land to the water and the Freemans were granted access through the Prence land to the common highway. PDF A131. 1665 Granted to Thomas Prence two acres of meadow at a place called by the Indians Poteponotucksett. The property was between property of John Smalley and Daniel Cole. PDF A134, M189, S17. 1670 Granted to Thomas Prence twenty acres where he thought most convenient that was not already laid out. This was because his great lot at Namskaket had not been as good land as others and was ten acres short. Ten acres of the twenty acres were granted on the south side of Namskaket beginning at Nicholas Snow’s eastern bound mark and running east to a marked red oak and then runnnig south to a marked maple in a little swamp and then running west to Nicholas Snow’s range. PDF A228. 1672 Five acres of the twenty acres granted in 1670 were laid out by Mr. Prence next to the ten acres laid out in 1670 and next to land belonging to Joseph Rogers. PDF A228. The other five acres from the twenty acres granted in 1670 were laid out by Prence next to his lot at the sea next to the Indians at Sautucket. PDF A228. 1673 Granted to Thomas Prence and John Doane twenty acres of upland to bedivided equally at a neck where Billingsgate River joined Duck Creek. The land now lawfully possessed by John Mayo.PDF A167, S55.

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Granted to Thomas Prence four acres of meadow at Little Billingsgate on the hither side of the first river running to the fresh river. The land now lawfully possessed by John Mayo. PDF A167. Granted to Thomas Prence a parcel of upland on the northeast side of Long Pond. The land now lawfully possessed by John Mayo. PDF A167, M235. 1676 Granted to Thomas Prence two acres or upland next to land of Joseph Rogers and next to the Little Creek. The land now lawfully possessed by John Freeman. PDF M281, M282. 1677 Granted to Thomas Prence about one and one half acres of land on the southerly side of Namskaket River. The land was eight poles (132 feet) wide on the inland side and broader than eight poles next to the river. The land was one of ten grants at the river and was located between grants to Giles Hopkins and Daniel Cole. PDF A239, M263, S79. 1680 This appears to be a recording of deeds related to the 1653 land purchase from the Indians. Land the Purchasers bought from the Indians at Satucket and Namskaket was partially distributed in ten lots. Thomas Prence received the eighth lot running from a tree marked in the little Maple Swamp to another marked tree running six acres in length into the woods. The lots are deeded to the person, their heirs, executors, administrators or assignees forever. This apparently was recorded after Prence had died. PDF A227, M37. Land outside the Indian bounds which extends from the sea side and little pond eastward to a marked red oak and then northward to a marked tree is granted one half to William Bradford and Thomas Prence and the other half to Joseph Rogers. This appears to be a recording of an earlier land grant. PDF A227, M38. The land grants to Thomas Prence listed here amount to about 140 acres. No other Prence family land grants were found in the records.

Volume 5, No. 1 [Spring 2015]

Eastham Digitized Vital Records Land Records Index 1650 to 1745 by Robert P. Carlson Introduction The Eastham digitized old records include five PDF files, which contain scanned images of about 1,350 record pages containing land records from 1650 to 1745. There are a total of thirty-six PDF files in the Eastham digitized records. This is the first of two installments of a land records index covering 1650 to 1745. This installment indexes names A - K. Names L - Z will be indexed in a later issue of the Journal. For index purposes, the five PDF files have been assigned letters. A. Births, Marriages, Deaths 1649 - 1755, Land Grants 1659 - 1710 M. Land Grants 1659 - 1710, Militia 1865 P. Meetings c 1600 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1770 S. Land Grant Transcriptions Book 1 C. 1654 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1743 T. Land Grants 1711 - 1745 These are the same letter designations as used for previously published indexes to early Eastham birth, marriage and death records. Files A and P were transcribed up to 1692 by Jeremy Bangs. The transcriptions are in his book The Town Records of Eastham during the Time of Plymouth Colony 1620 - 1692. Confirm the Index Information By Inspecting the PDF Pages Some of the years are uncertain because of the organization of the records and most pages are difficult to read. There will be some errors in the index. Confirm the index information by viewing the referenced PDF file pages. Records Availability The Eastham digitized records can be purchased from the Eastham Town Clerk. Name Atkins Henry

John

Year PDF Page 1659 1660 1700 1702 1703

M64 M221 A168, M65 M141 A280, M168, S85

Name Year Atkins (continued) Joseph 1703 1711 1714 1715 1743 Nathaniel 1700 1703 1711

PDF Page A283, M33 T66, T89 T189 T251, T289, T317 T344 A111, M238, S56 A278, M164, S85 T169

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Name Year Atkins (continued) Nathaniel 1700 1703 1711 Atwood/Attwood Widow Ann 1711 Ebenezer 1743 Daniel 1711 1715 David 1715 Ebenezer 1711 Eldad 1692 1703 Eliezer

Isaac Israel James Jesse John

Joseph

Joseph Jr. Joshua Modad Nathaniel Richard Stephen

1711 1715 1743 1711 1715 1743 1743 1743 1711 1715 1720 1743 1711 1715 1743 1711 1711 1715 1711 1715 1743 1743 1654 1659

1665 1668 1673

PDF Page A111, M238, S56 A278, M164, S85 T169

Name Year PDF Page Atwood/Attwood (continued) Stephen (continued) 1674 A284, M287 1675 P33 1677 A188, M96, M101, Z38, S43 1678 A119, M112, S36, S44 1680 P43 1694 M218 1700 A249, M249, S71 1703 A122, M172, P109, S95 1711 T67, T88, T130 1715 T233, T266 Stephen Jr. 1686 A151, M214, S59 1703 M33 William 1743 T345

T96 T345 T86, T131 T242, T270 T290 T174 A234, M287 A118, A283, M276, P109, S82 T90 T253, T300 T345 T150 T291 Baker T346 Francis 1659 T345 1664 T345 Isaac 1711 T57, T90 1715 T247, T249, T290 James 1659 T324 T345 Bangs/Banges T77, T168 Edward 1658 T202, T265 1659 T346 T87 T90, T173 1661 T256, T300 1665 T89, T146 T247, T249, T290 1670 T346 1674 T345 1675 P8 1677 A114, A189, M96, M97, M202, S8, S20 1678 A188, M95, S43 1680 A195, M126, S34 1685 P32 1690 1696 1705

A199, M85, M111 A203, M117 T166 T294 M111

P15 A183, M88, M89, M123, M197, M208, M209,S5, S6 P22 A182, A229, M44, M87, S4 A182, M87, S4, S6 M124 S58 A231, A238, M40, M41, M263, S80, S105 M273 A227 M87 A184, M90 M280, S64 M37

Volume 5, No. 1 [Spring 2015] Name Year PDF Page Bangs/Banges (continued) Edward (continued) 1707 S104 1745 T350 1746 T350 John 1659 A209, M123, S13, S14 1661 A209 1668 M124 1674 M124 1675 A209, M124 1703 A271, A276, M148, M159, S88 Jonathan 1677 M255, M261, S78 1680 A242 1682 A243, M241 1685 A182, M87, S5 1694 M245, M246, S62 1695 M254, M255 1696 A254 Joshua 1678 A116, M273, S48 1695 A116, M273, P72 1696 M285, S67 1697 A261 1702 S90, S91 1703 A267, P107 Bills Thomas

1675 P33 1678 A141, M270 1679 A141, M270, P42, S49 1681 P45

Bishop/Beeshope Richard 1654 P8 1659 A181, M85, M111, S29, T325 1660 S29 1664 S11 1666 A156, M85, M221, S32 1681 M85 1700 A177, M78

Name Bradford John William

Brewster Thomas Brown Benjamin David David Jr. Ebenezer George

George Jr.

James

Year PDF Page 1668 M106 1653 A226 1659 A130, M97, M184, M185, M208, S15, S16 1664 A130, M185, S29 1665 A229, M44 1666 A181 1667 S33 1669 A110 1675 S58 1677 A237, M207 1680 A227 1686 A130, M186 1705 M37, M38 1707 S104 1677 M40, S105

1743 1743 1743 1743 1703 1704 1705 1711 1715 1743 1711 1715 1743 1711 1715

James Jr. Jesse John

1738 1743 1711 1743 1695

Joseph

1711 1715 1743

T345 T346 T345 T346 M39 P114 A230, M39, P121 T86, T124 T246, T303 T345 T86, T111 T231, T276 T346 T90, T164 T245, T256, T299, T303 T260, T340 T344 T126 T345 A249, M248, P72, S63 T87, T122 T248, T283 T345

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

Name Year Brown (continued) Joshua 1711 1715 1743 Samuel 1703 1710 1711 1715 1722 1743 Samuel Jr. 1711 1715 Thomas 1743 Thomas Jr. 1743 William 1672 1696 1699 1700 1711 1715 1743 William Jr. 1743 Clark Thomas

1659 1664 1672 1673 1675 1677 1679 1680

1682 1683 1696 1705 1707 Cole/Colle/Coole Aphia 1659 Daniel 1648 1654 1656 1658

PDF Page T135 T246, T283 T345 A167, M236 A225, M32, S102 T88, T136 T250, T302 T325 T345 T151 T193, T280 T346 T344 A124, A125, M178, S37, S38 P75 P85 A265, M135, S92 T89, T127 T239, T285 T345 T345

M208 A229, M43, M44 M42 A232 S58 A238, M261, S79 M114, M115 A201, A227, A242, A243, M116, M190 A243, M241 A202, M116 M281, S64 M37 S104 A199 P9 P8, P9 P6, P7 A214, P10, P15

Name Year PDF Page Cole/Colle/Coole (continued) Daniel (continued) 1659 A150, M88, M212, M213, P20, S21, S22 1664 P3 1665 A147, A149, M205, M211, S31 1666 A147, M205, M206, M207, S47 1672 M227 1675 S58 1676 A236, M281 1677 A239, M261, M263, S79 1680 A227, A242 1682 A149, A243, M241 1684 A149, M212, S59 1694 M245, S62 1695 M254, M 258, S76 1696 A256, M283, S64 1702 P102 1703 A181, M86, S41 1711 T42, T46, T88, T89 1715 T234, T267 1743 T341 Daniel Jr. 1694 P65 1696 P75 1711 T142 1715 T304 1743 T345 David 1715 T255, T291 Ebenezer 1715 T291 1743 T341 Elisha 1711 T89, T137 1715 T255, T301 1743 T345 Elisha Jr. 1743 T345 Gershom 1743 T341 James 1715 T258, T264 Issac 1711 T53 1743 T341 Israel 1695 M258 1702 S90, S91

Volume 5, No. 1 [Spring 2015] Name Year PDF Page Cole/Colle/Coole (continued) Israel (continued) 1703 A267, A273, A277, M153, M162, S86, S98 1711 T87 1715 T205, T270, T308 1721 T324 1743 T341 1745 T347 Israel Jr. 1711 T87, T162 1715 T205, T283 1743 T341 Job 1656 P7 1659 A187, M93, M94, S7 1665 A187, M94, S7 1667 A187, M94, S7 1674 A186, M92, M93, S42 1677 A186, M93, S42 1683 S42 1695 P74 1696 A260, S66 1745 T350 1746 T350 John 1703 A181, A276, M86, M160, S41, S87 1706 A285, M46 1711 T34, T87 1715 T268 1716 T312 1743 T341 John Jr. 1693 M203, P63, S54 1699 A115, M204, P86, S54 1703 A280, M168, P107, S84 1711 T15, T87, T176 1715 T192, T203, T208, T269, T275 1716 T311 1743 T341 Jonathan 1743 T346

Name Joseph

Year PDF Page 1703 A276, M149, M160, S87 1711 T35 1712 T35 1715 T213, T279 1732 T331 1743 T341 Joseph Jr. 1743 T341 Joshua 1715 T242 1743 T341 Josiah 1665 M29 1677 M41 Samuel 1656 P7 1677 A142, M277, P39 1695 M254, S74 1696 A253 1743 T341 Silvenus 1743 T341 Thomas 1672 A120, M240 1673 A120, M240 1692 M67 1700 M275, P100 1703 M151 1711 T87, T114, T182 1715 T267 Timothy 1672 A124, M178 1680 A201, A202, M116 1681 A141, M271, S82 1683 A202, M116 1688 A212, M128 1691 S94 1693 M204 1703 M164, S85 1711 T89, T147 1715 T206, T238, T257, T297, T302, T309 1732 T331 1743 T341 Timothy Jr 1711 T41, T87 William 1711 T89, T148 1715 T256, T301 1703 T324 1743 T345

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

Name Year Colliar/Collier Thomas 1672 William 1665 1705 1707

PDF Page S35 A229, M44 M37 S104

Collins/Collens/Collons John 1698 A260, M284, S66 1711 T64, T86 1715 T237, T257, T278 Jonathan 1715 T240 1716 T313 Joseph 1681 A282, M170, P44, S83 1696 A282, M171, P75, S95 1703 A282, M171, S95 1711 T86, T120, T125 1715 T240, T278 Joseph Jr. 1711 T86 1715 T239, T269 Prince 1738 T337 1743 T346 Cook/Cooke Barnabas 1743 Benjamin 1711 1715 1738 1743 Caleb 1703 1711 1743 Joseph 1673 1711 1743 Joshua 1711 1715 Josiah 1659

T345 T86, T141 T286, T232 T337 T345 M119 T90, T93 T346 M267 T88 T344 T86, T140 T286 A112, A132, A138, A156, A190, M85, M97, M98, M99, M111, M187, M194, M199, M220, S11, S18, S19, S24 1660 S29

Name Year PDF Page Cook/Cooke (continued Josiah (continued) 1662 A131, M195, P23 1664 A203, M117, M195, S11 1665 A126, A138, A223, A230, M195, S30 1666 A126, M180, S32 1667 A138, S33 1668 A195, M105 1669 A126 1672 M227 1673 A122, M171, S3 1677 M40, M181, S105 1681 P45 1694 M245, S62 1695 A250, M249, M254, M257, S71, S76 1696 A256 1699 M284, S67 1700 A261 1703 A167, M175, M236, S56 1710 A179, M81, M82 1711 T74, T90 1715 T236, T71 Josiah Jr. 1673 M171, S3 1699 M284 Nathaniel 1743 T346 Richard 1695 A248, M247, P72 1711 T90, T95, T132 1712 T132 1715 T240, T272 1743 T344, T346 Richard 3d 1743 T345 Crispe George

Zebulon

1658 P19 1659 A183, A189, A197, M88, M97, M109, S5, S8 1703 M145 1691 M104, S101

Volume 5, No. 1 [Spring 2015] Name Crosby Thomas

Crowell John Dean Eliser Israel Stephen

Year PDF Page 1666 A140, M268, M269 1673 A120, M240, S61 1703 A272

Name Year Doane (continued) Isaac 1698 1711 1715 1743 Israel 1703

1715 T277

1705 1707 1703 1664 1665 1667 1680

M37, M38 S105 A276 M117 A229, M43, M44 A239 A227, S52

John

1662 1664 1666 1667 1671

Dillingham John 1667 A144, M271, S33 Doane Daniel

1711 1715 1743 1648 1659

1673 1677 1678 1681 1703

1708 1711 1743 David 1703 1704 1711 1715 1743 Ebenezer 1703 Edmond 1743 Elijah 1743 Elisha 1743 Elisha Jr 1743 Elnathan 1743 Ephraim 1677 1696

A118, M275, P39 A118, M276, S48 P45 A122, A272, A277, M151, M162, S48, S86 M172, M173 T30 T341 S96 A215, M21 T67, T89 T233, T266 T346 M33 T341 T341 T345 T341 T341 A128, M183, S48 P75

1677

John Jr.

1683 1659 1672 1673 1692 1694 1695

1696 1700 1702

1711 1712 1715 1743

PDF Page A261, M285, S67 T25, T89 T243, T280 T345 A268, M143, M159, S88 T14, T87, T315 T208, T79 T341 P9 A148, A174, M73, M74, M75, M210, S15, S21, S27, S28 P23 P3 A230, M40 A147, M205, S46 A173, M72, S39, S47 A167, M176, M235, S36 A230, M40, M41, S105 A173, M72, S39 A174, M74, S27 A124, M178 M175, M176, S36 M176, M177 S62 M254, M255, M256, M257, P70, S76 A255, P75 M134 A173, A175, M72, M73, M75, P100,S28, S39, S40 T49, T86, T90, T145 T49 T254, T258, T287, T290 T346

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

Name Year Doane (continued) Jonathan 1659 1743 Joseph 1689 1700

PDF Page

Name Year PDF Page Eastham, Town of Boundaries M123 1682 M266 T346 1699 M170 (Harwich) A117, M275, S81 1702 M138 A117, M275, P88, 1705 A289, A290, M54, S82 M55, M56 (Harw.) 1702 S90, S91 1712 T9, T320 (Truro) 1703 A267, A270, A273, 1725 T329 (Truro) M146, M161, S86, 1746 T349 (Harwich) S87 1747 T349 (Truro) 1706 A286, M47, M48 Burying Place 1668 P5 1711 T13, T69, T89 1686 P50 1715 T192, T204, T268 Common Meadow 1722 T312, T325 1702 M140, M141 Joseph Jr. 1715 T205, T292 1703 P109, P110, P111 1743 T345 1711 T86 Joshua 1743 T341 1719 T322 Knowles 1711 T79 1732 T352 Nathaniel 1711 T24, T87, T168 1733 T352 1715 T216, T280 1734 T351 1743 T341 1738 T339 Prince 1743 T344 1743 T342, T343 Samuel 1700 M134, S93 1744 T348 1703 A280, M167, S84 Meeting House/Ministry 1711 T14, T56, T72. T89, 1644 A107, M267 T90 1662 A107, A190, M97 1715 T235, T266 1678 P39, P40 1743 T346 1681 P43 Samuel Jr. 1743 T346 1691 P59, P60 Simeon 1743 T346 1695 M118 Solomon 1743 T346 1700 P88 Stephen 1677 M262 M263, S79, 1703 M125, M126, S80 M127, S50, S51 1696 M280, S64 1711 T36, T133, T178 Thomas 1703 A279, M167, S84 1715 T178, T179, T316 1711 T88 1719 T321, T322, T323 1712 T85 1740 T138 1715 T192, T240, T275 Ways 1721 T319 1716 T309 1725 T329 1729 T331, T332 Dunham 1732 T332, T334 Bennaiah 1662 A217, M22 1733 T333 1666 A217, M22 1735 T335, T338 1667 P27 1739 T336 1674 A216 1743 T342 1693 M23

Volume 5, No. 1 [Spring 2015]

Name Year PDF Page Name Year PDF Page Eastham, Town of (continued) Freeman (continued) Ways (continued) John (continued) 1744 T348 1683 A134, M189, S53 1746 T349 1689 M38 1694 A246, M245, M246, Eldredge/Eldridge Elisha 1709 A146, M205, S80 S62 1711 T155 1695 M254, M255, S75 1715 T287, T299 1696 A254, P75 1702 M153 Freeman Barnabas 1743 T344 1703 M163, M166, S85 Constant 1703 A279, M167 1705 M38 Ebenezer 1711 T87, T98 1711 T88, T115 1715 T255 1715 T193, T288 1721 T324 1743 T344 1734 T191 John Jr. 1725 T329 1740 T176 1743 T346 1743 T345 John 3d. 1743 T344 Ebenezer Jr. Nathaniel 1700 P88 1743 T345 1703 A274, A276, M154, Edmond, Edmund M159, S88, S97 1703 A279 1711 T88, T113 1710 A171, M69 1715 T226, T282, T304, 1711 T87, T101 T307 1715 T195, T295, T308 1722 T328 1743 T341, T345 1743 T344 Eliezer 1743 T344 Nathaniel Jr. 1743 T344 Isaac 1711 T87, T102 Samuel 1659 A195, P20 1715 T193, T280 1668 A124, M106, M177, James 1743 T346 S33, S34, S37 John 1656 P6 1669 A124, M177, S34 1659 A136, M191, M192, 1694 M245, S62 M224, S17, S18, 1695 M23, M254 S24 1696 P75 1660 M219 1697 S50 1661 A137, M193, P22 1700 A220, M25 1662 A217, M22, P23 1705 P116 1665 A223 1711 T20, T65, T70, T87 1667 A137, M192, S33 1713 T65 1669 A137, M193, M229 1715 T192, T223, T268 1676 M282 Samuel Jr. 1662 A131 1677 A231, M41, P38, 1685 A143, M279, P50, S105 S81 1678 A137, M193 1697 A143, M279 1680 A135, M190, M191, 1711 T88 S52, S80 1682 M241

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

Name Year PDF Page Freeman (continued) Samuel Jr. (continued) 1715 T199, T230, T268 1743 T346 George Stephen

1680 M173

Harding Abia, Abiah 1703 1711 1715 1722 1743 Cornelius 1743 Ebenezer 1743 Ezekiel 1743 Isaac 1743 Jesse 1743 John 1703

John Jr. Joseph

1743 1743 1659 1668 1681 1695 1702

Josiah

Joshua

1711 1743 1703 1711 1715 1722 1743 1702 1703

1704 1710 1711 1715

Name Year PDF Page Harding (continued) Maziah 1700 M135, S92 1710 A196, M107, S101 1711 T58, T90 1715 T210, T281 Mia 1703 M119 Nathaniel 1703 A121, M239, S57 Samuel 1711 T89, T134 1715 T244, T281, T306 1743 T346 Hedge Samuel 1711 T180 1715 T271

A205, M119 T87, T144 T244, T284 T327 T345 T344 Higgins/Higens T346 Benjamin 1669 A198, M110 T345 1670 S34 T345 1672 M113 T345 1673 A199, M111, A167, A195, M236, M112, S36 S56 1675 A172 T344 1677 A199, M112 T345 1678 A199, M112, S44 A195, M105, S21 1679 A200 A195, M105, M106, 1681 A171, M68 S33, S34 1690 A198, M111 P45 1703 A197, M109 M23 1711 T87, T99 A196, M108, M139, 1715 T193, T298 S100 1741 T160 T90, T108 1745 T350 T345 1746 T350 A204, M118 Benjamin Jr. 1743 T346 T89, T143 Benjamin 3d.1743 T341 T227, T275 Beriah 1743 T346 T325 David 1743 T344 T346 Ebenezer 1743 T346 M138, S91 Ebenezer Jr. 1743 T341 A266, A270, M147, Elisabeth (wife of Jonathan) M158, P105, 1673 M266, S3 S88 1674 A241 P114 Elisha 1703 A134, M190 A180, M83, M84 1704 A134, M190, S80 T54, T87 1705 S80 T224, T281

Volume 5, No. 1 [Spring 2015] Name Year PDF Page Higgins/Higens (continued) Elisha (continued) 1706 A285, A288, M45, M52 1711 T11, T89, T155 1713 T184 1715 T231, T270 1716 T313 1743 T346 Ichabod 1703 A280, M168, S85 1711 T47, T88 1715 T198, T294 Isaac 1700 A177, M78, P93, S41 1711 T86, T123, T177 1715 T241, T278 1743 T346 Isaac Jr. 1743 T346 James 1711 T83, T89 1715 T211, T265 1743 T341 James Jr. 1743 T344 John 1715 T293 1743 T341 John Jr. 1743 T344 Jonathan 1660 A128 1664 A128, M182 1669 A128, M182 1673 M266, S3 1674 A241 1677 A127, A128, M181, M183, P38, P39, S46, S48 1694 M245, S62 1695 M254, M260, S78 1696 A258 1699 P85 1700 A127, A265, M136, M181, P93, S92 1703 A127, A268, M143, M162, M182, S86 1711 T80, T89, T161 1715 T192, T215, T294 1743 T341

Name Year PDF Page Higgins/Higens (continued) Jonathan Jr1699 M133, S93 1703 A277, A278, M163, S85 1706 A285, A286, A287, A288,M45, M47, M50, M51 1711 T89 1715 T209, T274 1743 T341 John 1715 T222 Joseph 1701 A266, M137, P96, S91 1703 M133, S93 1704 S80 1706 A285, A288, M45, M51 1711 T75, T88 1712 T75 1715 T220, T277 1722 T325 Joshua 1703 A275, M156, M157, S89 1711 T81, T87 1715 T222, T282 1743 T341, T344 Joshua Jr. 1743 T344 Widow Lidia 1711 T169 Mary (wife of Richard) 1672 A200, M113 Moses 1743 T341 Richard 1655 M68 1656 P7 1658 P19 1659 A112, A114, A189, M96, M97, M194, M197, M199, M200, M201, M202, M203, S8, S19, S20 1662 P24 1664 A130, A200, A219, M112 1665 A113, A188, A230, M95, M201, S31, S43

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

Name Year PDF Page Higgins/Higens (continued) Richard (continued) 1667 A115, M203, S54 1669 A198, M110, M177, M200, S37, S38, S100 1670 S34 1672 A124, M113, M178, S35 1677 M40, S105 1679 A200, M113 1684 M201, S53 1692 A169, M67 1693 A197, M109, P63 1703 A129, A280, M168, S85 1711 T27, T88 1715 T194, T298 Samuel 1703 A280, M167, S84 1711 T84, T88, T157 1715 T235, T270 Samuel Jr. 1715 T292 1743 T341 Solomon 1743 T344 Theophilus1743 T344 Thomas 1743 T341 Thomas Jr. 1743 T345 William 1743 T344 Zacheus 1743 T344 Hinkley Ebenezer 1711 T78 1712 T78 Hix/Hixes Daniel Samuel

Name Year PDF Page Hix/Hixes (continued) Samuel (continued) 1673 A149, M211, M212 1675 S59 1677 A231, M41, S105 1694 A152, M245, S62 1695 M254, M258, S77 1696 A257 Hopkins Elisha Giles

1711 1715 1656 1659

1665 1676 1677 1680 M216, S60

1681 A153, M216, S60 1682 A157, A243, M241, M267, S3

Joshua

1694 1696 1703 1705 1707 1699 1701 1703 1706

1659 M209, S21 1656 P7 1659 A148, A150, A174, A183, A209, M73, M89, M123, M124, M209, M210, M212, M213, S6, S12, S21, S22 1664 P3

T37, T87 T197, T289 P7 A154, A189, M119, M217, M218, S8, S23 A229, M43, M44 A235 A239, M261, M263, S78, S79, S80 A153, A227, A242,

Stephen

1711 1715 1716 1743 1677 1686

M218 M280, S64 M150 M38 S105 P86 P98 A268, A278, M141, M163, S86, S98 A286, A287, A291, M47, M50, M57 T37, T89 T198, T289, T309 T318 T341 M278 A140, S50

Volume 5, No. 1 [Spring 2015] Name Horton Samuel Howland Jabez John

Year PDF Page 1715 T282

1672 1673 1659 1665 1677 1680 1682 1696 1705 1707

M42 A232 M208 A229, M44 A238 A227 A243, M241 M280 M37 S104

Name Year PDF Page Jenkins (continued) John (continued) 1677 A231, M41, S105 1694 M245, S62 1695 M254, M256, S75 1696 A25

Indian References

Kempton Manassas 1659 1662 1669 1670 1677 1695 1702 1707

A107, M29, M36, M38, M42, M43, M214, M232, M245, M267, M268, P43, P46, P52, P53, P56, P59, P60, P98, T173, T317, T336

Knowles Amos Edward

Indians Pompano 1674 A165, A223, M232, S55 Sachem, Francis 1674 M232 Sampson 1665 A223 1682 S3, S4 Simon 1665 A223, M29 Sipson 1665 A223 1682 M268 1686 A151, M21 Jenkins John

1658 P10 1659 A148, A183, A209, A211, M88, M89, M123, M127, M208, M210, S5, S12, S15, S21 1664 P3 1665 A182, M87, S4 1670 A211, M128 1673 S43 1675 M127

Enos James John

1743 1699 1711 1715 1743 1743 1703 1674 1693 1696 1703 1711 1715

John Jr. Richard

1716 1743 1715 1654 1656 1659

1681 1682 1687 1703

A190, M97 A139, M195 M110 A192 M101, S10 A204, M118, S44 M126 S104

T344 M134 T86, T100, T172 T240, T276 T346 T344 A270, M146 M22, S46 A217, M23 S64 A279, M167 T71, T88 T192, T248, T268, T281, T304, T306 T309, T312, T314 T346 T215 P8 P7 A110, A136, A207, M122, M192, M237, S12, S18, S27 A206, A207, M121, M272, S99 M120 M122 A273, M152

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

Name Year PDF Page Name Year PDF Page Knowles (continued) Knowles (continued) Richard (continued) Samuel (continued) 1711 T89, T112 1707 A284, M36, M60 1712 T18 1708 A292, M60, M61, 1715 T220, T264 M62, M63, T190 Samuel 1675 A144, M272, S43 1709 M63, M252, S73 1681 A206 1710 A179, A251, M80 1682 M120 1711 T10, T18, T88 1693 A217, M23, P64 1714 T190 1695 A206, M121, M251, 1715 T207, T273, T309 M253, P68, S72, 1716 T314 S73, S99 1743 T344 1696 A252 Samuel Jr. 1707 M64 1697 P78 1711 T79, T89, T171 1701 P98, P101 1715 T182, T213 1702 P99, S90, S91 1716 T313 1703 A266, A267, M24 1725 T329 1704 P112 Seth 1743 T344 1705 A292, P121 Thomas 1743 T346 1706 A292, M58, M59 Willard 1743 T346

Volume 5, No. 1 [Spring 2015]

Jacob Sears Memorial Library Quivet Neck, East Dennis, Mass by L. Ray Sears, III any readers may be familiar with the library system on Cape Cod. The acronym CLAMS– Cape Libraries Automated Materials Sharing-- is one of my favorites. I was a card-carrying CLAMS for a few years and still enjoy receiving email updates from various libraries on the Cape. Having visited many of those libraries, I must admit the one which I hold dear is the Jacob Sears Memorial Library from my “home village.” My grandfather was born a block from “the hall” in 1892, so he must have been a regular patron. I remember going there as a summer kid and loving the smell of books. My sister remembers that it was always cool inside. Modern, computer-filled, brightly-lighted stainless and glass-filled libraries cannot hold a candle to the smell and feel of an old-fashioned village library with its nooks and crannies, stacks and card catalogs. Libraries in Dennis have formed their own subset of CLAMS– “Sharing Resources” (Dennis Memorial, Dennis Public, Jacob Sears, South Dennis and West Dennis). Why so many libraries? Isn’t it more efficient to have one nice big town library? You would not have thought so before automobiles were common. Even when my cousin Lelia Dorr was a girl in East Dennis in the 1920s, she said

