Socio-Economic Atlas of the Lao PDR by Centre for Development and Environment (CDE)

ÀàÌ×éâÂàßÑ¸ÌÊàÌÈ‹àÌÏíÌÁÜÃÀàÌ ÅáØÖ×ÈÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯ÔïŠÜàåÅåÌÎê 2005 An analysis based on the 2005 Population Census

The evaluator invites the staff member to talk about the evaluation. This is the most important part of the evaluation. If this meeting is conducted in the right way, better relations may be established and the present and future position of the staff member in the organisation may become clearer. The head of the department, or in small organisations, the executive director is responsible to make sure all staff members are appraised in time. The personnel advisor makes the evaluation sheets sends them with an explanatory letter to the evaluators. After the appraisals are realised the personnel advisor gathers the final sheets after the evaluation meeting and files them. The forms should be treated condfidencial.

Because these people work most closely with the staff members this is preferable that they do the appraisal. They know best the strengths and weaknesses as well as the performance results of the staff member. The evaluator receives the appraisal form from the Personnel department. She asks all persons concerned to fill the evaluation forms for this staff member independently. This means all direct colleagues of the staff member who has to be evaluated. This may as well be done immediately after a joint assignment. The evaluator, fills in her own evaluation form for the staff member and consults, the evaluated and direct colleagues, like team members via their evaluation forms. Whenever available, external evaluations done by clients or target group should be consulted.

Swiss National Centre of Competence in Reasearch North-South

9 783905 835038

LAO DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS

ßÅâÝìÜÌ ØàÀ–ÛàÇ Äß–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÅŠÞÃ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÁàÈãÂÌ–ÜàØàÌ–Éœ ãÖßâÎèÌ ãÛŠÃ–Å‹àÃ–ÖàÇ–ÝèÍ ÁÜÃ–Æà×–ÀßÅéÀÜÌ ÜêÀ–È‹×Ç. Ê‹à–ÁßÙàÈ–ÅßâÖŠÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÈéÌ–ÀßÅéÀá–É ¡–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Éœ–À×à1 âÝèÀÉà–Äß–âÎèÌ–Éí×–Æ¸–ÍÜ À–ÜèÌ–Ù±Ã–Â×àÓ–Í¡–Ú´ÌÂíÃ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–ÂŸ ÎßÀèÌ–Åß ÍÞÃ–ÜàØàÌ–ÖßÈèÍ–ãÁ×Ã ãÖß ÖßÈèÍ–ÆàÈ. ÜéÃ–ÉàÓ ÏíÌ ÁÜÃ ÀàÌ–Åá–Û×È–ÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃ ãÖß–Ë¯ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ, 2005 ÁßÙàÈ Åß¬âÖŠÇ ÁÜÃ ÈéÌ–ÀßÅé¬Àá Ë³×–ÎßâËÈ ãÓŠÌ 2.11 âÝèÀÉà. ÅèÃâÀÈ–ÄàÀ–ãÏÌË¯ âØèÌ–×Šà ÍàÃ–ãÁ×Ã–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ Óê–ÁßÙàÈ–ÅßâÖŠÇ–ÈéÌ–ÀßÅÀá É¡–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ ÅïÃ–À×Šà ÚïŠ ãÓŠÌ ãÁ×Ã–Û×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ (2.26 âÝèÀ¬Éà) ãÖß–ãÁ×Ã–ÜîÈíÓ–æÆ (1.71 âÝèÀÉà). ãÉŠ–ÀíÃÀèÌÁ‹àÓ ÍàÃ–ãÁ×Ã ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ Óê–ÁßÙàÈ–ÅßâÖŠÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÈéÌ–ÀßÅéÀá Éœ–À×Šà 1 âÝèÀÉà Âì ãÁ×Ã Øí×ÑèÌ (0.77 Ý.É) ãÖß ãÁ×Ã Ï¿Ã–ÅàÖê (0.98 Ý.É). âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ÄßãÄ‹Ã È‹àÌ ËéÈÉàâ×èÌÉíÀ ÁÜÃ ÎßâËÈ ãÖß âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯ ÖÞÍÉàÓ-Öá ãÓŠÌŸ ÁÜÃ ãÖß ÍàÃ–ÅàÁà ÁÜÃ ãÓŠÌŸ–ÁÜÃ ãÉŠ–ãÁ×Ã–æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê ÖíÃ–Óà âÊéÃ ãÁ×Ã Äá–Îß–ÅèÀ Óê–ÁßÙàÈ–ÅßâÖŠÇ ÁÜÃÈéÌ-ÀßÅÀá ãÉŠ 2 âÝèÀÉà–ÁºÌ–æÎ. ãÉŠ Ê‹à–âÍªÃ–È‹àÌ–Éàâ×èÌ–ÜÜÀ ÁÜÃ ÎßâËÈ ÉéÈ–ÀèÍ–Îß¬âËÈ–âÑ²ÜÌ–Í‹àÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ ÁßÙàÈ–ÅßâÖŠÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÈéÌ–ÀßÅéÀá ãÓŠÌ Óê–Éœ–À×Šà 1 âÝèÀÉà âÌ²ÜÃ–ÄàÀ ×Šà âÎèÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯ âÁÈ–Ñï, âÌêÌ–Ñï ãÖß–Óê–Ñï–ÑÞÃ–âÎèÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ. ÅáÖèÍ–ÑàÀ–ÀàÃ ãÖß–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹ É¿ÌÉç–ãÓŠÌ–ÑïÓ–ÅèÌÊàÌ–Ñï–ÑÞÃ–À×‹àÃ, ÝàÍ–ÑÞÃÑç–ÅíÓÂ×Ì Æ² Ã – Å ßÈ×À– å Ø‹ – ã ÀŠ – À àÌ– Î ï À – Ñ ì È – â Îè Ì – Ë è Ì – Ç à– Ø àÌ– ä ÈÇ– Å ß– â Ñß– Î ï À – â Á¿ à âÑàßÅßÌ´Ì, ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÂÜÍ–ÂÜÃ–ÈéÌ–ÀßÅéÀá ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ Óê–ÁßÙàÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÈéÌ–ÀßÅéÀá ÅïÃ–À×Šà 2-3 âÝèÀÉà É¡–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ

Socio-Economic ATLAS of the Lao PDR

The evaluator and evaluated give the heads of department a proposal for training as follow-up for the appraisal meeting written down in a development plan. After approval the chief auditor sends the plan to the training advisor/ personnel department. Both head of department and training advisor agree upon the training program for each staff member.

ÁßÙàÈ–ÅßâÖŠÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÈéÌ–ÀßÅéÀá–É¡–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ ÚàÇ–âÊéÃ–ÁßÙàÈ–ÁÜ Ã–âÌºÜË¯–Ö×Ó–ÁÜÃ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–ËîÀ–ÉÜÌ–Ë¯–Ïï‹–ÂÜÍ–ÂÜÃ–Ìá–åÆ‹–âÝ È–ÀßÅéÀá–Æ²Ã–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–È¨Ã ÀŠà×–ÜàÈ–âÎèÌ ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ–âÜÃ, âÆ³à, Ûì âÝèÈ–Ö‹à–Í¡–âÅÇ–ÂŠà Ë¯ ÈéÌ–ÅàËàÖßÌß/âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ãÉŠ–Öß–ÎßâÑÈ–ÎŠà Ûì ÁÜÃ Ïï‹ Ü²Ì ƒ À¡–æÈ‹. ãÏÌË¯–È¨ÃÀŠà×–Ì¸ Í³Ã–ÍÜÀ–åØ‹–Ýï‹ ×Šà ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÂÜÍ–ÂÜÃ–ÈéÌ ÀßÅéÀá ãÉŠ–Öß ÁßÙàÈ âÆ¨Ì Éœ–À×Šà 1 âÝèÀ-Éà–ÖíÃ–Óà, ÖßØ×ŠàÃ 1-2 Ý.É, 2-3 Ý.É, 3-4 ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà 4 âÝèÀÉà–ÁºÌ–æÎ Óê–Ù‹ÜÇ–ÛàÇ–âË³àåÈ. Ê‹à–ÁßÙàÈ–ÅßâÖŠÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÈéÌ–À

Îº–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ ÀŠ–Þ×ÀÍè ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ-âÅÈ––ÊßÀéÈ ÁÜÃ ÅÎÎÖà×

Îº–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ ÀŠ–Þ×ÀÍè ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ-âÅÈ––ÊßÀéÈ ÁÜÃ ÅÎÎ Öà× Socio-Economic ATLAS of the Lao PDR

Îº–ÓãÏÌ–Ë¯ ÀŠ–Þ×ÀèÍ ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ-âÅÈ––ÊßÀéÈ ÁÜÃ ÅÎÎ Öà× Socio-Economic ATLAS of the Lao PDR ÀàÌ×éâÂàßÑ¸ÌÊàÌÈ‹àÌÏíÌÁÜÃÀàÌ ÅáØÖ×ÈÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯ÔïŠÜàåÅåÌÎê 2005 An analysis based on the 2005 Population Census

ÎºÓ – ãÏÌ–Ë¯ ÀŠ–Þ×ÀèÍ ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ-âÅÈ––ÊßÀéÈ ÁÜÃ ÅÎÎ Öà× ÀàÌ×éâÂàßÑ¸ÌÊàÌÈ‹àÌÏíÌÁÜÃÀàÌ ÅáØÖ×ÈÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯ÔïŠÜàåÅåÌÎê 2005

Èá–âÌêÌ–×ÞÀ–äÈÇ / ÀàÌ–ÎßÉéÍèÈ–äÈÇ

Swiss National Centre of Competence in Reasearch North-South

Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South Switzerland

LAO DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS

Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South Switzerland

Department of Statistics (DOS) Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) Government of Lao PDR

ÝÞÍÝÞÃäÈÇ Peter Messerli, Andreas Heinimann, Michael Epprecht, Phonesaly Souksavath, Nicolas Minot

ÅßÙèÍÅßÙïÌËëÌäÈÇ

Lao National Mekong Committee Secretariat (LNMCS) Water Resources and Environmental Administration (WREA) Prime Minister’s Office Government of Lao PDR

Socio-economic ATLAS of the Lao PDR An analysis based on the 2005 Population Census

Implemented by

Swiss National Centre of Competence in Reasearch North-South

Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South Switzerland

LAO DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS

Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South Switzerland

Department of Statistics (DOS) Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) Government of Lao PDR

Edited by Peter Messerli, Andreas Heinimann, Michael Epprecht, Phonesaly Souksavath, Nicolas Minot

Funded By

Lao National Mekong Committee Secretariat (LNMCS) Water Resources and Environmental Administration (WREA) Prime Ministerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Office Government of Lao PDR

Disclaimer:

The boundaries, colours, denominations, and any other information shown on the maps of this atlas do not imply any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any official endorsement or acceptance of the boundaries on the part of the government of Lao PDR.

© 2008 Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South, Switzerland and Geographica Bernensia; National Statistics Centre (NSC) of the Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI); Lao National Mekong Committee Secretariat (LNMCS) of the Water Resources and Environmental Administration (WREA), Prime Ministers’ Office (PMO). All rights reserved First edition, 1000 copies Sections of this atlas may be reproduced without the express permission of, both with acknowledgement of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South, Switzerland, the National Statistics Centre (NSC); Lao National Mekong Committee Secretariat (LNMCS). Prepared by:

Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South Department of Statistics (DOS) of the Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) Lao National Mekong Committee Secretariat (LNMCS) of the Water Resources and Environmental Administration (WREA), Prime Ministers’ Office (PMO)

Contributing authors:

Andreas Heinimann (NCCR North-South), Jim Chamberlain, Jo Pereira (COPE), Kay Panzer, Khamso Kouphokham (Ministry of Energy), Michael Epprecht (NCCR North-South), Nicolas Minot (IFPRI), Nimala Souksone (Lao Women’s Union), Oulavanh Keovilignavon (NCCR North-South), Peter Messerli (NCCR North-South), Phongeun Souliya (Lao Women’s Union), Prasong Vongkhamchanh (Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare), Sangkhane Thiangthammavong (LNMCS), Savanh Hanephom (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry), Swady Kingkeo (Ministry of Public Health), Thiraka Chanthalanouvong (NSC), Thor Erik Maeder (UNDP)

Edited by:

Peter Messerli (NCCR North-South), Andreas Heinimann (NCCR North-South), Michael Epprecht (NCCR North-South), Phonesaly Souksavath (DOS), Nicolas Minot (International Food Policy Research Institute, IFPRI)

Text Editing:

Peter Messerli and Kay Panzer

Language Editing and Translations:

Maureen Brown, Technical Language Associates (TLA)

Cartography:

Andreas Heinimann (NCCR North-South), Adrian Weber (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland), Cornelia Hett (Centre for Development and Environment, CDE), Peter Messerli (NCCR North-South), Michael Epprecht (NCCR North-South).

Reviewers:

Chanthavong Saingasith, Director General, Lao National Mekong Committee (LNMCS) Samaychan Boupha, Director General, Department of Statistics (DOS), Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI)Thomas Kohler, Co-director, Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern

Layout and Cover Design:

Robert Brown, Technical Language Associates (TLA)

Printed by:

Phongwarin Printing Limited, Bangkok, Thailand

Published by:

Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South and Geographica Bernensia

ISBN:

978-3-905835-03-8

Contact details

National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South, Hallerstrasse 10, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; T: +41 31 631 52 72; Email: nccr-north-south@cde.unibe.ch; Web: www.north-south.ch Department of Statistics (DOS), Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI), Luang Prabang road, Vientiane, Lao PDR; T: +856 21 219 219; Email: nscp@etllao.com; Web: www.nsc.gov.la Lao National Mekong Committee Secretariat (LNMCS), Prime Minister’s Office, Lane Xang Avenue, Vientiane, Lao PDR; T: +856 21 260 981; Email: lnmc@lnmc.gov.la; Web: www.lnmc.gov.la

Citation: Messerli P., Heinimann A., Epprecht M., Phonesaly S. and N. Minot, editors . 2008: Socio-economic Atlas of Lao PDR. A depiction of the Population Census 2005. Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South, University of Bern. Bern: Geographica Bernensia, XXX pp.

Disclaimer:

Contributing authors:

Edited by:

Text Editing:

Peter Messerli and Kay Panzer

Language Editing and Translations:

Maureen Brown, Technical Language Associates (TLA)

Cartography:

Reviewers:

Chanthavong Saingasith, Director General, Lao National Mekong Committee (LNMCS) Samaychan Boupha, Director General, Department of Statistics (DOS), Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) Thomas Kohler, Co-director, Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern

Layout and Cover Design:

Robert Brown, Technical Language Associates (TLA)

Printed by:

Phongwarin Printing Limited, Bangkok, Thailand

Published by:

Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South and Geographica Bernensia

ISBN:

978-3-905835-03-8

Contact details

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È‹àÌ–ÅªÃ–ã×–ÈÖ‹ÜÓ, ãÖß âÑ²Ü–ÝèÍ–Îß–ÀèÌ–ÀàÌ–Óê–ÅŠ×Ì–ÝŠ×Ó ÁÜÃ–ÆîÓ–ÆíÌ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÝŠ×Ó–Óì–åÌ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–ÀèÍ–ÍèÌ–Èà–Îß–âËÈ–åÌ–ÖîŠÓ–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ, ãÖß ÍèÌ–Èà–Îß–âËÈ–Ü²Ìƒ ãÖß Ïï‹–åØ‹–ËëÌ–ÆŠ×Ç–âÛìÜ. äÈÇ–Óê–âÎ¿à–ÚàÇ–âÑ²Ü–ÝèÍ–Îß–ÀèÌ–ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–É´Ã–Îß–Éé–ÍèÈ äÂÃ–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–åØ‹–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÚàÀ–ÏíÌ–ÑàÇ–åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ ÅÎ–ÎÖà×.

ÅïÌÀàÃ ãØŠÃÆàÈÁÜÃÎßâËÈÅß×éÈÅš âÑ²Ü Å‹àÃÂ×àÓÅàÓàÈåÌÀàÌÂ¿ÌÂ‹×à âÙìÜ–-åÉ‹ ÅïÌ–ÀàÌ–Â¿Ì–Â×‹à–Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ–Åß–×éÈÅš âÙìÜ-åÉ‹ ãÓŠÌ–Ù±Ã–åÌ–ÅïÌ–ÀàÌ–Â¿Ì–Â×‹à–Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ–Æà×–ãØŠÃ–åÌ–Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–Åß–ÙèÍ–Åß

ÙïÌ–ÄàÀ–ÓïÌ–Ìé–Ëé–×é–Ëß–Çà–ÅàÈ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ–âËÈ–Åß–×éÈÅš. ÅïÌ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–Â¿Ì–Â×‹à–Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ–Åß–×éÈÅš âÙìÜ åÉ‹ åØ‹–ÀàÌ–ÆŠ×Ç–âÛìÜ–åÌ–ÀàÌ– Â¿Ì–Â×‹à–ÍèÌ–Øà–Ë¯–ÀŠÞ×–Á‹ÜÃ–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–ãÍÍ–ÇìÌ–ÇíÃ, äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß–ãÓŠÌ–åÌ–Îß–âËÈ–Ë¯–Àá–ÖèÃ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà ãÖß Óê–ÀàÌ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ, åÌ–Ì´Ì–Ö×Ó–ËèÃ–Îß–âËÈ–Åß–×éÈÅš–âÆê–ãÖÌ. ÄîÈ–Ë¯–Ñ¿Ì–âÈ¨Ì–À×Šà–ÚïŠ–ÁÜÃ–ãÏÌ–ÀàÌ–ãÓŠÌ: •

Øî‹ÌÅŠ×Ì âÙìÜ–-åÉ‹ âÑ²ÜÀàÌÂ¿ÌÂ×‹àËàÃ×éËßÇàÅàÈ

•

ãÖÀÎŠÞÌÀàÌÂ¿ÌÂ×‹à ãÖß ãÌ×ËàÃÀàÌÎßÉéÍèÈåÌÈ‹àÌÀàÌÑèÈËßÌà

•

ÀàÌÖ×ÓâÜíàÀàÌÂ¿ÌÂ×‹àåÌ×éÆà, ÖßØ×ŠàÃ×éÆà ãÖß Á‹àÓ×éÆà

ÀàÌ–Â¿Ì–Â×‹à–Ë¯–ÄèÈ–É´Ã–Îß–Éé–ÍèÈ–ÑàÇ–åÉ‹–ÀàÌ–Âî‹Ó–ÂÜÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÅïÌ–ÀàÌ–Â¿Ì–Â×‹à–Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ–Åß–×éÈÅš âÙìÜ-åÉ‹ æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–Îß–ÅàÌ–ÃàÌ. Æ±Ã–ÓèÌ–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–

âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹–Ë¯–Äß–Àá–ÌíÈ–ËéÈ–ËàÃ–Ìß–äÇ–ÍàÇ–äÈÇ–ÜêÃ–åÅŠ–ÀàÌ–ÅíÓ–ËÞÍ–ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–×é âÂàß, ×é–Ëê–ÀàÌ ãÖß ËŠà–ãÝÃ–âÑ²Ü–Û‡È–ÏŠÜÌ–ÏíÌ–Àß–ËíÍ–É¡–ÀàÌ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ–ÁÜÃ–äÖÀ–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–Üî–Îß–ÅèÀ– É¡–ÀàÌ ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–ãÍÍ–ÇìÌ–ÇíÃ

About the Institutions National Statistics Centre (NSC), Ministry of Planning and Investment The National Statistics Centre (NSC) belongs to Ministry of Planning and Investment and is charged with the coordination of the production and the dissemination of statistics and information within the national statistical system. It has the task of collecting, compiling, processing, analysing and reporting official statistics on the socio-economic situation within the country within various time periods. The National Statistics Centre supplies socio-economic statistics to all government organisations and various sectors, both domestic and others, who are involved in research for policy formulation, managing the socio-economic situation, setting up socio-economic development plans and analysing specific issues. The need to depend on statistics in decision-making has increased not only in socio-economic development planning but also in follow-ups and evaluations of the national objectives such as the eradication of poverty by 2010, and freeing the Lao PDR from the status of a least developed country by 2020. Statistics are also required in helping the Lao P.D.R. to fulfil its responsibilities within the regionalisation and globalisation frameworks.

Lao National Mekong Committee Secretariat (LNMCS), Prime Minister’s Office The Lao National Mekong Committee (LNMC) is a governmental organisation of the Lao PDR. Its secretariat (LNMCS) is attached to the Water Resources and Environmental Administration (WREA) under the Prime Minister’s Office. The role of the LNMC is to formulate policy, strategic plans, projects and programs, related to water resources development in the Mekong River basin in order to protect the environment, to maintain an environmental balance, and to ensure community participation and development co-operation with other Mekong riparian countries, and other countries and donors. It aims at ensuring the fruitful implementation of development projects within the territory of the Lao PDR.

Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South The NCCR North-South is one of twenty National Centres of Competence in Research currently supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). The NCCR North-South supports research on issues relating to sustainable development, particularly in developing and transition countries, but also in Switzerland. The most salient features of the program are: • North-South partnerships for scientific research • Integration of disciplinary, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research • Interactive exchange of development research and practice Research conducted under the auspices of the NCCR North-South is coordinated so as to allow for policy-oriented comparative analysis of pathways and potentials for mitigating the effects of global change that hinder sustainable development.

