University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee spring 2008/Visual Certainty
The intention of this book is for the study of the solar energy and its inuence to architectural design.
Carlos J. Rivera
2
index WHAT ARE PHOTOVOLTAICS? PV CELL PV MODULE PV ARRAY PV SYSTEM HOW DOES IT WORK? WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP OF A PV SYSTEM AND THE SUN? INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION PV RESPONSE TO AZIMUTH AND TILT WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT PV OPTIONS? BUILDING INTEGRATED PV ECONOMIC IMPACT OF A SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM WHAT IS THE PV DEMAND WHAT IS IT’S PERFORMANCE? AMOUNT OF PV UNITS TO ACHIEVE HOUSEHOLD DEMAND HOW DOES PV AFFECT ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN? ARCHITECTURAL APPLICATIONS FOR PV DEVICES SOLAR DECATHLON STUDIO CASE STUDIES 4
5
what are photovoltaics?
“Photovoltaics are a locally generated productive-mode energy source that provides a clean, quiet and pollution-free energy source. As a general guide 1 square meter of PV panels will be able to generate approximately an average of 100 watts of electrical energy” There are three different types of PV panels produced today. There is the single-cristal (monocrystaline), polycrystalline (gallium-arsenide cells), and amorphous silicone cells. Different types of photovoltaic cells have different efficience coefficients. (ken yeang 244)
6
pv cell
Hahn-Meitner Institut Berlin
7
pv module
8
pv array
Solar cells come in different sizes. They are often connected together to form PV modules that may be up to several feet long and a few feet wide. Modules in turn can be combined and connected to form PV arrays of different sizes and power output. The size of the array depends on several factors, such as the amount of sunlight available in a particular location and the energy demand of the consumer. The modules of the PV array make up the major part of a PV system, which can also include electrical connections, mounting hardware, power conditioning equipment, and batteries that stores solar energy for use when the sun is not shining. (USDOE/pv physics,1)
9
pv system
The main component of the solar PV cell array is the power inverter. The inverter is a key component of PV power production; it transforms the direct current (DC) produced by the solar cells to alternating (AC) at grid voltage. ken yeang
There are currently two types of PV modules: 1. Thin ďŹ lm (amorphous) panels: In this panel the PV elements cover the entire panel, and they contain no glass. They also have lower efďŹ ciencies, are generally cheaper, and lose less power under high temperature conditions-than crystalline panels. 2. Crystalline (single and multi) panels: These earliest PV modules are more efďŹ cient and also more expensive. (kwok/Grondzik,197)
10
11
how does it work?
kw/h per year <1100
>2100
Photovoltaics are a system that produce electricity through the direct conversion of incident solar radiation. A photovoltaic cell provides direct current (DC) output. This DC output can be used directly to power DC loads, can be stored in a battery system or can be inverted into alternating current (AC) to power AC loads or to be fed into an electrical grid. Stand-alone PV systems have no grid interconnection. (Kwok/Grondzik,197)
12
ken yeang ken yeang
The sun emits almost all of its energy in a range of wavelengths from 2x10-7 to 4x10-6 meters. Most of this energy is in the visible light region. Each wavelength corresponds to a frequency and an energy. Red light is at the low energy end of the visible spectrum and violet light is at the high energy end, where it has half as much energy as red light. In the invisible portion of the spectrum, radiation in the infrared region, has more energy than in the visible region. Radiation in the infrared region, which we feel as heat, has less energy than the radiation in the visible region. (USDOE/pv physics,1)
13
what is the relationship of a pv system and the sun?
14
(Brown/Dekay,315)
The sun provides the earth with an immense amount of solar energy. This energy is transmitted like solar radiation. A portion of this radiation is reďŹ&#x201A;ected to the atmosphere and the rest will be transmitted to the earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface. The diagrams on the left represent the path of the sun and therefore the zone where the sun produces the most energy. The solar pvs can only collect a portion of that energy. The path of the sun will also dictate the optimal tilt for the best performance of the photovoltaics.
