The Ecology of Public Urban Space by Carley Friesen

Masters of Sustainable Urban Design

Lund University

School of Architecture

Carley Giselle Friesen

Masters of Sustainable Urban Design

Author : Carley Giselle Friesen

Presented : June 2, 2010

Examinor: Peter Sjรถstrรถm

Lund University, School of Architecture

Advisor : Catharina Sternudd

Thanks Mom, Dad, Ajay, and Mike.

Contents Point of Departure

Inspirations

Defining Intentions

Site Descriptions

Strategies for Public Space Ecology in Malmรถ

Ecology Perspective and Evaluation

Malmรถ Core Area

Scheelegatan Area

Site Strategies

Autumn Festival

Public Space Detailed Plans

Public Space Ecology Plan

46 49 54 58

Future

Presentation Boards

Works Cited

Point of Departure

This section will discuss theories and experiences relating to the notion of public space ecology and urban design practice. The underlying reason for this discourse is the belief that environmental crises (and

other. These interactions are a system of networks, both physical and social, and must

human within ecosystem, and one’s natural instinct. That is to say, one’s disconnectedness

of ecological life by making us aware of our surroundings and by encouraging our social

why, despite technical innovations and the ‘green movement’, environmental catastrophe

lives to unfold in natural and meaningful ways.

The information for this research has been an accumulation of numerous resources,

threatens to be the end of human.

however, has been extensively founded upon essays from The Life Region edited by Per

‘interacting’ with the living environment, but in fact that human is the living environment,

living organisms and their habitat, and as a framework including both biotic and abiotic

This research pushes the perspective even further to say that human is not

and that the city is a part of the ecosystem. Public space, therefor, is a part of the natural

environment, as much as bird patterns of migration, and drainage basin morphology.

Råberg. He describes ecology’s usual scientific definition as the interaction between elements of the environment.

One vital importance of viewing the diverse, urban environment as an ecological

Certainly, the city is a crucial part of the context in which it is situated and a product of

system (especially for urban and regional planning), is that we move from compartmental

Environmental degradation and disaster shows how humans have lost intuition

where the territory is defined as the network of flows of energy through the various

the intuitions of its creator.

and instinct, often to digital and mechanical systems. Our connection to natural resources and productions has been virtually cut off, and knowledge of a role within this

system has therefore fallen to a simple and unprogressive belief that we are somehow above (ourselves).

When we place humans on a level platform with environmental processes, we see

the importance of our interaction with the surrounding environment and with each

boundaries and legal property lines into a more dynamic and fundamental scheme, systems and their inter-connectivities (Farias, Ignacio and Bender, Thomas, 2009). This

includes nutrients, plant and animal life, and also social and cultural formations and

patterns. The habitat which we strive to create, therefore, concerns itself both with the physical and social needs of man, both physical and mental health.

Our social beings are linked to natural systems and spatially dependant on

opportunities to engage. This research will describe the importance of an emphasis on

the public realm and its benefit to society, along with the belief that the public realm is

a natural system, and our role in creating and using it is part of a broad socio-ecological network.

“What is forgotten is that the local sphere represent not only an earlier stage of evolution, but also a more fundamental, organic level in man’s consciousness.” (Råberg, 1997) [1.1] Man’s Ecological Identity (Råberg, 1997)

The four levels of ecological identity show shifts in understanding. They are Natural identity, Species identity, Ego identity and Logo identity.

Diagram [1.1] shows four states of human identity. These levels, as discussed

in Råberg’s essay, outline the way humans have consciousness of, and then, perceive

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Point of Departure

from ecological systems and his placement of self above the biosphere, is the reason

be treated with care and respect. Urban design is a tool, which can enhance our quality

therefor, economic and social crises) stems from the loss of a fundamental awareness of

their environment. The first level, Natural identity is the basic awareness of one as a

creation of and in the biospace. Within this identity there is an attitude of affection and empathy towards nature. The identity regulates the humans interactions to the

environment in order to maintain equilibrium. The second state is Species identity which is recognition of one’s self within a human community together searching for survival. The third level is Ego identity which represents egoistic needs and satisfaction of daily life. The fourth level is Logo identity. This is described as the most advanced

level in the evolution, found only in humans. It is based on temporal awareness and the ability to rationally reflect. Language and technology are examples of the product of this identity (Råberg, 1997).

Råberg states that it is the first level, Natural identity, which is commonly lost.

This project, therefor, sets out to search for sustainable solutions which rest in the first level. Common scientifically sustainable solutions are often in the fourth level of Logo

identity. Instead of technological ‘green’ solutions, the solution for this project is creating a basic awareness of interactions with resources and with each other.

Urban Ecology The role of the city within the ecosystem is of vital importance because of its scale

and growth rate. The modern western city has taken the role of the consumer within a

matrix of production resources. The city today is a parasite within the ecological system and is demanding more of its resources than it is able to manage (Rees, 2003).

The city is not acting as a healthy component of the ecosystem, which would

respond to flux and adapt to change. Instead it fights against flows and attempts to

create a categorical control over the forces of its resources, thus limiting itself to a losing battle. There is the opportunity for the city to contribute to an overall ecology and celebrate the rewards of a symbiotic relationship.

In the essay entitled Ecology, Community and Lifestyle, Arne Næss sets up a

dynamic and open system to describe the eco-society, including the endogenous perspective, integrationist principles, a holistic organization, and the spatial significance of the system. He also moves between a scientific and holistic approach by describing the importance of a qualitative system, one based upon man’s sensory needs including

aesthetic, empathetic and sensory experiences. This is crucial for the research in this

project in order to create an urban experience based on sequence and sensual awareness.

and actions become visible, it creates social norms, helping develop trust in the society.

consumption of the city can be consistently valued against the resources of its periphery.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The central idea is that people need spaces in which they can conceive of themselves as citizens committed to political debate and persuasion and as neighbours with common educational and cultural needs.â&#x20AC;? (Mattson, 1999)

The complete urban ecosystem must reconnect with its periphery, so that the

This is vital for environmental protection and continued productivity (economic). The

belief of this research is that the connection of humans with their surrounding resources can bring about environmentally responsibility by making the ability to evaluate resources tangible. Thus, the spatial design becomes of utmost importance.

A healthy ecosystem balances itself between reactionary, short-term solutions, and

remembrance, long-term solutions. The common city is reactionary, and it is often responding with superficial solutions, distracting from the true undertows. These

reactionary measures, however, are often constructed to be permanent, and have no ability to adapt over time. The city becomes an ecosystem when it combines the

temporary with the permanent to create a vibrant environment, able to adapt, and also able to last. The concept of time and adaptation, together with ideas about public and private property, are explored in Diagram [1.2].

Literal Ecology The design of a public space ecology is intended as a literal approach to design.

Public space has been used by government and religious institution to assert power.

In the multi-cultural city, it is important that the public realm mixes with institution in certain events, however, must still be accessible to an every-day, multi-ethnic public.

Sociology explains many of the reasons why connection and physical interaction

among humans is critical for a productive and prosperous society. The reasons include

building trust in the society, the creation of responsibility, the ability for the spread of knowledge, and the benefits of familiarity within a community (Fukuyama, 1996).

Trust is important in a society and is often built upon physical interactions. For

example; when eating in most western restaurants, customers are allowed to eat first, and then pay the bill, with an unspoken agreement that we will not walk out before

paying. Most customers are not simply paying because a fear of the law or of being

The idea is to create a method of evaluation for a connection to ecological systems.

REVOLT

Critical Importance of Physical Public Space Public space has been a critical part of the urban structure all throughout history,

however, the main idea is to provide a forum where ideas and news can spread, conflicts

HIGH QUALITY BIODEGRADABLE

can be carried out and resolved, and people can engage (Bertolini, 2005).

solve problems (Mattson, 1999). Historically, the Agora is a good example of a space

provided by the government for a public market and political assembly. When people

REMEMBER

COMMUNITY/era

few

[1.2] Time and Response (Thorpe, 2007)

This graph details the evolution of public and private possession, combined with ecologies responses to events.

LOBAL FFECT

By definition, democracy also requires a space for citizens to gather, discuss, and

grand and slow

and across many different cultures. The reasons and functions of public space vary,

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Point of Departure

proposals which allow awareness of resources and flows in the ecosystem.

many DISPOSABLE NON-RENEWABLE

up a framework to view the human in the first state, Nature identity, and to attempt

ME/now

small and fast

By studying current, common methods of ecology studies, this project will set

caught, otherwise we would calculate the chances of being caught compared with the

When a big-box retailer looks for space in the city, it will most often find ideal

price of the meal (Fukuyama, 1996). This shows a basic level of honesty and trust, which

sites near the edge of the city, where they can access large tracts of land at lower cost. The

within the view of the owner. These types of trust, based on physical relationships are

and if any, public transit routes). The city will make money because it can charge the

is based on the physical agreement of the customer within the restaurant space, and required for the sustained economy of the society.

The world of internet shopping is steadily growing. It is easy to see, however, that

trust is lost without a physical contact, and web sites usually demand payment before

the shipping or transfer of items. Thus, physical identity is an important part of trust in our society, and equally and important part of sustaining a viable economy.

Environmental quality continues to be the main reason why people choose cities

for their residence. The typical notion that large attractions such as sport stadiums, malls, theme parks etc. are not actually the reason of attraction, but that, “communities with abundant high-quality experiences, openness to diversity of all kinds,” are in fact

the winning contributions to welcoming new residents to a city (Florida, 2004). The environmental quality is also cited as a main factor in attracting business to the city, and

therefore we again see the economic importance of investment in public space ecology,

city will then assume the cost of building infrastructure to the new site (especially roads

retailer property taxes for the land. However, the city can only earn this direct amount

each year. The store will be surrounded by a parking lot, and lack any public facilities. Residents will have to drive to the store. Therefore the chance of resident interaction on the way to the retailer is none. The chance of them seeing someone they know while

they are there unlikely. The chance of the resident creating a relationship with any of the store employees is very small. If the resident encounters a friend, there is no place

for them to sit and chat, and most likely no place for them to eat or drink together. They will leave in separate vehicles, and not have the chance to socialize on the way

home. This shows how the investment has not benefitted the city in any in-direct ways. There is not an increase in interaction or trust-building relationships. Entrepreneurship decreases with lack of public discussion and partnership opportunities.

