From Roof To Ground 從屋頂到地面
Part 3 PROJECT
half Half
PAR
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f time
RT 3
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INDEX site
86
COMMUNITY GLOBAL CITIES
16 17
TWO MODELS 20
Endless Cities
22
Bounded Cities
26 HYPER-DENSITY 26
76
90
DENCITY
92
SOCIAL DEBATE
46 48
HONG KONG: RENEWAL BETWEEN REVITALIZATION AND GENTRIFICATION
100 104 107
52 IN BETWEEN SPACES
108
A COMPARISON BETWEEN THREE MAIN PACIFIC METROPOLIS
52
HONG KONG’S CANIONS
27
HISTORY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
57
STREETS
110
30
POPULATION GROWTH AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
60
STREETS: WORKERS SUNDAY GATHERINGS
114
62
ROOFTOP COMMUNITIES
115
32
TIMELINE
34
109
116
RENEWAL CASES
66
120
LANDS OF RECLAMATIONS
36
66
MONG KOK AND LANGHAM PLACE
124
67
WEDDING CARD STREET
138
68
FUTURE SCENARIOS
LANDS OF RECLAMATIONS
38
ROOFTOP AS EVOLUTION OF THE PUBLIC SPHERE
270
experiment KOWLOON CITY CBD2
GENTRIFICATION DEBATE IN KCD
Methodology
MA TAU KOK INDUSTRIAL BACKGROUND
ARRIVAL DISTRICT
CHANGES AFTER KAI TAK CLOSING
160 PRE-CONDITIONS 160
ROOFSCAPE: AN INTERNATIONAL OPEN DEBATE
161
STARTING FROM THE CURRENT SITUATION
THE NEW MTR STATION
162
MTR STATION AN ENTREPRENEURIAL DISTRICT
THE PUBLIC SPACE DEBATE Official public spaces Informal public spaces
MA TAU KOK PEOPLE
5 STREETS
260
KAI-TAK
Rooftop settlements’ community sphere
176
Rooftop gardening
190
Rooftop playground
200
APPLICATION
214
ANALYSIS
252
MASTERPLAN
260
BACKGROUND
268
DIMENSION AND ROOFSHAPE
270
USERS: INTERVIEWS
272
POTENTIALS
272
NEIGHBOURHOOD
PROJECT
274 274
CONCEPT
286
WATER SYSTEM
288
VEGETATION SYSTEM
290
COMMUNITY HUBS
292
HUBS TYPOLOGIES
THE MAGIC CARPET OF HENDRICK TIEBEN
298 CONCLUSIONS 300
REFERENCES P A R T i271 II
EXPERIMENT
DISTRICT an area of a country or city, especially one characterized by a particular feature or activity. REDEVELOPMENT the action or process of developing something again or differently. In architecture, construction of new buildings in an urban area, typically after demolishing the existing buildings. ENTREPRENEUR person who sets up a business or businesses, taking on financial risks in the hope of profit.
source: Oxford Dictionary source*: Cambridge Dictionary
HUB* the central or main part of something where there is most activity IMMIGRANT a person who moves from one place to another, especially in order to find work or better living conditions. INFRASTRUCTURE* the basic systems and services, such as transport and power supplies, that a country or organization uses in order to work effectively
5 STREETS BACKGROUND
“5 streets� are commonly known five residential blocks built in Ma Tau Kok East. The five buildings were built at regular distances within the rectangular lot delimited by the sea and three streets, namely To Kwa Wan Road, Ma Tau Kok Road, Min Lung Street. This large cluster of residential blocks were built by the Sun Nam Yang Construction and Investment Company Ltd, in 1959-61, while the population growth accelerated in Hong Kong from 2,4 million to 3,13 million. There are two different orientation for the blocks. The three buildings closer to the sea are all oriented with the short elevation on both ends facing towards the former Kai Tak Airport and the current Grand Waterfront Plaza, other two blocks are perpendicular to Chung Sun Streets. The upper floors of the buildings were used for residents, while ground floors were used
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as blacksmiths and workshops, besides streets between the residential blocks were originally designed to be open space for playground, guarded with iron gates on both ends of the streets. The size of residential flats on the ground varies from approximately 39.22 sim to 56.65 sim, with the smallest flats at the middle of the row, the floor to ceiling height is 3,87 at the ground floor and 2,97 m in the upper floors. Staircases gave access to uppers floors, basically serving two flats on every floor. A smoke lobby connect the two rows at the stair cores on each floor. Each flat was provided with a kitchen and a bathroom. The residential blocks were mostly inhabited by the grass-root class. In the last 50 years the situation has drastically changed. To Kwa Wan is now one of the most multicultural areas in the city, 90% inhabitants are immigrants. Hong Kong population has continued to grow with the house demand.
