—Barcelona
SPANISH ARCHI TECTURE
1992 -‐ 2007
1.-‐ Global Context 1989: Spain and Europe World Wide Web, Berlin Wall, CAD. 2.-‐ Spain in the world 1992 (V Centenary). Olimpics in Barcelona. Universal ExhibiEon in Sevilla. 3.-‐ Star-‐System architecture (out-‐in): ‘Guggenheim’ effect and signature works. 4.-‐ Spanish Success in world scene (in-‐out): consecrated & young architects. 5.-‐ Spanish architectural trajectories: Museums: irregular random geometries. Fractals geographies and catastrophe. Bodies and arJficial topographies. 6.-‐ ExhibiEon ‘On-‐Site’ at MoMA (NYC) No prejudice: dynamism and exchange.
1989
01 InternaEonal Context year zero : Three events mark the global context a few years before the Spanish 1992: 1. Birth and opening of internet: World Wide Web (www). The world is interconnected and accelerates 'globalizaJon': the planet = small village 2. Fall of the Berlin Wall: End of poliJcal ideologies. The socio-‐economic system neither guarantees welfare nor quality architecture. 3. Universal use of CAD: Computer-‐Aided Design. New ways of devising, drawing, design. SPAIN (and pracJJoners of architecture): 1. Are open to ICT and CAD (approx. 1989-‐1995) 2. Fade ideologies: nor socialist utopias, or religious beliefs, or poliJcal dictatorship, or warranty tradiJon. 3. Intellect A_tude: NO PREJUDICE, OPEN.
Context Spain-‐Europe 1986-‐2007 1. Spain is integrated in EUROPE: NATO (1981 ) and the EEC (1986 ). 2. Entry into the EEC brings the ERDF : aid for the poorest countries, provided by the richer countries , to reduce economic and social dispariJes. 3. These aids represent almost 100.000 million €euros in two decades. AcEons in Spain in Architecture and Engineering 1. Big infrastructure program. 2. RevitalizaJon programs of historic districts. 3. PromoJon of cultural tourism : Museums. 4. Developing coastal tourism : Private. 5. Teachers, health and sports equipment Architectural Development of Public Programs 1. Open CompeJJons. 2. Restricted CompeJJons. 3. InvitaJon to presJgious professionals. This is the case of the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao by Frank Gehry ( USA) conducted from 1991 to 1997 over degraded industrial Jssues: Well know Guggenheim effect incorporates random and unexpected geometries.
02
Spain in the world V CENTENARY
—Madrid —Sevilla —Barcelona
—Barcelona
Three internaEonal events: • XXV Olympic Games in Barcelona. • Universal ExhibiJon in Seville. • European Cultural Capital in Madrid. V CENTENARY CELEBRATION OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA (1492) All eyes on Spain.
AcEons to Barcelona "Olympic”: 1. New infrastructure system for transport and metropolitan communicaJons. 2. Restructuring the historic center: tradiJonal public spaces and historical heritage. 3. Olympic Village' on degraded Jssues and new waterfront: harbor, promenade and beaches. 4. Sports 'Olympic Ring' inside the city: next to the old installaJons for 1929 ExhibiEon. (worked great teams of Catalan architects -‐MBM, Solà-‐Morales, Ferrater, Bonell & Rius-‐and they invited renowned architects).
Olympic InteracEons: • The Olympics provided a showcase for Barcelona (Spain), its urbanism and architecture. • The invitaJon of internaJonally renowned architects like Calatrava and S. R. Bofill (Spanish with offices in Zurich and Paris), and characters like A. Isozaki (Japan), N. Foster (UK) and F. Gehry (USA), resulted in the construcJon of urban landmarks and the interacJon with new architectural trends: from the High-‐Tech to the New Expressionism. • The success catapulted Spanish architects: Miralles & Pinos.
'Olympic' Results: • The city was well-‐'equipped’ (infrastructures and faciliJes) and broke its skyline with two skyscrapers: Arts Hotel and Mapfre tower. • Also had recovered its historical city and had created a new waterfront. • Recovering its heritage: the modernist legacy (early twenJeth century) with the works of A. Gaudí and the Palau de la Música. • The city was opened to Europe and the world with a cast of architecture works as idenJty which assumed the heritage and also bet for the future new trends.
