RAW SPACE HOUSING by Carolin Franke

RAW SPACE HOUSING MASTER THESIS CAROLIN FRANKE AALTO UNIVERISTY 2014

LIGHT ART WORK SILO 468 art project in Kruunuvuorenranta

CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION

3 5 7

PART I - BACKGROUND REFERENCE PROJECTS Grundbau und Siedler - BeL Associates Tila - Talli architects, Helsinki

10 16

INTERVIEWS

PART II - THESIS DESIGN SITE ANALYSIS RAW SPACE HOUSING CONCEPT THE BUILDING Architecture Functions Building Process Area Calculation Floor plans Development of Apartment Types Construction

32 44

EPILOGUE APPENDIX

77 78

48 50 52 55 56 60 70

THESIS DESIGN section/elevation

ABSTRACT Based on the idea of providing residents with a living space equipped with only the absolute minimum, the raw-space housing concept allows housing to be customized according to the buyers specific needs and wants.

Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture Author Carolin Franke Title Raw space housing Date 11.11.2014 Department Department of Architecture Academic Chair Housing Design Chair Code A-52 Supervisor Hannu Huttunen Instructor Pia Ilonen Pages 79 Keywords raw-space, housing, CLT, wooden multi-storey buildings

This thesis observes that the housing landscape in Finland remains rather traditional and predominantly caters to the nuclear family model. It is argued that the current housing supply is very generic, often failing in allowing self-fulfilment of the residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; needs. Different lifestyles and family models try to be served by standardized housing design, despite the needs of society continuing to change. Meanwhile, throughout the past decades many people have harboured, somewhat idyllic dreams about having their very own single-family home in the suburbs, achieved by maintaining a steady and safe job. Nowadays, work- and family-life is constantly evolving, patchwork families and alternating professional lives are important factors in our society, along with housing design. In addition, more and more people are wishing to live in the city, one that allows a strong social network to develop and provides a transport infrastructure that fosters personal independence. There is an increasing desire for urban living, along with a need for individuality, flexibility, and a strong sense of community. This thesis proposes a strategy of urban housing design that provides affordable and highly adaptable housing. Based on the idea of providing residents with a living space equipped with only the absolute minimum, the raw-space housing concept allows housing to be customized according to the buyers specific needs and wants. Future residents are then able to build their kitchen, bedrooms, work places etc. on their own, with an adequate amount of guidance. This concept not only allows the most suitable floor plan for the specific resident, but also additionally creates a rewarding feeling by the Do-It-Yourself (DIY) process. The sensation of achieving self-made housing could strengthen the personal character, the community and possibly the family-life. The concept will be introduced by two reference projects. Both works are very game changing and served as inspiration for this Thesis. The building design is situated in Kruunuvuorenranta, a new housing area currently under development, in Eastern Helsinki. Located directly at the arrival of the future Kruunuvuorensilta bridge and overlooking the lower town houses, the apartment building will have a spectacular view over the Baltic Sea towards the Helsinki City centre.

Fig.1 KRUUNUVUORENRANTA before oil silo removal

INTRODUCTION “ A puffy block of flats with five to eight stories and as many apartments per stair landing as possible is what fulfills the requirement of today's market economy realism.” 1 The Finnish housing market currently appears very monotonous; and in recent years, housing companies seem to have traded diversity for standardization.This is highlighted by the construction of countless buildings that must be as efficient as possible in terms of cost, any extra space has seemingly been eliminated, while the use of repetitive elements and low ceiling heights is seen as being good and cheap in the eyes of increasingly corporate construction companies. Recently the city of Helsinki has begun to support different kinds of housing concepts, such as co-op housing in multistory housing blocks. Likewise, the fact that Helsinki city has been supporting the “Tila” project in Arabianranta (p.17-21) is a good sign for changing their target towards diversification in housing architecture. The importance lies in the continuation of these alternative concepts. These projects shouldn't stay experimental but rather become a natural part of housing culture nowadays. After meeting Pia Ilonen in Berlin in 2013, where she had been presenting the raw space concept as part of the IBA Berlin 2020, I was given the opportunity to deepen my knowledge about the raw space-housing concept and develop it further in this Master Thesis. The project in Kruunuvuorenranta will be realized by her Helsinki based practice Arkkitehtuuri- ja muotoilutoimisto Talli Oy together with EKE group as developer. This Thesis is an independent work which will be used as a research for the development of the upcoming project; subsequently highlighting how the raw space housing concept can be adapted to an existing urban design structure by the city’s planning work.

PART I - Background

COMPETITION ENTRY BeL associates, IBA Hamburg 2013

Reference Project

GRUNDBAU SIEDLER

- BeL Associates, Cologne LOCATION Hamburg, Germany SIZE FA 1.600m², GFA 1.300m² COSTS approx. 2,2Mio € APARTMENT SIZE 30-150m² CONSTRUCTION PERIOD Feb 2012 – Mar 2013 ARCHITECT BeL Associates, Cologne, Germany INVESTOR PRIMUS developments GmbH, Hamburg PARTNER BUILDING MATERIALS Xella International GmbH, Delmes Heitmann GmbH&Co.

Fig.3

OVERVIEW The housing market in Germany asks for new solutions. The traditional family model is no longer the status quo, with studies2 showing that the future homeowners will more likely fall into the medium to low income category, meaning housing must adapt to these changes. At present, residents must make various compromises and adapt their living behaviour to the apartment available, taking a passive approach toward their living environment, which can result in feelings of dissatisfaction with the process. By addressing these concerns, the ”Grundbau und Siedler” project lowers the barrier for people to get their own condominium. The concept of “Grundbau und Siedler” not only allows building costs to be lowered by a substantial amount, but also stimulates future inhabitants for future self-determined actions. “Settlers” can participate as tenant or and get involved economically and socially through personal contribution. The project is designed to function entirely without any government aid. It can either be realized by a community as a co-housing project or driven by a private investor.

1ST FLOOR entrance level and garage

2ND TO 5TH FLOOR possible floor plan development

MODEL KIT experimental model kit for future inhabitants

Fig.4

“GRUNDBAU” floor plan 1st phase before settler occupies the space

IBA 2013 HAMBURG The project is situated in Wilhelmsburg in Hamburg, Germany. Along with several other quarters, Wilhelmsburg forms a separate island within Hamburg. The area is well connected to the city centre by public transportation and is currently site for several IBA projects. "Grundbau und Siedler” by BeL associates was part of the IBA (international architecture exhibition) Hamburg in 2013 and came under the ”smart price housing” category. The aim of this category was to highlight new solutions for housing in an urban surrounding that utilised low-cost building materials, while supporting the community feeling that is synonymous with co-housing projects. Affordable housing for everyone! The idea of several smart house projects was to create a prototype building, which can be adapted to different urban surroundings and cities. A primary strategy for this concept was to profit from existing knowledge of systems building and prefab solutions in a combination with people’s initiative of building themselves. INSPIRATION The main inspiration for the architects was Le Corbusier’s housing prototype in 1914: La Maison Dom-ino. His model proposed an open floor plan consisting of concrete slabs supported by reinforced concrete columns. This system eliminated load-bearing walls and the supporting beams for the ceiling. The resulting open floor plan offers ideal circumstances for a mixture of functions as well as a base for continuous building, alteration and dis-assembly. The architects do not define the room program in the future apartment, in which there are 50% more installation shafts than usual in order to allow for the highest degree of flexibility. CONCEPT The ”Grundbau und Siedler” project is realized in two phases. First comes the ”Grundbau”, the building fabric: load bearing structure (ceilings, pillars) are realized along with the main technical installations, building laterals etc., as well as staircases, storage rooms and workshops in the ground floor. On the second step ”Siedler”, the settler comes in. They receive a highly flexible floor plan, an open facade, before continuing the process independently. Through the large independent construction work undertaken by the future inhabitants during the second phase of the building process

the architects managed to lower the total building costs by 20%. The building consists of up to twelve apartments with apartments reaching from 30 to 150m2 in size. The building fabric has a vertical circulation core in the centre of the fivestory structure. Common workshop spaces, garages, and staircase entries are situated on the ground floor. This space is ready to be taken over by the settler, as the outside space is not clearly defined by a certain function. Car parking is available, however this also needs to be solved by neighbours interacting with each other to form a common agreement. 1st PHASE – THE BUILDING SHELL The building fabric is based on a slab pillar system, with a central concrete staircase acting as the lateral support. Furthermore, there are several installation shafts spread throughout the entire plan, providing settlers with the ability to freely arrange their floor plans well into the future. The building shell allows for up to four small apartments per floor or to simply be used as one large unit. The Dom-ino prototype has its difficulties being adapted in Germany, as the requirements for insulation are very high. The architects tried to address this problem by inhabitants taking responsibility of their own insulation. The reason for inhabitants having to separately insulate their floors and ceilings is to allow for the units to be used independently from each other. These aspects allow for a spatial and temporary independence of ”filling” the building; along with a high flexibility in apartment types and sizes, and sheltered outside spaces. In reality, this step was too much for most people as a DIY project. The fear of making mistakes was too big and as a result the majority of people paid a professional for this task. Inner construction was kept rather simple, with brick inner walls being constructed as an easy and efficient way of dealing with this low-cost project. All slabs are surrounded by a railing before being handed over to the new owners. These railings also eliminate the need to construct scaffolding during the new settlers’ construction phase, by spanning a net along them; after completiton they will then serve as balconies in the future. Each floor consists of four apartment accesses. Those that are unrequired will be closed with bricks and are easily reactivated in the future.