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Contents Foreword........................................................................................................................................................... xv Acknowledgements ��xix Introduction �� xxiii SECTION A

Geographical overview �� 25 A.1 A.2 A.3 A.4 A.5 A.6 A.7 A.8

Lao PDR from space �� 26 Administrative divisions �� 28 Relief and transportation �� 30 Land cover 2002 �� 32 Province accessibility �� 34 District accessibility �� 36 Overview of villages �� 38 Districts identified as poor �� 40

SECTION B

General demographic characteristics �� 43 B.1 B.2 B.3 B.4 B.5 B.6 B.7 B.8 B.9 B.10

Population density �� 44 Population distribution �� 46 Population aged 5 years and younger �� 48 Population aged 65 years and older �� 50 Dependancy ratio �� 52 Sex ratio �� 54 Sex ratio of children aged 5 years and younger �� 56 Marital status of the population �� 58 Average private household size �� 60 Female head of household �� 62

SECTION C

Migration �� 65 C.1 C.2 C.3 C.4 C.5 C.6

Internal migration �� 66 District migration �� 68 Village In-Migration �� 70 Village Out-Migration �� 72 Total Migration �� 74 Migration to Vientiane capital �� 76

SECTION D

Literacy and education �� 79 D.1 D.2 D.3 D.4 D.5 D.6

Literacy and schools �� 80 Accessibility of primary schools �� 82 Sex ratio of the literate population �� 84 Population and sex ratio of school completion �� 86 School attendance of 6, 10 and 15 year olds �� 88 Sex ratios of 6 to 15 year olds attending school �� 90

SECTION E

Health & disabilities �� 93 E.1 E.2 E.3 E.4 E.5

Location and accessibility of health centres �� 94 General health characteristics �� 96 Households with disabled people �� 98 Main types of disability �� 100 Main causes of disability �� 102

SECTION F

Ethnicity and religion �� 105 F.1 F.2 F.3 F.4 F.5 F.6

Distribution by ethno-linguistic families �� 106 Composition of villages by ethno-linguistic families �� 108 Distribution of ethno-linguistic categories �� 110 Composition of villages by ethno-linguistic categories �� 112 Religion �� 114 Religious composition of villages �� 116

SECTION G

Economic activities �� 119 G.1 G.2 G.3 G.4 G.5 G.6 G.7 G.8

Economically active population �� 120 Sex ratio of the economically active population �� 122 Population retired, sick or too old to work �� 124 Unemployment �� 126 Employment �� 128 Non-agricultural activities �� 130 Households operating agricultural land �� 132 Average size of agricultural land per household �� 134

SECTION H

Living conditions �� 137 H.1 H.2 H.3 H.4 H.5 H.6 H.7 H.8

Type of roof �� 138 Type of house floor �� 140 Type of house walls �� 142 Water sources �� 144 Main type of toilet �� 146 Use of electricity �� 148 Source of energy for cooking �� 150 Average living space per capita �� 152

SECTION I

Poverty and inequality �� 155 I.1 I.2 I.3 I.4

Incidence of poverty �� 156 Density of poverty �� 158 Index of inequality (Gini coefficient) �� 160 Average per capita expenditure �� 162

ÅàÖßÍàÌ Âá–Ìá ................................................................................................................................................................ xvii ÁçÅßãÈÃ×Â×àÓÁÜÍåÄ........................................................................................................................................ xix ÍíÈ–Ìá................................................................................................................................................................xxiii SECTION A A.1 A.2 A.3 A.4 A.5 A.6 A.7 A.8

ÑàÍÊŠàÇ ÅÎÎ Öà× ÄàÀÜà×ßÀàÈ. ........................................................................................................ 28 ÀàÌãÍŠÃâÁÈÀàÌÎíÀÂÜÃ........................................................................................................................ 30 ÖßÈèÍÙ‹àÈéÌ ãÖß ÀàÌÁíÌÅ³Ã. ................................................................................................................ 32 ÀàÌÎíÀÂîÓË¯ÈéÌåÌ Îê 2002. ................................................................................................................... 34 Â×àÓÅàÓàÈâÁ¿àâÊéÃÁÜÃãÁ×Ã............................................................................................................... 36 Â×àÓÅàÓàÈâÁ¿àâÊéÃâÓìÜÃ...................................................................................................................... 38 ÅßÑàÍÖ×ÓÁÜÃÍ‹àÌ............................................................................................................................. 40 âÓìÜÃË¯ÄèÈÔïŠåÌÖßÈèÍÂ×àÓËîÀÇàÀ.......................................................................................................... 42

SECTION B B.1 B.2 B.3 B.4 B.5 B.6 B.7 B.8 B.9 B.10

Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ .................................................................................................................... 46 ÀàÌ–ÀßÄàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ.................................................................................................................... 48 ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ––åÌâÀÌÜàÇî 5 Îê ãÖß ÉœÀ×Šà................................................................................................. 50 ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–âÀÌ–ÜàÇî 65 Îê ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà............................................................................................... 52 ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÀàÌ–âÑªÃÑàÜàåÅ.................................................................................................................... 54 ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌËàÃâÑÈ................................................................................................................................ 56 ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–åÌ–ÀîŠÓ–âÈèÀÌ‹ÜÇ–ÜàÇî 5 Îê ãÖß Éœ–À×Šà. ......................................................................... 58 ÅßÊàÌß–ÑàÍ–ÀàÌãÉŠÃÃàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ–Öà×. ....................................................................................... 60 ÁßÙàÈÅß–âÖ¨Ç–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÍîÀÂíÌ......................................................................................................... 62 Øí×Ù‹à–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–âÑÈ–ÇéÃ. .......................................................................................................................... 64

SECTION C C.1 C.2 C.3 C.4 C.5 C.6

ÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇÑàÇåÌ................................................................................................................................ 68 ÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇâÁ¿àâÓìÜÃ............................................................................................................................. 70 ÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇâÁ‹àÍ‹àÌ. ............................................................................................................................. 72 ÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇÜÜÀÌÜÀÍ‹àÌ...................................................................................................................... 74 ÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ................................................................................................................................. 76 ÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇâÁ¿àæÎåÌÌßÂÜÌØÖ×Ã×ÞÃÄèÌ............................................................................................... 78

SECTION D D.1 D.2 D.3 D.4 D.5 D.6

ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅì ãÖß –äÝÃÝÞÌ........................................................................................................................ 82 Â×àÓ–ÅàÓàÈ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–ÝÜÈ–æÎâÊéÃäÝÃÝÞÌÎßÊíÓ.......................................................................................... 84 ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌËàÃâÑÈÁÜÃÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃË¯Ýï‹ÙèÃÅì............................................................................................. 86 ÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃ ãÖß ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌËàÃâÑÈÁÜÃÏï‹Ë¯ÝÞÌÄíÍÄàÀäÝÃÝÞÌ............................................................... 88 ÀàÌâÁ¿àäÝÃÝÞÌÁÜÃâÈèÀË¯ÓêÜàÇî 6, 10– ãÖß 15– Îê.................................................................................... 90 ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌËàÃâÑÈÁÜÃâÈèÀÜàÇî 6 Øà 15 ÎêË¯âÁ¿àäÝÃÝÞÌ. ........................................................................ 92

SECTION E E.1 E.2 E.3 E.4 E.5

Ë¯É´ÃÁÜÃÅïÌÅîÁßÑàÍ ãÖß Â×àÓÅàÓàÈâÁ¿àæÎØà................................................................................... 96 ÖèÀÅßÌßÅßâÑàßÁÜÃÅîÁßÑàÍäÈÇË³×æÎ. .............................................................................................. 98 Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÀèÍ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–Ñé–ÀàÌ......................................................................................................................... 100 Îß–âÑÈ–É¿Ì–Éç–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ. ............................................................................................................... 102 ÅàâØÈÉ¿ÌÉç–ÁÜÃÂ×àÓÑéÀàÌ ................................................................................................................ 104

SECTION F F.1 F.2 F.3 F.4 F.5 F.6

ÀàÌãÄÀÔàÇÀîŠÓÆíÌâÏ³àÉàÓÚ×ÈÑàÅà................................................................................................. 108 ÅŠ×ÌÎßÀÜÍÁÜÃÍ‹àÌÜêÃÉàÓÀîŠÓÉßÀîÌâÏ³àÉàÓÚ×ÈÑàÅà. ..................................................................... 110 ÀàÌãÄÀÔàÇÎßâÑÈÆíÌâÏ³àÉàÓÚ×ÈÑàÅà........................................................................................... 112 ÀàÌÎßÀÜÍÁÜÃ–Í‹àÌÉàÓ–Îß–âÑÈÆíÌ–âÏ³à–ÑàÅà ....................................................................................... 114 ÅàÈÅßÙà.......................................................................................................................................... 116 ÅŠ×ÌÎßÀÜÍÅàÈÅßÙàÁÜÃÍ‹àÌ........................................................................................................... 118

SECTION G G.1 G.2 G.3 G.4 G.5 G.6 G.7 G.8

ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃÏï‹–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈÄß–ÀáâÅÈÊßÀéÈ.................................................................................. 122 ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×ÌËàÃ–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈÄß–ÀáâÅÈÊßÀéÈ................................................ 124 ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–âÁ¿àÍáÌàÌ, –âÄèÍ–æÁ‹ Ûì –ãÀŠ–âÀêÌÀ×Šà–Ë¯Äß–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–æÈ‹ . .................................................... 126 ÀàÌ–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÃàÌ. .................................................................................................................................... 128 ÀàÌ–Óê–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá........................................................................................................................... 130 ÀéÈÄßÀá–É¿ÌÉçÍ¡–ãÓŠÌ–ÀßÅéÀá.................................................................................................................. 132 Âí×âÝìÜÌÓêÈéÌÀßÅéÀáâÎèÌÁÜÃÉíÌâÜÃ..................................................................................................... 134 ÁßÙàÈÅßâÖŠÇÁÜÃâÌºÜË¯ÀàÌÀßâÅÈÉ¡Âí×âÝìÜÌ..................................................................................... 136

SECTION H H.1 H.2 H.3 H.4 H.5 H.6 H.7 H.8

Îß–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ–ØÖèÃÂà–âÝìÜÌ. ..................................................................................................................... 140 ÎßâÑÈÑºÌâÝìÜÌÉ¿ÌÉç. .......................................................................................................................... 142 Îß–âÑÈ–Ðà–âÝìÜÌ–É¿ÌÉç............................................................................................................................ 144 ãØ–ÖŠÃÌŸ–åÆ‹É¿ÌÉç.................................................................................................................................. 146 ÎßâÑÈÁÜÃØ‹ÜÃÌŸÅŠ×ÌåØÇŠ................................................................................................................. 148 ÀàÌÌáåÆ‹æÒÒ‹à................................................................................................................................... 150 ãÛŠÃÑßÖèÃÃàÌåÆ‹ÅáÖèÍãÉŠÃÔïŠÂí×ÀéÌ....................................................................................................... 152 ÑºÌË¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–æÅÅß–âÖŠÇÉ¡–Øí×–ÂíÌ.................................................................................................................. 154

SECTION I I.1 I.2 I.3 I.4

ÜèÈÉà–ÀàÌ–âÀêÈÁºÌÁÜÃÂ×àÓËîÀ............................................................................................................ 158 Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ................................................................................................................ 160 ÈèÈ–Åß–Ìê–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Í¡–Åß–âÙé–ÑàÍ (Éí×–âÖÀ–Ë¯–É‹ÜÃ–ÂïÌ–ÁÜÃ Gini)..................................................................... 162 –ÀàÌÅßâÖŠÇÀàÌåÆ‹ÄàñÇÉ¡–ÍîÀÂíÌ............................................................................................................. 164

ANNEXE 1:

ÅßÑàÍÖ×ÓÈ‹àÌ–ÑïÓ–ÅàÈ.....................................................................................................................................167 ANNEXE 2:

ÅßÑàÍÖ×ÓÈ‹àÌ–ÑïÓ–ÅàÈ.....................................................................................................................................169 ANNEXE 3:

ÅßÑàÍÖ×ÓÈ‹àÌ–ÑïÓ–ÅàÈ.....................................................................................................................................171 ANNEXE 4:

ÅßÑàÍÖ×ÓÈ‹àÌ–ÑïÓ–ÅàÈ.....................................................................................................................................173

Âá–Ìá Foreword ÌèÍ–ãÉŠ–æÈ‹–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÎßÉé–ÝïÍ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–âÅÈÊßÀéÈ–åÌ–Ë‹àÇ–ËíÈ–Åß–×èÈ–Ëê– 80 âÎèÌÉ ¿Ì–Óà–âÅÈ ÊßÀéÈ ÁÜÃ–ÎßâËÈ ÅÎÎ Öà× æÈ‹–âÉêÍ–åØÇŠ–ÁßØÇàÇÉí×–ÔŠàÃ–Åß–Úœ–ÅßâÚê ãÖß Í¡–ÔîÈ–Ô´Ã. ÌÜÀÄàÀ ÀàÌ–ÎŠÞÌãÎÃ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–âÅÈÊßÀéÈ–ãÖ‹×, ÀàÌ–âÉêÍ–äÉ–ÁÜÃ–âÅÈÊßÀéÈ–ÇèÃ–âÎèÌ–ÎèÈå Ä– Ìá–âÜíà–ÀàÌ ÎŠÞÌãÎÃ–åÚŠ–ÅáÂèÌ–ÓàÅïŠ–ÎßÆàÆíÌ–ÜèÌ–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–âÁíàâ Ä¿à–ÅàÓàÈ–ÈáâÌêÌ–ÀàÌ–ÈáÖíÃ–Æê ×éÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ åØ‹–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÇìÌ–ÇíÃ ãÖß ÅàÓàÈ–ãÀ‹–æÁ–ÅßÑàÍ–ÍèÌØ à–Æ× ê éÈ–ÎßÄá–×èÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ–æÈ‹. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃåÈ À¡–ÉàÓ, Ç‹ÜÌ–×ŠàÀ àÌ–ÎŠÞÌãÎÃ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–Óê–ÖßÈèÍ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–æÎ–åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Ë³×–Îß âËÈ ÅÎÎ Öà× âÆ¨Ì–×Šà–ÍàÃ–Ë‹ÜÃÊªÌ–À¡–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÎŠÞÌãÎÃ–æ×–ÀŠ×–à–Ë‹ÜÃÊªÌ–Ü²Ì, ÍèÌØ à ãÖß ËŠà ãÝÃ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈË ßÌà åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà× ÜàÈ–Óê–ÖèÀÅ ßÌß–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–æÎ–ÜêÃ–ÉàÓ–ÅßÑàÍ–ÁÜÃ– Ë‹ÜÃÊªÌ.

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Since the economic reforms in the late 80’s, the Lao PDR has been experiencing steadily increasing and continuous economic growth. Apart from economic changes, such growth also brings about important changes in the way people sustain their livelihoods and how they go about their daily lives. However, since these changes are not the same throughout the whole territory of the Lao PDR and as some places change more rapidly than others, the problems and potentials for development in the Lao PDR may become more heterogeneous. The Government of the Lao PDR in cooperation with international development partners is committed to support and guide these changes through

ÖèÈÊ ßÍàÌ ÅÎÎ Öà× ÑàÇ–åÉ‹–ÀàÌ–ÝŠ×Ó–Óì–ÀèÍ–Ïï‹–ÝŠ×Ó–ÃàÌ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈË ßÌà–ÅàÀíÌ–æÈ‹–Üî ËéÈ–ÉíÌ–åØ‹À àÌ–ÆîÀÇ ï‹–ÅßÙèÍÅßÙîÌ ãÖß Æ¸–ãÌß–ÍèÌÈ à–ÀàÌ–ÎŠÞÌãÎÃ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–äÈÇ–ÏŠàÌ–ÀÜÍ–Ìß äÇÍàÇ ãÖß Áß–Í×Ì–ÀàÌ–ÉèÈÅ éÌ–åÄ–Ë¯–Óê–ÖèÀÅ ßÌß–ÂíÍ–Ê‹×Ì–ÑÞÃÑç–âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–ÍèÌÖ î–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃ ÀàÌ. Ç‹ÜÌ ãÌ×–Ì´Ì–ÄîÈ–Óî‹Ã–ÚàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÖèÈÊ ßÍàÌ–Í¡–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–Äß–ãÌŠ–åÅŠ–Å‹àÃ–Â×àÓ–ÈîŠÌ–ÈŠÞÃ–ËàÃ– È‹àÌ–âÅÈÊßÀéÈ–Ë¯–âÖ¨Ã–âÎ¿à–ÚàÇ–åÅŠ–È‹àÌ–ÅèÃÂ íÓ ãÖß ÅªÃã ×ÈÖ‹ÜÓ–âË³à–Ì´Ì ãÉŠ–ÇèÃ–ØàÀ–ÇèÃ–Ö×Ó– æÎ–âÊéÃ–Â×àÓ–ÄáâÎèÌ ãÖß ËŠàã ÝÃ–ÁÜÃ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÉŠàÃƒ Ìá–ÜêÀ–È‹×Ç. âÑàßÅßÌ´Ì, ÀàÌ–ÉèÈ ÅéÌ–åÄ–ÉŠàÃƒ Äß–É‹ÜÃÈáâÌêÌ–æÎ–ÍíÌ–ÑºÌÊ àÌ–Â×àÓ–Ýï‹–ÎßÅíÍ–ÀàÌ–ÄàÀ–Áß–Í×Ì ÀàÌ–ÑèÈË ß Ìà–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÈáâÌêÌ–æÎ–åÌ ãÉŠ–Öß–Ë‹ÜÃÊªÌ ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–åÌ–ÎßâËÈ ãÖß ÍíÌ–ÑºÌÊ àÌ–ÏíÌ–ÂàÈÀß–×Šà–Äß– æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–åÌ–ÜßÌàÂíÈ–ÄàÀ ÀàÌ–ÎßÉéÍèÈ ÌßäÇÍàÇ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÉèÈÅ éÌ–åÄ.

adequate policies and decision-making. It thereby aims not only at balancing economic objectives with social and environmental goals, but also wants to take into account the needs and potential of the different regions. Therefore, decisions must be based on knowledge of the development processes going on in different places of the country and of the expected consequences of future policies and decisions. The Lao PDR through its Department of Statistics (DOS) of the Ministry of Planning and Investment has made considerable progress in collecting and compiling statistical data. The latest National Population and Housing Census,

ÖèÈÊ ßÍàÌ ÅÎÎ Öà× äÈÇ–Óê–ÀíÓ–ÅßÊÉ é é–ÀßÆ×Ã–ãÏÌÀàÌ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÖíÃË ëÌ–âÎèÌ–âÅ Ìà–Ëé–ÀàÌ–æÈ‹ ÈáâÌêÌ–ÀàÌ–âÀèÍ–Àá ãÖß Ö×Í–Ö×Ó–ÅßÊéÉé–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÔŠàÃ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÂìÍ–Ù‹à ãÖß æÈ‹– ÎßÅíÍ–ÏíÌÅ áâÖèÈ–âÎèÌ–ÔŠàÃ–Èê. ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯Ô ïŠ–Üà–åÅ–Â´Ã–ØÖ‹à–ÅîÈ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Èá âÌêÌ–æÎ–åÌ–âÈìÜÌ–ÓÌ ê à Îê 2005 Ì´Ì–æÈ‹–ÅßÙÜÃ–ÅßÊÉ é é–Á§–ÓïÌ–åÚŠ–ØÖ‹à–ÅîÈ–ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÑíÌÖ ß âÓìÜÃ–Öà×–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–Ë³× ÎßâËÈ. ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯Ô ïŠ–Üà–åÅ–æÈ‹–âÀèÍ–Àá ãÖß Ö×Í–Ö×Ó–âÜíà–ÅßÊéÉé–ÅáÂèÌ ÛàÇ–È‹àÌ–Æ±Ã Á§–ÓïÌ–ÅßÊÉ é é–È¨ÃÀ Šà×–Ì´Ì–æÈ‹–Ìá–Óà–×æ é Ä ãÖß Åß âÙê–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÉàÉßÖàÃ–ÅèÃ–Ö×Ó ÅßÊÉ é é–Á§–ÓïÌ ãÖß åÌ–ÍíÈ–ÖàÇ–ÃàÌ–ÛàÇ–ÅßÍèÍ.

carried out in March 2005, presents the most recent data covering the totality of Lao households. The results include a wide range of important statistics, which have been analysed and presented in aggregated tabular form and through a series of reports. So far few attempts have been made to spatially represent and analyse this data, in order to make the results more readily accessible to researchers and policy makers. This has now become possible through a close collaboration

Óà–ÝÜÈ–ÈÞ×Ì¸, âÑ¯Ì–æÈ‹–ÑßÇàÇàÓ–ÅßâÙê–ÂìÌ ãÖß ×éæ Ä–Á§–ÓïÌ–Ì¸–âÎèÌ–ãÉŠ–Öß–æÖÇß–Óà–ËèÃ–Ì¸–À¡– âÑ²Ü âÝèÈ–åØ‹–ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–×æ é Ä–Ì´Ì–æÎ–ÝÜÈ–æÎ–âÊéÃ–ÍèÌÈ à–ÌèÀ–Â¿ÌÂ ×‹à ãÖß Ïï‹–ÀáÌíÈ–ÌßäÇ ÍàÇ–åØ‹–À×‹àÃ–æÀ–ÁºÌ–É²Ó. ÎßÄî–ÍèÌ–Â×àÓ–ÑßÇàÇàÓ–åÌ–ÅªÃ–È¨ÃÀ Šà×–Ì¸–ÅàÓàÈ–âÀêÈ–âÎèÌ–ÄéÃ–æÈ‹–òÑàÇ– åÉ‹–ÀàÌ–ÝŠ×Ó–Óì–ÀèÍ–ÂßÌß–ÀáÓà–Ëé–ÀàÌ–ãÓŠÌ Ÿ–ÁÜÃ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ–Öà× ãÖß ÅïÌ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ–ÁÜÃ–Îß âËÈ–Åß–×éÈ–âÆê–ãÖèÌ È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–Å³Ãâ ÅêÓ–Â×àÓ–ÅàÓàÈ (NCCR) ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÅßÙèÍÅßÙîÌ–ÜèÌ–Óê ÂŠà–ÄàÀ–ÜíÃÀ àÌ ÑèÈË ßÌà ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÝŠ×Ó–Óì–ÁÜÃ–ÎßâËÈ–Åß–×éÈ–âÆê–ãÖÌ (SDC).

with the Lao National Mekong Committee Secretariat (LNMCS) and the Swiss National Centre of Competence (NCCR) North-South with invaluable support from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). This fruitful and innovative partnership between Lao institutions and the further expansion to include Swiss partners has allowed the rich tabular data to be translated into spatial information. The database led to a set of detailed

ÀàÌ–ÝŠ×Ó–Óì–Ë¯–Óê–ÚàÀÏíÌ ãÖß Óê–ÀàÌ–ÎŠÞÌãÎÃ–åÚŠ–åÌ–ËàÃ–Å‹àÃÅèÌ–ÖßØ×ŠàÃ–ÜíÃ–ÀàÌÄèÈ É´Ã–ÁÜÃ–Öà× ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÁßØÇàÇ–ÀàÌ–ÝŠ×Ó–Óì–ÜèÌ–Èê–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌÄèÈÉ´Ã–ÐŠàÇ–Öà×–ÝŠ×Ó–ÀèÍ–ÂïŠ–ÝŠ×Ó– ÃàÌ–ÐŠàÇ Åß–×êÈ–âÆê–ãÖÌ–Ì¸–ÓèÌ–æÈ‹–ÅßÙÜÃ–âÃ²ÜÌæÁ–åØ‹–Óê–ÉàÉßÖàÃ–ÅßÊÉ é é–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÂíÍ–Ê‹×Ì–Ë¯–Üî ÈíÓÅ íÓÍ ïÌ ãÖß âÎèÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–Èê–âÑ²Ü–Éê–Â×àÓ–ÚàÇ–Óà–âÎèÌ Á§–ÓïÌ–åÌ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÀàÌãÄÀÔàÇ. ÊàÌ– Á§–ÓïÌ–Ì¸–âÎèÌ–ÎèÈå Ä ÑàåØ‹–âÀêÈ–Óê–ÆîÈ–ãÏÌË¯–Èê–Äê–Éç–Ë¯–Óê–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÖßÜÞÈ–ÂíÍ–Ê‹×Ì ãÖß ÅàÓàÈ–ÌáæÎ– åÆ‹–âÑ²Ü–ÅßãÈÃ–Á§–ÓïÌ æÈ‹. ãÏÌË¯–Èê–Äê–Éç–Ì¸–ÇèÃ–âÎèÌ–ÅªÃ–âÜºÜ–ÜáÌ×Ç–åØ‹–ãÀŠ–ÀàÌ–×æ é Ä–ÔïŠ–ÑàÇ–åÌ–ÆîÈ–Á§– ÓïÌ–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–Ñ‹ÜÓ È‹×Ç Á§–ÓïÌ–Ü‹àÃ–ÜêÃ–Ë¯–Óê–ÖèÀÅ ßÌß–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–ÄàÀ–ãØÖŠÃ–Á§–ÓïÌ–Ü²Ìƒ Ìá–ÜêÀ– È‹×Ç. ÅßÚîÈ–ãÏÌË¯ âÅÈÊßÀéÈ - ÅèÃÂ íÓ–ÁÜÃ ÅÎÎ Öà× åÌ–ÎßÄî–ÍèÌ–ãÓŠÌ–ÅßÚîÈ–ãÏÌË¯–Æß ÌéÈ–Ëê–ÅÜÃ–Å‹àÃ–ÁºÌ–Óà âÑ²Ü–ÄîÈÎ ßÅíÃ–ÅÜÃ–ÔŠàÃ–Âì: ÜèÌ–Ëê–Ù±Ã–ãÓŠÌ–âÑ²Ü–Ìá–åÆ‹–âÁ¿à–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÜßËéÍàÇ ãÖß Æ¸–ãÄÃ–Á§–ÓïÌ äÈÇ–Óê–ÑàÍ–ÎßÀÜÍ–Ë¯–ãËÈâÚàß–ÀèÍ–ÅßÑàÍ–Â×àÓ–âÎèÌ–ÄêÃ ãÖß ÜèÌ–Ëê–ÅÜÃ– ãÓŠÌ–âÑ²Ü–åÆ‹–âÎèÌ ÑàØßÌß–Çï‹–ÙïÌ–åØ‹–âÀêÈ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ãÏÌË¯–Ì´Ì–âÁ¿à–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà, ÀàÌ–Â¿Ì Â×‹à ãÖß ÀàÌ–Å‹àÃ ÌßäÇÍàÇ–åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà×.

digital maps that can be used not only to present data but also to facilitate analysis, both within the census data set and with spatially referenced data from other sources. The present Socio-economic Atlas of Lao PDR, the second of its kind, is intended first to serve as a practical illustration of the data and also as a means of stimulating its use in education, research and policy making in the Lao PDR.