(Yeang,196)
15
incident solar radiation
INCIDENT SOLAR IRRADIANCE
INCIDENT SOLAR IRRADIANCE
250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0
250000 200000 150000 100000 50000
16
0
0
10'-0"
1 117.9 Kw/h
2
131.9 Kw/h
192.0 Kw/h
243.5 Kw/h
1000000 BTU
186.19 Kw/h
2000000 BTU
100 FT
514.2 Kw/h
3000000 BTU
10'-0"
748.1 Kw/h
681.7 Kw/h
948.7 Kw/h
4000000 BTU
TOTAL ENERGY RECEIVED IN A YEAR 8 564.208 773 9 kilowatt hour
1 097.5 Kw/h
5000000 BTU
1 366.8 Kw/h
1 335.2 Kw/h
MONTHLY AVERAGE ENERGY RECEIVED ON A 100 FT 2
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 17
1 Btu = 0.000 293 071 083 33 kilowatt hour
pv response to azimuth and tilt
70° 60° 55° 50° 45°
40° 35° 30° 25° 20° 15° 10° 5° 0° 18
65°
75° 85°
90°
83% 87% 91% 93% 96% 97% 99% 99% 100% 99% 98% 96% 94% 92% 89%
N 19
what are the differrent pv options?
20
INCIDENT SOLAR IRRADIANCE
50000 0
0
10'-0"
100 FT
2 10'-0"
1 117.9 Kw/h
1 366.8 Kw/h
TOTAL ENERGY RECEIVED IN A YEAR 8 564.208 773 9 kilowatt hour
1 097.5 Kw/h
948.7 Kw/h
2000000 BTU
748.1 Kw/h
681.7 Kw/h
3000000 BTU
131.9 Kw/h
4000000 BTU
514.2 Kw/h
5000000 BTU
1000000 BTU
243.5 Kw/h
100000
186.19 Kw/h
200000 150000
1 335.2 Kw/h
MONTHLY AVERAGE ENERGY RECEIVED ON A 100 FT 2
250000
192.0 Kw/h
building integrated pvs
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
1 Btu = 0.000 293 071 083 33 kilowatt hour
Photovoltaic systems can be installed essentially as an add-on system with little integration with other building elements or aesthetics, or as building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV). A BIPV approach involves more consideration of multifunctional uses (such as PV shading devices) and/or the complete integration of PV with another technology (such as glazing or rooďŹ ng products).
21
economic impact of a solar energy system cost/year
0
$42
$83
$125
$166
$208
1000
1500
2000
2500
Electric Blanquet Home Computer Television Microwave Oven DehumidiďŹ er Well Pump Aquarium/Terrarium Dishwasher Electric Cooking Freezer Water Bed Clothes Dryer Washing Machine Refrigerator Pool Pump Spa(pump and heater)
kwh/year 22
0
500
LONG TERM ENERGY COSTS- 10 YEAR OUTLOOK LOCAL UTILITY COSTS SUN EDISON COSTS
YEAR 1
YEAR 5
YEAR 10
INCIDENT SOLAR IRRADIANCE
1 366.8 Kw/h
2 10'-0"
1 117.9 Kw/h
1 097.5 Kw/h
10'-0"
100 FT
748.1 Kw/h
948.7 Kw/h
TOTAL ENERGY RECEIVED IN A YEAR 8 564.208 773 9 kilowatt hour
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
1 Btu = 0.000 293 071 083 33 kilowatt hour
PV SOLAR ANALYSIS
0
243.5 Kw/h
2000000 BTU
Carbon Neutral {c+/-}House
0
681.7 Kw/h
3000000 BTU
514.2 Kw/h
4000000 BTU
192.0 Kw/h
5000000 BTU
1000000 BTU
50000
131.9 Kw/h
100000
186.19 Kw/h
150000
1 335.2 Kw/h
MONTHLY AVERAGE ENERGY RECEIVED ON A 100 FT 2
250000 200000
LONG TERM ENERGY COSTS- 10 YEAR OUTLOOK LOCAL UTILITY COSTS SUN EDISON COSTS
YEAR 1
YEAR 5
YEAR 10
PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFICIENCY COMPARISON 0° West
45°
South +Value azimuth
90° 0° 0° 90°
20° West of South
45° west of South 0°
90°
23
what is the pv demand?