When the city invests in the public space, and looks at the long-term without a sole

as opposed to a city of clichéd (often short-lived and privatized) entertainment.

focus on yearly incomes, it is clear that the in-direct benefits will be many. Trust in the

In one, the city invests in the public space ecology, and in the other, it allows private

as conversations can continue into the public realm; health increases when people have

To illustrate the common situation we can look at an example of two scenarios.

corporation to have it’s way with space demands.

society will increase as residents become familiar with business owners; ideas multiply

the ability to walk or bike to access services; and responsibility and belief in the system

increases when people are allowed to fully use the city to their everyday advantage. The

city will see not only social and cultural benefits, but also long-term financial benefits. Financial benefits arise when the city has a stable, localized economy. This can also increase tourism, as the city becomes â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;itself â&#x20AC;&#x2122; and unique for others to explore.

The public realm often falls to consumerist goals of the city. Mixed-use buildings,

with commercial uses on the ground floors are a vital part of urban design. The public space realm, however, cannot always solely rely on commercial functions as a means of

attracting people. We have also seen that the public realm must be a host to a variety of functions, and must be accessible to the variety of residents in the city.

Fear can be targeted as one of the main social destructors of public space. The

multi-cultural, media dependant society comes along with the necessity for tolerance

and independent evaluation of world events, however, this often does not occur. The result, is defensive (almost on the verge of offensive) design, both in architecture and urban planning.

The physical public realm is almost nonexistent in modern, city-edge suburban

developments. Emphasis on fast construction and exceptionally high profits destruct

the public realm and design it completely out of the urban spaces. Many psychological issues in the modern western world can be attributed quite explicitly to a loss of the

support of the public realm, and to a loss of understanding of oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s role in natural

ecology. Disillusionment and narcissism are a few of the negative impacts of society pushing responsibility away from the culture and onto the individual (Sennett, 1974).

of ecological urban design.

The final case for the public realm is pure and simple enjoyment. Playing frisbee

in the park, unexpected meetings on the street corner, people- watching while having

coffee, children playing in the courtyard, are all reasons why we value the public realm. Doing laundry together, running with pets together, walking to school together; these

qualitative anecdotes are the main inspiration for this project. Urban life should be allowed artistic approaches and an element of joy in innocence.

automobile transport, corporate control of urban space, and disregard for the principles

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Point of Departure

The sustainability effects of ignoring the public realm include dependency on

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Point of Departure

To create a sustainable city, humans must be aware of their role and position within the ecosystem.

Inspirations

The relationship of one to their environment, be it urban or growing, public or personal, is always complex and vivid.

“Guess what? I saw Sean on the street. He had this amazing huge umbrella that looked ridiculous.” “Did you talk to him?” “It was funny actually, because I saw him when I was on one side of the cross walk and he was on the other. Of course, rush hour, there were so many damn cars and with all the rain it’s impossible not to get soaked. Anyway, we were crossing and met right in the middle. He invited me under that crazy big umbrella and we talked just for a few seconds. He was just coming from the video store.” “What did he say?” “Actually, he told me what Bill Murray whispers to Scarlett Johansson at the end of Lost in Translation.” “Really? All while standing in the middle of the crosswalk during rush hour?” “I know, right? Actually, first we talked about love, and how you are always to some degree settling. I think we were both really impacted by that movie, because it wasn’t like we had a discussion there under the umbrella, we just knew. Then as soon as he told me that last, secret line from the movie, the light changed and we each had to take a couple big splashy steps to get back to the sidewalk before the horns honked.” “So literally, all you had time for was this 15 second conversation about the end of Lost in Translation.” “Completely amazing. It was almost as though the traffic engineers timed the lights exactly; so that one day Sean’s story about the end of that movie could be told to a woman he met, crossing the street in the rain.” Jardiniere, 1887. Eugene Rousseau. (Image from Alan Colquhoun, Modern Architecture) 12

Art Nouveau work saw ornament merging with or emerging from the object, rather than being applied to it.

Conversation with Steff Beernaerts, 2008. Carley Friesen.

with no walls, no borders anywhere; the sky no height above him, totally unenclosed and shouted: Let me out! ii He dug the soil in rows, imposed himself with shovels He asserted into the furrows, I am not random. The ground replied with aphorisms: a tree-sprout, a nameless weed, words he couldn’t understand. iii The house pitched the plot staked in the middle of nowhere. At night the mind inside, in the middle of nowhere. The idea of an animal patters across the roof. In the darkness the fields Progressive Insanities of a Pioneer. Margaret Atwood.

defend themselves with fences in vain: everything is getting in. iv By daylight he resisted. He said, disgusted with the swamp’s clamourings and the outbursts of rocks, this is not order but the absence of order. He was wrong, the unanswering forest implied: It was an ordered absence. v For many years he fished for a great vision, dangling the hooks of sown roots under the surface of the shallow earth. It was like enticing whales with a bent pin. Besides he thought in that country only the worms were biting. vi If he had konwn unstructured

space is a deluge and stocked his log house— boat with all the animals even the wolves he might have floated. But obstinate he stated, The land is solid and stamped, watching his foot sink down through stone up to the knee. vii Things refused to name themselves; refused to let him name them. The wolves hunted outside. On his beaches, his clearings, by the surf of under— growth breaking at his feet, he foresaw disintegration and in the end through eyes made ragged by his effort, the tension between subject and object, the green vision, the unnamed whale invaded. Urban Farmhouse. Morgan Pinney.

13 The Ecology of Public Urban Space Inspirations

i He stood, a point on a sheet of green paper proclaiming himself the centre,

“I work at home, and if I wanted to, I could have a computer right by my bed, and I’d never have to leave it. But I use a typewriter, and afterwards I mark up the pages with a pencil. Then I call up this woman named Carol out in Woodstock and say, ‘Are you still doing typing?’ Sure she is, and her husband is trying to track bluebirds out there and not having much luck, and so we chitchat back and forth, and I say, ‘OK, I’ll send you the pages.’ Then I’m going down the steps, and my wife calls up, ‘Where are you going?’ I say, ‘Well, I’m going to go buy an envelope.’ And she says, ‘You’re not a poor man. Why don’t you buy a thousand envelopes? They’ll deliver them, and you can put them in a closet.’ And I say, ‘Hush.’ So I go down the steps here, and I go out to this newsstand across the street where they sell magazines and lottery tickets and stationery. I have to get in line because there are people buying candy and all that sort of thing, and I talk to them. The woman behind the counter has a jewel between her eyes, and when it’s my turn, I ask her if there have been any big winners lately. I get my envelope and seal it up and go to the postal convenience center down the block at the corner of 47th Street and 2nd Avenue, where I’m secretly in love with the woman behind the counter. I keep absolutely poker-faced; I never let her know how I feel about her. One time I had my pocket picked in there and got to meet a cop and tell him about it. Anyway, I address the envelope to Carol in Woodstock. I stamp the envelope and mail it in a mailbox in front of the post office, and I go home. And I’ve had a hell of a good time. And I tell you, we are here on Earth to fart around, and don’t let anybody tell you any different. Electronic communities build nothing. You wind up with nothing. We’re dancing animals. How beautiful it is to get up and go do something.” Folk Festival, 2006. Steff Beernaerts. 14

Unexpected public places created by the necessity of a meal.

Kurt Vonnegut. Interview

Incubus. Deep Inside.

Urban Plan. Marcos Cruz.

15 The Ecology of Public Urban Space Inspirations

It’s 3 o’clock, and we ask ourselves, “Where are we now?” It seems we’ve wondered out of bounds again! Over and over, we ask ourselves why we don’t utilize things that are stored deep inside... I’m on my own I can’t see straight! I’m so stoned I can’t see straight! Man, I’ve got to find my way back home, but I’m too deep inside! It’s 4 o’clock, and we ask ourselves, “Where did we go wrong? We passed my house at least an hour ago!” Over and over, we ask ourselves why don’t we utilize things that are stored deep inside... Allright! It’s 5 o’clock, and we tell ourselves, “We need to get home! The sun is creeping overhead again!” I’m way too deep inside to go home... Over and over we ask ourselves why we don’t utilize things that are stored deep inside...I know exactly where we are! Where are we?

To create a sustainable city, humans must be aware of their role and position within the ecosystem.

17 The Ecology of Public Urban Space Inspirations

Urban design is inspired by our psychological and emotional perception of spaces and materials, both with natural and synthetic qualities.

Building Construction

Plants Animals

Ground Construction

Fungus

Transit System

Bacteria

Energy Grid Communications Grid

Soil

Sewer System

Minerals Stone

Production

[3.1] Ecosystem Layers and Zones

Study of existing layers and zones in the ecosystem.

Consumption

Defining Intentions

Defining ecology and the meaning of sequence and assemblage. Urban ecology is complex, and the city is the convergence point of various

dynamics are created for a civic life composed of meeting; agreeing and contending; in

connection with the ecosystem has been described, along with the critical nature of

Studies in this section focus on ecological methods. As stated in the ‘Point of

ecosystems whose scales and times are multiple [3.1]. The importance of humans

the public realm.

physical public space in the urban realm. The goals of the public space ecology are to

Departure’ this section focuses on accessible public space. Studies to be carried out in

and infrastructures in the urban environment.

urban draws.

create accessible places for everyday life, and to give an experience of natural resources

This section will define these goals, and describe their importance for ecological

and social health. Examples will be analyzed to discover successful public space ecologies in various contexts.

1. Plan (and Perspective) : The City as Sequence

Speaking of the networks and flows of the city spatially,

this section will include urban pace, ecosystem services, places for changing speeds, and The goal of the design is to move beyond the simple point-and-line network and

create a public space sequence as an ecology [3.2].

2. Section (and Awareness) : The City as Assemblage and with regards to

experience, the sequence of events through the public realm becomes the main task.

Urban infrastructure, and architecture, often create a distinct separation of layers,

in order to create understandable and generally unchanging, predictable environments.