Mr. Bounthavy Sisouphanthong, Vice Minister, Ministry of Planning and Investment

ËŠàÌ ÍîÌËß×ê ÅêÅîÑèÌËÜÃ ÝÜÃÖèÈÊßÓíÌÉêÀßÆ×ÃãÏÌÀàÌ ãÖß ÀàÌÖíÃËëÌ

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ÁçÅßãÈÃ×Â×àÓÁÜÍåÄ åÌ–ÁßÌß–Ë¯–Ñ×À–âÝíà–Êì–ÎºÓ–Ì¸–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Óì, ÓèÌ–ÜàÈ–Äß–âÎèÌ–âÖºÜÃ–ÃŠàÇ–Ë¯–Äß–ÖìÓ–×Šà–Óê–ÛàÇ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹– ÎßÀÜÍ ÅŠ×Ì–ÔŠàÃ–Û×ÃÛàÇ âÁ¿à–åÌ–ÎºÓ–Øí×–Ì¸; Æ±Ã–Ñ×À–âÑ¯Ì–æÈ‹–ËîŠÓ–âË–Â×àÓ–ÓîŠÃ–Ú´Ì ãÖß â×Öà–âÎèÌ–â×Öà ÛàÇ–âÈìÜÌ Ì–æÖÇß–ÅÜÃ–Îê–Ë¯–ÏŠàÌ–Óà. ÀàÌ–Å‹àÃ–ÎºÓ–ãÏÌË¯–Ì¸–ÁºÌ–Óà–âÎèÌ–Îß ÅíÍ–ÀàÌ–Ë¯–Ù‹à–É²Ìâ É´Ì, ãÉŠ–ÓèÌ–Äß–âÎèÌ–æÎ–Í¡–æÈ‹–Ê‹à–ØàÀ–ÁàÈ–ÀàÌ ÜîË éÈ–ÉíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÍîÀÂ íÌ–âÛ³à–Ì¸. ÀŠÜÌ–Ü²Ì–ÚíÈ–Ñ×À–âÝíà–ÔàÀ–ÁÜÍåÄ–É¡–ÑßÌèÀÃ àÌ–Ñß–ãÌÀ–ÅßÊÉ é é–ÁÜÃ–ÀßÆ×Ã–ãÏÌÀàÌ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÖíÃË ëÌ, âÎèÌ–Ïï‹–Óê–ÍíÈÍ àÈ–Ë¯–Óê–ÂîÌÂ Šà–ÅáÂèÌ–Æ±Ã–Í¡–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–Å‹àÃ–ÏíÌÅ áâÖèÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–Û×È ÑíÌ ÖßâÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–åÌ–Îê 2005 æ×‹–åØ‹, ãÉŠ–ÇèÃ–æÈ‹–ÎßÀÜÍÅŠ×Ì–ÔŠàÃ–É´ÃÙ ‹à–åØ‹–ãÀŠ–äÂÃÀàÌ åÌ–ÛàÇƒ È‹àÌ–Ë¯–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ. ÑàÇ–åÉ‹–ÀàÌ–Æ¸–Ìá–ÁÜÃ–ÏÜ ï‹ áÌ×ÇÀàÌ–åØÇŠ, ËŠàÌ Åß–æÓ–ÄèÌ ÍîÍÏ à, Ñ×À–âÝíà–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÏíÌ–ÎßäØÇÈ–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–ÝŠ×Ó–Óì–ÀèÍ ËŠàÌ ÌàÃ–ÑÜÌ–ÅàÖê ÅîÀ–ÅßØ×àÈ ÝÜÃ–ÏÜ ï‹ áÌ×ÇÀàÌ–åØÇŠ ãÖß ËŠàÌ ÌàÃ Ëé–Öß–Àß ÄèÌË ßÖß–Ìî–×íÃ Æ±Ã–åØ‹–Â×àÓ–æÀ‹–ÆéÈ–ÉéÈ–ãËÈ ãÖß Óê–ÎßÅéÈË Ñ é àÍ. ÇªÃ–æÎ–ÀŠ×–à–Ì´Ì, ËŠàÌ ÀªÃ–âÑèÈ ÜèÈ–Åß–Ìß–×íÃ æÈ‹–åØ‹À àÌ–ÆŠ×Ç âÛìÜ–È‹àÌ–âÉèÀÌ éÀ–Ë¯ ÅáÂèÌ åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÀßÀÞÓ ãÖß ×éâ Âàß–Á§–ÓïÌ. Ñ×À–âÝíà–ÔàÀ–ÅßãÈÃ–Â×àÓ– ÁÜÍåÄ–Ìá–ËîÀƒ–ËŠàÌ–ÅáÖèÍ ×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–ÜèÌ–Ñ¿Ì–âÈ¨Ì–ÁÜÃ–Ñ×À–âÑ¯Ì. ËŠàÌ ÍîÌ–Ëß×ê Åê–ÅÑ î èÌ–ËÜÃ, ÝÜÃ–ÖèÈÊ ßÓíÌÉ ê ÀßÆ×Ã–ãÏÌÀàÌ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÖíÃË ëÌ À¡–æÈ‹–åØ‹À àÌ–ÆŠ×ÇâÛìÜ–Ë¯–Óê–ÂîÌÂ Šà–âÆ¨Ì–ÀèÌ. Ñ×À–âÝíà–ÔàÀ–ÅßãÈÃ–Â×àÓ–ÁÜÍåÄ–É¡ ËŠàÌ Ë¯–Í¡–ÅßâÑàß–ãÉŠ–Â×àÓ–ÆŠÞ×ÆàÌ ãÖß Â×àÓ– Àß–Éì–Öì–Ö¿Ì–ÁÜÃ–âÑ¯Ì–âË³à–Ì´Ì–ãÉŠ–ÇèÃ–ÔàÀ–ÅßãÈÃ Â×àÓ–ÁÜÍåÄ–ÅáÖèÍ–×æ é Å–ËèÈ–Ë¯–Çà×–æÀ ãÖß Â×àÓ–ÆŠ×ÇâÛìÜ–åÌ–ÀàÌ ÜßËéÍàÇ–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–æÖÇß Ø×ŠàÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÅßÊéÉé–ÔŠàÃ–ÄßãÄ‹Ã ãÖß Óê–æ×‹–ÅáÖèÍ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–Å‹àÃ–Â×àÓ–ÉèÈÅ éÌ–åÄ ãÖß Åà–Ëß–ÖßÌß–ÆíÌ. äÂÃÀàÌ–È¨ÃÀ Šà×–Ì¸–Äß–ÄèÈ–É´Ã–ÁºÌ–Óà–Í¡–æÈ‹–Ê‹à–ÁàÈ–ÀàÌ–ÆŠ×ÇâÛìÜ–ÔŠàÃ–âÁ´Óã ÁÃ ãÖß É¡–âÌ²ÜÃ– ÄàÀ–âÖÁà Ëé–ÀàÌ–ÂßÌß–ÀáÓà–Ëé–ÀàÌ–ãÓŠÌ Ÿ–ÁÜÃ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ–Öà× ÑàÇ–åÉ–ÀàÌ–Æ¸–Ìá–ÄàÀ–Ïï‹ ÜáÌ×ÇÀàÌ–åØÇŠ, ËŠàÌ ÄèÌË ß–×íÃ æÆ–Çß–ÅéÈ. Ñ×À–âÝíà–Áç–ÅßãÈÃ–Â×àÓ–Ýï‹–ÍîÌÂ îÌ–âÎèÌ–Ñâé ÅÈ É¡–ÝÜÃ–ÏÜ ï‹ áÌ×ÇÀàÌ–åØÇŠ, ËŠàÌ ÅîÖ ß–æÆ Ñï–Óß–×íÃ âÎèÌ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–Öé–âÖ¯Ó–ãÌ×–Â×àÓ–ÂéÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Å‹àÃ– ÎºÓ–ãÏÌË¯–È¨ÃÀ Šà× ãÖß æÈ‹–åØ‹–ãÌ×–ÂéÈ ÝŠ×Ó–ÀèÍ–Ñ×À–âÝíà–ãÖß åØ‹À àÌ–ÆŠ×ÇâÛìÜ–ÔŠàÃ–âÉèÓ– ÅŠ×Ì–âÑ²Ü–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–ÓèÌ–ÎßÀíÈ–ÏíÌ–âÎèÌ–ÄéÃ. ËŠàÌ ÅèÃÁ àÌ ËŠÞÃ–Ëá–Óß–×íÃ À¡–Óê–ÍèÈ–ÍàÈ–ÅáÂèÌ–åÌ–ÀàÌ– ÝèÍÏéÈÆ ÜÍ–ÉÙ ¡ ‹à–×ÞÀ–Ë¯–ÅáÂèÌ–åØ‹–ãÀŠ–äÂÃÀàÌ. ÀàÌ–ÎßÅàÌ–ÃàÌ–ÁÜÃ–äÂÃÀàÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÎßÅéÈË é ÑàÍ–Ç‹ÜÌ–ÀàÌ–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÁÜÃ–ËêÓ–ÃàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÅïÌ–ÀàÌ–Â¿ÌÂ ×‹à–Â×àÓ–ÅàÓàÈ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ–ÁÜÃ–Îß âËÈ–Åß–×éÈÅš âÙìÜ -åÉ‹ ÅáÌèÀÃ àÌ ÌßÂÜÌÛ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ, Æ±Ã–Óê ËŠàÌ ÌàÃ ÓßÌê–Öà ×çÖ ß–ÅàÌ. ÀàÌ–ÆŠ×ÇâÛìÜ–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–ÎßäØÇÈ–ÁÜÃ ËŠàÌ ÜîÖ à–×èÌ ãÀ‹×–×Ö é Ç é ß–×íÃ åÌ–ÛàÇ–È‹àÌ–Ë¯–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ– À¡–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÅáÂèÌ–âÆ¨Ì–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ.

ÀàÈ–Å–Îà âÝê–Ì¯ æÈ‹–ÎßÀÜÍÅŠ×Ì–ÔŠàÃ–ÅáÂèÌ–Æ±Ã–Ñ×À–âÝíà–ÔàÀ–ÅßãÈÃ–Â×àÓ–ÁÜÍåÄ–Ìá–ÛàÇƒ. ãÏÌË¯–âÛ³à–Ì¸–Äß–Í¡–Óê–ÎßäØÇÈ Ê‹à–ØàÀ–ÁàÈ–âÌºÜ–âÖ²ÜÃ–Ë¯–ÁÞÌ–Âá–ÜßËÍ é àÇ–Â×Í–ÂïŠ–ÀèÍ–ãÏÌË¯. Ñ×À–âÝíà–Áç–ÅßãÈÃ–Â×àÓ–Ýï‹–ÍîÌÂ îÌ–ÔŠàÃ–ÅîÈ–åÄ–Ìá–Ïï‹–ÁÞÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÎßÀÜÍÅŠ×Ì ËîŠÓ–âË–Â×àÓ–Ñß ÇàÇàÓ–åÅŠ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÁÞÌ–ÍíÈ Æ±Ã–æÈ‹–ÖßÍî–æ×‹–åÌ–Ù‹àË ¯ 9. ÍíÈ–ÁÞÌ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–æÈ‹–Ìá–Óà–À×ÈãÀ‹–ÂìÌå ÚŠ äÈÇ ÈÕ. âÂ ÎèÌ–âÆê ãØŠÃ–ÎßâËÈ–âÔÇ–Öß–ÓèÌ âÑ¯Ì–æÈ‹–ËîŠÓ–âË–â×Öà ãÖß Â×àÓ–ÓîŠÃ–Ú´Ì–ÔŠàÃ– Û×ÃÛàÇ–åØ‹–ãÀŠ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–È¨ÃÀ Šà× ãÖß Ñ×À–âÝíà–ÔàÀ–ÅßãÈÃ–Â×àÓ–ÁÜÍåÄ–Ìá–âÑ¯Ì–È‹×Ç–Â×àÓ– ÄéÃ–åÄ. åÌ–ÁßÌß–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–Ñ×À–âÝíà–À¡–Áç–ÆíÓâ ÆêÇ–åÌ–ÍÖ ç éÀàÌ–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–Óì–ÜàÆêÍ ãÖß âÉèÓ–ÎŠÞÓ–æÎ– È‹×Ç–Â×àÓ–ÅàÓàÈ–ÁÜÃ ËŠàÌ ÌàÃ Óç–ÕêÌ Íðà× ãÖß ËêÓ–ÃàÌ–ÁÜÃ–âÑ¯Ì–Ë¯–ÝÞÍ–ÝÞÃ–ÑàÅà–ÜèÃÀ éÈ ãÖß ãÎ–ÑàÅà–ÜèÃÀ éÈ–âÎèÌ–ÑàÅà–Öà× ãÖß ÄàÀ–ÑàÅà–Öà×–âÎèÌ–ÑàÅà–ÜèÃÀ éÈ Æ±Ã–É‹ÜÃ–Üà æÅ–Â×àÓ–Ýï‹ ãÖß Â×àÓ–âÁ¿àå Ä–âÎèÌ–ÔŠàÃ–Èê–âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–æÈ‹Ï íÌ–ÃàÌ–Ë¯–Èâê ÖêÈ. Ñ×À–âÝíà–Áç–ÅßãÈÃ–Â×àÓ–Ýï‹–ÍîÌÂ îÌ–Ìá–ËŠàÌ äÕ–âÍêÈËš Íðà× Ë¯–âÎèÌ–Ïï‹–ÜÜÀ–ãÍÍ–ÀðàÍ–ÒéÀ ãÖß ÝèÍÏéÈÆ ÜÍ–ãÏÌ–ÃàÌ–Ñ‹ÜÓ–ËèÃ–ÜÜÀ–ãÍÍ–Ù‹à–ÎíÀ–ÁÜÃ–ÎºÓ–ãÏÌË¯–Ì¸–Ìá. âÑ¯Ì–æÈ‹–ËîŠÓ–â×Öà ãÖß Â×àÓ–Àß–Éì–Öì–Ö¿Ì–ÔŠàÃ–Û×ÃÛàÇ–åØ‹–ãÀŠ–äÂÃÀàÌ–Ì¸ Æ±Ã–ÏíÌ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–À¡–Âì ÏíÌÃ àÌ–ÀàÌ–ÜÜÀ–ãÍÍ–ÁÜÃ– âÑ¯Ì–Èê–âÀêÌ–Â×àÓ–ÂàÈÚàÇ–ÁÜÃ–Ñ×À–âÝíà. Ñ×À–âÝíà–Áç–ÆíÓâ ÆêÇ ãÖß ÁÜÍåÄ–Ìá–âÑ¯Ì–ÛàÇƒ. ÅîÈ–Ë‹àÇ–Ì¸ Ñ×À–âÝíà–ÔàÀ–ÁÜÍåÄ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–À×ÈÀà–ÎºÓ–Øí×–Ì¸ Ë¯–Ëá–ÀàÌ–À×ÈÀà–ÔŠàÃ–ÖßÜÞÈ–Ë³×– âÊéÃ ÀŠÜÌ–Äß–ÄèÈ–ÑéÓ ãÖß ÇèÃ–Óê–Á§–ãÌßÌá–ÅßâÙê–âÑ²Ü–ÎèÍÎ îÃ–åØ‹–ÓèÌ–Èê–ÁºÌ. Ñ×À–âÝíà–Áç–ÅßãÈÃ– Â×àÓ–Ýï‹–ÍîÌÂ îÌ–Ìá ËŠàÌ ÄèÌË ß–×íÃ æÆ–Çß–ÅéÈ, ËŠàÌ Åß–æÓ–ÄèÌ ÍîÍÏ à ãÖß ÈÕ. äËÓ–èÅ äÀ–âÖ¯ ÅáÖèÍ–×ÞÀ–Ë¯–Ñ×À–âÑ¯Ì–ÝèÍÏ éÈÆ ÜÍ ãÖß Âá–âØèÌ–ÁÜÃ–Ñ×À–âÑ¯Ì. ãÖß ÅîÈ–Ë‹àÇ–Ë¯–ÅáÂèÌ–Í¡–Ù‹ÜÇ–æÎ–À×Šà–ÀèÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Ñ×À–âÝíà–ÔàÀ–ÅßãÈÃ–Â×àÓ–ÁÜÍåÄ–Ìá–ÜíÃ ÀàÌ–ÑèÈË ßÌà ãÖß ÝŠ×Ó–Óì–ÁÜÃ–ÎßâËÈ–Åß–×éÈÅš Ë¯–âÝèÈ–åØ‹À àÌ–ÄèÈ–ÑéÓ–ÎºÓ–ãÏÌË¯–Ì¸–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹, Í¡–ÅßâÑàß–ÀàÌ–ÅßÙèÍÅßÙïÌ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–âÃéÌ–âË³à–Ì´Ì ãÉŠ–ÇèÃ–åØ‹–Â×àÓ–Ù´Ì–åÄ ãÖß ÀàÌ– ÆŠ×ÇâÛìÜ–ãÀŠ–Ñ×À–âÝíà–ÔŠàÃ–É¡–âÌ²ÜÃ–ÉßÛÜÈ–æÖÇß–Ë¯–ÈáâÌêÌ–äÂÃÀàÌ. Ñ×À–âÝíà–ÔàÀ–Áç–ÁÜÍ åÄ–Ìá–ÓïÌ–ÌË é é–×éËßÇàÅàÈ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÎßâËÈ–Åß–×éÈÅš ãÖß ÅïÌ–âÑ²Ü–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈË ßÌà ãÖß ÅªÃã ×ÈÖ‹ÜÓ ÅáÖèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÅßÙèÍÅßÙïÌ–âÑ¯Ó–âÉêÓ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–âÃéÌ–ãÀŠ–äÂÃÀàÌ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÉÜÍ– ÅßÙÜÃ–È‹àÌ–Ü²Ìƒ ãÖß âÝèÈ–åØ‹À àÌ–Â¿ÌÂ ×‹à–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹, Æ±Ã–ÓèÌ–æÈ‹–Æ¸–ËéÈ–âÇìÜÃ–ËàÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÍèÌ Øà–Éí×–ÄéÃ–åÌ–äÖÀ ãÖß ÎßÀÜÍÅŠ×Ì–âÁ¿à–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈË ßÌà–ãÍÍ–ÇìÌ–ÇíÃ.

ãÏÌË¯–ÛàÇ–ÉÜÌ–Ë¯–Ìá–ÅßâÙê–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÎºÓ–Øí×–Ì¸–Äß–Í¡–Óê–Â×àÓ–âÎèÌ–Óì–ÜàÆêÍ–Ê‹à–ØàÀ–ÁàÈ–Â×àÓ– ÆáÌàÌ–È‹àÌ–×Æ é à–ÀàÌ ÁÜÃ ËŠàÌ âÜ–ÈðŠÞÌ â×Í–âÍê ãØŠÃ–Åß–Êà–ÍèÌ–âÉèÀ–äÌ–äÖ–Æê ãØŠÃ–ÖèÈ–Îß âËÈ–Åß–×éÈÅš åÌ–Æï–Õé–Ä, ÎßâËÈ–Åß–×éÈÅš–âÆê–ãÖÌ. ËŠàÌ–Í¡–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–ÆŠ×ÇâÛìÜ–Ñ×À–âÝíà–åÌ–È‹àÌ–×é Æà–ãÉ‹Ó–ãÏÌË¯ ãÖß GIS âË³à–Ì´Ì, ãÉŠ–âÑ¯Ì–ÇèÃ–ÑßÇàÇàÓ–ÎèÍÎ îÃ–ÂîÌ–Ìß–ÑàÍ–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÄàÀ–ÛàÇ– ãÛŠÃ–Ë¯–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–åØ‹–Èê–ÁºÌ–Ìá–ÜêÀ. Peter Messerli, Andreas Heinimann, Michael Epprecht,

ÌÜÀÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–ÆŠ×ÇâÛìÜ–×éÆà–ãÉ‹Ó–ãÏÌË¯–ÅïÌ–âÑ²Ü–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈË ßÌà ãÖß ÅªÃã ×ÈÖ‹ÜÓ (CDE) ÓßØà×éËßÇàæÖ–âÍêÌ, ÎßâËÈ–Åß–×éÈÅš–âÆê–ãÖÌ ÅßÙÜÃ–åØ‹–ãÖ‹×, Âç–âÌ–âÖÇ âÝÈ ãÖß

Phongsaly Souksavath and Nicholas Minot. July 2008

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Acknowledgements As we hold this book in our hands, it may be easy to forget the many peo-

would like to thank them very much.

ple who have contributed so much to it; who have invested so much time and commitment for several months over the past two years. The production of

These maps would not be very useful if there were not the explanatory

this atlas has been a very exciting experience, yet it would not have been pos-

texts accompanying them. Tremendous efforts were put into these texts and

sible without the dedication of the following people.

we are most grateful to all contributing authors mentioned on page 9. These texts were carefully revised by Dr. Kay Panzer of Germany, who invested a

First we would like to thank the staff of the Department of Statistics (DOS)

lot of time and commitment and we would like to express our most sincere

of the Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI), who played an invaluable

thanks to him. At the same time we enjoyed the exceptionally efficient and

role not only in making the Population Census 2005 available, but also by

professional services of Ms. Maureen Brown and her team who managed the

making active contributions to the project in many different ways. Under the

English editing and all Lao to English translations and vice versa with so much

guidance of the Director General, Mr. Samaychan Boupha we benefited from

knowledge and understanding leading to an excellent result.

a very close and efficient collaboration with Mrs. Phonsaly Souksavath, Deputy Director General, and Mrs. Thiraka Chanthalanouvong. Furthermore, Mr

We owe a lot to Mr. Robert Brown, graphic designer, who was responsi-

Kingphet Atsanavong provided crucial technical assistance in data preparation

ble for the layout as well as the design of the front cover of this Atlas. He

and analysis. We would like to thank all of them for their outstanding work.

has invested an incredible amount of time and personal enthusiasm into this

Mr. Bounthavy Sisouphanthong, Vice-Minister of the Ministry for Planning and

project leading to a result, which is far above our initial expectations in terms

Investment also gave us valuable support. We would like to thank him not

of design. We highly appreciate this and thank him very much.

only for his expertise and enthusiasm but also for his foresight and support in making the statistical data spatially explicit and available to decision-makers and the public.