1,239 kwh/year
440 kwh/year
77 kwh/year
536 kwh/year
137 kwh/year INCIDENT SOLAR IRRADIANCE
10'-0"
1 366.8 Kw/h
1 117.9 Kw/h
1 097.5 Kw/h
948.7 Kw/h
2
748.1 Kw/h
681.7 Kw/h
10'-0"
100 FT
1 Btu = 0.000 293 071 083 33 kilowatt hour
PV SOLAR ANALYSIS
0
TOTAL ENERGY RECEIVED IN A YEAR 8 564.208 773 9 kilowatt hour
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Carbon Neutral {c+/-}House
0
243.5 Kw/h
2000000 BTU
1000000 BTU
50000
514.2 Kw/h
3000000 BTU
100000
192.0 Kw/h
5000000 BTU
4000000 BTU
150000
131.9 Kw/h
1 335.2 Kw/h
MONTHLY AVERAGE ENERGY RECEIVED ON A 100 FT 2
250000 200000
186.19 Kw/h
940 kwh/year
LONG TERM ENERGY COSTS- 10 YEAR OUTLOOK LOCAL UTILITY COSTS SUN EDISON COSTS
YEAR 1
YEAR 5
YEAR 10
PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFICIENCY COMPARISON 0°
1200 kwh/year
West
45°
+Value azimuth
90° 0°
20° West of South
45° west of South 0°
24
South
0° 90°
90°
25
what is their performance? 40
Photovoltaic performance on a 0째 tilt. unisolar
35
mitsubishi first
30
wurth schott
25
shell
20
kyocera bp 7195
15
sanyo sun pwr
10 5 0 26
0째
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
T
40
Photovoltaic performance on a 0° tilt.
35
INCIDENT SOLAR IRRADIANCE
44° latitude 25
0
1 366.8 Kw/h
2 10'-0"
1 117.9 Kw/h
1 097.5 Kw/h
948.7 Kw/h
10'-0"
100 FT
748.1 Kw/h
681.7 Kw/h 243.5 Kw/h
TOTAL ENERGY RECEIVED IN A YEAR 8 564.208 773 9 kilowatt hour
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
1 Btu = 0.000 293 071 083 33 kilowatt hour
PV SOLAR ANALYSIS
0
2000000 BTU
Carbon Neutral {c+/-}House
50000
3000000 BTU
1000000 BTU
186.19 Kw/h
100000
514.2 Kw/h
5000000 BTU
4000000 BTU
200000 150000
192.0 Kw/h
1 335.2 Kw/h
MONTHLY AVERAGE ENERGY RECEIVED ON A 100 FT 2
250000
131.9 Kw/h
30
LONG TERM ENERGY COSTS- 10 YEAR OUTLOOK LOCAL UTILITY COSTS SUN EDISON COSTS
YEAR 1
YEAR 5
YEAR 10
PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFICIENCY COMPARISON 0° West
South +Value azimuth
SCHOTT PERFORMANCE
90° 0° 90°
20
40
45°
0°
20° West of South
45° west of South 0°
90°
15
35
KILOWATT PER HOUR
30 25 20 15
0 TILT
10
40 TILT 90 TILT
5 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
10 5 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
27
44째 latitude 40
Photovoltaic performance on a 40째 tilt. unisolar mitsubishi
35
first wurth
30
schott
25
shell kyocera
20
bp 7195 sanyo
15
sun pwr
10 5 0 28
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
T
40째
T
90째
30
Photovoltaic performance on a 90째 tilt. unisolar mitsubishi first
25
wurth schott
20
shell kyocera
15
bp 7195 sanyo
10
sun pwr
5 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 29
Unisolar Mitsubishi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
First Solar
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Sun Power
Sanyo
BP 7195
Kyocera
Shell
Schott
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Wurth Solar
amount of pv units to achieve household demand
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Here is a representation of the amount of photovoltaic modules units needed for a demand of 3,000 kwh per year according to the pv efficacy. This in particular is a 40° tilt facing south. The units on the graphic on the left represent a panel unit according to the specifications of the product manufacturer.