AcEons for "universal" Sevilla: 1. The enclosure of the Universal ExhibiJon was implanted alongside the Guadalquivir River, the other side of the historical city, was thought as a large amusement park with the theme: "The Age of Discovery". 2. The city required large investments and communicaJons infrastructure: highways, bridges, rail and airport. 3. The architecture of the pavilions were a showcase of all tendencies: postmodernism, minimalism, high-‐tech... 4. The presence of internaEonal architects was led: Tado Ando (Japan), United Kingdom (Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners), and the best Spanish architects.
Results of the "universal" Sevilla: 1. City equipped with good infrastructures: • Airport (R. Moneo) 'Inspired' in the domed interiors of Sevilla historical architecture. • Train StaEon (Cruz & OrJz) converted into the new metropolis big door that welcomed the A.V.E. (Spanish High Speed) was devised, outside, as a 'red' fortress that traps the light toward its immense inner space. • An excellent set of bridges over the river improved access to the city. 2. The 'Pavilion of NavigaJon' designed by (Vázquez Consuegra): • Outside: like a large industrial building and • Inside: like a boat upside down and with ground glass (like seawater)
03 (Out-‐in) Star-‐System Architecture Architectural projects developed by internaEonally renowned architects Following the success of the Guggenheim effect (architecture as a catalyst of the city) great cultural and museum containers are requested to star system architects or by compeJJon: To cite some examples where the variety and new unapologeJc currents were stressed:
• • • • • •
MACBA Museum (1990-‐95), Richard Meier (us) Art Museum (1992-‐94), Alvaro Siza (pr) Domus museum (1993-‐95) and Arata Isozaki (jp)(...) Caixa-‐Forum (2001-‐05), Herzog & de Meuron (sw) Forum Barcelona (2000-‐04), Herzog & Meuron (sw) City of Culture (1999 -‐ ...) P. Eisenman (us)
Here architecture is place, is new topography and echoes of fractals and irregular geometries reflecJng the surrounding terrain and chaos
Projects developed by InternaEonally recognized architects The “signature” architecture has good examples in Madrid :
andresm.medina@ua.es - Universidad de Alicante (España)
-‐Extension of MNAM o CARS (2001/05) Jean Nouvel (Not forget that Guernica by Picasso came from MoMA 1992) within the reform of Prado museums Promenade -‐New Barajas Airport (1997/06) R.Roggers& Off.Lamela (Terminal 4 and other satellite) Both works represent the refined current of High-‐Tech
(In-‐out) Successes of the Spanish 04 architecture outside borders: Contests and Requests
Consecrated Spanish architects receive orders worldwide and win compeJJons: • S. Calatrava (Canada, USA, France, Italy, ArgenJna) • R. Moneo (USA, Sweden, Switzerland, Belgium, Germany ...) Our Lady's Cathedral in Los Angeles (1996-‐02) whose geometry indicates the instability of the soul. • J. Navarro (Austria, Germany, Chile, Italy, USA ...) • A. Cruz & A. OrEz (Switzerland, Portugal, the Netherlands) Basel Train StaJon (1996-‐03) and Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam (2003-‐13): An inhabited bridge vs a delicate operaJon.
Successes of the Spanish architecture outside borders: Contests and Requests
But perhaps more interesJng is to note the many compeJJons won by young architects among which the following should be noted:
-‐1994/02: MariEme Terminal in Yokohama (Japan) FOA (Alejandro Zaera y F. Moussavi) (architecture = sJll life)
-‐1998/04: Scohsh Parliament, Edinburgh (UK) Enric Miralles y Benedexa Tagliabue (architecture = archipelago of islands)
-‐2005/11: Joanneum Museum, Graz (Austria) Fuensanta Nieto y Enrique Sobejano (buried architecture = cave + paJo)
Random Geometries: 05 Museums
Tuñón and Mansilla is one of the most innovaJve teams: working with random and irregular geometries , and no closed forms applied in plan and elevaJon.