Finally we would also like to thank the reviewers of this book who checked it thoroughly before print and made important suggestions for improvement. We are grateful to Mr. Chanthavong Saignasit, Mr. Samaychan Boupha and Dr.

This project could not have been set up without the strong and continuous

Thomas Kohler for their work and comments.

help provided by the Lao National Mekong Committee Secretariat (LNMCS) under its Director General, Mr. Chanthavong Saignasit. We are especially

Last but not least, we would like to express our thanks to the Swiss Agency

grateful to the Deputy Director General, Mr. Sourasay Phoumavong, for shar-

for Development and Cooperation (SDC) for making this Atlas possible, not

ing with us the idea of the atlas from the very beginning and giving us his full

only through the financial support but also by providing us continuous sup-

support to make it happen. Mr Sangkahne Thiangthammavong also played an

port and confidence throughout the project. We would also like to thank the

important role in handling many important tasks for the project. The project

Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) and the Centre for Development and

coordination was efficient thanks to the team of the NCCR North-South office

Environment (CDE) for further financial and in-kind support of the project and

in Vientiane, namely Ms. Manila Vorasarn. The flexible support of Mr. Oula-

for making research possible, which is oriented towards concrete real-world

vanh Keovilignavong in many different domains was very important as well.

problems and committed to sustainable development.

Many of the maps presented in this book would not look so professional without the expertise of Mr. Adrian Weber of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland. Not only did he support us very competently in cartography and GIS, but he also made extraordinary efforts to improve data quality from different sources. Further support in cartography was also provided by the Centre for De-

Peter Messerli, Andreas Heinimann, Michael Epprecht,

velopment and Environment (CDE) at the University of Bern, Switzerland.

Phongsaly Souksavath and Nicholas Minot.

Cornelia Hett and Kaspar Hurni made important contributions, for which we

July 2008

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ÅßâÑàß Ûì ÎßâÑÈÁÜÃÉí×Æ¸×èÈØÖèÀåÈÙ±Ã. ×éËêƒÅÜÃ, âÑ¯ÌæÈ‹åÆ‹ÄîÈÌ‹ÜÇƒ ãÖß âÂ²ÜÃÚàÇÅßãÈÃÍÜÀÉí×âÖÀÁ§ÓïÌ âÆ¨Ì×Šà ÂíÌË¯ÓêÂîÌÖèÀÅßÌßÅß âÑàß. ÄàÀÀàÌÅßã ÈÃÄáÌ×ÌÅßâÑàßÁÜÃÂíÌÖíÃåÅŠÄîÈÙ±Ã, À¡ÄßâØèÌæÈ‹ÀàÌãÄÀÔàÇÄá Ì×ÌÄîÈËèÃÚíÈãÍ ÍÅßÚœÅßâÚêåÌË³×ÝïÍÛàÇÈ‹àÌÁÜÃÍ‹àÌ. Ç‹ÜÌ×ŠàÅßÚîÈãÏÌË¯Ì¸ÓêÄîÈ ÚàÇÄßÀáÌíÈå Ø‹âØèÌÝïÍãÍÍËàÃÈ‹àÌÑïÓÅèÌÊàÌÜêÃÉàÓÂîÌÖèÀÅßÌßÁÜÃâÅÈÊßÀéÈÅèÃÂíÓ ÛàÇÀ×ŠàË¯Ä ßÅßãÈÃÂŠàÜèÌãÌŠÌÜÌË¯ÅàÓàÈÑéÅïÈæÈ‹åÌÅßâÑàßÍ‹àÌåÈÙ±Ã ÅßÌ´ÌäÈÇË³× æÎãÖ‹× â Ñ¯ÌÄßÍ¡ÇíÀâÜíàãÏÌ×àÈâÅ´ÌÅßãÈÃÍ‹àÌË¯ÓêÛàÇÈ‹àÌÁºÌÓàåØ‹âØèÌâÎèÌÄîÈâÈ¨Ì. âÑ¯ÌÄèÈãÍŠÃÅßÚîÈãÏÌË¯ÜÜÀâÎèÌ 9 ÑàÀÅáÂèÌ. ÑàÀË¯Ù±Ã: ÑàÀ A âÎèÌÑàÀÅßãÈÃÑàÍ Ö×ÓÈ‹àÌÉŠàÃƒÁÜÃÑïÓÅèÌÊàÌÁÜÃÎßâËÈ ÅÎÎ Öà×, âÆ¨Ì ÝïÍÖèÀÅßÌßÑºÌË¯Ù‹àÈéÌ, ÀàÌÂíÓ ÓßÌàÂíÓÁíÌÅ³Ã, Ë¯ÈéÌ ãÖß ÑºÌË¯ÎŠàæÓ‹ÎíÀÂîÓ, âÁÈÀàÌÎíÀÂÜÃ, ãÖß Ü²Ìƒ. ãÏÌË¯âÖ³àÌ¸ ãÓŠÌæÈ‹ÓàÄàÀãØÖŠÃÉŠàÃƒË¯ÅßãÈÃæ×‹åÌâÂ² ÜÃÚàÇÁÜÃãÏÌË¯. ÑàÀËêÅÜÃ Âì ÑàÀ B âÎèÌ ÑàÀÎßÀÜÍÈ‹×ÇãÏÌË¯ÂîÌÖèÀÅßÌßË³×æ ÎÁÜÃÑïÓÅèÌÊàÌ ãÖß ÑàÀË¯ÅàÓ Âì ÑàÀ C ÅßãÈÃ åØ‹âØèÌÍèÌØàÀŠÞ×ÀèÍÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇÁ ÜÃÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃ. ÑàÀËê 4 Âì ÑàÀ D âÎèÌÑàÀÖ×Í Ö×ÓâÜíàÈ‹àÌÉŠàÃƒÀŠÞ×ÀèÍÀàÌÝï‹ÙèÃÅ ì ãÖß ÀàÌÅëÀÅà. ÅŠ×ÌÑàÀÉ¡æÎ Âì ÑàÀ E âÎèÌÑàÀ ÜßËéÍàÇÂîÌÖèÀÅßÌßÅáÂèÌËàÃÈ‹à ÌÅîÁßÑàÍ. ÑàÀËê 6 ÂìÑàÀ F âÎèÌÑàÀÅßãÈÃÁ§ÓïÌÀŠÞ× ÀèÍÆíÌâÏ³à ãÖß ÅàÈÅßÙàÀŠÜ ÌË¯ÄßÅßãÈÃåØ‹âØèÌÉí×Æ¸ÍÜÀÉŠàÃƒÀŠÞ×ÀèÍÀéÈÄßÀáâÅÈÊß ÀéÈÔïŠåÌÑàÀ G. ÑàÀ H âÎè ÌÑàÀÀŠÞ×ÀèÍÅßÑàÍâÃ²ÜÌæÁÈ‹àÌÀàÌâÎèÌÔïŠÁÜÃÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃ ÅßãÈÃ åØ‹âØèÌÆîÈãÏÌË¯Å ßÍèÍÅîÈË‹àÇÜêÃÉàÓÀàÌÅáØÖ×ÈÎßÆàÀÜÌåÌÎê 2005. ÅîÈË‹àÇ, ÑàÀËê I ÅßãÈÃãÏÌ Ë¯ÀŠÞ×ÀèÍÖèÀÅßÌßæÖÇßÀàÌãÄÀÔàÇâÁÈÑºÌË¯Â×àÓËîÀÇàÀåÌ ÅÎÎ Öà× ÍíÈÜßËéÍàÇ–ÎßÀÜÍ–ÀèÍãÏÌË¯–âÖ³àÌ¸ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–ÁÞÌ ãÖß ÖÞÍ–ÖÞÃ–äÈÇ–ÌèÀ–ÁÞÌ–ÛàÇ– ËŠàÌÄàÀ–Åß–Êà–ÍèÌ–ÉŠàÃƒ–ÛàÇ–ãØŠÃ. ÄîÈÎßÅíÃÁÜÃÍíÈ–ÜßËéÍàÇÌ¸ãÓŠÌâÑ²ÜãÌßÌá ËŠàÌÏï‹ÜŠàÌåÌâ×ÖàâÍªÃ ãÏÌË¯ ãÖß Ñ‹ÜÓÀèÌÌ´ÌÍíÈÈ¨ÃÀŠà×À¡ÇèÃÇíÀåØ‹âØèÌÁ§ÓïÌÀŠÞ×ÀèÍÉí ×Æ¸ÍÜÀÅßâÑàßÌáÜêÀÈ‹×Ç. ÌÜÀÄàÀ Ì´Ì, Ïï‹ÁÞÌÍàÃËŠàÌÀ¡ÇèÃÆ¸ãÌßåØ‹Ýï‹Â×àÓÚàÇÁÜ ÃãÏÌË¯âÖ³àÌ´ÌÌá. Â×ÌâÁ¿àåÄ×ŠàÀàÌåØ‹Âá ãÌßÌáåÌÖèÀÅßÌßÌ¸À¡ãÓŠÌâÑ²ÜÀßÉîÀÆîÀÇï‹ ËŠàÌÏï‹ÜŠàÌåØ‹ÉêÂ×àÓÚàÇÝïÍãÍÍ ÀàÌÀßÄàÇË¯ É´ÃåÌãÏÌË¯ãÉŠÖßÅßÍèÍ. ÜêÀÈ‹àÌÙ±Ã, ÁçÅßâÙêåØ‹Ïï‹ÜŠàÌÄ³ÃÎÞÍËÞÍãÏÌË¯ äÈÇâÎêÈ–æÎ –âÎé–ÈÓà âÍªÃåØ‹Ë³×åÌÎ¹ÓÅßÚîÈãÏÌË¯âÑ² ÜÀ×ÈØàÂ×àÓÅáÑèÌÀèÌ, ÀàÌÉ¡âÉêÓâÅêÓÀèÌ ãÖß ÀàÌÆŸ Æ‹ÜÌÀèÌ ÁÜÃÂîÌÖèÀÅßÌßËà ÃÈ‹àÌâÅÈÊßÀéÈÅèÃÂíÓ. ÅßÓîÈãÏÌË¯Ì¸Å‹àÃÁºÌÓàÀ¡âÑ²ÜÄîÈÎßÅíÃãÌŠåÅŠâÝèÈãÌ×åÈåØ‹ÀàÌã ÄÀÔàÇæÎÝÜÈæÎâÊéÃÓìÁÜÃËŠàÌÏï‹ÜŠàÌÛàÇÂíÌâË³àË¯ÄßÛàÇæÈ‹. ãÏÌ Ë¯Ì¸ÎßÀÜÍÈ‹×ÇÅßÊéÉéÁ§ÓïÌÀŠÞ×ÀèÍÂîÌÖèÀÅßÌßâÅÈ ÊßÀéÈÅèÃÂíÓ ãÖß ÀàÌãÄÀÔàÇÁÜÃÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃÖà× Ë¯âÎèÌÙ‹àÅíÌåÄÔŠàÃÇªÃÅáÖèÍÍèÌÈà ËŠàÌ Ïï‹ÜŠàÌË³×æÎ, ÌèèÀÅëÀÅà –ãÖß ÌèÀÂ¿ÌÂ×‹à, Ïï‹ÉèÈÅéÌÍèÌØà ãÖß Ïï‹ÀáÌíÈÌßäÇÍàÇ. ÌÜÀÄàÀÌ¸ Ñ×ÀâÝíàÇèÃÑßÇàÇàÓÎèÍÎîÃ–âÑ²Ü–âÁ¿à–æÎ–Øà–Á§–ÓïÌ–Éí×–Äê–ÃË¯–Óê–ÔïŠ ãÖß ËèÃÌ¸À¡âÑ²ÜÎèÍÎîÃ ãÖß âÅêÓ ÁßØÇàÇÂ×àÓÝï‹Ë³×æÎ ÀŠÞ×ÀèÍ ÅßÑàÍ âÅÈÊßÀé ÈÅèÃÂíÓÈ‹×Ç×éËêÀàÌãÄÀÔàÇÅßÚîÈãÏÌË¯ Ì¸ÜÜÀÅïŠÅèÃÂíÓåØ‹À×‹àÃÁ×àÃäÈÇ ÏŠàÌÜíÃÀàÌÄèÈÉ´ÃÀàÌÎíÀÂÜÃÁÜÃÖèÈÊßÍàÌ ãÖß ÜíÃÀàÌ–ÍçÖéØàÌ ãÖß ÅßÊàÍèÌÀàÌÅëÀÅàÉŠàÃƒ Ñ‹ÜÓËèÃãÄÀÔàÇ æÎÅïŠØ‹ÜÃÅßÚîÈÅàËàÖßÌß ãÖß ÏŠàÌ ËàÃÜéÌâÉêâÌèÈâÑ²ÜåØ‹ÍîÀÂíÌÏï‹Ë¯Óê Â×àÓÅíÌåÄË³×æÎåÌ ÅèÃÂíÓÓêäÜÀàÈæÈ‹ÜŠàÌ ãÖß ÆíÓåÆ‹ÀèÌÔŠàÃË³×âÊéÃ. Ñ×ÀâÝíàØ×èÃ×Šà ÅßÚîÈãÏÌË¯ÆîÈÌ¸ÄßâÎèÌÎèÈåÄÙ±ÃË¯ÆŠ×ÇÀß ÉîÀ ÆîÀÇï‹ÅèÃÂíÓåØ‹âÀêÈÀàÌÅíÌ ËßÌàÀèÌÀŠÞ×ÀèÍÂîÌÖèÀÅßÌßâÅÈÊßÀéÈÅèÃÂíÓÁÜÃÎ ßâËÈ ãÖß ÀàÌÑèÈËßÌà ÎßâËÈÆàÈ åÌÜßÌàÂíÈ. È‹×Ç×êËêÀàÌÌ¸ Ñ×ÀâÝíàØ×èÃ×Šà ÄßâÎèÌÀàÌÎßÀÜÍ ÅŠ×ÌÅáÂèÌâÁ¿àåÌÀàÌâÆ²ÜÓ É¡Â×àÓÝï‹ ãÖß ÀàÌÉèÈÅéÌåÄ Æ±ÃÄßÌáæÎÅïŠÀàÌÑèÈËßÌà ÜèÌÇìÌÇíÃ ãÖß ÓêÂ×àÓÅßâÚêÑàÍ åÌÅèÃÂíÓÁÜÃ ÅÎÎ Öà×.

xxv

Introduction The Government of the Lao PDR and the international development part-

the population with certain characteristics, or the main types of an indicator.

ners are committed to the transformation of the current opportunities for

On the other hand dots and markers are used to represent absolute numbers

economic development into sustainable development benefiting the whole

of data such as persons with specific characteristics. By attributing a certain

country. This intention implies that decisions on development interventions

number of persons to one dot, the total number of dots is then evenly distrib-

and policies are based on the understanding and knowledge of the on-going

uted across the village polygon. Since it is the intention of this Atlas to identi-

development processes and their outcomes in terms of the socio-economic

fy geographic patterns based on socio-economic characteristics rather than to

situation. Such knowledge should allow not only seeing the big picture of the

show exact values identifiable in a specific village, the delineations of village

overall trends but also providing a detailed image of the spatial patterns of

polygons are generally not highlighted.

socio-economic disparities. The Atlas is divided into nine main sections. The first, Section A provides an This Socio-Economic Atlas presents selected indicators of the human condi-

overview of the geographical aspects of the Lao PDR, such as relief, transpor-

tion of the peoples of the Lao PDR. It contains a comprehensive set of maps

tation, land and forest cover, administrative divisions, etc. These maps are de-

showing a wide range of socio-economic aspects of the population of the Lao

rived from different sources indicated in the legends of the maps. The second,

PDR. For the first time, census data have been mapped with a high degree of

Section B provides maps on the general demographic characteristics, while the

spatial disaggregation. The majority of the maps presented are at the village

third, Section C illustrates migration issues. The fourth, Section D encompasses

level.

aspects of literacy and education while the following section, Section E depicts major health characteristics. The sixth section, Section F shows information on

All the maps in this Atlas, with the exception of the poverty maps in Section

ethnicity and religion before the different indicators on economic activities

I and the general maps in Section A, are based on the National Population and

are presented in Section G. Section H on living conditions shows the last set of

Housing Census of 2005 carried out by the Department of Statistics (DOS) of

maps referring to the 2005 Census. Lastly, Section I presents maps relating to

the Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI). This was supported both finan-

the spatial distribution of poverty in the Lao PDR.

cially and technically by the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and covered more than 5.6 million individuals living in 950,251 households

The explanatory texts accompanying the maps were prepared by a number

in 10,547 villages. The questionnaire, which can be found as an annex to the

of different authors from different institutions. The aim of these texts is to

report on the results of the 2005 Census (DOS, 2005), comprised 34 questions

guide the reader when looking at the maps as well as providing general infor-

covering population and household characteristics, education, economic activi-

mation on the particular indicator. Moreover, some of the authors also provide

ties, migration, health and disabilities, housing characteristics, etc.

basic interpretations of the maps. These should be thought of as a means of stimulating and encouraging the reader to interpret the spatial patterns on

The poverty indicators are based on estimates generated by combining

each map. Moreover, a comparison of the different maps by browsing back

variables of household characteristics and expenditure data from the 2002/3

and forth through the book in order to detect correlations, supplements, and

Lao Expenditure and Consumption Survey (LECS) III with variables in house-

overlaps of different socio-economic characteristics is strongly recommended.

hold characteristics from the 2005 National Population and Housing Census. This allowed an estimation of the per capita income for the whole popula-

This Atlas is intended to reach as wide an audience as is possible. It provides

tion. Using small-area estimation methods, the estimates were generated in a

interested general readers, students and researchers, policy- and decision-

collaborative effort undertaken by the Swiss National Centre of Competence

makers with information on the socio-economic characteristics of the Lao

in Research (NCCR) North-South and the International Food Policy Research In-

population and their spatial distribution. We have also tried to improve access

stitute (IFPRI). Further information can be found in the corresponding section

to the existing information and hence to improve general knowledge of the

(Section I) or in a complementary report published in parallel to this Atlas enti-

socio-economic situation through making this Atlas generally available by

tled â&#x20AC;&#x153;Poverty and Inequality in the Lao PDR: Spatial patterns and geographic

distributing it as widely as possible through governmental and administrative

determinantsâ&#x20AC;? (Epprecht et al., 2008).

channels, but also to educational institutions, and to interested individuals through public libraries and the internet. We hope that this Atlas will serve as

The maps generally show data at the village level. Detailed information on

a basis for stimulating discussions on the current socio-economic characteristics

village locations and the delineation of polygons showing village areas can be

of the country and on any future developments. In this way we hope to have

found in the descriptive text of Map A.7. In general the maps use two ways

made an important contribution to linking knowledge and decision-making

to represent village data. On one hand the colouring of village polygons is

and hence leading to the sustainable and equitable development of the

used to depict statistical information based on average values, percentages of

Lao PDR.

SECTION A

Ë¯–É´ÃÑïÓÅèÌÊàÌäÈÇÅèÃ–âÁ–Í Geographical overview Îß–âËÈ ÅÎÎ Öà× âÎèÌ–Îß–âËÈ–Ë¯–Í¡–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–ÉéÈ–ÀèÍ–Ëß–âÖ–Óê–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ 236,800 Àé–äÖ– ãÓèÈ ÓíÌ–ËíÌ ãÖß É´Ã–ÔïŠ–ËéÈ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÅŠÞÃ–åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–Ëß–×êÍ–Üà–Æê–ÔïŠ–åÄ–ÀàÃ–ÁÜÃ–ãØÖÓ ÜéÌ–Èï–ÄêÌ ãÖß Ü‹ÜÓ–ÝÜÍ–æÎ–È‹×Ç–Îß–âËÈ–Àá–Îï–âÄÇ, ÓÞÌ–Óà, æË, Ø×ÞÈ–ÌàÓ ãÖß ÄêÌ ãÖß Ë¯–É´Ã–ËàÃ– È‹àÌ–ÑïÓ Óê–Îß–âËÈ–âÎ–èÌ–âÁÈ–ÀèÌ–ÆíÌ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–Îß–âËÈ–âÑ²ÜÌ–Í‹àÌ ËèÃ–âÎèÌ–âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ–ÏŠàÌ–Åá–ÂèÌ È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–Â‹à ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÂíÓ–Óß–Ìà–ÂíÓ. Îß–âËÈ ÅÎÎ Öà× Óê–Ë¯–É´Ã–Çà×–ÔÞÈ–æÎ–ÉàÓ–ÆêÀ–äÖÀ– âÙìÜ ãÖß ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–Üà–ÀàÈ–ÜíÍ–ÜîŠÌ. ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ–À×Ó–âÜíà–âÅ´Ì–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ÁÜÃ ÅÎÎ Öà× ÀèÍ–Îß–âËÈ–æË–ËàÃ È‹àÌ–ËéÈ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ ãÖß Óê–ÅàÇ–Üà–ÌàÓ–Çà×–ÔÞÈ–âÎèÌ–âÅ´Ì–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ– ÉéÈ–ÄÜÈ–ÀèÍ–Îß–âËÈ–Ø×ÞÈ–ÌàÓ. ÂÜÌ–Ñß–âÑèÃ–ÔïŠ–âÁÈ–åÉ‹–ÅîÈ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ–âÎèÌ–ÂÜÌ–ÎéÈ–À´Ì–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ– æÎ–ÅïŠ–Ëß–âÖ–ãÉŠ–È‹àÌ–ËéÈ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–ÂÜÌ Ñß–âÑèÃ–âÝìÜ–ÍèÌ–ËîÀ–ÅéÌ–Â‹à–Åà–ÓàÈ–ËÞ×–æÎ–Óà–æÈ‹–âÀìÜÍ– ËîÀ Öß–Èï–ÀàÌ Éß–ØÖÜÈ–æÖ–Çß–Â×àÓ–Çà× ÁÜÃ Öà×–ÉàÓ–ãÖ×–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ.

The Lao PDR is a landlocked country covering 236,800 square kilometres (km2) in the centre of the Southeast Asian peninsula. Surrounded by Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and China, its geographical position has often made it a buffer between neighbouring states, as well as a crossroads for trade and communication. The Lao PDR lies entirely within the tropical belt of the northern hemisphere and has a monsoonal climate. The Mekong River forms a large part of the western boundary with Thailand, while the mountains of the Annamite Chain form most of the eastern border with Vietnam. The Khong Falls at the southern tip of the country prevent river access to the sea, but north of the falls cargo boats are able to travel along the entire length of the Lao stretch of the Mekong for most of the year.

ÑïÓ–ÅèÌ–ÊàÌ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âË–ÈÖà×–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–âÎèÌ–âÁÈ–Ñï–ÈÜÇ–Óê–Öß–ÈèÍ–Â×àÓ–ÅïÃ–À×Šà 500 ãÓèÈ ãÖß ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÁÜÃ Îß–âËÈ–Óê–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–ÅïÃ–ÆèÌ, Îß–ÀÜÍ–È‹×Ç–ÝŠÜÓ–Ñï–âÁíà–ãÂÍ–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–ÅàÇ–ÌŸ ãÖß Óê–Ë¯–ÈêÌ Ë¯–Óê–ËŠà–ãÝÃ–È‹àÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá–Éœ. ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ–Óê–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Áß–ÙàÈ–À×‹àÃ Á×àÃ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã–Äá–Îà–ÅèÀ. ÑºÌ–Ë¯–âÛ³à–Ì¸–âÚàß–ãÀŠ–ÀàÌ–ÎïÀ–âÁ¿à ãÖß Ö‹ÞÃ–ÅèÈ–âÎèÌ–ÔŠàÃ–ÇªÃ. ÑºÌ–Ë¯–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Ì´Ì–âÎèÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÝàÍ–ÑÞÃ–âÎèÌ–ÈéÌ–Ë¯–ÌŸ–ÑèÈ–Óà–Â‹àÃ–æ×‹ ãÖß ÆèÌ–ÔïŠ–ÉàÓ–Ñï–ÉàÓ ÁÜÃ–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ ãÖß âÎèÌ–Åà–Áà–ÁÜÃ–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ–ËèÃ–ÅÜÃ–Å¯Ã–Ì¸–ÎíÀ–ÂîÓ–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ Îß–ÓàÌ 20% ÁÜÃ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ Ë¯–Óê–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–âÚàß–ãÀŠ–ÀàÌ–ÎïÀ–ÐèÃ Âà–È×Šà–Óê–Îß–ÓàÌ 4 - 5% ÁÜÃ– ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ.