Each movement and experience depend on the one before it, therefor, considering the

choreography of users is very important. The factors that “draw” urban users, whether environmental, functional, or relational, must be considered.

daily, year round, and can be a lasting part of the urban fabric, or a temporary station.

Linking and/or disconnect can be used in different ways to create sequence and

experience through the public realm. For both human movement, and natural systems, linking and corridors are important spatial functions for the continued movement of energy and life through the city.

“Design contributes to cultural sustainability by improving connection and engagement.” (Thorpe) This section is also important for the creation of an accessible urban habitat.

Varieties of flows must occur; then the variety of functions increases, and the necessary

[3.2] Point-Line Network and Ecological Space

The diagram shows the difference in sequence between nodes with limited access and space with a variation of pace.

acknowledged as being a place for moving as well as staying. Public spaces are used

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Defining Intentions

Time and speed must also be considered, as the public space ecology is

This means that the city becomes a series of predictable layers interspersed with nature’s layers, which it often attempts to subdue, control, and/or hide.

“Importantly, however, these infrastructural ‘scapes’ are not separated and autonomous; they rely on each other and co-evolve closely in their interrelationships with urban development and with urban space.” (Graham and Marvin) I believe that the time when we are most aware of our surroundings in the city,

and also our position in the complex urban-natural ecosystem, is when the layers of the

urban-natural ecosystem collapse or combine in an unexpected way [3.3]. I believe, therefor, that the way to expose humans fundamental position of him/herself within the ecosystem, is to allow these clashes to occur; in fact; to create them in a way which also creates allowances in the urban fabric.

The core area of Malmö was found to be lacking in this area. Malmö has some

good examples in other areas of these sectional combinations, however, in the core area layers are defined and separated, and especially ecosystem services and corridors are lacking.

Studies in this section focus on methods to create awareness of human’s position

in the ecosystem as described in the point of departure. This awareness will lead to an increase in sustainable lifestyle choices. Studies to be carried out in this section include the imposition of layers upon layers, and differentiation in human, urban, and natural scales.

In combining these two, we collapse the layers of previously separated, contained

systems into one ecology. It is this scheme which affirms humans’ position within the ecosystem.

Examples Winnipeg Skating Path - The City as Assemblage The two rivers in the centre of Winnipeg city are the main reason for the existence

of the city. In modern times, the rivers are used more in the winter than in the summer.

The river trail, claiming to be the longest in the world at 8.4 kilometers in length, also features skating rinks and other ice activities along the path. The trail connects

neighbourhoods, which could take a long time to connect to by vehicle roads, but which along the river are in close proximity. The trail is thus used not only for leisure, but also by daily commuters, even in the cold temperatures.

The river trail is an example of landscape and movement infrastructure coming

together to create a temporary space used both for special leisure and for daily life.

This is a good example of the ecology approach because a natural system (seasonal

change, drainage system) has been combined with human movement infrastructure. It is interesting that the combination is only possible during a few months (winter) of the year. It is also a movement infrastructure which allows residents to experience the city

from a new perspective, looking at the city up over the riverbanks, and this can increase their consciousness of their position within the urban ecosystem.

The movement system becomes a new public space as activities and warming

[3.3] Collision of Layers

When ecosystem layers are assembled in unexpected ways we have an awareness of our position.

huts are added along the path to create points of meeting. The path is socially and environmentally sustainable and a part of the public space ecology.

The spatial experience of the skating path is more than the typical point A-point B

TOP - CITY OF WINNIPEG THIS IMAGE SHOWS THE DISCONNECT OF THE PARTS OF THE CITY (RESIDENTIAL, PUBLIC, COMMERCIAL) experience. Instead, there is a matrix of snowAND from which pathDISCONNECT has been cleared toOF reveal This example shows the idea of the rearranging of urban/growing layers to create ALSOthe THE PUBLIC AND GREEN the ice below. These natural materials createSPACES. the experience of path and space as the ice is a unique moment which gives us a new awareness of our position in the city. The the materials with which to achieve high speeds and the snow is the place for play and rest.

The New York Highline - The City as Assemblage The Highline park in New York is an example of the assembled layers of the

ecosystem, and an unexpected contention of ecosystem components. The combination of old transit infrastructure with natural growing plants and recreational use all above the urban ground plane, create moments of heightened awareness in the city.

“But as mesmerizing as the design is, it is the height of the High Line that makes it so magical, and that has such a profound effect on how you view the city. Lifted just three stories above the ground, you are suddenly able to perceive, with remarkable clarity, aspects of the city’s character you would never glean from an office window.” (Ouroussoff)

quote by Nicolai Ouroussoff, of the New York times, portrays the surprise of an urban actor being caught in this new perspective.

In this case, the design is permanent, however, has been opening in a series of

events as various portions of the park are completed.

The combination takes into account urban changes over time, new and used

materials, native plant species and high-tech architecture, human movement and public places to stay and meet with others. Although the park is raised above the city it is made

to be universally accessible with appropriate path materials, and both elevator and stair entry ways.

The high line as movement provides a new type of urban street, one which does

not rely on commercial activities on its edges to draw users, but relies solely on its attraction as a green and public space.

The seasonal skating trail gives neighbourhoods a new proximity that (because of bridges) the urban roadway doesn’t allow. It is used both for liesure points, and by daily commuters.

New York Highline (James Estrin/The New York Times)

The high line gives a new perspective of the city and allows plants to take over unused portions of the city.

Malmö Core Area (Google Maps)

This image shows the connectivity of public space and green space and also how it mixes and blurs with activities (residential and commercial) of the city. Connections of bike and pedestrian routes emphasize travel through public areas and institutions.y.

Winnipeg Skating Trail (http://www.accesswinnipeg.com)

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Defining Intentions

BELOW - CITY OF MALMÖ THIS IMAGE SHOWS THE CONNECTIVITY OF PUBLIC SPACE AND GREEN SPACE WITH THE ACTIVITES (RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL) OF THE CITY. CONNECTIONS OF BIKE AND PEDESTRIAN ROUTES EMPHASIZE TRAVEL THROUGH THE PUBLIC AREAS.

The high line park also acts as a symbol of natures ability to assert itself in

unexpected places. That is to say, that after the use of the high line, it is as though plants

ecology, especially with regards to the intentions of City as a Sequence. This example

continued flow of trains used to dominate the use of the tracks, and after that ceased,

of the site for the proposals.

have asserted themselves in the terrain. It is work to keep the growing world at bay. The

plants had the opportunity to move into the space. Thus, the planting on the high line

gives us an understanding of the progressive relationship between human construction

and the growing landscape. The spatial experience of the high line is unique since its scale and shape is defined as the linear route of the tracks. Options for space making along the narrow width of the rails have had to be creative and varied. New typologies

of public urban space have been designed which don’t rely on commercialism (cafe patios, shopping streets and market squares), and have limited opportunities for large

scale group activities (sports fields). The public space is designed to accommodate more current urban activity needs, for example, the pleasure of reading during a lunch break

or the walk home after work. It has turned these mundane events into the catalyst for the public space. It is also important to note that they are often individual public

events, as opposed to public spaces which focus on group or family activities. This

[3.4] Pace Along Inner-City to Central Station Route

Street

Mollevangen Square

Möllevången Square

Corner and Crosswalk

Sodra Forstads Street

Södra Forstads Street

Triangeln

Triangeln Square

Pedestrian Street

Bridge and Crosswalk

Gustav Adolf ’s Square Gustav Adolfs Square

Pedestrian Street

Stor Square

Lilla Square

Stor Square

Street

Central Station

Street

Station

The Malmö Core Area - The City as Sequence

Södervarn Bus Station Sodervarn Bus Station

Traingeln Square and Crosswalk

Pedestrian Street (Commercial)

shows a shift in the cultural notions of activities suitable for public space planning.

The core area of Malmö is seen as being a good example of a public space

was studied in more detail than the previous two examples, and will be used as a part

Strong neighbourhood identities are an important component in creating an

exciting urban fabric. Of course, this often means that areas appeal to one type of person or another. In the current city, therefore, it is imperative that public urban space

be used in the public space ecology to connect neighbourhoods. These connections will supply the dynamism necessary to create a vibrant public space.

At the neighbourhood scale, spaces such as courtyards are fine to provide some

privacy and intimacy, and give a protected place to connect to others. At the urban scale, however, dynamism is formed with spaces that have elements of randomness, intrigue and spontaneity. Spaces gain these qualities by assembling different movement routes and types of urban users.

The public space ecology uses infrastructure in various ways throughout Malmö

to connect across barriers or boundaries [3.5]. For example, the green path between

Värnhem and Lugnet crosses two major roadways and about three housing areas. It also links important public buildings.

Another example are the multiple bridges across the canal to the central city.

[3.5] Percieved Neighbourhoods and their Connections to Each Other

Bridges created a continuation in the urban character where they connect the pedestrian

beach and at the wine store on the way back. Creating sequences spreads the nodes

and bike bridge links to the public canal park and continues the bike path all the way

of public urban space to have a variety of flows and a variety of spaces allowing for

In this case two modes have been created. One is the more leisurely, walking and

commercial mode, and the other is more of a transit route, connecting areas across the

city. The route from the inner-city, Möllevången neighbourhood, out to the old city centre and main train station, has become a route of varied pace, with node and path combining to create a dynamic section of the city [3.4].

Infrastructure can also be used to bridge areas. For example, at Södervarn bus

station, with stops on either side of the street, and high efficiency pedestrian and bike crossings the intersection feels like a connective zone across boundaries.

Malmö is creating public nodes, such as the Limestone quarry as a landscape

park, Hyllie Stadium, the proposed Botanical Gardens, BO01 coastline, etc. It is

important to ensure these areas are accessible along routes, which also feed daily life. The route should not be a simple line of movement paving, but also feature various

services, which urban actors could use on their way to any particular node. This makes

it an ecological space, as opposed to a simple node-and-edge network. For example, urban actors should have the opportunity to stop at a fruit store on the way to the

[3.6] Public Space Ecology : Neighbourhood Patterns Combined with Nodes

contention in the urban fabric. In Malmö, the movement infrastructure can become

more dynamic. Long distance bike route infrastructure through the city needs to be strengthened, to ensure that as the city grows, urban actors continue using bikes for

transit. Local bike and walking routes, especially within the inner city, are strong and a good example to use for other neighbourhood systems, however, it is of vital importance that the infrastructure connects across neighbourhoods and barriers within the city.

