Council for British Archaeology FORUM YORKSHIRE Vol 3 2014

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CBA Yorkshire Annual Review

Council for British Archaeology

Research, Fieldwork and Excavation

Education, Community and Commercial

www.cba-yorkshire.org.uk

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Join the Committee—and help promote archaeology in Yorkshire! Cover image credits Front cover

The Swaledale Big Dig: CBA Festival of Archaeology 2014 test pit on Reeth Green, North Yorkshire. © Swaledale & Arkengarthdale Archaeology Group.

Back cover

Left | Excavations at Tinsley Junior School. © Wessex Archaeology. Right | The Swaledale Big Dig with Carenza Lewis, Alan Mills and team on Reeth Green, North Yorkshire. © Swaledale & Arkengarthdale Archaeology Group.

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Figure 1

The location of Kirkleatham village to the south of Redcar. Scale: 1km grid. Š Crown Copyright Ordnance Survey, reproduced under licence no. AL 100042193.

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Figure 2

The location of Trenches A and B in the grounds of the school and to the east of the church. Š Crown Copyright Ordnance Survey, reproduced under licence no. AL 100042193.

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Burial 04 (in Grave 037) had been placed in a shallow grave that had been disturbed on the south side by a drain. The grave was aligned north to south with the skull of a young middle adult at the south side facing east. The remains were fragmentary and had clearly been disturbed by the drain. Sherds of pottery within the grave fill were considered to be residual. The grave was 1.20m long N-S, 0.60m wide E-W and 0.13m deep, with gently sloping sides and a flat base. Burial 11 (in Grave 051; Fig. 7) was aligned north to south with the skull at the south, in a cut 0.60m wide. The grave had a single fill (50). The grave was deeper than the other graves and had vertical sides and a flat base. The finds from the grave included an iron annular brooch on the left side near the shoulder and a stone plaque found beneath fragments of skull on the east side. The bones of at least three individuals, including one adult (likely male), an infant rib and an older non-adult humeri shaft had been interred in the pit. Burial 12 (in Grave 52; Fig. 8) was identified during the excavation of one of the foundation trenches for the new annex. The cut for the grave was sealed by c. 0.40m of overburden. Burial 13 (in Grave 55) was aligned north to south, located at the eastern extent of the site and measured 1.60m long N-S, 0.50m wide east to west and 0.17m deep with vertical sides, a flat base and skull fragments at the southern side. The remains of a mature adult female and a young adult had been interred in the grave. In summary, where graves could be recognised they were aligned north to south, with the skull at the southern end of the grave. The cemetery seemed to extend along an east to west axis with graves arranged in rows (Fig. 4). The skeletal assessment found that remains were significantly disturbed so initially attempts were made to articulate as many individuals as possible. In addition, each bone was examined for age, sex and pathology (McKinley 2004). A total of 13 skulls were retrieved, as well as a large number of disarticulated and fragmented bones. The minimum number of individuals was found to be 19 and a range of age groups appeared to be present. Osteological analysis found several pathological conditions. Table 1 in the skeletal pathology specialist report, below, provides details of all skeletons from the excavation with associations and level of preservation.

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The location of human remains in relation to the hall foundations in Trench A.

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Figure 1

Survey plan of Bent Rigg radar site.

The Archaeological Recording of Second World War Structures and Landscapes in Yorkshire

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Survey plan of radar group of buildings at Bent Rigg.

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The Archaeological Forum Journal: CBA Yorkshire

Peter Denison-Edson and Alan Mills Corresponding author Swaledale & Arkengarthdale Archaeology Group (SWAAG) alanfmills@gmail.com

Keywords

Medieval, Test pits, Geophysics, Swaledale, Reeth, Community archaeology, Pottery

COMMUNITIES IN ACTION

The Swaledale Big Dig

Volume 3 | 2014 (65±76)

Abstract The Swaledale Big Dig is a two-year community archaeology project developed by the Swaledale & Arkengarthdale Archaeology Group and supported with a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund. The project aims to investigate the development of settlements in Swaledale, North Yorkshire, particularly prior to the 18th century. The Big Dig uses the test-pit methodology developed by Dr Carenza Lewis and her colleagues at the Higher Education Field Academy, Cambridge University. At the time of writing the project is halfway through, having nearly completed the planned test pit programme in Reeth. In 2015 the focus of the Big Dig will move to the nearby villages of Fremington and Grinton. The range and distribution of finds in both location and time raise interesting questions about how Reeth developed over time. The primary focus of this paper is on pottery regression which indicates that Reeth suffered severe economic and population decline during the medieval period and then recovered and developed in the 18th century into the quite different village we see today.