The topography of the Lao PDR is largely mountainous, with elevations above 500 metres, and is typically characterised by steep terrain, narrow river valleys and land of low agricultural potential. In the southern part of the country there are large level areas in the provinces of Savannakhet and Champasack. These areas are well suited for extensive paddy rice cultivation and livestock rearing. The alluvial plains and terraces of the Mekong and its tributaries together cover only about 20% of the land area with the overall arable land being an estimated 4 - 5% of the country’s surface.

ÎºÓ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–Åß–ÙÜÃ–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ ÅÎÎ Öà× æÈ‹–Üß–Ëé–ÍàÇ–ÂîÌ–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–È‹àÌ–ÉŠàÃƒ ÜèÌ–Åß–Ë‹ÜÌ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×é–Êê–ËàÃ–ÁÜÃ–Æê–×éÈ. ÑàÍ–Ë¯–Ìá–Óà–Åß–âÙê–Ì´Ì– ãÓŠÌ ÑàÍ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÏíÌ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–åÌ–âÓ²Ü–ÀŠÜÌ ãÖß Åß–ÑàÍ–ÀàÌ–âÍºÜÃ– É¿Ì–Åá–ÖèÍ ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–åÌ–Üß–Ìà–ÂíÈ. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, É¡–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–ÂéÈ–âØèÌ–ÅÜÃ–ÔŠàÃ–Ì¸– Â×Ì–ÝèÍ–Ýï‹–×Šà–ÂîÌ ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–Óê–ÀàÌ–Ñí×–ÑèÌ–Æ±Ã–ÀèÌ ãÖß ÀèÌ–ÔŠàÃ–Åß–ÙéÈ–ãÙ‹Ì– ÀèÍ–ÎèÈ–åÄ–È‹àÌ–Ü²Ìƒ; åÌ–Ì´Ì–Í¡–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–ÎèÈ–åÄ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–Åß–ÑàÍ–ã×–ÈÖ‹ÜÓ ãÖß ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ÈéÌ ãÖß ÆèÍ–Ñß–Çà–ÀÜÌ–Ëá Óß–ÆàÈ–âË³à–Ì´Ì–ãÉŠ–ØàÀ–ÇèÃ–Ñí×–ÑèÌ–âÊéÃ–Â×àÓ–ÅíÌ–åÄ–ÁÜÃ–ÐŠàÇ–ÉŠàÃƒ Ë¯–ÄèÈ–×àÃ ãÖß Æ¸–Ìá–ÀàÌ ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–äÈÇ–ÏŠàÌ–ÀàÌ–ãÆÀ–ãÆÃ ãÖß Ìß–äÇ–ÍàÇ–ÉŠàÃƒ.

This atlas provides information on the population of the Lao PDR, depicting the different socio-economic characteristics reflecting various aspects of life. The picture presented can be considered as showing both the outcome of previous development and the initial situation for future development. However both of these perspectives should recognise that socio-economic aspects are closely interrelated with other factors; not only factors such as the environment, and the use of land and natural resources, but also the interests of the different actors shaping and guiding development through interventions and

âÑàß–Åß–Ì´Ì–ÑàÀ–Ëá–ÜéÈ–Ì¸–Ä±Ã–Ìá–Åß–âÙê–ÀàÌ–ÂèÈ–âÖìÜÀ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ƒ Í¡–Ñí×–ÑèÌ–äÈÇ–ÀíÃ–É¡–ÀàÌ–Åá– ØÖ×È ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–ÁÜÃ–Îê 2005 ãÉŠ–âÎèÌ–ÀàÌ–Åß–âÙê–âÊéÃ–ãØÖŠÃ–Á§–ÓïÌ–Ü²Ì–ÛàÇ– À×Šà. ãÏÌ–Ë¯ ×àÈ–Æ¸–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊéÃ–ãÛŠÃ–ÆèÍ–Ñß–Çà–ÀÜÌ–Ëá–Óß–ÆàÈ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÆíÓ–åÆ‹–ÆèÍ–Ñß–Çà– ÀÜÌ–åÌ–Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ãÍŠÃ–âÁÈ–ÀàÌ–ÎíÀ–ÂÜÃ–Ñ‹ÜÓ–È‹×Ç–Ýï–ÍÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–ÁÜÃ–Ù‹à–ÈéÌ ãÖß âÂìÜ–ÁŠàÇ–âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ–ÁíÌ–Å³Ã. ÌÜÀ–âÙìÜ–æÎ–À×Šà–Ì´Ì, Ñ×À–âÝíà–ÇèÃ–×é–æÄ–Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à– âÊéÃ–ÑàÇ–åÌ–Îß–âËÈ ãÖß ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ åÌ–È‹àÌ–â×–Öà–åÆ‹–âÈêÌ–ËàÃ–ÄàÀ–åÄ–ÀàÃ–âÓìÜÃ. ÍèÌ–Øà–Ì¸– ÆŠ×Ç–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Îß–âÓêÌ–Í¡–ÑÞÃ–Åß–âÑàß–ãÉŠ Öß–ÈèÍ Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–åÌ– ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–ÝÜÈ–æÎ–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ ãÖß äÜ–ÀàÈ–åÌ–æÎ–âÊéÃ–Éß–ØÖàÈ–åÌ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–âË³à–Ì´Ì ãÉŠ–ØàÀ–ÇèÃ–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÆŠ×Ç–åØ‹–âØèÌ–Ñà–Í×Šà–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ ãÖß ÀàÌ–Îß–Éé–ÍèÈ–Ìß–äÇ–ÍàÇ–æÎ–ÝÜÈ– æÎ–âÊéÃ–âÁíà–âÄ¿à–æÈ‹–ãÌ×–åÈ. ÅîÈ–Ë‹àÇ, ÀàÌ–Àá–ÌíÈ–ÀîŠÓ–âÎ¿à–ÚàÇ ÇîÈ–Ëß–ÅàÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÖèÈ–Êß–ÍàÌ– ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–ØÖîÈ–ÏŠÜÌ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ–ÁÜÃ–âÓìÜÃ, ÇîÈ–Ëß–ÅàÈ ÀàÌ–âÉêÍ–äÉ ãÖß ÀàÌ–Öë–ÍÖ‹àÃ– Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ (NGPES) À¡–ÇèÃ–æÈ‹–Ìá–Óà–Åß–âÙê–âÑ²Ü âÎèÌ–ÍŠÜÌ–ÜêÃ.

policies. This first section therefore presents a selection of maps that are not directly related to the National Population and Housing Census of 2005 but rather draw on other data sources. They depict the natural resources and their current use, and the administrative divisions as well as some key features of the relief and the transportation network. Furthermore, we analyse the accessibility of the country and the people in terms of travel time from urban centres. This allows the assessment of not only the degree of access that rural people have to services and market opportunities in towns, but gives a picture of how these people can be reached in terms of service provision and policy implementation. Finally, the spatial targeting of the government’s strategy on the poverty alleviation of districts, the National Growth and Poverty Eradication Strategy

Ñ×ÀâÝíàØ×èÃ×ŠàãÏÌË¯åÌÑàÀÌ¸ÄßÍ¡ÅßÙÜÃÑÞÃãÉŠÁ§ÓïÌÂ×àÓâÎèÌÓàÅ áÂèÌâË³àÌ´ÌãÉŠÇèÃÄß ÆŠ×ÇÀßÉî‹ÌÏï‹ÜŠàÌË¯ÓêÂ×àÓÅíÌåÄÜŠàÌÀèÍæÎÓà ãÖß ÎÞÍËÞÍæÖÇßÝïÍãÍÍÀàÌãÄÀ–ÔàÇÁÜÃ Â×àÓãÉÀÉŠàÃÈ‹àÌâÅÈÊßÀéÈÅèÃÂíÓË¯ÀŠÞ×ÑèÌÀè ÍÂîÌÖèÀÅßÌßÜèÌÅáÂèÌâÛ³àÌ¸ÌáÜêÀ È‹×Ç.

(NGPES), is also presented as a reference. We hope that the maps in this section will provide not only important background information but that they will also stimulate the interested reader to browse back and forth and compare the spatial patterns of socio-economic disparities with regard to these important aspects.

A.1 ÑàÍÊŠàÇ ÅÎÎ Öà× ÄàÀÜà×ßÀàÈ Lao PDR from space

ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ÍèÍ–Ì¸–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÑàÍ–ÊŠàÇ–ËàÃ–Èà×–ËÞÓ–Ë¯–Óê–Åê–ÅèÌ–äÈÇ–Ëá–Óß–ÆàÈ–ÁÜÃ Å Î Î Öà× ãÖß ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Ü‹ÜÓ–ÝÜÍ. ÑàÍ NaturalVue 2000 ãÓŠÌ–ÜêÃ–åÅŠ Landsat7 ÆîÈ–ÑàÍ–ÊŠàÇ–ËàÃ–Üà– ÀàÈ–Óê ÀàÌ–ÈèÈ–ÎèÍ–Åê–ãÍÍ–ØÖàÀ–ÛàÇ1 ãÖß Åê–Ë¯–Óê–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–ÈîŠÌ–ÈŠÞÃ–ÀèÌ. ÑàÍ NaturalVue 2000 ãÓŠÌ æÈ‹–Óà–ÄàÀ–äÂÃ–ÀàÌ–ÁÜÃ GeoCover Ortho 2000 Åá–ÖèÍ–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ØàÌ–ÀàÌ–âÈêÌ– Üà–ÀàÈ ãÖß Üà–×ß–ÀàÈ ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ–ÁÜÃ–Üà–âÓ–Öé–Àà (NASA) ãÖß ãÓŠÌ–Ïß–ÖéÈ–ÑèÌ–âÂ²ÜÃ–ÚàÇ– ÀàÌ–Â‹à–ÄàÀ–Íç–Öé–ÅèÈ Ëç–Öß Ìê–ÅàÈ–Èà×–ËÞÓ. ÑàÍ–Ì¸–Åß–ãÈÃ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ–Æß–ÌéÈ–ÀàÌ–ÎíÀ–ÂîÓ–Ù‹à–ÈéÌ. ÎŠà–æÓ‹–ÉëÍ–Ùà, ÁÞ×–Æß–ÜîŠÓ–Éß– ØÖÜÈ ÀàÌ–ÎíÀ–ÂîÓ–âÎèÌ–Ý³Ó–âÃíà–Åß–ãÈÃ–âÊéÃ–ÎŠà–ÁÞ×–Æß–ÜîŠÓ; Åê–ÁÞ×–ÜŠÜÌ–âË³à–åÈ–Â×àÓ–ãÙ‹Ì–Ùà– ÁÜÃ–×èÈ–Êî–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Óà–ÄàÀ–Ëá–Óß–ÆàÈ–À¡–ÇéÃ–Û‡–ÈÖíÃ; Åê–âØÖìÜÃ–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Àß–Åé–Àá–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ (Ûì åÌ–ÍàÃ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯ À¡ Åß–ãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ–âÊéÃ–ÎŠà–æÓ‹–ÎŠÞÌ–åÍ–Îê–Öß–âË²Ü); Åê–ÌŸ–ÉàÌ–ÜŠÜÌ–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–ÈéÌ–âÎ³à– Ø×ŠàÃ Ûì ØêÌ (âÆ¨Ì ÀàÌ–À¡ Éí×–ÁÜÃ–ØêÌ–ÎïÌ–åÌ–ÑàÀ–ÀàÃ–ÁÜÃ ÅÎÎ Öà×, ãÉŠ ÇèÃ–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ âÊéÃ–Ë³Ã– Ìà–âÁ¿à–æÒ–æÚ‹–åÌ–ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ ÅŠÞÃ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–Öà–Æß–Üà–Ìà–ÄèÀ–æË), Åê–Ò‹à–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ–âÁÈ– ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÆíÌ–Öß–Îß–ËàÌ (âÆ¨Ì âÁÈ–Ñï–ÑÞÃ äÂ–ÖàÈ Ûì âÁÈ–Ü‹ÜÓ–Á‹àÃ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–Ýà–äÌŠÇ) ãÖß Åê–Ò‹à–ãÀŠ–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–âÊéÃ–âÁÈ–ÌŸ. ÑàÍ–ÊŠàÇ–ËàÃ–Èà×–ËÞÓ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÄîÈ–âÈ¨Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–âÉêÍ–äÉ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ Ë¯ Í¡–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–Îß–âÓêÌ–åÌ–ÅàÓ–ËíÈ–Åß–×èÈ–ÏŠàÌ–Óà–æÈ‹–Îß–ÝŠÜÃ–ÝÜÇ–æ×‹–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ– Ë¯–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ–ÉÜÌ ÖîŠÓ–Ì´Ì–Âì–ãÌ×–åÈ. ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅÇ–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÎŠà–æÓ‹–åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–ÜèÌ–À×‹àÃ–åØÇŠ–æÑ– ÅàÌ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ ÀàÌ ÎíÀ–ÂîÓ–Ù‹à–ÈéÌ–åÌ–â×–Öà–ÜèÌ–æ×–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÜèÌ–À×‹àÃ–åØÇŠ–ÁÜÃ ÎŠà–æÓ‹–È´Ã–âÈêÓ–åÌ–Îß–âËÈ ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–Âì–Îß–âËÈ–æË ãÖß Ø×ÞÈ–ÌàÓ ãÖß åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–ÔîÌ– ÌàÌ Îß–âËÈ–ÄêÌ–ØÖîÈ–Ù‹ÜÇ ÊÜÇ–ÖíÃ. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, ÅÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ–Àá–ÖèÃ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–åÌ–ÅïÌ– ÀàÃ–ÁÜÃ ÁíÃ âÁÈ–Ì¸–Âì–Îß–âËÈ Àá–Îï–âÄÇ ãÖß ÅÎÎ Öà× ÇèÃ–Îß–ÀÜÍ–æÎ–È‹×Ç–ãØÖŠÃ–ÆèÍ–Ñß–Çà– ÀÜÌ–ÎŠà–æÓ‹ ãÖß ×èÈ–Êî–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Óà–ÄàÀ–Ëá–Óß–ÆàÈ–Ë¯–Óê–ÂîÌ–Ìß–ÑàÍ–Í¡–Ù‹ÜÇ–Ù‹à–ÀèÌ. ÍèÌ–Øà–Ì¸–âØèÌ–æÈ‹– ÆèÈ–âÄÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÌ×–ÆàÇ ãÈÌ ÁÜÃ–æË–ÀèÍ Öà× ãÖß Àá–Îï–âÄÇ åÌ–Áß–Ìß–Ë¯ ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ÁÜÃ– Ñï–ÑÞÃ–äÂ–ÖàÈ–åÌ–Îß–âËÈ–æË–âÎèÌ–Åê–âØÖìÜÃ - Åê–Ò‹à–ÜŠÜÌ, Æ±Ã–ãÓŠÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÊèÈ–ÀèÍ–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–ÁÜÃ ÅÎÎ Öà× ãÖß Àá–Îï–âÄÇ–À¡–ÇèÃ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ Äá–Ì×Ì–Æê–×ß–Ó×Ì–ÅàÌ–æÓ‹–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÚàÇ–Åá– ÂèÌ. Â×àÓ–Í¡–âË³à–ËÞÓ–ÀèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–Öß Ø×ŠàÃ–Àá–Îï–âÄÇ ãÖß ÅÎÎ Öà× ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÅïÌ– ÀàÃ–ÁÜÃ–âÁÈ–ÑàÀ–ÑºÌ ãÖß åÌ–Îß–âËÈ–Ü‹ÜÓ–Á‹àÃ–ÁÜÃ–æË, Ø×ÞÈ–ÌàÓ ãÖß ÄêÌ–Îß–ÀíÈ–åØ‹–âØèÌ– æÈ‹–ÄàÀ ÀàÌ–âÑªÃ–Ñà–Üà–åÅ ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ–À×Šà–É¡ Îß–âËÈ–âÑ²ÜÌ–Í‹àÌ–åÀ‹–ÂÞÃ–Ë¯–Ý¨Ã–Óê–À×Šà. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ ÓèÌ–âÎèÌ–Â×àÓ–ÄéÃ–Ë¯–×Šà–ÆèÍ Ñß Çà–ÀÜÌ ÈéÌ–Ë¯–Óê–âØÖìÜ–ÔïŠ–Ì´Ì–âØèÌ–×Šà–Óê–ÏíÌ–Àß– ËíÍ–È‹àÌ–ÖíÍ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÜèÌ–ãÌŠ–ÌÜÌ–åÈ–Ù²Ã. ÀàÌ–âÎêÈ–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ ÁÜÃ–Àá–Îï–âÄÇ ãÖß ÅÎÎ Öà× Ë¯–Àá–ÖèÃ–Èá–âÌêÌ–ÔïŠ–Í×À–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–âÉêÍ–äÉ–ÁÜÃ–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–åÌ–Ë³×–âÁÈ ÑàÀ–ÑºÌ–âÑ¯Ó–Ëß–×ê–Â×àÓ–ÀíÈ– ÈèÌ–É¡–ãØÖŠÃ–ÆèÍ–Ñß–Çà–ÀÜÌ–Ëá–Óß–ÆàÈ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÁíÃ–âÁÈ–åÄ–ÀàÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÑàÀ ÑºÌ–Ì¸–ÔŠàÃ–Í¡–ÔîÈ–Ô´Ã.

This map displays a naturally coloured satellite image of the Lao PDR and the surrounding area. This NaturalVue 2000 image is based on an ortho-rectified, mosaicked1 and colour balanced Landsat-7. NaturalVue 2000 was derived from the GeoCover Ortho 2000 program for the American National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and is a trademarked product from the Earth Satellite Corporation. This image shows some very basic categories of land cover types. Dense, mainly evergreen, closed canopy forest shows as dark green; the lighter the green the lower is the biomass density; yellowish colours show for the most part agricultural areas (or in some areas show deciduous forests); brownish-orange colours indicate bare soil or rock (e.g. limestone formations in central Lao PDR, but also burnt rice fields in north-western Thailand), a bluish colour indicates irrigation areas (e.g. the Korat plateau or around Hanoi) and of course dark blue indicates open water. The satellite image strongly highlights how unchecked economic and population growth over the last three decades have left their scars on the landscapes of the Lower Mekong Region. Widespread deforestation and rapid land cover changes have depleted large areas of their original forests in the more developed countries of Thailand and Vietnam, and the province of Yunnan in China. However, the two less developed countries in the centre of the region, Cambodia and the Lao PDR, are still comparably well endowed with forest resources and woody biomass. This is clearly visible along the Thai borders with both the Lao PDR and Cambodia. While large parts of the Korat Plateau in Thailand are an intensively yellowish–bluish colour, areas just across the border in the Lao PDR and Cambodia still show significant amounts of woody biomass. The distinct development disparities between Cambodia and the Lao PDR in the centre of the region and the surrounding countries of Thailand, Vietnam and China have resulted in high dependencies of the poorer nations on their richer neighbours. However to a certain extent the reverse is true in terms of the remaining land resources, this is however to a certain degree inverse. The ongoing economic opening-up of Cambodia and the Lao PDR, coupled with the enormous economic growth in the entire region, puts the natural resources in the centre of the region under ever-increasing pressure.

åÌ–Åß–ÑàÍ–ÀàÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–Åß–âÑàß ãÖß âÂ²ÜÌ–âÙèÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÑàÀ–ÑºÌ–Âì–ãÌ×–Ì¸, Á§–ÓïÌ–ÆèÍ– Ñß–Çà–ÀÜÌ Ëá–Óß–ÆàÈ Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ ãÖß ÆèÈ–âÄÌ–Ñ‹ÜÓ–È‹×Ç–ÂîÌ–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà ÇªÃ–Óê–Â×àÓ–Åá–ÂèÌ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–ãÉŠ–ÀŠÜÌ âÑ²Ü–Åß–ÙèÍ–Åß–ÙîÌ–Ìß–äÇ–ÍàÇ–åÆ‹–âÎèÌ âÂ²ÜÃ–Óì–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà ãÍÍ–ÇìÌ–ÇíÃ åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà× ãÖß åÌ–Ë³×–âÁÈ–ÑàÀ–ÑºÌ. åÌ–Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ–Ì¸ Æß–ÌéÈ–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÉŠàÃƒ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÅªÃ ã×–ÈÖ‹ÜÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ ãÖß Ìá–åÆ‹–æÈ‹–ÃŠàÇ Ç‹ÜÌ–Óê–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÔŠàÃ– ØÖ×Ã–ÛàÇ–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–äÖÀ. åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÎîÃ–ãÉŠÃ, ÀàÌ–×é–æÄ ãÖß ÀàÌ–Å‹àÃ–Óß–äÌ–ÑàÍ–Á§–ÓïÌ– ØÖ‹à–ÅîÈ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ–Ì´Ì, ÎºÓ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ÆîÈ Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ–Ø×èÃ–×Šà–Äß–Îß–ÀÜÍ–ÅŠ×Ì–É¡–Â×àÓ–Ýï‹–Ë¯–Óê–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ– ÂîÌ–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–åÌ–Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ ãÖß ÄàÀ–Ì´Ì À¡–Äß–Åß–ÙèÍ–Åß–ÙîÌ–åØ‹–ãÀŠ–ÀàÌ–Àá– ÌíÈ–äÜ–ÀàÈ ãÖß ÅªÃ–Ë‹à–ËàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–Ë¯–ÀŠÞ×–Á‹ÜÃ–Åá–ÖèÍ ÅÎÎ Öà× åÌ–Åß–ÑàÍ–âÃ²ÜÌ– æÁ–ÁÜÃ–âÁÈ–ÑàÀ–ÑºÌ.

In this very specific and dynamic regional setting, up-to-date and spatially explicit national information on natural resources and socio-economic characteristics and development are more important than ever before in order to support policies geared towards sustainable development in the Lao PDR and the entire region. A variety of environmental information can nowadays be quite easily accessed and processed as a result of the abundance of earth observation data available. The current atlas, in processing, analysing and visualising the most recent national socio-economic data, hopes to contribute to the available knowledge on current socio-economic characteristics, thereby supporting the identification of the related development challenges and opportunities for the Lao PDR in a regional context.

âÜ¸Ì–×Šà–ÆîÈ–ÑàÍ–ÊŠàÇ–ËàÃ–Üà–ÀàÈ–Ë¯–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÉíÍ–ãÉŠÃ–Åê–ãÍÍ–ØÖàÀ ÛàÇ–âÑ²Ü–Åß–ãÈÃ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–Åß–âÙê–

Also called aerial mosaic, photomosaic. an assembly of aerial photographs

ÑàÍ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–åÈ–Ù²Ã–åØ‹–Óê–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–É¡–âÌ²ÜÃ (âÜ¸Ì–×Šà ãÏÌ–Ë¯ ÆîÈ–ÑàÍ–ÊŠàÇ–ËàÃ–Üà–ÀàÈ–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÈèÈ–ÎèÍ–Åê–

matched in such a way as to show a continuous photographic representation of an

ãÍÍ–ØÖàÀ–ÛàÇ).

area (mosaic map).