It is important to address the barrier that modes of movement have created in

Malmö’s urban fabric. One example is the large roadways acting as barriers between

neighbourhoods. The first ring road, for instance, cuts the Hyllie development off from the existing Kroksbäck-Holma area with fast moving lanes of highway traffic.

Another example is the train track. The track creates a raised barrier between

Sofie-Lund and Rosengård and between Norra Sorgenfri and Emilstorp. Here, the cemetery infrastructure of Malmö is also interrupted by the barrier.

There are already examples in Malmö of public space infrastructure connecting

across boundaries or identities [3.5]. As described in the previous section, both movement public space, and public space nodes can be used to connect across boundaries.

[3.7] Ecological Network: Complexity Beyond Node-and-Edge

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Defining Intentions

to the central station.

along the routes, creating an ecological space [3.6] [3.7]. It is important for the ecology

shopping street, Södra Forstadsgatan with Gustav Adolfs Square. The other pedestrian

To create a sustainable city, humans must be aware of their role and position within the ecosystem. Urban design is inspired by our psychological and emotional perception of spaces and materials, both with natural and synthetic qualities.

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Defining Intentions

Site Descriptions The site which will be used as an example project to test the theories and ideas is

BO01 KIRSEBERG SAUNA AND BATH

the city of Malmö. Malmö is located in the south of Sweden, in the region of Skåne.

CENTRUM SORGENFRI-VARNHEM

Malmö was an industrial city specializing in ship building. The oil crisis of 1973,

VÄSTRA INNERSTADEN

however, hit the industry extremely hard, and left Malmö with many unemployed, and

SÖDRA INNERSTADEN

huge losses of finances.

Since then they city has been working hard to gain its reputation in Sweden,

and in Scandinavia. The city is focusing especially on sustainable urban development,

AUGUSTENBORG LIMHAMN HOLMA-KROCKSBÄCK

as it grows along with Copenhagen and the Öresund Region. The neighbourhoods of Augustenborg and Western Harbour have both one awards for their implementation of green solutions and sustainable design and planning processes.

HYLLIE

LIMESTONE QUARRY

As the city continues to grow, it is focusing on the harbour area, the southern area,

and the Norra Sorgenfri area. Norra Sorgenfri lies on the north western corner of the specific site, Scheelegatan, chosen for this thesis.

Malmö and Core Area

Emilstorp is a warehouse and light industry area, on the eastern side of the regional

train tracks. Scheelegatan is a street which curves, but runs basically north-south.

To the north-east corner of Scheelegatan, lies a single-detached housing area.

This area has a school, seniors home, and further north, apartment buildings. On the

south-east corner of Scheelegatan, lies the beginning of the Rosengård housing area. This “slab-in-green” housing area is known in Malmö as having poor connection with the inner-city.

The project studies Malmö, and gives strategies for further development. These

strategies involve assembling layers of movement, landscape, and infrastructure, to

connect to resources within and outside of the city. The project has already shown the

core area of Malmö as an example of a successful public space ecology for everyday life. This area will be further analyzed to uncover the interactions and structures that make it successful and to find ways it can be improved.

The project studies Scheelegatan street and area. There is a desire to create more

access to the cemetery, a route from Rosengård to Värnhem along Scheelegatan, to connect across the railway tracks to Norra Sorgenfri, and to give public space for all of

these neighbourhoods to come together.

Core Area and Site

FOSIE

ROSENGÅRD

Norra Sorgenfri

Single-detached and row-housing area

Scheelegatan

Site and Scheelegatan Area

50 m

Emilstorp warehouse area

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Site Explorations

Cemetery

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Site Explorations

The site of this study has various morphologies in one area.

Strategies for Public Space Ecology in Malmö Studies of Malmö and its public space infrastructure were used to formulate assemblages of infrastructure which would lead to better everyday life in the public space ecology. As previously discussed, the core are in Malmö was analyzed as successfully

creating a public space ecology, specifically in achieving routes and places for everyday life, fulfilling a variety needs, creating many transit options, and creating an accessible

network. There are some recommendations for achieving the second goal of the project, which is to create awareness of humans role in the ecology through the combination of

layers of the city. This section outlines strategies for the city of Malmö, and creates a vision of the future public space ecology.

Dynamic Elements

This section will discuss three infrastructure groups which, when combined, are

the basic structure for the public space ecology in Malmö. The combination of the three

overall infrastructures in the public realm, will lead to a successful public space ecology; an accessible, enjoyable and efficient urban fabric.

The three element groups are Movement, Landscape, and Infrastructure. Often

they are separated strictly into these three categories and each component is designed to exist on a different level or along a different line. The proposal for Malmö will be to

assemble these layers and lines together, and create the dynamic, varied place necessary for public function. The public space ecology will create awareness of the role of the city in the ecosystem, and humans role within the city and ecosystem.

Movement : Routes for moving the body through the city. Both officially

constructed paths and user chosen directions are considered. At the urban scale in Malmö, these movements typically occur on ground level. Movement typically occurs outdoors 30

in Malmö however, vehicles create interior movement environments. Movement nodes

Assembling Layers (incomplete and simplified list) Planned and Managed Landscapes and Resources of Malmö -Ocean coast -Kalkbröttet -Parks (formal) -Agricultural Land -Small Forrest Patches -Day water systems -Duck ponds -Cemeteries -Sports fields -Grasslands -Sandy beach Unplanned Landscapes of Malmö -Puddles -Roots pushing through paving -Animals (birds and bugs especially) -Plants growing in cracks or on facades Method of Movement in Malmö -Bus -Train

-Car -Underground train (to come) -Ship or Ferry -Bike -Skateboarding -Scooter -Boat -Stroller -Foot (walking, running) -Wheelchair -Swimming Infrastructure

-Cords and Wires (underground) -Pipes (underground) -Networks of Goods (mail, goods transport, waste removal, recycling) -Water trenches (underground and above ground) -Towers (above ground) -Signals (above ground) -Buildings (above ground) -Open Space (squares, plazas) -Traffic system (lights, roads, signs)

are usually exterior; however, the city tunnel will create interior, underground level

nodes. The city tunnel will extend movement to the underground level. Train tracks, pedestrian bridges (open or enclosed) and green roofs create movement at the above

ground level. Movement routes are the base for the urban public realm, as they move to, and through public spaces and institutions.

Landscape : The growing parts of the city and their habitat. Plants, animals, water,

city ecosystem. In Malmö, landscape components are very mostly on the ground level. Interior landscapes can be created. Green roofs and vertical green create landscape above the ground level.

Infrastructure: Refers to urban services. This category takes into account large-

scale service systems, which, today, citizens often use unconsciously. This includes power, waste, communications, and water. This category also deals with public infrastructure

nodes such as libraries, and other facilities. Temporary infrastructure such as seasonal systems and events must also be evaluated.

between ‘natural’ and ‘man-made’ landscapes, but sees them all as important parts of the

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Malmö Strategies

soil, and air are the components of this category. This document does not differentiate

Infrastructure, Landscape and Movement Assemblages

The infrastructure of the public space ecology encompasses natural systems and

flows, which includes the flow of people through the city during everyday life. The

ecological public space both exposes and creates visible infrastructure systems. It allows, for example, plant habitats to develop in certain areas without maintenance, it structures day water systems, and it encourages diversity. Urban actors have the opportunity to

learn about the resources within the city while using the city during daily life. This document attempts to describe some of the assemblages that can occur in Malmö’s public space ecology.

Landscape/Infrastructure - The strategy can assemble the water infrastructure and the

natural water flows into an ecological network.

Malmö has two very positive examples of day water systems. One is at BO01. The architects and planners designed and constructed this system alongside the new

residential development. The other example is the neighbourhood of Augustenborg. Here, the day water system was added as a renovation to an existing neighbourhood and is proving extremely successful in alleviating the previous problems of ground and

basement flooding. The system in both cases adds beautiful and usable water attractions, through means of infrastructure, to the public spaces, both in movement areas and sitting areas. Parts of the water system feature collection ponds, and in other areas a more defined and contained channel structure.

Landscape/Infrastructure - The public space ecology should connect to the expansive

shoreline and ocean habitat.

The west coast is an important part of Malmö’s history, identity and natural landscape. Connection to the coast, especially through the inner city must be further identified.

There is insufficient access especially to BO01, from further neighbourhoods of the city. The public space ecology will focus on creating movement routes to these areas, before

the addition of more nodes. Urban actors use the coastal area as a public space during the summer. Industry and boat owners use the coast as a private infrastructure. The

bathhouse, however, is an excellent example of using the landscape year round combined

with the cultural activity of the sauna. More indoor public spaces can be added to the

coastal area so that it is accessible during all seasons.

Infrastructure/Landscape - The strategy can assemble constructive waste management.

One example is human’s organic food waste which can be collected, composted and reused in the soil landscapes of the city. The exchange enhances growing landscapes. A new compost infrastructure assembles itself within the urban public ecology.

Another example is exposing recycling facilities to the public, that is perhaps

windows in the fence along the metal recycling yard, so people visually understand the measures of the waste.

Infrastructure/Landscape - Succession planting is a way that humans learn about their

ecosystem.

It is important for the city (as for its architecture) to have historic and modern landscapes. Urban actors then have the opportunity to see growing around them, understanding the passage of time and the changing of seasons, and thus connecting to the natural cycle of the seasons. In Malmö there is the opportunity to combine new and historic landscapes

in the city’s magnificent forest parks. Planting which combines young trees with old growth forest allows urban actors to participate in the growth of their city landscape.

Managed landscapes such as mowed fields allow for recreation, however, they

often lack in engaging urban actors in the natural system of growth and decay. An abundance of these types of managed and manicured landscapes further separate

humans from ecological systems, and must be used in moderation, and only for function

when necessary. The city can use wild landscapes to beautify deteriorating architecture and urban places. The wild landscapes are also a good habitat for animals and birds.