Most of the units of residential blocks have been subdivided and rent to more than one tenant, lowering the living condition of these old and crumbling buildings. Streets between blocks are no longer pedestrian, playgrounds has been replaced by parking, car workshops and commercial activities on the ground floor. Starting from 1960 people begun building informal structures on the top of these settlements. Now this process is so much diffused that buildings count one more floor. Rooftop communities are now a common phenomenon in Hong Kong, they are the promised land for immigrants and poor families, looking for a cheap accommodation in the city. Rooftop communities are all different and their spacial organisation reveals the interaction between their dwellers. Some of them are composed by few houses, others by several houses linked together.
For convenience we defined the five buildings as A,B,C,D and E, corresponding to Hing Yan st. building, Hing Yin st. building, Chung Sun st. building, Ma Tau Kok road building and Ming Lun st. building. According to the different rooftop communities typologies described in the previous chapter, A, B, D buildings correspond to the Linked-Spots model, C building is a U-shaped typology, E building correspond to Straight model. Despite their different organisation they are characterised by similar issues: poverty, small and uncomfortable living spaces, uneven floors, water flooding. Walking through these spaces the most impressive thing is the lack of space, people got used to exploit every space. Common corridors become places for kitchens, playgrounds, clotheslines. These communities born as illegal structures and still have not been recognised by the Go-
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5 STREETS
vernment, people live in a constant state of uncertainty, not knowing if and when they will be moved. Majority of dwellers are immigrants coming from Mainland China, Pakistan, India and Philippines.
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5 STREETS
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5 STREETS
280
5 STREETS
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5 STREETS
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5 STREETS
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5 STREETS
DIMENSION AND ROOF SHAPE As the “5 streets” buildings were constructed in the same period, they are similar in construction materials, shapes, flats dimensions Although, they can be devided in 3 models. Three of those are identical “twins” and are composed of 4 stairwells that serve 4 apartments. The other two are bigger than those: one of them has 6 stairwells, the other 7. A typical housing design pratice in Hong Kong is about favourite the higher percentage of natural illumination possible to each flat. For this
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reason these facades are distinctly irregular. Due to this issue, roofs, as well, have an irregular shape. These, as great part of Hong Kong’s roofs are flat. In addition, each group of 4 apartments is situated around a lightwell from the roof. The dimension of the smallest buildings’ roof is about 850 m2, the others exceed 1000 m2. Rooftop settlements houses strictly follow the dimension of the lower levels apartments. Infact illegal structures walls are located over the existing walls of the buildings.
5 STREETS
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5 STREETS
USERS: INTERVIEWS A key factor of the methodology are interviews to residents. We went above each building of the 5 streets and we interviewed who was interested in helping us for this project.
Here we selected a sample of six people. We had the possibility to interact to these people thanks to Siu Tin, the head of the Community Cultural Concern, an Ngo of To Kwa Wan.
RESIDENTS INTERVIEWED
Shan
Mr. Ma
1How old are you? How long have you been living here?
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Miss Hip
Chris
Mr. Mahavir
Jane
2 How do you use rooftop common spaces?
Miss Hip I live here since 20 years, but this house has been built 50 years ago. I’m 60 years old.
Miss Hip I use rooftop common spaces for cultivations. Especially, I grow some plants against moschitos.