FACADE realized

PLANNING meeting with future inhabitants

Fig.5

FACADE illustration by BeL associates

2nd PHASE – THE SETTLERS During the project mainly two floor plan options have evolved. Type 1 follows a concept of neutral-use-rooms by skipping the hallway, meaning rooms are connected and can have their usage switched throughout, as the inhabitants needs change. This makes it even easier for inhabitants to grow, change and shrink in their own home in addition to the possibilities of taking down walls and changing the apartment on a larger scale of course. Flexibility is created by re-utilization/ re-purposing rather than by building alteration! Type 2 follows the principle of a generous and open common space. Spaces will be defined by the users and furnishing. Every member of the family will create their own space and the flexibility is very high as well. After purchase the settlers receive the entire building package on the first day. This includes all the building materials required for a basic settlers apartment, along with a guide book explaining how to build a brick wall, install insulation or measure correctly from one room to another. Technically, users won’t need any previous building experience. Xella, who was project partner, supported the inhabitants with their products alongside specialists on site. To help figure out which kind of floor plan would best suit the occupants needs, the architects helped them construct a 1:50 scale model during the planning phase. It wasn’t compulsory to get the building package and one could completely improvise if desired, however, this offer wasn’t taken up by any of the users. INHABITANTS The search for settlers began in 2011, resulting in thirty potential residents showing interest. The final users were selected by the architects and investors, with the goal being to find people interested more in the DIY part, rather than in simply purchasing a cheap property. Some people would have preferred to purchase a ready-made package, which wasn’t the initial idea of the project. Throughout the building process, and also after completion, it was essential that there was regular contact and communication between the neighbours. A shortfall in the number of interested buyers, led to the investor deciding to construct the outer walls of the not purchased apartment, in the hope of making it easier to market.

CONCLUSION The wish for building the whole package on their own appeared as a too big job for most tenants, most of them mainly wanted to realize the interior space. Also concerning installations etc. the project has been too challenging. Wet spaces have to be approved by professional builders anyways, which seems to make more sense to realize in form of buying the whole bathroom package from a construction company in first place. It was originally proposed that the façade would be built of highly insulated lightweight building blocks, which would not require any extra insulation. In the end concrete walls with a plaster finish were realized. The architects defined the facade structure, but the guidebook tells several possibilities of adding and changing those facades, for example by adding a wooden cladding or letting plants grow or whatever. In the end the residents preferred to live in a neat looking white building instead of a façade mix. As this wasn’t what the architects where hoping for as an outcome of the project, they had asked each party to pick a colour and paint the façade to make it stand out from standard project. A decision that is questionable. The key issues on the DIY building process have been crystallized: Firstly, the settlers need professional instructions in form of the guidebook and sufficient product information; secondly, they need professional guidance and showcases by craftsmen; and thirdly, easy to use materials must be used. The process needs to be as simple as possible so the chance for mistakes will be very low, while the level of success and achievement will be high. The ”Grundbau und Siedler” project lowers the barrier for people to get their own housing property. The project can be applied to pretty much any city and simple needs a suitable piece of land as well as an investor or building group. The inhabitants own manpower saves 20% of the actual cost.

TILA exterior

Reference Project

TILA – Talli architects, Helsinki SIZE FA 4.360m², GFA 3.050m² (+ max. 1.780m² gallery space) COSTS not specified APARTMENTS 39 units, size: 50 – 200m² CONSTRUCTION PERIOD 1st phase 2007- 09, 2nd phase 2010ARCHITECT Talli Architects, Helsinki, Finland CONSTRUCTOR SATO-Rakennuttajat, Helsinki LIGHT ART INSTALLATION Jaakko Niemelä, Helena Hietanen

Fig.7

OVERVIEW The ”Tila” neo-loft3 housing project in Helsinki by Talli Architects is an urban solution to the wish of a single-family house. Talli Architects provide the future tenants with 5m high ”rawspace units” of either 50m² or 102m². Tila apartments are inhabitable when handed over to the tenant, therefore the units provided are equipped with a bathroom and technical installation connections for the kitchen, the rest is up to the residents. Everybody gets the opportunity to develop their apartment according to their own pace and budget.

170

3rd FLOOR UPPERFLOOR residents floor plan solutions

a-a_1-200

SECTION residents solutions

tila_kalustettu pohja 3.krs_1-200

3rd FLOOR residents floor plan solutions

Fig.8

tila_kalustettu pohja 3.krs yl채osa_1-200

LOCATION The neo-loft housing project is situated in Arabianranta, a residential area in the Northern part of Helsinki. The building is close to the beach area and is well connected to the city centre as well as other parts of the city. INSPIRATION Just like the previously introduced project ”Grundbau and Siedler” by BeL associates, Talli architects based their project on the DIY idea. Both projects are following the open building idea of support and infill developed by the Dutch architect and theorist John Habraken. The inspiration derived from townhouses in Netherlands as well as the New York loft housing movement. In addition Architect Pia Ilonen got inspired by a common German thing to do. You bring your own kitchen to an apartment and you take it with you when leaving to the next, which is a very unusual idea in Finnish housing. Different to the ”Grundbau und Siedler” project in Germany, which was part of an architecture exhibition and funded via that. Talli architects had to make it on their own, following the official and legal planning process. Pia Ilonen, founder and partner at Talli, had the vision to get her raw-space concept through to realization. A path that wasn’t made easy for her, as both developers and construction companies didn’t believe in the concept – ” […] too Russian, […] not marketable, […] statutes and regulations would prohibit it.4” After approaching the city officials and receiving a building site, she finally managed to find a builder who was interested in the project. The project is being realized in two phases. 1st PHASE - SUPPORT During the first phase the building envelope, load bearing structure, facades, and HVAC installations were built. In addition the vertical circulation is realized, as well as storage spaces and common rooms throughout the building. The installation shafts are being prepared for the apartments and the bathrooms built. The tenants have an influence on the bathroom design after being shown several possible solutions by the architect; the final bathrooms were then prefabricated.

The building although very modularized, was constructed in a conventional manner using prefab concrete elements, bricks and steel. Every apartment has their own private terrace. The apartment shape differs a bit on the top floor. The windows are placed on both sides of the building and allow a large variety of floor plan solutions with natural lighting. Located on the ground floor is the access level, with the apartments being accessed through staircases, elevators and access balconies. Access balconies are not very common in Nordic Countries due to the climate, but don’t seem to cause any problems in regard to this project. Artist Jaakko Niemelä designed the lighting along the access balconies that reacts to people’s movement and gives a nice touch to the rather rough surrounding environment. Also located on the ground floor are a laundry room, storage spaces, a garbage room, and working spaces that continue to an apartment on the second floor. The office has an external entrance in addition to the apartment entrance. That apartment could technically reach out over three levels if the tenants decide to build a upper level. On the top floor sits the sauna, a common room and a common terrace. 2nd PHASE - INFILL After the first phase is built. The inhabitant can move in. The building consists of 50m2 units, which can be purchased either as a single unit or additionally with a second unit of 50m2, allowing two possible apartment sizes in this project. The height of one unit is 5m, which allows second level and additional square metres to be built. It would technically be possible to live in the apartment without any further additions; ”A mattress and an espresso machine à la New York loft housing” (Pia Ilonen) in its beginning would have been enough. But during the project, not very surprisingly, all the inhabitants began building immediately, as the DIY ambition was very high. The inhabitants had the possibility to get the second level realized by SATO during the first phase, which about half of them did. Others built everything themselves.

MAIN STAIRCASE

1KRS STUDIO-APARTMENT COMBINATION moment of purchase

100m2 UNIT moment of purchase

Fig.9

100m2 UNIT moment of purchase

As the inhabitants were required to follow the Finnish building code, some inhabitants hired architects for the realization of their individual home, while some went it alone. As a support, the architects provided them with a booklet outlining current laws and regulations concerning construction in the apartment. Handing the apartment over as a raw-space allows tenants to identify highly with their future home. A great aspect is also, that each inhabitant (of one unit) can choose freely how much to achieve in a DIY manner and how much money to spend. Some apartments have been realized in a very ”normal” personal style others turned out a lot more luxurious. The apartment suits any budget and any time schedule, which allows a great mixture of people to evolve in the building and grow together. The community also played a very important part throughout the entire process. Neighbours ended up meeting and discussing their plans, while some people ordered material together. Nowadays the community spirit still remains strong. The floor plans turned out very differently, suiting individual needs. However, the majority decided to create some spacious areas with the total 5m height, an idea that for sure makes a project of this scale very unique in Helsinki. INHABITANTS The DIY philosophy allows for a large variety of people with different backgrounds and budget to purchase a raw-space. As the personal belief in Pia Ilonen’s own idea was still not strong enough, in order to believe that there would actually be people interested in this project, she first had to put together a list before the building project went on the public market. Much to the surprise of the city officials and building companies, there were almost 2,000 people interested in purchasing one of the units.The apartment distribution was handled by a email application system. First come first served. A lot of the interested people originally gathered didn’t manage to get an apartment, as the rush was too big. CONCLUSION Overall the project achieved a high level of satisfaction among the users. Marking a big step forward on the Finnish housing market. The building is realized in a very contemporary manner and could possibly even work with more prefab elements, or perhaps a more sustainable alternative to concrete elements. The raw-space allows inhabitants to take over right away

without scaring them off. The concept seems to work slightly better than the ”Grundbau und Siedler” as a prototype where people have been a bit intimidated of taking over highly important features of the building, such as insulation and the facade. As a conclusion it can be assumed that people aren’t looking for the feeling of building a whole house by themselves, but instead can achieve the same feeling of pride in their own work on a smaller scale. This feeling of pride can be achieved by inhabitants building the interior of an apartment or perhaps just participating on the deign part independently of what their neighbours are doing.

MOUHU finished apartment

PULKKINEN finished apartment

HAAHTI/ KUPIAINEN finished apartment

Fig.10

MOUHU taping of future floorplan

INTERVIEWS Five families were interviewed during the fall of 2014 living in the "Tila" building introduced as a reference project. It is important to have their voices heard in order to support the realizability of the raw space housing concept.