Introduction In March 2014 the Swaledale & Arkengarthdale Archaeology Group (SWAAG) launched The Swaledale Big Dig, a two-year community project which aims to involve the local community in a programme of discovery to increase our patchy knowledge of the history of the three small settlements of Fremington, Grinton and Reeth in Swaledale, North Yorkshire (Fig. 1). The project is now approaching the end of year one (at the time of writing this paper). We have made excellent progress due in no small part to the involvement and support of local people, local landowners, both Grinton and Reeth Parish councils, the Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority Historic Environment team and the financial support of the Heritage Lottery Fund. Our major activities have included working with local schools, offering a number of free guided local walks to examine aspects of our local heritage, carrying out geophysical surveys and digging 27 one metre square test pits in Reeth. In addition we have offered a range of free courses ± including documentary research methods, history through archaeology, landscape interpretation, pottery identification, aerial photography and LIDAR interpretation, and geophysics training and interpretation ± in order to help equip members of the local community with the necessary skills to carry the project forward after its funding ends in January 2016.

© Council for British Archaeology: Yorkshire Group and the Individual Authors

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The Archaeological Forum Journal: CBA Yorkshire

Volume 3 | 2014 (77Âą84)

Christine Rawson‚, Kate Brown and Sue Warren Corresponding author‚ Elmet Archaeological Services Ltd. c.rawson@elmetarchaeology.co.uk

Keywords

Community archaeology, Dearne Valley, Funding, Heritage, Projects, Education

COMMUNITIES IN ACTION

Creative Communities: heritage, funding and lateral thinking

Abstract Community, or ÂľpublicÂś archaeology is becoming a popular approach to making the investigation of heritage more inclusive. There are various methods which can be utilised in order to achieve this, from the larger commercial companies providing community access projects, to small community groups carrying out research and archaeological investigations themselves with the support of funders and professionals. This paper seeks to describe the development and growth of a community based, not for profit, social enterprise company with inclusivity and community at its centre. Consideration is given to the need for diversification of income streams, where the creation of funds is necessary to deliver some of the more central, community-based projects at the heart of the work of Elmet Archaeological Services Ltd. This analysis presents some of the more traditional funding that community archaeology companies rely upon and introduces alternative routes we have explored in order to meet our social aims and objectives.

Introduction The origins of Elmet Archaeological Services Ltd. (hereafter Elmet) began back in 2008 when, as part of a previous Community Interest Company (CIC), a community archaeology project was devised for an area of Barnsley, South Yorkshire, around an open area of land frequented by many of the local people. That experience set off a chain of events which culminated in the establishment of Elmet as a social enterprise in the summer of 2009. The main issue, which many community archaeology companies face, is access to funding and support. Experiences with the previous CIC format ¹ a business model in its early infancy at the time ¹ highlighted the difficulties for community-based groups fulfilling specific criteria in order to start up or grow sufficiently. The decision to become a social HQWHUSULVH ZDV HDV\ $W WKH KHDUW RI DOO (OPHWœV DFWLYLWLHV OLH WKH WHQHWV RI heritage, education and community; building on those three pillars has become the main driving force for everything we do. That early experience in Barnsley had highlighted some very important issues. The power of heritage and archaeology to pull a community together in order to give it a sense of pride, value and place, was the real impetus. Watching multiple generations working alongside each other to research, excavate and share that period in their lives with each other, was very powerful. The background of Elmetœs board and staff was crucial in forging the future pathway, as it was important to ensure that all the various elements of our potential work were represented. To that end we had education Š Council for British Archaeology: Yorkshire Group and the Individual Authors

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The Archaeological Forum Journal: CBA Yorkshire

Marie-Anne Hintze and Janis Heward Corresponding author Nidderdale Chase Heritage Group majhintze@yahoo.co.uk Keywords

COMMUNITIES IN ACTION

Nidderdale Chase Heritage Group: the Ashelby Pasture Project 2013±14 interim report

Volume 3 | 2014

Nidderdale, Community archaeology, Post-monastic, Agricultural heritage

The Nidderdale Chase Heritage Group came into existence in 2006 and from 2007±2012 completed a Heritage Lotteryfunded community archaeology project recording and researching the development of a post-monastic landscape and community which now forms part of an estate in Upper Nidderdale. In 2013 the group undertook the excavation of a previously unrecorded feature identified in the initial study. The aim was firstly to provide members with skills and experience in excavation, pre- and post-excavation analysis and recording by working with a professional archaeologist, and secondly to assess and record the archaeological evidence in order to understand the nature of this feature and its relationship with the wider landscape. This paper presents a summary of work achieved to date and of the remaining questions that it is hoped future work will address.