Chris I live here since I was born, 15 years ago, my granpa built this house.
Chris Me and my little brothers usually use common spaces for playing togheter. We use these spaces as playground.
Mr. Ma I live here since 50 years, I used to rent this house for 20 years, then a i bought it. I’m 72 years old.
Mr. Ma The common area outside my home, for me, is a outdoor living room that I share with other dwellers. I spend my time there.
Shan I came in Hong Kong from Guangzhou when I was 3 years old. I always lived here, we rent this house. I’m 23 years old.
Shan We don’t share spaces with other dwellers, we devided these areas. We use it for cultivate and collecting water for the toilet.
Mr. Mahavir I’m 39, I’m here since 8 years with my family. I came here because of low prices, but I’d like to move to other districts.
Mr. Mahavir We don’t use it already, because we don’t know other dwellers. We are afraid of discussing with other people by using these spaces.
Jane I’m 18 years old and I came here 10 years ago from Shenzhen. I’m with my mum and my sister.
Jane We use these spaces, togheter with my sister, for fitness and play sports togheter. We like to pratice them in the early morning.
5 STREETS
3
Which are the main issues of these places
5
4 Are you interested in farming?
Miss Hip During summer here it is too hot, and it is almost impossible to stay at home. Moreover, another common issue is flood.
Miss Hip Yes I like it very much. I would like to full time manage a garden.
Chris Actually, I think that a key issue of this settlement is about waste management. Often people throw garbage off the balcony.
Chris Not really. I prefer other activities.
Mr. Ma Surely, here there is a huge issue about flooding and installations. I manage the electric system of the whole settlement.
Mr. Ma Yes I like farming, me and my wife have some plants here. It is a good hobby.
Shan Here, during hot days, we can’t live. We stay outside to avoid high temperatures.
Shan Yes, my mother above all. She fully occupy our outdoor space with every kind of cultivation.
Mr. Mahavir We think that, due to low quality of these construction, it is difficult to live inside here.
Mr. Mahavir I am not, my wife could be.
Jane We have constant issues about water flooding that always get inside our home.
Jane Yes I am! I’d like to have a personal garden.
What is your job?
6
How do you relate with the public spaces of this district?
Miss Hip No, I’m retired.
Miss Hip I use them, but rarely, they are really far.
Chris I’m a student.
Chris Yes I do. I use that playing football with friends.
Mr. Ma I’m retired now, but I used to be an eletrician.
Mr. Ma I use them.W I have long walks along the district.
Shan I am studing to become a baker. I stay at work 12 hours a day
Shan No I don’t. I do not have time, I study and work at the same time
Mr. Mahavir I make delivers for 7 Eleven.
Mr. Mahavir I don’t. My sons use them every day, but they are not reasy to get to.
Jane I work from many years as a cleaning lady.
Jane Yes for running and sport!
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5 STREETS
POTENTIALS Interviews with locals and rooftop dwellers have been fundamental to understand what they think about their conditions and which are the best straights of these buildings. In many cases we noticed a real sense of community inside these structures, people living in difficult conditions got used to collaborate and to share common spaces. Many of them reported us the will of farming on roofs, others the will of having space for gym and private activities. All of them have the necessity of having new and bigger spaces for different activities, all of them have economic issues and all of them would like their houses been recognised by the government. Another important element that dwellers under-
lined is the climatic one. Hong Kong’s climate is sub-tropical. During the year the temperature can reach a minimum of 15°C in January and a maximum of 32°C in July and there is often high humidity. Since May to September rainy days are more than 10 per month. July and September are the months during which Hong Kong is most likely to be affected by tropical cyclones (Hong Kong Observatory) and strong rainfalls. Summer heat is an important issue, metal roofs make these structure unliveable. Water and sun are the most important exploitable elements on which it could be possible working to improve lifestyle of these spaces.