Last year we had a very nice Christmas party. It was open house, so you had a candle in front of your apartment if you want to invite people in. We went like a caravan from floor to floor to see peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s apartments. It was great to see the variety of solutions, especially when people built themselves.

Ulla Tarma and her husband are living with their two 11 and 14 year old children in a 80mÂ˛ apartment on the top floor of the Tila building. They decided to hire an Interior Architect to plan their future apartment.

You have not been provided with floor plan solutions when you began your planning phase. Do you think it would have helped you?

Why did you hire an interior architect? As me and my husband are not experienced at all with constructing and building we thought it would be the most convenient and economical solution for us to hire an professional. What was the main reason for you to join this project? Probably the fact of getting a tailor-made apartment. But also seeing what it is like to build something and have some influence on that process. We have all the time been living in rental apartments, which always meant compromises. Sometimes there was a bedroom too little or the kitchen was too small, there was always something that we couldn't change. Would you adjust the apartment when you live situation changes, e.g. children moving out or rather move to a new place? I think we would stay; at least this is how we feel now. We would probably move our bedroom upstairs and open up the whole upstairs. Moving is always very expensive. It seems smarter to invest the money in this apartment instead of investing in moving and finding a place. How important is the community within the building for you? Quite important, we usually have a couple of occasions during the year where we meet. But we also sometimes invite people over for dinner.

No. I don't think so. For us it was already a lot of information, many things to decide, that we were not used to deciding so, maybe at that time I am not sure if it would have helped us. It would have probably confused us more on what we want and need in the apartment. It already felt a bit much for us. How do you like the way you enter the apartment via the access balcony, does it cause problems in the winter? Yes, a lot of snow. But we shovel it, also from the terrace. That's like in the single-family house. Many of the neighbours do it as well so we never have a problem. Somebody is always doing it. And I like it. I like that we have to do a little bit ourselves. I don't mind.

Petri Mouhu is living with his wife, 11year old daughter and cat in a 100mÂ˛ loft on the 3rd floor of Tila. Taping was his personal and very successful strategy to develop a suitable apartment for him and his family. How did you end up on the project? We used to live in the Cable Factory in a loft5 apartment. That was the starting point for us. We were living there nine years in a rental apartment, but then we started to think that we would like to buy our own property. We tried to find a suitable apartment, but if you are used to a four meter ceiling height most normal apartments just feel too tight. We joined the lottery system and were lucky to get this apartment. How does this project differ to you from buying a finished apartment?

Did you build everything yourself, including the upper floor? No, I hired a constructor to build the upper level. It was a warranty issue for me. As we are planning to sell the apartment at some point, maybe after ten or twenty years it felt safer to have official papers for it. Apart from that I built almost everything myself. It is very easy to build up walls and fit some doors and windows in, even without prior experience. Did you ever consider the responsibility of planning everything yourself being too much? No, it was quite easy. After all it's just drawing boxes. We were really happy, it's a nice concept and if things are not the right way your are to blame yourself, and then you just change it.

It's a different concept and for us the DIY aspect was very important. In this way you make the apartment your own. Actually our initial idea was to develop this loft in four pieces. And we almost succeeded to realize it like that together with the kitchen firm Puustelli who were really interested in this project. If I want I can take Âź of the upper floor away and it doesn't impact the overall structure. Or I can even take half of it away. I don't know yet if I would like to do that but there is a possibility. We also have lightweight stairs, which makes it really easy to move them. We have a lot of different ideas for the apartment and I know I could realize them very easily if I wanted to.

How about the second life of the apartment? Do you think there are still a lot of opportunities for the next inhabitants?

Did you hire an architect or designer?

Yes, but I personally would be willing to invest into the flexibility of the apartment instead of buying an apartment from the market where I don't like the floor plan at all. And it won't cost that much to do changes in here.

No. We designed it ourselves. Although it was difficult in the beginning to imagine what rooms would feel like, just by looking at the picture. So, I decided to tape the outlines of the walls on the floor in the beginning [see picture on left]. It was hard to start thinking, how would I design this apartment and the question of how do you feel the space. What is the difference between 2m or 1,5m? How does it feel? We wanted a lot of space. Nowadays apartments are quite tight and it's frustrating. Taping helped a lot.

Personally, I don't think the main idea would be lost. In my opinion it would be an excellent selling argument to show the possibilities and flexibility of the important. They could still increase the floor area of this apartment. And the walls are easy to remove etc. They don't have to accept our design; they can change whatever they want. Of course the price of the apartment wouldn't be as affordable anymore!

Juhani Pulkkinen, at the moment chairman of the board of the house and his wife Livia are living in a 100m² apartment on the 3rd floor of the building. Juhanni has been previously living in a loft apartment in Helsinki and both like to spend time in their Tallinn loft. Why did you decide to apply for an apartment from this building? I have been living about 15 years in an old factory building in Kruununhaka, which was turned into a loft. We had a floor area of 130m², two bedrooms but otherwise one open space and a room height of 3,5m. I became so used to the large room height that I couldn't imagine to live in a low space anymore Why did you move out? There were personal changes but also because we are not getting any younger. We wanted to move into a building with an elevator, and we didn't have that in the previous apartment. The stairs in the apartment are not a problem at the moment but maybe in ten or twenty years we will build a private lift in here. It's very easy to make, I already discussed it with my brother who is in the lift business. Was the raw space a challenge for you? No, it was ok as my previous apartment was empty as well. This is why I wasn't afraid to do everything myself. Did you hire an interior designer? Yes, an architect. The upper floor structure we got from SATO. Downstairs we now consider finished, but the upstairs area is still a bit unfinished. We are not in a hurry. And the apartment functions well the way it is. What is your favourite part of the apartment? This table [large table in open living space], everybody likes to sit here. It is made of the planks of an old Finnish churches floor, over three hundred years old. I bough it from my friend. I like that I can walk around, have a stroll in my living room and think.

Would it make a difference to you if you move into a finished loft compared to the raw space? To me the “loft“ is supposed to be individual, it comes from the history. A hundred apartments, which all look the same are not lofts to me. Originally people occupied old factory buildings and made it themselves. I don't see the point in ready-made lofts. In here you can fulfil your own wishes, and change it if you want. We always could change something. What if it wouldn't be a loft but just a one-story apartment? Couldn't it work the same? Yes, perhaps. I have been living in a one-story loft before, with a ceiling height of 3,5m and it was nice. Then we just had small steps here and there. In Estonia we have a loft apartment with a height of 3,8m which is on 1 ½ stories and really nice as well. You are describing lofts, which follow the classic movement, of people occupying old factories. How does it feel to have this space in a new building? It was really difficult for some of my friends to understand. If you move into a new building why wouldn't it be finished? Of course usually you can decide about the wallpaper and the floor material but here you can do anything. You have several places where to put your kitchen, in any place you can put your bedroom or live without a bedroom. We like it! And one good argument is the price it's very affordable. How important was the investment aspect for you? Not at all. We have this idea that we are not going anywhere. We will stay here. How do you like the access balcony? Is there a company maintaining it in the winter? As a matter of fact there should be, but they are not fast enough in the morning so we clear it ourselves. Is it a problem? No, not at all.

MOUHU construction of upper floor

CONSTRUCTION WORK

HAAHTI/ KUPIAINEN construction of upper floor

Fig.11

CONSTRUCTION WORK

Antti Kupiainen, mathematics professor at the Helsinki University lives with his wife Katri Haahti in a 100m² apartment on the 5th floor. Katri is a textile artist who has been passionately designing the apartment herself. She is also an old friend of the architect Pia Ilonen and the only one who succeeded to get an apartment of all the people being on the first list of potential buyers. How did the lottery system work? Actually we don't know how people got selected as it wasn't transparent at all. It would have been nicer to have the people from the original list that Pia put together, as they were really keen on the idea. What got you interested in the project? We have been living in a rental apartment in Töölö before and got interested when Pia told us about the project. The university campus is just around the corner and Katri got very excited about designing the apartment herself. We are not people who would buy a single-family house, we like to live in the city and this is sort of like having your own house inside an apartment house. And we have a summer cottage, so we don't need any more space than that. Did you design the entire apartment yourself? Yes, Katri designed it completely herself. She had to make a cardboard model for me (Antti) because I couldn't imagine what it would be like. I've always been very interested in spatial studies. This process was very nice for me. Have you also been building yourself? Not at all. We have a friend who has a very good small building company and we trusted them, they made our life a lot easier. Is there something you would change? Yes. We don't have a silent room, where you can talk on the phone or work in quiet. We used sliding door elements that are not acoustically insulated as we didn't want to build real doors, because we then would have to build air-conditioning

pipes. Do you think the apartment would still be flexible for the next inhabitant? Well, I think our apartment would be bought buy someone who would just like this particular design. I guess it would be quite a tough job to change something in here. Probably not the most family friendly apartment either. And of course most people designed this apartment for themselves, and not as flexible as possible for the next person moving in. Building your tailor-made apartment that was the idea. Was the investment aspect important to you at all? No. We didn't think about that. No. Because we were planning to stay here for a long period. The main idea was that you get relatively cheaply a lot of space; not the reselling idea. What's your favourite spot in the apartment? I (Antti) like to lay down on the tatami mats upstairs relax and look in the sky. It is very nice to look at the apartment during the evening time when people have their lights on; you can see all the apartments. It's like a huge dollhouse, and you realize how many different solutions there is.