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

the only time she ever rode in a car was when Uncle Billy (James William Sears) came to visit from Boston. I am sure one of those days was 26 April 1930, when the Register reported, “East Dennis-- Mr. and Mrs. James W. Sears of Boston were in town for the holiday.” From Quivet Neck, East Dennis to the Dennis Memorial Library in the main village was a long three-mile walk or buggy ride. So libraries needed to be more conveniently located to serve residents. On 6 February 1908 we find “Commonwealth of Massachusetts House Bill No 1152- To Incorporate Jacob Sears Memorial Library by Henry Howes Sears, Christopher Walter Hall, and Prince Marshall Crowell for the purpose of maintaining in that part of the town of Dennis known as Quivet Neck, the library and other charities of which they are the trustees under the will of Jacob Sears, late of Dennis… The charities included the instruction of classes in music or in other such branches of study as are not taught in the public schools of Dennis. This included lectures and other meetings.”1 Memorial Hall An early postcard captions the building “Memorial Hall.” “Libraries across Cape Cod are beholden to many benefactors, some of them proud men of the sea. The Sears Library of East Dennis was built on Center Street in Quivet Neck and dedicated almost 100 years ago in 1896, the direct result of funds slated for this purpose in the estate of Captain Jacob Sears. He wanted to begin a community center of learning that would include space for a library, a reading room, plus a hall for lectures and musical events. Its design followed the then popular Queen Anne Style, complete with turrets at either end of the structure and very tall dormer windows in a row in the front. Today, the building has been painted a handsome white on the outside, masked only by a mix of growing shrubbery and shade trees.”2 So we see that this is more than just a library and in fact by 1908, when finally incorporated, the hall has been around for twelve years. It is a central gathering place for the residents of this little corner of East Dennis, a neck of land bounded on the west by Sesuit Creek and the east by Quivet Creek. Had the hall been built just a little earlier we could possibly have seen a lecture here by Mark Twain. In November 1870 Twain made appearances at Holyoke, the Gothic Hall in Danvers and the Congregational Church in Newtonville.3 But I am sure many other illustrious speakers made presentations here. In early 1906 we find receipts to Henry H. Sears, trustee, from the likes of R.E. King, lecture $35 (24 January), White Entertainment Bureau for Lyceum Entertainment $32.40 (8 February), Elvie Burnett Willard for entertainment, $18.80 (21 February) and Fred E. Kendall, entertainment & expenses in Memorial Hall this evening, $18.90 (8 March). On 14 March F. J. Mahan tuned the piano for $3 and on 21

Volume 5, No. 1 [Spring 2015]

March, Hoyt L. Conary billed the trust for entertainment in Memorial Hall, $23.50.4 The Benefactor Jacob Sears lived with his parents, brother Silas, and his sister Sally, in a two-story house built in 1820 with a barn attached. It has been said his father Daniel was a farmer. Jacob became a very successful businessman. He invented a method of shipping cranberries in casks filled with water, allowing them to arrive in distant ports perfectly fresh. He was involved in many other ventures contributing to his success. He married the girl next door-- Olive Kelley, the daughter of Stillman Kelley who lived in the white house on Sea Street just before Coles Pond Road. In the 1850s Jacob and Olive added the three stories to their house on Sea Street opposite Pleasant Street. The large south parlor is the full width of the addition and was used by Sears for many social events, as they enjoyed entertaining. Unfortunately, he died at the age of forty-seven. His will was filed for probate on 12 September 1871: â&#x20AC;&#x153;After the said Olive F. Sears is no longer my widow, either by death or otherwise, I give and bequeath all that may remain of my property for the benefit of the inhabitants of E. Dennis and vicinity for educational purposes. One third of said property to be appropriated for a building and appurtenances, which shall be located on Quivet Neck in E. Dennis, and the other two-thirds to be a fund for the support of said institution, the interest of said fund to be so appropriated. The whole to be under the exclusive control of the inhabitants of Quivet Neck.â&#x20AC;?5 Trustees of the Jacob Sears fund opened an account at the Bass River Savings Bank on 6 March 1894 with $800. In 1931 the fund was transferred to a new bank book and had $900. The Dedication The interest in improving the minds of the residents was not only evidenced by free thought, turkey suppers, and lectures. There were village libraries, maintained for the most part by the women, and often housed in the community hall. Memorial Hall was completed and dedicated on 10 July 1896. It included an auditorium with a stage, two anterooms and a balcony; a library room; and a reading room with a fireplace. Samuel Powers, Esquire, of Newton gave the address. [T.H. Sears had just written a letter to Henry H Sears declining an invitation to give the main address on 4 July, so the trustees must have had to scramble to pull off the dedication.] Samuel was the

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

husband of Evelyn Crowell, youngest daughter of Captain Prince S. Crowell. Powers spoke of the many successful men who had educated themselves by reading. The speaker needed to look no further for examples of such men then the village of East Dennis, where many master mariners were still living who had left school at the age of ten to begin a sea-going career and had acquired an extensive education through reading, especially while away at sea. Music for the dedication ceremony was provided by the Sandwich Orchestra, with vocal solos by Mrs. William M. Stetson of South Yarmouth and Miss Minnie E. Sears (1869-1945) of East Dennis. According to the report made to the Yarmouth Register, the large audience was suitably impressed with the building and the program. Jacob Sears Memorial Hall still houses the East Dennis Library and is made available for occasional meetings, especially of the Quivet Neck Homeowners Association and the Dennis Historical Society.6 Memory Days A description of one of those meetings proves quite interesting. “The Dennis Historical Society, under the leadership of president Nancy Reid, is making an effort to capture on tape the memories of the oldest inhabitants of each of the five Dennis villages. During their childhoods, the villages were very different places than they are today, and the Society feels a permanent record of first-hand knowledge should be made now to prevent a great loss of local history. The Society has decided to hold a small gathering in each village, and invite those with memories of the old days, along with anyone interested in local history, to talk together about the past.” The second in this series of five “Memory Days” was held on Sunday afternoon, 20 November 1983, at the Jacob Sears Memorial Library on Quivet Neck in East Dennis. The room was filled to capacity with people who remember such things as when electricity first came to the village (about 1924), when Route 6A was first hard topped (around 1907), and which businesses once flourished but are now gone without a trace. Henry Kelley, whose family has been in Dennis for many generations, was moderator of the session, and those attending ranged from nine-year-old Joshua Eldred to ninety-three-year-old Percival Sears. Percy Sears related the story of a trip he and his family had made from their Quincy house to spend the summer in East Dennis. They came by train to South Dennis, and brought with them all their animals-- 100 chickens, two pigs, three horses, and several cows. He vividly recalled the night he spent in the freight car with the cows. Sears also spoke of some of the town characters, one of whom [Billy Cash] drifted around town doing odd jobs

Volume 5, No. 1 [Spring 2015]

and could not distinguish currency denominations-- no matter how much silver he was offered, he always wanted “one green one.” David Sears reminded the group that many people now buried in the East Dennis Cemetery were brought there from the old Red Top grounds at the corner of Stony Brook and Red Top roads in Brewster. The Red Top building itself had been built in 1821 as a church and moved to East Dennis at the end of the Civil War to be used as a straw hat factory. Ellen Sears Curren [Curran] spoke of her uncle D.H. Sears’s well-known ice cream parlor, and the cantankerous mule named David who walked in circles churning the ice cream when he wasn’t terrorizing children. Others recalled Sears and Sears, a general store located at the corner of Center and School Streets, and the combination post office, telephone office, and store at another corner. Both stores’ buildings are now private homes. The village also had a blacksmith shop and a tinsmith’s. As for the other neck, Joshua Crowell explained why it was known as “Hen’s Neck”-- the families who lived there, several of the Crowells, primarily raised poultry. Kelley explained the relative scarcity of stonewalls in some sections of East Dennis. Around the turn of the century the state decided to improve certain marshy sections of Rt. 6A, and offered to buy stone from local farmers if they would deliver it to the roadside. They were paid the sum of ten cents a ton for their labor, and apparently many took up the offer. Several wonderful horse stories were told at the Memory Day. Perhaps the best was the one which mentions an animal sold by one East Dennis resident to another. Told that the horse “didn’t look too good,” the prospective buyers replied that it really didn’t matter, as they were interested in how much work it could do. The deal was made. To their horror, the new owners soon found that the horse was blind. They angrily confronted the seller, who explained, “Well know, I warned you-- I told you he didn’t look too good.”7 We hope you will put this wonderful hall on your list of historic places to visit and now have a taste of how life was lived at the beginning of the twentieth century. 1

Documents Printed by order of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, during the session of the general court of 1908. Boston, Mass., 117. 2 “A Celebration of Dennis 1793-1993.” The Register, Yarmouth, Mass., 9. 3 Barbara Schmidt, “Chronology of Known Mark Twain Speeches, Public Readings and Lectures,” last modified 27 February 2015, twainquotes.com/SpeechIndex.html. 4 Henry H. Sears Collection, transcribed by Burt Derick, Dennis Historical Society. 5 (quoted source unknown) 6 Nancy Thatcher Reid. Dennis, Cape Cod. (Dennis Historical Society, 1996), 504-6. 7 Sarah Kruger. “Old Timers Turn Memories of East Dennis into Living History,” The Register, Yarmouth, Mass., 1 December 1983, 22-23.

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

Pennsylvania German Fraktur by Suzanne L. Benoit

raktur is the name given to the Pennsylvania German birth, baptism, marriage, and death certificates, which were mostly handwritten and colorfully decorated in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The art is still practiced today. The word refers to the phenomenon of ‘breaking’ or ‘disjointing’ of letters.”1 If one looks at the old handwritten German lettering, each letter looks as if it is made with a series of pen strokes, and not a continuous flow as our cursive style is written. Appropriately, Fraktur is an accurate description for this handwriting and printing style. The website Welcome-to-lancaster-county.com, tells us that, “A common representative of Pennsylvania Dutch Folk Art is Fraktur (pronounced frock-tur), which is a colorful combination of designs and words traditionally used to illustrate certificates and documents commemorating births, baptisms, marriages, and deaths. In essence Fraktur is a form of decorative calligraphy, which originated in medieval times to illuminate and glorify religious writing on manuscripts.”2 Fraktur (singular or plural) were usually written and printed in the German language even though they were created in the United States. Some, however, were also printed and written in English. According to Corinne and Russell Earnest in their book, Fraktur: Folk Art & Family, “American Fraktur are hand-written manuscripts, or printed manuscripts that are hand-decorated with pen and ink and watercolors… made primarily for Pennsylvania-German and German-American families in the second half of the eighteenth century and throughout the nineteenth century.”3 American Fraktur evolved from Old World illuminated manuscripts. Although the European documents were mostly religious or official, American Fraktur were records of family events. German immigrants coming to America brought with them this tradition. The oldest known Fraktur in America were from the Ephrata Cloister in Lancaster County, Penn. The Ephrata Cloister was a commune established by the German Seventh Day Baptists about 1732.4 The Ephrata Cloister’s press began printing birth and baptismal Fraktur, generally called Taufscheins, about 1780. Before that time, Fraktur were handwritten and decorated. With the advent of the printed form, Fraktur became easier to complete by filling in the blanks and hand-coloring the preprinted decorations. Many religious groups produced these documents, depending on their family and religious practices. For example, some people did not

Volume 5, No. 1 [Spring 2015]

practice baptism, and as a result they only generated birth Fraktur rather than the combination birth and baptismal Fraktur that other groups created. Some Fraktur were signed by the artist or scrivener who composed them. Most early artists were schoolmasters proficient in the art of writing. In the late eighteenth century, Fraktur became more commercial as itinerant scriveners charged for their services-- filling out, coloring, and decorating the printed forms, which they also sold. Fraktur were not always made immediately after the event had taken place. People wanting certificates for family events had to wait until the itinerant Fraktur artist visited their town or village. Sometimes Fraktur were created many years after the event. Different types of these decorated and illuminated records were produced, with the birth and baptismal certificates (Geburts und Taufschein) being the most common. There were also marriage and death certificates, family registers, house blessings, bookplates and bookmarks, writing examples (Vorschrift), rewards of merit for students, poems, songbooks, religious texts, spiritual labyrinths (puzzles), and pictorial drawings. All of these various types of handwritten and printed decorated documents have come to be known collectively as Fraktur. While they were created by early German immigrants who settled in Southeastern Pennsylvania, Fraktur can be found in other states and parts of Canada. As the Pennsylvania Germans journeyed to new areas, their traditions followed. Fraktur can be found originating from the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, West Virginia, Western Maryland, Ohio, North and South Carolina, New Jersey, and Ontario, Canada5. Fraktur are valued for their artistic and decorative components as American folk art, but they are also valuable to genealogists researching their families. The Taufschein, or birth and baptismal certificate, not only gives the name, birth date, birth place, and parents of a child, but also the mother’s maiden name and usually the names of the sponsors, who may be the grandparents or other close relatives. Finding a woman’s maiden name on one of these old documents may just break a brick wall. Also, marriage certificates generally include the parents’ names of both bride and groom. In addition to being a valuable resource for genealogical information, a Fraktur from your family would be a treasured heirloom. 1

Michael S. Bird, Ontario Fraktur. A Pennsylvania-German Folk Tradition in Early Canada, M.F. Feheley (1977), 13. 2 “Pennsylvania Dutch Folk Art,” Welcome To Lancaster County.Com, accessed 24 September 2014, welcome-to-lancaster-county.com/pennsylvania-dutch-folk-art.html. 3 Corinne & Russell Earnest, Fraktur: Folk Art & Family, Atglen, Pennsylvania, Schiffer (1999), 6. 4 Ibid, 36. 5 Ibid, 6.

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

How Serendipity and a Fraktur Changed my Research by Carolyn Weiss

everal years ago I received an email from a second cousin who lives in Kentucky, with a photo attachment of a decorative document. She said she had obtained this framed document from her mother who had gotten it from her mother (my Aunt Flossie) and thought that it was probably a garage sale item that her grandmother had purchased. When I read the document, I was flabbergasted. It was a baptismal certificate (a Taufschein) for my gggrandfather, John Kerns. I had only recently put this part of our family history together with a lot of brick walls torn down and a lot remaining. The document was the baptismal certificate (a Fraktur written in English) for John Kern, born to John Peter Kern and his wife Elizabeth (a born) Neuen on 12 December 1790 in Rohin (Rowan) County, N.C. He was baptized by the Rev. Rochen. The witnesses were David Bayker and his wife, Louisa. A poem completed the document. It was surrounded by handcolored designs. The fill-ins for the document were obviously set print, rather than the fancier German lettering. The name at the bottom of the document was Daniel Philip Lange, Printer, Hanover, Penn. I went online to investigate this type of document and the printer and found that itinerant artists traveled from Pennsylvania to North Carolina once or twice a year to sell these formalized certificates to German families. The document itself was printed many years after the actual baptismal date since the birth and death dates given for Daniel Philip Lange are 1786-1856. Nonetheless, the information it contained is invaluable. I also tried to find the source of the poem but was unsuccessful. From this document, I learned the maiden name of my ggggrandmother, the full name of my ggggrandfather, and the date of birth of my gggrandfather, as well as the minister who performed the baptism and the witnesses to this ceremony. That it had survived through all the generations was amazing. Now I had many new avenues to explore. I still do not know why my mother, the family historian, had never mentioned this document to me. Perhaps she also did not think it pertained to our family because she had never connected my ggrandfather. David Kerns, with his father, the above-mentioned John or his grandfather, John Peter. Perhaps there is a framed document on the wall of one of your relatives' living rooms just waiting to be connected to your family genealogy.

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The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

My Black Sheep Relative (or Flock) by Martha Day

he tradition continues…

As I have read other genealogy members’ articles on their black sheep relatives in the past, I had glibly thought how fortunate I was to have none in any of my family lines(!) A few “characters” here and there perhaps, but no one of note. Then a book arrived in the mail from a distant cousin, entitled, The Belden/Belding Family Ancestry from the year 1066 (revised 1 July 2000). I sat by the fire and started to read the book, which highlighted the ancestry of Richard Belden who was the first of that name to immigrate to America, and who settled in Wethersfield, Connecticut. The book begins with the Viking/ Danish family members of about 830 A.D., including Osmund, son Gamel, son Ulf, son Essulf Fits Ulf, and son John Fitz Essulf. Finally there was a Hugh de Baildon/Bayldon who was the first member of the family to have a surname. The tradition had begun to have people choose names based on the town in which they lived (among other traditions such as naming for personal characteristics, etc.). In this case the name originated from Bailden, Yorkshire, England. Hugh was born in 1157 and married Margery de Poole about 1179. Many of their relatives in each generation had made a few required court appearances for various and sundry offenses. However, setting the bar for the “black sheep” lineage was a William de Baildon, born 1235, who in 1292 at Easter time had with five others imprisoned Mauger de Denton and taken his goods and chattel. This offense was settled by a fine. In 1322 a William, son of Henry de Bayldon, was in consort with the Earl of Lancaster against King Edward 2nd. Later, after the beheadings of the Lancaster insurgents, we find that the de Bailden brothers were now on the King’s side. The court records continued to show William, his brothers Adam and John de Belden (not to belabor all of their transgressions ) as having stolen thirty-four mares, foals, and fillies belonging to the Earl of Lancaster. The court records have been translated from Latin found that they had also stolen four bulls, eighty cows, twelve hides, and one-thousand herring. The jury found them guilty of stealing crossbows and having stolen from Roger de Clifford.

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Their exploits went on for many years, with numerous men having their property stolen. Eventually we find William de Baildon receiving a lease from Queen Phillipa and being appointed Bailiff of the Liberty of Agbriggs. Several generations later a Nicholas de Baildon takes the term “Black Sheep” to new heights. Nicholas married Joan de Plimpton about 1394. Found in the court records of 1411 was the sentence, “Nicholas, son of William Belden of Baildon, gentleman, on Monday before St. Clemens Day at Baildon feloniously killed and murdered Joan, his wife.” A court record of 16 November 1414 recorded that a jury had stated, “Nicholas, son of William, of Baildon, gentleman, and John, son of Hugh Walker of Baildon, husbandman, on the Wednesday before Easter feloniously killed Robert Wade of Baildon. There were warrants for their arrest. They fled and was outlawed.” The records indicate that Joan and Robert Wade were most likely lovers. On 7 February 1415 Nicholas surrendered to the Sherriff and then received the King’s pardon. Later Nicholas killed a serf named Hugh Walker, who was an English bowman. Nicholas had to pay a heavy fine, but his status as “gentleman” was not affected. Many of the family lines spent time in court and had smaller (in comparison to Nicholas) issues. Let us move now to the last of the “Black Sheep” relatives in this family- the original immigrant ancestor, Richard Belden, who arrived as stated earlier in Wethersfield, Conn. about 1635. I had always read that he was a man of property and had brought considerable money with him to the colonies.

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On 26 March 1613 Richard, son of Francis Belden, took allegiance to King James I and served in the Campaign of Breda, Holland under Sir George Blundell at age 19. The following records are found for 16 February 1616: 1. At Woolwich, County Kent, Richard Bayldon assaulted John Brent on the King’s Highway and took thirty shillings in silver. 2. Again on 19 February at Woldham, County Kent he assaulted Thomas Parker and took forty-nine shillings in silver. 3. On 31 May 1616 “Richard Baldon of London, gentleman, was indicted for two highway robberies. Richard was pardoned due to the fact that he was young and had influential family and friends. The author of the Belden book writes, “Our first immigrant to America was Richard Belden (between 1634-1640). He came with three sons, William, Samuel, and John.” I believe William emigrated to get away from the strife between his step- mother and his brothers, filing suit over provisions in his father’s estate; Richard’s inheritance was in money rather than property. This series of events allowed Richard to be able to go to America and have the ability to be a proprietor, getting a new start in life where no one knew of his and his many relatives’ exploits through the generations. How fortunate that all of the many Belden researchers were able to document all the lines of the Beldon/Bayldon/Belding/Beldon family. Key Belden family members through the centuries have been: Sir Francis Bayldon, 1590-1622 Almira Belden Hall, 1857-1947 Bert Q. Belden, 1899-1973 Grover C. Belden, 1928Appreciation is expressed to Palding Belden for much of the research in England.

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My Family and the Brooklyn Bridge by Pam Eichin he Brooklyn Bridge has been a part of my family’s lives for 132 years. Four generations before me had lived in Brooklyn and Manhattan. Over the years I have seen the artwork of the bridge adorn the walls of my mother’s and her sister’s homes. The brilliant German-born engineer John A. Roebling began center-line surveys for the bridge in June 1869. Just three months later my Grandmother Vera’s grandfather, William T. Coffey, entered the New York Metropolitan Police. The borough of Manhattan is separated from Brooklyn by the turbulent East River. Ferries ran constantly carrying passengers back and forth. The need for the bridge was clear. Roebling’s design was brilliant and innovative. It was the longest suspension bridge by far of its day, and the first to use steel wire rope, which Roebling invented. Until then, iron had been used. Policeman William T. and wife Ellen Lunney went on to have fourteen children. In 1869 they lived in Manhattan. The bridge construction took fourteen long years. I can imagine the Coffey family, young and old, sitting at the dinner table, excitedly NY Metropolitan Police Uniforms discussing the 1871 monumental work site at the river’s edge. Meanwhile, across the East River in Brooklyn, my great-grandfather J.R. Smith’s father Earhard Smith and family resided. He was born in Bavaria and wife Julia Nolan was born in Pennsylvania. According to the 1880 New York census, he was a 64-year- old farmer with their eight children living with them, in addition to two farmers and one lawyer, all unrelated to the family.

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

It can be argued that Brooklyn stood far more to gain with the bridge than Manhattan did, although Brooklyn was a thriving city in itself. In 1868 “three thousand new buildings went up-- churches, stores, banks, more factories, an ice-skating rink, row on row of plain fronted brick and brownstone houses that sold at about as fast as they were finished,” wrote historian David McCullough in The Great Bridge: The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge (1983). Perhaps the most difficult task of architect Roebling’s plan was the digging of the riverbed. It was a grueling job under terrible conditions. The men, known as sandhogs, had to largely excavate the mud and boulders by hand. They earned $2-$2.25 a day. Most men could not endure the rigors of the job, many succumbing to the condition called the “bends.” Little was known about the disease. The very few men who lasted just one month could earn the equivalent of a full year’s salary. One of the stories, which I heard many times while growing up, was that my grandmother Vera’s brother, Erhard Smith, had been a sandhog. I am not sure which tunnel he worked on-- perhaps the Lincoln Tunnel. The 1940 U.S. census lists him as a “sandhog.” More family also resided across the East River in Astoria, Queens, N.Y. My father Robert’s great-grandfather was John Eichin, Sr. of Switzerland. He worked as a piano maker for Steinway Piano. The 1892 N.Y. State census states that his wife, Fredericka Jordan of Germany, and their four children lived in Astoria. John, Sr. was naturalized in 1879. I think John and his family would have been very proud that a German family, the Roeblings, had built the world-famous Brooklyn Bridge. It would have been easy to see the twin 276-foot towers soaring seven stories above the skyline. John’s son was a boat builder, and I am certain that the two of them could appreciate the precise calculations required to successfully execute the building of the bridge. How soon did my relatives pay the one toll to walk 1.25 miles over the bridge? It afforded them the absolute The Brooklyn Bridge, once called the East River Bridge

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best view and still does today. In January a fellow researcher, Marla, graciously helped me to locate my first document across the Atlantic for my English relative, Patrick Harrington, b. 1851. We found his name in the 1861 England census. I telephoned my Brooklyn-born Aunt Marie. She ignited me to research his family further. She remembers visiting “Uncle Pat and Aunt Catherine” as a little girl at their Astoria apartment. I have always been curious to learn more about them. I know he was a blacksmith by trade because my mother gave me the handsome metal awarded to him by The train over the Brooklyn Bridge was powered the Knights of by a cable, like the San Franciso Columbus, inscribed, Cable Cars. The train was an instant hit with the “For his 32 years of public, in its first full year it carried over 9.2 service in the Plants million passengers. The cost was 5 cents to And Structures Dept. cross the 1.1 miles over the bridge. It cost 1 cent of N.Y.” to walk across the bridge. I Googled “Patrick Harrington blacksmith.” Dozens of pages later I clicked on one that sounded promising. The E-book was titled New York: Dept. of Bridges. A Patrick Harrington was listed. Was he mine? The address listed after his name was 151 Huntington St., Brooklyn. I recognized that as my great-grandmother’s address! This genealogical digging rewarded me with the proud knowledge that my Patrick was a blacksmith on the Brooklyn Bridge in 1899! He earned fifty-one cents per hour. I placed calls to my mother and aunts with this very exciting news.

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

Ray’s Ruminations Home by L. Ray Sears, III started these “ruminations” back in the year 2000 when I was living and working in Osterville, following a tradition begun by the Bulletin Editor Emeritus, Richard Haskel. It’s hard to believe I have lived in Oklahoma nearly half my life. My sisters and I counted up the moves for me and our family. Thirty-nine! With all those moves it’s sometimes difficult to answer the question “Where are you from?” My grandfather could have easily said “East Dennis, Cape Cod” since he and all of his ancestors going back 200 years were born in that little village. I was born at Ft. Devens Army Hospital, so I could say “originally from Massachusetts.” Ft. Devens no longer exists. Now we just have Devens, Mass., an unincorporated village between Shirley and Ayer where the Army post used to be. My grandfather went through Camp Devens on his way to France in World War I. My dad was assigned there when he was called up for the Korean War in 1951. I attended an Army Intelligence School course there in the 1970s. So the place has quite a lot of connections for our family. My birth certificate is from Shirley-- I imagine because the Army had a deal with the town to handle vital records. Nobody here in Oklahoma knows Shirley though, so it’s easier to say I was born “near Boston.” If my Dad had his way, Mom would have had to rush down to the Cape for the big event so I wouldn’t have to be a “wash-ashore.” But alas, I am from nowhere and everywhere. I’ve lived everywhere-Massachusetts (ten years), Germany (six years), Indiana (one year), Kansas (one year), Virginia (five years), North Carolina (three years), Georgia (two years), Texas (one year) and now Oklahoma (thirty-one years)! In some of those places like Arlington, Duncan, and Oklahoma City, we lived in two or three different homes. I attended three different junior high schools, one each for seventh, eighth, and ninth grades. You can’t beat the U.S. Army for a chance to see the world, first as an Army brat and then as an officer in the Signal Corps. Since 1982 I have worked as an electrical engineer in the oil patch and as a software engineer for the Air Force. So when asked where I am from, I will often find out where you are from and then pick the closest match. I dream of being from Cape Cod, though. I guess a lot of people do. My sister recently started a quest to get a photograph of all the houses we have lived in. We discovered her first home was Quarters #10, Springfield Armory-- a beautiful, old, three-story duplex for company grade officers built in 1870 and “designed in the second Empire style with Mansard roofline.”

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The James W. Smalley house at 1661 Main St. (Rte. 6A), East Dennis that we visited in summers as kids, was a full-Cape with many additions and was probably built in the 1760s. That’s where I’d really like to be “from.” I saw the timbers that make up the siding under the shingles when the house was being renovated. You don’t see twenty-four-inch wide boards much any more. The floor beams as seen from the cellar are monsters: probably oak twelve by twelves. The house was called “The Cedars” in those days, situated at the foot of a gentle hill covered with cedar trees. Mail wasn’t delivered to the door; you had to stroll down to the post office across the street and a little ways down from Greta Crowell’s “Moose” house. Once I learned to work the post office box combination, my grandmother would let me pick up the mail-- a really responsible position for a grade-schooler. My Dad and Grandpa both could easily receive mail addressed only as, “Leslie Sears, East Dennis, Mass.” Try that with today’s “modern” post office! With the advent of Google and Bing maps it is now possible to type in an address and get a street-view picture of just about any house still standing. We looked up the address of “The Cedars,” and there was a beautiful photo of my grandmother’s house. Typing in 21 Abbott St., South Weymouth, I find my first “home” in the town where my dad was born. Kunigundestraße #9 was our row-house in Lorsch, Germany. Quarters No 5, Artillery Rd., Ft. Leavenworth, Kan. was where we lived when I was in the sixth grade and we heard over the school loudspeakers that President Kennedy had been shot. And the Margaret Morrison Dormitory, 5000 Forbes Ave, at Carnegie Mellon University was my residence in the summer of 1969 when Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon. I have a picture of the TV screen that I took that night somewhere around here. I walked to high school from at 2611 John Marshall Dr., Arlington, Va. Our first house after getting married at the 25th Signal Battalion Chapel, Ft Bragg, N.C. was 828 Bedford Dr. Some of the many other addresses where I have received letters and post cards include- 9 Briarfield Road, East Dennis; 206 Ebenezer Road, Osterville; 49 Links Lane, Marstons Mills; and twenty-one other places you would call “home!” Where are you from? "Some people say home is where you come from. But I think it’s a place you need to find, like it’s scattered and you pick pieces of it up along the way." -Katie Kacvinsky.

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

American Civil War Articles And Reviews

The Specimen Days by Walt Whitman, 1892 – The Million Dead, Too, Summ’d Up – “… the dead, the dead, the dead—our dead—or South or North, ours all, (all, all, all, finally dear to me)—or East or West—Atlantic coast or Mississippi valley—somewhere they crawl’d to die, alone, in bushes, low gullies, or on the sides of hills—(there, in secluded spots, their skeletons, bleach’d bones, tufts of hair, buttons, fragments of clothing, are occasionally found yet)—our young men once so handsome and so joyous, taken from us—the son from the mother, the husband from the wife, the dear friend from the dear friend—the clusters of camp graves, in Georgia, the Carolinas, and in Tennessee—the single graves left in the woods or by the road-side, (hundreds, thousands, obliterated)—the corpses floated down the rivers, and caught and lodged, (dozens, scores, floated down the upper Potomac, after the cavalry engagements, the pursuit of Lee, following Gettysburgh)—some lie at the bottom of the sea —the general million, and the special cemeteries in almost all the States—the infinite dead—(the land entire saturated, perfumed with their impalpable ashes’ exhalation in Nature’s chemistry distill’d, and shall be so forever, in every future grain of wheat and ear of corn, and every flower that grows, and every breath we draw)—not only Northern dead leavening Southern soil—thousands, aye tens of thousands, of Southerners, crumble to-day in Northern earth.”

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The American Civil War – Factual Background by Robert Lincoln Ward he Sesquicentennial of the ending of the American Civil War is this year, 2015. Many facts are known by the general public, while others are little known. We provide here a review of different points and context for this conflict, which resulted in the deaths of more Americans than any other conflict before or since. A first topic is the various causes of this conflict, some of which are not widely known. Among those would be: 1. Conflict over economics—in the North, development had been proceeding with an influx of immigrants coming there to take work in factories, while in the South, the same was not happening. The result was two different views of the world—a relatively quick evolution of economics in the North due partly to its growing diversity in the population, while the South remained far more socially cohesive because of the relatively fewer immigrants. 2. Conflict of cultures—these economic differences resulted in somewhat different cultures; the South had an agricultural culture emphasizing the growing of products, while the North had a processing culture emphasizing the work being done with the products grown by the South. 3. Conflict over slavery—frequently the war is seen as primarily one over slavery, but slavery was only one of the factors. Slaves had existed in both North and South, but by the early part of the nineteenth century, slavery was very much reduced in the North due to the work of the Abolitionists, among others, while in the South it persisted. 4. Tariffs—the federal government had imposed export tariffs on goods being shipped abroad from Southern ports, with cotton being a prime export. These tariffs placed the South in an unfavorable position because its chief purchasers—Britain and France—then began to look elsewhere for purchases because of the price rise. Britain and France then began to deal with Indian and Egypt for cotton—a blow that was severe for the South.