NEIGHBOURHOOD In this background research, neighbourhood had a key role. We were interested in understanding how people who don’t necessarily live in rooftop communities could relate with a possible project of public space above their homes. As we previously affirmed, a great part of Ma Tau Kok inhabitants, especially those of the 5 streets, come from other countries. These public spaces could encourage dialogue between cultures that it is difficult to find in great part of the district. People, in fact, in such a district as Ma Tau Kok, characterised by a strong industrial past, find difficult in interact each others. There is a lack of public space there. The main one is the recreation ground. Through several inter-
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views we understood that large part of people coming from other cultures are uncomfortable in such spaces, due to governmental severe limitations about them utilisation. We realized that people need more public spaces where interact each others. Furthermore, thanks to the House of To Kwa Wan Stories perceived the importance of food in familiarisation with other cultures. This Ngo, indeed, organises cooking sessions once a week managed by people always coming from different countries, in order to engage meetings between district inhabitants. In this case, public space and food could be connected to encourage the development of these pratices.
5 STREETS
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PROJECT
PROJECT CONCEPT
Starting from potentials collected, we focused on finding the best way to use all these informations to create a project able to deal with the main issues of people living there. In order to reach our goals, in this case production, community and welfare, we decided to adopt three different scenarios, as to set up a simple but flexible system. The projet could be subdivided in two parts, public and private, that work together in one system. Both of these find their guide lines in natural resources exploitment: water and vegetation. The private project is thought for rooftop and 5 Streets’ dwellers. Unused spaces are endowed with a platform in order to take off any uneven floor issues and to collect rain water. On this platform, the exploitable areas could be fitted with rooftop farming or “community hubs”. These structures provide primary services as lavatory, water tank and kitchen. Regarding the public space project, we thought about a connection between buildings that links different communities and offers an open space usable by dwellers and district inhabitants. These spaces are planned for common activities, others hubs give primary services and a covered area for food shops and kiosks, where people can buy and eat rooftop farm products. Vertical distribution is allowed by two staircases and two elevator for each public space.
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UNUSED SPACES
COMMUNITY PLATFORM public space stairwell private space
Upside there is a diagram of unused spaces. We mapped abandoned houses that could be demolished and blank unconstructed areas. We devided private areas for settlements dwellers and public areas, that can be defined as a link between the previous ones. In orange is proposed an elevator system that connect the ground floor to the top floor.
PROJECT
SELECTED FUNCTIONS
CULTURE
WATER
VEGETATION
SOLAR ENERGY
SPORT
BUSINESS P
E
C
W
WATER SCENARIO
VEGETATION SCENARIO
BUSINESS SCENARIO
From the interviews we understood that flooding is a key issue. So wee decided to start from here with the project. Rainwater will be collected in a infrastructure placed inside an integrated floor. The water is purified and reused.
Another important factor is about vegetation. Our proposal is to think about urban farming as sussistance to dwellers of these buildings as well as connection between public and dwellers, through kiosks and food shops.
These buildings are full of unemployed dwellers, in certain cases, due to government laws. In this case, farming business, could help dwellers reducing life costs and could create profit by selling fruit and vegetables.
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PROJECT
Planivolumetric Scale 1:500 North
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PROJECT
0 1 2 3
5
10 m
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PROJECT
Rooftop floor plan Scale 1:500 North
A
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PROJECT
A
0 1 2 3
5
I
10 m
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PROJECT
Section A-A
I
Scale 1:500
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PROJECT
0 1 2 3
5
10 m
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PROJECT
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PROJECT
Rooftop floor plan Scale 1:200 North 0
1
2
3
5m
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PROJECT
WATER SYSTEM The water cycle is the driving force behind the whole project. Every element of the system is thought in order to work with and becouse of the water recycling. Rain water runs on building roofs down to the Snake. Here water is collected and purified through a set of sand bio-filters until it is usable for secondary services. When it is purified water is brought into tanks with different dimension depending on the position and the future aims. Recycled water is exploited in rooftop farming as a free resource for irrigation, in community hubs for cooking and lavatory flushing.