ovoltaic hotovoltaic taic Photovoltaic performance performance performance performance on aon 0°aon tilt. 0°aon tilt. 0°atilt. 0° tilt. unisolar unisolarunisolarunisolar mitsubishi mitsubishi mitsubishi mitsubishi first
first
first
first
INCIDENT SOLAR IRRADIANCE
wurth wurth wurth wurth 10'-0"
1 Btu = 0.000 293 071 083 33 kilowatt hour
0
PV SOLAR ANALYSIS
1 366.8 Kw/h
1 117.9 Kw/h
1 097.5 Kw/h
2
748.1 Kw/h
681.7 Kw/h
948.7 Kw/h
10'-0"
100 FT
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Carbon Neutral {c+/-}House
0
243.5 Kw/h
1000000 BTU
50000
186.19 Kw/h
100000
schott schott schott schott
TOTAL ENERGY RECEIVED IN A YEAR 8 564.208 773 9 kilowatt hour
2000000 BTU
514.2 Kw/h
3000000 BTU
192.0 Kw/h
4000000 BTU
150000
131.9 Kw/h
1 335.2 Kw/h
MONTHLY AVERAGE ENERGY RECEIVED ON A 100 FT 2
5000000 BTU
250000 200000
shell shell
shell shell
LONG TERM ENERGY COSTS- 10 YEAR OUTLOOK LOCAL UTILITY COSTS SUN EDISON COSTS
YEAR 1
YEAR 5
kyocerakyocerakyocerakyocera
YEAR 10
PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFICIENCY COMPARISON 0° West
45°
South +Value azimuth
90° 0° 0° 90°
20° West of South
45° west of South
Mitsubishi First Solar
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Sanyo
BP 7195
Kyocera
Shell
Schott
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
Sun Power
90°
bp 7195 bp 7195bp 7195 bp 7195
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Wurth Solar
Unisolar
0°
sanyo sanyo sanyo sanyo
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
sun pwr sun pwrsun pwrsun pwr (Energy Information Administration)
31
Photovoltaic Photovoltaic Photovoltaic Photovoltaic performance performance performance performance on aon 0°aon tilt. 0°aon tilt. 0°at how does PV 40affect architectural 40 40 40 35 35 35 35 design?
1 366.8 Kw/h
1 335.2 Kw/h
2 10'-0"
1 117.9 Kw/h
100 FT
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
1 Btu = 0.000 293 071 083 33 kilowatt hour
0
20 20 20 20
PV SOLAR ANALYSIS
0
Carbon Neutral {c+/-}House
1000000 BTU
50000
243.5 Kw/h
100000
748.1 Kw/h
1 097.5 Kw/h
10'-0"
2000000 BTU
131.9 Kw/h
948.7 Kw/h
TOTAL ENERGY RECEIVED IN A YEAR 8 564.208 773 9 kilowatt hour
681.7 Kw/h
3000000 BTU
514.2 Kw/h
4000000 BTU
150000
192.0 Kw/h
25 25 25 25
MONTHLY AVERAGE ENERGY RECEIVED ON A 100 FT 2
5000000 BTU
250000 200000
186.19 Kw/h
30 30 30 30
INCIDENT SOLAR IRRADIANCE
LONG TERM ENERGY COSTS- 10 YEAR OUTLOOK LOCAL UTILITY COSTS SUN EDISON COSTS
YEAR 1
YEAR 5
YEAR 10
PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFICIENCY COMPARISON 0° West
45°
South +Value azimuth
90° 0° 0° 90°
20° West of South
45° west of South
Mitsubishi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
First Solar Wurth Solar
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Shell Kyocera BP 7195 Sanyo Sun Power
10 10 10 10
90°
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
Schott
15 15 15 15
Unisolar
0°
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Here is a series of designs for a solar powered home developed by the School of Architecture at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. 5 5 5 5 University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Solar Decathlon Team 2008 0 0 0 SPRING 0
Jan Jan FebJan Feb Mar Jan Feb Mar Apr Feb Mar Apr May Mar Apr May Jun Apr May Jun JulMay Jun Jul Aug Jun Jul Aug SepJul Aug Sep Oct Aug Sep Oct No
32
The tilt and orientation of PV panels will have a large impact on the system efďŹ ciency.