Another topic would be the trends and conditions, some of which are little known. Among those would be:

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society 1. Unlike many impressions, the South was not in effect a separate country before the war; it only became so as a result of secession. 2. A significant number of Union sympathizers were living in the South. 3. In the South, as compared to the North, railroads were far less developed. In the North, railroads were built alongside rivers and canals and formed a network, which during the war became the way in which the federal government established railroad stations to serve the military, which in turn also benefitted the civilian population as well. Thus, the military served civilian needs to a certain extent in the North. 4. The development of military health facilities was significant in the North. After 1863 (Battle of Gettysburg), the Surgeon General established military hospitals staffed by doctors and provided medical stations close to battle sites. Such was not the case in the South. 5. The North was relatively well organized in several ways. For example, in Washington, D.C., along the Mall was a series of repair shops, which served the Army; the South was much less well organized. 6. The importance of states rights, of course, was a prime difference between South and North. The South carefully guarded states rights, including the extreme example of the occasion when Confederate President Jefferson Davis requested new troops; the governor of North Carolina (a Confederate state) refused to provide troops to the Confederate cause because he said that states rights had to be preserved even when it came to meeting requests from the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Presidentâ&#x20AC;? in war. 7. About 600,000 deaths resulted directly from military engagements (North and South combined), along with another 150,000 deaths on the part of civilians. Of this approximately 750,000 total deaths, about half were from disease and poor medical care rather than from direct military wounds.

With these ideas and differences in mind as a backdrop, we now provide in this issue a number of articles related to different genealogical aspects of the War; this context is intended to provide a better understanding of the events and lives of these not-so-distant ancestors.

Volume 5, No. 1 [Spring 2015]

The Homefront: Clinton, Massachusetts: A Small Town During The War of the Rebellion1 by Ellen Schiereck

he many sources about the American Civil War give us much historical context for particular places and events. “The Civil War in the United States. was the bloodiest conflict in American history. The number of soldiers who died between 1861 and 1865, generally estimated at 620,000, is approximately equal to the total of American fatalities in the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Spanish American War, World War I, World War II, and the Korean War, combined. The Civil War’s rate of death, about 2%, would equate to six million fatalities in the current American population.”2 With carnage of this scope, every American was affected. Rather than looking at Civil War battles, which are extensively documented in books and on the Internet, I decided to look at how the war affected people on the home front. I chose to research Clinton, Mass. because it was the hometown of my Irish ancestors, and I had knowledge of possible information sources. I expected to find a small town far from the fighting struggling both financially and emotionally with a missing generation of men and waiting anxiously for news from the front. What I found instead was far more complex-- a town and a county that knew almost immediately when and where “their boys” were fighting and that stayed intimately involved with their soldiers. Clinton3 is a small town located in Worcester County about thirty miles west of Boston4. In the early 1800s, it was farmland that was part of Lancaster. By mid-century, the waterpower of the Nashua River had been harnessed for five different mills.5 The population exploded, and in 1850 the Town of Clinton was incorporated. By 1860, Clinton had a population of 3869.6 Much of the population was recent immigrants from Ireland or Germany who came to Clinton because of the jobs in the mills. A total of about 359 Clinton men served during the war.7 Most of them served for three years, although some had three-month tours. The vast majority of them were volunteers. Of these men, about thirty-five died in battle or from battle wounds, and an equal number died from illness. Of the men who survived, seventy-five percent received permanent injuries from the service, either as the result of wounds or chronic disease. Eighteen paid a commutation fee to avoid service or paid someone else to go in their place. Fifty-six percent of the Clinton servicemen belonged to just five regiments, the Massachusetts 15th Infantry (81), 21st Infantry (21), 25th Infantry (40), 34th Infantry (20) and 36th Infantry (31). The rest were spread around forty-

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Clinton 1860 Terrance Ingano, Images Of America: Clinton

two different units. The Massachusetts 15th, 21st and 25th Infantry were Worcester Regiments. Prelude to War8 Regional disagreements over slavery were evident as early as the Continental Congress. When the slave territory of Missouri sought statehood in 1818, Congress debated for two years before arriving upon the Missouri Compromise of 1820. This was the first of a series of political deals that resulted from arguments between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces over the expansion of slavery into the West. Southerners feared that limiting the expansion of slavery would lead to eventual elimination. More and more Northerners, driven by a sense of morality, came to believe in the 1850s that bondage needed to be eradicated. Over the course of decades, the two sides became increasingly polarized, and politicians were less able to contain the dispute through compromise.9 Political deals of the 1850s avoided the question of slavery in the territories but did not settle it. The Fugitive Slave Law, which required states in the North to return all escaped slaves, proved most divisive.10 19 August 1860 – Clinton War was on the horizon for a long time, and in anticipation both the North and the South began preparations. All local militias, the forerunner of today's National Guard units, were reorganized to be ready for war. “Capt. Bowman, the head of the [Clinton Light] Guard, reported to Gov. Andrew, that the company was not only ready, but anxious to enter the service.”11

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Fall of 1860 On 6 November Abraham Lincoln, the candidate of the Republican Party, won the presidential election on an anti-slavery platform.12 Six weeks later, on 20 December, before Lincoln even took office, South Carolina seceded from the Union. By 20 May, ten more states-- Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina-- followed.13 These states organized as the Confederate States of America (CSA). Winter 1860 to 1861 – Clinton During the winter, which followed the election of Lincoln, secession was the chief topic of conversation in both the North and the South. “Few in the North believed that the people of the South would act as they had talked, but in one thing, almost all [Clintonians] were agreed, the Union must be preserved at all hazards.”14 The regular town meeting of 4 March 1861 voted to appropriate $1000 for the benefit of the Clinton Light Guard… “for the express purpose of purchasing a new uniform. By this vote, Clinton was the first town in Massachusetts to appropriate money in anticipation of a call for troops… As it afterwards appeared that the town had no authority to make such appropriation under the powers delegated by the state, special action of the [Massachusetts] legislature was invoked… to allow such an appropriation.” 15 April 1861 – Charleston, South Carolina & Clinton, Massachusetts On 12 April 1861, rebels opened fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. After thirty-four hours, the Union garrison of about eighty-five soldiers surrendered to some 5,500 Confederate troops under P.G.T. Beauregard.16 When news of the fall of Sumter was received, “so intense was the feeling that prevailed in the community that business practically ceased.”17 Men who were incensed at the attack rushed to enlist. 15 April 1861 Washington, D. C. The President called for 75,000 state militiamen to serve for three months. (He was prohibited by law from calling them for a longer period.)18 He ordered a naval blockade of the Confederate states, and directed the Secretary of the Treasury to advance $2 million to assist in raising troops. (The Confederate government had previously authorized a call for 100,000 soldiers.)19 “The response from the free states was overwhelming. Northern governors pleaded to increase their quotas. From the Governor of Massachusetts came a terse telegram two days after Lincoln’s call for troops, ‘Two of our regiments will start this afternoon-- one for Washington, the other for Fort Monroe; a third will be dispatched tomorrow, and the fourth before the end of the week.’”20 However, the

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Clinton Light Guard was not one of the units that was called out. Northerners were sure that they would quickly end the rebellion. An incident on 19 April further incensed the people of Massachusetts. While the Sixth Massachusetts was on its way to Washington, it was attacked by a mob in Baltimore. The mob shot at the soldiers and pelted them with bricks and paving stones. Four soldiers were killed – the first casualties from Massachusetts. Martial law was declared. The president and the governor of Maryland decided that in the future all troops headed for Washington would travel around Baltimore.21 April to July 1861 – Clinton On 21 April, Governor Andrew ordered the Light Guard to be ready to go at twenty-four-hours’ notice. While the militia drilled, the townsmen and women went into support mode. The following article appeared in the editorial columns of the Courant of April 27: “Last Sunday was a day that will be remembered by us and our children. At noon, Captain Bowman of the Clinton Light Guard received word that in all probability his company would be called out within 48 hours. Notices had been read in the churches in the morning, requesting our women to assemble at the vestry of the Baptist Church, on Monday morning, to make the flannel shirts for the soldiers; but neither our wives, daughters, or those who have neither father, mother nor kindred residing in town, thought it prudent to wait until Monday morning, and within one hour and a half the vestry was filled and crowded with workers, so that many resorted to the vestry of the Orthodox Church. Every yard of suitable flannel in town was soon cut and a messenger dispatched to Worcester for more. Another $2000 was raised for the guard. Men were dispatched to Worcester to purchase 75 revolvers.”22 “Perhaps, that Sunday afternoon was the one time during the whole struggle, when the people were all swept away with the greatest enthusiasm. No one knew what war meant; its dread realities had not yet frozen the souls of men or crushed the hearts of women. On later occasions, many of the most patriotic young men were in the field and many sad and anxious faces might have been seen among the men and women who remained at home, but then the zeal of all knew no bounds. All were blindly hopeful and eager to their utmost for their imperiled country.”23 At another town meeting, physicians agreed to treat soldiers’ families free of charge, and the town treasurer was authorized to borrow up to $1500 to furnish any assistance that was needed by the families of those in service.24 On 1 May 1861 some of the women organized an aid society. “The society held regular meetings and employed their time at first in making havelocks.25 Afterwards, cloth slippers were prepared for the

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soldiers, and mittens, with one finger separate from the rest for convenience in handling rifles.”26 Still no orders came for the company. The men feared “that the conflict might be over while they were staying ingloriously at home.”27 The members of the Light Guard waited another two months before the summons came. Finally, the company was ordered to report to Worcester on 28 June.28 Crowds gathered for the sendoff to Worcester. The Guard marched from the armory to the train station with an escort of the Clinton Coronet Band amid cheers and booming cannon. There were tears in many eyes at the train station; for those left behind did not know when or if they would see their loved ones again.29 The following week another town meeting was held and the treasurer was authorized to borrow another $5,000 to aid soldiers’ families. Selectmen were charged with providing the aid if needed to the families of all soldiers who had mustered into war. Aid consisted of $1 per week for the wife and $1 per week for each dependent child and/or parent.30 This money was probably very much welcomed because Army pay was often months late.31,32 “On 12 July the Light Guard ceased to exist as such, and was mustered into the service of the United States as Company C, Fifteenth Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry.”33 (The normal complement of a regiment in both Union and Confederate armies was 1000 men formed in ten companies.) In addition to the sixty-three men from Clinton, Company C contained men from Northborough, Lancaster, and Worcester. “The average age of the Clinton men was about 25 years. Most of them were unmarried. Only one of them owned property. Most of them, however… [had] better incomes than they could expect to get from military service.”34 (Privates in the Union Army received $13 a month. Privates in the CSA received $11 a month. “Colored Troops” received $10 a month for most of the war, of which $3 was deducted for clothing allowance. This deduction was abolished in September 1864.)35 In 1861, most mill owners, mill management, and small businessmen were white, Anglo-Saxon, and Protestant; they generally received officer’s commissions. Immigrants made up the remainder of the residents. Some were German, but the majority were Irish who left Ireland during the Great Hunger36 and came to Clinton because of the job opportunities in the mills. “The country was less ready for what proved to be its biggest war than any other war in its history… The tiny 16,000 man army was scattered in 79 frontier outposts west of the Mississippi.”37 “The Army had nothing resembling a general staff, no strategic plans, no program for mobilization… It possessed few accurate maps of the South.

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Only two officers had commanded as much as a brigade in combat, and both were over 70. Most of the arms in government arsenals were old smooth bores, many of them flintlocks of antique vintage.”38 But the new regiments poured into Washington, and General Irwin McDowell tried to make the soldiers into an army. He pleaded with Lincoln to give him more time to train them, claiming they were too green to fight. However, the public and the newspapers pressured Lincoln to take action. Lincoln’s response to McDowell was “You are green, it is true, but they are green, also; you are all green alike.”39 21 July 1861 - Battle of Bull Run, Manassas, Virginia40 On 16 July 1861, McDowell and his Union Army marched from Washington. “They waved to the Washington civilians who rode out in carriages and barouches, hoping to see a real battle-- hundreds of men and women and children peering through opera glasses, digging into picnic baskets, and sipping champagne, waiting to toast a Union victory.”41 The Union Army met the Confederate army, behind Bull Run at Manassas. McDowell’s forces began by shelling the Confederates across Bull Run. Fighting raged throughout the day and initially Confederate forces were driven back. However, late in the afternoon, Confederate reinforcements arrived. Artillery began to rain on the spectators. A Federal retreat rapidly deteriorated into a rout as “men threw away guns, packs, and anything else that might slow them down in the wild scramble for the crossings of Bull Run… Fleeing Union soldiers became entangled with panic-stricken civilians.”42 By 22 July, the shattered Union army reached the safety of Washington. (The battle numbers below and those for succeeding battles come from the Civil War Trust43. The Clinton numbers are from Ford’s History of Clinton.44) No one from Clinton fought at Bull Run.45,46 However, like the hopes of many other Northerners, the hopes of Clintonians for a ninety-day war died at Bull Run. The day after that battle, George B. McClellan was summoned to take command of the Army of the Potomac.47 However, the Fifteenth Massachusetts remained encamped in Worcester.48 Union Confederate Total Engaged 28,459 32,230 60,689 Killed 460 387 847 Wounded 1,124 1,582 2,706 Missing& Captured 1,312 13 1,325 Total Casualties 2,896 1,982 4,878

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Unknown Photographer; Title: Bull Run, Va. View of the battlefield

August 1861 – Clinton At last, on 8 August, the Fifteenth Massachusetts Regiment left Worcester for the front. The Massachusetts Spy says, “The long array of muskets borne by a thousand stalwart men presented a novel spectacle to the multitudes who thronged the sidewalks and filled almost every window and balcony on the street.” The train of twenty-four long cars left the common amid the parting cheers of the vast throng that had gathered to bid them farewell.49 “The regiment was first stationed at Camp Kalorama three miles from Washington. In about two weeks it was ordered to Poolesville, Maryland to perform picket duty on the banks of the Potomac Unknown Photographer; Title: Bull Run, Va River a few miles below Harpers Ferry… although there was some firing across the river, no one was injured. Often, conversation was carried on with the rebels, and once tobacco and papers were exchanged.”50

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When I think of Civil War battles, I think of the deep South, but many of the battles, including some of the largest battles, were fought in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania within a 110-mile radius of Washington, D.C. That is where most of the Clinton men fought. At one point there were more than one million soldiers in Virginia.51 The map pictured on the next pagee shows relevant cities and some of the battle sites. 21 October 1861 - Balls Bluff, Virginia In his Pulitzer Prize-winning book, Battle Cry of Freedom, James M. McPherson describes the early battles as “Amateurs Go to War.”52 It was an apt description of Balls Bluff-- the second major engagement of the war. McClellan spent the fall assembling and training his forces, but he was under pressure from Lincoln, the public, and Congress to take action against the Confederates, who were waiting just across the Potomac River. McClellan ordered General Charles Stone to watch the nearby town of Leesburg, Va. Stone sent a reconnaissance detachment across the river near Leesburg on the night of 20 October, and the inexperienced scouts reported seeing an undefended Rebel camp. Stone moved more men over with only four small boats until a force of 1,600 was there under the command of Col. Edward Baker, poised for an attack the next morning. After several hours of fighting, Baker placed his men in a dangerous position. They were in a clearing with their backs to the edge of Balls Bluff, an eighty-foot high cliff above the Potomac. They faced a wooded ridge that was rapidly filling with Southerners. The Confederates launched an attack that afternoon, and Baker’s command was soon in trouble. Baker was killed, and many of his men jumped from the bluff to their deaths or scrambled down a narrow trail only to find their boats swamped in the river. In order to survive, many soldiers had to swim across the Potomac River under withering rebel fire. Many drowned and were swept away; less than half made it back to the other side of the Potomac.53 Not surprisingly the casualty numbers of the Fifteenth are uncertain. Ford estimates them as many as fifty-six were killed or mortally wounded, sixty-three wounded and 215 captured. 54 Baker, who was also a U.S. Senator, became a Northern martyr despite his ineptitude in conducting the battle. The political fallout was swift. Angry Republicans were highly suspicious of McClellan, a Democrat, and other generals. The Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War was formed in December of that year. This group was stacked with Radical Republicans who favored tougher treatment of the South and slaveholders. The committee’s first investigation was the disaster at Ball’s Bluff, and General Stone became the scapegoat. He was arrested for treason soon after and jailed for six months.

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The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

This minor Union defeat at the Battle of Ball’s Bluff had political ramifications in Washington. The death of Baker, the only U.S. Senator ever to be killed in battle, was particularly shocking, as was the disparity in casualties. As a result, a concerned Congress established the Congressional Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, which would lead Union commanders to second-guess their decisions for the rest of the war.55

Engaged Killed Wounded Missing & Captured Total Casualties

Union 1,720 223 226

Confederate 1,709 36 117

Total 3,429 259 343

Clinton 43 2 5

553

555

1,002

155

1,157

If Bull Run was a wake-up call to the North, then Ball’s Bluff was a horrifying telegram sent directly to Clinton. The Fifteenth Massachusetts was front and center at Balls Bluff, and it suffered the consequences. John Kirchner and William Walker were supposed to have perished in trying to cross the river. These were the first Clinton men who died in the war.56 “The prisoners were taken to Richmond and suffered severely from the hardships of the journey. They were without food from Sunday noon until Tuesday. They had little clothing and the weather became very cold. Many date chronic diseases from these exposures.”57 “At home, as soon as the news of the battle was reported, the most intense excitement prevailed. White lips asked: ‘What of my husband?’ ‘Have you heard anything of my boy?’ In many cases, long days passed before any answer came, except that he is among the missing. Every means was used to secure information and relieve the suffering. Lieutenant Fuller, who had just returned on account of ill health, hastened back with all the speed he could, laden with great cases of clothing and hospital stores which loving hands had provided. J. H. Vose accompanied him, in behalf of the town committee, with instructions to find out the needs of Company C and supply them.”58 “The Courant of 2 November, shows that no tidings of the missing men had yet been received.”59 The Courant of 9 November says: “We learn that the committee sent a box to our boys on Tuesday last, containing a full supply of undershirts, drawers, soft leather gloves, and a general assortment of stationery. A large

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supply of pamphlets and magazines was also sent, and sundry packages from relatives of the members of our company, the Light Guard.” Blankets were also sent in great numbers.60 One of the Clinton prisoners was Henry Greenwood who described their condition in a letter: “Richmond Virginia November 13, 1861 Friend Ballard: We are stationed in one of the large tobacco warehouses. This building was used exclusively for the manufacture of ‘navy tobacco’ for the United States Government, before the present war broke out. The building is three stories high, with a basement. We are confined in the upper story, which is occupied by members of the Fifteenth, and the lower one is occupied by the Twentieth Massachusetts Regiment. We arise at daylight, and after washing, we read the Testament, the morning papers, -- which we can get as long as our money holds out, -- and such other reading as may come to hand. At ten o’clock, we have our breakfast brought, which consists of half a pound of wheat bread, with the same amount of fresh beef. After breakfast, we pass the day as best we can. We have our supper brought to us about six in the evening, which consists of the same amount of wheat bread, with soup instead of meat. After supper, we take about two hours exercise, until bed-time, or rather board time, as we have not been supplied with bed-ticks as yet. Towards morning, we have to build up a fire to keep those warm who have no blankets, three-fourths of the prisoners being so situated. If our friends could send us some blankets, shoes, and such wearing apparel as we shall need, we will be quite comfortable. The most of us have no clothes but what we had on at the time of the fight. Our shoes and stockings are worn out, and the rest of our clothing is fast leaving us… From Henry Greenwood.”61 Taking a broader view, the Fifteenth had fifty-six killed, sixty-three wounded and 215 missing or captured. The Twentieth Massachusetts regiment also suffered heavy casualties. The broader view enabled a much higher level of support than Clinton alone could provide. Doctors from Worcester, Fitchburg and Boston were immediately sent to the front to assist. Emissaries from the Mayor of Worcester and the Governor were sent to determine what additional support might be needed. The personal staff of the governor worked to provide the “latest trustworthy intelligence.”62 The Massachusetts Spy (published in Worcester) cannot meet the demand for its paper.63 I was surprised to see civilians going to the front to assist. The women of Clinton worked harder than ever to provide for the needs of the prisoners.64 The Richmond prisoners were paroled late in February and reached Clinton on 1 March. A great crowd welcomed them at the depot, and a reception was held in their honor.65 The Salisbury prisoners

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were released on 22 May; but Capt. Bowman was not exchanged until 2 August 1862.66 Communication The battle of Balls Bluff provides an opportunity to examine the communications of the time. The long wait in Clinton to determine the fate of the missing lasts for about two weeks. The wait is not due to communication difficulty; it is due to confusion on the battlefield and the wait until the Confederates provide a list of the captives. The battle occurs on 21 October. On that date General Stone telegraphs Washington Headquarters that the Fifteenth is engaged, and that Col. Baker is dead. Several telegraphs come out of headquarters reporting that. There is no mention yet of casualties.67 23 October. The information above is published in the regular weekly publication of the Massachusetts Spy. The arrival of Col. Baker’s body is expected this date in Worcester. (Note: In general, only officers’ bodies are shipped home because most other families cannot afford the expense. It also appears that few enlisted men got obituaries.) It took several weeks for CSA to identify the captured. Clinton was located on the Worcester-Boston railroad line so it is likely that both information and rumors were transmitted between those locations before Clinton’s weekly newspaper was printed. Letters from Clinton to soldiers in Virginia (and vice versa) took about a week to arrive.68 Mail was delivered to the soldiers in Virginia every other day.69 Two more Worcester Regiments were created in 1861. The Twenty-first Massachusetts mustered in during August. The Twenty-fifth mustered in during October. Before they left for the front they were reviewed by the governor who told them to “take righteous vengeance for the Massachusetts blood that had been shed” at Balls Bluff. Their departure was sadder than the departure of previous regiments because the terrible cost of war was now much better known.70 “Death of Sergeant Benson. We learn from the Clinton, Mass., Courant that Sergeant Edward A. Benson was buried from the Unitarian Church in that place on the 4th inst [August 1862]. The fire companies were in attendance, and the band of the 34th regiment, with plaintive strains of mourning added much to the imposing impressiveness of the occasion. The deceased was born in Portsmouth in 1837, but has been a resident of Clinton for a number of years. He was among the first in that town who left for the seat of war-- was in some of the worst battles, and at Balls Bluff was among those who forded the river, was long exposed in his wet clothes on that

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occasion, and took then the cold that brought him to his grave… His widowed mother is a resident of this city. She has in the last ten years been called to part with six children. Her only remaining son, has, with her consent, just enlisted in a Massachusetts regiment. She is willing even to relinquish her last son, for the good of her country.”71 On 1 July 1862 Charles Duncan of the Ninth Massachusetts Regiment is the first from Clinton known to be killed on the battlefield at Malvern Hill.72 2 July 1862 Draft Much of the activity in Clinton during the second half of 1862 revolved around the draft. On 2 July, Lincoln called for 300,000 more troops. Then on 4 August, he called for an additional 300,000 nine months’ men. In Clinton, patriotism warred with the fear of a draft. Community leaders sought ways to encourage enlistments. The following ad was placed in the Courant:73

“Despite the large number of enlistments, the quota of Clinton for the call of July 2d was not quite full, and there was much fear of a draft. Before this time Clinton had sent far more than her proportionate share of troops. This draft was ordered by the President for September 3d. As the date approached, there was a remarkable increase in age among a certain class of people. One man, it is said, lived fourteen years in a single night; another, ten. Diseases before unheard of, began to abound. It was the worst season for chronic complaints ever known in our history. Anything to escape the draft… The fatal date arrived, but the draft was postponed to the 17th. The draft was again postponed to October 1st and again to October 15th, and finally Clinton escaped it altogether for a season.”74 Meanwhile a vigorous effort was made to fill up the quota of nine month’s men required by Lincoln’s call of 4 August. “During the afternoon of 6 September, all places of business were closed in Clinton, cannons were fired, bells were rung, and the people gathered in Bigelow’s Grove… in a grand patriotic meeting. The bounty was again offered. Thirty-five ninemonth men enlisted before October from the town which had seemed already depleted of all its able-bodied men.”75

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By the end of 1862, Clinton had furnished 216 three-year men and thirtyfive nine-month men for service. Normalizing the service of the nine-month men meant that Clinton had furnished the equivalent of almost 225 threeyear men or a total of 145 percent of their 155-man quota. The figures “show that Clinton in the time of the country’s greatest need gave the service of her sons more freely than any other town of the Old Bay State.”76 17 September 1862 – Antietam, Maryland77 In the fall, many Massachusetts Regiments (Fifteenth, Nineteenth, and Twenty First, Thirty-fourth and Thirty-sixth) were on the banks of the Potomac to prevent an anticipated invasion of Washington.78 Major General Joseph Hooker’s Union corps mounted a powerful assault on Lee’s left flank that began the Battle of Antietam, and the single bloodiest day in American military history.79 Roland Bowen of the Fifteenth rated this as the worst battle that he fought.80 Union Confederate Total Clinton Engaged 87,000 45,000 132,000 60 Killed 2,108 1,546 3,654 8 Wounded 9,540 7,752 17,292 22 Missing & Captured 753 1,018 1,771 2 Total Casualties 12,401 10,316 22,717 32 In her essay “Death and Dying,” Drew Gilpin Faust wrote, “The scale and duration of the conflict, the size of its battles and the number of casualties were also unanticipated and unprecedented… The most immediate of death’s challenges was a logistical one, the burial of soldiers in the aftermath of battle. Armies were not ready for the enormity of the task that confronted them… After a single day of fighting at Antietam, for example, 23,000 men and untold numbers of horses and mules lay killed or wounded. Neither side’s army had graves registration units; soldiers were not issued official badges of identification, there was no formal policy of notification for the families of the slain, and neither side had an ambulance service. Makeshift crews of soldiers were detailed after battles to dispose of the dead and often found themselves lacking basic necessities such as carts or shovels. These failures of capacity were made evident in the length of time it took to attend to casualties. A week after Antietam, a Union surgeon reported that, ‘the dead were almost wholly unburied, and the stench arising from it was such as to breed a pestilence.’ As a result, bodies were often thrown into unidentified mass trench graves.”81

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“Families swarmed to battle sites in the aftermath of engagements to search for dead or wounded relatives, actively seeking information otherwise unavailable to them, hoping to fill what one northern observer called the ‘dread void of uncertainty.’ In such circumstances, tens of thousands of soldiers died unknown, and tens of thousands of families were left without any consoling knowledge of their loved ones’ fates, circumstances of death, or place of burial. At least half of the Civil War dead were never identified.”82

Alexander Gardner, Photographer; Title: Bodies of Confederate artillerymen near Dunker Church

The picture above shows the Antietam battlefield in front of Dunker Church.83 Clinton, Massachusetts had only ten soldiers who were classed as missing, a much lower percentage than the national average. I hypothesize that this was because most Clinton men were bunched in five units. When someone went missing, there were groups of soldiers who recognized that fact and would go looking for him. After the Battle of Balls Bluff, Roland Bowen went looking for his friend’s body. He wanted to bury him individually, but he had already been buried in a mass grave. After confirming that the soldier’s father wanted the details, Roland Bowen corresponded with him and provided all of the information that he had.84 While the Battle of Antietam is considered a draw from a military point of view, Abraham Lincoln and the Union claimed victory.