1
FALL
2
UPTAKE
3 CONNECTION
4 PURIFICATION 5 HARVESTING
6
FINAL USE
GARDENING
FLAT ROOF
SLOPING ROOF
PERGOLA
SNAKE
SMALL SIZE WATER TANK
MARKET
BIG SIZE WATER TANK
COOKING
SAND BIO-FILTER
RAIN
TARPAULIN
COVERED PERGOLA
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LAVATORY
PROJECT
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PROJECT
VEGETATION SYSTEM Through the care and the attetion of plants, it’s not only improved tha quality of the ambient but also inhabitants welfare. In fact, rooftop farms are thought with different final uses, a farming products and a workplace production role, at the same time. People can exploit these spaces directly by working into, or also buying their productions, or also by eating these ones in one of the many food kiosks
1 GROWTH
2
MANAGEMENT
3
RIPENING
4
FINAL USE
COOKING
TREE
CULTIVATION
FOOD
SALE
牛乳
EATING
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PROJECT
305
PROJECT
COMMUNITY HUBS Since this project is an addiction on 1950s buildings, community hubs structure needs to be as light as possible. The structure is always repeating itself, changing only the roof system. A steel skeleton sustains light walls, covered by thin wood panels. Inside, the heart of the hub is composed by a kitchen and a lavatory. The rooftop is usable, people can go up to strech the clothes with a stair on the back side. There are three roof typologies. The free-sheet is made only by a clothing pulled between the building and the hub, it is the lightest and can quickly be removed in case of severe wind. The guided-sheet is laso made by fabric but supported by a secondary wooden structure giving it more stability. The last typology is the solid one, in this case the wooden structure is coverd by solid temporary panels that can be moved depending on weather conditions.
Three different proposals of shading for the community hub expansion. Starting from upside, these solution are presented in order of resistance. The first solution is a covered pergola that, however, needs a harder construction. The last solution is the most temporary, composed of sloped tarpaulins. A temprary structure that could be managed buy dwellers.
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PROJECT
Temporary
Soft
Hard
HUBS CONSTRUCTION
ACTORS
Community hubs are intended of being constructed by different actors. The hardest part is the main structure, that needs professional assistance. The light structure is the hub convering, that could be managed by Ngo’s. The temporary structures, instead are intended of being managed by residents.
GOVERNMENT
NGO’S
RESIDENTS
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PROJECT
HUB TYPOLOGIES
LAVATORY
The first hub module is the lavatory. It is composed of a simple toilet and a water tank box. Water is fully recycled.
KITCHEN AND LAVATORY
Kitchen and lavatory hub can be find in the private rooftop area. It is the basic module of rooftop settlements. It is composed of a stairwell that takes to a common terrace.
SHOP AND KIOSK
Shop and kiosk module is the public space’s core area. It is managed by rooftop dwellers. In this module people could buy cooked food or fruit and vegetables.
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PROJECT
PUBLIC ZONE TARPAULINS
LAVATORY
KIOSK AND SHOP
WATER “SNAKE”
STAIRWELL
STRUCTURE
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NAJONAL
310
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CONCLUSIONS Hong Kong, since its born, has always been a prosperous territory thanks to its strategic position. It’s a promise land for trade and business and as well for people in search of a better future. These factors, together with a shortage of space for constructions, favourited an always higher densification of this city. Due to governmental policies and business necessities, community activities have increasingly lost their spaces at ground floor. This issue promoted several informal uses of high-rise buildings’ roofs, which became the natural expansion of the community sphere. The main aim of this research was to track a strategy to systematise this process, in order to facilitate its enlargement, through a flexible methodology. As previously explained, our methodology take care of real necessities of a
certain area, Ma Tau Kok in our case. In order to find goals and scenarios to follow during the drafting process, we made a dual research: - a field research, through several meetings with residents and local Ngo’s and a bibliographic research, through historical studies and a deep analysis of governmental urban policies and data. The ambition of this research is to find a solution that could be adopted in others districts or maybe other cities. In our case, according to a roofscape masterplan proposal, we decided to focus, on a unique example, 5 buildings who shared a common rooftop use: housing. In fact “5 streets” rooftop settlments, since our arrival in Hong Kong, took our interest. Especially, we were attracted in understanding how dwellers shared common spaces.