KALMARI/ LEHMUSKOSKI finished apartment

UKKONEN/ STRĂ&#x2013;M-UKKONEN finished apartment

SAHLMAN finished apartment

Fig.12

ILONEN finished apartment

Kiti H채kkinen lives with her husband Simo and there recently adopted 6-year old son Onni in a 50m2 apartment which extends by a studio space with separate entrance on the 1st floor. How did you get involved into the project? We heard about it from our friends. They originally won the lottery ticket for this apartment, but then before the construction work even started, she got pregnant with twins. They have been planning this apartment, as a nice home for a couple but couldn't imagine living here with the children at that time. Then we bought the apartment from them and have been planning the apartment from the beginning. Did you design and build the apartment yourselves? No, we thought it would be better to have professionals. We had an architect to design the basic elements and then we had good builders realizing the construction. We were looking for open space solutions and we ended up not building any walls at all besides some storage areas. Where do you see the quality of this project? This project is great because it attracts very different people from all sorts of backgrounds. And even though it is such a big house and so many people it is still very communal. We just adopted a son last year, which is the reason I am currently staying home and I love this apartment. By the time you got the apartment you didn't know yet that you would have a child. How did that affect the apartment? Well, we would have probably planned it a bit different if we would have known for sure already by then. But now we decided to leave bigger changes in the apartment to the time when he is growing up and demands his own space. Then he can have the entire downstairs space with his own access. We would move our bedroom upstairs; maybe build some light walls after all. I know it's not hard to do. At the moment we do very much like the open space concept, it works well for us.

What do you think about the second life of the apartment? Well, we left the space very open, first of all to leave it flexible to us, but secondly of course we were thinking about the case that if we would ever have to sell this apartment it would allow a lot more flexible to the next owners as well. Would it have been useful to see floor plan solutions before start planning? I think it would have been very helpful to me if the architects in first place had shown us some options of how to infill the apartment. What materials to use, how to build etc. It would have been easier to pick from sort of catalogue and it would save money as well. For us it is not so much about getting the perfect tailor-made dream apartment, but being part of a project, a concept that can be continued by the next people. What's your favourite part of the apartment? Light and Space. I feel that I can breathe in the apartment. That is a big quality for me. And of course our kitchen table where we usually all sit together. Did you find a suitable apartment from the market? Not really. Nothing really suited us and this apartment was a dream come true. The usual problem in apartments for us was the low ceiling, very cubical floor plans, and room after room, really boring. Of course we are very privileged to say this now that we have gotten this wonderful apartment. How do you think his project could improve? Feeding peoples imagination would be good. Showing people different possibilities of arranging their spaces. Does a bedroom also have to be always a closed space? Do spaces have to be so fixed and divided by the time of the day? Do you really need to close the door to your child playing? I very much like the Japanese approach to dividing space, not having fixed elements but full flexibility.

PART II- Thesis Design

Fig.13 KRUUNUVUORENRANTA completion in 2020's

SITE ANALYSIS LOCATION 10km from Helsinki City Centre ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION PERIOD 2013 – end 2020’s SHORELINE over 6km RESIDENTS approx. 11,000 after completion JOBS 600 - 700 DISTRICT OF LIGHT large amount of environmental art projects Kruunuvuorenranta is a new residential area in eastern Helsinki. By completion at the end of the 2020’s the area will house approximately 11,000 residents and public services along with lighting art projects. The new Kruunuvuorenranta residential area used to be a former oil port; oil tanks still remain, from which one has already been turned into a light art project by Tapio Rosenius Lighting Design Collective for the Helsinki Design Capital in 2012. Some further Silo’s have been preserved as a reminder of the area’s history. Ideas of turning them into sightseeing towers, public pavilions, kiosks or information stands have been evolved from a Design Competition organized at Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture. The light silo is visible from the sea and is the new trademark for the area that is also promoted under the title of ”A district of light”. The island is situated right across the sea from the Helsinki City Centre and offers beautiful views. The strategy in this new residential area is to create a compact and dense area with a large variety of housing and providing residents with a commercial centre hosting necessary public functions. The main idea of the Kruunuvuorenranta identity is to preserve the majority of the existing nature and design attractive new recreational areas for residents and visitors.

KAITALAHTI single family house

HUVILA decayed wooden building

KAITALAHTI single family house

HUVILA abandoned cottage

LIGHT ART WORK SILO 468 art project

VEGETATION

LANDSCAPE building site

VEGETATION

VEGETATION building site

37 COAST LINE

VIEW towards Helsinki city center

VIEW towards Suomenlinna

PRESERVED SILO

THE SITE located in the Eastern part of Helsinki

CURRENT TRAFFIC CONNECTION accessible by Metro and Bus from the center

VIEWS the location offers spectacular views towards the city

KRUUNUSILTA possible pedestrian- and cyclist bridge via Kalasatama

BUILDING CONTEXT Kruunuvuorenranta is situated in the south-western part of Laajasalo Island. The region currently has about 16,000 inhabitants. Laajasalo is defined by beautiful nature with rocky grounds. The majority of commercial services are currently focused in Yliskylä, which also hosts a library, church and commercial center. The new residental area is surrounded by Kaitalahti in the North-East; Huvila in the North-West; Stanvisk Manor in the East; and Gunilan Kallio and Borgströminmäkii in the NorthEast. At present Kaitalahti is the only populated part on the western shore of Laajasalo and home to only 350 households. The residental area is defined by mostly single-family houses, some semi-detached houses and row houses. Kaitalahti is a relatively small area accessed by one main road. There are no public services in the neighbourhood itself; with there being only one bus line operating which transports residents to the Metro station in Herttoniemi. Huvila area which bounds the future Kruunuvuorenranta residental area in the North-West is densely wooded and left with dozens of Villas. In 1955 Palkki Oy founder Aarne J. Aarnio purchased the area and architect Toivo Korhonen designed a master plan for a new residential area in the 1960s. As his plan wasn’t approved, the owner left the place in disrepair. At present most of the buildings have fallen apart, but some are still accessible by curious explorers. The Stansvik Manor and its surroundings will remain as open recreational area. Gunilan Kallio and Borgströminmäki bounding the new compact residential area in the North-East. The urban plan will be defined by 3-6 storey residental blocks and will connect to the old residental structure of Laajasalo. TRAFFIC The residental area will be reachable by bus, which will connect to the Herttoniemi Metro Station. Cars, and bicyclist will reach the city center on a 10km distance via Herttoniemi and Kulosaari. As part of the 2012 Helsinki Design Capital Projects, a competition was held for the design of the possible Kruunusilta bridge; which if constructed would span the 3km route leading to the city center via Kruununhaka and Korkeasaari, providing a quicker connection to the city for pedestrians, cyclists and trams. Although this project would have a huge

positive impact on the newly constructed area, it is currently still under discussion and not yet decided upon. For the time of the year that the sea isn’t frozen there has been plans for ferry traffic to the main market square in Helsinki, which could primarily transport pedestrians and cyclists. The parking will be managed by underground parking garages as well as a circular parking house, which will additionally host possible common spaces for inhabitants, such as an auditorium. NATURE/ VEGETATION Rocky grounds with large cliffs, versatile forests and a six kilometre long shoreline shape Kruunuvuorenranta. The aim of the Helsinki City Planning Department is to develop a compact urban structure in order to preserve the current landscape and build respectfully towards the area’s nature and given history. Two-thirds of the nature will be preserved. Parks, forest, nature reserves, untouched shoreline and additional recreational areas will provide attractive outdoor space for future residents to enjoy. Parts of the shoreline will be activated as swimming beaches, harbour areas, beach promenades or even as space for floating houses. The area is rocky and large height differences can be found on site. NEIGHBOURHOODS The most compact area of new Kruunuvuorenranta consists of four different neighbourhoods with their own unique identities: Haakoninlahti, Koirasaari, Stansvikinnummi and Hopealaakso. Haakoninlahti will be the public and commercial hub, where the majority of services will be concentrated. A day care center, a school, a sports centre and commercial spaces will be situated in this part. Blocks of flats with between four to seven stories will dominate the housing. Located along the newly vitalized shoreline will be smaller urban houses consisting of only three to four stories. . An area containing mostly blocks of flats, a large sports field, school and day care centre will be built in Hopealaakso. In the southernmost tip of Kruunuvuorenranta lay the Koirassari Islands. The islands are separated by channels and provide an embankment park in the south-west, which provides protection against the strong sea climate. There will mainly

commercial space common space

bike routes

kindergarden

pedestrian routes

optional commercial space

public squares

PUBLIC AND COMMERCIAL SPACES

BIKES & PEDESTRIANS

Wind direction disribution in (%) NNW

NNE

12 NW

8 6 WNW

ENE

4 2 0

WSW

ESE

motorized traffic underground parking garages and

SSW

WIND DIRECTION distribution in %

SSE

circular parking house

MOTORIZED TRAFFIC & PARKING

be small urban houses and blocks of flats, which will partly have their own shoreline, along with potential space for floating homes. Stansvikinnummi is inspired by old wooden Finnish towns and will be realized in the same manner. THE SITE The site on which this Thesis design is planned is situated in the neighbourhood of Haakoninlahti. The plot could directly be reached by the Kruununsilta bridge coming from the city center. Situated in the first row of the taller blocks of flats, the apartments open the opportunity for spectacular views over the city with a Helsinki panorama. Haakoninlahti is dominated by a loose block structure facing the street with an average building height of four to seven stories. A circular parking hall serving the neighbourhood interrupts this outer boundary formed by the taller buildings. The courtyard hosts the largest park in the new area, the Saaristofregatinpuisto. VIEWS The Northern Part of the building allows the residents, especially on the upper floors, amazing views. The Korkeasaari island will be greatly visible, which houses the National Zoo of Helsinki. Furthermore, residents will be able to see, from across the bay, the beautiful early 20th century art nouveau architecture that defines the skyline of Katajanokka; along with the city center of Helsinki and its glowing white Cathedral. As the sauna, and possibly additional common spaces, will be located on the rooftop of the building, every resident will get to enjoy this wonderful view. The Southern part of the building unfortunately does not receive the same generous views as the seaside orientated one; nevertheless it will be a pleasant environment to live in. ACCESSIBILITY The plot is a corner-plot bordered by the main access road coming from the bridge; Koirasaarentie in the North, a primary connection within the area; Saaristolaivastonkatu; and a secondary road, Pojamankatu. The bus stops in Kruunuvuorenranta will be a maximum of 300-400m away from the apartment houses. The close access to busses provides the residents with a straight connection to the Herttoniemi metro stop and as a result