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Late 1862 – Clinton Clinton was in the grip of a depression for several years before the war began. Because of reduced demand, the running time of the Lancaster Mills was cut in half in 1857. (Full production was a six-day week, which equated to 312 work days per year.) The Mills had on hand a large supply of cotton, which it had purchased at a low cost. The war increased demand and the number of days worked per year increased as follows: 1861 – 178, 1862 – 150, 1863 – 238, and 1864 – 300.85 However, they were still below full production. By late 1862, Clinton hit hard economic times. In August 1862, the Courant said, “Not a man, woman or child in Clinton, need be told that times are hard. They all know it; they all understand it. The fact haunts us in our dreams and is ever present by day.”86 Businesses were forced to close because they couldn’t collect debts from impoverished debtors. The cost of food and clothing tripled. The Clinton Courant stopped publishing in December because the community could no longer support a local paper. The Clinton Soldier’s Aid Society continued its work. An average of ten people per day came to the society’s room in the library seeking aid for soldiers in the field or hospital. The society made many articles and even children were called on to help. Whenever a box was to be sent, everyone contributed whatever he or she could. Not surprisingly socks and blankets were always included. Indicative of the desire to help if not of the need is the inclusion of four jars of pickles.87 1-3 July 1863 – Gettysburg. Pennsylvania “Robert E. Lee led his Army of Northern Virginia in its second invasion of the North-- the Gettysburg Campaign. With his army in high spirits, Lee intended to collect supplies in the abundant Pennsylvania farmland and take the fighting away from war-ravaged Virginia. He wanted to threaten Northern cities, weaken the North’s appetite for war and, especially, win a major battle on Northern soil and strengthen the peace movement in the North.”88 Engaged Killed Wounded Missing & Captured Total Casualties

Union 93,921 3,155 14,529

Confederate 71,699 3,903 18,735

Total 165,620 7,058 33,264

5,365

5,425

10,790

23,049

28,063

51,112

Clinton abt 22 4 4

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;Lieutenant Elisha G. Buss was a native of Sterling, but had been for some years a resident of Clinton when the war broke out. He enlisted as a private but had been promoted on account of merit, so that before the Battle of Gettysburg he had received a commission as lieutenant. He fell, pierced by four bullets. As he seemed to be reviving after he was taken to the hospital, those in charge assented to his earnest request to be taken home. The journey was too much for him to bear in his exhausted condition, and about a week after his arrival, he died 23 July. Many of the former soldiers of the Fifteenth attended his funeral on the 24th. Rev. C. M. Bowers conducted the services and expressed the high esteem in which he was held by his townsmen and comrades.â&#x20AC;?89 Draft of July 1863 In mid-1863, the Adjutant General reversed his previous position and refused to credit Clinton for the men already enlisted who were in excess of earlier quotas. He insisted that Clinton was subject to the July 1863 draft with a quota of eighty-seven men. The men were picked and sent to Greenfield for examination. Eighteen were accepted and sixty-nine rejected for various causes such as disability, being aliens, and possibly under the plea of being the only son of widows or infirm and aged parents. None of the eighteen selected actually served. They all paid a commutation fee of $300 or paid others to take their place. The quota issue made a lot of people in Clinton angry, and they were not willing to let it go. When the town was unable to get the state to credit their excess volunteers, they went right to the top. A selectman and another town representative went to Washington and explained their position to Lincoln. They must have been persuasive; from this time on, although other towns were subject to the draft, Clinton was exempt.90

Unknown Photographer; Title: Andersonville Prison, Ga., August 17, 1864

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Feb 1864 –Apr 1865, Andersonville, Georgia More Clinton men (about eleven) died in prisons than in any individual battle of the war. Most of them were imprisoned at Andersonville Prison Camp.91 “Andersonville began as a stockade built about 18 months before the end of the U.S. Civil War to hold Union Army prisoners captured by Confederate soldiers. Located deep behind Confederate lines, the 26.5-acre Camp was designed for a maximum of 10,000 prisoners. At its most crowded, it held more than 32,000 men, many of them wounded and starving, in horrific conditions with rampant disease, contaminated water, and only minimal shelter from the blazing sun and the chilling winter rain. In the prison's 14 months of existence, some 45,000 Union prisoners arrived here; of those, 12,920 died and were buried in a cemetery created just outside the prison walls.”92 The stockade was made of pine logs. Inside, about nineteen feet from the wall, was the “deadline,” which prisoners were forbidden to cross. The “deadline” was intended to prevent prisoners from climbing over the stockade or from tunneling under it. It was marked by a simple post and rail fence, and guards had orders to shoot any prisoner who crossed the fence, or even reached over it. (The picture on the previous page shows Andersonville Prison Camp. The rickety fence on the right marks the dead zone. The stockade fence is further right out of the picture.)93 “The Confederate government could not provide adequate housing, food, clothing, or medical care to their Federal captives because of deteriorating economic conditions in the South, a poor transportation system, and the desperate need of the Confederate army for food and supplies. These conditions, along with a breakdown of the prisoner exchange system between the North and the South, created much suffering and a high mortality rate. Anger in the North over the conditions at Andersonville demanded appeasement. At war’s end, Captain Henry Wirz, the prison’s commandant, was arrested and

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charged with war crimes. Tried and found guilty by a military tribunal, Wirz was hanged in Washington, D.C. on 10 November 1865. Wirz was the only person executed for war crimes during the Civil War.”94 The poor Union prisoner in the picture on the previous page is unidentified.95 It is not known if he survived. The people of Clinton were well aware of the horrors of Andersonville. Beginning in September of 1864, the Massachusetts Spy began publishing stories about Andersonville, “where so many of our brave soldiers have been imprisoned to die of starvation.”96 Some of the Clinton men who did not survive are described below. William Fitts was twenty-five when he mustered into the 34th Massachusetts Infantry in 1862. He died in Sterling, Mass. on 14 May 1865 as a result of starvation in Andersonville and Florence, S.C.97 Joseph Shusser was forty when he mustered into the 25th Massachusetts Infantry in September of 1861. He was wounded at Port Walthall, Va. on 6 May 1864. He was captured at Cold Harbor, on 3 June 1864 and died at Andersonville two months later.98 If I lived in Clinton in 1864 and 1865 and had a loved one who was missing or captured, I don’t know how I would have coped. The suffering at Andersonville was so appalling that I don’t know if I would have hoped my relative was already dead rather than captured. Sickness and Disability Twice as many Civil War soldiers died from disease as from battle wounds, often the result of poor sanitation in an era that did not yet understand the transmission of infectious diseases. Clinton numbers were better than average: Clinton lost about thirty-five men due to illness. They died of the same illnesses as others: chronic diarrhea, dysentery, malaria, pneumonia, consumption, typhoid and yellow fever.99 Ford said that “of the men who survived, 75% received permanent injuries from the service, either as the result of wounds or chronic disease.”100 In the section of Ford’s book with Individual Service Records, he identified sixty-five soldiers who were discharged for disability. Many more soldiered on, but like Roland Bowen, they later suffered from chronic disease and/or a shortened lifespan. In Clinton, they must have been a constant reminder of the horrors of war and the boys who didn’t come home. April 1864 –April 1865 The war dragged on through 1864 and early 1865. Clinton men slogged through the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, and Drewery’s Bluff’;

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they fell at the siege of Petersburg. This article mostly discusses the war in the East but Clinton soldiers also fought in the West and in the South. Finally in April 1865 the long-awaited news arrived. Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his 28,000 troops to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, effectively ending the American Civil War.101 Honor and Remembrance On 19 November 1863, Abraham Lincoln spoke of honor and remembrance at the dedication of Gettysburg Cemetery. “It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us-- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion-- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain-that this nation, shall have a new birth of freedom-- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”102 The soldiers returned in dribs and drabs, sometimes individually and sometimes in groups. They always received a warm welcome at the depot in Clinton. On 4 July 1865, the City of Worcester invited all who had returned to a celebration. Before they left for Worcester, Clinton honored them with a breakfast.103 “Clara Barton was among the first to take advantage of the cessation of battle, establishing an office of Missing Men of the United States Army in Washington, D.C. to serve as an information clearing house. By the time she closed its doors in 1868, she had received more than 68,000 letters and secured information about 22,000 soldiers.”104 “Many of the missing soldiers of the Union Army lay in graves scattered across the South, often unmarked and unrecorded. In the fall of 1865, U.S. Quartermaster General Montgomery Meigs ordered an assessment of the

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condition and location of graves to ensure their protection, an increasingly urgent issue in the face of growing bitterness and defiance in the defeated South. Units of northern soldiers searched across the battle fronts of the war for slain Yankees, inaugurating what became over the next six years a massive federally supported reburial program. Ultimately, 303,536 Union soldiers were reinterred in 74 new national cemeteries, and Congress officially established the national cemetery system. Careful attention to the content of graves and to the documentation that poured in from families and former comrades permitted the identification of 54 percent of the reburied soldiers.”105 In 1875, ten years after the war ended, the town erected the monument (pictured on the previous page) on the town common to honor their fallen heroes.106 One hundred and fifty years after the end of the Civil War, the Clinton Historical Society continues to honor the town’s soldiers with special programs about the Civil War. 1

During the war, the North referred to the conflict as the War of the Rebellion; the South referred to it as the War Between the States. 2 Drew Gilpin Faust, "Death and Dying,” National Park Service, Accessed January 2015, www.nps.gov/nr/travel/national_cemeteries/Death.html. 3 Terrance Ingano, Images Of America: Clinton, (Dover, New Hampshire: Arcadia Publishing Company, 1996), 66. Reprinted with permission from Terrance Ingano and the Clinton Historical Society. 4 Mapquest from Boston to Clinton, Massachusetts, Accessed January 2014, http://www.mapquest.com/. 5 The five mills in Clinton were the Cotton Mill, the Woolen Mill, the Quilt Mill, the Wire Cloth Mill, and the Rug Mill. 6 John Ford, A History of the Origin of Clinton, Massachusetts; (Clinton, Massachusetts: J. Coulter Press, 1898), 579. 7 In his book, Ford states that the Adjutant General credited Clinton with a total of 418 men for the war. Revising this number downward to adjust for 32 reenlistments and 28 allocated sailors (not really from Clinton), I came up with a number of 359 real men who went to war. Ford did not provide Individual Service Records for that many men, but there is insufficient information to reconcile the numbers. 8 Jennifer L. Weber, “Prelude to War,” Encyclopedia Britannica, Accessed January 2015, www.britannica.com/topic/19407/American-Civil-War/229870/Strategic-plans. 9 Ibid. 10 James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, (New York; Oxford University Press, 2003), 63. 11 Ford, A History of the Origin of Clinton, Massachusetts; op. cit., 540. 12 Weber, op. cit. 13 North Carolina History Project, “Secession,” Accessed January 2015, http://www.northcarolinahistory.org/commentary/52/entry 14 Ford, A History of the Origin of Clinton, Massachusetts; op. cit., 540. 15 Ibid., 540-541. 16 Civil War Trust, "Fort Sumter,” Accessed January 2015, www.civilwar.org/battlefields/fortsumter.html?tab=facts. 17 Ford, A History of the Origin of Clinton, Massachusetts; op. cit., 541.

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McPherson, op., cit., 261. Ibid., 257. 20 Ibid., 217. 21 Ibid., 225. 22 Ford, A History of the Origin of Clinton, Massachusetts; op. cit., 542. 23 Ibid., 542-543. 24 Ibid., 543. 25 One additional item given to Civil War soldiers on both sides was the havelock, a cap cover made popular by Sir Henry Havelock of the British army in India in 1857. Made of white linen or cotton, the havelock was to be worn over the soldier's cap with its long tail covering the man's neck. The havelock was supposed to protect men who were fighting in hot climates from sunstroke. But the soldiers found the havelock actually made them hotter by not allowing air to circulate around their head and neck. Many Civil War soldiers used their havelocks not as cap covers, but as coffee strainers, dishcloths, or gun patches. Some havelocks were provided to the men by well-meaning ladies back home. One soldier from Pennsylvania reported his whole regiment received havelocks made by ladies in their home county. “We sent home thanks and threw the head bags away.” Indeed, the path of new armies was commonly strewn with gear the soldiers found dispensable and not worth adding to the weight they carried for so many miles. Havelocks were quickly stricken from the list of items needed by the Civil War soldier. http://civilwar.bluegrass.net/FlagsUniformsAndInsignia/havelocks.html 26 Ford, A History of the Origin of Clinton, Massachusetts; op. cit., 544. 27 Ibid., 544. 28 Ibid., 544. 29 Ibid., 545. 30 Ibid., 545-546. 31 Ibid., 549. 32 Gregory A. Coco, Editor; From Ball’s Bluff to Gettysburg…And Beyond: The Civil War Letters of Roland E. Bowen, 15th Massachusetts Infantry 1861-1864; (Gettysburg, Pennsylvania: Thomas Publications, 1994), 172. 33 Ford, A History of the Origin of Clinton, Massachusetts; op. cit., 546. 34 Ibid., 547. 35 Civil War Trust, "Military Pay,” Accessed March 2015, www.civilwar.org/education/history/warfare-and-logistics/logistics/pay.html 36 The Great Hunger as it is known in Ireland is more commonly known in the United States as the Potato Famine. It lasted from 1845 to 1850. During this time, the population of Ireland dropped from 9 to 6 million. More than 1 million people died and more than 1 million people emigrated. No more specific numbers are available. 37 McPherson, op. cit., 252. 38 Ibid., 253. 39 Ibid., 274. 40 Civil War Trust, "Bull Run,” Accessed January 2015, www.civilwar.org/battlefields/bullrun.html?tab=facts. 41 Karen Abbott, Liar, Temptress, Soldier, Spy, (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2014), 32. 42 McPherson, op. cit., 344-345. 43 Civil War Trust, "Bull Run,” Accessed January 2015, www.civilwar.org/battlefields/bullrun.html?tab=facts. 44 Ford, A History of the Origin of Clinton, Massachusetts; op. cit., 537-636. 45 Unknown Photographer; Title: Bull Run, Va; Call Number: LC-B815- 1111 [P&P] LOT 4167-E; 1861-1865, Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division 19

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Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print., Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. 46 Unknown Photographer; Title: Bull Run, Va. View of the battlefield; Call Number: LCDIG-cwpb-01314 LC-B811- 1046 [P&P] LOT 4167-E; Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print., Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. 47 Ford, A History of the Origin of Clinton, Massachusetts; op. cit.,548. 48 Ibid., 548. 49 Ibid., 547-548. 50 Ibid., 548-549. 51 Abbott, op. cit., 52 McPherson, op. cit., 248. 53 Civil War Trust, "Balls Bluff,” Accessed January 2015, www.civilwar.org/battlefields/ballsbluffn.html?tab=facts. 54 Andrew Elmer Ford, The Story of the Fifteenth Regiment Massachusetts, Volunteer Infantry in the Civil War, 1861-1864; (Clinton, Massachusetts: The Press of W. J. Coulter, 1898), Kessinger Legacy Reprint, 98-100. 55 Civil War Trust, “Balls Bluff,” Accessed January 2015, www.civilwar.org/battlefields/ballsbluff.html?tab=facts. 56 Ford, A History of the Origin of Clinton, Massachusetts; op. cit., 553. 57 Ibid., 553. 58

Ibid,. 555. Ibid., 556. 60 Ibid., 556. 61 Ibid., 554. 62 "The Movements Near Leesburg, Fight at Balls Bluff," Salem Register, Salem, Massachusetts, 28 October 1861, 2. 63 “General Stone Crossing the Potomac, Col Deven’s Regiment Near Leesburg, Fighting Near Edwards Ferry. Colonel Baker Killed.” Massachusetts Spy, Worcester, Massachusetts, 23 Oct 1861, 3. 64 Ford, A History of the Origin of Clinton, Massachusetts; op.cit., 556. 65 Ibid., 557. 66 Ibid., 558. 67 “General Stone Crossing the Potomac, Col Deven’s Regiment Near Leesburg, Fighting Near Edwards Ferry. Colonel Baker Killed.” Massachusetts Spy, Worcester, Massachusetts, 23 Oct 1861, 3. 68 Coco, op. cit., 56. 69 Ibid., 58. 70 Ford, A History of the Origin of Clinton, Massachusetts; op. cit., 643 – 645. 71 “Death of Sergeant Benson.,” Portsmouth Journal of Literature and Politics, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 16 August 1862, 2. 72 Ford, A History of the Origin of Clinton, Massachusetts; op. cit., 560. 73 Ibid., 572. 74 Ibid., 578. 75 Ibid., 578. 76 Ibid., 579. 77 Civil War Trust, “Antietam,” Accessed January 2015, www.civilwar.org/battlefields/antietam.html?tab=facts 59

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

Ford, A History of the Origin of Clinton, Massachusetts; op. cit., 584. These regiment included the Massachusetts:, Second, seventh, Ninth, Eleventh, Fifteenth, Nineteenth, Twentieth, Twenty- first, Twenty- second and twenty-eighth and Thirty-fourth. 79 Civil War Trust, “Antietam,” Accessed January 2015, www.civilwar.org/battlefields/antietam.html?tab=facts. 80 Coco, op.cit., 164. 81 Faust, op. cit. 82 Faust, op.cit. 83 Alexander Gardner, Photographer; Title: Bodies of Confederate artillerymen near Dunker Church.; Call Number: LOT 4167-C, no. 3 [P&P]. Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print. Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. 84 Coco, op. cit., 127. 85 Ford, A History of the Origin of Clinton, Massachusetts; op. cit., 320. 86 Ibid., 612. 87 Ibid., 612-614. 88 civilwar.org/battlefields/gettysburg.html 89 Andrew Elmer Ford, The Story of the Fifteenth Regiment Massachusetts, Volunteer Infantry in the Civil War, 1861-1864; The Press of W. J. Coulter, Clinton, Massachusetts, 1898, 278. 90 Ford, A History of the Origin of Clinton, Massachusetts; op. cit., 608-609. 91 Unknown Photographer; Title: Andersonville Prison, Ga., August 17, 1864. Southwest view of stockade showing the dead-line.; Call Number: LC-B816-8219; August 1864, Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print., Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. 92 Civil War Trust, “Andersonville Prison ,” Accessed January 2015, www.civilwar.org/.../history/warfare-and-logistics/warfare/andersonville.html 93 Ibid. 94 Ibid. 95 A. Hill Messinger, Photographer; Title: Returned Federal prisoners from Andersonville.; Call Number: LC-B8184-5526 [P&P]; 1861-1865, Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on Publication. 96 “Andersonville,” Massachusetts Spy, 21 Sep 1864, 4. 97 Ford, A History of the Origin of Clinton, Massachusetts; op. cit., 648. 98 Ibid., 646. 99 Faust, op. cit. 100 Ford, A History of the Origin of Clinton, Massachusetts; op. cit., 611. 101 Civil War Trust, “Grant and Lee: The Surrender,” Accessed January 2015, www.civilwar.org/battlefields/appomattox-courthouse/appomattox-court-househistory/surrender.html. 102 Abraham Lincoln Online, "The Gettysburg Address, " Accessed March 2015, www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/gettysburg.html. 103 Ford, A History of the Origin of Clinton, Massachusetts; op. cit., 634. 104 Faust, op. cit. 105 Faust, op. cit. 106 Ellen Schiereck, Photographer; Civil War Monument in Clinton, Massachusetts, 2008.

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The Mystery of Charles E. Brooks by Betsy Ferris

harles Ellery Brooks, my two-times great-grandfather, has been a bit of a mystery to me. My aunts and uncles often spoke well of his wife, Dolly, but spoke little or reluctantly about him. Both Charles and Dolly had died long before I knew them, but I remember when my Uncle Henry purchased a stone marker for Dolly’s gravesite at Lakeview Cemetery in Upton, Mass. He told me he had done this because he thought so highly of her. I had admired the little headstone and had noticed the small metal marker on Charles’s spot, which indicated that he had served in the American Civil War. So, wasn’t he a hero? I determined to find out about Charles’s military service and his life and times. Charles Ellery Brooks was born at Grafton, Mass. on 27 February 1828, a son of Jonathan and Almira (Clapp) Brooks.1 He married Dolly P. Hatch at Grafton, 1 January 1849, when he was twenty years old and she was seventeen.2 Charles was a shoemaker by trade, as was his father. In 1850 Charles and Dolly and their infant child lived in Grafton with Charles’s brother Augustus, his wife Sarah (who was Dolly’s sister)3 and their children, and ten additional young men and women, all working in the shoe shop. Next door lived Charles’s parents.4 In the 1800s Grafton became a leader in leather tanning, and boot and shoe production. Central shops and cottage industries rose around the center of town, and by 1837, 906 men and 486 women made over 671,000 pairs of shoes and 18,000 pairs of boots a year. Along South Street today on the West side remain the impressive homes of shop owners, and across the street on the East side are several of the old shops along with the tenements that once housed the workers.5 Custom shoe shops like those in the eighteenth century, where a craftsman and an apprentice (often his son) made shoes and boots to order for local customers, were transitioning to higher-volume shops where workers specialized to mass-produce products for distant markets. Manufacturing in these shops continued to be done by hand. “Uppers” were cut and sent out to women to stitch and bind at their homes. By 1860 Charles and Dolly had moved to a place of their own in nearby Upton. Son Stanley was now ten, Julian was eight, Eliza six, and Charles five.6 Upton, along with the towns of Hopkinton, Mendon, and Milford, made mostly boots. On the other hand, Sutton, Grafton, and Westborough made mostly shoes. Upton had a population of 1,451 in 1837 and, in that representative year, had produced 117,699 pairs of boots and 3500 pairs of shoes. Involved were 156 males and eighty-one females in the industry. The output continued to find a ready market in the West Indies and the American South. An Upton shoemaker, Ezekiel Bates Stoddard, purchased

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

a warehouse and store in Charleston, S.C., to better exploit that market. A tariff of fifty cents a pair on imported shoes protected America’s growing industry, and Upton benefited from the favorable business environment which this tariff created. Shoemakers probably made a good living in the nineteenth century. Stoddard himself developed a large estate in Upton, including multiple shoe shops, houses, and 250 acres.7 By mid-century, tensions between northern and southern states, which had been building since the beginning of the nation, were reaching a critical mass. Massachusetts had abolished slavery in its constitution of 1780.8 Southern states like South Carolina continued to depend upon slaves to work their fields and farms. Furthermore, South Carolina had always opposed the protective tariffs which supported northern craftsmen such as shoemakers. As early as President Jackson’s administration of the 1830s, South Carolina had declared these tariffs null within the state and threatened to secede from the Union if tariffs were enforced.9 South Carolina, among all southern states, was most fervently in favor of secession. Massachusetts, among all northern states, seemed most fervently in favor of preserving the Union. Massachusetts’s people in the first half of the nineteenth century were not terribly passionate about abolishing slavery in other states, believing that the institution of slavery did not have much to do with Massachusetts. But some of those returning from trips to Charleston for the purpose of selling shoes had witnessed slaves being sold at market in that city. Abolitionist fervor was growing in the north. An Upton minister, the Rev. John Forbush, had returned from Ohio to Upton in the 1850s. He told tales of having helped slaves cross the Ohio River from Kentucky, a slave state, on their way to freedom in Canada. Upton, too, had its “underground railroad” to help escaping slaves, in defiance of the Fugitive Slave Act. The 1852 publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, stirred up northern abolitionists further. In 1855 William Lloyd Garrison spoke at Waverly Hall in Upton and drew a huge crowd.10 It is possible that Charles attended this event, and it is almost certain that he heard all about the fiery abolitionist’s speech, or talked about it with friends and neighbors. It is possible that he and Dolly, like so many of their contemporaries, had read Uncle Tom’s Cabin. It is possible that they were reading all about the Lincoln-Douglas debates in 1858 in local newspapers. I wish I knew. Charles left no diaries or correspondence. In the story of Upton, we read, “On election day in 1860 Upton cast 216 votes out of 273 for Abraham Lincoln. As a consequence of Lincoln’s election, eleven southern states seceded from the Union. The war began in April 1861, and in four years Upton sent 234 young men to war to save the Union.”11

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The South was arming and recruiting. President Lincoln put out a call for volunteers to fight for the Union. Many more than called for came forward. Soldiers were to be paid a monthly wage at muster. To help families of volunteers while soldiers were away in battle, states provided inducements to recruits in the form of bounty payments for enlistment. Many local men did enlist right away, and the quota which President Lincoln had requested from Massachusetts was soon met. Charles did not rush to enlist. Although shoe trade with South Carolina had ceased when the war began, business returned to Upton boot makers in the form of government requirements for boots for the militia. Charles would have had to consider whether he and Dolly and their four children would be better off with his income from his craft or from the pay of a soldier, and whether or not the family could make it on their own while he was gone and what might happen if he did not return. As war casualties mounted and new units were sent to battle, it became more difficult for the Union to reach state quotas. There was talk of a draft. If state quotas were not met, all men between the ages of eighteen and fortyfive could be called up. President Lincoln issued General Order #94, asking again for 300,000 militia to serve now for nine months, and if state quotas were not met by 15 August 1862, the deficiency of volunteers in that state would be made up by special draft from the militia.12 Charles E. Brooks enlisted 19 August 1862 at age 34 and reported to Company I, Massachusetts 51st Volunteer Infantry Regiment on 25 September 1862.13 The Regiment trained and built barracks at Camp Wool in Worcester.14 They then marched to Boston and sailed to Goldsboro, N.C, arriving 11 December 1862. They had “guard and outpost duty” along the railroad connecting New Bern and Morehead City, through the coastal marshes of North Carolina from March to May 1863; they were in Virginia and Maryland in June and had duty at the White House 24 to 28 June. The unit returned to Worcester in July and mustered out 27 July 1863.15 There was not much opportunity for heroism. It was reported, “The 51st Massachusetts Volunteers had seen very little combat in North Carolina during late 1862 and early 1863; losing to disease rather to Rebel bullets, the great majority of its men had died in service.”16 Charles survived his tour of duty and returned home with the expectation, like so many others, that the war would soon be over. The Adjutant General of Massachusetts, William Schouler, wrote, “In my annual report for 1863 I expressed a hope that before the expiration of another year, the rebellion might be ended, peace and union restored.”17 Up to 1 January 1864, the total number of men whom Massachusetts had furnished for the military service since the beginning of the rebellion was 83,932, all of whom were volunteers with the exception of 2,710 who were drafted men or substitutes for drafted men. The majority of 63,359 were

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three-year men; 16,827 were nine-month men; and 3,736 were three-month men.18 The Massachusetts State Census of 1865 lists Charles as back at home in Upton with his wife and children, making boots.19 In Upton’s bicentennial history, Mrs. George R. Pierce writes about the return of soldiers to the town: “My thoughts take me back to 1865, when our Civil War boys came home. Get-together meetings were held in Waverly Hall, five people in each window seat, always a crowd. After the new Town Hall was opened in 1884, Upton citizens voted to give the G.A.R. boys the use and sponsorship of Waverly Hall to be known afterward as G.A.R. Hall.”20 I wonder if Charles worried about his job being there for him when he returned from the war. He would have had good reason to be concerned. The departure of so many workers to war in the South had caused severe labor shortages in the North. Immigrant workers had flooded in to fill some of these vacancies. Following the invention of the sewing machine and its adaptation to the making of shoes, shoe manufacturers mechanized to increase productivity. Invention progressed rapidly, and, under the stimulus of war, machines were utilized almost as fast as they were invented. Machines replaced the awl, the bristle and thread, the lapstone, and hammer.21 Then the war ended, and with it, government contracts for boots. Journeymen came home from war to fewer jobs and sinking wages. The Knights of St. Crispin, a shoemaker’s labor union, formed in Milford, Mass.; a chapter met in neighboring Upton.22 In 1880 Charles, then fifty-one, listed his occupation as painter, and Dolly “kept house” for him; their youngest son, Charles E., daughter-in-law Elizabeth, daughter Eliza, and her husband Henry Corbin, all “worked in the shop;” granddaughters Jesse Brooks and Bertha Corbin also lived in the house on Milford Street, Upton. There were no longer any shoemakers in the family. Charles worked for the Knowlton Company, and his family “worked in the shop” now stitching straw hats, not shoes.23 Charles E. Brooks never got to visit G.A.R. Hall, as he died two months before the new Town Hall opened. Nor did he ever get to see the Soldiers’ Monument erected on Upton Common, dedicated on 12 October 1891.24 He died in 1884. My aunts and uncles were not yet born, and they would have heard very little talk about their great-grandfather when they were young. Charles’ death certificate is odd in that it gives a range of dates for his death. The cause of death is listed as “violence by parties unknown.”25 Charles was presumably murdered. He disappeared on 4 July, and his body was found three days later on 7 July 1884, floating in Mill Pond. The Milford Journal reports on 9 July 1884: “Upton… a sad and mysterious event occurred last Monday afternoon, which threw the town into a state of great excitement and alarm. Three little boys were standing on the bridge over the mill pond at the Centre about 3 o’clock preparing to go swimming,

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when one of them spied something in the water which startled him, when he called the attention of one of his companions to it, and he exclaimed, ‘It’s a man!’ They ran for the miller across the road; several others soon came, and it was pronounced a certainty. Geo. W. Wood took his boat, and, accompanied by Moses Hollis, rowed down to the spot; with a large hook they dragged the body to the shore, which was soon recognized to be that of Mr. Charles E. Brooks. The Selectmen were sent for, and the coroner of this district, Dr. Eaton of Milford, who, assisted by Dr. Wilmarth, made an examination of the body. Several bruises were found upon his head and about his ear. The body was not filled with water nor swollen, and every appearance indicated that he came to his death before he was in the water. He was last seen by his family alive last Friday evening, when he appeared all right. Sometimes, but rarely, he was dissipated, but at such times was never quarrelsome or noisy. He was a pleasant, gentlemanly man, and was employed by Wm. Knowlton & Sons by the year to paint for them. Fears of foul play are expressed by many…” On 16 July 1884, Milford Journal correspondent VERITAS reported on the inquest: “…Last Saturday a private inquest before Judge Dewey was held to determine the cause of death of Charles E. Brooks, found drowned in Upton. There were fifteen witnesses separately examined, including the saloon keeper, the children and family of the deceased, and those who last saw him. The testimony did not point with certainty to any cause or place of death, nor discover any motive for the crime… He was sitting the night of the 4th about 10 P.M., in his own house watching fireworks, and asked his wife to arise and see them, which she was too tired to do. He then went out quietly, cautioning his grandchild to conceal from his wife the fact that he had gone out, which was done. He had hardly any money, but went to Kay’s saloon, where he stayed for some time drinking, and his subsequent movements, until he was discovered in the water, are not known.” Milford Journal of 6 August 1884 reports, “Judge Dewey Renders His Verdict. An inquest was held by me on the 12th and 19th days of July 1884 in regard to the death of Charles E. Brooks of Upton. Twenty-three witnesses were examined including three physicians. The medical testimony tended strongly to show that the man must have been severely assaulted, and then thrown into the water while unconscious, but still living. He was last seen alive about two o’clock in the morning of July 5, going out of the saloon of Edward Baker in said Upton, where he had spent some three hours in company with a number of other persons who left about the same time, as the saloon was close… In spite of the testimony of the physicians, I do not feel the man was murdered, or even severely assaulted, and so must find and certify that said Charles E. Brooks came to his death in some manner to me unknown.

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“Chas. A. Dewey, Justice of the Third District Court of Southern Worcester.” Milford Journal 13 August 1884: “Upton. Notwithstanding the decision of Judge Dewey, it is still believed almost universally in Upton that the late Charles E. Brooks was murdered.”26 At a Special Town Meeting held at Upton on 30 August 1884, in Article 5, the following was reported: “Moved by C.H. Johnson that the Selectmen be authorized to offer a reward of $200 for satisfactory proof of the cause of death of the late Charles E. Brooks, and if it proves to be a case of murder that they be authorized to offer an additional reward of $300 for the arrest and conviction of the murderer. A lively discussion followed the foregoing motion in which the prevailing sentiment was in favor of offering but one reward which resulted in the passage of the following motion: C. H. Johnson withdrawing his. Voted on motion of Albert Davis that the Selectmen be authorized to offer a reward of Five Hundred Dollars for the apprehension and conviction of the murderer or murderers of Charles E. Brooks.”27 There is no record of anyone having collected the reward. Charles E. Brooks remains a mystery. Dolly Brooks did finally benefit financially from Charles’s Civil War service, after the Dependent and Disability Act was signed into law on 27 June 1890.28 She received a Widow’s Pension from July 1890 until she died on 10 June 1921.29 _______________________ 1

Grafton, Massachusetts. Copy of Record of Birth. Charles Ellery Brooks. 1828, vol.14, p.109, no.2. 2 Grafton, Massachusetts. Copy of Record of Marriage. Charles E. Brooks and Dolly P. Hatch. 1849, vol.15, p. 81, no. 1. 3 Grafton, Massachusetts Vital Records to 1850. Marriage of Augustus Brooks and Sarah Hatch. 1845, v.1, 175. 4 1850 U. S. Census, Grafton, Worcester County, Massachusetts; roll M432-344; page 404A; image 141. 5 Grafton, MA, Walking Tour. Brochure developed under the direction of the Rhode Island Historical Society and the John H. Chafee Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor, an affiliate of the National Park Service. Congress established the Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor Commission in 1988, recognizing the national significance of the region between Providence, R.I. and Worcester, Mass.—the birthplace of the American Industrial Revolution. 6 1860 U. S. census, Upton, Worcester, Massachusetts; roll M653-531; page 877; image 586. 7 Donald Blake Johnson. Upton’s Heritage: The history of a Massachusetts Town. (Town of Upton, 1984) 103-111. 8 Paul Johnson. A History of the American People. (New York: Harper, 1998.), 170. Massachusetts’s Constitution of 1780 declared all individuals “free and equal.” This is interpreted to include black individuals. 9 Sean Wolentz. Andrew Jackson. The American Presidents Series, Arthur M. Schlessinger, Jr., general editor. (New York: Henry Holt, 2005.), 89-94, discussion of nullifiers in South Carolina.