Landscape/Infrastructure/Movement - The ecological public space infrastructure has connections to the surrounding agricultural and forest landscape.

This can occur when both the landscape penetrates the city, and by the city having a high

surface-area, giving urban actors various chances to experience the landscapes, which occurred before the city was constructed. Urban actors can learn about the agricultural systems, which are significant to Malmö and to the region.

Mostly its second ring road defines Malmö. The ring road is a strong boundary

between the city and the agricultural landscape in the region of Skåne. Therefore, the landscape is, symbolically and literally, cut off from the city. Instead of this attempt to cage the city within a highway, the ecological public space can create a serrated edge

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Malmรถ Strategies 33

[5.1] Testing combinations of infrastructure in Malmรถ

between the city and the landscape. The landscape can penetrate the urban edge, giving more opportunities for urban actors to interact with the plants and animals.

This allows the opportunity for rural expansion, that is, for resource (food and

energy) production to have physical growth. Strategic points will guide the landscape into the city at locations, which could need renewal. The growing landscape can refresh

contaminated sites. Revaluation of the sites in a few years can give them new uses. This connection can, of course, overlap with the compost system, and also a broad water system. This is seen as being a slow, long-term response.

Movement/Landscape - Movement combined with the landscape is very important.

The first reason is protection from the elements. Malmö is of the scale and within a climatic region where movement by foot and bike (and therefore in an outdoor

environment) can take place year round. Protection from the elements, however, is necessary. The strategy for Malmö’s main (outdoor) movement routes is to use planted

trees to provide protection. Using vegetation with high trunks and leafy growth will

create paths that are usable year round. As fossil fuel dependant, traditional car traffic in Malmö decreases, the tree line can extend to create corridors of habitat within the city.

Movement/Infrastructure - The consideration of indoor public space is also imperative

in the creation of the public space ecology.

Indoor infrastructure, that is, public buildings, could enhance especially the coastal area so that urban actors can connect to the ocean year round. Libraries, schools, and

culture houses should be spread throughout the city, and made accessible with bike and

pedestrian routes. They should be made available to daily users, as well as special events.

Events - Events are activities which act as a temporary infrastructure in the city.

Events encourage urban actors to visit new sites, and experience the city in a way they might not have previously. Malmö’s summer festival is a good example of this, as it

creates a route through the city, with various events and attractions along it. Events change a space by filling it up with people, and create an atmosphere that doesn’t exist in day to day urban movement. Events occurring in closed stadiums, outside and

sometimes unreachable by public transit do not invest in the same way to the public space.

Infrastructure, Landscape and Movement Exposure

Why do we feel a fascination with an industrial building renovated for a new

use? Why do the green roofs on office towers, or the highline in New York, appeal so

much to our senses? Is there an explanation for the romance of a stream of water and plants flowing through the city? This project believes that infrastructural and public space elements, where layers of the ecosystem unexpectedly combine or reassemble themselves, trigger a fresh awareness of our position in the ecosystem.

Social cohesion, but also social contention is important for creating a dynamic

public realm. Contention within the ecosystem is also of vital importance to challenge

the ways we design, use and view our habitats. The creation of infrastructure assemblages

can connect humans to an understanding of our role in the urban and growing ecosystem.

In the industrial areas of Malmö there are many opportunities for its renovation

and new use as mixed use areas. There is also the opportunity of exposition, uncovering, and exploiting the layers of infrastructure that older city areas have built upon. One example is preserving the unused rail tracks running through the area, and perhaps using them to guide a water or green system.

The dense inner-city of Malmö has the opportunity to create movement passages

without being limited to the ground level. With the addition of an underground tunnel

station, Triangeln Station, this already busy area will become even more dense with use. Creating roofs areas is possible in this high density area.

Other examples of this have already been given, in overlap with the other sections

of this paper. Pulling water systems up out of the ground and the pipes, connects the ground level with the underground. Allowing vegetation to take over unused portions of the city, the most wasted space being roofs, shows us that the building is but a strip

between the soil and the opportunities for life to grow within it. Human movement, penetrating the levels is also an example of understanding the way we build and use, in a new way.

These methods of understanding design can be applied to new development in Malmö and can continuously build up the public space ecosystem in a clear and dynamic way.

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Malmรถ Strategies

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Malmö Strategies

The city of Malmö has opportunities for revealing the components of the ecosystem and strengthening residents’ experience of the ecosystem.

Ecology Perspective and Evaluation

The project uses methods of ecology to analyze the site. This section will set up the ecological perspective. To analyze the city of Malmö and the site along Scheelegatan, a method was created

and rooted in ecological theory. The textbook Ecology (Dodson) was used to discover

more about ways one can set up studies in a field which is so vast and has so many uncontrollable variables. First, the perspective of the study had to be created. This

involved defining the concept, the organism, the habitat and the application of the study. Definitions were created to make the perspective apply to urban design [6.1].

This project has two concepts. One is the ecosystem: the sum of the biological community

plus the non-living environment which supports it. (The Malmö strategies section focuses on the ecosystem concept, since it’s focus is infrastructure assemblages.) The second concept is community: The interaction (not presence) of populations of a site.

EVALUATING THE PERSPECTIVE

The organism of study is the human, that is, the social, public life of humans in

Malmö.

CONCEPT

The habitat consists both of growing infrastructure, and constructions.

ORGANISM

Major - Ecosystem

The habitat is the urban public space in the city of Malmö, and along Scheelegatan. The application for the study is design, and specifically design for the sake of human

awareness and daily use.

The Alternate Stable States perspective states that ‘Communities are structured and

restricted to a certain extent, but can develop into numerous stable states because of an

Minor - Community

Ecosystem - Sum of the biological community plus the nonliving environment which supports it. Community - The interaction (not presence) of populations on a site.

HABITAT APPLICATION

Humans

Humans - The social, public life of humans in Malmö

Urban Public Space

Urban Public Space - A habitat for daily life containing both human and natural constructions.

Design

Design - Proposals to increase the chance of social and environmental sustainability in the public space ecosystem.

element of randomness inherent in all ecosystems.’ For urban design the perspective is very important because the work does not admit to control the outcome but rather to support possibilities (increase the chance) of certain activities or awareness on the site.

Further study into ecology projects led to the creation of a basic question sheet [6.2]

that I could use to analyze the site. The question sheet was used to analyze first the

greater site area (Malmö core area, which the Scheelegatan site should connect into),

and then the site itself.

ALTERNATE STABLE STATES : Communities are structured and restricted to a certain extent, but can develop into numerous stable states because of an element of randomness inherent in all ecosystems.”

[6.1]Ecology Perspective

Graph of project scope based on Dodson’s definitions of ecological study areas.

EVALUATING PART I SITE OF INQUIRY - EXISTING : SĂ&#x2013;DER TO CENTRAL AREA A. Predictions and Indirect Observations (Mapping) 1. What is the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s context in space and time? 2. What are the past processes that affected the site of inquiry? 3. What are the future processes that will affect the site of inquiry? 5. How are patches, matrices and corridors organized? (basemap_) 4. What is the surrounding context (zoom out from site of inquiry)? - Which flows (nutrient, energy)? - What draws organisms to disperce? - Are there critical habitats to link to?

B. Direct Observations (Site visit) 1. What ecosystems (loose zones) are present?

2. What communities (interactions between organisms) exist?

5. What (natural systems) ecosystem services are present?

6. What stresses intermitently occur on the site and what is the response?

[6.2]Ecology Perspective - Basic Question Sheet

4. What is the current condition (frequency use, health, safety) of ecosystems on the site?

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Ecological Perspective

3. Why do they exist here? What needs are met? (food, social, shelter, water, light, etc) (basemap_human use)

water

Station

food (market, grocery) access to green (major green areas, ie. people go there for the green)

Street

institution (public services, schools, oﬃces, churches) eating (restaurant, cafe)

Stor Square

history and culture (historic sights, art, theatre) passing through

Lilla Square

shopping and entertainment (retail, malls, markets)

Pedestrian Street (Commercial)

open/event space (squares) Gustav Adolf ’s Square

Bridge and Crosswalk Pedestrian Street (Commercial) Train Underpass

Traingeln Square and Crosswalk Triangeln

Market

Draws

Draws and Population

Sodra Forstads Street Cemetary Entrance

Corner and Crosswalk Mollevangen Square

Street Street Intersection

Sodervarn Bus Station

Character and Pace water food (market, grocery) access to green (major green areas, ie. people go there for the green) institution (public services, schools, oﬃces, churches) eating (restaurant, cafe) history and culture (historic sights, art, theatre) passing through shopping and entertainment (retail, malls, markets)

Morphology

open/event space (squares)

Combined Ecosystem Services

The information from the form was then amalgamated and translated into maps, Train Underpass

and a graph showing pacing and characters. The map “Combined Ecosystem Services” Market shows some of the assemblages discussed in the Malmö Strategies section, for example

where major tree lines and bicycle or pedestrian routes are combined.Cemetary TheEntrance “Draws”

Ecology Evaluation 40

Malmö Core Area

map show fields of various activity in the city. This map was then used to create the Street

characteristics of various public spaces in the city, based on the combination of draws which they are associated with.

Intersection

infrastructures which support these interactions. It becomes apparent when structures are used for a defined use. For example, a cross walk or marked bicycle path. In some photos

shows a new use of the street for a desired activity in a certain moment.

It also becomes apparent how draws in an area affect interactions between users.

Waiting is an urban activity which is often overlooked but which is probably the

the infrastructure is adapted to a use, for example the sidewalk as a stage for impromptu

most common interaction in urban public space. In this case the place is not for moving

lot used for a bicycle celebration. Some images capture moments where infrastructure

It is also important to consider the time of day and season of the photographs, and

music show, or as a stage for a planned art exhibition. One photo shows a rooftop parking

could be said to be lacking, such as when people sit on the ground to eat, or it simply

through, not for staying, but for transition (crossing the street, getting on the bus, etc.) consider how use or draws in the public space change over time.