A.1 ãÏŠÌ–Ë¯– ÅÎÎÖà× –ÊŠàÇ–ÄàÀ–Èà×–ËÞÓ

ÑàÍÊŠàÇ ÅÎÎ Öà× ÄàÀÜà×ßÀàÈ

Lao PDR space Lao from PDR from space

100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

MYANMAR HANOI

18°0'0"N

20°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

16°0'0"N

ãÏŠÌ–Ë¯– ÅÎÎÖà× –ÊŠàÇ–ÄàÀ–Èà×–ËÞÓ Lao PDR from space

ÌßÂÜÌÛ×Ã–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ National capital

. !

14°0'0"N

âÁÈ–âÆ²ÜÓ–É¡–ÖßØ×ŠàÃÎß–âËÈ International boundaries

Source of satellite image: NaturalVue 2000, Earth Satellite Corporation

100

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

A.2 ÀàÌãÍŠÃâÁÈÀàÌÎíÀÂÜÃ

Administrative divisions ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ÍèÍ–Ì¸–Üß–Ëé–ÍàÇ–âÁÈ–ÀàÌ–ÎíÀ–ÂÜÃ–ÁÜÃ ÅÎÎ Öà× åÌ–Îê 2007. åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÆàÈ, ãÏÌ–Ë¯ Åß–ãÈÃ–Ë¯–É´Ã–ÄîÈ–åÄ–ÀàÃ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã ãÖß âÓìÜÃ, âÂìÜ–ÁŠàÇ–âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ–Åá–ÂèÌ ãÖß âÁÈ– ãÈÌ–ãÁ×Ã ãÖß âÓìÜÃ. Æ² ãÖß Ë¯–É´Ã–åÄ–ÀàÃ–ãÁ×Ã–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ–È‹×Ç–ÄîÈ–Åê–ãÈÃ–åØÇŠ–ÅŠ×Ì– ÄîÈ–Åê–ãÈÃ–Ì‹ÜÇ–ãÓŠÌ Åß–ãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ–âÁÈ–åÄ–ÀàÃ ÁÜÃ–âÓìÜÃ. Åá–ÖèÍ–âÓìÜÃ–ãÓŠÌ–ÚàÇ–È‹×Ç–Öß– ØèÈ–ÉàÓ–Öá–ÈèÍ Æ±Ã–æÈ‹–ÍèÌ–Äî Ö×Ó–æ×‹–ÔïŠ–ÀèÍ–Æ²–ÁÜÃ–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ âÂ²ÜÃ–ÚàÇ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯.

This map describes the administrative division of Lao PDR according to the status of the country in year 2007. At national level, the map indicates the locations of provincial and district capitals, the network of main roads, as well as the provincial and district boundaries. In each province the locations of provincial and district capitals are represented by big and small red markers with corresponding name labels. The districts are labeled with their respective code,

åÌ–Îê 2007 Îß–âËÈ ÅÎÎ Öà× Îß–ÀÜÍ–È‹×Ç 16 ãÁ×Ã ãÖß Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–Ù±Ã–ãØŠÃ. ãÉŠ– Öß ãÁ×Ã–æÈ‹–ãÍŠÃ–ÜÜÀ–âÎèÌ–âÓìÜÃ–äÈÇ–Óê–âÓìÜÃ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ 139 ãØŠÃ. Â×Ì–âÁ¿à–åÄ–×Šà–åÌ–â×–Öà–Ì´Ì ÇèÃ–Óê âÁÈ–Ù±Ã–âÑ¸Ó–âÉêÓ Ë¯–âÜ¸Ì–ÀèÌ–×Šà “âÁÈ–Ñé–âÅÈ–æÆ–ÅíÓ–ÍïÌ” æÈ‹–Å‹àÃ–É´Ã–ÁºÌ–åÌ–Îê 1994 äÈÇ–Îß– ÀÜÍ–Óê 5 âÓìÜÃ ãÖß É´Ã–ÔïŠ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–ãÁ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã–ÆÞÃ–Á×àÃ. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, åÌ–Ë‹àÇ–Îê 2005, âÁÈ–Ñé–âÅÈ–Ì¸–æÈ‹–ÊìÀ–Öë–ÍÖ‹àÃ ãÖß âÓìÜÃ 5 ãØŠÃ–À¡–æÈ‹–ÊìÀ–Ìá–æÎ–Ý×Ó–âÁ¿à–ÀèÍ– ãÁ×Ã–âÈêÓ–ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ. âÓìÜÃ–ÖŠÜÃ–ÆàÌ, æÆ–ÅíÓ–ÍïÌ, ÑïÌ ãÖß âÓìÜÃ–Ý³Ó–æÈ‹–ÀàÇ–âÎèÌ–ÑàÀ–ÅŠ×Ì–Ù±Ã– ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ ãÖß ÅŠ×Ì–âÓìÜÃ–ËŠà–äËÓ–À¡–ÀàÇ–âÎèÌ–ÅŠ×Ì Ù±Ã–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–ÆÞÃ–Á×àÃ.

which refers to the list of district names in the adjacent box. In 2007 Lao PDR is divided into sixteen provinces and one municipality, and each province is further subdivided into districts amounting to a total number of 139. It should be recalled that Lao PDR additionally had a so-called special zone, “Ketphiset Xaisomboun” that was established in 1994 with 5 districts and located between Vientiane and Xiengkhuang Provinces. At the end of 2005, however, this zone was abolished and the five districts were joined to their

åÌ–Îê 1995, Âì–åÌ–â×–Öà–ÀŠÜÌ–Åß–Êà–Ìß–ÑàÍ–ËàÃ–Ë¯–É´Ã–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸, Óê– âÓìÜÃ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ 133 ãØŠÃ. Óà–ÝÜÈ–Îê 2005 Æ±Ã–ÉíÃ–ÀèÍ–â×–Öà–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–Ì´Ì–Äá–Ì×Ì–âÓìÜÃ æÈ‹–âÑ¸Ó–ÁºÌ–âÎèÌ 141 ãØŠÃ. åÌ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–Îê 1995 ãÖß Îê 2005 Óê–âÓìÜÃ–åÚŠ–âÀêÈ–ÁºÌ–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÅéÍ–ãØŠÃ ãÖß ÅÜÃ–âÓìÜÃ–æÈ‹–ÊìÀ Öë–ÍÖ‹àÃ. åÌ–âÁÈ–âÙìÜ–ÅÜÃ–âÓìÜÃ– åÚŠ (âÓìÜÃ–ãÜÈ ãÖß ÅíÍ–âÍíà) À¡–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ ÀàÌ–Å‹àÃ–É´Ã–Á¹Ì–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–Øí×–ÑèÌ, ãÖß Ù±Ã–âÓìÜÃ (Ë³Ã–Óê–æÆ) À¡–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–Å‹àÃ–É´Ã–Á¹Ì–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê. åÌ–âÁÈ–ÑàÀ–ÀàÃ, ãÁ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ–Óê–âÓìÜÃ– âÑ¸Ó–ÁºÌ–ÜêÀ–ÅàÓ–ãØŠÃ (âÓìÜÃ–æÆ–ÅíÓ–ÍïÌ, Ý³Ó ãÖß ÖŠÜÃ–ÆàÌ) Ë¯–Óà–ÄàÀ–âÁÈ–Ñé–âÅÈ–æÆ–ÅíÓ–ÍïÌ ãÖß ÜêÀ–ÅàÓ–âÓìÜÃ (âÓìÜÃ–ãÓÈ, ØéÌ–âØêÍ ãÖß ãÀ‹×–Üî–ÈíÓ) ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Å‹àÃ–É´Ã–ÁºÌ–ÑàÇ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã. åÌ–âÁÈ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–Âì åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ–Óê–ÅÜÃ âÓìÜÃ–åÚŠ (âÓìÜÃ–æÆ–Ñï–ËÜÃ ãÖß Ñß–ÖàÌ– æÆ) æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–Å‹àÃ–É´Ã–ÁºÌ. ãÉŠ–Óà–âÊéÃ–Îê 2006, Äá–Ì×Ì âÓìÜÃ–æÈ‹–ØÖîÈ–ÖíÃ–âÎèÌ 139 âÓìÜÃ; âÓìÜÃ–ÑïÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Ö×Ó–âÁ¿à–ÀèÍ–âÓìÜÃ–æÆ–ÅíÓ–ÍïÌ ãÖß âÓìÜÃ–ÖŠÜÃ–ÆàÌ ãÓŠÌ–Ö×Ó–âÁ¿à–ÀèÍ–âÓìÜÃ–Ý³Ó.

original provinces again. Longsan, Xaysomboun, Phun, and Hom districts were added to Vientiane province while Thathon district was attributed to Xiengkhuang province. Prior to the current status shown on the map, there were 133 districts in 1995. As reported in the Population and Housing Census report, districts had increased considerably by numbers reaching to 141 in 2005 since there were new 10 adding and 2 removing districts during 1995 to 2005. In Huaphanh in the north two new districts were added (Et district and Sopbao) and Xayabuly had one new distict (Thongmixai). In the central part, Vientiane province received three districts from Xaisomboun Special Zone (Xaysomboun, Hom and Longsan) and another three disricts were created within the province

Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–æ×‹–ÔïŠ–åÌ–È‹àÌ–Á×à–Óì–ÁÜÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯. âÊéÃ–×Šà–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ–Äß–Óê– âÁÈ–ÀàÌ–ÎíÀ–ÂÜÃ–Ì‹ÜÇ Ë¯–ÅîÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ–ãÉŠ–ÓèÌ–À¡–Óê–Â×àÓ–Åá–ÂèÌ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–âÑàß–×Šà–ÓèÌ–ãÓŠÌ–âÓìÜÃ–âÜÀ– ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ ÅÎÎ Öà×. âÀìÜÍ–×Šà–ËèÃ ÚíÈ–Ø‹ÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ØàÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÆàÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÖèÈ–Êß–ÍàÌ, Åß–ÊàÌ–âÜÀ–ÜèÀ–Âß–ÖèÈ Êß–ËïÈ–ÉŠàÃ Îß–âËÈ, Ëî–Öß–ÀéÈ–åØÇŠƒ ãÖß Íç–Öé–ÅèÈ–ÂíÓ–Óß–Ìà–ÂíÓ–Åá–ÂèÌ– ãÓŠÌ–É´Ã–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸. Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ–Îß–ÀÜÍ–È‹×Ç–âÀ¿à–âÓìÜÃ. ÑºÌ–Ë¯–âÁÈ–ÌÜÀ–âÓìÜÃ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ– âÙìÜ, È‹àÌ Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ ãÖß Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ–ÁÜÃ–âÓìÜÃ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ÇèÃ–Ìá–åÆ‹–Åá–ÖèÍ ÀàÌ–ÎïÀ–ÐèÃ–ÔïŠ. ÑïÓ–Óê–Îß–âËÈ–ãÓŠÌ ÎíÀ–ÂîÓ–æÎ–È‹×Ç–ÀàÌ Àß–Åé–Àá–âÑ²Ü–ÀàÌ–Â‹à ãÖß Ë³Ã–Ìà–âÁ¿à. ãÉŠ–âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–Àá–ÖèÃ ÊìÀ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ÛàÇ–âÑ¸Ó–äÈÇ–äÝÃ–ÃàÌ–ÜîÈ–Åà–Øß–Àá–Ì‹ÜÇ âÆ¨Ì–äÝÃ–ÃàÌ–ÉèÈ– ØÇéÍ ãÖß äÝÃ–ÃàÌ–âÝèÈ âÂ²ÜÃ–âÒê–Ìê–âÄê.

(Met, Hinherb and Keo-Oudom). In Savannaket two new districts were created (Xaiphouthong and Phalanxai). It is only in 2006 that the number of districts was (has been) reduced to 139 again, when Phun district was merged into Xaysomboun district and Longsan district was merged with Hom district. In addition, the map of Vientiane municipality is highlighted by separating it on the right hand-side. The municipality is the smallest but most important compared to other provinces because it is the capital city of Lao PDR. Almost all governmental administration offices at national level, foreign embassies, large businesses and main communication companies, are located in the municipality. It consists of nine districts, out of which the suburban areas of the northern, eastern and western districts are still dominantly used for farming. The landscape is dominated by commercial agriculture, and paddy fields. Increasingly, the land is also used by small industries, such as garment and furniture factories.

A.2 Ë¯–É´ÃØ‹ÜÃ×ŠàÀàÌ–ÎíÀÂÜÃ

ÀàÌãÍŠÃâÁÈÀàÌÎíÀÂÜÃ

Administrative division Administrative divisions 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

104°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

Ø‹ÜÃ×ŠàÀàÌ–ÎíÀÂÜÃ 2007

. !

âÁÈ–âËÈÅßÍàÌ–ãÁ×Ã Provincal capital

. !

âÁÈ–âËÈÅßÍàÌ––âÓìÜÃ District capital

206 . !

201 205

Phongsaly

–âÅ´ÌËàÃ–ÇîÈ–Ëß–ÅàÈ Main road

204

P h o n g s a l y . !

207

302 . !

. !

HANOI

. !

Luang Namtha ! . . !

402

. !

Luangnamtha

. !

503

. !

502

Muang Xay ! . ! .

304

. !

405

504

Oudomxay

. !

505

406

407

. !

805

802

. !

804

803

. !

. Luang Prabang ! . !

601

X a y a

903

Phonsavan

V i e n !. t i a n e

1009

. !

1003

102

. !

1101

1102

1002

. !

103

. !

104

VIENTIANE

107

905 1106

. . ! !

. !

Pakxanh

. !

1105

1103

. !

109 . !

. ! . !

. !

. ! . ! ! .

B!. o r i k h a m x a y

. !

. ! ! .

108

808

. !

101

1012

1001 1010

. !

1007

106 105

1104 . !

Phonhong ! . . !

. !

706

. !

1802

. !

1005

1006

150 km

. ! . !

807

100

904 1801

810

X i !.e n g k h u a n g

. !

1008

. !

1004

806

704

901

907

603

. !

. ! . !

. !

902

. !

611

801

. !

Xayabury ! .

h 705

906

b u r y . !

. !

602

. !

608

. ! . !

. !

Luangprabang . !

. !

Xamneua

. ! . !

609

604

404

. !

701

703

607

. !

ãÓŠÌŸ Water

707

. ! . !

. !

610

. !

–âÁÈ–âÆ²ÜÓ–É¡–ÖßØ×ŠàÃâÓìÜÃ District boundaries

. !

702

708

305

Huay Xay . !

401

606

. !

501

. .! !

. !

605 . !

B o k e o

–âÁÈ–âÆ²ÜÓ–É¡–ÖßØ×ŠàÃ–ãÁ×Ã Province boundaries

. !

403

VIENTIANE

1204

.! ! .! . . !

1207

. !

K h a m m u a n e

. !

see detail map

809

18°0'0"N

. !

203

301

303

–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌÖßØ×ŠàÃ–Îß–âËÈ International boundaries

202

. !

20°0'0"N

. .! !

. !

22°0'0"N

Administrative division 2007

. !

. ! . !

. !

1201 . !

1208

603

Nan

1002

Thourakhom

1310

Xonbouri

102

Sikhottabong

604

Pak-Ou

1003

Keo-Oudom

1311

Xaibouri

103

Xaisettha

605

Nambak

1004

Kasi

1312

Vilabouri

104

Sisattanak

606

Ngoy

1005

Vangviang

1313

Atsaphon

105

Naxaythong

607

Pakxeng

1006

Fuang

1314

Xaiphouthong

106

Xaithani

608

Phonxai

1007

Xanakham

1315

Phalanxai

609

Chomphet

1008

Met

1401

Saravan

1203 . !

. !

1311

Sangthong

610

Viangkham 1

1009

Hinheup

1402

Ta-Oy

109

Pak-Ngum

611

Phoukhoun

1010

Viangkham 2

1403

Toumlan

201

Phongsaly

701

Xamneua

1012

Hom

1404

Lakhonpheng

202

Mai

702

Xiangkho

1101

Pakxan

1405

Vapi

203

Khoa

703

Viangthong

1102

Thaphabat

1406

Khongxedon

204

Samphan

704

Viangxai

1103

Pakkading

1407

Laongam

205

Boun-Nua

705

Houamuang

1104

Borikhan

1408

Samouay

206

Gnot-Ou

706

Xam-Tai

1105

Khamkeut

1501

Laman

207

Boun-Tai

707

Sopbao

1106

Viangthong

1502

Karum

301

Luangnamtha

708

1201

Thakhek

1503

Dakchung

302

Sing

801

Xaignabouri

1`202 Mahaxai

1504

Thateng

303

Long

802

Khop

1203

Nongbok

1601

Pakxe

304

Viangphoukha

803

Hongsa

1204

Hinboun

1602

Xanasomboun

305

Nale

804

Ngeun

1205

Gnommalat

1603

Bachiangchareunsouk

401

Xai

805

Xiangkhon

1206

Boualapha

1604

Pakxong

402

806

Phiang

1207

Nakay

1605

Pathoumphom

403

Namo

807

Paklai

1208

Xebangfai

1606

Phonthong

404

Nga

808

Kenthao

1209

Xaibouathong

1607

Champasack

405

Beng

809

Boten

1301

Kaysone

1608

Soukhouma

PHOMVIHANE

1609

Mounlapamok

1302

Outhoumphon

1610

Khong

406

Houn

810

Thongmixai

407

Pakbeng

901

Pek

501

Houayxay

902

Kham

1303

Atsaphanghtong

1701

Xaisettha

502

Tonpheung

903

Nongpet

1304

Phin

1702

Samakkhixai

503

Meung

904

Khoun

1305

Xepon

1703

Sanamxai

504

Pha-Oudom

905

Mok-Mai

1306

Nong

1704

Sanxai

505

Paktha

906

Phoukout

1307

Thapangthong

1705

Phouvong

601

Louangphrabang

907

Phaxai

1308

Songkhon

1801

Xaisomboun

602

Xiang-Ngeun

1309

Champhon

1802

Thathom

1001 Phonghong

1312

. !

1302

. !

1313

1305

1315 . !

. !

1303

. !

. Savannakhet .! ! 1301

1314

. !

1309 . ! . !

1306

1304

1310

. !

1308

1408

. !

S a v a n n a k h e t

. !

108

1206

1209

. !

1402

1308 . !

1403 . !

. !

1502

. !

1404

16°0'0"N

Chantabouri

Hatxayfong

1202 . !

District Name

101

107

Thakhek

S a r a v a n e 1401

1405 ! .

Saravane

. !

. ! ! .

. !

1406

S e k o n g

1407 . !

1602

. !

1504

1501

. !

. Sekong ! . !

1603

1503

. !

Pakxe

. ! 1601

1606

. !

1604

. !

1703 1605

. !

1704 1701

1607 ! .

1608

. !

C h a m p a s a c k

. !

Attapeu 1702 . . ! .! ! . !

A!. t t a p e u 1705

. !

1609 . !

1610

14°0'0"N

Code

. !

1205

. !

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

A.3 ÖßÈèÍÙ‹àÈéÌ ãÖß ÀàÌÁíÌÅ³Ã Relief and transportation

ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ÍèÍ–Ì¸–Åß–ãÈÃ–Åß–ÑàÍ–Öß–ÈèÍ–Ù‹à–ÈéÌ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÁíÌ–Å³Ã–ÁÜÃ ÅÎÎ Öà×–åÌ–Îê 2007. Ñï–âÁíà–Ë¯–ÎíÀ–ÂîÓ–æÎ–È‹×Ç–ÎŠà–æÓ‹–ÇèÃ–Îß–ÀíÈ–Óê–ÛàÇ–åÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ Æ±Ã åÌ–Ì´Ì–ÑºÌ–Ë¯– ÛàÇ À×Šà–ÅÜÃ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÅàÓ–âÎèÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–âÁÈ–Ñï–ÈÜÇ. ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Åê–ÌŸ–ÉàÌ–åÌ–ËéÈ–âÙìÜ–Åß–ãÈÃ–âÊéÃ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ Ë¯–Ñï–âÛ³à–Ì¸ åÌ–Áß–Ìß–Ë¯–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Åê–ÁÞ×–Ë¯–âØÖìÜ–Ì´Ì–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ–âÊéÃ–âÁÈ–ÌŸ–Ê‹×Ó–ÖîŠÓ–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ ãÖß ÝŠÜÓ–Öá ÌŸ–Ü²Ìƒ æØÖ–ÖíÃ–ÅïŠ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹. Ç‹ÜÌ–×Šà ÅÎÎ Öà× âÎèÌ–Îß–âËÈ–Ì‹ÜÇ ãÖß Í¡–Óê– ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–ÉéÈ–ÄÜÈ–ÀèÍ Ëß–âÖ, ÀàÌ–ÁíÌ–Å³Ã ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÂíÓ–Óß–Ìà–ÂíÓ–âÎèÌ–ÍèÌ–Øà–Ë‹à–ËàÇ–Ë¯–Åá–ÂèÌ– É¡–ÀàÌ ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà. âÁÈ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–Óê–Ñï–ÅïÃ–ÛàÇ. Ñï–âÍ‹Ç–ãÓŠÌ–Ñï–Ë¯–ÅïÃ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–äÈÇ–Óê–Öß–ÈèÍ–Â×àÓ–ÅïÃ–âÊéÃ 2,818 ãÓèÈ–âÙìÜ–Ù‹à–ÌŸ–Ëß–âÖ–åÌ–Áß–Ìß–Ë¯–Öß–ÈèÍ–Â×àÓ–ÅïÃ–Åß–âÖ¨Ç–åÌ–âÁÈ–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Îß–ÓàÌ 1,500 ãÓèÈ. Ñï–ØÖ×Ã (ÅàÇ–Ñï–Üà–ÌàÓ) Çà×–ÔÞÈ–ÄàÀ–Ñï–ÑÞÃ–Ñ×Ì–æÎ–ÉàÓ–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–Ø×ÞÈ–ÌàÓ ÖíÃ–æÎ–ÅïŠ–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ Îß–âËÈ–Àá–Îï–âÄÇ. åÌ–È‹àÌ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–ÑàÀ–ÀàÃ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ–Óê–Ñï–ÑÞÃ–ÆÞÃ–Á×àÃ Ûì Ë³Ã–æØ–ØêÌ–Ë¯–âÎèÌ Ë³Ã–ØÇ‹àÀ–×‹àÃ–Á×àÃ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–Äß–âÎèÌ–Ë³Ã–ÑÞÃ–ãË‹–ÄéÃ. ÊŸ ãÖß ØêÌ–ÎïÌ–Ë¯– âÆàß–âÄ²ÜÌ–ÄàÀ–ÇÜÈ–Ñï–ãÓŠÌ ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÄîÈ–ÅïÌ–ÀàÃ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Íç–Öé–Âá–æÆ ãÖß Âá–ÓŠ×Ì–åÌ–Áß– Ìß–Ë¯–Ñï–ÑÞÃ–Íç–Öé–â×Ì–ÔïŠ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–Óê Öß–ÈèÍ–Â×àÓ–ÅïÃ–Îß–ÓàÌ 1,100 ãÓèÈ–âÙìÜ–Ù‹à–ÌŸ–Ëß–âÖ–ãÓŠÌ– ÎíÀ–ÂîÓ–æÎ–È‹×Ç–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–ÎŠà ãÖß ÈéÌ–ÐîŠÌ–âÚàß–ãÀŠ–ÀàÌ–âÝèÈ–Àß–âÅÈ–ÅîÓ.