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Upton, Massachusettts, 1735-1985. (Town of Upton, 1935) 94-95. Upton’s Heritage, 158. 12 “The Northern Draft of 1862,” Online Etymology Dictionary. www.etymonline.com 13 Massachusetts Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines in the Civil War, confirmed by Military Service Record, Charles E. Brooks. War Department, Record and Pension Division, June 12, 1891. 14 Warren Wilkinson. Mother, May You Never See the Sights I Have Seen. (New York: Harper & Row, 1990) 1-2. Book is about Massachusetts 57th. 15 51st Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. http://en.wikipedia.org 16 Wilkinson, op. cit., 95. 17, 18 Pub. Doc #7. Annual Report of the Adjutant General of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, December 31, 1864. (Boston: Wright & Potter, State Printers, 1865) 4-5. This book, available in the Cape Cod Genealogical Society library, includes more than 1000 pages of information specific to Massachusetts in the Civil War. 19 Massachusetts State Census,1865, Upton. 20 Mrs. George R. Pierce, “J. Orson Fiske Post 105, Grand Army of the Republic,” in Upton Massachusetts, 1735 – 1935, 106. 21 Don D. Leslohier, “The Knights of St. Crispin, 1867-1874: A study in the industrial causes of trade unionism,” Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin, No. 3 55, Economic & Political Science Series, Voc No. I, pp.1-102. Article on the history of manufacturing shoes and boots in the nineteenth century. http://archive.org/stream/knightsofstcrisp00lescrich/kightsofstcrisp00lescrich_djvu.txt 22 www.massaflcio.org/1864-knights-st-crispin-founded-Milford 23 1880 U.S. census Upton, FHL 1254564, NA film T9-0564, page 83A. www.familysearch.org 24 Upton, Massachusetts, 1735 – 1935, 110. 25 Upton, Massachusetts, Copy of Death Record, Charles E. Brooks. 1884, p.83, no.15. 26 Many thanks to William Taylor of the Upton Historical Society, who painstakingly transcribed these articles from microfiche of the Milford Journal at the Milford Public Library. 27 Town of Upton Report of Special Town Meeting held 30 August 1884. Transcribed from original records by William Taylor at the Upton Historical Society. 28” Dependent and Disability Pension Act,” 27 June 1890. wikipedia.org. 29 Drop Report, Dolly P. Brooks, Pensioner (S-1081). Bureau of the Interior Bureau of Pensions. 11

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

The Civil War and Chatham’s “Blind Chaplain” by Debra Lawless

n a beautiful late July evening in 1867 a large crowd gathered on Chatham’s Main Street on a triangle of grass called Sears Park. In the gentle sea breeze the group sang, prayed and listened to scripture readings at the foot of the new fifteen-foot Chatham Soldiers’ Monument.1 “The soldiers of the Union Army left their homes to defend their country from the assaults of its foes,” the Reverend William F. Farrington of the Methodist Church told the crowd. On this evening, he added, townspeople were here “as patriots to honor the heroic dead, and condole with those who mourn over loss.” The reverend went on to speak of the character of each of the town’s thirteen dead soldiers, and the circumstance of his death in the Civil War.2 Three clergymen led the ceremonies. A fourth pastor who would later prove influential in Chatham was as yet unknown to the town. Blinded in the Civil War, Henry Noble Couden was then studying at the State School for the Blind in Columbus, Ohio. The monument itself was an obelisk made of granite and Italian marble capped with a ten-inch finial. The obelisk, symbolizing eternity, was a favorite style of monuments at the time. A stout iron fence surrounded it. Chatham had made great The Chatham Soldiers’ Monument as it looked in the 19th sacrifices in the century. war in the South. Courtesy of the Chatham Historical Society. The town had been given a

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quota of 232 men but in fact furnished about 270. On 20 August 1861 Charles Lyman, a twenty-two-year-old clerk, was the first to enlist. The following summer, voters at the town meeting on 22 July 1862 offered a bounty of $200 to each man who volunteered to fight, with $4 a month to go to each member of their families.3 Altogether, one man in five departed Chatham for the killing fields of the south, a significant number in a town of 2700.4 In 1866, about a year and a half after Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendered, Chatham selectmen proposed that a monument “be erected in memory of our Soldiers that has been killed or has died of wounds or other ways lost their lives in the late war.”5 The following February voters appropriated $1500 for a “monument to the memory of our soldiers who fell in the late war of the Rebellion.”6 Those who gathered on the grass that July evening could read the names of the thirteen fallen men chiseled on the monument by James H. Jenks of West Dennis. Jenks misspelled the Battle of Cold Harbor as “Coal” Harbor. This was a common error of the day, begun by a New York newspaperman's misunderstanding of the place name after the June 1864 battle there. Of the thirteen soldiers on the monument, seven were killed in action, three died of battle wounds, and two died of disease during captivity in Confederate prisons. One died in the hospital. Not all were Chatham natives. Capt. William Harley was born in England and came to Chatham to enlist in the war. Celebrations and rituals are meant to memorialize and The inscriptions on one side of the 1867 monument. honor, but they can Photo by the author. also serve as

The Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society

cathartic rites. Perhaps on that summer evening, as some dabbed tears from their eyes, it seemed that the war was at last put to rest, and even bitter memories could be surrendered. The dead had been shipped back to Chatham and now rested in the cemetery. Widows might remarry, and many did.7 Life could go on. Yet in Chatham, as in other towns, the wounded remained among the general population, still suffering from their wounds. A gruesome catalog of lingering illnesses whose onset seems to be traced to the war is chronicled in the 1890 Veterans Schedule for Chatham. One wonders, twenty-five years after the war ended, if the thirty soldiers listed in the census felt that their brief time on the battlefield was worth the lifelong suffering that befell them. One soldier, due to a “disability incurred at Spottsylvania [sic] Courthouse,” was “suffering rheumatism and diarrhea.” Another, shot through the neck and arm, still suffered from those wounds that were improperly treated, perhaps on the battlefield itself. Yet another, shot through his right forefinger, lost the use of the finger. Others suffered from a “disease of bowels caused by shell wound,” malarial fevers, coughs, consumption, liver and heart trouble, deafness, varicose veins and “piles.” One soldier “became insane after discharge.”8 In 1890 the Reverend Henry Couden, now of Chatham, was forty-eight years old. He had a prominent nose, and sported a broad black mustache that covered his upper lip. You might not know he was blind except for the dark glasses he wore indoors and out, day and night. As the 1890 Veterans Schedule worded it, Couden suffered from “total blindness in both eyes which compelled him to study and earn his living as a clergyman.”9 Between 1883 and 1891 Couden and his smoke-dark glasses hovered in front of the congregation of Chatham’s Universalist Church every Sunday as well as during evening Sabbath Schools, funerals, weddings and baptisms. Surely there must have been moments during a less than scintillating sermon when the thoughts of the congregation turned not to the Second Coming but to the carnage of the Civil War as they observed their maimed pastor. Couden was born in Plymouth, Ind. on 21 November 1842, a son of Joseph G. and Eliza Couden. His uncle was Noah Noble, the governor of Indiana from 1831 to 1837.10 At age eighteen Couden was plowing a field, as the story goes, when he heard that President Lincoln had called for 75,000 volunteers. “He drove the team to the end of the furrow, unhitched the horses and took them to the barn,” according to a perhaps-apocryphal story in his obituary.11 The following day, 27 April 1861, he enlisted as a private in Company K, the 6th Ohio Infantry. On 8 April 1863 he transferred to the 1st Battalion of Cavalry, Mississippi Marine Brigade, and it was soon after that, on 24 May, that he was struck in the eyes, left arm, and left side

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by birdshot during the battle of Beaver Dam Lake in Austin, Miss. His horse was also wounded eight times, and died beneath him. Couden’s wounds appeared so dire that he was given up for dead. Yet “he finally recovered to find himself in total darkness” and, after weeks in a hospital, was mustered out of the Army on 7 July 1863. He went on to study at the State School for the Blind in Columbus, Ohio,12 where he would remain for seven years. While there he courted and married a young milliner, Melissa Ann Marvin, who was living in June 1870 with her widowed mother.13 Yet their happiness was brief as twenty-six-year-old Melissa died seven days after giving birth to their son, William, on 30 July 1874, in Harrison, Ohio. Evidently unable to cope with both his studies and raising a child as a blind single father, Couden turned the baby over to a cousin, the Reverend William Looker Gibbs and his wife Phoebe Ford Snow Gibbs. Gibbs was also a veteran of the Civil War. William Couden would grow up to follow in his father’s footsteps, eventually earning a Doctor of Divinity degree. Couden continued his studies in the Theological School at St. Lawrence University in Canton, N.Y., from which he graduated as a Doctor of Divinity in 1878, the same year that he was ordained as a Universalist minister. On 17 July 1878, in Amherst, Mass., he married his second wife, Lydia Jane Dickinson, a graduate of Mount Holyoke Henry Noble Couden. Seminary who Courtesy of the Chatham Historical Society had been a teacher at the

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State School for the Blind when Couden was a student there.14 A daughter of Marquis Fayette Dickinson and Hannah Williams Dickinson, Lydia was born on 17 July 1846 into the distinguished Dickinson family of Amherst.15 In Madrid, N.Y., Lydia gave birth to a son, Henry Jr., on 10 April 1879. In 1880 she bore a second son, Fayette Dickinson, and in 1882 a third son, James Pease, known as Jamie in the family. Early in 1883 the young family arrived in Chatham where Couden assumed the pulpit at the Universalist Church as “pastor elect.” The Universalist Society in Chatham reaches back to 1822.16 The group erected its third church building on Main Street in 1879 after the previous church burned down. Couden therefore took over a congregation in a building that was only four years old.17 (In 1962 that renovated building became St. Christopher’s Episcopal Church at 625 Main Street.) Couden’s Chatham flock did not know what to make of a blind pastor who walked through the town’s dusty streets on the arm of his wife or a young child. The rumor got about that Couden memorized his sermons before delivering them. Couden denied the rumor.18 Does this mean he spoke extemporaneously? Braille had been developed in 1825 by a blind Frenchman, and perhaps Couden had mastered it to conduct his studies. He was said to have thanked one of his teachers at St. Lawrence for reading to him. He was also said to be able to memorize a scripture lesson or hymn after hearing it spoken aloud two or three times.19 On 22 January 1884 Lydia gave birth to the couple’s fourth child and first daughter, Jennie Dickinson.20 Twenty-four days later it must have seemed to the pastor that a cruel history was repeating itself as Lydia suddenly died. Dr. Benjamin Gifford, the town physician, autopsied Lydia, and reported the thirty-seven-year-old died of a “recently formed clot of blood obstructing the valves of the right side of the heart.”21 Couden again found himself a blind widower, this time with a busy parish and four small children to raise. “Mr. Couden, as might be expected, is well nigh crushed by the severity of his affliction.”22 On the Friday morning after Lydia’s death, Couden set out for Amherst with the children and the remains of their mother. They stayed there for about a week, burying Lydia in North Cemetery in Amherst. On the back of her gravestone is carved the word “Mamma.” The baby Jennie was at some point adopted by her maternal uncle Marquis Fayette Dickinson Jr., who lived in Amherst.23 Couden returned to Chatham on Saturday, accompanied by his sister, his sister-in-law and the children. Sunday “was a cold, blustering day,” and services were suspended in the Universalist Church owing to the “sad affliction of Mr. Couden.”24 Couden began to find Chatham so grim that he decided to resign his pulpit but in September 1885 reversed his decision.25

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Two years after Lydia’s death, Couden found a third and final wife. “I have married three beautiful women and I never saw any of them,” Couden was later quoted as saying.26 She was Harriet Dunbar of Mount Vernon, Ohio, a teacher whose age is given, on the Chatham Marriage registry, as a coy “over 21.” Born in February 1841, “Hattie” was, in fact, at the time of her wedding on 26 January 1886, a month shy of forty-five. Couden was slightly younger at forty-three.27 And soon, on 24 May 1886, another horror struck the Couden family when little Jamie, “one of the sweetest and most affectionate of children,” died of “compression of the brain” at the age of three and a half.28 Again recalling the horrors of the Civil War, The Barnstable Patriot noted that Jamie died on the twenty-third anniversary of the day Couden lost his vision in battle. Jamie, too, was buried in North Cemetery in Amherst, near his mother.29 The Coudens continued to live in Chatham until 1891, after which Couden served in a church in Port Huron, Michigan for four years. Couden accepted the position for which he is best remembered in 1895, when he was named the Chaplain for the Fifty-Fourth Congress of the U.S. House of Representatives. He would serve through the Sixty-sixth Congress. Despite the hardships of his life, Couden was recalled by his friend and colleague, the Reverend John van Schaick Jr. as “the life of a dinner table… He had a delicious sense of humor, and loved the circle of good fellows.”30 In Washington, D.C., Couden became famous, yet he kept up with friends on the Cape, visiting them in Hyannis, and also receiving visitors

Stars mark the graves of Civil War soldiers in Chatham’s cemeteries. Photo by the author

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from Chatham in the nation’s capital. For several summers, when Congress was in recess, he preached in Yarmouth.31 Couden’s sister-in-law, Julia Dickinson, had married Charles S. Nickerson, a son of Captain Ziba Nickerson of Chatham, and that gave him a family tie to his old stomping ground. Time rolled on. Couden’s hair and moustache turned white and his face thinned, but he remained dapper. Couden served as a chaplain for the Grand Army of the Republic even as the Civil War became a distant memory. In Chatham, twelve aging veterans of the Civil War were invited to sit at a special dinner table during Chatham’s Bicentennial celebration on 1 August 1912.32 Other wars had by now become more pressing— Couden’s son Henry served as a private in the Spanish-American War, and William served as a chaplain in the bloody European battlefields of the Great War. Couden prayed for the Congress until 21 February 1921. “The Blind Chaplain,” as he was known, died at home on 22 August 1922 in Fort Myer, Va., of bronchial pneumonia. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery alongside his son Henry, who pre-deceased him in 1906. In 1925 Couden’s widow Harriet would also be interred there. The people of Chatham never forgot Couden. In 1928 Alice Guild, who wrote a column of local news in the Chatham Monitor, noted that Couden “is remembered among the older adherents of our Universalist Church for the sincere and brilliant service he rendered while pastor here… He made many friends who ever after cherished his friendship.”33 1

Barnstable Patriot, 30 July 1867. Ibid. 3 The Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Incorporation of the Town of Chatham, Massachusetts, 1712-1912 (Chatham: Town Celebration Committee, 1913), 29. 4 Stauffer Miller, Hoisting Their Colors: Cape Cod’s Civil War Navy Officers (Lexington, KY: Xlibris Corporation, 2008), 233. 5 “Selectman’s Notes” of November 1866, housed in the Archives of the Chatham Historical Society, 347 Stage Harbor Road, Chatham, Mass. 6 Barnstable Patriot, 12 February 1867. 7 Of the nine Chatham widows enumerated on the 1890 U.S. Veterans Schedule 25 years after the end of the war, three—Hanna Burgess, Anna G. Jefrson [sic] and Mehitable Howes-had remarried by 1890. 8 1890 U.S. Veterans Schedules, Special Schedule of the Eleventh Census, Barnstable County, Massachusetts, Chatham, enumeration district 5, pp. 1-5; digital image by subscription, Ancestry.com (http://ancestry.com : accessed 23 February 2015) from National Archives microfilm M123, roll 13. 9 Ibid, p. 3, Henry M. Couden. 10 Clifford E. Olstrom, Undaunted by Blindness, 2nd edition (eBookIt.com, 2012); (http://books.google.com : accessed 24 February 2015). 11 New York Times, 20 August 1922. 2

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Ibid, 29 August 1922. 1870 U.S. Census, Hamilton County, Ohio, Population Schedule, Harrison, p. 2, dwelling 12, family 17, Melissa Marvin; digital image by subscription, Ancestry.com (http://ancestry.com : accessed 23 February 2015) from National Archives microfilm M593, roll 1208. 14 Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography. See http://www.uudb.org/articles/henrynoblecouden.html. 15 Massachusetts Town and Vital Records, 1620-1988, Chatham, Deaths, 1869-1900, p. 19, line 6, Lydia J. Couden; digital image by subscription, Ancestry.com (http://ancestry.com : accessed 23 February 2015). 16 Simeon L. Deyo, History of Barnstable County (New York: H.W. Blake & Co. 1890), 587. 17 Ibid. 18 Chatham Monitor, 13 March 1883. 19 Barnstable Patriot, 9 December 1895. 20 Massachusetts Town and Vital Records, 1620-1988, City of Boston, 1884, p. 132, line 5893, Jennie Dickinson Couden; digital image by subscription, Ancestry.com (http://ancestry.com : accessed 23 February 2015). The records note that Couden was born in Chatham. Couden married the banker William Carey Marble in 1907 in Brookline. She died in 1948 in Los Angeles. 21 Chatham Monitor, 19 February 1884. 22 Ibid. 23 Marsh Genealogy: Giving Several Thousand Descendants of John Marsh of Hartford, Ct., 1636-1895. (Amherst: Press of Carpenter & Morehouse, 1895), 467; digital image by subscription, Ancestry.com (http://ancestry.com : accessed 22 February 2015). 24 Chatham Monitor, 26 February 1884. 25 Ibid, 15 September 1885. 26 John van Schaick Jr., The Universalist Leader, Vol. XXV, No. 35, 2 September 1922, p. 14; (http://Books.Google.com, accessed 22 February 2015). Van Schaick recalled his friend and colleague with affection. 27 Massachusetts Marriage Records, 1840-1915, Chatham, 1886, page 38, line 3, Henry Noble Couden/ Hattie Dunbar; digital image by subscription, Ancestry.com (http://ancestry.com : accessed 23 February 2015). 28 Massachusetts Town and Vital Records, 1620-1988, Chatham, 1886, p. 20, line 11, James Pease Couden; digital image by subscription, Ancestry.com (http://ancestry.com : accessed 23 February 2015). 29 Barnstable Patriot, 1 June 1886. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Compression of the brain,â&#x20AC;? as it was then diagnosed, may have been caused by a head trauma or a seizure. 30 Van Schaick. Op. cit. 31 Barnstable Patriot, 10 August 1908, 20 October 1913, 27 July 1903. 32 The Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Incorporation of the Town of Chatham, Massachusetts, 1712-1912, 87. 33 Chatham Monitor, 2 February 1928. 13

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The Search for Samuel Richards by Phyllis Day

everal years into my genealogy research, I took notice that my greatgreat-great-grandfather, Samuel Richards’s youngest son, Samuel Richards, was a clean slate. No matter what Ancestry.com tree I looked at, all that was listed was his name and an approximate year of birth. When I completed identifying five of Samuel’s seven children, it seemed to be the right time to investigate why other relatives, who have been doing family genealogy for over fifty years, left him almost blank. This was a journey that reinforces care while utilizing secondary sources, the need to have feet on the ground, do what some might call “grunt research,” take a crash course in the Civil War and Virginia geography, and learn how to take advantage of emerging resources, even if it means paying for services and research. When I was done, I found that almost all on-line information on him was incorrect and that it took more than twenty years after his death to properly identify his date and place of death. There are no primary records for young Samuel Richards. His birth in Vermont was never recorded by Samuel, and he first appears in the 1850 U. S. census1 living with his parents and several siblings in Brasher, N.Y. at the age of fourteen. That information was the limit of data that I had at that point. There are no other records for Samuel Richards. In the next census, Samuel and his wife are listed with no children.2 Upon a closer look at that census, there is a Hiram Richards listed as the next family with a wife and two daughters; the age is approximate to what would have been Samuel’s age.3 Has Samuel become Hiram? By the 1870 U. S. census, there is no Hiram nor Samuel Richards. This last census does list Hiram’s wife and three children.4 In reviewing the census, she is surrounded by Samuel’s family. His uncle Joseph Austin Jacobs’s family5 is listed just above his wife, and his parents6 are listed just below his wife, as is another cousin. Unfortunately, this census does not identify marital status. By 1880 Hiram’s wife, Christiann Richards, is listed as widowed but with no other information, and she is no longer living in Brasher surrounded by Samuel’s family.7 How did Christiann become widowed and when was she widowed? Both are good questions, and the serious search began. If Samuel were twentyfour years of age in 1860, he would have been twenty-five at the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. Of all the Civil War records provided on Ancestry.com, there is no Samuel Richards listed. There are, however, many references to Hiram S. Richards. Is Samuel’s real name, Hiram

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Samuel Richards? My only option was to follow this name and see where it would take me. Hiram is listed as a Union soldier from New York, belonging to the Sixteenth Regiment, New York Infantry, Company H, with a rank in of private.8 A local record lists Hiram as an Ensign, enrolled as a soldier on 15 May 1861.9 Another record lists Hiram, age twenty-five, enlisting 30 April 1861 in Stockholm, N.Y., serving the State of New York. His service record indicates he enlisted on 15 May 1861, and mustered out on 19 November 1861 at an Alexandria, Va. hospital, and that he did not survive the war.10 This was the first document to indicate that Hiram did not survive the war. A record from the New York State Archives asserts that Hiram’s separation detail shows that he died 19 November 1861, with no location of his death; however, the primary record lists Hiram’s enlistment information and further states “left the organization” as he died 19 November 1861 as a private in the Brigade Hospital, Alexandria, Va., of “disease.” This card also documents that Hiram was born in Vermont, was age twenty-five, and his residence was Helena, (a section of the town of Brasher), N.Y.11 After two years of computer research, I still did not know whether Samuel was, in fact, Hiram. In July 2013, it was time for a visit to upstate New York to see what I could find. Before I left, I sought the counsel of William Crowell of the State of Washington, who is a descendant of Rachel’s youngest brother, Joseph Austin Jacobs, and who has been writing a family history for a number of years. He gave me the benefit of his many trips investigating the family; he strongly recommended that I visit the Owen D. Young Library at St. Lawrence University in Canton, N.Y.-- the county seat for St. Lawrence County. The entire staff was very helpful, and they brought me a large box of documents, not catalogued, that had to do with the Civil War in St. Lawrence County. One of those documents was entitled, “Some Civil War Soldiers from St. Lawrence County, New York.”12 All the information contained within was taken from Town Clerk Records and a New York Adjutant General’s Report from 1865. Alphabetically, I found Hiram “C” Richards, born in Vermont in 1836, whose residence was Brasher, and his parents were listed as Samuel and Rachel. This was exactly what I was looking for. I now knew that Hiram is the person who started out as named Samuel. The wrong middle initial is just another one of the many errors encountered. The document recites Hiram’s military information, but under “comments” it lists he died of disease 19 November 1861, at the Brigade Hospital in Alexandria, Va. and was buried in Brasher. Because of Hiram’s death during the Civil War, his widow and minor children were entitled to pension benefits, which Christiann filed for on 5

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June 1867, for herself and her two daughters.13 There were multiple Pension records for them on both Ancestry.com and Fold.com. While attending a genealogical conference in the spring of 2013, I joined a session on “How to research your Civil War ancestor at the National Archives.”14 Since Hiram had not been identified yet and, therefore, no information regarding spouse or children was available in 2013, I was intent on how to access this type of information through pension records, should Hiram have been lost in the Civil War. The presenter explained that the information contained in a pension record would include marriage information and the children born of the marriage. The National Archives’ record would also include the Compiled Military Service Record [CMSR]. These records should contain information regarding Hiram’s death, location of death, his interment, and the Muster Out records. After the trip to St. Lawrence County, it was clear that I needed still more information about Hiram. The Brasher Town Hall burned down in 1909, and all records were lost. I met with the town historian, but he had no Civil War records. It now seemed that the National Archives’ records were imperative. Having sat through the Civil War seminar that spring, I had contact information, and I used it. For a reasonable fee, Hiram’s Civil War records were photographed and sent to me on a DVD for my use. These documents were a treasure trove of information that does not exist in any other repository. After a number of affidavits were submitted, settling the dates of Christiann’s marriage to Hiram and the birth of her daughters, the Widow and Minor pensions were awarded in October 1869.15 This information might have been the impetus for seeking Hiram’s records; however, the documents from his Compiled Military Service Record were of great interest because the very first document I found stated that Hiram did not die in Alexandria. In August 1867, the Record and Pension Division was asked to verify Private H. S. Richards’s death by the War Department. They restated the information that Hiram was of Co. H., Sixteenth Regiment, New York Volunteers, and was reported to have died 15 November 1861, Army of Potomac-- place not stated-- of “Febris Typhoides.” The document further states that there were “No Regimental records on file. Records of Supt. of Hospitals Alexandria, Va. contain no evidence.”16 What did this response mean? There are three other documents contained in his CMSR that clearly identify Brigade Hospital, Alexandria as the location of Hiram’s death. In June 1882, it seems that the Treasury Department was conducting an audit of pensions, and some fifteen years later, the Record and Pension Division again responds to the Adjutant General, War Department, that

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“There are no records of this regiment on file” at the Alexandria location for H. S. Richards.17 At the end of July 1882, an Assistant Adjutant General informed the Pension Division that Hiram was reported on the Muster Out roll of Company H, dated 22 May 1863, as “died at Brigade Hospital Alexandria, Virginia, 19 November 1861, of typhoid fever.” However, the Register of Deceased Soldiers-1861 reports him as “Died 15 November 1861-- Camp Franklin, Virginia.”18 Attached to this document is a Casualty Sheet19 listing which identifies Hiram and reports, “Nature of Casualty as Death; Capt. W. Gibson certified the casualty; the Date of Death is 18 November 1861; and the Place of Death as Camp Franklin, Virginia,” and the document further stated that all of that information was obtained from the Register of Deceased Soldiers, 1861, and that the Surgeon General, U. S. Army had been notified. Finally, on 7 August 1884, the Second Auditor’s Office, Treasury Department, notified the Assistant Adjutant General “that in the case of the within named soldier, pay has been allowed by this office on Certificate 3435 to include 18 November 1861, Roll of Company H, 31 December 1861,” and reported him as “died 18 November 1861.”20 The verification of Hiram’s death took almost twenty-three years after the actual death itself. The best I can hope is that his widow and minor children did start receiving benefits in 1869, as the cover sheet for Hiram’s Pension file stated. The daughters’ benefits were scheduled to cease April 1877. I kept asking myself how could this error regarding Hiram’s place of death happen-- lots of reports and lots of paper exchanges; yet it was wrong. So I returned to the beginning of the National Archives’ papers to scrutinize them. A form had been filled out by a clerk for the Pension file that recapped the Co. Muster-Out Roll information. Down at the bottom under Remarks it was written “Died in Brigade Hospital 15 November 1861, see D &D R.R.,” and inserted after hospital was written “Alexandria, Virginia.” Perhaps the only Brigade Hospital was in Alexandria, and that was why it was written in. There is also the question of just where was Camp Franklin, Virginia. This investigation had become a fascinating journey. In 1861, Camp Franklin was described as south and west of Washington.21 By today’s maps, it would be outside of Alexandria, on the Pike to Leesburg [Route 7] and in Arlington. Arlington was formed out of Fairfax County in 1801 as Alexandria County of the new District of Columbia. It was renamed Arlington County in 1920.22 Contained in the Sixteenth Infantry Regimental History is their assignment to the Second Brigade, Fifth Division, in the Army of Northeastern Virginia, arriving in Alexandria on 11 July 1861, assigned to Camp Franklin to defend Washington, and they would return there several times until August 1862.23

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In researching Camp Franklin, I was fortunate to find an e-book that contained diary entries from various “women, North and South, who devoted their time and tender care to the sick and wounded of the Civil War…” 24 One of the writers, Amy M. Bradley, was a nurse assigned to the Fifth Maine Regiment and she was at Camp Franklin in October/November 1861. She writes about the soldiers drilling in sight of her tent and also identifies the Second Brigade as the Sixteenth, Twenty-sixth, and Twentyseventh New York Volunteers and the Fifth Maine, consisting of 4000 men. In describing the area she mentions that in October there were now thirtytwo forts around Washington, and Camp Franklin is in close proximity to Forth Worth, which would be Bailey’s Crossroads, Virginia, today. Amy was asked by Dr. Brickett, the Attending Physician to the Fifth Maine Regiment, to take charge of their hospital at Camp Franklin.25 In early November, General Slocum, the Brigade Commander, had occasion to inspect the Camp Franklin hospital. After the inspection, the General asked Dr. Brickett, “How is it, Dr. Brickett, that your boys are so much more comfortable than those of other Regiments in the Brigade?” The Doctor told him of Nurse Bradley, that he had named her Matron, and that she was experienced in taking care of the sick, had learned a lot from the Sanitary Commission, and had assistance from other nurses in the patients’ care. The General’s response was, “I can’t have any partiality in my Brigade; give my compliments to Miss Bradley, and tell her I should be happy for her to take charge of the sick of the Brigade…” He stated he would commandeer two local large residences as the Brigade hospital. He directed Dr. Brickett to “tell her I would like her to go there and make a home for my ‘boys.’” 26 Ten days later, patients were ready to be moved into the two residences. Seventy-five new cots and straw bed ticks had been obtained, as well as supplies from the U. S. Sanitary Commission such as quilts, blankets, sheets, pillows cases, shirts, socks, towels, etc., to make patients as comfortable as possible. Soldiers had been assigned to help with the patients while all was being readied. On 15 November, patients started to arrive by ambulance from various field hospitals to fill the beds.27 Her diary stated that the Regiment voted to raise money to send home the body of every soldier who dies. She explained that the body is packed in salt and saltpeter and that she uses delicate flowers, which she usually buys, and places them around their faces.28 Unfortunately, Hiram died on the day of the move. Was he moved and died shortly after arrival? Was this part of the confusion on death location-Brigade Hospital at Camp Franklin, Virginia and not Brigade Hospital, Army of the Potomac, Alexandria, Virginia? After all, this event took place in Alexandria. The Sixteenth New York was never part of the Army of the

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Potomac, although their regimental history does list a brief assignment to the Army in September 1861. The New York Adjutant General records state that Hiram’s body was returned to Brasher for burial. Hiram is not in the family cemetery in Helena. There were other family members who had died and were buried in that cemetery but no record of Hiram. One problem was that in 1861, the railroad did not reach as far north as Helena. The Northern Railroad had stations in Stockton, where Hiram enlisted, and Brasher Falls, some ten or so miles away.29 To summarize, finally after five years, I had been able to fill in much family history for Hiram, who I believe has Samuel as a middle name. The claim for Widow’s Pension with Minor Children’s paperwork has given me a marriage date, affidavits about the ceremony and location, affidavits with Rachel’s signature, since she attended both births of Hiram’s daughters, and an affidavit by Samuel in the processing of the widow’s pension-- all being quite a bit more than I was looking for when I paid for the National Archives’ records. The controversy over Hiram’s death location took me on a trip to Civil War Virginia and brought me into a Civil War camp, all because someone wrote “Alexandria, Virginia” after Brigade Hospital. I found out how large a presence the North had in northern Virginia in 1861, but do wonder why it was necessary for the North to have multiple armies. It was helpful to have a better understanding of the purpose of the U. S. Sanitary Commission and how the soldiers pooled together to bring their fallen comrades home to their families. According to regimental records, eighty-five enlisted men died of disease during their two-year enlistments.30 It was reassuring to learn how well they were treated in death. The only question left is what happened to Hiram’s body. On my next trip to St. Lawrence County, I plan to stop in Stockton and see if they have any record of Hiram’s body ever being received. 1

1850 U. S. census, St. Lawrence Co., N.Y., pop. sch., Brasher, p. 403, dwell. 1378, fam. 1398, S. Richards household; NARA microfilm M432, roll 1009. 2 1860 U. S. census, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., pop. sch., Brasher, p. 115, dwell. 978, fam. 931, S. Richards household; NARA microfilm M653, roll 1,438. 3 Ibid., dwell. 979, fam. 932, H. Richards household. 4 1870 U. S. census, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., pop. sch., Brasher, p. 51, dwell. 354, fam. 360, C. Richards household; NARA microfilm M593, roll 1,761. 5 Ibid., dwell. 352, fam. 358, J. Jacobs household. 6 Ibid., dwell. 357, fam. 363, S. Richards household. 7 1880 U. S. census, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., pop. sch., North Lawrence, p. 9, dwell. 95, fam. 100, C. Richards household; NARA microfilm T9, roll 1.454. 8 U. S. Civil War Soldiers, 1861-1865 Index, Civil War Soldiers; NARA microfilm M551, roll 117. 9 “St. Lawrence County Civil War Rosters Captain Warren Gibson’s Company H – 16th Infantry, N. Y. S. Vols.,” History of St. Lawrence County, New York (L.H. Everts & Company, 1878)

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U.S. Civil War Soldier Records and Profiles. Report of the Adjutant General State of New York. Data compiled by Historical Data Systems, Mass. 2009. 11 New York, Civil War Muster Roll Abstracts, 1861-1900, Civil War Muster Roll Abstracts of New York State Volunteers, United States Sharpshooters, and United States Colored Troops; New York State Archives, Collection #:13775-83, Box #:68, Roll #: 911-912. 12 Some Civil War Soldiers from St. Lawrence County, New York. 549-550. Compiled by John M. Austin from Town Clerk records and N.Y. Adjutant General records. 13 U.S. Civil War Pension Index: General Index to Pension Files 1861-1934, Soldier, Richards, Hiram S., Widow, Richards, Christian; Application No. 148.177, Certificate No. 136.017, filed 1867 June 5; NARA microfilm T288, roll 392. 14 Bruce D. Frail, “How to Research Your Civil War Ancestor at the National Archives” (12 th New England Regional Genealogical Conference, Manchester, N.H., April 21, 2013). 15 Widow’s Pension with minor children, Surgeon General’s Office, Record and Pension Division, Soldier, Hiram S. Richards, Pensioner Christian Plaunter Richards, WC 136017; NARA /Record Group 94/Civil War Pensions/Box 33200/W.C. 136.017/Richards, Hiram S. 16 Ibid. Surgeon General’s Office, Record and Pension Division, to Adjutant General, dated August 27, 1867, reporting no regimental records on file to verify date of death or location. 17 Compiled Military Service Record, Record and Pension Division, No. 108.919, dated June 30, 1882, reports to Adjutant’s General Office, no records of the 16th N.Y. Infantry on file; NARA/Record Group 94/Complied Military Service Records/Company H, 16 th New York Infantry/Richards, Hiram, S. 18 Ibid. War Department, Adjutant General’s Office, page 230, dated July 26, 1882, reports date of death and location of death to Records and Pension Division. 19 Ibid. Casualty Sheet. 20 Ibid. August 7, 1884, Treasury Department responds pay allowed on Certificate 3435. 21 Denney, Robert E. The Distaff Civil War. (Trafford Publishing, 2002), October 17, 1861, diary entry. https://books.google.com/books?id=DJLVVW98e3kC&pg=PT138&dq=Camp+Franklin+Ci vil+War&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wG7qVN70GsSlNq_ug5gJ&ved=0CGMQ6AEwCQ#v=onepag e&q=Camp%20Franklin%20Civil%20War&f=false 22 Images of America Arlington. Arlington Historical Society. (S. C.: Arcadia Publishing, 2000), 7. 23 “16th Infantry Regiment New York,” American Civil War Regiments (1997-2000) Regimental History. Ancestry.com http://search.ancestry.com/cgibin/sse.dll?db=hdsregiment&h=4570&ti=0&indiv=try&gss= pt&ssrc=pt_t49986795_p20272490007_kpidz0q3d20272490007z0q26pgz0q3d32768z0q26p gplz0q3dpid 24 Dedication, op. cit. 25 Ibid.17 October 1861 diary entry. 26 Ibid. 4 November 1861 diary entry. 27 Ibid. 20 November 1861 diary entry. 28 Ibid. 29 William G. Crowell, Ph.D., The Claudians (The Jacobs and Houghton Families of Helens, St. Lawrence Co., New York) ( unpublished 2011) 12. 30 Crowell, op. cit. Enlisted died of disease or accident.