Consequently to several days of study, we realised the main practices of dwellers and we drew up a project. We understood that the main necessities were a basic infrastructure and a shared space for community events. At the same time we’ve noticed that large part of dwellers were unemployed, so we thought about a shared zone between the rooftop settlements for little commercial activities managed by dwellers. Obviously we defined this project as an “experiment”, because it supposed of being a practice of what the methodology reaches in theory. In fact it is a kind of test for this methodology. We think that in the everyday practice of Hong Kong, this strategy could be realised. Because in these last years, consequently to the last Urban Renewal Strategy and the rise of the DURF, we think the government aims to understand the
real needs of the community. Another key factor aims to be flexibility. In our experiment, we focussed on a particular example, but this methodology aims of being efficient for every necessity and social class. In conclusion, looking back at when we started this research, we understood that our point of view on certain topics has changed. We began focussing on rooftop communities, trying only to improve inhabitants’ lifestyle, but we soon understood that these settlements were only one kind of rooftop possibilities. We realised that rooftops could be an alternative ground floor where people could share spaces and activities. Especially in Hong Kong.
REFERENCES GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT Bibliography Harris P. G., Environmental policy and sustainable development in China: Hong Kong in Global Context, Bristol, The Policy Press, 2012. Kvan T., Karakiewicz J., A Brief History Of Reclamation In Macau, from Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 37, 1998. Tian B., Wu W., Yang Z., Zhou Y., Drivers, trends, and potential impacts of long-term coastal reclamation in China from 1985 to 2010, from Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, Elsevier, vol 170, 2016. Wang F.,Miyajima M.,Tonglu Li T.,Wei Shan W., Fathani T. F. (ed.), Progress of Geo-Disaster Mitigation Technology in Asia, London, Springer, 2012. Webliography Environmental Protection Department, Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report, <http:// www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_1532008/EIA-pdf/Appendix/app%206.1.pdf>, 2008, [last retrieved: 2017-08-25] LeitĂŁo L., Macao builds a new frontier with ambitious reclamation, <https://macauhub.com.mo/feature/ macao-builds-a-new-frontier-with-ambitious-reclamation/>, 2016 [last retrieved: 2017-08-25] Ministry of National Development, A High Quality Living Environment For All Singaporeans: Land Use Plan to Support Singaporeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Future Population, <www.mnd.gov.sg/landuseplan>, 2013 [last retrieved: 2017-08-12]
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GOVERNMENT POLICIES Bibliography Development Bureau, Planning Department , Hong Kong 2030+: Towards a Planning Vision and Strategy Trascending 2030, 2016. Webliography Centre for Culture and Development, CUHK, Survey on the Current Status of Industrial Buildings for Arts Activities and Future Demand, <http://www.hkadc.org.hk/wp-content/uploads/ResourceCentre_ ResearchReport/20110127_CSIB/Research_Report.pdf.>, 2010, [last retrieved: 2017-09-08] Civil Engeneering and Development Department, Kai Tak Development, <http://www.ktd.gov.hk/ eng/ >, 2017 [last retrieved: 2017-08-12] Civil Engeneering and Development Department, Overview of Kai Tak Development, <http://www. ktd.gov.hk/eng/overview.html.>, 2008 [last retrieved: 2017-08-12] Energizing Kowloon East, Background, <http://www.ekeo.gov.hk/en/about_ekeo/background.html.>, 2016, [last retrieved: 2017-09-08] Energizing Kowloon East, Kai Tak Fantasy International Competition, Hong Kong, <http://www.ekeo. gov.hk/kaitakfantasy/en/exh_result.html.>, 2014 [last retrieved: 2017-09-08] Environmental Affairs Department, City of Los Angeles, Green Roofs: Cooling Los Angeles, <http://www. environmentla.org/pdf/EnvironmentalBusinessProgs/Green%20Roofs%20Resource%20Guide%20 2007.pdf>, 2007 [last retrieved: 2017-09-08] Hong Kong Housing Authority, <http://www.housingauthority.gov.hk/en/> 2017, [last retrieved: 2017-08-12] Hong Kong Government, Hiring Foreign Domestic Helpers, <https://www.gov.hk/en/residents/ employment/recruitment/foreigndomestichelper.htm>, 2016 [last retrieved: 2017-09-05]