This map presents the relief and transportation situation of the Lao PDR in 2007. Forest covered mountains dominate much of the country -of which more than two thirds is mountainous. The brown areas in the north represent these mountainous areas, while the remaining green areas show the Mekong floodplains and other river valleys to the south. Since the Lao PDR is both small and landlocked, transport and communications are an important challenge to development. Most of the north has high mountains. At 2,818 metres above sea level, Phou Bia is the highest while the average heights in this region are about 1,500 metres. The Phou Luang (the Annamite chain) stretches from the Phouane Plateau along the Vietnamese border down to the Cambodian border. In the north of the central region of the country, there is the Xiengkhuang Plateau or the Plain of Jars, an area of extensive rolling grasslands rather than a true plain. Caverns and eroded limestone pinnacles are found in the central provinces of Borikhamxay and Khammuane while the Boloven Plateau in the south, at an elevation of about 1,100 metres, is covered by open woodland and fertile

ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Ë³Ã–ÑÞÃ–ÜèÌ–À×‹àÃ–åØÇŠ–æÑ–ÅàÌ–ãØŠÃ–ÈÞ×–Çà×–ÔÞÈ–ÉàÓ–ãÂÓ–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ–È‹àÌ–Éà–â×èÌ– ÜÜÀ–Óê Â×àÓ–Çà×–âÊéÃ 1,835 Àé–äÖ–ãÓèÈ æØÖ–ÏŠàÌ–Îß–âËÈ–ãÉŠ–âÙìÜ–âÊéÃ–åÉ‹–âÎèÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯ƒ Óê–ÀàÌ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ Åá–ÂèÌ–åÌ–È‹àÌ–ËéÈ–ËàÃ. Åà–Áà–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ–äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÓŠÌ–æØÖ–ÄàÀ–ËéÈ–Éà– â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÅŠÞÃ–âÙìÜ–æÎ Øà–ËéÈ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ–ÅŠÞÃ–åÉ‹–åÌ–Áß–Ìß–Ë¯–ÌŸ–Ó‹à–ãÓŠÌ–æØÖ–æÎ–åÌ–ËàÃ–ËéÈ–ÀíÃ– ÀèÌ–Á‹àÓ–ÁÜÃ–ËéÈ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ ÅŠÞÃ–âÙìÜ–æÎ–Øà–ËéÈ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÅŠÞÃ–åÉ‹. âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ–ÌŸ–Ë¯–Åà–ÓàÈ– âÈêÌ–âÝìÜ–åÌ–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ ãÖß Åà–Áà ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ–æÈ‹–åÌ–Á´Ì–ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ–Çà×–Îß–ÓàÌ 4,587 Àé–äÖ–ãÓèÈ, ãÉŠ–×Šà–Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ ÁÜÃ–Öß–ÈèÍ–Ù‹à–ÈéÌ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–Ë³Ã–Ýà–ÍÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ–ãÖ×– ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–ÀàÌ–âÈêÌ–âÝìÜ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ØÇî‹Ã ÇàÀ. ãÀ‹Ã–âÁèÓ–Óß–ÖàÈ–ÔïŠ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–ãÁ×Ã–Åß–Ø×èÌ– Ìß–âÁÈ Ö×Ó–ËèÃ–ÂÜÌ–Ñß–âÑèÃ ÔïŠ–ãÁ×Ã–Äá–Îà–ÅèÀ âÝèÈ–åØ‹–Óê–Á§–Äá–ÀèÈ–ØÖàÇ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÁíÌ–Å³Ã.

soils allowing for intensive agriculture. The only extensive lowlands lie along the eastern bank of the Mekong River, 1,835 km of which flows through the country from north to south, undergoing major changes in direction. The tributaries of the Mekong generally flow from the north-east to the south-west while the Nam Ma flows in the opposite direction of north-west to south-east. There are about 4,587 km of navigable water routes primarily in the Mekong and its tributaries, but the differences in relief between the plains along the Mekong disrupt navigation. Transport is markedly restricted by the rapids of Khemmarat, south of Savannakhet, and blocked

âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–Öß–ÍíÍ–ÀàÌ–ÁíÌ–Å³Ã Ö×Ó–ËèÃ–ÅàÇ–ËàÃ–ØÖ×Ã, Áí× ãÖß Åß–ÙàÓ–ÍéÌ–Àá–ÖèÃ–Óê–ÀàÌ Áß–ØÇàÇ–Éí×–åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà× À¡–ÉàÓ ãÉŠ–ÀàÌ–âÈêÌ–âÝìÜ–Åà–ÀíÌ–À¡–ÇèÃ–Îß–ÅíÍ–Á§–Äá–ÀèÈ–ÛàÇ–ÔŠàÃ. Óê–âÅ´Ì ËàÃ–ÖíÈ–æÒ–Çà× 3.5 Àé–äÖ–ãÓèÈ âÎèÌ–ÀàÌ–Áß–ØÇàÇ–âÂìÜ–ÁŠàÇ–ËàÃ–ÖíÈ–æÒ–ÁÜÃ–æË–ÏŠàÌ– Á×‹àÓ–Áí× ÓéÈ–Éß–ÑàÍ–æË-Öà× æÎ–ÅïŠ ÅÎ–ÎÖà×. ÀàÌ–Áß–ØÇàÇ–âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ–ÖíÈ–æÒ–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–Çà× 12 Àé–äÖ–ãÓèÈ æÎ–ÅïŠ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ–Äß–Åá–âÖèÈ–ÖíÃ–åÌ–Üß–Ìà–ÂíÈ–ÜèÌ–åÀ‹–Ì¸. Îß–âËÈ–Óê– âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ–ÅàÇ–Åá–ÂèÌ–Çà× 21,716 Àé–äÖ–ãÓèÈ–åÌ–Ì´Ì–Óê 9,673.5 Àé–äÖ–ãÓèÈ–æÈ‹–Îï–ÔàÃ–ãÖ‹×. âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ–ØÖ×Ã–ÅàÇ–åÚŠ–âÆ²ÜÓ–É¡ Öà×–Íà× åÌ–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–Ø×ÞÈ–ÌàÓ–ÀèÍ–ãÁ×Ã–Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ åÌ–Êà–Ìß–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–âÁÈ–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ Ñé–âÅÈ–âÁÈ–åÚŠ–Øà–À¡–æÈ‹–òÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–Å‹àÃ–Á¹Ì–åÌ–â×–Öà–Ú¡ƒ ÏŠàÌ–Óà. âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ–ÅàÇ–Ì¸–Çà×–ÔÞÈ–ÉèÈ–ÏŠàÌ Îß–âËÈ–æÎ–ÅïŠ–Áí×–ÓéÈ–Éß–ÑàÍ–Ëê–ÅÜÃ–Ë¯–Øà–À¡–âÎêÈ–Ìá–åÆ‹–åÌ–æÖ–Çß– Ú¡ƒ ÏŠàÌ–Óà–âÑ²Ü–âÆ²ÜÓ–É¡–æÎ–ÇèÃ Îß–âËÈ–æË ãÖß âÎèÌ–Áí×–Á×‹àÓ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ–ãØŠÃ–Ë¯–ÅàÓ. Áí×–ãØŠÃ– Ëê–Ù²Ã–ãÓŠÌ–Áí×–ÓéÈ–Éß–Ñà–ÍÖà×-æË åÀ‹–ÀèÍ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ ãÖß Áí×–Á×‹àÓ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ–ãØŠÃ–Ëê– ÅÜÃ–ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–ÎàÀ–âÆ. Áí×–Á×‹àÓ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ ÜêÀ–Å¯–ãØŠÃ–Àá–ÖèÃ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Á´Ì–×àÃ–ãÏÌ–ÀàÌ–À¡–Å‹àÃ.

altogether by Khone Falls in the province of Champasack. Although a modern transportation system including highways, bridges, and airports is growing in the Lao PDR, international river navigation still experiences many constraints. There is a short railway, a 3.5 km extension of the Thai railway network, running across the Thai-Lao Friendship Bridge to the Lao PDR. A 12 km extension to Vientiane Capital will be completed in the near future. The country has 21,716 km of main roads, of which 9,673.5 km are paved. A new main road has recently been constructed connecting Lao Bao at the Vietnamese border with Savannakhet as part of the new Economic Special Zone. It stretches further across the country to the recently opened Second Friendship Bridge to Thailand which is the third bridge over the Mekong. The first was the Lao-Thai Friendship Bridge near Vientiane and the second the Mekong

ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–åÌ–Îß–âËÈ–Óê–Åß–ÙàÓ–ÍéÌ–Äá–Ì×Ì 52 ãØŠÃ åÌ–Ì´Ì 9 ãØŠÃ–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Îï–ËàÃ–ãÖŠÌ–ãÖ‹×. ÌÜÀ ÄàÀ Åß–ÙàÓ–ÍéÌ–Åà–ÀíÌ–×èÈ–æÉ–åÌ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ–ãÖ‹×, ÅàÇ–ÀàÌ–ÍéÌ–Åà–ÀíÌ–ÍéÌ– äÈÇ–ÀíÃ ÄàÀ–ØÖ×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ ãÖß ÎàÀ–âÆ–æÎ–ÇèÃ–Îß–âËÈ âÑ²ÜÌ–Í‹àÌ–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–âÎêÈ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ãÖ‹×.

Bridge in Pakse. An additional four bridges across the Mekong are currently being planned. There are 52 airports, of which nine have paved runways. In addition to

ÅèÃÖ×ÓãÖ‹×, ÑïÓ–Óê–Îß–âËÈ ÅÎÎ Öà× Ë¯–Í¡–Óê–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–ÉéÈ–ÀèÍ–Ëß–âÖ ãÖß –âÎèÌ– ÑºÌË¯ÑïÈÜÇäÈÇ ÎßØ×èÈÀàÌãÖ‹×ÓèÌÓêÅŠ×ÌÎßÀÜÍÉ¡ÄîÈË¯É´ÃÜèÌÍ¡âÁ´ÓãÁÃËàÃ È‹àÌâÅÈÊßÀéÈÅèÃÂíÓåÌâÁÈÑàÀÑºÌ. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡ÉàÓ, –âÍªÃÂì–×ŠàÀàÌ–ÑèÈËßÌà– åÌ–ÎßÄî–ÍèÌ–æÈ‹–ØèÌÎŠÞÌ–Á§–âÅÇ–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–Îß Ø×èÈ–ÀàÌ–ÓàÌ´Ì–æÎ–âÎèÌ–Á§–Èê Ç‹ÜÌ–×Šà–Îß–âËÈ– ÌÜÌÔïŠåÌåÄÀàÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÏìÌ–ãÏŠÌÈéÌ–åØÇŠ–ÁÜÃ–ÜàÆê–Üà Âß–âÌÆ±Ã–ÚàÇ–Â×àÓ–×Šà ÓèÌ–ÅàÓàÈ–ÀàÇ– âÎèÌÄîÈÅïÌÀàÃÁÜÃÀàÌÂíÓÓßÌàÂíÓ, ÁíÌÅ³Ã ãÖß ÀàÌÍçÖéÀàÌ ÅáÖèÍË³×âÁÈÑàÀÑºÌ.

Wattay International Airport in Vientiane, direct international flights operate from Luangprabang and from Pakxe to neighbouring countries. In summary, the landlocked and mountainous geography of the Lao PDR has historically contributed to its weak socio-economic position in the region. However, current developments seem to be turning this historical disadvantage into an advantage since the country lies at the heart of mainland Southeast Asia which means that it could become an important hub of communication, transport, and services for the entire region.

ÑïÓ–ÅèÌÊàÌ –ãÖß –âÂë–ÜÂŠà–Ç ÀàÌ–ÂíÓÓßÌàÂíA.3 Ó

ÖßÈèÍÙ‹àÈéÌ ãÖß ÀàÌÁíÌÅ³Ã

Relief and Relieftransportation and transportation 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

. !

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

n !.

VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÑïÓ–ÅèÌÊàÌ –ãÖß –âÂë–ÜÂŠà–Ç ÀàÌ–ÂíÓÓßÌàÂíÓ 2007 Relief and transportation network 2007 . !

ÌßÂÜÌÛ×Ã–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ National capital

. !

âÁÈ–âËÈÅßÍàÌ–ãÁ×Ã Provincial capital

. !

. Sekong !

âÅ´ÌËàÃ–Û×Ã–Îï–ÔàÃ Main road paved âÅ´ÌËàÃ–Û×Ã–Èê–Ì–ãÈÃ Main road unpaved

¢ n

ÅßÙàÓ–ÍêÌÅàÀíÌ International airport

p p

Lao Airlines

. !

Pakxe

. !

Attapeu

14°0'0"N

ÅßÙàÓ–ÍêÌÑàÇ–åÌ Domestic airport Lao Air

C 0

Saravane

100

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

A.4 ÀàÌÎíÀÂîÓË¯ÈéÌåÌ Îê 2002 Land cover 2002

ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ÍèÍ–Ì¸–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÁºÌ–ÍèÌ–Æê–ÀàÌ–ÎíÀ–ÂîÓ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ ãÖß ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÎŠà–ÎíÀ–ÂîÓ–Ë¯– æÈ‹–Îß–Éé ÍèÈ–äÈÇ–ÀíÓ–ÎŠà–æÓ‹–Àß–Æ×Ã–Àß–Åé–Àá ãÖß ÎŠà–æÓ‹ ãÖß æÈ‹–ÄèÈ–ÑéÓ–åÌ–Îê 2005 (MAF, 2005). ÀàÌ–ÁºÌ–ÍèÌ–Æê–æÈ‹–À×Ó–âÜíà–Åß–ÑàÍ–ÀàÌ–åÌ–Îê 2002 ãÖß Ö×Ó–âÜíà–ÀàÌ–Éê–Â×àÓ–ÚàÇ– ÄîÈ–ÑàÍ–ÊŠàÇ ËàÃ–Èà×–ËÞÓ–Ë¯–Óê–Áß–ÙàÈ–ÓàÈ–Éà–×èÈ 1:50 000 ãÖß 1:100 000, ÀàÌ–âÝèÈ– ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ÀàÌ Ìá–åÆ‹–ÈéÌ ãÖß ÎŠà–æÓ‹, ãÖß ÀàÌ–Ñé–ÅïÈ–ØÖèÀ–ÊàÌ–ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–Åß–ÙàÓ. ÏíÌ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–åÌ–Îê 2002 Óê 41.5% ÁÜÃ–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ (Ûì 9.8 Ö‹àÌ–âÝèÀ Éà–åÌ–Ì´Ì–Ö×Ó–ËèÃ–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–Å×Ì–ÎïÀ–æÓ‹) âÎèÌ–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÎŠà–ÎíÀ–ÂîÓ. ÀàÌ–ÎíÀ–ÂîÓ–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ– Ü²Ìƒ Ö×Ó–Óê: âÌºÜ Ë¯–æÝŠ (2.2%), âÌºÜ–Ë¯–Àß–Åé–Àá–Êà–×ÜÌ (5%), âÌºÜ–Ë¯–Ë³Ã–ØÇ‹à (2.4%) ãÖß âÌºÜ–Ë¯–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ (0.6%). 42% ÁÜÃ–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–æÈ‹–ÄèÈ–âÎèÌ–Îß–âÑÈ ‘ÎŠà–æÓ‹–âÎêÈ’ Æ±Ã Îß ÀÜÍ– È‹×Ç–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÎŠà–åÌ âÓ²Ü–ÀŠÜÌ–ãÉŠ ÈÞ×–Ì¸–Óê–Åß–ÑàÍ–Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–Éœ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–Ç‹ÜÌ–ÀàÌ–ÉèÈ–æÓ‹, ÀàÌ–ÎïÀ–ÐèÃ–âÖ²ÜÌ–ÖÜÇ Ûì ÀàÌ–ÍîÀ ÖîÀ–Ü²Ìƒ.

This map shows the results of a forest and land cover inventory carried out by the Forestry Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and published in 2005 (MAF, 2005). The inventory captured the situation in 2002 and involved the interpretation SPOT satellite images at scales of 1:50 000 and 1:100 000, forest and land use mapping, and field verification. The results showed that in 2002 41.5% of the entire country (or 9.8 million hectares including plantation forests) was under forest cover. Other land cover included: swidden agricultural fields or “hai” (2.2%), permanent agriculture (5%), grassland (2.4%), and urban areas (0.6%). 42% of the land area has been classified as ‘unstocked forests’ comprising areas that were previously forested but due to logging, shifting cultivation or other disturbances have now a very low crown density.

ãÏÌ–Ë¯–âÏêÇ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–æÖ–Çß–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ. âÓ²Ü–âÂ²ÜÌ–ÄàÀ–âÙìÜ–æÎ–ÅïŠ–åÉ‹–Ñ×À–âÝíà– âØèÌ Áß–ÙàÈ–ÁÜÃ–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–Àß–Åé–Àá–Êà–×ÜÌ ãÖß ÎŠà–æÓ‹–âÑ¸Ó–Á¹Ì, ãÉŠ–×Šà–åÌ–âÁÈ–âÙìÜ Äß–âØèÌ– æÈ‹–Äß–ãÄ‹Ã ×Šà–Óê–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Àß–Åé–Àá–ãÍÍ–âÖ²ÜÌ–ÖÜÇ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà Æ±Ã–Ö×Ó–Óê–æÝŠ ãÖß Ë¯–ÈéÌ–âÝºÜ–Æ±Ã–æÈ‹– ÄèÈ–âÎèÌ–Îß–âÑÈ ‘ÎŠà–âÎêÈ’ Ûì ‘âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–âÝºÜ’. ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÁºÌ–ÍèÌ–Æê–ÎŠà–æÓ‹–ÓèÌ–æÈ‹–ÆŠ×Ç–É¡ñ–ÀàÌ–ÅèÃ– âÀÈ–Ì¸: åÌ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ, ÎŠà–æÓ‹–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–À×Ó–âÜíà–âÌºÜ–Ë¯ 27.9%, Æ±Ã–åÌ–Áß–Ìß–Ë¯–âÁÈ–ÑàÀ–ÀàÃ– âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÎŠà–æÓ‹–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–Óê 46.1% ãÖß âÁÈ–ÑàÀ åÉ‹–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–âÊéÃ 56.5%.

The map reveals an interesting spatial pattern. Moving from the north to the south we see an increase in the sizes of both the forest and permanent agricultural areas, but in the northern regions it is clear that there are more swidden agricultural landscapes which include ‘hai’ and fallow land that has been classified as ‘unstocked forests’ or ‘scrubland’. The results of the forest inventory support this observation: in the north, dense forest cover amounted to

ÀàÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá–Êà–×ÜÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–Ë¯–×Šà–åÌ–È‹àÌ–Ù±Ã–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–âÎèÌ–æÎ–ÉàÓ–ËŠà–ãÝÃ– È‹àÌ Ìé–â×È ãÖß ÑïÓ–ÅèÌ–ÊàÌ–ÁÜÃ–Ë³Ã–ÑÞÃ–âÖàß–ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ ãÖß ÜêÀ–È‹àÌ–Ù±Ã–Äß–âØèÌ– ×Šà–ÀàÌ âÑ¸Ó–ÁºÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá–Êà–×ÜÌ–ãÓŠÌ–âÎèÌ–æÎ–ÉàÓ–Öß–ÈèÍ–Á´Ì–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÁ¿à– âÊéÃ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß âÁÈ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–æÈ‹. ÀàÌ–ÎÞÍ–ËÞÍ–Â×àÓ–ØÖàÀ–ÛàÇ– ÁÜÃ–Öß–ÍíÍ–Àß–Åé–Àá ÀèÍ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ƒ Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–Â×àÓ–ØÖàÀ–ÛàÇ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÑàÀ F À¡–âÎèÌ–ÅªÃ–Ë¯–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ Âì–ÀèÌ. ÇªÃ–æÎ–À×Šà–Ì´Ì, ÀàÌ–ÎíÀ–ÂîÓ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–Øí×–ÑèÌ–âÎèÌ–ÅªÃ– Ë¯–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ–ÛàÇ. ËèÃ–Ì¸ ãÖß ËèÃ–Ì´Ì–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÎŠà–æÓ‹–ÎíÀ–ÂîÓ–Ö×Ó–ËèÃ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì– âÌºÜ–Ë¯–Àß–Åé–Àá–Êà–×ÜÌ–Á‹ÜÌ Á‹àÃ–Óê–ÅïÃ ÛàÇ. È¨Ã–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Üß–Ëé–ÍàÇ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ G.7 ãÖß G.8 ÍàÃ–Ëê–Ìß–äÇ–ÍàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–åÌ È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ ÈéÌ–ÜàÈ–Óê–ÜéÈ–Ëé–ÑíÌ–É¡–ÀàÌ–ÎíÀ–ÂîÓ–Ù‹à–ÈéÌ–åÌ– Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ–ÅïÃ. ÅîÈ–Ë‹àÇ, âÌºÜ–Ë¯–Àß–Åé–Àá–Êà–×ÜÌ–Ë¯–Ñ¿Ì–âÈ¨Ì Üî–ÈíÓ–ÅíÓ–ÍïÌ–È‹×Ç–ÈéÌ–ÐîŠÌ–Ñï–âÁíà–æÒ–åÌ– âÁÈ–Ñï–ÑÞÃ–Íç–Öé–â×Ì, åÌ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–À¡–ÇèÃ–âÎèÌ–âÁÈ Ë¯–äÈŠÃ–ÈèÃ–åÌ–È‹àÌ ÂîÌ–ÂŠà.

27.9%, whereas in the central region it was at 46.1% and in the south reached as much as 56.5%. Permanent agriculture shows a pattern that on the one hand follows the higher ecological and topographical potential of the plains along the Mekong River and on the other hand an increase in permanent agriculture following a gradient of accessibility to the urban and more populated regions. A comparison of the diversity of farming systems with the map showing ethnic diversity in section F is also of interest. Moreover, the land cover in the province of Huaphanh is of interest. Here there is a relatively high percentage of forest cover together with considerably high percentages of permanent agriculture. As described in Maps G.7 and G.8 it is probable that provincial policies in terms

ãÏÌË¯ÇèÃÅßãÈÃåØ‹âØèÌâÁÈÜàÌîÖèÀÆê×ßÌàƒ ÑèÌãØŠÃÆàÈ Æ±ÃåÌÌ´Ì 6 ãØŠÃÔïŠÑàÀâÙìÜ, 8 ãØŠÃÔïŠÑàÀÀàÃ ãÖß 6 ãØŠÃÔïŠÑàÀåÉ‹. Ç‹ÜÌ×ŠàÅŠ×ÌåØÇŠâÁÈâÛ³àÌ¸ÔïŠæÀ ÅÜÀØÖêÀÄîÈâÖ¨ÃÀ¡ ãÓŠÌãÌŠåÅŠÀàÌÜßÌîÖèÀÎŠàæÓ‹ÎíÀÎ‹ÜÃâÎèÌÉ¿ÌÉç.

of land access have had a strong influence on the current land cover. Finally, in the south, the predominance of permanent agriculture on the rich volcanic soils of the Boloven plateau is also worth noticing. The map also depicts the National Biodiversity Conservation Areas, six of which are in the north, eight in the central region and six in the south. Since the majority of these areas are in remote regions this favours the conservation of these protected forests.