33
Photovoltaic Photovoltaic Photovoltaic Photovoltaic performance performance performance performance on aon 0°aon tilt. 0°aon tilt. 0°at
40 40 40 40 35 35 35 35
2 10'-0"
1 366.8 Kw/h
243.5 Kw/h
100 FT
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
0
20 20 20 20
PV SOLAR ANALYSIS
0
1 Btu = 0.000 293 071 083 33 kilowatt hour
Carbon Neutral {c+/-}House
50000
1 117.9 Kw/h
1 097.5 Kw/h
10'-0"
2000000 BTU
1000000 BTU
748.1 Kw/h
948.7 Kw/h
TOTAL ENERGY RECEIVED IN A YEAR 8 564.208 773 9 kilowatt hour
681.7 Kw/h
3000000 BTU
150000 100000
131.9 Kw/h
4000000 BTU
200000
514.2 Kw/h
1 335.2 Kw/h
MONTHLY AVERAGE ENERGY RECEIVED ON A 100 FT 2
5000000 BTU
250000
192.0 Kw/h
25 25 25 25
INCIDENT SOLAR IRRADIANCE
186.19 Kw/h
30 30 30 30
LONG TERM ENERGY COSTS- 10 YEAR OUTLOOK LOCAL UTILITY COSTS SUN EDISON COSTS
YEAR 1
YEAR 5
YEAR 10
PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFICIENCY COMPARISON 0° West
45°
South +Value azimuth
90° 0° 0° 90°
20° West of South
45° west of South
Mitsubishi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
First Solar Wurth Solar
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Shell Kyocera
0
34
5
5
Sanyo
BP 7195
5
Sun Power
10 10 10 10
90°
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
Schott
15 15 15 15
Unisolar
0°
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5
0 0 0 Jan Jan FebJan Feb Mar Jan Feb Mar Apr Feb Mar Apr May Mar Apr May Jun Apr May Jun JulMay Jun Jul Aug Jun Jul Aug SepJul Aug Sep Oct Aug Sep Oct No
J 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 30 63 97 am noon 113 111 pm 106 88 50 17 1 0 0 0 0 0 pm 0 mid am
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 51 90 120 136 150 140 116 76 40 8 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 5 33 71 107 151 179 188 179 150 107 63 22 2 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 6 31 70 114 156 187 208 209 199 178 130 78 36 8 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 10 44 87 137 170 204 222 220 197 175 146 100 56 16 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 16 56 107 158 197 219 235 224 215 199 163 112 67 25 3 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 11 44 93 136 174 197 232 233 211 187 155 112 70 24 3 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 4 28 70 118 169 208 202 206 212 180 136 94 47 13 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 17 57 104 148 173 196 191 170 150 115 66 20 3 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 7 34 80 125 152 167 155 141 116 76 32 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 41 76 104 120 122 104 78 42 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 26 55 78 92 92 89 62 33 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
1-100
101-250
Washington D.C.