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Ecological Perspective

The photographs [6.3] show the interactions (community) in the study area and the

[6.3]Community (Interactions) and Supporting Structures

Train Underpass

Market

Cemetary Entrance

Street

Intersection

Draws

Draws and Population

passing through

Norra Sorgenfri Future Draws

shopping and entertainment (retail, malls, markets) open/event space (squares)

Train Underpass

Market

1. What is the site’s context in space and time? Post-industrial city of Malmö. Edge of Norra Sorgenfri, newly developing, mixed use area. Connecting to Rosengård, millionprogramme area, and developing. Entrance to largest cemetary in Malmö. Mid-level connected street (space syntax).

[6.4]Community (Interactions) and Supporting Structures

2. What are the past processes that affected the site of inquiry?

Cemetary Entrance

Street

Intersection

Malmö as an industrial city. Millionprogramme housing areas, slab-in-green, tower-in-green. Increases in multi-cultural immigration. Change of neighbourhood to warehouse area (as seen in old suburbs and existing business).

On the site of Scheelegatan the same analysis was carried out. The draws analysis

was repeated to consider the future development of the Norra Sorgenfri area. One

3. What are the future processes that will affect the site of inquiry? Population growth in the Norra Sorgenfri. Continued muli-cultural growth. Continued move of warehouse and light industry. Lower car-dependancy in Malmö. Greater demand for ecosystem services.

main purpose of designing for this site is the connection to the services and population of the proposed Norra Sorgenfri area.

Ecology Evaluation 42

Scheelegatan

The site has some main morphologies; the warehouse area of Emilstorp, the single-

family housing to the north east, the green space of the cemetery and the residential area of Rosengård. The common connector between all of these areas is Scheelegatan.

The site has one main, large, green space and cultural space which is the cemetery.

Draws and Ecosystem Services

This is the largest green space within the Malmรถ city limits. It is home to various

religious houses, and has multiple landscape typologies such as the forest, the grassland, and flower plantings.

For the site evaluation another layer was added which is affordances. This layer is

an attempt to show the activities or movements which the spatial environment allows

or encourages. This layer analysis barriers in the area, and when combined with draws, shows ways that the site could better function with new spatial designs.

Affordances and Growing

Affordances and Built

The photographs [6.4] show the varied characters in the area. There are growing

landscapes, especially the trees along the cemetary, small scale businesses, and large scale services with large yards.

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Ecological Perspective

Combined Ecosystem Services

Morphology

Ecological evaluation has revealed a method of creating draws in the city, and creating interesting places where ecosystem components combine.

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Ecological Perspective

The city of MalmĂś has opportunities for revealing the components of the ecosystem and strengthening residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; experience of the ecosystem.

[7.0] Autumn Festival

Proposal for combining layers and zones in the ecosystem.

Site Strategies

This section shows an overall public space ecology plan for the site, and gives three detailed design suggestions for Scheelegatan. to view the site and context in multiple scales. The second is by exploring the layers

of draws, infrastructure and human orientation on the site. The result of Strategies for Malmö, Ecology Analysis, and Affordances Analysis, was that many layers and scales

were created. These maps were read in an on-going, dynamic process (rather than the creation of one, still-map image.) Assemblages of the ecology components will be used as in the overall Malmö strategies, to fulfill the following tasks.

The first task for the detail design on site is to look at the plan of the site and

existing core area, and find ways to link them together into the public space ecology. Public space ecology in the core area is consisting of multiple combinations of landscape,

The flow space will feed into existing flows of the core area public space ecology. It

will add and strengthen the core area ecology with its own set of draws and movements.

Strategy Two – Create draws and catalyst - The City as Assemblage The area around Scheelegatan is diverse, with many urban functions surrounding a

few key intersections. Strengthening existing characters can draw more users. Places designed to create a unique experience will allow people to meet and play in the area.

Autumn Festival - Main Proposal - Catalyst and Flows The main proposal for the site is the creation of an autumn festival [7.0]. This yearly,

movement and infrastructure. The various layers of these components are assembled in

temporary event, will be the catalyst for changes in the infrastructure, public space, and

The second task for the detail design is to create or expose conditions in the public

for connecting to the existing public space ecology in the core area of Malmö (route

different ways creating the conditions for everyday life for a variety of users.

realm which allow users to experience the ecosystem, and gain an understanding of their

position within the ecosystem. This task is more subjective than the first, and definitely

depends on careful consideration of the existing site. The examples detailed in the

Defining Intentions section give ideas about urban design where resources, histories, and systems have been exposed.

Strategy One – Create flow space - The City as Sequence Public space is more than places to stay during leisure time. The ecology of public

ecosystem services on the Scheelegatan site. The route for the festival will be the means description on the following pages).

The autumn festival is thought of as a celebration of nature and public life in the city.

It is a way of connecting people together in public space, and connecting people with urban resources such as public plazas, public buildings, urban forests, and food sources.

The festival also gives an experience of movement from one event to the next. The

route of the autumn festival emphasizes that various modes of transit can be used to enjoy the sequence through festival experiences.

Infrastructure for the festival appears throughout the site, both temporary structures

space also consists of routes which people traverse following draws throughout the

and landscapes, and long-term urban infrastructures.

encourages the mixing of residents even while ‘on the move.’

conditions of time, and scale (or significance), and their functionality with regards to the

Värnhem through the new Norra Sorgenfri area. It will also create better access to

site challenges these conditions in different ways.

city. Creating interesting and efficient routes with multiple possible movement forms

The flow space will successfully create a connection between Rosengård and

Östra Kyrkogården.

The proposals for the site are not only physical, but also have been studied under the

social or growing ecosystem. The accompanying graph shows how each proposal for the

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Site Strategies

The site has been analyzed in two main ways. The first is by zooming in and out

Event Spaces Residential Gardens ALLOTMENT GARDENS SG

ING

R FÖ

Green Spaces

N ATA

Food Attractions Sports Green Spaces IND

Planned “Main Pace” Route

UST

RIG

ATA N

Optional Routes Bus Routes Food Sources Areas of existing Core Area Public Space Ecology

Scheelegatan Site

SCHE

GATAN

ELEG

AMIRLS

ATAN

MULTI-CULTURAL FOOD STORES

COUNTRY FARMS

[7.1] Map of Autumn Festival

Event Interactions and Structures (create structures and affordances) - entertaining - perm. - larger scale - hard surface - central location - open location - picnicking - perm. - green space - peaceful location - hard and soft surfaces - food preparing - perm. - indoor space - accessible building - proximity to food supply - food serving - temp. - protected area - places to sit outside or under shelter

- moving- temp./perm. - multiple transit modes - safe way of moving - ‘busy’ route - public hub - temp./perm. - central location - sunny place - interactions (people watching) - advertising - density - exploring/ learning - temp./perm. - green space - multiple ways of moving - safe - hard and soft surfaces - both public and private spaces

Autumn Festival The proposal for a festival has three main details. The first is that it is an international

becomes cooler. The cemetery is seen as an under-used green space, and with its large

Norra Sorgenfri, a good choice of route because of the food services already existing.

hope is that the food festival, along with an emphasis on how you move from venue to

the area, as well as a small butcher shop. Upon zooming out, the area is linked closely to

the Möllevångstorget, where there is an inner-city outdoor fruit and vegetable market,

venue, will show people how close the cemetery really is, and what a nice space it is to spend time in during the fall and winter months.

The main route [7.1] moves in a loop which goes along Scheelegatan, through

as well as many international food stores. The area is also linked to allotment plots just

Norra Sorgenfri, down to Folkets Park, and then through to Rosengård, and back into

The second main detail is that the festival should take place in the fall. This yearly

The site for the festival is very large, and as previously stated, there will be an emphasis

north of Norra Sorgenfri.

Scheelegatan.

timing is for two reasons. The first is that it is the time of year when the most food is

on how one moves through the festival. There will be options for walking, using the bus,

use their self-grown food. There will be lots of opportunities to set up food stands and

activity goes well with the theme of the food festival, so that people are encouraged to

in season. There is also the possibility to showcase urban gardening and for people to

cook for lower costs. The second reason for the fall timing is the impact of the changing seasons on the forest areas. The green space in the proposed area contains many of

or biking, with special routes created to guide users from venue to venue. This physical eat healthy food, and exercise outdoors in the city.

The autumn festival begins on the scale of a city impact [7.2]. After a few years, the

Malmö’s small forests. The trees in the cemeteries are large and old, and during the fall

festival may gain more attention and begin to have a regional impact, as people may visit

services analysis shows the large areas of green space which Scheelegatan connects too.

The path chosen for the festival helps to fulfill the strategy of creating flow space

their leaves change colour to give a magnificent new feeling to the city. The ecosystem

Malmö especially for the unique festival.

They also show, however, that there is insufficient, and often blocked access to the green

and linking Scheelegatan to Malmö’s existing public space ecology. The routes for the

The third detail deals with the timing in relation to how people use green space. In

special yearly route from the inner-city and through these under-used green space,

areas, especially the cemetery.

the fall, and the beginning of winter, people are more likely to stay inside as the weather

festival highlights other important green space in Malmö’s inner-city. By creating a residents have a new perspective of their neighbourhood.

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Site Strategies

This was revealed by the ‘draws’ analysis. It was found that there is a specialty market in

forest, it is in its most beautiful state when the leaves are changing color in the fall. The

food festival. This makes the site for the festival, connecting from Scheelegatan, through

The section of the city reveals connections of the ecosystem. Collisions of the layers give an awareness of our position. The plan of the city reveals our experience of the ecosystem. The sequence is often imperceptible in daily life. The site of this study has various morphologies in one area. The city of MalmĂś has opportunities for revealing the components of the ecosystem and strengthening residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; experience of the ecosystem.

The ecosystem component which will be revealed in this project is the seasonal changes in the city of MalmĂś. Water, soil, and vegetation will be used to give residents an experience of the ecosystem in section and plan.

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Site Strategies

Ecological evaluation has revealed a method of creating draws in the city, and creating interesting places where ecosystem components combine.

Public Space Ecology The result of proposals for the autumn festival is a series of changes to the public

space structure along Scheelegatan.

The creation of event spaces, areas for temporary kiosks, movement routes, gardens,

public kitchens and interpretive centres, are a few of the infrastructural demands of the festival.

