List of acronyms
--------------
---
--
--
-- -
--
- - - --- -
- - - --- -
---- - -
----
----- - -
----- - - -
----
Infrastructure
Disposal
production phase operation phase maintenance phase
5 grams CO2e /km
11 kilocalories
16 grams CO2e/km
CO2e
21 grams of
6g
CO2e/km 22 grams
42 g/km
229g
CO2e per passenger-kilometre
271 g
6g per passenger-kilometre
95g
101 g CO2e per passenger-kilometre
year
94 billion kilometres per
5 to 11% of the overall target
tonnes of CO2e millions of tonnes CO2e
24 millions of
target
57 to 125% of the transport
11 12 to 26% of the target reduction set for the transport sector
3 to 6% share of EU-15 Kyoto protocol commitments
of crude oil 6.4 billion EUR / year
85 million barrels
reduce EU oil importations by 9%
energy the transport system as a whole
rebound effect
transport vehicles
most if not all projections and scenarios conclude that improvements in vehicles and fuels will not be able to achieve EU-long term climate change objectives
silver buckshot silver bullet
shorter trips yet still arrive at the same destination
not
hypothetical immediately available
marginal
important co-benefits
trips because of a destination switch:
shorter
change of destination
Multimodality
Inter-modality
Co-modality
Cycling helps increase the uptake of public transport
BSSs were a substitute for motorised transport for 52% to 77% of users
car trips of greater distances catalysts for more cycling
BSSs can replace
kilometres this difference extends to 75%
22% more For commuters,
average distance is 56% higher
pedelec
commuting
39% of pedelec trips replacing bicycle trips and 41% replacing car trips
complementary policy instruments to constrain demand
Policy options to limit the rebound effect not on its own a sufficient condition for delivering GHG reductions
policy instruments cheaper improved fuel efficiency encourage further growth
many
Federation
European
Cyclists’
studiogoffin.be