Mean Hourly Global Horizontal Radiation (Btu/ft2)
>250
J 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 32 64 92 am noon 104 107 pm 90 64 32 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 pm 0 mid am
0
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 16 47 87 118 129 136 121 89 57 21 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 10 43 82 114 146 155 152 144 118 81 41 11 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 10 44 91 127 156 189 188 193 175 144 105 64 26 4 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 3 24 61 111 152 174 202 219 230 202 177 146 94 48 12 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 6 33 74 127 164 202 233 237 236 217 199 151 109 61 23 3 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 3 22 63 104 144 182 213 216 231 215 187 157 111 63 21 2 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 11 45 87 135 181 200 223 211 196 168 133 86 41 9 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 4 27 68 107 144 166 185 190 170 139 96 52 12 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 10 42 80 111 136 147 142 118 86 49 16 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 2 16 44 72 92 97 94 79 51 23 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 28 53 75 84 76 69 46 18 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1-100
101-250
Milwaukee
Mean Hourly Global Horizontal Radiation (Btu/ft2)
>250
35
Sun Power
monthly energy production in kw/h 35 32
30 28
kw/h
25
29
25 22
20
19
15 10
31
15 10
15
9
8
5 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
The photovoltaic array in the case of the design for the solar decathlon conceived as a collective product is integrated onto the roof as an operable surface. The same is intended to tilt in order to achieve the maximum efďŹ ciency. In this particular design the array is estimated to produce about 12,000 kwh per year. Cloudy skies or scattered solar radiation condition have not been considered. Actual energy production may vary.
250000 200000 150000 100000 50000
36
0
PHOTOVOLTAICS
FRAME WORK
FRAME WORK BATHROOM AREA ROOF KITCHEN ISLAND
DROPPED CEILING SHELVING UNIT
BUILT IN STORAGE
RAIN SCREEN
MECHANICAL SIP CONSTRUCTION
GUARD RAIL
MULLION DECK
MULLION INFILL
DUAL SHELVING UNIT
SWING DOORS GARDEN WALL
SHADES
MAIN RAMP
FRONT LAWN LOW-E GLAZING FLAT PLATE SOLAR COLLECTORS
BASE STANDS
37
architectural applications for pv devices
Technisque Universitat Darmstadt solar house design for the Solar Decathlon competition. Here the photovoltaic cells are incorporated on the shading devices serving a dual operation. On the next page the relationship of different shading devices and its possible connection to a pv system.
38
39
South 0째 Tilt (Horizontal) January December
5000
February
4000 3000
November
March
2000 1000
October
April
September
May
August
June July
40
0째
T
Architecturally integrated pvs are very common applications. The there is also a direct relationship with the types of heating system. Solar-thermal being one example. On the left different design and shading strategies designed by UW-Milwaukee School of Architecture students. Design for the 2009 Solar Decathlon competition.
41
South 20째 Tilt January December
5000
February
4000 3000
November
March
2000 1000
October
April
September
May August
June July
Daylight (fc) 185.00 180.00 175.00 170.00
Using the EIS software you can have a graphic representation of the amount of footcandles transmitted if the space. 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00
42
20°
67°
68°
61°
80°
70°
90°
60° 50° 39° 29°
40°
30°
23° 20°
December
November
October
August
June
May
April
March
February
0°
September
10°
January
The graph on the right represents the relationship between the tilts and angle of incidence In this case the angle of the sun in relationship to a pv at a 90° tilt in the winter will be equivalent to a horizontal surface (0° tilt) when the summer. Note results for pv production on page 23.
61°
July
T
43
20 20 20 20
YEAR 1
YEAR 5
YEAR 10
PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFICIENCY COMPARISON 0° West
45°
South +Value azimuth
90° 0° 0° 90°
20° West of South
45° west of South 0°
Mitsubishi First Solar
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
BP 7195
Kyocera
Shell
Schott
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
Wurth Solar
Unisolar
15 15 15 15
5 0
5
5
Sun Power
Sanyo
10 studies 10 10 10 solar decathlon studio case
90°
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
T
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
40°
5
0 0 0 Jan Jan FebJan Feb Mar Jan Feb Mar Apr Feb Mar Apr May Mar Apr May Jun Apr May Jun JulMay Jun Jul Aug Jun Jul Aug SepJul Aug Sep Oct Aug Sep Oct Nov SO
South 40° Tilt January December
According to different studies of the pv manufacturers and their performance here is represented one of the most productive solar units in a 40° tilt facing south. Also is displayed the solar radiation reflected in that surface condition.