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Medal of Honor Legacy and the Civil War

by Carlton Russell Copp Learning of the heroics and Medal of Honor award to my ancestor, Charles Dearborn Copp, led me to further research into the background and significance of this award during the Civil War. This article provides factual background information on the American Medal of Honor, as context for the case study about one particular Civil War veteran, which follows next.

t the onset of the Civil War, no medals were awarded to American soldiers. George Washington issued the Purple Heart to only three soldiers during the Revolution, but no more were subsequently awarded. The Founding Fathers apparently felt for a long time that medals and decorations were too European and aristocratic for our democratic republic. However, with strong pressure from the public and the military itself, following the Battle of Fort Sumter on 12 April 1861, Abraham Lincoln signed a bill passed by Congress establishing the Medal of Honor to be awarded to enlisted sailors by the Secretary of the Navy. Subsequently-over a year later, in July 1862-- the Army was authorized to award the Medal of Honor to both enlisted soldiers and officers for bravery in battles that the Union fought with the Confederates. The Medal of Honor was the only medal issued during the war, as the Purple Heart had been previously discontinued. On 25 March 1863 the first Army awards went to six soldiers involved in the “Andrews Raid” to disrupt Southern rail systems. Nine days later the first Navy Medals of Honor went to sailors fighting in the bombardment of Fort Jackson, Miss. Early awards were not so much for exceptional bravery as for heroic deeds where the medals were meant to be seen on soldiers’ uniforms. No

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detailed or explicit requirements were established at the time for how the medal could be earned. Almost no Civil War Medals of Honor were awarded posthumously. By today's standards, some of the 3500 medals awarded then would not have qualified, but a lesser decoration such as the Distinguished Service Cross, the Navy Cross, and the Silver Star would have been awarded. (These alternatives did not exist in the 1860s.) One notable aberration was the authorization by President Lincoln of over 300 Medals to soldiers of the 27th Maine who agreed to re-enlist when their duty was about to expire. Today they might have merited the Good Conduct Medal. A subsequent review of prior medals by a special board of review disallowed some medals including the one for the only woman, Dr. Mary Walker, a contract surgeon and not a soldier, and one for Buffalo Bill Cody-- both of whom were among the 911 names stricken from the Medal Of Honor list. Five soldiers and two Marines were awarded double medals, which are no longer permitted. Data from Adams’ citations are summarized below: Number of Medals of Honor awarded: Civil War World War I World War II Korea Vietnam All others Total

Army 1,198 95 324

Navy 307 21 57

Marines 17 8 82

Air Force

Total 1,522 124 464

80 160 546 2,403

7 16 339 747

42 57 91 297

4 13 0 17

133 246 979 3,468

The Civil War included the largest number of American soldiers and casualties until World War II but accounted for many more Medals of Honor than even World War II. This fact is accounted for by the more vague and achievable standards during the 1860s than since then. Today, the medal is presented “for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life, above and beyond the call of duty.” Nevertheless, the number of very brave actions by soldiers in the Civil War would have produced a large number of these medals, even with current standards, according to military historians. The preceding table from Adams’s research covered the time frame of December 1861 to February 2013. Since then more awards have come from the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars, plus a number of additions from the Korean War when the President in March 2014 awarded twenty-four Army veterans an upgrade from the Distinguished Service Cross to the Congressional Medal of Honor.

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Additionally, after 151 years Lt. Alonzo Cushing, who died in Gettysburg, was awarded posthumously the Medal of Honor for his actions manning an artillery battery during Pickett's Charge in a special ceremony by President Obama in November 2014. All recipients of the Medal of Honor are now listed in the National Citations Register along with a summary of their individual heroic actions. Included in that list is the award presented to the subject of the next article: Copp, Charles D. Rank and organization: Second Lieutenant, Company C, 9th New Hampshire Infantry. Place and date: At Fredericksburg, Va. 13 December 1862. Entered service at: Nashua, N.H. Born: 12 April 1840, Warren County, N.H. Date of issue: 28 June 1890. Citation: Seized the regimental colors, the color bearer having been shot down, and waving them, rallied the regiment under a heavy fire. The significance of this action is explained by troops advancing under fire to follow their colors, which could generally be seen even with the noise and smoke of battle. When the color bearer fell, as frequently occurred, it was the responsibility of his buddies or officers to pick up the flag and more it forward. A significant number of medals were awarded to those gallant men rallying their comrades to follow their example and the color, since they too became prime targets of enemy snipers.

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Civil War Medal of Honor Winner, Charles Dearborn Copp by Carlton Russell Copp Research on Captain Charles Copp of the 9th New Hampshire Infantry resulted in a more extensive understanding and perspective of the nation's highest military honor for bravery. Detailed information on this medal is included in another section of this journal. ombining my interests in the Civil War, military ceremonies, and genealogy, resulted in requesting the pension records of several Copps who migrated to New Hampshire from our ancestral Boston environs. One was a young Captain from the 9th New Hampshire who fought in a number of very difficult battles in Virginia and Pennsylvania. At Fredericksburg he distinguished himself and was subsequently awarded the Medal of Honor, the only medal authorized for Union Soldiers during the war. Some of Charles Dearborn Copp’s basic data include: Birth: 12 April 1840, Warren, N.H.; Death (Nephritis): 2 Nov 1912, Lancaster, Mass. Military: Enlisted as 2nd Lt. 1862 in Co. C, N.H. 9th Inf.; Promoted to 1st Lt., then Capt. 1864. Member: GAR Post 64 in Clinton Mass. and MOLLUS (Military Order of the Loyal Legion). Medal of Honor: Awarded for conspicuous bravery in battle of Fredericksburg, 13 December 1862. Seized the regimental colors, the color-bearer having been shot down, and waving them, rallied the regiment under heavy fire. New Hampshire 9th Infantry Regiment historical summary:  Organized 1 August 1862  Mustered 10 June 1865 at Alexandria, Va.  Losses: Officers: 13; Enlisted: 396 Battles: (in which Charles Copp also engaged and are bolded as most important) 1. Antietam 2. Fredericksburg 3. Jackson, Miss. 4. Cumberland Gap 5. Wilderness 6. Spotsylvania

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7. Oxford 8. North Anna River 9. Totopotomoy Creek 10. Cold Harbor 11. Petersburg 12. Poplar Springs Church 13. Pegram House Captain Copp went on sick leave with malaria from June 1864 to the end of August of that year, but was never wounded and returned to the regiment's battle at Petersburg; he continued service to the war's end and his final muster on 15 June 1865. Upon returning home to Warren, N.H, he pursued a relatively normal and less exciting civilian career and life. He moved to Lancaster, Mass. There he married nurse Isabel Sutherland and pursued a varied business career as merchant and trader. According to local newspaper reports, Copp was respected in his community, where he was active in various veterans' organizations and community services. In later life he complained of war-related digestive and abdominal pains. At his passing at the age of seventy-two in Lancaster, he was buried with military honors, as the headstone image shows below:

Charles Dearborne Copp - Medal of Honor Marker Photo Courtesy Don Morfe â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Find-A-Grave #6621482

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On Memorial Day, 1992, Copp’s grave marker was re-dedicated by representatives of the Loyal Legion of the United States, the National Medal of Honor Society, and several various Civil War organizations. In life he was a handsome man, especially in uniform. The photos below compare two Charles Copps-- the subject of this study and my own son who is shown at a recent Veterans Day program in Hyannis where he wore his piper outfit.

Army Captain Charles D. Copp (1865)

Lt. Col. (USMC, Ret.).Charles M. Copp (2010)

Sources:  Badge of Gallantry: Joseph Mitchell  Medal of Honor Citations  Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (MOLLUS)  National Archives Veterans Records  Ancestry.com  Family Search.org  Historical Data Systems  Clinton, Mass. Town Clerk's Office  Invalid Pension Claim 387466  Wall Street Journal

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The Last Union Officer Killed in The Civil War Had Local Ties by Suzanne L. Benoit his year 2015 marks the 150th anniversaries of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln and the close of the Civil War. It is also 150 years since the death of Edward Lewis Stevens, the last Union officer killed in battle. It is noteworthy that Stevens had a local Cape Cod family connection through his sister who lived in the Monument Neck section of Bourne. Stevens was a first lieutenant who was in command of Company A in the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the Battle of Boykin’s Mill, S.C. when he was shot and killed on 18 April 1865, tragically nine days after the war’s official end. A history of the regiment gives an account of the battle, also referred to as Potter’s Raid, and tells of Stevens’ death: “To feel the strength of the opposing force opposite, Company A, which was in the brush along the bank of the creek, was directed to fire a volley. As if acting under the same impulse, at the very moment this order was executed, the enemy also fired a volley, one shot striking Lieutenant Stevens in the head, killing him instantly. He partially fell into the stream.”1 Stevens was born 30 September 1842 in Cambridge, Mass., to Silas Stevens and Jane Smith. Smith’s father, Nathan Smith, had fought in Lexington at the start of the American Revolution.2 The younger Stevens graduated from Brighton High School and enrolled at Harvard in 1859. He left after his junior year, 1862, to serve in the Forty-fourth Massachusetts Volunteer Militia as a private.3 After returning home and obtaining his degree from Harvard (Class of 1863) in January 1864, he reenlisted and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry,4 the all-Black regiment that earlier had been led by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw and has since been made famous in the movie Glory.5 In July of 1863 Shaw had led the regiment into battle against overwhelming forces at Ft. Wagner, S.C. where he was killed and the regiment sustained heavy losses. Several months later Stevens joined the Fifty-fourth. In March 1864 Stevens wrote, “I leave Massachusetts to join my regiment, now stationed in Florida, in a few days. My plans for the future are very unsettled... Heaven only knows what is before me.”6 He was promoted to first lieutenant sometime before April 1865, and his service followed the many engagements of the Fifty-fourth.7 The Battle of Boykin’s Mill was fought to destroy hidden Confederate supplies.

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Stevens kept a diary during the campaign; his last entry was on 16 April 1865, two days before his death. This small leather-bound notebook is now owned by the South Carolina Library at Columbia, S.C.8 The diary, “Notes on Potter’s Raid,” tells about the route which Stevens’s regiment took, the scenes, conditions, and the people seen along the way. He writes on 10 April, “There is a confederate Hospital here, with a no. of Soldiers & Officers sick & wounded. Some of them were well enough to go & fight us then run away & get into bed again when we entered the town---.”9 Going into detail about some of his company’s maneuvers, he notes that, “Good shots were sent to the front & fired, then we all charged & rushed over a trestle Bridge to the Cars [railroad cars]… we had the great satisfaction of capturing Five Locomotives & thirteen cars.”10 On 14 April, remembering the war’s beginning, he writes, “Four years ago today the Stars & Stripes were lowered at Fort Sumter… The great[,] great Emancipation of hundreds of thousands of Slaves, the advance of Freedom & liberal Ideas, our Success in arms are very encouraging & lead us to hope for Speedy Peace.”11 Unaware that the war had already ended, his last entry, dated 16 April, described the countryside he marched through, the contrabands encountered, and the skirmishes that day.12 Colonel Edward N. Hallowell, Commander of the Second Brigade of the Fifty-fourth, in his official report gives the total casualties for the Boykin’s Mill engagement: “Killed, 1 officer (First Lieut. E. L. Stevens, Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Volunteers) and 1 enlisted man; wounded, 20 enlisted men.”13 An historical marker at the battle site and a stone monument now commemorate Stevens’s death. Ironically, the monument also recognizes Burwell Boykin, a fifteen-year-old Confederate volunteer who was said to have shot Stevens during the battle.14 There is some doubt as to where Stevens’s final resting place is located. He was buried on the battlefield where he died. But there is reference to his remains being disinterred in 1885 and re-interred at the National Cemetery at Florence, S.C., Plot: A 2996.15 However, the record for Stevens at the National Cemetery has not been verified as accurate by the U.S. Department of Veterans’ Affairs.16 Research on Stevens has led to finding that he had family connections in Bourne. His sister, Sarah Jane Stevens Storms, and his nephew, Henry Stevens Storms, lived in the Monument Neck section. Sarah Jane married into the prominent Storms family. Her husband was Simon Pena Storms, son of Captain Peter Storms, who had emigrated from Antwerp, Belgium around 1800.17 Peter Storms eventually settled in Bourne along the Back River. Peter’s son Simon was somewhat of an adventurer, going to California during the 1849 Gold Rush,18 learning the language of the Native

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Americans, and becoming an Indian agent during the 1850s.19 Simon and Sarah Jane married in 1857 in San Francisco20 and lived in Mendocino County where their children were born. Their son, Henry, was the first child born in Round Valley, Calif.,21 where the Storms owned a large ranch and raised cattle and sheep. Some time before 187022 Sarah Jane returned east, and in 1880 was living in Newton, Mass., as a widow with her children.23 By 1900 she was living in Bourne with her son Henry and his family.24 At that time Henry was a boat builder at Charles C. Hanley’s boatyard in Monument Neck where he built catboats with Hanley, the husband of Dora Collins Stevens. There is a Stevens/Storms tie to the Dolliver family of Provincetown and Boston. Captain Walter S. Dolliver was a Boston harbor pilot, living in what was at one time the last house on Commercial Street in Provincetown. Other connections lead to Adam Badeau, who was a Union officer on General Ulysses S. Grant’s staff and who later served as Consul in London and Havana, Cuba. Badeau was with Grant at Appomattox Court House at the surrender of General Robert E. Lee, and also accompanied Grant on his world tour in 1877 and 1878. My research on the Stevens, Storms, and allied families continues. 1

Luis F. Emilio, History of The Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1863-1865. (Boston: Boston Book Co., 1894), 303. 2 Arthur Lincoln, “Edward Lewis Stevens,” Harvard Memorial Biographies. (Cambridge: Sever and Francis, 1866), Volume Two, 410-413. Stevens’ own account of his service in the Forty-fourth is included. 3 Ibid., 410. 4 J.P.C. Winship, Historical Brighton An Illustrated History of Brighton and Its Citizens. (Boston: Warren, 1902), Volume Two, 129. 5 Edward Lewis Stevens’s name is inscribed on the monument across from the Massachusetts State House in Boston, sculpted by Augustus Saint-Gaudens to honor Robert Gould Shaw and the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Volunteer regiment along with those officers who died in service. 6 Lincoln, op. cit., 412. 7 Edward L. Stevens, compiled military service record, (Lieutenant, Company H, Fifty-fourth Mass. Volunteer Infantry), Washington: National Archives, 2014, (CD-ROM of record obtained Oct. 2014.) 8 John Hammond Moore, ed., “The Last Officer: April 1865, The South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol. 67, No. 1, (Jan., 1966), 1. [Lieut. Edward L. Stevens’ diary] 9 Ibid, 9. 10 Ibid, 10. 11 Ibid, 12. 12 Ibid, 13. 13 The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. (Washington, DC: GPO, 1895), Series I, Volume XLVII, Part I, 1037. 14 Dan Robinson, “Boykin Redux,” Boykin Mill Farms.com, http://www.boykinmillfarms.com/news.asp (accessed January 13, 2015).

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James Brown Gardner, Record of the Service of the Forty-fourth Massachusetts Volunteer Militia in North Carolina August 1862 to May 1863. (Boston: Privately Printed, 1887), 277. 16 “Florence National Cemetery, Florence, Florence County, South Carolina,” Internet Cemetery Records Online, http://www.interment.net/data/us/sc/florence/flornat/index_s.htm (accessed January 13, 2015). 17 Typewritten notes, “Peter Storms,” Storms family folder, Vertical files, Bourne Archives, Jonathan Bourne Historical Center, 30 Keene St., Bourne, Mass. 18 William J. Bauer Jr., we were all like migrant workers here. Work, Community, and Memory on California’s Round Valley Reservation 1850-1941, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2009), 37. 19 Frank H. Baumgardner, Killing For Land in Early California: Indian Blood at Round Valley: Founding The Nome Cult Indian Farm. (New York: Algora, 2005), xii. [See 139-143 for Storms’s depositions about treatment of Native Americans]. 20 “Married,” Sacramento Daily Union, Volume 14, Number 2076, November 20, 1857, 2, California Digital Newspaper Collection, accessed January 20, 2014, http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18571120.2.13.1&srpos=1&e=20-11-185720-11-1857--en--20-SDU-1--txt-txIN-Married 21 Aurelius O. Carpenter and Percy H. Millberry, History of Mendocino and Lake Counties California With Biographical Sketches of The Leading Men and Women of the Counties who have been Identified with their Growth and Development from the Early Days to the Present. (Los Angeles: Historic Record Co., 1914), 93. 22 1870 U.S. Census, Middlesex Co., Mass., pop. sch., Brighton, p. 8, dwell. 57, fam. 62, Silas Stevens household; NARA microfilm M593, roll 622. Accessed through Familysearch.org. 23 1880 U.S. Census, Middlesex Co., Mass., pop. Sch., Newton 4-WD, p. 11, dwell. 101, fam. 100, Sarah J. Storms household; NARA microfilm T9, roll 546. Accessed through Ancestry.com. 24 1900 U.S. Census, Barnstable Co., Mass., pop sch., Bourne, sheet 5B , dwell. 120, fam. 129, Henry Storms household; NARA microfilm T623, roll 631. Accessed through Ancestry.com.

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The U.S. Sanitary Commission During the Civil War by Francis Dorr Robinson and Dorothy Bowering Robinson

reat-great-grandfather Charles Robinson (1813-1884) was often tagged as a wayward husband, absentee father, adventurer, and/or scoundrel in our family history. Little was known about his whereabouts once he left Keene, N. H. in 1854 and headed west to make his fortune, leaving behind his family and good reputation. Speculation ranged from having a second family to desertion of his financial and parental obligations. For several generations, Charlesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s name was spoken of with less than pride and some mystery. Fortunately for his reputation and the benefit of current generations, an old trunk packed with family letters salvaged by a cousin, shed light on his adventures and efforts to support his family from afar. In 2008, after reading over 140 letters, a more substantiated glimpse of this elusive ancestor emerged. The letters revealed a man constantly searching for a successful enterprise or position to enable him to better provide for his family. Even though he traveled widely, leaving them alone for most of their lives, he wrote faithfully, enclosing modest or substantial sums of money and sometimes advice or admonitions. Sadly, the family was not reunited, but from his letters and our further research, we now know much more about his aspirations, failures, accomplishments, doubts, worries, and the service he undertook during the Civil War as part of the U.S. Sanitary Commission. Charles Robinson (Aaron5, Moses4, Samuel3, Samuel2, William1) was born in Bennington, Vt. 12 August 18131, the son of Aaron and Polly (Lyman) Robinson. Almost nothing is known of his early schooling or how he acquired accounting skills and the strong desire to be in business. No records indicate what prompted him to leave Bennington and venture forth to Keene in 1840, let alone the other western states that held an attraction for him. At age twenty-seven, Charles was contemplating a move to Ohio and secured an excellent letter of recommendation for a position with a brokerage house in Cincinnati. Yet by the mid-1840s, he was still living in Keene, and had established in a business partnership with the exclusive rights to sell an innovative water pump. In 1846 he married Arabella Amelia Powers, and their first child, Mary Swift Robinson was born 10 September 1847 in Keene. Charles was made a first sergeant in the First Company of Infantry, 10th Regiment, Fifth Brigade, Third Division of the New Hampshire Militia on 14 September 1848. Son Aaron was born 23

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December 1850. Some time in 1854 Charles went west to find work and seek his fortune, settling in Cleveland, Ohio. He first letter home, dated 28 May 1854, from Cleveland is euphoric “… everyone must come out west and attain great prosperity.” He wrote to his wife to begin packing and “get things in readiness for moving as fast as you can.” The family moved to Cleveland, and a second daughter, Louisa Bell, was born there 29 September 1858. In 1860, while Charles was living in St. Louis, his wife and children continued to live in Cleveland without him. As usual he wrote that he missed them and promised to be home before long. By early 1862, Charles left St. Louis and was working in Tennessee while his family remained in Cleveland. “Father has gone to Tennessee,” wrote his daughter Mary to a relative. A letter from Charles dated 26 July 1862, written on the stationery of the U.S. Sanitary Commission, had the reference to the Cleveland branch crossed out and Nashville handwritten instead. He may have begun in Cleveland before he was employed by the Nashville branch of the commission. Nashville was known in the 1850s as the “Athens of the South,” being the first southern city to establish a public school system for boys and girls, albeit white children, and it also had numerous institutions of higher education. Reputed to be one of the most refined and educated cities in the South, it was filled with wealth and culture. It boasted several theatres and elegant accommodatio ns. The state capitol, built on a hill, was Nashville Railroad Depot modeled after a Greek ionic temple and opened in 1859. Nashville was emerging as a vibrant and growing town until the Civil War began. In the 1860s, Nashville was the fifty-fourth largest U.S. city with a population of 17,000. Although primarily a river town, it boasted mule-

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drawn streetcars and railroad connections for freight and passenger services throughout the southeast U.S. 2 During his service with the U.S. Sanitary Commission, Charles extensively used the railroads to transport supplies. In a Commission report, it mentions that he frequently went to the Nashville depot to arrange for the shipment of goods. Tennessee was the last state to join the Confederacy on 24 June 1861 and became an immediate target of Union forces. Nashville’s significance as a shipping port on the Cumberland River and as the capital made it a desirable prize for the Union army. In 1862, it became the first southern state capital to fall to Union troops, and federal occupation followed. Future President Andrew Johnson was appointed military governor of Tennessee and set up offices in Nashville. In a letter to his daughter Mary, Charles wrote about the Rebels having been driven out of Nashville by the Federal army and that he “now felt safe.” Arabella and the three children had already moved to Montague, Mass. to live with her family and were now distanced even more from father and husband. Sadly, Mary died in January 1863 at age fifteen years3 in Montague. The fall of Nashville meant that resource-rich middle Tennessee was in Yankee hands, which included control of the rivers, railroads, factories, farms, and the general population. By late 1864 Nashville was occupied by transient and military populations. Refugees poured in because jobs were plentiful in the depots, warehouses, and hospitals serving the war effort. The city was a safer place than the countryside where there were sporadic guerilla outbreaks and Confederate cavalry raids. Unionists and Confederate sympathizers both flooded the city, as did free blacks, escaped slaves, and businessmen from the North. Miles of trenches and several forts mounted with heavy guns made Nashville the second most fortified city in North America. Union gunboats controlled the Cumberland River north and east of the city.4 The Confederacy tried for two years to retake lost ground and regain Nashville, which was the purpose of Lt. General John Bell Hood’s campaign in December 1864. The Battle of Nashville was primarily fought over two days, 15 and 16 December 1864, between Hood’s Confederate army and Federal forces under Maj. General George H. Thomas. At the start of the fighting, Thomas had over 71,000 men while Hood had 23,000.5 An ice storm caused several false starts, but with warming weather on 15 December, Thomas struck. The Confederate army set up fortifications near the capitol facing the Union army; one could watch the battle from the capitol hill. The

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outnumbered southern forces were badly defeated and retreated. It was one of the largest victories achieved by the Union army during the war and destroyed Hood’s army as a force. The U.S. Sanitary Commission was a civilian organization authorized by the government (1861-1878) to provide medical and sanitary assistance to Union volunteer forces during the Civil War. It was modeled after the British Sanitary Commission formed during the Crimean War. Its origin in the United States is traced to a gathering of women who met in New York in April 1861, wanting to do something constructive to assist those volunteers fighting. Women throughout the northern states formed more than 10,000 Aid Societies to raise money and gather supplies. Out of this grew the Women’s Central Association of Relief with the intent to provide services and supplies that the central government felt unable to do. Initially the plan met with resistance from the Medical Corps, the War Department, and President Lincoln. Finally an acceptable organization was approved in June, officers appointed, contributions requested, and the official authorization signed by the president. The commission received no financial aid from the government and was dependent on voluntary contributions from the public. As the movement spread across the country, twenty-one commissioners were selected, with Dr. Henry W. Bellows chosen as president and Frederick Law Olmstead as general secretary. The Sanitary Commission had three main purposes: to review and improve conditions at hospitals and camps; to solicit donations of goods and money for relief; and to assist soldiers’ return to civilian life. The commission walked a tightrope, determined to provide for the health and well being of the volunteer troops, but not overstep into military or political roles. As expressed by the commission early on, the purpose was “to respond to the tide of popular sympathy, expressed in the form of sanitary supplies, and offers of personal service and advice, be rendered least hurtful to the system and most useful to the soldiers themselves.”6 Recognizing that the volunteer troops were not experienced, hardened, nor prepared for battle and had been “suddenly precipitated into the unexpected events in the field of war,” members of the commission prepared to provide recommendations relating to a number of issues ranging from conditions at the camps to the recruitment process. For example, they were concerned about the types of men volunteering and felt that more care should be taken in the recruiting services, paying attention to the health and attitude of those being selected and staving off “dissolute or ruffianly men.” Physicians were employed to inspect a camp with the purpose of making recommendations for the location, drainage, ventilation, and quality of food

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and cleanliness. The physical locations of campsites had previously been sited, based on military strategy with little regard for hygienic conditions. Issues relating to the placement of tents, types of flooring, clothing, fresh water supply, or where stables were situated, all needed to be rethought in view of sanitation. The “inspectors” drew up short lists of suggestions for the commanding officers regarding the sanitary conditions. Those in the medical field issued short treatises with instructions for dealing with scurvy, diarrhea, dysentery, and amputation in order to develop a common standard of care consistent across the camps and hospitals. A number of homes and lodges were established to provide food, lodging, and proper care to discharged soldiers or destitute invalids. They rendered aid to those needing loans, clothing, or transportation home. After the war, assistance was given to those filling out pension or pay forms as well as responding to inquiries about wounded or deceased soldiers. Staff acted as agents for those too feeble or disabled to travel or separated from their regiment. The majority of the fundraising to support the war effort by the Sanitary Commission was done by holding fairs, some lasting a week. The first Sanitary Fair was held in Chicago in the fall of 1863 and raised nearly $100,000. In 1864 President Lincoln attended the closing ceremonies of a fair in Washington to thank the women who had been the chief organizers. The fairs were held also to revive morale for Union soldiers. By the end of the war, the Commission had raised $25-50 million (billions in current dollars) in donations of funds and goods. The collection of supplies was left to thousands of aid societies, and in all cases women were prominent in its work. Branches were established in various cities including Boston, New York and Philadelphia. The branches were able to collect items such as clothing, butter, eggs, chloroform, blankets, and other items too numerous to list. At first it was difficult to establish uniformity of relief supplies and distribution. A community was willing to send a box to its own company or regiment, but not another. As troops transferred and were on the move, it was challenging to locate a specific company, and supplies sometimes spoiled while catching up with them. This problem necessitated an organized, uniform method of transporting supplies, which was done through the established branches. The supplies collected then went to twelve sub-depots, repacked, labeled, and stored until requisitioned. Distribution was based on comparison of wants and needs of the soldiers or patients, with an eye towards “equal care and generosity at all points.” The Sanitary Commission paid for cloth so that volunteers could continue to sew clothing, or paid for freight to ship items. It provided patterns for knitted items. The relief societies allowed women the

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opportunity to contribute and work outside the home. It spurred the growth and recognition of a woman’s ability to organize on a national level and lobby for change. Women were credited for sustaining their efforts throughout the war. “Thank God, there are thousands of noble women connected with our work, who for more than two years have given their best thoughts and hours, and labor to the enterprise.”7 The Commission maintained an extensive system of agencies to secure the safe conveyance and distribution of goods to the sick and wounded at points where they were most needed. It worked with the military to improve transportation of the ill and injured. It staffed hospital steamers and other ships Supply wagon, U.S. Sanitary Commission Relief Corp and developed special railway cars and ambulances. The initial goal was the prevention of disease and improvement of conditions among volunteer soldiers. As it broadened the scope of its work during the war, regular troops, sailors, and others benefited from the services and supplies until the commission was disbanded. Charles was responsible for procuring and shipping large quantities of supplies for the Union troops out of Nashville, which was no small feat and one that he apparently did exceptionally well. The director requested an assistant for him, “so that when Mr. R. is compelled to go to the depot as he often is, there may be someone always ready to receive applications for stores. Mr. Robinson feels able to do all this, but his friends feel that it is too much.”8 One report of the Sanitary Commission states, "The work of the storekeeper has been more than usually arduous, but has been faithfully and promptly performed by Mr. Charles Robinson.” Another report states “Mr. Robinson’s duties are most onerous; too much so for anyone to do and do well-- for any length of time. It is quite enough for one, even with the excellent business talents of Mr. R. to keep the books, attend to receiving

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the goods, and the through [sic] or wholesale shipments.”(1 July 1863). A letter dated Nashville, 26 September 1863 to the U.S. Sanitary Commission (USSC), states, “Dear Sir: I came up today with a train of wounded with the purpose of hurrying forward supplies. Mr. Robinson, I find has sent a fine lot and I hope you will be able to keep up the supply so that we can continue to make every man comfortable.”9 In the bulletins of the commission, there are multiple references to the work that Charles carried out, commending him by name for the fine job done. Troop trains with the wounded and able-bodied were passing through the city on a regular basis. Frequently pressure was exerted to fulfill the needs for a hospital over other military requests. The hospital in Chattanooga with 1400 severely wounded needed “a full supply and good variety of stimulates; without many would die.” No commissary stores had been sent that week from Nashville because the railroad cars were used to transport military troops. Higher-ups stepped in to resolve that issue when “Mr. Robinson informed me that he could not obtain transportation for the supplies.”10 Whether Charles actually was assigned to the Louisville branch as well is not verified, but he made use of their stationery, with Louisville crossed out, indicating that he was still in Nashville in 1863 and 1864. The work that Charles did must have been satisfying to him because he received letters from doctors, soldiers, and commanders in the field, thanking him for the supplies that reached them and his efforts. Additionally, his supervisors had kind words to say about his efficiency. “Mr. Robinson is commended for his diligence and service.”11 In an annual commission report written in 1866, “The store house has been, as in the months and years past under the supervision of Mr. Robinson, who with his assistants, has received and shipped the immense amount of stores passing through his hands with an accuracy and dispatch in the highest degree credible.”12 For example, during the month of May 1863, the U.S. Sanitary Commission at Nashville distributed varied items, such as 233 pillows, 2,283 cotton drawers, 1,010 quarts canned fruit, 13,760 lbs. of dried fruit, 379 dozen eggs, 317 gallons of sauerkraut, 120 fans, 4,954 books, 212 bottles wine, 61 pin cushions, 2,395 bushels of potatoes, 14 kegs pickles, and 333 shirts. The amounts and variety of supplies are extensive, and the fact that they were shipped to troops throughout Tennessee during a time of armed conflict and transportation disruption is noteworthy.