Introduction The study area, which forms part of the Wath Estate in Nidderdale, is located on the north-eastern slope of the valley of the River Nidd overlooking Gouthwaite Reservoir. Before the Nidderdale Chase Heritage Group (NCHG) obtained a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund for the Sigsworth Project (2007±2012), no systematic documentary or fieldwork had been undertaken over the area. The group, then working under the guidance of Kevin Cale, Community Archaeologist, embarked on fieldwalking surveys which brought to light a number of previously unrecorded features. These included some earthworks outlining a possible two- or three-celled building. In 2013 the NCHG, now embarking on a new phase of work, decided to investigate this further and to excavate.

Site history The site is situated on land granted to the Abbey of Fountains in 1175 by Roger de Mowbray and, until the dissolution of the monasteries, formed part of East Holme Grange, one of the monastic vaccaries of Nidderdale. By the latter part of the 18th century, most of the land in Fountains Earth had been acquired by the Yorke family. At the time of the Dissolution, it appears that the field in which the site now lies was then part of a single, large open-wooded pasture of around 18ha, running from close to the valley bottom up to the open moorland. The earliest estate maps, Yorke maps dated 1782 and 1813, as well as the 1853 First Edition OS map, show the site before Parliamentary enclosure took place and locate the site above two small, early enclosure fields carved out from the open pasture. The present field of improved grassland incorporates these and an unimproved area above which the site lies. None of the written documentary sources that were consulted mention the existence of a structure in this location, although others are fully recorded. The field itself appears for the first time on the 1909 OS map and subsequently on later maps up to 1997. It is depicted on vertical aerial photographs from 1946 to 1988 but only the 1988 aerial photograph reveals the multi-celled rectangular platform and the lower terrace below it. The feature clearly sits in an ancient agricultural landscape. However, relics of medieval iron working are also present nearby, hinting at the possibility of a range of other uses or activities.

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The Archaeological Forum Journal: CBA Yorkshire

Volume 3 | 2014

Jean Robinson‚ and Janis Heward Corresponding author‚ Friends of Raikes Road Burial Ground (FRRBG) jean10alice@aol.com | janis.heward1@virginmedia.com Keywords

COMMUNITIES IN ACTION

Raikes Road Burial Ground, Skipton, North Yorkshire: 2014 interim excavation report

Victorian, Burial ground, Subterranean mortuary, Chapel, Community archaeology, Skipton

Following work of the FRRBG, with a generous grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund, archaeologists were requested to locate the structure known as the mortuary situated within the Raikes Road burial ground. This paper is the first interim report for this ongoing project and the trial excavation of a rare, subterranean mortuary (Litton 2014, pers comm.).

Introduction The Friends of Raikes Road Burial Ground in Skipton, North Yorkshire, was formed as a volunteer group in 2012 with the aim of restoring this Victorian cemetery, forgotten and neglected since it officially closed in 1878, and making it accessible to the public. It is a one acre (0.4ha) site, opened in 1846 as an overspill burial ground from Skipton Parish Church, but records for the site (Fig. 1) and its buildings are sparse, despite considerable research. Records are so few that there is not even a burial plan. However, its neglect has been its saving since, although there are missing gravestones and damage to many of the remaining ones, it is now the only burial ground in Skipton in its original, undisturbed state. Other sites, like many Victorian cemeteries up and down the country, have been cleared of their monuments, often with little or no recording, with the consequent loss of valuable information. This makes Raikes Road an important site for Skipton. A Heritage Lottery grant was awarded in early 2014, and part of the project plan has involved an archaeological investigation on the two buildings which had been part of the burial ground.

Figure 1

1891 Ordnance Survey map showing the Mortuary (mound indicated by hachures) and Chapel.

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