5000
February
4000 3000
November
March
2000 1000
October
April
September
44
May August
June July
Sun Power
monthly energy production in kw/h 30
30
30
30
28 26
25 23
24
26 23
20 kw/h
19 16
15
15
10
5
0
T
40째
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
45
T
90째
Sun Power
monthly energy production in kw/h 25 22 20
20
19
19 17
kw/h
15
17 15
14
15
20
South 90째 Tilt (Vertical)
16
January
16
December
3000
February
2500 2000
November
March
1500
10
1000 500
October
5
46
0
April
September
May August
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
June July
40 40 40 40 35 35 35 35 209
0
200
5 0
255
5 244 250 5
10'-0"
286 289 290
PV SOLAR ANALYSIS
1 366.8 Kw/h
1 335.2 Kw/h
1 117.9 Kw/h
1 097.5 Kw/h
948.7 Kw/h
748.1 Kw/h
131.9 Kw/h
243.5 Kw/h
186.19 Kw/h
2
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
1 Btu = 0.000 293 071 083 33 kilowatt hour
0
Carbon Neutral {c+/-}House
0
100 FT
LONG TERM ENERGY COSTS- 10 YEAR OUTLOOK LOCAL UTILITY COSTS SUN EDISON COSTS
YEAR 1
YEAR 5
YEAR 10
PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFICIENCY COMPARISON 0° West
45°
South +Value azimuth
90° 0° 0° 90°
20° West of South
45° west of South
290 288
Unisolar
0°
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Shell
285 279
10 273
90°
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Mitsubishi
15
50000
Schott
20
10'-0"
2000000 BTU
1000000 BTU
First Solar
281
TOTAL ENERGY RECEIVED IN A YEAR 8 564.208 773 9 kilowatt hour
681.7 Kw/h
3000000 BTU
100000
514.2 Kw/h
4000000 BTU
200000 150000
Kyocera
20
production of a single 20 20 20 SunPower pv panel facing south in 15 15 tilt 15 different conditions. measured in 10 10 10 kw/h
MONTHLY AVERAGE ENERGY RECEIVED ON A 100 FT 2
5000000 BTU
250000
BP 7195
40
268
Solar25 energy 25 25 25275
192.0 Kw/h
30 30 30 30 248 258
60
INCIDENT SOLAR IRRADIANCE
Sanyo
80
TILT
236
Wurth Solar
223
Sun Power
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
T
40°
264
5
300
0 0 0 Jan Jan FebJan Feb Mar Jan Feb Mar Apr Feb Mar Apr May Mar Apr May Jun Apr May Jun JulMay Jun Jul Aug Jun Jul Aug SepJul Aug Sep Oct Aug Sep Oct Nov Se ON
According to the tilt of the building integrated photovoltaics there is an impact on the design of the architecture. Here is the different responses of the wind according to the physical form of the building. There is also a relationship of temperature and human comfort.
47
References Brown DeKay, Sun, Wind and Light, Architectural Design Strategies, 2nd ed. Wiley & Sons, 2001. Dirk U. Hindrichs,Klaus Daniels ,Plus Plus minus 20째/40째 latitude, latitude ed. Axel Menges, Stuttgard/London. 2007. Alison G. Kwok,AIA+Walter T. Groundzik,PE, The Green Studio Handbook, McGraw-Hill ed. 2007. Ken Yeang, Ecodesign A manual for Ecological Design, Wiley Academy ed. 2006. Olgyay & Olgyay, Solar Control and Shading devices, devices Princeton University Press 1957. Mattew Buresch, Photovoltaic Energy Systems Design and Installation, Installation McGray-Hill ed. 1976. Edward Mazria, The Passive Solar Energy Book, Book Library of congress,1979. Stein,Reynolds,Grondzik,knok, Mechanical and Electrical Equipments for Buildings. Buildings Wiley & Sons, 2006 Energy Information Administration,, http://www.eia.doe.gov/ U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Laboratory http://www.nrel.gov/ Michael D. Utzinger, Building Integrated Photovoltaics, Photovoltaics Spreadsheet.
48