Museums (and cultural centers): -‐1993/96, Zamora Museum -‐1994/02, “The Eagle” Center -‐1996/00, Castellón Fine Arts -‐2001/04, Musac in León -‐2002/06, Pedro Barrier Fund. -‐2002/14, Royal CollecJons -‐2003/…., Cantabria Museum -‐2003/…., Castro Elviña Museum -‐2005/10, Mus-‐Fund Cáceres -‐2006/14, AutomoJve Car Mus. -‐2008/…., Mus. Vega Baja Toledo
Peripheral geographies of 'catastrophe’
The faciliJes of ciJes and neighborhoods (athleJc, health, educaJonal, commercial ...) find in E. Miralles (C. Pinós, B. Tagliabue) a poetry that echoes catastrophe theory, responding with (in-‐) disconcerJng and unexpected forms to urban and rural topographies of empty center and periphery:
-‐1990/94: Covered Sports Centre, Huesca (tension of the elements)
-‐1997/05: Santa Caterina Market, Barcelona (rehabilitaJon under pixelated cover) -‐1991/93: GymnasEcs Center, Alicante (irregular geometries of chaos)
Architectures for wellfare
The Spanish geography splashes of auditoriums, gymnasiums, schools, health centers ... In this case, two examples of the Faculty of Alicante:
• 2000/07: Public Auditorium Jº Mª Torres FOA (& Team) • 2006/12: Footbridge-‐Viewpoint Joaquín Alvado (& Team)
Architecture inspired by the organic forms of nature and take the spiral as the basis of movement and interacJon for the design.
Architectures for health tourism
As an alternaJve to mass tourism (sun and beaches) and cultural tourism (museums and heritage) relaxing alternaJves emerge:
-‐2000/..: RelaxaEon Park Toyo Hito (& Team) -‐2002/..: Thalassotherapy Center P. Leiva & Aranea
Architectures, again, inspired by the organic forms of nature appropriaJng of the place and its geography and inciJng peace, rest and calm of free Jme and leisure.
2007:
Terence Riley (Head Department. Arch. MoMA) ExhibJon: On-‐Site: New Architecture in Spain feb-‐may 2006, coming to Spain in 2007: 1. Includes 35 projects and 18 works (00/06). 2. No difference naJonal and internaJonal architects (and includes both, Consecrated like Young). 3. The S-‐choice risk (no pavilions) by:the irregular, organic, sustainable, public and also the spectacular and the large scale. A look from a distance ... 'Modernity' A quesJon how the future will look? How Spanish architecture or Spain?
Events that put the 'End of Party': InternaJonal Crisis (07), Housing bubble in Spain (08) and Universal ExhibiEon in Zaragoza (08).
2005/08, Zaha Hadid,Puente Pabellón, Expo Zaragoza)
andresm.medina@ua.es - University of Alicante (Spain) - 20140421
2000, Sancho-‐Madridejos, Capilla (jóvenes) 2005/09, Campo Baeza, Museo de la Memoria (maestro)
"Sospecho —dijo Mansilla (m. 2012)— que el espacio, en realidad, no forma parte de nuestras preocupaciones vitales, sólo (nos preocupa) el Eempo, que se derrama y escapa entre los dedos cuando intentamos atraparlo..."
06 Exhibiton ‘On-‐Site’ MoMA
The Spanish architecture has gone from certainty (determinism) to uncertainty (indeterminism), but its success is an achievement that expands through the exchange, interacJon and risk: Do not forget that there has been a blurring of the ideological, and intellectual ahtude has been without prejudice, with an open mind and support.
Arquitecturas E+E+E: economy, environment, energy
It is be_ng on sustainable development applied to required urban faciliJes:
City halls, universiEes, schools, energy… Sustainability by high technology -‐1999/03: Benidorm City Hall. AMP y JL Camarasa -‐1998/01: Polytechnic Alicante Lola Alonso -‐2001/04: Barcelona Solar Energy E. Torres+Mtez. Lapeña