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Charles Robinson

Other items transported ranged from hospital supplies and furniture, articles of clothing, tobacco, wine, crutches, tents, and 352 clothespins. Letters from those in the field remarked about the importance of the fresh vegetables for the soldiers, especially the wounded. The USSC used refrigerated rail transport to bring fresh food to hospitals. It created hospital gardens to provide fresh vegetables for patients and for

troops in the field to battle scurvy. Charles was employed at the Nashville branch of the Bank of Tennessee as an accountant as early as 1866, probably overlapping his position with the U.S. Sanitary Commission. He was very proud of balancing the books to the penny while the sums involved totaled in the millions. His report to the legislature was well received as he boasted that, “my books are kept in very handsome style-- so they all say.” In 1866, he was treasurer and on the board of directors of an oil and mining company. Between 1868 and 1869 Charles was Director of the Tennessee State Penitentiary for which he lobbied the State Legislature to be appointed. He wrote, “My election comes off tomorrow in the Legislature for Director of the Penitentiary and I have strong opposition and may be defeated. It has cost me considerable money to get the nomination and I hope I may be confirmed.” And he was.13 In August 1870, he was apparently thinking about going to Kansas with the promise to his son Aaron that he could join him in the fall, but Charles

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stayed in Nashville still working at the bank. Correspondence sets the date somewhere between 1874 and 1875, when he sold his house in Nashville and moved to St. Louis. He had sent $6,000 with a man to St. Louis to start a business for him. Whatever the enterprise, it was faltering and in debt when Charles arrived in St Louis. There he remained until his death. The 1880 U.S. census indicates that “Chas. Robinson (age 66) was living at 410 Market Street, St. Louis, a bookkeeper, single, white male born in 1814 in Vermont.14 “Single” was incorrect, but he may have felt that way after all the years. In 1883 he served as trustee in the matter of Brockway and Company, for which he was paid. Charles died 11 July 1884 at St. Louis15 and is buried in a pauper’s grave. His wife and daughter Louisa are buried in the family plot in the Woodland Cemetery, Keene, N.H., but he never returned home. His dream of entrepreneurial success was unrealized; however, his service in the U.S. Sanitary Commission during the Civil War revealed an unknown side of this ancestor and presented the family with a different perspective. 1

Vermont vital records 1720-1908. Ancestry.com database online. The Louisville (KY) & Nashville Railroad (L&N) connected the two cities for freight and passenger services prior to the Civil War. With the two states on opposite sides, forces fought up and down the L&N, destroying much of the rails. It survived the Civil War and became a successful enterprise. 3 Massachusetts Vital Records, 1840–1911. New England Historic Genealogical Society, Boston: Mass. 4 Gregg Biggs. “The Battle of Nashville: The Crushing Blow of a Forlorn Hope.” Hallowed Ground Magazine. Winter 2014. 5 Franklin Cooling. “The Decisive Battle of Nashville” Hallowed Ground Magazine. Spring 2004. 6 Charles J. Stille, History of the U.S. Sanitary Commission: General Report of its Works during the War of Rebellion. (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1866) Original at University of California. 7 The U.S. Sanitary Commission Bulletin, v. 1. No. 1-12 (1863-64) [Bulletins were issued twice monthly from November 1863-August 1865 to communicate with those who had furnished money and supplies and give full accounts.] 112. 8 The U.S. Sanitary Commission Bulletin, V. 1. No. 1-12 (1863-64) 112. 9 Ibid., 110. 10 Ibid., 110. 11 Ibid., 111. 12 Ibid., 135. 13 The Official and Political Manual of Tennessee. Chas. Miller Ed. Nashville: Tenn.1890, 51. 14 1880 U. S. census, St Louis Missouri, Ancestry.com online. 15 Secretary of State of Missouri State Archives forwarded documents May 2007 for death and place of burial. 2

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Women in the Civil War by Eva Holway Needs

s we search for relatives, many of us have found great-grandfathers, uncles, and cousins who have fought in the Civil War or the Battle of the Rebellion. Have you ever wondered what your great-grandmothers, aunts, and female cousins were doing during the 1860s? Shortly after the Civil War in1866, a book was compiled by Frank Moore, and another in 1868 by L.P.Brockett, M.D., listing many women, mostly in the Union, who had aided soldiers and the Union’s effort to win the war. There were also quite a few brave Southern women, who aided Union soldiers and Northern women, who aided Rebel Soldiers. The majority of women in the North worked at setting up areas of respite for the soldiers as they headed into battle and returned from battle. These were called Soldiers’ Saloons, but not in the manner that we in the twenty-first century think of saloons. The women of the North acted as nurses, as in the case of Katy Brownell, for one, who went to battle with her husband. At one point she was told he was wounded and dying, and she went through battle lines to find him. Fortunately he was not dying at that time, but she cared for his wounds and nursed him back to health. Bridget Divers left a home of luxury, and had two to three horses killed under her while in battle. Mrs. Mary A. Brady started a society to visit hospitals and the Army in the Washington, D.C. area. She set out to learn of the sick soldiers’ needs and to help in any way possible. Fanny Ricketts went with her husband, Captain James B. Ricketts, First Artillery, U.S.A.; she nursed him and others when he was wounded and even went to prison with him to care for him and other prisoners. One of the books I read said that the Southern women were not working as hard for their soldiers as the Northern women were. The author must have forgotten that when your fields and plantations are being burned and your men are away fighting, it is difficult to think of knitting socks and sewing blankets. I believe that the Southern ladies had enough to do to keep the home fires burning while not burning down their homes. In Florida, homes were raided for cattle and horses on a regular basis to benefit the Union Soldiers. Dorothea Dix, a well-known native of Worcester, Mass. whose father was a physician, became Superintendent of Female Nurses on 10 June 1861. Brockett’s book stated, “a woman must be mature in years, plain almost to homeliness in dress, and by no means liberally endowed with personal attractions if she hoped to meet the approval of Miss Dix.”

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Mrs. Sarah R. Johnston, who taught in Salisbury, N.C. where she was born and resided, saw prisoners greeted with contemptuous epithets, and she was determined to devote herself to their care. She found Hugh Berry from Ohio dying of consumption and took him home and cared for him. The Rebels threatened to dig him up when he died if she buried him in her yard. She stood guard in her door with a pistol and protected his grave while being told by the Rebel Army that she would be pinned to the ground with a bayonet. However, not all Southern women were as kind as she, and some murdered Union prisoners in Richmond, Va. Mrs. Lucy Gaylord Pomeroy, wife of Samuel, U.S. Senator of Kansas, founded a home for freed orphans and destitute and aged “colored” women in Washington, D.C. In Warren, Me., Amanda______was writing and receiving letters from her brother. There was a movement there called Copperheads. These were men who had traded cotton in the South for many years and were not anxious to battle men with whom they had done business. Inflation hit this small town as well, and the cost of nails went from four cents a pound to fifteen cents a pound. Even so, women organized in work groups to make supplies for the Fourth Maine Regiment-- shirts, towels, socks, bed socks and bandages. The women put on breeches and took up planting corn and potatoes. In the Midwest Paulena Stevens was keeping a diary, which has been published. She speaks of various women conducting the sermons on Sundays in their Quaker meetinghouse when men were not available. I found it interesting that the Quakers accepted women as their preachers in the 1860s, but 150 years later there are still sects that do not allow women to be preachers. She laments on 20 May 1864, “Oh, our poor bleeding soldiers.” Women also acted as spies; while visiting a relative or friend in the South, some Northern women would hide plans and maps in their petticoats. One of them did this with plans for the first submarine that the South was building. Belle Boyd and Elizabeth Van Lew of Virginia sent coded messages to the North in hollowed-out eggs and by using invisible ink. Women tucked messages in their hair. Not all these women, however, were from the North; Rose O’Neal Greenlaw was spying for the South in Washington, D.C. and was finally arrested by Pinkerton’s men. For a Cape Cod connection, the book Rebellion Record of the Town of Barnstable compiled from original and authentic sources under the direction of the Executive Committee Barnstable Soldiers Memorial Association by Gustavus A. Hinckley, was published. This volume lists the works of the Barnstable Ladies Relief Association for the Sick and

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Wounded Soldiers. Mrs. S. B. Phinney, President, Miss Mary F. Scudder, Secretary, and Miss Rebecca Crocker, Treasurer. There is a detailed listing of every woman and man who contributed to this war effort. For example, Mrs. Otis Hinckley gave one pair of woolen drawers, one shirt, two dozen pin balls and books. (I have not been able to learn what a pin ball was; the pinball machine, according to Wikipedia, did not come into existence until 1870.) Mrs. George Marston gave $4, two pairs of drawers, old linen rolls of bandages, one pair of socks. Miss Nellie Day, age seven, crocheted and gave one pair of wristers-- mittens without fingers, popular today. Barnstable citizens (the list shows approximately 230 names) were clearly busy supporting their soldiers and sailors. The following is a summary written 30 October 1861 of what was contributed by these Cape Codders: Money: $102.94 16 quilts given by individuals 17 comforters, the materials found by individuals and made by the association 5 comforters, the materials found and made by association 93 pairs of socks made by individuals 60 pairs of socks purchased by the association 38 red gowns purchased by the association 38 woolen shirts purchased by the association 6 woolen shirts given by individuals 2 linen shirts given by individuals 4 cotton shirts given by individuals 2 flannel shirts given by individuals 10 pairs of drawers given by individuals 23 pairs of drawers purchased by the association 12 blankets, sheets, and pillowcases Writing paper, books, and magazines. We hope that this information will illuminate the situations and conditions under which women lived during this conflict. ______________________________ 1. Frank Moore, Women of the war: Their Heroism and Self-Sacrifice, 1828-1904. (Hartford, Conn.: S. S. Scranton & Co.; Chicago: R.C. Treat, 1866). 2. L.P. Brackett, Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Work in the Civil War: A Record of Heroism, Patriotism and Patience. (Philadelphia: Zeigler McCurdy Co.; Boston: R.H. Curran, 1868). 3. Courtney MacLachlan, The Amanda Letters: Civil War Days on the Coast of Maine. (Bowie, MD: Heritage Books, 2003). 4. Christie Hill Russell, The Civil War Journals of Paulena Stevens Janney, 1859-1866. (Baltimore, MD: Gateway Press, 2007).

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A Corroded Cannon: Harwich Calamity, 1865 by Joan M. Maloney he northwest corner of Harwich Center’s beautiful cemetery that surrounds the picturesque Congregational Church once abutted the railroad tracks connecting the small village to the outside world. Now, visitors from the converted bike path linking to Orleans and Dennis sometimes pause to read the stones’ inscriptions. Again gathered together, as in life they lived in the same neighborhood, are the Baker brothers and Joshua Robbins. This is their story. As the moon began to rise on 7 April 1865, townspeople assembled on the Center’s Main Street. A sing-along was planned to mark the victories of

Cannon in Brooks Park

the Union army in Virginia. Lincoln himself was inspecting the Rebel capitol in Richmond: within hours Generals Grant and Lee would meet at Appomattox to sign the surrender terms. After four years of bloody warfare, the Union was saved, and families would be reunited. Perhaps Elam Baker was torn by his emotions as the festivities began. Elam (Elim) Baker was one of the twelve offspring of Joseph and Jane Baker. Joseph had a thriving farm that began on Main Street, and extended far into the Grassy Pond area. Elam was only twenty when he married a

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local girl, Olive Harding Tripp. The couple moved to Dedham for the opportunity to run a large boarding house. They would stay for nearly a decade, and begin their family there. Susan was born in 1834, James M. in 1836, and Winslow in 1843. By then, Elam accepted his father’s offer of a parcel of the homestead that fronted on the Main Street to build his own home (today it is the site of Morris, O’Connor and Blute Funeral Home). Elam was successfully engaged in operating a small store next to his house and, in 1854, the boys were sent across the road to study at Sidney Brooks’ Pine Grove Seminary (today Brooks Academy). James left after a year to become a carpenter. Winslow continued his studies until 1861. When the Civil War began in April 1861, most Northerners believed the conflict would be short. James left to enlist in the U.S. Engineers Corps, in early November, the first man to enlist from Harwich. Family and neighbors surely thought he would be home by spring! Instead, by then James was in

James and Winslow Baker

Virginia, and under fire nearly every day. He would see the war’s horrors up close. In a letter, which Baker penned on 4 July from twenty miles south of Richmond, he described the “thunder” of the attacks in brutal detail. The dead, dying, and maimed were carried from the battlefield to his camp. Outnumbered and outmaneuvered, Union General McClellan ordered his forces to retreat. The Engineers were charged with blowing up bridges and destroying provisions to slow the Rebel forces who “fought like tigers.”

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James completed his three-year enlistment and returned to Harwich in November 1864. He was determined to resume his former life. Winslow surely was influenced by his big brother’s courage and patriotism and likely stirred by the letters sent home. On 2 September 1862, Winslow enlisted in Company E of the newly-forming 43rd Massachusetts Infantry. This was a ninety-day unit, organized in the still-prevalent belief that the war would end soon. The 43rd was soon dispatched by steamship to New Bern, North Carolina and almost immediately came under fire daily from Rebel snipers. When artillery reinforcements arrived, the men of the 43rd shot the fleeing Confederates “like sheep.” By July 1863, the unit was back in Boston, and the men were honorably discharged. As the war only intensified and quotas required drafting men, riots broke out in many Eastern cities. The Congress determined that enlistment bonuses had been too liberal and would need to be reduced. The 58th Massachuset ts Infantry Joshua Robbins was formed in this climate, and army veterans were asked to re-enlist. Among the many Cape Codders to respond favorably was Winslow Baker, who was assigned to Company H. The men of the 58th were sent to Virginia even before the regiment reached its numerical strength because of the critical need for more troops there. In May and June 1862, the battles of the Wilderness Campaign weakened the regiment’s ranks, if not the determination of its soldiers. Then came the terrible losses at the Petersburg “Crater,” when Union officers ordered troops into what proved to be a trap. They died when Rebel snipers shot them “like fish in a barrel.” For exhausted survivors there could be no let-up. On 30 September, at Poplar Grove, the Rebels attacked again. The 58th lost two killed in action, ten wounded, and ninetynine taken prisoner. Winslow Baker was one of the prisoners sent to

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Salisbury, where an old cotton factory had been transformed into a Confederate prison. He died there of malnutrition on 31 December 1864. As people gathered on 7 April in Harwich, it is easy to understand why James Baker would have very mixed feelings about joining them. The catalyst was to come from the pleading of another neighbor, Joshua Robbins, that James’s expertise was needed to carry out what was intended as the highlight of the celebration– the old cannon would fire a wooden plug, just as it had to celebrate the victory at Gettysburg. Robbins, only days short of his fiftieth birthday, was a solid family man, a remarkably skilled painter of faux marble and wood for house adornments, and a man who also understood sorrow. He and his wife had seen all but two of their nine children die, several as infants. Another three children, then ages four, five, and seven, had died suddenly in Christmas week of 1856 of a rampant

Cannon at Gifford’s House

epidemic. Gustavus, the only surviving son, was in the army, but assigned to the relatively safe job of guarding draft evaders, according to Stauffer Miller’s The Raised Right Arm, page 83. Joshua himself was eager to fire the cannon, but he needed James’s expertise in weapons. The cannon, believed to have been captured from an English ship in the war of 1812, was then in a field on the south side of Main Street opposite the present-day apartments. In 1843 and again in 1863, the man who lit the

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gunpowder was blinded by the backlash. Since then the old cannon had lain rusting in the field. Joshua poured into it four pounds of powder, but the cotton wadding stuck mid-barrel, and the ramrod broke. His cousin, Benjamin Franklin Robbins, a wheelwright, approached him to ask that the gun be repointed so it would not endanger his home opposite the field. Benjamin Franklin Robbins also provided a long pry bar to try and move the impacted wadding. For this, he came precariously close to losing his life. The metal bar, now being forced by James, Joshua and Benjamin, surely set the spark of metal against metal which ignited the gun. In the huge explosion that followed, Elam Baker was heard to murmur as he raced from home to the site “Oh, my son.” All three men were tossed and set afire. Benjamin survived with comparatively minor injuries. Joshua was carried home (only a door away) and soon bled to death. James, too, suffered a severed artery and died quickly. Both Joshua Robbins and James Baker were buried in the Congregational Cemetery. The cannon, properly made inoperable ever again, recently was removed from its site guarding the entrance to Brooks Park and replaced by a smaller one. These twin relics were gifted to Henry Cobb Brooks by the Governor for his outstanding contributions to Massachusetts’ efforts in the Civil War. Their presence is a continued recollection of that earlier dreadful day in Harwich. ______________________________ 1. Cape Cod Republican, 17 July 17 1862. This paper was published in Harwich from 1862 to 1864, with many references to other Cape towns. It is available on DVD at Harwich Historical Society. 2. Ibid., 15 January 1863. Letter from F.M. Tripp of Harwich. 3. By then a Massachusetts enlistee could obtain $400 or more, a fortune at the time, by “shopping” for bounties. 4. At full complement the 58th had 63 officers and 953 enlisted men. By the end of the war it had 12 officers and 273 enlisted men. Baker was among the 76 POWs who died. 5. Marcia J. Monbleau, To Always Persevere: A Cape Cod Life; The Diaries of Benjamin Franklin Robbins, 1823-1906, (Harwich: Harwich Historical Society, 1995) 158-164.

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From Balls Bluff to Gettysburg …The Civil War Letters of Private Roland E. Bowen, 15th Massachusetts Infantry Edited by Gregory A. Coco Reviewed by Ellen Schiereck

oland Bowen was a twenty-four-year old native of Millbury, Mass. In the grip of Northern excitement following the attack on Fort Sumter, Roland enlists for three years in the Fifteenth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. Like many of his Northern countrymen, Roland wanted “to kill one of those devils,” but he knows nothing of war. After the Union defeat at Bull Run, the regiment moves to the front-- first, Washington, D.C. and then Poolesville, Md. for picket duty along the Potomac River. His regiment saw its first action at Balls Bluff, Va. on 21 October 1861; it was a resounding Union defeat. It started with bad scouting information, confused orders, changes of command, and poor leadership decisions. (It was called one of the amateur battles of the war.) After several hours of fighting, the Fifteenth wound up on a bluff, eighty feet above the Potomac River. Some soldiers jumped to their deaths. Those who made it back down overcrowded their small boats and swamped them. To survive, many soldiers had to swim across the Potomac River under withering rebel fire. Not surprisingly the casualty numbers of the Fifteenth are uncertain. Ford estimates them as fifty-six killed or mortally wounded, sixty-three wounded and 215 captured.1 General Stone was made the scapegoat and was court marshaled. Roland’s view changed, in a letter to his mother in 1862. Roland writes, "I don’t know as ever I shall get home again. If ever I do, I will see this Union in the bottom of hell before I have anything to do with another war. " However, Roland remained loyal. He fought at Fair Oaks, Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville. He was captured at Gettysburg on 2 July 1863 and marched south as a POW. He escaped, was recaptured, and wound up in prison at Belle Isle, Va. He was paroled at the end of 1863 and returned to the Fifteenth. On 22 June 1864, he was one of about sixty-five men of the Fifteenth who were surrounded and captured outside of Petersburg. He escaped again and traveled hundreds of miles through enemy territory. He reached Union lines about 20 July and mustered out 3 August 1864.2

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The book contains sixty-four letters written between August 1861 and August 1864. Most are written to Roland’s friend Davis Guild. (The few that are written to his mother talk about the weather and his nice new tent.) Roland is very articulate and the letters are easy to read. I felt that I knew and liked him. I categorized the letters into three groups. The first were detailed letters describing the battles. Early in the war, Roland lost his personal diary so he asked his friend Davis to save his letters so that he will have a personal history after the war. I have not read a lot of military history, but with Roland’s descriptions and his hand-drawn maps, I was able to follow the course of the battles. These letters also contain information about the local casualties. The second category is letters describing the everyday life of a soldier. Roland writes about illness, burials, mail calls, hot air balloons used for espionage, and the actions he takes to survive in prison camp. He asks for clothes, newspapers, checkers, and chess sets. He also asks for money to hold him over when his pay is eight and one-half months late. He rants about politicians who debate endlessly about small issues while failing to end the war. The third category is “escapes.” These letters are also very detailed descriptions of how Roland survives on the run across the South. The book was published in 1994 and is available via Amazon.com in both new and used editions. To say that it is action-packed is an understatement. This book has encouraged me to read other first-hand accounts of the war. Ford’s book, which is described in the endnotes, provides more detailed information about the Fifteenth Massachusetts.

Andrew Elmer Ford, The Story of the Fifteenth Regiment Massachusetts, Volunteer Infantry in the Civil War, 1861-1864; (Clinton, Mass.: The Press of W. J. Coulter, 1898), Kessinger Legacy Reprint, 98. 2 Ford, 353.

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Liar, Temptress, Soldier, Spy: Four Women Undercover in the Civil War by Karen Abbott Review by Ellen Schiereck As genealogists we know that it is often difficult to find historical information on women. Karen Abbott helps to fill this gap with her non-fiction book that tells the story of four women who played a prominent role in the U.S. Civil War. If you know the names of these women, you can learn about them on the Internet, but I had never heard of them. Two were passionate about the Union, and two supported the Confederacy. One was poor, and three were wellto-do. The youngest was seventeen, and the oldest was forty-seven. In the time-honored tradition of female spies, two obtained much of their information via “pillow talk,” while another obtained some of her information from prisoners-of-war (POWs). Two were imprisoned, and one died before the end of the war. In a note prefacing the book, the author states, “Each in their own way was a liar, a temptress, a soldier, and a spy, often all at once.” Belle Boyd was a seventeen-year-old Rebel firebrand living in Martinsburg, Va. (now W.Va.) when the war began. Her father, uncles, and several cousins were serving in the Confederate army. Martinsburg was on the front lines. She was smart, egotistical, and impulsive. Belle scandalized society by visiting the Army camps. A young rival described her as “the fastest girl in Virginia or anywhere else for that matter.” She was enamored of Stonewall Jackson and vowed to make him notice her. She was willing to use her feminine wiles to obtain any information that she could. She served as a courier between Generals Jackson, P.T. Beauregard, and J. E. B. Stuart, crossing enemy lines in wild (some would say foolhardy) fashion. (The picture of Belle above is in the Library of Congress.1) Rose O’Neill Greenhow was a forty-seven-year-old widow living in Washington, D.C. Her late husband had been a high-ranking official in the

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State Department. She regularly attended congressional sessions and watched from the gallery. She knew senators, congressmen, and officials from both the North and the South. Rumors abounded that she also regularly entertained late-night male callers. Men appreciated her political savvy and her wit. She was recruited to head the Confederate spy ring in Washington. “President Jefferson Davis considered her the ideal candidate for the job, both despite and because of her occasional indiscretions.” She even used her eight-year-old daughter to help pass messages. Elizabeth Van Lew was a forty-three-year-old “spinster” living in Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy. Her father had been a prominent businessman and slave owner. However, Elizabeth was educated in Philadelphia, and her sympathies lay with the North. She made no secret that she was an abolitionist, but after Virginia seceded, she was shunned and threatened by Richmond society. She recruited a spy network and managed to get one of her own freed slaves to work in Jefferson Davis’s Confederate White House. She continued her espionage work even while her sister-inlaw, a staunch Confederate supporter, was living in her home. Emma Edmonton disguised herself as a man and enlisted in the Union army. She worked as a medic, a courier, and eventually a spy. Many women were soldiers, but of the four women in this book, Emma was the only one who actually fought in the war’s battles. To learn more about Emma, be sure to read Alice Plouchard Stelzar’s article in an upcoming edition of the CCGS Journal. These women were undoubtedly brave. They were fully aware of the potential consequences of their actions. Soldiers who were acting as spies became POWs if captured; civilians who were acting as spies were executed by both the North and the South. Apparently, there were quite a number of other women acting as spies; the author writes, “Women considered spying their patriotic duty as much as making bandages and stitching uniforms. Some merely stood on their front porches and counted Federal troops as they marched.” While Belle and Rose were both arrested, they did seem to be treated leniently because they were women and because both of them were wealthy. All of the women were helped by male perceptions that they would not or could not really be soldiers or spies… or smugglers. In spite of the serious content, Abbott is able to paint humorous images of some of the events: once blockade runners delivered their cargos to the eastern coast, civilians smuggled them inland. Going from Maryland to Virginia meant crossing the Potomac River. Looking at Belle’s picture, it is easy to see how one woman in one crossing “was able to conceal in her hoopskirt a roll of army cloth, several pair of cavalry boots, a roll of crimson flannel, packages of gilt braid and sewing silk, cans of preserved meat and a bag of coffee.”

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My own knowledge of the Civil War had been limited to overarching issues and a vague understanding of major battles. Therefore, I was interested to learn how the spies recruited networks, how they passed messages, the encryption codes they used, an underground railroad that helped not just slaves but also escaped Union POWs, blockade running, and smuggling across the lines. Despite its detail, the book was never boring. Richmond was only 107 miles from Washington, D.C., and almost all of the action in the book takes place within that radius. If you are not a Civil War historian, that may not be immediately clear. The book does include three maps of the time period, but I found them difficult to interpret. This deficiency can be easily corrected with a simplified map, so I have included a relevant one in my article that appears earlier in this section of this issue on Clinton, Mass. in the Civil War. Liar, Temptress, Soldier, Spy was published in September 2014 by HarperCollins. It is currently available in hardcover and Kindle versions. A trade paperback is expected in September, 2015. The format of the book is chronological, with Part 1 relating the events of 1861 and then each part representing a successive year through 1865. Since each part covers a year in time, successive narratives within a part describe each woman’s activities. This process can be a little confusing until you fix the women in your mind, but I think it was the right choice. An epilogue follows each woman through her life after the war ends. Reviewers with more knowledge than I, have said the book is well-researched. It does include extensive notes, a long bibliography with many primary sources, and an index. The book was an Amazon Best Book of 2014, a Library Journal Best Book of 2014 and a Christian Science Monitor Best Book of 2014. Michael Korda, a NY Times Bestselling Biographer of both General Grant and General Lee, nails the review’s conclusion, “this is that rare work of history that really does read like a novel.”2 I agree. If you are interested in women’s history, espionage, or a different perspective on the Civil War, this book is a good read.

Belle Boyd Picture; Date Created/Published: [between 1855 and 1865]; Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA; Call Number: LC-BH82- 4864 A-1 <P&P> [P&P]; Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-cwpbh01988; http: www.loc.gov/pictures; Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. 2

“Advance Praise” on book jacket and also quoted on Barnes & Noble website.

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Meeting Summaries Immigration and Naturalization Summary of presentations by Rhonda McClure at Joint FGS-CCGS Meeting, Nov. 22, 2014 honda McClure, genealogist at the New England Historic Genealogical Society, clarified that with the exception of Native-Americans, all Americans are immigrants in one way or another. She began with the seventeenth century and noted the several reasons for immigration to what became the U.S.A.-- some for religious reasons, some to settle and then move on westward later, some for a great adventure, some for a better life in working for someone else or for owning land, and some for criminal exportation. No passenger lists exist from that period except a few ships with special aspects, such as the Mayflower or the ships that brought the first settlers into the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Some records, however, exist within the county from which immigrants departed. In the eighteenth century, since what became the U.S.A. was a British colony, the records only include lists of those who were not English citizens, in order to assure loyalty to the English king. Naturalization varied greatly from colony to colony; an oath of allegiance or a certificate of communion was required of immigrants in this period. To search, look in the British county, state archives, and judicial orders in the courts. Most records were written by the clerk; if the record is in a book, it is a clerk’s copy, but if it is free-standing, it is probably the original document. In Pennsylvania, the colony was afraid that the many German immigrants of this period might form their own German colony, and so in 1797, Pennsylvania immigrants had to take an oath of allegiance to that colony. Only men signed the documents. Servants had to work off indentures. Since Germany at that time was a collection of principalities rather than a unified country, immigrants got on boats and went down the Rhine River, paying a toll at every different fiefdom that they passed, in addition to then having to pay for their passage once they got to a port of embarkation such as Rotterdam; by the time they reached there, many were penniless and were then indentured and had to work off their “redemption” in America to clear their debt. No one could sign an oath of allegiance until he was free. A Certificate of Communion led to being naturalized in the mid-Atlantic states, as evidence of religious faith, according to a 1790 act signed by the English Parliament. Genealogists who can identify the ancestor’s church can then move into those church records for vital information. Recall that the port of

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embarkation was not necessarily the region or even country of origin of ancestors. With the 1776 Independence, now the old English rules stopped being in force, which stemmed the tide of immigrants because the English counties started to impose restrictions on emigration. Between 1793 and 1815, only about 215,000 immigrants came. In the nineteenth century, in 1829, passenger lists began to be kept; events such as the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812 interfered with immigration. In 1790, two years of residency were a requirement for citizenship; the 1798 Naturalization Act, increased residency requirements to fourteen years. A fear of war in France hung over this period. In 1818 Congress dealt with conditions on board ships, so lists were kept for that reason. Requirements included provision of food and doctors. In 1819, identification of “undesirable” immigrants began, and lists were required for checking off at the immigration dock in America. Customs officers focused on freight rather than people, however. Between 1815 and 1915, 30 million immigrants arrived. There were three waves of immigration: 1815-1860-- five million, most from England, Germany, Scandinavian countries, and Switzerland 1860-1890-- ten million, from the same regions 1890-1914-- fifteen million, from Austria-Hungary, Greece, Italy, Russian, Romania, and Turkey. These immigrants had darker complexions and looked different from the first two waves. Questions were now added to the passenger lists both on embarkation and on arrival. People did not always answer honestly. By 1907, the lists were two pages wide. In the forms was the abbreviation S.I., referring to Board of Special Inquiry, added next to a name; the abbreviation P.C. referred to “public charge” for a person who was considered to have to depend on local welfare to survive. In the South, few immigrants arrived. Most foreign-born immigrants in this time were settling in New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Illinois because of the need for unskilled laborers in those states. Germans went into the Midwest, as well as New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. Scandinavians went to the upper Midwest and to the State of Washington. Canadians went back and forth to the U.S.A. until 1895 when border restrictions were started between the U.S.A. and Canada. The Irish went to the mid-Atlantic, New England, and Illinois, and the Italians did the same.