easy access to the city center. The parking for the private transport will be managed through the circular parking house east of the planned site. THE BUILDING As the building is planned to be terraced, the part facing Saaristolaivastonkatu will be the largest with a building height of five stories and an additional top up of two-thirds of the roof area. The wing orientated towards the Pojamankatu is set to a storey height of four and three stories. On the ground floor there is the possibility for commercial space, while a sauna will be located on the rooftop. As the building is planned be terraced, the chance for accessible roof terraces should be taken. Due to the town plan provided by the city of Helsinki, the facade materials are expected to be brick or plaster, with the possibility of using wood on the courtyard side of the building. The ground floor of the street facade is intended to be open and inviting where as on the top floors the balconies should be laying inwards and be glassed due to sound pollution and climate. Where as the street facade will be rather closed in itself, the courtyard facade allows for exterior balconies and a more playful facade design. LANDSCAPE AND SURROUNDINGS The terrain at the current point before construction is very rocky. The city decided to keep this natural character of the area and decided to develop Saaristofregatinpuisto in the northern courtyard. The original rock structure will be preserved and the neighbourhood will get a very distinct character. The park is accessible via a pedestrian path. The south slope through the park leads people towards the Kindergarten. Additional commercial facilities will be located in the Eastern buildings of the same quarter. In the West, the view is striking over rows of low townhouses and a beach boulevard. CLIMATE The climate in Helsinki is humid continental. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s influenced by the Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, with cold winters and mild summers. The coast however can be dominated by strong winds throughout the year. Which should be considered during the urban planning process as well as during the building design.

ZONING official land-use plan

Fig.14

Don't adapt to your apartment, but let your aparTment adapt to you!

RAW SPACE HOUSING CONCEPT The raw-space apartment concept is based on the idea of creating individual and affordable living space. This is achieved by providing future inhabitants with the raw shell of an apartment, only hosting an absolute minimum of technical installations; being clear of additional interior walls and fittings, which can be shaped to their individual needs and style; rather than move to a completely finished generic apartment. The DIY (Do It Yourself) idea plays a very important role within this concept. Although the raw-space concept can function as a normal single-floor height space, this assignment instead focuses its attention on designing apartments that each consist of a double-height space and are suitable for the addition of a mezzanine gallery floor. HOW DOES IT WORK? Firstly, the building shell is constructed, including vertical circulation, technical spaces and other necessary spaces, after which the inhabitant purchases their raw-space apartment of the desired size. Preferably, the space would be entirely free of any unnecessary structural elements, allowing inhabitants to make their own decisions from this point onwards. This process allows the owner to construct walls, kitchens, stairs and so on; or simply choose to not build at all. They are free to shape the individual apartment to their own needs. IDENTITY When typically moving into a new apartment, the inhabitants must adjust accordingly to the apartments available on the market, irrespective of the amount of inhabitants wanting to share the future apartment, the relationship between them, or their cultural and religious backgrounds. There is currently no total freedom to shape an apartment to suit personal needs, instead the identity of the residents looses its importance. The raw space-housing concept allows inhabitants to freely shape the space they live in from the outset, without needing to first demolish an already established apartment, encouraging them to create an identity and a space for self-determination. The fact that the inhabitants are not just involved in the planning process of their apartment but will also build it themselves, strengthen the acceptance towards the space they live in. Additionally, the DIY-idea allows inhabitants to

gain a great feeling of personal achievement and satisfaction. FLEXIBILITY The raw-space is intended to be designed in a way that allows the first inhabitant of a particular space with the ability to live there throughout their life, by making it easy to adapt the space to the inhabitants needs. Initially the inhabitant designs and builds the first structures, before continuing to adapt the apartment throughout their lifetime to better suit changing life situations, such as a partner moving in or starting a family. This adjustment can occur by switching functions within the current borders, by building up new space, or demolishing old ones. As there are no loadbearing walls within the rawspace it is made very easy to perform changes, even without prior building experience. The inhabitants are effectively free to move about things as they wish. If the inhabitants find construction too difficult or even the design itself, they can of course receive help from professionals. However, this support must be organized by the inhabitant. AFFORDABILITY Affordable housing is rare in many countries. Therefore, it is extremely important to address new housing concepts to that help solve this issue as well. A raw building shell is relatively inexpensive to build. The biggest saving point therefore comes from leaving the apartment units in a undeveloped condition. From the point of purchase the inhabitants can decide, concerning their own budget, how they would like to finish their living space. While some inhabitants may simply move in with their existing furniture without alternating the space at all, others will build an upper floor gallery and define spaces. Some might give the apartment a very personal DIY handwriting; others will choose high-class materials and turn the space into a luxury apartment. Either way the result is very personal. By choosing to build an upper floor gallery the inhabitants make the most out of the practically free space on top of their purchase. The raw space could be seen more as a process instead of a ready designed apartment after the first run. The apartment is supposed to live, breath and develop throughout its life.

VARIETY The variety of apartments is endless, even though the same raw-space apartment is provided to all future inhabitants. By offering apartment units that are affordable to a large proportion of city residents, a greater mixture of future inhabitants are catered for. Currently, traditional apartments are designed for very classic living models, from small single households, mid-sized couple households to large family housing; but the reality highlights a different story. Presently there is a large trend of diversification occurring. The nuclear single language family is no longer the majority. Immigration, along with self-determination has changed the needs addressing the housing markets. Alternative family models and combined living models, such as working and living combinations, are demanding new solutions. The raw-space concept allows each and everyone to create a suitable solution in response to a very personal life model. In addition to the social variety it also allows a large spatial variety. Firstly, as a result of different living models; and secondly because inhabitants can design and build themselves or hire a professional of their choice. There is not one Architect or Building Company leading the design process; effectively democratizing the design of the overall apartment building. COMMUNITY Nowadays, communal thinking is becoming more important in housing projects. A building project following the raw-space concept should of course also provide a variety of common space throughout the building. These can be indoor as well as outdoor spaces. In addition, the community will be strengthened following this concept. Inhabitants will start the process of building their own apartment after the building shell is completed. Meaning that a large amount of people will have to order similar materials, build similar structures

SITE SECTION north

and solve similar problems at the same time. During this time neighbours have the chance to support each other and exchange ideas. This is a natural way of introducing future neighbours to each other. Occasional meetings could be organized by the inhabitants to feed the exchange even more. ADDITIONAL SPACE REQUIREMENTS As the building process in a raw-space housing project differs from conventional housing projects, some aspects of spatial requirements have to be reconsidered. Although the current trend from building companies and investors is mostly to keep any additional space to a minimum, such as the inner circulation (hallways, staircase, elevators etc.). For this concept, it is important to consider that many of the inhabitants will start constructing their apartments at the same time. Therefore, it is advisable to have an additional storage space for building materials, in which large deliveries can be stored. After the main construction period this space can be then utilized for storing outdoor equipment. Elevators must be of efficient size as the majority of inhabitants are likely to construct inner walls using a drywall system; therefore the elevators should be sized to easily transport gypsum board (approximately 1200x2600mm in size). The same goes for the hallways and staircases. Generous hallways and entrance areas will also act as great places to meet your neighbours.

TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS When undertaking this type of project, a few technical issues arise, particularly. Concerning the location of plumbing and heating. Ideally the inhabitants would have complete freedom about where to position their wet spaces and kitchens. However, in reality, compromises need to be made in order to maintain the desired level of affordability. The technical shafts and pipes should run in the same position on all floors. If the raw space is habitable, like on the Finnish project Tila (p.17-21), the bathroom facilities have to be pre-installed. In Tila the bathrooms are prefabricated modules and fixed in their position. In addition, the outlets for kitchen fittings have to be provided which will then logically be attached to the bathroom walls. Although it makes an easier solution for the wet spaces, it does limit the flexibility. The architect decided to locate individual technical spaces, hosting the ventilation system, outside of every apartment to allow for easy maintenance. The â&#x20AC;&#x153;Grundbau und Siedlerâ&#x20AC;? project in Germany, being introduced as another reference shows a solution utilizing many shafts. As the Architects concept was based on slabs and pillars, they have been building several technical shafts, more than necessary, within one apartment to allow a high degree of flexibility. This solution might suit their particular project but is hard to picture as a general solution as it limits flexibility and causes unnecessary construction. In some countries such as Japan and Netherlands, raised floor systems have been used; this is a great solution concerning freedom of planning but increases financial costs as well as the overall story height. Similar questions arise when considering heating systems. Pre-installing heaters will limit the flexibility of the space. An effective alternative could be to use under floor heating,

however this leaves the heating solution for potential upper floors up to the inhabitants responsibility. Costs would increase with wall-heating systems and the question rises if the apartment is still easy to use and build in for the inhabitants, as it might cause problems with heavier constructions at the upper floor level. A very important consideration is the placement of openings; windows that can be opened have to be placed in every area where inhabitants might be planning to build closed rooms. In Finland the compulsory ventilation system has to be taken care of. Every closed room has to be connected to the ventilation system; this can create difficulties for inhabitants, as they will have to make sure that they install the ventilation system in every room they build. There is a set of decision the planning team will have to make during the building shell planning. Further on in the process the inhabitants will be responsible themselves for following the national building regulations. To make this part easier for the inhabitants it may be advisable to provide them with a booklet, outlining main regulations and aspects to consider.