The public space along Scheelegatan is formed by these infrastructures, draws, and

supporting population [7.4] and the public space ecology is formed. Various moods, and settings have been created from the mulitple demands, and the spaces adapt from a daily life pace, to the exciting pace of the festival [7.5]. FESTIVAL PACE

DAILY PACE

Underpass Landscape

Outdoor Public Space

Scheelegatan North South Intersection Corner Garden Housing

Scheelegatan South

Cemetary Route and Picnic Area Roseng책rd Crossing

[7.5] Pace During Festival, Everyday and Characteristics

[7.4] Public Space Ecology Proposal

The same graphs used for draws and pacing in the analysis, were created again to evaluate the proposal.

Each proposed assemblage creates a unique public space morphology. Different

characteristics come from different combinations of activities, materials, and possibilities offered by the space [7.5].

The proposals have been considered as to how they can be introduced into the site

overtime [7.6]. The continued evolution of the site, means that proposals will grow or

diminish in importance, and impact as time goes on. This acuratly portrays how urban

global

development is a series of steps, and a continuous process, the same as an ecosystem.

North public space

Day water system

SCALE

Route through Cemetery and Emilstorp Underpass forest Autumn event

[7.6] Graph of Proposals Scale and Impact over Time

The public space ecology considers how the design responds to ongoing changes

local

Forest extension NOW

LATER (to be continued...)

PHASE

Garden housing

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Adapting the Public Space Ecology

Building density

Public Space Plan South Grassy Slope Underpass Landscape Public Function Upper Floor [Inerpretive Centre]

[7.9]

Public Function Ground Floor [Commercial]

[7.10]

[7.2]

Outdoor Public Space [Temp.Event Space]

Food Kiosks [Temp.Structure] Housing

** Two main indoor, public spaces are proposed. One is

an interpretive centre to learn about plants and trees in the area, Day Water System Outdoor Central Public Space

[7.3]

Indoor Public Space [Public Kitchen [Temp.Event Space]

which is located along the Underpass Landscape. The other

is a public kitchen which can be used for cooking classes year round, and preparations during the festival.

Garden Housing Community Gardens [Temp.Event Space] Route Across Neighbourhood Forrest Route

** Future development of Emilstorp can be continued

along the same lines set by the extended Route Across

[7.8]

Route Across Neighbourhood Picnic Area

the Neighbourhood. Setting the lines now, means greater

connectivity for the future development. The lines respond to green space, and residential connectivity across the rail tracks.

Public Space Phases

Proposed Public Space Ecology and Existing Draws

[7.11] Changes Over Time (See [7.6])

Draft of Existing and Existing Draws

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Adapting the Public Space Ecology

The festival creates demands for new infrastructures and public spaces and buildings. Over time, Scheelegatanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s public space ecology grows and adapts to new factors.

The section of the city reveals connections of the ecosystem. Collisions of the layers give an awareness of our position. The plan of the city reveals our experience of the ecosystem. The sequence is often imperceptible in daily life. The site of this study has various morphologies in one area. The city of Malmö has opportunities for revealing the components of the ecosystem and strengthening residents’ experience of the ecosystem.

The autumn festival introduces new functions along Scheelegatan. The area adapts as infrastructures are added over time.

The ecosystem component which will be revealed in this project is the seasonal changes in the city of Malmö. Water, soil, and vegetation will be used to give residents an experience in section and plan of the ecosystem.

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Adapting the Public Space Ecology

Ecological evaluation has revealed a method of creating draws in the city, and creating interesting places where ecosystem components combine.

Public Space Details/Forest Route and Forest Extension [Scheelegatan South] water food (market, grocery) access to green (major green areas, ie. people go there for the green) institution (public services, schools, oďŹ&#x192;ces, churches) eating (restaurant, cafe) history and culture (historic sights, art, theatre) passing through shopping and entertainment (retail, malls, markets) open/event space (squares)

ANALYSIS Narrowing street, extending forest, new route through Emilstorp

This proposal stems especially from the ecosystem services analysis, and the

along the route helps link the southern, RosengĂĽrd intersection through to VĂ¤rnhem by

value as an area to move through. The proposal is to narrow Scheelegatan, to extend

The impact of the tree planing is at first very local. As the trees grow over time, the

affordances analysis on the site. It also deals with the idea of public space as having

creating an exciting public space to pass through.

the cemetery forest, and to create a new route through the Emilstorp warehouse area

effect of the added green space affects the whole city. The older the trees get, the more

The forest is extended to narrow the street by a minimum of 6 meters. This has

The intention of the route through Emilstorp is that workers in the area have a

through to the cemetery forest path.

the effect they have as they are a carbon sink for the entire region.

two main benefits. The first benefit is that it creates an interesting street situation along

unique path to use on breaks and lunch time, or as a short-cut route to work. The picnic

east side, it is a special route in the city, with a feeling of being outside of the city. This

be a place for them to socialize in a green setting.

Scheelegatan. With a continuous brick wall on the west side, and the forest edge on the experience can be heightened and made more dramatic while at the same time giving Scheelegatan a closer connection to the cemetery.

The second benefit is the planting of young trees beside the existing forest. This

creates an ecosystem situation where residents can see young and old plants in the forest and

learn about the life cycles of the trees and plants on the forest floor. Extending the green space is also the first step in claiming the wide street. 58

The ecosystem services and movement infrastructure are combined and attraction

area proposed within the cemetery forest can be used by residents and workers, and can

The route is seen as at first having a local benefit, for the new cross-movement it

allows. In the future, if Emilstorp is re-developed the routes are strategically placed so development can occur along them.

A final aspect of this proposal is the extension of the forest into the current

maintenance yards, and the creation of a picnic place within this central area. This helps complete the route through the cemetery forest.

PUBLIC SPACE DETAILS/ Forest Route and Forest Extension [Scheelegatan South]/

• Creates interesting, lively street without the addition of buildings • Emphasizes public space for movement • Extension of existing green space • Encourages use of cemetery as green space

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Public Space Details

PERSPECTIVE

PUBLIC SPACE DETAILS/ Forest Route and Forest Extension [Scheelegatan South]/

DETAILED PLAN [7.8]

PATH ACCESS THROUGH BRICK WALL

8 M STREET

3 M STREET

PATH THROUGH CEMETERY FOREST

PICNIC PLACE IN CEMETERY FOREST

1:200

PUBLIC SPACE DETAILS/ Forest Route and Forest Extension [Scheelegatan South]/

LANDSCAPE DETAILS Beech trees make up the cemetery forest along the street. Linden trees, larger and

older than the Beech forest, line the cemetery walking route.

Beech and Linden trees will be used for narrowing the street. They are trees native

to Sweden. By planting young Beech and Linden trees, users can see how the trees

MIXED FOREST

grow and change through various stages of life.

The feeling of the forest extension is wild, and will not require a great deal of

maintenance, or working with the trees. The edge is open, and in the future can be even further extended.

The maintenance yard will be minimized, and perhaps joined with the maintenance

yard on the other side of the cemetery. The yard is surround by a mixed forest type, more

wild and unattended than the Beech forest. This mixed forest type will be extended, and will surround the proposed picnic area, located just off of the extended cemetery walking route. Here one can pause, outside of the official cemetery but still surrounded and protected by the trees.

Site proposed for picnic area and extended cemetery walking route

LINDEN TREE Tilia cordata

• Hearty ‘city’ tree

Current cemetery walking route defined with Linden trees

Beech Tree leaves

Beech forest to be extended to narrow street

• Fragrant in spring time

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Public Space Details

BEECH TREE Tilia cordata

• Heart shaped leaves

Public Space Details/Underpass Landscape and Density [Industrigatan] katrinelund 1796

håkanstorp 1351

water food (market, grocery)

norra sorgenfri 5458

access to green (major green areas, ie. people go there for the green) institution (public services, schools, oﬃces, churches) eating (restaurant, cafe) history and culture (historic sights, art, theatre) passing through shopping and entertainment (retail, malls, markets) open/event space (squares)

östra sorgenfri 6242

emilstorp 4

ANALYSIS Underpass Plantings and Density törnrosen 3099

apelgården 3652

The underpass gives a unique opportunity to experience level changes in the

relatively flat city of Malmö. This experience could be emphasized and the perspective can be used to discover new aspects of growing and built infrastructure.

The first detail in this proposal is the creation of beds for trees to be planted.

The beds can follow the line of the current plantings, however, instead can create one

continuous earth mound. The trees would then be planted, and as the user walks down, under the pass, they will experience the trees from below, and for most of the journey be walking beside this “forest floor.”

Buildings are added along the edge of the top street way. This way, the forest

top could be experienced year round, with windows overlooking it. The buildings are

designed so that users going down through the underpass have a unique view of the

building rising behind the trees.

The creation of an interesting space along the underpass emphasizes the connection

of the neighbourhood to Norra Sorgenfri, and promotes freely crossing the tracks. During the autumn festival, the leaves will be changing colour and falling to the ground creating a beautiful space along the underpass route.

This design is on the south side of the underpass. The north side will also be changed

to a place for sitting and meeting people. The north side is un-shaded because of the distance

across the street. The proposal is for a simple, grassy slope, raising from the pedestrian route to the building edge. The people using the slope look across at the trees and buildings on the other side and enjoy the view on a sunny, grassy public area.

Public Space Details/Underpass Landscape and Density [Industrigatan]/

•New perspective of green space and buildings •Access to “forest floor” •Creates exciting connection to Norra Sorgenfri area

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Public Space Details

PERSPECTIVE

Public Space Details/Underpass Landscape and Density [Industrigatan]/

SECTION [7.9]

PUBLIC FUNCTION ON GROUND FLOOR AND UPPER FLOOR

TREE LEVEL

EXISTING ROADWAY TO NORRA SORGENFRI

Public Space Details/Underpass Landscape and Density [Industrigatan]/

LANDSCAPE DETAILS The trees planted in this area will act as a unique attraction for the surrounding

neighbourhoods. The trees have been chosen for their shape, so that the ground below them will remain “open”. The trees have also been chosen for their changing colours

in the fall, and their scent. The experience here will be very rich for the sense of smell, sight, and touch.