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The Naturalization Act of 1802 required the Clerk of the Court to write the name, birthplace, age, nation of allegiance, county of emigration, and place of intended settlement. By 1906, in addition to the immigrant’s copy and the clerk’s copy, a third copy was added, to be sent to the new Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). One should look for records in federal courts, and in state courts including supreme, superior, district, and circuit levels. Citizenship requires three stages: Declaration of Intent, Application, and finally Certificate of Citizenship. These records are valuable for genealogists. The U.S. census has useful information in some cases; starting in 1870 and again in 1900, the responder was asked if he could vote-- a “yes” meant he was a citizen. In 1920, the census also asked the year of naturalization. Starting in 1855, alien women could become citizens if they married a citizen; the opposite was true also. But a citizen woman who married an alien gave up her citizenship. In 1922, if such a woman were widowed or divorced, she could be repatriated. Not until 1930 was this restriction on women removed. “The Golden Door Has Locks” was the name of Rhonda McClure’s second presentation. She recommended looking for information on what attracted immigrants until 1890 from: letters, emigrant guidebooks, promotional brochures, steamship lines, and railway lines. A big attraction was the opportunity to own land and after 1890 also opportunity for high wages. The Immigrant Restriction League used statistics to alarm the population about the need to slow immigration. The 1882 Immigration Act defined “unacceptable” and who was responsible for “unacceptable” immigrants. The steamship line was forced to pay half the costs of transporting such individuals back to their country of origin; such transporting was due to the immigrant’s having a contagious disease, being an anarchist, and protecting the immigrant from having to do forced labor in the New World. On immigrant ships, first and second class passengers were inspected on the ship; third class or steerage passengers were inspected upon arrival. No names were changed at Ellis Island-- they were changed at the point of embarkation in a number of instances, but not as they left the ship. At embarkation, passengers were given name and number tags when they got their ticket. People were detained for health reasons, morality, likelihood of becoming a public charge, having no address to which to go, and other reasons. Twenty percent of immigrants were detained every day, and five

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percent were detained for Special Inquiry; in the end two percent were actually deported. Specific health issues that would lead to deportation were contagion, illness, deformity, insanity, and “idiocy.” Deportation was a certainty for anyone with “mental disease.” Immigrants were asked to take a paper test; these former farmers had little idea about what to do with such a test. Single females were always suspect. Successful immigrants had to be able to work but could not have a job already guaranteed to them. But immigrating servants were allowed in. Stowaways on the ship were put to work on the ship to pay for their passage. Records of detained immigrants include: the passenger lists, detention cards, medical certification, correspondence, transcripts of Special Inquiry Boards, invoices, bonds put up by a sponsor to assist an immigrant, local court records, county records, warrants for arrest, and warrants for deportation. The fee was $50 for bringing an immigrant to the U.S.A. Passports began to be used during the nineteenth century. For living people, the government will do a search on immigration in regard to the visa issued before immigration was allowed. The consular system can be accessed at http://www.uscis.gov/genealogy.

Family Stories and Valued Heirlooms Summary of the December 2014 Program Meeting of the Society or the December 2014 meeting of the Society, four members presented information about family heirlooms or genealogical anecdotes. Sue Benoit discussed a nineteenth-century sampler that was made by an ancestor; Ellen Schiereck described the background of the Clinton, Mass. area during the period immediately following the Civil War; Joan Frederici shared a look-back on Christmases of the past within the family; and David Martin shared a letter from an ancestor that was written on the occasion of the assassination of President Garfield. Joan Frederici’s presentation featured a brief video entitled “Holiday Memories;” it consisted of holiday memories of Society members that had been sent to her previously. Her hope is that in future years, she could lengthen the video by receiving still more “donations;” she invites members to submit them to her at joanfred4@comcast.net. Suzanne Benoit brought a framed photograph of the embroidered sampler done in 1829 by her great-great grandmother, Elizabeth Brandriff, to share with members. Suzanne described the excitement in discovering the photograph on the Internet, and then the disappointment at not being able to find the whereabouts of the original sampler because of the lack of a source

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citation. The sampler is an excellent example of the German writing used by early German immigrants, called “fraktur.” (See the article by her elsewhere in this issue, which expands the topic). Robert Ward spoke at some length about his project to compile a descendancy article about his third great grandfather, Artemas Ward (17961857), of Worcester, Mass. Artemas, a farmer, stone quarry owner and officer in the volunteer militia, married two times and fathered fifteen children with his wives. There are a total of seventy-five individuals who have been counted as the children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren of Artemas Ward and his wives. The great-great-grandchildren have not been counted as many were born in the twentieth century and lived most of their lives in that century. He spoke about the lives of several of the descendants Ellen Schiereck spoke of genealogical synchronicity-- how against all odds you sometimes make a connection. Her Irish ancestors left Ireland in 1847, the worst year of the Great Hunger. By 1851, they were living in Clinton, Mass. They were drawn to Clinton by the jobs, which the mills provided. The biggest Clinton mill, the Lancaster (cotton) Mill, had just opened. When these mills were built, most of the nearby land was farmland, so the owners surrounded the mills with boarding houses for their workers. By 1855, Ellen’s great, great grandfather, Thomas Heagney, worked in the mills and also ran one of the boarding houses. Thomas died of consumption in 1864, and his wife Catherine Burke Heagney took over the running of the boarding house to support her seven children. Now fast forward more than 140 years to the CCGS Irish Special Interest Group (SIG) meeting in September 2014. In an ongoing discussion of cemeteries in Massachusetts, someone mentioned a St. John’s Cemetery. Ellen asked if they were talking about the St. John’s Cemetery near Clinton. The answer was no, but then Geri Cox spoke up and said, “I have ancestors who lived in Clinton.” Of course, Ellen and Geri exchanged email addresses and surnames after the meeting. Several days later, Ellen got an email from Geri saying, “The 1870 census shows that my great Grandfather Patrick Tracey, was living in the boarding house run by Catherine Heagney.” Further discussion revealed that the two families came from adjacent parishes in County Galway, Ireland, which means it is possible they knew each other there. So no matter how infinitesimally small that the odds might be, you never know what you will learn at a CCGS meeting! David Martin presented a display of a letter written by his great-greatgreat uncle, John Locke Martin of Ohio, written to his brother’s wife in Vermont in 1881-- only a month after President Garfield passed away from an early-summer bullet wound in the Washington, D.C. Railroad Station from the gun of an assassin. The poignant letter analyzes the differences between the assassination of President Lincoln and the assassination of

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President Garfield in terms of the different circumstances. John Locke Martin had known President Garfield personally when both worked in the Ohio State Government. The letter is beautifully written in the outstanding and literate prose of the late nineteenth-century, and is a valued family heirloom. The December meeting is an annual opportunity for members to share their personal discoveries and valued possessions with genealogical significance.

How to Write and Publish a Biographical Sketch Summary of the January 2015 Program Meeting of the Society alph Wadleigh, Past President of the Falmouth Genealogical Society, provided an engaging presentation about the ways in which to write and publish a biographical sketch in genealogy. Among the steps that he outlined were: collect all of the relevant materials, arrange the materials in some order, and then make some decisions on how to share them. A first question to answer is: Who is your audience? Then: How comprehensive will the writing be? Then: In what way would it be published or disseminated? And finally: What do I want to achieve by the writing? Focusing on one person is recommended. A genealogical sketch usually starts with the facts of birth, death, and marriage-- in that sequence, followed by the list of children if any. A toolbox for this work includes Word, reference to a genealogical journal such as American Ancestors, whose website is http://www.americanancestors.org, and a template which can be found on that website in the Publishing section. The components of the sketch are an opening paragraph, the body of the text, which includes family and accomplishments information, and then the list of the children. A shortcut is allowing a genealogical computer software program to take the basic data and convert it into narrative form, then editing that conversion, and providing the citations-- either as footnotes or as endnotes. With other kinds of genealogical writing, which would not be for publication in a genealogical journal, the citations could be included in the text. In the body of the sketch would be other biographical notes, chronological order of lifetime events, and the use of the census to fix time and place. Letters, pictures, and newspapers can supplement the narrative. Printing can be done at a stationery store in either softcover, hardcover, or on a disk.

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A good sketch answers such questions as how the couple met, their occupations, their physical moves, the origin of their names, any military service, the buying and selling of property, membership in organizations, and travel. A sketch can also be posted on a website instead of publication. To use the American Ancestors website, go to Education, then Learning Process, then Writing and Publishing a Family History. Attendees were encouraged to submit manuscripts to journals and in particular to the Cape Cod Genealogical Society semi-annual Journal.

Research at the Boston Public Library Summary of the March 2015 Program Meeting of the Society lice Kane, formerly a Librarian at the Boston Public Library, and now a Librarian at the New England Historic Genealogical Society, provided a helpful summary of the excellent resources available at the Boston Public Library for genealogists. She alerted everyone to some ongoing renovations of the library, but most of the resources are available in any case during this period. One may obtain a library card remotely in order to use the digitized material at the Library through its website (http://www.bpl.org); when visiting the library in person, this card can be upgraded to a regular card, thereby allowing one to borrow books which are in the circulating collection. Patrons should bring to the library their local network card-- for most Cape Codders, that would be the CLAMS card. Patrons are permitted to bring flash drives for downloading information from any item in digitized form while at the library. Kiosks are available for making paper copies. The Research Library has a fiche catalog, which includes items acquired prior to 1974; materials since then have been digitized. Most genealogical researchers would focus their attention in the Social Science section in the Boylston Room. The Rare Book collection may be used, but everything except pencil and paper would need to be stored separately before entering that section to look at materials there. In preparing for a visit, a map on the website may be downloaded. If a person brings their own laptop, instead of using one of the library’s computers, one would connect to the library’s Wi-Fi and then be able to refer to the digitized collections as if one were using one of the library’s computers. Some materials are stored remotely at the West Roxbury site, and it usually takes one day for them to arrive at the main library; if possible, one could request those materials a day in advance so that when one goes to the main library, those materials will be waiting there for reference.

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Of particular interest to genealogists would be collections such as the Boston alphabetized street lists, which show residents according to location, to follow where ancestors would have lived. Information is also found according to voter lists, arranged by precincts. Questions asked of residents the past included “Where did you live last year?” and if a person lists something other than his/her current residence, one can track physical moves of the family. In addition, the records of the towns that were eventually annexed to Boston are available (e.g.,Charlestown, Roxbury, West Roxbury, Hyde Park, etc.). The Internet Archive Project lists all of the digitized items at the library. Additionally, a collection of photographs is available. The tax records of Boston from 1780 to 1821(after which Boston changed from being a town to a city) are available both on microfilm and in original form. The city directories are not digitized, but are available on the website; city directories are also in a U.S. City Directory Archive on Ancestry.com. City and town histories, ethnic groups, biographical material, and military history are all examples of the categories of holdings in the Social Science section. In addition, there are links to newspapers. Alice recommended taking advantage of the Archives of Americana Collection of searchable databases in the Government Documents section, and the American Antiquarian Society’s (Worcester, Mass.) digitized newspaper collection in its American Historical Newspaper Database Collection, which are accessible from the library. We in Massachusetts are indeed fortunate to have such a rich collection, located not too distant from Cape Cod.

Google Earth Summary of the April 2015 Program Meeting of the Society

n 14 April 2015, Lisa Louise Cooke, genealogical author and technological innovator, provided a fascinating presentation on the genealogical applications of “Google Earth” as a program. It is usable on both PC and Macs and provides a way to visualize the location of one’s ancestors both in the past and present. In addition, it permits the connecting of stories about one’s ancestors as well. A powerful program, it can include photographs, maps, and even You-Tube video clips. Google Earth Pro is a free download from http://www.google.com/earth/download/gep/agree.html. One-hundred-fifty historic maps are built in and leads to selections from David Rumsey’s extensive map collection. The site http://www.davidrumsey.com can be used

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to identify further options. Sanborn Fire Insurance maps are also incorporated. A “Layers” panel is used to identify subsections. For example, in order to access the Rumsey maps, one goes to the Layers panel, then to Gallery, and then to Rumsey Historic Maps; click on the gold medallion of choice and then on a picture of the map, which overlaps the full earth map. One can zoom in or out on the locations. One can also move a tab in order to see the modern map superimposed on the historic map. One can drag to My Places and then can save one’s choice of maps. A Historic Imagery Tool can also be used. One goes to the toolbar, to the clock symbol, which links to maps of various sources. It is possible to mark a place with a pushpin symbol, found in the upper tool bar. It is also possible to project a future scenario as well. Google updates its maps approximately every thirty days, which guarantees that one is able to stay up to date. Historic County Boundaries as a feature will also be useful to genealogists, using the KMZ files; locations of county seats as well as the changing boundaries of counties throughout U.S. History are found here. A Story-Telling Feature allows one to post photographs, together with You-Tube videos and relevant census data. When sharing this information with others, the receiver can also explore the maps. A Photo Bucket can be used to upload photographs, as long as they are in jpeg format. Video Voodoo uses Internet Archives together with videos of the past, and is free. One can search on You-Tube to find possible videos to use. Once one has developed a story to tell, it can be recorded and shared using the movie camera icon on the toolbar, along with the microphone icon. This technology is symptomatic of the near future in genealogy.

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New England Regional Genealogical Conference April 2015 – Highlights he 13th Biennial New England Regional Genealogical Conference (NERGC) took place in Providence, R.I. in April of this year with nearly 1000 attendees-- the most ever-- and with twenty members of CCGS in attendance-- again, the most ever. The conference had its usual broad array of topic sessions, with the anticipated emphasis on new technologies for assisting the genealogist. More than 100 different sessions and workshops were held-- something truly for everyone. Some highlights of the conference were: 1. Workshop for Teachers and Librarians on genealogical education 2. Workshop on Technology 3. Updates on the most recent developments in various websites— FamilySearch, Ancestry, MyHeritage, Newspapers.com, HeritageQuest, and much more 4. Genealogy education-- ways to interest the younger generations in taking up family history 5. The use of Google Earth as a way of geographically situating and showing one’s ancestors’ physical locations by overlaying old maps on current maps in various places on the globe 6. Updates on various threats to access to records, created by regulations and legislation by states and the federal government, largely due to security concerns 7. The use of under-utilized archives, such as the Congregational Church archives on Beacon Street in Boston and the Taunton, Mass. Museum 8. Ways to locate colonial records, such as on the Periodical Index system (PERSI), Heritage Quest, and findmypast.com 9. Uses of the Non-Population Schedules of the U.S. Census, such as the Agricultural, Manufacturing, and Disabilities censuses; and the sometimes under-utilized information available on the Population Schedules, such as Civil War Service (1910), Voting Rights (1870), Revolutionary War Pensions (1840), Occupations (1840), Disabilities (1840), and Dwelling Numbers (1850) 10. Uses of City Directories as supplements to the U.S. census

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11. Descendency Research focusing particularly on probate records, in order to find collateral lines 12. DNA testing, in particular the increasingly used Autosomal DNA testing 13. Conducting of surname searches using Google in innovative ways. This list is only partial; a full copy of the Conference Syllabus is available for perusal from David Martin. A national campaign is underway to seek financial support for the digitization of records of the War of 1812, sometimes termed Americaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Forgotten War. CCGS President David Martin was given the 2015 Siemiatkoski Volunteer of the Year Award from NERGC at the closing banquet. Suzanne Walton as the CCGS NERGC Representative for the past four years was commended for her valuable service, including her work on the conferencewide Hospitality Committee for the 2015 conference. Readers are encouraged to participate in the 2017 NERGC conference, which will be held in Springfield, Mass. from 26 to 29 April 2017. Planning for that conference will begin almost immediately.

Society Book on Cape Men in the Civil War

tauffer Miller, military historian, has completed a book which will be of considerable interest to those who are tracing Cape Cod ancestors in the mid-nineteenth century. The federal government initiated an enrollment enumeration of a wide age-range of men in various parts of the country, including Cape Cod in 1863. This list, done alphabetically by towns, provides name, age, residence, and in some cases additional information about physical conditions. This list was then used to create the actual draft. Some men who were drafted did not actually serve because they were able to pay substitutes to serve in their stead; the book details those cases as well. The book, entitled Barnstable County Massachusetts Civil War Soldiers, Enrolled Men and Drafted Men 1861-1863, is available for purchase for $10 or $12 if mailed, through Cape Cod Genealogical Society; copies will be brought to monthly meetings and are also obtainable by contacting the Publications Committee in care of David Martin (508-4200224) or davidchina_2000@yahoo.com.

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Contributor’s Bios Suzanne L. Benoit is a member of the CCGS board, a member of the Pilgrim John Howland Society, the Cape May County Historical and Genealogical Society, the German Genealogy Group, and the Mid-Atlantic Germanic Society. She has an Associate’s Degree in Management from Cape Cod Community College, and is recently retired from the U.S. Postal Service in Harwich. In the 1980s she volunteered at Pilgrim Hall Museum in Plymouth, helping to identify and organize their old photo and postcard collections. Her interest in genealogy goes back to 1975 when she first started researching her family. suelou5@aol.com. Robert P. Carlson has been interested in genealogy and old gravestones for many years. His direct Paine ancestors go back nine generations on Cape Cod, and he has located most of their gravestones. His website, www.capecodgravestones.com, records most of the gravestones dated before 1900 in the fifteen towns of Cape Cod. He has chaired the Eastham Cemetery Commission since it was established in 2004, and he is currently creating indices to the Eastham birth, marriage, and death digitized records from 1650 to1900. RPCarlson@comcast.net. Carlton Copp is a long-time member of the Cape Cod Civil War Roundtable and has been a member of the Sons of Union Veterans and the Massachusetts 28th Re-Enactor Regiment. Civil War history and genealogy are an important part of all of his research. He graduated from Yale University and the Harvard Business School; he has been a Marine captain, an investment analyst, and a member of several Dennis Town Committees. His current research focuses on early Copps of Boston and his wife’s Fuller descendancy from the Mayflower. ccopp@comcast.net Martha DeWolfe Day cites inspiration from her grandmother, Grace Peace DeWolfe, who gave her an excellent place to start her genealogical research. She has “dabbled” in the field for many years and enjoys its challenges. She was an active participant in the collaboration known as “Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness” and helped numerous people with their own research, particularly in response to requests about Cape Cod roots. In doing one piece of research for a California family, she discovered that she also had Cape families in her background from the seventeenth century after being certain that she had none. She finds membership in the Cape Cod Genealogical Society to be worthwhile and interesting for exchanging information with others. Phyllis Day is “OFD” (originally from Dorchester) and has been living in Falmouth for forty-five years. She completed her Bachelor’s Degree in 1987 and received a Master’s in Public Administration from Suffolk

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University in 1999. Phyllis is retired from the Trial Court and was the elected Superior Court Clerk for twelve years. She has been politically active since her arrival and a Town Meeting member in Falmouth for over thirty years. Her interest in genealogy began with an entry in her Baby Book that her maternal grandfather was born in Eden. What a great birthplace! She is the Delegate to the New England Regional Genealogical Conference for Falmouth Genealogical Society. Pam Eichin grew up listening to her family’s stories. They fueled her curiosity to learn about the lives of her relatives. Her passion is to learn how they lived in their era, and the differences and similarities compared to today. Pam researched the stories of her parents’ childhoods, such as their trips to Coney Island. The inspiration created by the new conversations with her parents was Pam’s biggest reward. Betsy Walker Ferris is a member of CCGS and volunteers at its library. Born and raised in Upton, Mass., she graduated from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst (French and Russian) and Simmons Graduate School of Library and Information Science. In 2009 she collaborated with her husband Bud Ferris and book designer/publisher Irene Ledwith to produce Cape Cod Museum of Natural History’s Mudflat Mania! field guide. Betsy has collected family stories for many years. Debra Lawless holds a certificate in Boston University's Genealogical Research Program as well as degrees from Stanford and Boston Universities. A freelance writer, she is the author of four books on Cape Cod’s history published by The History Press and a co-author of Three Centuries in a Cape Cod Village: The Story of Chatham. She works for the Nickerson Family Association in Chatham. chathamjazzage@live.com. Joan Maloney earned her Ph.D. In history and has authored many publications, most recently including three books on Harwich, Mass. Since retiring to Cape Cod, where her paternal grandfather was once a coachman, she has been a member of CCGS and an active volunteer, including as a member of the Board of Directors of the Harwich Historical Society. jmaloney147@comcast.net. David S. Martin of Marstons Mills is CCGS President; he has been an active genealogist for more than thirty-five years, investigating family lines in New England and the U.K. He chairs the Society’s Education Committee and coordinates one of the two annual issues of this Journal. He is a member of the Mayflower Society and the Sons of the American Revolution. DavidChina_2000@yahoo.com

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Eva Holway Needs is an eleventh-generation Cape Codder. Her family tree includes Allyns, Hinckleys, Goodspeeds, Holways, Kallios and McLaney/McAlinneys, to name a few. Besides genealogy she enjoys quilting, knitting, early American glass, and her tenants Moose and Sergio. She is a graduate of the University of Massachusetts. While living in Florida, she was a member of the Indian River Genealogical Society and volunteered at the library there in the genealogy department. EJNeeds@aol.com Dorothy Robinson is a CCGS member and serves on its Publications Committee. She received her Master’s Degree in Instructional Technology and Library Science. Francis Robinson is a retired educator who currently teaches a course on Pilgrims and Puritans for the Academy for Lifelong Leaning. Together they have co-authored numerous genealogy manuscripts and published a book on the life of Charles Robinson and his World War II experiences. Transplants from Connecticut, they now live full-time on Cape Cod. dbrob160@verizon.net Ellen Schiereck inherited her passion for family history from her mother. Because she started as a teenager, she has spent more than fifty years researching her family history. Now that she has retired, her focus is on documentation and preservation. Ellen is a member of the CCGS Communications Committee and is the Editor of the CCGS Newsletter. ellen@schiereck.com. L. Ray Sears, III has been researching the Sears Family history since 1976 and published the Sears Genealogical Catalogue in 1991. His family has lived on Quivet Neck in East Dennis since the original Richard Sears arrived in 1639. He has edited the Society’s Bulletin and now the Journal for ten years. His website, http://www.SearsR.com, documents 30,000 descendants of Richard Sears. LRSears@gmail.com. Carolyn Shane Weiss is CCGS past Vice-President. She grew up in the Midwest, graduated from Boston University with a B.A. in Philosophy, and has worked as an RNA Lab Researcher at MIT. She began her genealogy research in the mid-1980s, following in the footsteps of her mother and great uncle; she has taken numerous genealogy courses, attended conferences, and taught genealogy with an emphasis on computers and genealogy. CarlySue01@comcast.net. Robert L. Ward is Past President of CCGS. He is a professional genealogist, with a Master’s Degree in American history from Indiana State University. He completed the Genealogical Research Certificate Program at Boston University in 2009. He lives in Orleans. arlinkwa@yahoo.com.

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Index Note: The Eastham Land Records on pages 31-44 are already in alphabetical order and are not indexed here. Atherton Jane, 7 Badeau Adam, 120 Baker Edward, 72, 93 Elam, 134 James, 136 Jane, 134 Joseph, 134 Winslow, 136 Bangs Edward, 23, 24, 28 Bartlett Elizabeth, 8 Bayker David, 52 Bayldon Richard, 56 Beauregard P. G., 67 Belden Bert Q, 56 Francis, 56 Grover, 56 Richard, 54 William, 55 Bellows Henry W, 125 Benson Edward A, 76 Berry Hugh, 132 Blundell George, 56 Bowen Roland, 139 Bowers C. M., 81 Boyd Belle, 141 Boykin Burwell, 119 Bradford William, 28 Bradley Amy M, 108 Brady Mary A, 131 Brewster Thomas, 26 Bristol

Desire, 7 Brockett L. P., 131 Brooks Almira, 89 Augustus, 89 Charles E, 91 Henry C, 137 Brownell Katy, 131 Buss Elisha G, 80 Camp Laura, 7 Cash Billy, 48 Clapp Almira, 89 Coffey William T, 57 Cole Daniel, 23, 24, 25 Job, 23, 24 Comewas Sally, 5 Conary Hoyt L, 47 Congdon Abby L, 3 Mary P, 3 Cook Josiah, 24 Cooke Josiah, 24 Copp Charles D, 115 Corbin Bertha, 92 Henry, 92 Couden Henry N, 96 Crocker Rebecca, 133 Crowell Evelyn, 48 Geta, 61 Joshua, 49 Prince M, 46 William, 105 Curran Ellen S, 49 Cushing

Alonzo, 113 Cutler Dorcas, 17 Davis Albert, 94 Day Nellie, 133 De Moranville Matilda, 11 Dickinson Hannah W, 100 Jennie, 100 Lydia, 100 Marquis F, 100 Dix Dorothea, 131 Doane John, 23 Dolliver Walter S, 120 Dorr Lelia, 45 Dunbar Harriet, 101 Duncan Charles, 77 Edmonton Emma, 142 Eichin John, 58 Farrington William F, 96 Fitts William, 83 Forbush John, 90 Fowler, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21 Allan E, 20 Amos, 8 Anson, 8 Asa, 7, 8 Charles W, 16, 17 Cornelius, 8 David, 4, 5 Diana, 17 Edward P, 8 Edwin C, 4 Florence J, 2 Francis E, 6 Frank E, 2 Godfrey, 17

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Henry, 18 Jacob, 4, 8 James, 4, 9 John, 4, 9 John C, 2, 4 Juan C, 13 Layton, 4 Mary, 17 Melissa C, 20 Morris, 8 Phoebe, 5 Riley, 10 Robert, 9 Roxanna, 4 Russell, 4 Sally, 17 Samson, 4 Sarah, 4 Whedon, 7 William, 4 William C, 9 Freeman John, 26 Samuel, 27 Garrison William L, 90 Gibbs Phoebe S, 99 Gibson W, 107 Gifford Benjamin, 100 Greenhow Rose O, 141 Greenlaw Rose O, 132 Greenwood Henry, 75 Guild Davis, 140 Hall Christopher W, 46 Hallowell Edward N, 119 Hanley Charles C, 120 Harding Joseph, 25 Harley William, 97 Harrington Patrick, 59 Hatch Dolly P, 89 Heagney Catherine B, 149 Thomas, 149 Herrington Daniel, 17

Diana, 16 Sally, 16 Higgins Richard, 24, 26 Hinckley Otis, 133 Hix Samuel, 23 Hollis Moses, 93 Hood John B, 124 Hooker Joseph, 78 Hopkins Constance, 25 Giles, 24, 26 Hubbard Mary, 8 Jackson Stonewall, 141 Jacobs Joseph A, 104, 105 Jenkins John, 25 Jonathan, 27 Jenks James H, 97 Johnson Anna, 7 C. H., 94 Johnston Sarah R, 132 Kelley Henry, 48 Olive, 47 Stillman, 47 Kendall Fred E, 46 Kern John P, 52 Kerns John, 52 Kimberley Sarah, 7 King R. E., 46 Lange Daniel P, 52 Lunney Ellen, 57 Lyman Charles, 97 Polly, 122 Mahan F. J., 46 Marston George, 133 Martin

David S, 2 John L, 149 Marvin Melissa A, 99 Mayo John, 25, 26, 30 McClellan George B, 70 McDowell Irwin, 70 McPherson James M, 72 Meigs Montgomery, 84 Myrick Joseph, 27 Neuen Elizabeth, 52 Nickerson Charles S, 102 Noble Noah, 98 Nolan Julia, 57 Occum Samson, 4 Olmstead Frederick L, 125 Paine Thomas, 25 Parker Thomas, 56 Phinney S. B., 133 Pierce George R, 92 Pomeroy Lucy G, 132 Potter Amy, 4 Powers Arabella A, 122 Samuel, 47 Prence Thomas, 24 Prince Thomas, 23 Raymond Elinor L, 2 Reid Nancy, 48 Richards Christiann, 104 Hiram, 104 Samuel, 104 Ricketts Fanny, 131 James B, 131 Robbins

Volume 5, No. 1 [Spring 2015] Benjamin F, 137 Joshua, 134, 136 Robinson Aaron, 122 Charles, 122 Mary S, 122 Roebling John A, 57 Rogers John, 24 Joseph, 24, 26 Schouler William, 91 Scudder Mary F, 133 Sears David, 49 Henry H, 46 Jacob, 45 James W, 46 Leslie, 61 Minnie E, 48 Olive F, 47 Percy, 48 T. H., 47 Shaw Robert G, 118 Shusser Joseph, 83 Smalley John, 29 Smally John, 24 Smith Earhard, 57 J. R., 57 Jane, 118 Jeremiah, 27 John, 6 Nathan, 118

Snow Mark, 25, 26 Mary, 25 Nicholas, 24, 25 Sparrow Jonathan, 27 Richard, 23 Spaulding Diana, 15 Harvey, 15 Starr Elizabeth, 8 Stetson William M, 48 Stevens E. L., 119 Edward L, 118 Paulena, 132 Sarah J, 119 Stoddard Ezekial B, 89 George B, 10 Stone Charles, 72 Storms Henry, 120 Henry S, 119 Peter, 119 Simon P, 119 Stowe Harriet B, 90 Sutherland Isabel, 116 Taneyhill Hannah, 10 Tantaquidgeon Gladys, 4 Thomas George H, 124 Tracey

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Patrick, 149 Tripp Olive H, 134 Trowbridge Clarissa, 7 Thomas, 7 Van Lew Elizabeth, 132 Veazie Cornelius, 10 Vose J. H., 74 Wade Robert, 55 Walker Hugh, 55 Mary, 113 William, 25, 26 Ward Artemas, 149 Wilbur J, 15 John, 16 Willard Elvie B, 46 Williams Thomas, 25 Wirz Henry, 82 Wixam Robert, 24 Wood Geo W, 93 Steven, 23 Yates John, 24 Young John, 2

Documented articles in the Journal of the Cape Cod Genealogical Society are not able to be verified for accuracy; we are thus not able to take responsibility for the accuracy of the citations and conclusions beyond ensuring that appropriate citations are provided by the authors