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VII

storag

Comm er 59,5 m 2 cial kitchen

ette

Entranc 33,5 m 2 e/lobby

Electric 14,5 m 2ity

Bike an 64,0 m 2 d Strollers

7,00

bicycles

Living an 74,0 m 2 d working

IV Living an 74,0 m 2 d working

Wood w 96,5 m 2 orkshop

La 64 un ,5 dry m2

play area

8,00

cli

9,00

10,00

sledding hill

lle

11,00 st ro

7,00

E 5, lect 0 ric m 2 it

atu

11,00 12,00 S 10 tora 3, ge 0 m2

H 15 eat ,5 ing m2

vaston k

or ag e

13,00 11,00

S 95 helt ,5 er/ m 2 st

istolai

Saaristofregatinp

E 25 ntra ,0 nc m2 e

B 67 ikes ,5 a m 2 nd

B ou uild 45 tdo ing ,0 or m m 2 st ate or ri ag al e sto

yin

8,00

GROUND FLOOR

15,00 10,00

THE BUILDING The given building plot allows for a building footprint of a stretched L-shape. The heights vary from three to eight stories. As the urban plan is designed to create a city block structure with dark facades, the designed building will connect in the northern corner with the neighbouring building which will be six to seven stories high. Situated in the courtyard are two buildings each consisting of four stories, which will have a light coloured facade. The placement of these buildings should be reconsidered by the city planning department, considering that the courtyard buildings are lower in height than the surrounding buildings already raises problems concerning the lightning situation and the quality of the courtyard would increase strongly by skipping these buildings. However, the design suggested in this thesis work does respect the current urban plan as given. The building height was not restricted in metres, but rather by amounts of allowable stories. The inner apartment height in this project is set to five meters, which in first place seemed unsuitable within the neighbourhood to be realized in up to six stories. Studying site sections it appears, that the building is not reaching above the highest buildings within the neighbourhood. In addition the buildings highest corner is situated on a large traffic circle and defines the first entering from the future Kruunuvuorensilta bridge. Therefore it is a logic conclusion to create a sort of tower structure for this particular point. Otherwise the building is terraced as given in the urban plan, which doesn’t make it appear too massive.

8,00

ARCHITECTURE

puisto relaxation

4,00

scale 1:400 15,00

The neighbourhood plan demanded a dark coloured appearance towards the street, achieved by natural stone or brick. Following these guidelines a dark red brick by the Danish company Petersen Tegl has been chosen. A special technique allows machine-produced bricks to appear handmade and different in its colour shades. This gives a lively and exciting appearance. The first floor, which by function and construction differs from the upper part of the building, has a visible concrete surface with a wooden board texture, which gently slides into the existing hill. The main entrances are set back and cladded with CLT to mark the entrance areas visually. In order to give a hint of the CLT structure, the common roof top spaces have a visible CLT façade. In addition entrance panels including the apartment number, doorbells and mailboxes, will mark the individual apartments along the access balcony. Vertical balcony rails are an additional element in the facades. Kruunuvuorenranta is often promoted as the “District of light” therefore, the neighbourhood plan also demands that light-art projects occur in the area. As a result, the two main staircases will have a glass curtain wall, on top of which there will be a perforated aluminium sheet with cut out wholes of about 30cm in diameter. This element will be designed by an artist and allows a variety of constellations for the cut outs as well as colour and intensity of the lighting itself.

STREET PERSPECTIVE

FUNCTIONS There is a total amount of 47 apartments, which are accessible by an outdoor access balcony facing the courtyard. Two main staircases including elevators of a size which allows to fit standard wall element, are provided as well as one outdoor emergency staircase in the centre of the building. A total of four different apartment types derived from the urban situation. In addition three apartments are situated on the ground floor, which should be used in work-living combinations, hosting office space, galleries, workshop spaces, a small shop or cafĂŠ. They donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have to be used for living but the option is provided. In the northern corner facing the large traffic hub is space reserved for commercial use. This was demanded in the urban plan to include commercial spaces and it seems very logical. On the ground floor bike and stroller storage rooms are provided, along with private storage space for the residents (basement in hill) and a common laundry place. Especially during the beginning of the second phase, when the inhabitants will occupy there apartments and start building, it is very important to provide necessary space. Therefore the entrance areas are generous and allow easy handling of drywalls or similar, during a later phase furniture can be placed there and serve as a meeting space for neighbours. A wood workshop on the ground floor will provide tools and basic machines needed for the residents and their construction. Later on this space can also serve as a bike workshop or common area. A large storage area for building material is close to the parking area where trucks can fit easily. In this space building material can be stored after arrival. This space can of course serve as a general outdoor storage area during later years. Depending how the construction phase will happen, it would be possible to build up a temporary tent structure in the courtyard to provide additional storage and work space. The common space and Sauna are located on the roof top of the building allowing spectacular views towards the city centre of Helsinki. As additional common areas are gardening and recreational green area is located on the lower rooftop, increasing communal spirit within the neighbours.

BUILDING PROCESS For this Thesis design a strategy has been chosen, in which the building process is divided in two clearly separated construction phases. 1st Phase – construction of the building shell During the first phase of the building process, the architects will plan the apartment building following the national building regulations. They are responsible for designing the structure, circulation, technical spaces etc. In addition to designing an overall functional building the raw units are of high importance. It is very important to create an apartment that takes into consideration different family models, from single households, to single parents with their child or children, nuclear family models, as well as patchwork families etc. Every relationship constellation has its own spatial needs. There are a variety of possible shapes and sizes, which are able to carry the apartment. This means, that the concept is adaptable to different urban settings, and countries. However, the unit design does play one, if not the most, important rule to the building design. The site in Kruunuvuorenranta is probably not the best when it comes to developing the “one” perfect apartment type. The building shares a corner with the neighbour and bends halfway. This has led to a total of four different apartment solutions. The corners and the demanded distance to the neighbour building were key factors. Before the sale of the apartment one bathroom per unit will be installed which due to Finnish regulations will have to be wheelchair accessible. The kitchen doesn’t have to be pre-installed, but water outlets must be provided, which usually means that the kitchen will have to be situated along the bathrooms walls or nearby.

SITE SECTION west

Of course the residents could already be involved during the building-planning phase, giving their own ideas and wishes concerning the common spaces, entrances and circulation. This would most likely also strengthen the communal spirit within the neighbours. Nevertheless, in this assignment a process with a clear separation between the first and second phase is preferred. Where on the first phase, the architects makes sure the building works; the circulation is logic, the construction well done and no last minute changes that will mess up the realization. It appears to be a successful concept for a well working building which can then host many new residents during the second phase. 2nd Phase – the residents After the building shell with all its requirements is realized, the residents are suppose to occupy the space, with the point being that people have freedom with what they’ll do to their apartment. Inhabitants are able to live in the apartment the moment after purchase. Dependin on budget and interest rooms and an upper floor can be build. The most challenging part of the apartment is most likely to be the construction of the second floor. There of course will be inhabitants capable of realizing it on their own, but if the task seems like a too hard of a challenge a contractor can be hired to build it. Apart from that, it’s very light work that would be done. Walls, and kitchens are doable for many people and additional bathrooms of course have to follow the national building regulations. In addition to the construction process it would be interesting to stimulate the future inhabitants thinking to break out of traditional living patterns, by informing about open living solutions. Where as currently people are still very tied to the idea that bedrooms, children rooms and offices have to be

a closed private space. An open play and study area and a more sheltered sleeping area, can be achieved without the need to introduce walls and doors. While a parent’s bedroom doesn’t particularly need to be closed in either, the same spatial division can be achieved by using different levels within the apartment. Although, the need for specific acoustic separation within the apartment is understandable, it might be good to consider to just providing one space which could be acoustically independent instead of closing a door to every space. As done in both reference projects introduced, the inhabitants should be provided with a booklet of some kind, which explains the main issues the they will be facing. It doesn’t particularly need to explain how to build a wall but explain and awake awareness of local regulations.

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COURTYARD PERSPECTIVE

AREA CALCULATION

Apartm 89,0 m 2. Type C

GFA gross floor area (kerrosala) TOTAL 4155m2 NIA net internal area (huoneistoala) Apartments 3.354m2 + max extension of 3.354m2 total amount 47

Apartm 64,0 m 2. Type B

Apartm 67,0 m 2. Type A

Apartm 64,0 m 2. Type B

Apartm 67,0 m 2. Type A

Technical spaces 32m

Storage spaces 374,5m2 bikes, strollers and outdoor equipment 131,5m2 building material storage 45m2 personal storage 198,5m2

Apartm 67,0 m 2. Type A

Common spaces 248,5m2 wood workshop 96m2 common laundry 64,5m2 common space 57m2 sauna 31m2

Apartm 67,0 m 2. Type A

commercial space 59,5m2

Apartm 96,0 m 2. Type D

Apartm 67,0 m 2. Type A

Apartm 96,0 m 2. Type D

A 64 part ,0 m. m 2 Ty

Outdoor spaces 417,5m2 roof forest 203,5m2 green house 70,5m2 urban gardening 143,5m2 Roof forest 203,5 m2