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Hong Kong Government, Planning Department, Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines, <http://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/tech_doc/hkpsg/full/>, 2017, [last retrieved: 2017-09-05] Jones Lang Lasalle, Broader Hong Kong: Commercial Space Master-plan embraces CBD2 Development, Hong Kong, <http://www.jll.com.hk/hong-kong/en-gb/Research/paper-hk-2012-CBD2.pdf.>, 2015, [last retrieved: 2017-09-08] MTR Corporation Ltd, Shatin To Central Link, <http://www.mtr-shatincentrallink.hk/en/projectdetails.>, 2013 [last retrieved: 2017-09-08] Policy Address, Breaking New Ground Together, < https://www.policyaddress.gov.hk/09-10/eng/p21. html>, 2010 [last retrieved: 2017-09-08] Urban Renewal Authority, Langham Place kick-starts regeneration of Mongkok, 2005 <http://www.ura. org.hk/en/media/press-release/2005/20050125.aspx>, 2017, [last retrieved: 2017-09-05]
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HISTORICAL REFERENCES Bibliography Charles E., Edward J., Airport of the Nine Dragons: Kai Tak, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Chingchic Publisher, 1996. Chiu S., Tai-Lok L., Hong Kong, becoming a Chinese Global City, Abingdon, Routledge, 2009. Delang C., Ng Y., Urban Regeneration and Heritage Preservation with Public Participation: The Case of the Kai Tak Runway in Hong Kong, The Open Geography Journal, 2009. Hang D., Khairudin Aljunied S.M., Singapore in Global History, Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press, Vol.14, 2011. Lange, C., New Territories: Deconstructing and Constructing Countryside: The Great Divide of Rural and Urban In Hong Kong. Archit. Design, vol. 86, 2016. Meyer U., Architectural guide Hong Kong, Berlin, Dom Publisher, 2013. Pearson, V., T.K. Ko, A sense of place: Hong Kong West of Pottinger Street, Hong Kong, Joint Pub. Co, 2008. Shelton B., Karakiewicz, Kvan T., The Making of Hong Kong: From Vertical to Volumetric, London, Routledge, 2011. Xue C. Q., Hong Kong Architecture 1945-2015: From Colonial to Global, Berlin, Springer, 2016.
Webliography China Foreign Relations, Convention For The Extension of Hong Kong, 1898, <http://www. chinaforeignrelations.net/node/ [last retrieved: 2017-09-08]
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AKNOWLEDGMENTS Firstly we would like to thank our professors Mauro Berta and Francesca Frassoldati for giving us the chance to live such a unique experience and for their helpful support during these nine months. We would also like to thank Peter Ferretto who has been a fundamental guide for this research. At the same time our gratitude goes to Maggie Ma and Mark Kingsley (DOMAT Studio) who introduced us the role of the architect in a particular context as informal architecture. Casey Wang, Hendrick Tieben and CUHK students for their willingness in the course of the research. We thank Frank, Siu Tin, Paddy Ng, the â&#x20AC;&#x153;House of To Kwa Wan Storiesâ&#x20AC;? and all the people of Ma Tau Kok we met. We thank our parents Giuseppe and Maria, Marco and Giulia, our brothers Paolo, Francesco, Cinzia and also Althea who always sustained us in our studies and experiences. Our flatmate and Italian guide in Chinese territory Luca. Our friends who shared with us these years of studies, dreams, projects and perspectives. One Dim Sum that fed us for two months in Hong Kong. A final thank goes to To The Clash, Lucio Dalla and The Chemical Brothers for being our soundtrack during long nights of work.
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Carlo Alberto Monteverde Giorgio Salza