The tree species are mixed for a unique look of the small forest, and for a richer

“forest floor.” Small flowers, such as crocuses, may also be planted on the “forest floor.”

There is a mix of native, and non-native species. This area requires more

maintenance than the cemetery forest extension, and is more of a landscape feature, than a wild landscape zone.

CHECKERS TREE Sorbus KATSURA Cercidiphyllum japonicum

- small berries attract birds

- beautiful fall color (oranges)

- small leaves

- beautiful fall color (yellow)

http://www.bhg.com/gardening/plant-dictionary/tree/katsura/

MAPLE Acer CROCUS Crocus

- beautiful fall color (reds) - large leaves

- ground cover plant - spring flowers - bright colour

http://www.bhg.com/gardening/plant-dictionary/tree/maple/

http://www.bhg.com/gardening/plant-dictionary/bulb/crocus/

http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/sorbus_yuana.jpg

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Public Space Details

- unique scent

Public Space Details/Outdoor Public Space [Scheelegatan/Industrigatan Intersection]

ANALYSIS Water drainage and public space along Scheelegatan

At the corner of Scheelegatan and Industrigatan a few different morphologies

meet. There is a cultural community centre, warehouse scale businesses, and the

corner of the suburban district. The corner offers an opportunity to create a unique, outdoor public space, which would be the main event space for the autumn festival. The outdoor public space is a place for users of the cultural community centre

to use as a yard to the building, for residents in the suburban area to meet, and as a resting point after the underpass. From this public space, the user has the

opportunity to follow a path to the backside entrance to the cemetery, or to follow Scheelegatan to the south.

A day water system is proposed for the area which would begin in this public

space. The water system then follows Scheelegatan to a pool just south of the

grocery store, and finally to the south public space. The water trough has different levels so it ‘floods’ and shows the changes in water heights throughout the year.

The outdoor public space is to act both as a daily yard, and as an event space,

where people could gather and watch performances. The design takes advantage of

the slight slope and orientation towards the east. Four large, shallow levels are created which look upon the building proposed at the east end. In front of this building is a

marked area for a “performance stage.” The stage receives lighting from the sun setting in the west.

Shape is given to the space by the paving variation, the water collection, and the

existing and proposed buildings.

Public Space Details/Outdoor Public Space [Scheelegatan/Industrigatan Intersection]/

• Adaptable event space • Public connector of various typologies • Defined by buildings and ecosystem services • Public stage receives evening sunlight

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Public Space Details

PERSPECTIVE

Public Space Details/Outdoor Public Space [Scheelegatan/Industrigatan Intersection]/

DETAILED PLAN [7.10]

SHOPS ON CORNER

PLAN Outdoor Public Space

DAY WATER SYSTEM AND FLOOD SYSTEM

DAY WATER COLLECTOR

LEVEL CHANGE: SLOPING SURFACE AND .3 M STEP

PAVING TO DRAW PEOPLE IN

ENTERTAINMENT “STAGE”

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

PUBLIC FUNCTION ON CORNER

Public Space Details/Outdoor Public Space [Scheelegatan/Industrigatan Intersection]/

LANDSCAPE DETAILS This public space has a hard paving of stones which set it apart from the sidewalk

paving. The space can be defined by sloping sections of different levels. These levels are defined by another paving type, shown here in red, which continue across the space into the sidewalk. The red curves also show the connection across the street to the housing area.

The day water system begins with a collection pool for the intersection, in the

north-west corner of the square. The water then runs down the west side of Scheelegatan, all the way to the south intersection at Bariumgatan, which is the low point of the site, and used to irrigate rainwater gardens along the street.

The space on the opposite corner of the intersection is proposed as a grassy slope,

as a compliment to this public event space. The slope park, would be a more quiet,

relaxation area. Facing south, and facing the underpass trees, the slope has a nice view, full sun, and soft landscaping.

GRASS SLOPE

DAY WATER SYSTEM

• South facing

• Concrete and soil areas and collectors • Introduces new plants and exposed infrastructure to the site

COLOURED STONES • Coloured stones mark level changes

• Stones used to define activity areas

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Public Space Details

• Uses existing slope of the site

• View to underpass forest

Public Space Details/

SECTION 1:100 [7.2] 10M

8 M STREET

TEMPORARY FOOD KIOSK

EXISTING SIDWALK

FESTIVAL BUS LINE

DAY WATER SYSTEM

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Public Space Details

EXISTING FOOD MARKET

LOW WALL BETWEEN STREET AND FOOD MARKET

Public Space Space Details/ Details/ Public

SECTION 1:100 [7.3] 10M 10M

TEMPORARY FOOD KIOSK

SEMI-PRIVATE AREA

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Public Space Details

COMMUNITY GARDENS

HOUSING INFILL

The Ecology of Public Urban Space

The section of the city reveals connections of the ecosystem. Collisions of the layers give an awareness of our position. The plan of the city reveals our experience of the ecosystem. The sequence is often imperceptible in daily life. The site of this study has various morphologies in one area. The city of Malmö has opportunities for revealing the components of the ecosystem and strengthening residents’ experience of the ecosystem. Ecological evaluation has revealed a method of creating draws in the city, and creating interesting places where ecosystem components combine.

The public space ecology continues to grow and change. Residents have an understanding of the ecosystem which is the City of Malmö.

The Ecology of Public Urban Space

The autumn festival introduces new functions along Scheelegatan. The area adapts as infrastructures are added over time.

Future

How can this work be adapted and used in on-going urban design discussions? The importance of public urban space must constantly be asserted by urban

designers. Designing public realms using creativity and a broad outlook will show

governments, stakeholders, and residents, how important and meaningful public urban space is to daily life.

The ecological perspective can be used and applied to all design projects. By

attempting to define intentions and indirect outcomes, as done in the study of ecology, urban design can better assert it’s role as a dynamic and on-going process. Design can

be accurate and detailed, and at the same time acknowledge that its inability to control all forces can be an asset and creative opportunity.

The work in Malmö shows that even a city labelled as “green” can push beyond

scientific sustainability and measurable outputs, and create an environment conducive to an attitude of environmental peace. Residents have an awareness of their urban

and growing resources, and contribute themselves to the city, simply but using, moving through and experiencing the public space.

Rather than de-evolving urban design to a pre-industrial, low-tech, or traditional

state, this project shows that our state of mind must evolve, our design must evolve, to

the variability of design are the main discussions this project hopes to continue.

Assembling these layers, considering the future, considering daily life, and accepting

The Ecology of Public Urban Space The Future

fully take advantage of the resources, technologies, and layers available.

The Ecology of Public Urban Space

ALL IMAGES AND PHOTOGRAPHS IN THIS BOOK HAVE BEEN PRODUCED BY THE AUTHOR, UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED. COLLAGES HAVE BEEN MADE WITH PHOTOS FROM OTHER ARTISTS, AND ALTERED BY THE AUTHOR.

MAPS AND SATELLITE IMAGES WERE USED FROM THE CITY OF MALMÖ AND GOOGLE MAPS.

Works Cited BOOKS

ARTICLES

* Råberg, Per. The Life Region. London: Routledge. 1997.

Mattson, Kevin. “Reclaiming and Remaking Public Space: Toward an Architecture for American Democracy.” National Civic Review. Aug. 1999: 133-144

Rowe, Peter G. Civic Realism. London: The MIT Press. 1997. Papanek, Victor. The Green Imperative. Singapore: Thames and Hudson. 1995. Birch, E.L., Wachter, S.M. Growing Greener Cities: Urban Sustainability in 21st Century. Moughtin, Cliff. Urban Design – Green Dimensions. Oxford: Architectural Press. 2005.

Meyboom, Annalisa. “Infrastructure as Practice.” Journal of Architectural Education.2009: 72-81. Persson, Rikard. “What is a Stråk in a Swedish Urban Planning Context?.” Agora: Cities for People. April. 2006: 14-15

Florida, Richard. Cities and the Creative Class. Routledge, 2004. Fukuyama, Francis. Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. FreePress, 1996. Farias, Ignacio and Bender, Thomas, Ed. Urban Assemblages. Routledge, 2009. * Graham, Stephen. Splintering Urbanism. Routledge, 2001.

FILMS Up In The Air. Director Jason Reitman. Paramont Pictures, 2009. Film. * Six Degrees of Separation. Director Annamaria Talas. BBC Two, 2009. Television Documentary.

* Dodson, Stanley, Ed. Et al. Ecology. Oxford University Press: New York, 1998.

ESSAYS Bradshaw, A. Natural Ecosystems in Cities. “Understanding Urban Ecosystems”. Editor Alan Berkowitz et al. 2003. Ress, W.E. An Ecological Economics Perspective. “Understanding Urban Ecosystems.” Editor Alan Berkowitz et al. 2003. Næss, Arne. Ecology, Community, Lifestyle. “The Life Region.” Editor Per Råberg. 1997. Råberg, Per. Social Life and the Living Region. “The Life Region.” Editor Per Råberg. 1997. Bertolini, Luca. Cities and Transport. “The Network Society.” Editor Albrechts,Mandelbaum. 2005.

Sanderson, Eric. The Mannahatta Project. www.themannahattaproject.com Latour, Bruno and Hermant, Emilie. Paris Ville Invisible. http://www.bruno-latour.fr/virtual/paris/english/frames.html

PUBLICATIONS, MAPS, CONSULTATIONS Malmö Stad. Möten i Staden. Malmö Stadsbyggnadskontor, January, 2007. VaSyd Malmö. Scheelegatan Water Maps. Obtained April, 2010. Sara Fridh, Landscape Consultation Gunilla Kronvall, Planning Consultation

Temperton, Vicky,Ed. Et al. Assembly Rules and Restoration Ecology. Island Press, 2004. Perlman, Dan L. Ecology for Planners, Developers and Citizens. Island Press, 2004.

* core sources

The Ecology of Public Urban Space Works Cited

Thorpe, Ann. Designer’s Atlas of Sustainability. Island Press, 2007.

PROJECTS

Sennett, Richard. The Fall of Public Man. W.W. Norton & Company: New York, 1974.

Lund University

School of Architecture

Carley Giselle Friesen

The Ecology of Public Urban Space

Masters of Sustainable Urban Design