A 64 part ,0 m. m 2 Ty

Play area

A 67 part ,0 m. m 2 Ty

A 67 part ,0 m. m 2 Ty pe

A 64 part ,0 m. m 2 Ty pe

Rel

REGULAR FLOOR moment of completion of 1st phase

scale 1:400

APARTMENT TYPE A moment of purchase

APARTMENT TYPE B moment of purchase

APARTMENT TYPE C moment of purchase

APARTMENT TYPE D moment of purchase

6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1

Apartm 89,0 m 2. Type C

commercial space work-living combination Apartm 64,0 m 2. Type B

Apartm 64,0 m 2. Type B

Apartm 67,0 m 2. Type A

Sauna 15,5 m 21

Apartm 64,0 m 2. Type B

sauna & common space 6 roof terrace 6 5

WC 3,0 m 2

Comm on 57,0 m 2 space

Sauna 15,5 m 22

green house urban gardening

Sauna 15,5 m 21

roof forest

5 4

WC 3,0 m 2

4 3

Sauna 15,5 m 22

WC 3,0 m 2

3 2 2 1

Comm on 57,0 m 2 space

Apartm 67,0 m 2. Type A

wood workshop

Apartm 67,0 m 2. Type A

laundry

Terrac e 109,0 2 m

personal storage Terrac e 109,0 2 m

HVAC 16,5 m 2

Apartm 96,0 m 2. Type D

Play area

Roof forest 203,5 m2

Relaxation

Storage 5,0 m2

Green house 70,5 m2

Urban gardening 143,5 m2

5th FLOOR roof garden

Green house 70,5 m2

Urban gardening 143,5 m2

6th FLOOR sauna and common space

scale 1:400

APARTMENT TYPE A one possible finish by inhabitants

APARTMENT TYPE B one possible finish by inhabitants

APARTMENT TYPE C one possible finish by inhabitants

APARTMENT TYPE D one possible finish by inhabitants

Apartm 89,0 m 2. Type C

+53m 2

Apartm 64,0 m 2. Type B

+44m 2

Apartm 67,0 m 2. Type A

+35,5m 2

Apartm 67,0 m 2. Type A +33,5m 2

+33,5m 2

Apartm 67,0 m 2. Type A

+46m 2

Apartm 96,0 m 2. Type D +54m 2

4m 2

REGULAR FLOOR completion of 2nd phase

+4 1m

REGULAR FLOOR completion on 2nd phase

m2 5, 5 +3

6m 2 +4 A A 67 part ,0 m. m 2 Ty pe

A 67 part ,0 m. m 2 Ty

A 67 part ,0 m. m 2 Ty pe

A 67 part ,0 m. m 2 Ty

A 67 part ,0 m. m 2 Ty pe

A 64 part ,0 m. m 2 Ty pe

+4 8m

+4 3m

A 64 part ,0 m. m 2 Ty

+4 4m

A 64 part ,0 m. m 2 Ty

+54m 2

"DURCHWOHNEN" apartment reaching from one facade to the other

BALCONY pushed inwards following the neighbourhood plan

CENTERED BATHROOM to allow kitchen installation on two sides

DIMENSIONS deriving from standard measurements of rooms and stairs

DEVELOPMENT OF APARTMENT TYPES With a sea view towards the west and the largest park of the area towards the east, the building offers great qualities for natural lightning and views. Therefore it was important to have the apartments stretch from one façade to the other, which is best described by the German term “Durchwohnen”. As a result of this wish a open access balcony served well as main circulation, allowing easy cross ventilation of the apartments and clear entrance areas. The access balcony is located on the courtyard side and therefore on the weather protected façade of the building. The neighbourhood plan suggested balconies should not stick out from the street façade, according to this demand the balconies come in forms of sheltered loggias. The bathroom element is situated in the centre of the apartment to allow a possible kitchen installation facing the sea as well as the courtyard. The position was defined by standard kitchen, bedroom and staircase measurements. It was possible to stretch the building mass following preferred apartment dimensions in most parts of the building, but in order to respect the distance of eight meters to the neighbour building situated in the courtyard, apartments resulted in varying depth. It didn’t seem smart to minimize them even further by adding the loggia, therefore Apartment Type B has French balconies and large doors along the sea side which allow the outside space to flow towards the inside naturally. Apartment Type C in the most northern corner of the building as well as the Apartment Type D in the bend (L-shaped building, bend referring to the corner part) demanded special solutions that follow the same parameters as Type A and B. Apartment sizes vary from 64 - 96m2 but can be increased by building an upper level.

52,5m2

+36,5m2

+46,5m2

2nd floor

Living and working 74,0 m2

1st floor

2 OPPORTUNITIES 1st floor living workingType combination 74m2 +extensionversion version 4 Module A - 67m

+35,5m2

2nd floor

1st floor

Module Type A - 67m2

version 2

Module Type A - 67m2

+46m2

2nd floor

Apartm. Type A 67,0 m2 Apartm. Type A 67,0 m2

1st floor

OPPORTUNITIES apartment type A 67m2 +extension

1st floor

Apartm. Type A 67,0 m2

1st floor

+52,5m2

+36,5m2

+46,5m2

2nd floor

Living and working 74,0 m2

Living and wo 74,0 m2

1st floor

version 3

Module Type A - 67m2

version 4

Module Type A - 67m2

+41m2

version 1

Module Type A

+35,5m2

+46

+33,5m2

2nd floor

Apartm. Type A 67,0 m2

Apartm. T 67,0 m2

Apartm. Type A 67,0 m2

1st floor

scale 1:200

+48m2 +44m2

+44m2

2nd floor

+43m2

2nd floor

eB Apartm. Type B 64,0 m2

1st floor

OPPORTUNITIES Apartment Type B 64m2 +extension

EAST ELEVATIONapartment AND SECTION A-A in 2nd phase OPPORTUNITIES type A 67m2

Apartm. Type B 64,0 m2

1st floor

Apart 64,0 m

1st floor

+48m2 +44m2

+44m2

2nd floor

Apartm. Type B 64,0 m2

2nd floor

Apartm. Type B 64,0 m2

tm. Type B m2

1st floor

NORTH ELEVATION

scale 1:200 1:400

pe C - 89m2

version 4

Module Type C - 89m2

+62m2

version 2

Module Type C - 89m2

version 3

Module Type C - 89

+60,5m2

+53m2

2nd floor

m. Type C m2

2nd floor

Apartm. Type C 89,0 m2

1st floor

OPPORTUNITIES apartment type C 89m2 +extension

2nd floor

Apartm. Type C 89,0 m2

1st floor

9m2

version 4

Module Type C - 89m2

version 1

Module Type C - 89m2

version 2

Module Type C - 89m2

+42m2 +62m2

+60,5m2

+53m2

67 2nd floor

2nd floor

Apartm. Type C 89,0 m2

1st floor

Apartm. Type C 89,0 m2

1st floor

Apartm. Type C 89,0 m2

1st floor

scale 1:200

ersion 4

Module Type D - 96m2

version 2

OPPORTUNITIES apartment type D 96m2 +extension

2nd floor

Apartm. Type D 96,0 m2

1st floor

version 3

+57m2

+59m2

2nd floor

Module Type D - 96m2

1st floor

Module Type D - 96m2

version 1

Module Type D - 96m2

version 4

Module Type

+61m2

+54m2

2nd floor

Apartm. Type D 96,0 m2 Apartm. Type D 96,0 m2

1st floor

scale 1:200

1 loadbearing CLT wall element 2 loadbearing CLT profile slab 3 fire protection plaster board

4 technical concrete shaft 5 underfloor heating in screed 6 prefab bathroom elements

7 non-bearing CLT wall elements

4 1

7 5

CEILING CLT ceiling panels span over two apartments

CLT WALL ELEMENTS quick and easy assembly on site

8 brick cladding 9 balcony element

FACADE brick cladding will be added on top of CLT wall elements

BUILDING STRUCTURE system repeats

CONSTRUCTION The building will be realized of cross-laminated timber (CLT). CLT is sustainable and environmental friendly and allows a very precise production and assembling. The windows and doors will be installed in the wall elements during the production period, which occurs in a factory, before being assembled on site. The brick cladding will be attached on site to avoid element seams. The first floor will be made entirely of concrete, with a wood cast structure on the outside. Besides the environmental aspect of a wooden structure, it will also enriched the qualities of the interior spaces and allow easy mounting of ceiling or wall elements for the inhabitants compared to concrete walls. Because of fire safety issues the ceiling of each apartment will be covered by double fire proof gypsum board and appear white on moment of purchase. The floor will have a screed surface including under floor heating, the final flooring will be applied by the residents. Besides that all the walls will allow visible CLT; due to the current building regulations this is still somewhat difficult, however it is believed to be changing in the coming years. The apartment dividing walls are loadbearing elements. In addition, technical shafts going through every apartment as well, as the staircases will be made of reinforced concrete and serve as additional stiffening. The wooden apartments will be equipped with a sprinkler system. Bathrooms will be prefabricated and installed before the residents receive their keys, with all bathrooms being wheelchair accessible. The apartments are provided with a bathroom, kitchen outlets and wiring as well as a certain amount of preinstalled electrical sockets. Every bathroom will host a heat exchanger and provide a basic set up for fresh air intake and exhaust air outtake. If the resident decides to build additional rooms and wet spaces they will take care of the correct installation of the ventilation system themselves.

EXHAUST AIR

AIR ST ) AU HEN AIR H EX (KITC SH RE F D E AT HE

AIR ST N) AU E AIR EXH(KITCH SH FRE D ATE HE

KE NTA IR I D A SH ATE IR HE SH A FRE E FR

EXH E A TAK (BAT UST AIIR HEATED HRO R N D AIO H M S ) ATEFRESH E AIR AIR E R H F SH E FR

HEAT EXCHANGER IN BATHROOM

EXH A (BAT UST AIR HRO OM)

HEATED FRESH AIR

VENTILATION SYSTEM VENTILATION SYSTEM KITCHEN FITTINGS

FIXED SWITCH (BATHROOM)

OPTIONAL WIRING BEHIND SKIRTING BOARD FIXED SOCKETS

FIXED SOCKETS

HEAT EXCHANGER IN BATHROOM

UNBUILD SITUATION VENTILATION SYSTEM moment of purchase

UNBUILD SITUATION

D ATE IR HE SH A E FR

EXHAUST AIR

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS moment of purchase D E EAT AIR

H SH FRE HEA T FRE ED SH A IR EX EXHAUST AIR ( HAUST BATH AIR ROO D M ATE ) IR HE SH A FRE HEA T FRE ED SH A IR EXH A (BAT UST AIR HRO OM)

HEAT EXCHANGER IN BATHROOM

CLOSED ROOM ON UPPER FLOOR

ADDITIONAL BATHROOM AND CLOSED ROOM ON UPPER FLOOR

CLOSED ROOM ON UPPER FLOOR

ADDITIONAL BATHROOM AND CLOSED ROOM ON UPPER FLOOR

VENTILATION SYSTEM possible extension in 2nd phase

10 600

2 300

2 700

2 500

300

2 200

5 600

OVERVIEW CLT CONSTRUCTION CLT wall elements - CLT visible 2 800

2 800

CLT

2 300

2 700

CLT

CLT ceiling elements cov. technical shaft - concrete prefab bathroom

12 600

unfinished screed surface

OVERVIEW CLT CONSTRUCTION CLTwall wallelements element -- visible CLT surface CLT CLT visible

2 800 CLT

2 300

2 700

CLT

CLTceiling profileelements slab - ceiling CLT cov.plasterboard finish technicalshaft shaft- -concrete visible concrete surface technical prefabricated bathroom - plasterboard finish prefab bathroom CLT profilescreed slab - surface floor screed surface unfinished

CLT CONSTRUCTION overview

WEST ELEVATION

roof construction fire protection plasterboard 15+15mm acoustic spring hinge CLT 100mm mineral wool 100mm load bearing profile slab, beam base floor plate 18mm plywood insulation 30-50mm moisture barrier drainage & water storage board filter fleece vegetation layer, soil 600mm

75 floor construction 540mm screed 50+25mm + underfloor heating pipes protection layer impact sound insulation 30-50mm base floor plate 18mm plywood load bearing profile slab, beam 45x300mm mineral wool 100mm CLT 60mm acoustic spring hinge fire protection plasterboard 15+15mm

wall construction 470mm brick 228x108x54mm - Petersen Tegel ventilation gap 40mm mineral wool windbreak board 30mm mineral wool 175mm CLT 95mm

floor construction 420mm screed 50+25mm + underfloor heating pipes protection layer impact sound insulation 30-50mm concrete floor slab 300mm

wall construction 450mm concrete 100mm board texture ventilation gap 25mm mineral wool 175mm concrete 150mm

floor construction 320mm concrete slab 200mm insulation 120mm gravel 300mm

scale 1:400

FACADE SECTION AND ELEVATION

scale 1:125

EPILOGUE Studying the two reference projects in Germany and Finland has been a great inspiration for this Thesis. Although the DIY building process is a key factor within the concept, it has emerged that a simple construction process for the inhabitants is a significant factor in increasing the motivation of inhabitants, while minimizing the chance for mistakes to be made during the building process. Allowing residents to infill the empty apartment is a big enough achievement in itself; the building shell should therefore be finished during the first phase. Another important aspect learned from the reference projects is that a sufficient amount of guidance will be needed, this can be achieved by providing the residents with a booklet, reminding of building laws and regulations, along with a possible meeting with the architect at the moment of purchase. During this Thesis process several families currently living in the “Tila” raw-space project have been interviewed. It was very important and helpful part to learn and understand inhabitant’s needs. For future projects, especially in alternative housing concepts it is advisable to follow the process of the inhabitants taking over their new homes as well as meeting them a couple years later. This could be documented and serve for further development. The concept is adaptable to different room heights and it would be interesting to study this topic further in the future. In the beginning of the design process it seemed almost impossible to realize this project with a five-meter room height on the current Helsinki neighbourhood plan. However, it turned out the concept in this particular way is adaptable to the current planning strategies without exception. The raw space-housing concept should not stay experimental but move on and be developed, therefore it is great to see that EKE group and Arkkitehtuuri- ja muotoilutoimisto Talli Oy will continue the path in Kruunuvuorenranta and it is very exciting to be part of it.

During this Thesis many great people supported me. I would therefore like to thank Pia Ilonen for the inspiration for this Thesis project, and her support throughout the planning process. In addition from Aalto University I am thanking Hannu Huttunen, Hannu Hirsi and Pekka Heikkinen for supervising. Talli Architects for providing me with this opportunity, and especially Oona Airas, Tuula Mäkiniemi and Mikaela Neuvo for their advise and support. Ulla Kuitunen from the Helsinki Planning Department for providing me with necessary information concerning the site. Eke Group for their interest in the concept. All the families who met with me for interviews. Oula Rahkonen for support and patience and Karl Fitzpatrick for proofreading.

DANKE!

APENDIX - SOURCES LIST OF FIGURES

NOTES

If not mentioned otherwise the pictures have been taken by the author of this Master Thesis, Carolin Franke. Figure numbers usually refer to all pictures placed on one page.

1 MUKALA, J. (2014). Community and housing. ARKKITEHTI / Finnish Architectural Review. 111 (4). p.16.

Fig.1 Kruunusillat Bridge Design competition material. Available from: http://www.kruunusillat.fi [Accessed: 10th July 2014]

p.6

p.10-14 Fig.2 - 4 IBA Hamburg GmbH (Ed). (2013). Smart Price House â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Grundbau und Siedler [online] IBA_Hamburg Stadt neu bauen. Available from: http://www.iba-hamburg. de/fileadmin/Mediathek/Whitepaper/130612_Grundbau_ und_Siedler.pdf. [Accessed: 9th June 2014] Fig.5 -6 p.16-18 Arkkitehtuuri- ja muotoilutoimisto Talli Oy / Talli Ltd Fig.7 Stefan Bremer (upper right Arkkitehtuuri- ja muotoilutoimisto Talli Oy / Talli Ltd)

p.20

Fig.8 Stefan Bremer

p.22

Fig.9 Stefan Bremer (upper right Petri Mouhu)

p.26

Fig.10 Stefan Bremer

p.28

Fig.11 City Planning Department, Helsinki

p.32

Fig.12 City Planning Department, Helsinki

p.42

2 Senatsverwaltung fĂźr Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt (Ed.). (2013). Serieller Wohnungsbau Standardisierung der Vielfalt - Studie und Projektrecherche zur IBA Berlin 2020. p.73-84. Available from: http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/ staedtebau/baukultur/iba/download/studien/IBA-Studie_ Serieller_Wohnungsbau.pdf [Accessed: 9th June 2014] 3 Neo-loft is based on the classic loft movement with the difference being that the neo-loft is realized within a new building structure. The original idea of maximum space at a minimal cost, and the DIY part are key factors. 4 ILONEN, P. (Trans. ARK). (2011). Tila housing, Helsinki. ARKKITEHTI / Finnish Architectural Review.108 (4). p.29 5 Loft has shifted meaning over the years. It used to refer to one big unfinished or semi-finished volume, converted from former industrial space. Lofts originally were cheap places for impoverished artists to live and work. Nowadays real estate companies have been using the term for finished apartments with a gallery floor. Apartments advertised as lofts seem to be sold under much higher price than average.

BOOKS

ONLINE PUBLICATIONS

TARPIO, J., and TIURI, U. (2001). Infill systems for residential open building. 2001/75. Helsinki: Helsinki University of Technology Department of Architecture

IBA Hamburg GmbH (Ed). (2013). Smart Price House – Grundbau und Siedler [online] IBA_Hamburg Stadt neu bauen. Available from: http://www.iba-hamburg.de/fileadmin/Mediathek/ Whitepaper/130612_Grundbau_und_Siedler.pdf. [Accessed: 9th June 2014]

TIURI, U., and HEDMAN M. (1998). Developments towards open building in Finland. 1998/50. Helsinki: Helsinki University of Technology Department of Architecture HABRAKEN, N.J. (1999). SUPPORTS: an alternative to mass housing. 2nd English Ed. (Trans. Valkenburg). UK: The Urban International Press

Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt (Ed.). (2013). Serieller Wohnungsbau Standardisierung der Vielfalt - Studie und Projektrecherche zur IBA Berlin 2020. p.73-84. Available from: http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/ staedtebau/baukultur/iba/download/studien/IBA-Studie_ Serieller_Wohnungsbau.pdf [Accessed: 9th June 2014]

KENDALL, S., JONATHAN, T. (2000). Residental Open Building. 1st Ed. London: E & FN Spon VIDEOS FÖRSTER, W. (2006). Housing in the 20th and 21st centuries/ Wohnen im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert. München, Berlin, London, New York: Prestel Verlag LEHTOVUORI, O. (1999). The story of Finnish housing architecture. (Trans. Wynne-Elis, M.). Helsinki: Ministry of Environment, The Finnish Building Center BECKER, H.J., SCHLOTE, W. (1958). Neuer Wohnbau in Finnland. Stuttgart: Karl Krämer Verlag JOURNALS MUKALA, J., BLOT, M. (Eds.). (2014). cohousing. ARKKITEHTI / Finnish Architectural Review. 111 (4) MUKALA, J., BLOT, M. (Eds.). (2011). housing genres. ARKKITEHTI / Finnish Architectural Review.108 (4) KOHLHAMMER, K. (Ed.). (2012).Setzkasten im Praxitest – Wohnungsbau ”Tila” in Helsinki. db deutsche Bauzeitung. 146 (1). p.44-51

Sustainable By Design. (2013, November 11). Smart-Price Houses - „Grundbau und Siedler" - Jörg Leeser- Affordable Housing BeL [Video file]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=R-W-3nvftVA [Accessed: 9th June 2014] .