A_4

ÀàÌÎíÀÂîÓË¯ÈéÌåÌ Îê 2002 Land cover 2002

100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÀàÌÎíÀ–ÂîÓ–âÁÈ–ãÈÌ 2002 Land and Forest Cover Map 2002 . !

ÎŠà–æÓ‹ Forest

ÁÜÍâÁÈÀßÅéÀá–Ü²Ìƒ Other agriculture lands

ÎŠà–âÛ³à Unstocked Forest

Ë³Ã–Ìà Rice Paddy

ÎŠà–Éœ Scrub

Ü²Ìƒ Other

Saravane

. Sekong ! . !

Pakxe

. !

Attapeu

æÝŠ Ray

14°0'0"N

ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–ÎŠà–ÅßØÃ×Ì–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ National Biodiversity Conservation Areas (NBCA)

Source: Lao Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

100

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

A.5 Â×àÓÅàÓàÈâÁ¿àâÊéÃÁÜÃãÁ×Ã Province accessibility

ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–âÁÈ–ÅïÌ–ÀàÃ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–Àà–Çß–ÑàÀ–Êì–âÎèÌ–ÎèÈ–åÄ–ÉèÈ–ÅéÌ–Åá–ÖèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà– ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ Ç‹ÜÌ–×Šà–ÅïÌ–ÀàÃ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–Í¡–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–Åß–ÙÜÃ–äÜ–ÀàÈ–È‹àÌ–Éß–ØÖàÈ–âË³à–Ì´Ì–ãÉŠ–ØàÀ– ÇèÃ–Åß–ÙÜÃ–ÀàÌ âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ–Ë³×–æÎ–Ìá–ÜêÀ–È‹×Ç–âÆ¨Ì–ÀàÌ–ÝèÀ–Åà–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–Æ´Ì–ÅïÃ–âÎèÌ–É¿Ì. ÌÜÀ–âÙìÜ–æÎ–À×Šà–Ì´Ì, ÑàÇ–åÉ‹–Áß–Í×Ì–ÀàÌ–ãÍŠÃ–Á´Ì–Âî‹Ó–ÂÜÃ, Â×àÓ–Åß–È×À–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–ÅïÌ ÀàÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Óê–ÍíÈ–ÍàÈ–Åá–ÂèÌ–âÑ¸Ó–ÁºÌ–Í¡–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–åÌ–×é–Ëê–ËàÃ– Ë¯–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Åà–ÓàÈ–æÎ–ÝÜÈ–æÎ–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ØàÌ ãÖß Ü²Ìƒ Ë¯–ÀŠÞ×–Á‹ÜÃ– âË³à–Ì´Ì–ãÉŠ–×é–Ëê–ËàÃ–Íç–Öé–ØàÌ–ÃàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–À¡–ÇèÃ Åà–ÓàÈ–æÎ–âÊéÃ–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–æÈ‹–âÆ¨Ì–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ. È‹×Ç–âØÈ–Ì´Ì–Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–Ä±Ã–Óê–ÜéÈ–Ëé–ÑíÌ É¡–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ, âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ ãÖß ×èÈ–Ëß–Ìß–Ëá– ÁÜÃ–Æê–×éÈ–åÌ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ.

Physical access to regional centres is generally considered as a key parameter for rural development since these centres not only provide market opportunities, but also provide access to public services such as health care and higher education. Additionally, within the process of decentralisation, the ease of access to provincial centres plays an increasingly important role not only in terms of the way in which the people can reach the administrative and related services but also on the way in which the provincial administration can reach the people. Hence accessibility influences the social, economic and cultural aspects of rural life.

ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìß–Ìà–ÁºÌ–âÑ²Ü–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÜÜÀ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–È‹àÌ– Îß–Öé–ÓàÌ ãÖß ×àÈ–ÑàÍ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–åÌ–È‹àÌ–â×–Öà–âÈêÌ– ËàÃ–æÎ–âÊéÃ ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ–äÂÃ–ÖŠàÃ–Åá–ÂèÌ–Ë¯–ÉéÈ–ÑèÌ–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–âÎèÌ–É¿Ì–×Šà– âËÈ–Åß ÍàÌ–ãÁ×Ã (ãÏÌ–Ë¯ A.5), åÄ–ÀàÃ–âÓìÜÃ (ãÏÌ–Ë¯ A.6), äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ (ãÏÌ–Ë¯ D.2) ãÖß ÅïÌ–ÝèÀ–Åà Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ (ãÏÌ–Ë¯ E.1). ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÜèÌ–Ì¸–Ñí×–ÑèÌ–âÊéÃ–ÎèÈ–åÄ–ÉŠàÃƒ Ë¯–Óê–ÜéÈ–Ëé–ÑíÌ–É¡–â×–Öà– ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–âÈêÌ–ËàÃ–ÄàÀ Åß–ÊàÌ–Ë¯–Ù±Ã–æÎ–Øà–Åß–ÊàÌ–Ë¯–Ü²Ì–ÜêÀ: Îß–âÑÈ ãÖß ÂîÌ–Ìß–ÑàÍ–ÁÜÃ– âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ, ÀàÌ–ÎíÀ–ÂîÓ–Ù‹à–ÈéÌ Åá–ÖèÍ–ÀàÌ–âÈêÌ–ËàÃ–ÉàÓ–ËàÃ–ÇŠàÃ–ØÖîÍƒ–äÌÌƒ, ËàÃ–ÌŸ, ãÖß Ù‹à–ÈéÌ–ÝàÍ–ÑÞÃ. äÈÇ–ÀàÌ–ÅíÓ–ÓîÈ Êà–Ì×Šà–Óê–Ñà–Øà–Ìß–ÁíÌ–Å³Ã–Ë¯–Èê–ÅîÈ, ãÖ‹×–ÄàÀ–Ì´Ì–À¡–Óà–Âá– Ì×Ì–â×–Öà–åÆ‹–âÈêÌ–ËàÃ âÎèÌ–Ìà–Ëê–åÌ Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ–Äß–ÂéÈ–ÜÜÀ–åÌ–åÄ–æÈ‹–×Šà–Í¡– ãÓŠÌ–ÚíÈ–ËîÀ–ÂíÌ–äÈÇ–Åß âÑàß–Ïï‹–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ Äß–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–Ñà–Øà–Ìß–ÁíÌ–Å³Ã–Ë¯–Èê–ÅîÈ–Ë¯–Óê–Ì´Ì–æÈ‹–âÖºÜÇƒ æÎ. âÑàß–Åß–Ì´Ì–Í¡–Â×Ì–Äß–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–âÀêÈ–Â×àÓ ÅèÍ–ÅíÌ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ– âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ.

An accessibility model has been developed in order to quantify and visualise the different dimensions of accessibility in terms of the travel time to different key infrastructure relevant to socio-economic development, such as provincial capitals (Map A.5), district centres (Map A.6), schools (Map D.2) and health centres (Map E.1). This model takes into account the different factors influencing travel time from one place to another: road type and quality, land cover for off-road travel, rivers, and land gradients. Assuming the best available means of transportation, travel time in minutes is then calculated throughout the country. It should however be borne in mind, that not everyone, particularly the poor, will always have access to the best means of transport available. Accessibility should therefore not be confused with access. The spatial patterns of the accessibility of provinces clearly reflect the rough

âÊéÃ–×Šà–åÌ–ËíÈ–Åß–×èÈ–ÏŠàÌ–Óà–Äß–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÎèÍ–ÎîÃ–ÔŠàÃ–ØÖ×Ã–ÛàÇ–À¡–ÉàÓ–ãÉŠ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–æÖ–Çß–ãÄÀ– ÔàÇ Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–ÅŠÜÃ–ãÅÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–Ñï–Óê–Îß–âËÈ–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–ØÖîÍ–âÎèÌ–äÌÌ ãÖß ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ äÂÃ–ÖŠàÃ–Êß–ÙíÌ–ØíÌ–ËàÃ–åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà× ÇèÃ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–ØÇî‹Ã–ÇàÀ. Éà–Éß–ÖàÃ XY Åß–ãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ–À×Ó–âÜíà–æÖ–Çß–â×–Öà–Åß–âÑàß–Ë¯–åÆ‹–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÈêÌ–ËàÃ–ÄàÀ ãÖß æÎ–âÊéÃ âËÈ–Åß–ÍàÌ–ãÁ×Ã. ÌÜÀ–âÙìÜ–æÎ–À×Šà–Ì´Ì Éà–Éß–ÖàÃ–ÇèÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÀàÌ–Âá–Ì×Ì–Äá– Ì×Ì–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–ÑàÇ–åÌ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–âÛ³à–Ì¸.

terrain and the road infrastructure, which is still rather poor in the Lao PDR despite the tremendous improvements in the last decade. Table XY shows the percentage of the country lying within certain intervals of time taken to travel to and from provincial capitals. Furthermore it provides a calculation how many people live within each of these categories. We see that a considerable percentage of the population lives within easily accessible areas. Almost half (47%) of the Lao population live in only 7.8% of the country in areas that are

Ñ×À–âÝíà–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–ÑàÇ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯ƒ Åà–ÓàÈ–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–æÈ‹– ÃŠàÇ–Ì´Ì Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ–Óê–ÅïÃ–ÛàÇ. âÀìÜÍ–âÂªÃ–Ù±Ã (47%) ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Öà×–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ 7.8% ÁÜÃ ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Îß–âËÈ–Ë¯–åÀ‹–ÀèÍ–âËÈ–Åß–ÍàÌ–ãÁ×Ã–äÈÇ–åÆ‹–â×–Öà–Í¡–âÀêÌ–Ù±Ã–Æ³×–äÓÃ–âÑ²Ü–æÎ– âÊéÃ–âËÈ–Åß–ÍàÌ ãÁ×Ã. ÜêÀ–È‹àÌ–Ù²Ã, Óê–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ 56% ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ–âË³à–Ì´Ì–Ë¯–åÆ‹–â×–Öà– âÈêÌ–ËàÃ–æÎ–âÊéÃ–âËÈ Åß–ÍàÌ–ãÁ×Ã–ÑàÇ–åÌ Ûì Éœ–À×Šà 5 Æ³×–äÓÃ. ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ØŠàÃ–æÀ–ÅÜÀ–ØÖêÀ– âÛ³à–Ì¸–ÜàÈ–Óê–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–Ù‹ÜÇ–ÈÞ× (âÍªÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.1 ãÖß B.2) ãÉŠ–À¡–ÇèÃ–âÎèÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ– Üà–åÅ–ÁÜÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÑíÌ–âÊéÃ 12% ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Öà×–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ. âÑàß–Åß–Ì´Ì, ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ ÄàÀ–âËÈ–Åß–ÍàÌ–ãÁ×Ã–æÎ–Øà ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ØàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÖèÈ–Êß–ÍàÌ Åá–ÖèÍ–ÀîŠÓ–Îß–Æà– ÆíÌ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ–ØÇî‹Ã–ÇàÀ ãÖß Óê–ÜèÌ–Éß–ÖàÇ äÈÇ–Ë¯–×Šà–ÀîŠÓ–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ–Äß–ÊìÀ– Îß–ÎŠÜÇ–åØ‹–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ ÇàÀ–ÛàÇ ÁºÌ. ÇªÃ–æÎ–À×Šà–Ì´Ì, ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ÜàÈ–Äß–âÎèÌ–ÀîŠÓ–Ë¯– ÔïŠ–ØŠàÃ–æÀ–ÅÜÀ–ØÖêÀ–âÀêÌ–À×Šà–Ìß–äÇ–ÍàÇ ãÖß äÜ–ÀàÈ–Éß–ØÖàÈ–Äß–æÎ–âÊéÃ–Ñ×À–âÁíà–æÈ‹.

â×ÖàåÆ‹ âÈêÌËàÃ Travel time (in hours)

closer than 1 hour to a provincial capital. On the other hand only 56% of the country lies within 5 hours or less from any provincial capital. These remote areas may be rather sparsely populated (see Maps B.1 and B.2) but they are still home to approximately 12% of the Lao population. Access from provincial capitals to crucial administrative governmental services is therefore rather difficult for these population groups, and there is a danger that they are likely to be further marginalised. Moreover, these people are most probably beyond the reach of policies and some of the market opportunities.

0.5 hrs/ÆÓ

ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×Ì âÌºÜË¯ÈéÌ Percentage of land area 2.3

ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×Ì ÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃ Percentage of population 29.8

ÜèÈÉàÅßÅíÓ ÁÜÃâÌºÜË¯ÈéÌ Cumulative percentage of land area 2.3

ÜèÈÉàÅßÅíÓ ÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃ Cumulative percentage of population

1 h hrs/ÆÓ

5.5

17.2

7.8

47.0

1.5 hrs/ÆÓ

6.5

12.7

14.3

59.7

2 hrs/ÆÓ

6.6

8.0

20.9

67.7

2.5 hrs/ÆÓ

6.4

5.6

27.3

73.3

3 hrs/ÆÓ

6.4

4.5

33.7

77.8

3.5 hrs/ÆÓ

6.2

3.5

39.9

81.3

4 hrs/ÆÓ

5.8

2.9

45.6

84.2

5 hrs/ÆÓ

10.3

3.8

56.0

88.0

6 hrs/ÆÓ

8.8

3.5

64.8

91.6

7 hrs/ÆÓ

7.5

2.4

72.3

93.9

9 hrs/ÆÓ

10.9

3.1

83.2

97.0

11 hrs/ÆÓ

6.4

1.3

89.6

98.3

>11 hrs/ÆÓ

10.4

1.7

100.0

ÉàÉßÖàÃ XY: ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃ ãÖß ÑºÌË¯ÁÜÃÎßâËÈÑàÇåÌÖßÈèÍÂ×àÓÅàÓàÈåÌÀàÌâÁ¿àâÊéÃâËÈ ÅßÍàÌãÁ×Ã Table XY: Percentages of the population and country land areas within different accessibility classes to and from provincial capitals

2.3

A.5 ÀàÌ––âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–âÁÈ–âËÈÅß ÍàÌ––ãÁ×Ã

Â×àÓÅàÓàÈâÁ¿àâÊéÃÁÜÃãÁ×Ã

Province accessibility Province accessibility

100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÀàÌ –æÎ-Óà Øà –âÁÈ–âËÈ ÅßÍàÌ––ãÁ×Ã Accessibility to and from province capitals âÁÈ–âËÈÅßÍàÌ––âÓìÜÃ Provincial capital

. !

â×Öà–åÆ‹–âÈêÌËàÃ– Æ³×–äÓÃ Travel times in hours

Saravane

. Sekong ! . !

Pakxe

. !

Attapeu

14°0'0"N

>10

C 0

100

D B

B D

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

A.6 Â×àÓÅàÓàÈâÁ¿àâÊéÃâÓìÜÃ District accessibility

ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–âÓìÜÃ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÑàÍ–â×–Öà–âÈêÌ–ËàÃ–ÄàÀ–ãÉŠ– Öß–ÄîÈ–åÈ–Ù±Ã åÌ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ–âÑ²Ü–Äß–æÎ–Óà ãÖß ÄàÀ–âËÈ–Åß–ÍàÌ–âÓìÜÃ–åÈ–Ù±Ã–åÌ–Äá–Ì×Ì 139 âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯ Óê–åÌ–Îê 2007. ÀàÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–ÜêÃ–åÅŠ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–Öà–Âà É¡–æÖ–Çß–ËàÃ–Ë¯–ÂàÈ–Âß–âÌ â×–Öà–âÈêÌ–ËàÃ È‹×Ç–Ñà–Øà–Ìß–ÁíÌ–Å³Ã–Ë¯–Èê–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–âË³à–Ë¯–Óê–ÔïŠ. ÖàÇ–Öß– ÜÞÈ–È‹àÌ–âÉèÀ–ÌéÀ–ÁÜÃ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–Ì¸ æÈ‹–Üß–Ëé–ÍàÇ–æ×‹–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ A.5 ãÖß æÈ‹–Ìá–æÎ–åÆ‹–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯– Åß–ÍèÍ–Ü²Ìƒ åÌ–ÎºÓ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ (Âì: ãÏÌ–Ë¯ A.5, D.2 ãÖß E.1).

The district accessibility map depicts the travel time from any point in the country to or from any of the 139 district capitals existent in 2007. This representation of accessibility is based on a cost-distance model that estimated travel time using the best means of transport available. Technical details of this model have been explained in Map A.5 and it has been applied to other maps in the atlas (namely Maps A.5, D.2 and E.1).

âËÈ–Åß–ÍàÌ–âÓìÜÃ–Óê–ÍíÈ–ÍàÈ–Åá–ÂèÌ–É¡–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß–ÔŠàÃ–ÇªÃ–À¡–ãÓŠÌ– ÀàÌ Åß–ÙÜÃ–äÜ–ÀàÈ–È‹àÌ–Éß–ØÖàÈ ãÖß ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ–Ë³×–æÎ. ÍèÌ–Èà–âËÈ–Åß–ÍàÌ–âÓìÜÃ– âÛ³à–Ì¸–âÎèÌ–ÄîÈ ÅïÌ–ÀàÃ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–Â‹à–Ë¯–Åá–ÂèÌ–åØ‹–ãÀŠ–ÛàÇ–Í‹àÌ–åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà× âÑ²Ü–ÁàÇ–ÏíÌ–Ïß– ÖéÈ–Àß–Åé–Àá ãÖß Æº–âÂ²ÜÃ–×èÈ–Åß–Èî–Ë¯–Äá–âÎèÌ–ÛàÇ–ÔŠàÃ (âÆ¨Ì ÎîŠÇ) ãÖß ÅéÌ–Â‹à–åÆ‹–ÅÜÇ–ÉŠàÃƒ. ÇªÃ–æÎ–À×Šà–Ì´Ì, åÌ–Öß–ÍíÍ ÀàÌ ÎíÀ–ÂÜÃ–ÁÜÃ–Öà×, âÓìÜÃ–Óê–ÍíÈ–ÍàÈ–Åá–ÂèÌ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–É´Ã–Îß– Éé–ÍèÈ–Ìß–äÇ–ÍàÇ ãÖß Ç‹ÜÌ–ãÌ× Ì´Ì–Ä±Ã–Óê–Â×àÓ–Äá–âÎèÌ–Äß–É‹ÜÃ–Ýï‹–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–Í‹àÌ ãÖß ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Åà–ÓàÈ–æÎ–ÝÜÈ–æÎ âÊéÃ–æÈ‹–åÌ–æÖ–Çß–â×–Öà–âË³à–åÈ.

District towns play an important role in rural development mainly by providing market opportunities and public services. For many villages in the Lao PDR these district towns are the main commercial hubs for the sale of agricultural outputs and purchase of the necessary inputs (e.g. fertiliser) and consumer goods. Moreover, in the Lao government system, districts play an important role in the implementation of policy and it is therefore crucial to know what percentage of the villages and the population can be reached within what time interval.

ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–æÖ–Çß–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–Á´Ì–ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ–ÁÜÃ–â×–Öà–âÈêÌ–ËàÃ–ÄàÀ ãÖß æÎ–âÊéÃ–âËÈ–Åß– ÍàÌ–âÓìÜÃ Ë¯–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ÍèÍ–Ì¸–äÈÇ–ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ–ãÖ‹×–ãÓŠÌ–Í¡–ÉŠàÃ–æÎ–ÄàÀ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß– ÍèÍ–ÀŠÜÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–ãÁ×Ã (ãÏÌ–Ë¯ A.5). âËÈ–Åß–ÍàÌ–âÓìÜÃ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ É´Ã–ÔïŠ–ÉàÓ–ãÌ×–âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ ÁíÌ–Å³Ã–Åá–ÂèÌ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ Ûì É´Ã–ÔïŠ–âÁÈ–Ë³Ã–ÑÞÃ–ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–Ë¯–Åà–ÓàÈ– âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–æÈ‹–ÃŠàÇ–Èê. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ–ÁÜÃ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ (61%) Åà–ÓàÈ–æÎ–ÝÜÈ–æÎ–âÊéÃ–æÈ‹–ÄàÀ– âÓìÜÃ–âÜÀ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–åÀ‹–ÅîÈ–ãÓŠÌ–Ù²Ã Æ³×–äÓÃ Ûì Éœ–À×Šà. âÊéÃ–ãÌ×–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, âÓ²Ü–âÍªÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ A5 ÀèÍ–æÎ–ÀèÍ–Óà–Ñ×À–âÝíà–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÑºÌ–Ë¯ ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ–ÀàÇ–âÎèÌ–Åê–ÁÞ×. Éà–Éß–ÖàÃ–É¡–æÎ– Ì¸–Åß–ÙÜÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÖàÇ–Öß–ÜÞÈ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì ÁÜÃ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ ãÖß ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÔïŠ–ÑàÇ–åÌ–Îß–âÑÈ– ÉŠàÃƒ ÁÜÃ–â×–Öà–âÈêÌ–ËàÃ–æÎ–Øà ãÖß ÄàÀ–âÓìÜÃ:

The basic spatial pattern of the travel times from and to district capitals shown in this map is not fundamentally different to that of the previous map on the accessibility of provinces (Map A.5). Most of the district capitals are located either along the main transportation axes of the country or lie on the quite easily accessible southern plains. The highest percentage of the district towns (61%) can be reached from the nearest provincial capital within 1 hour or less. Nevertheless, by looking back and forth at Map A.5 we see that large part of the country becomes greener. The following table provides more details on percentages of the land area and population within different categories of travel time to and from districts:

â×ÖàåÆ‹ âÈêÌËàÃ Travel time (in hours)

ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×Ì âÌºÜË¯ÈéÌ Percentage of land area

ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×Ì ÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃ Percentage of population

ÜèÈÉàÅßÅíÓ ÁÜÃâÌºÜË¯ÈéÌ Cumulative percentage of land area

ÜèÈÉàÅßÅíÓ ÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃ Cumulative percentage of population

0.5 hrs/ÆÓ

7.9

60.4

7.9

60.4

1 hrs/ÆÓ

11.4

15.4

19.3

75.8

1.5 hrs/ÆÓ

9.7

6.6

29.0

82.3

2 hrs/ÆÓ

8.5

3.3

37.5

85.6

2.5 hrs/ÆÓ

7.4

2.3

44.9

87.9

3 hrs/ÆÓ

6.4

1.6

51.3

89.5

3.5 hrs/ÆÓ

5.7

1.4

57.0

91.0

4 hrs/ÆÓ

5.1

1.2

62.0

92.1

5 hrs/ÆÓ

8.5

2.0

70.5

94.2

6 hrs/ÆÓ

6.7

1.7

77.2

95.8

7 hrs/ÆÓ

5.1

1.1

82.3

96.9

9 hrs/ÆÓ

6.9

1.3

89.2

98.2

11 hrs/ÆÓ

4.0

0.7

93.2

98.9

>11 hrs/ÆÓ

6.8

1.1

100.0

ÉàÉßÖàÃ XY: ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌÁÜÃÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃ ãÖß ÑºÌË¯ÈÌ é ÁÜÃÎßâËÈ ÑàÇåÌÖßÈèÍ Â×àÓÅàÓàÈâÁ¿àâÊéÃ ãÖß ÄàÀâËÈÅßÍàÌâÓìÜÃ. Table XY: Percentages of population and country land area within different accessibility classes to and from district capitals.

âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà 50% ÁÜÃ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Îß–âËÈ–É´Ã–ÔïŠ–åÌ–æÖ–Çß–ËàÃ–Ë¯–åÆ‹–â×–Öà–âÈêÌ–ËàÃ–æÎ ãÖß Óà–ÄàÀ–âËÈ Åß–ÍàÌ–âÓìÜÃ–åÀ‹–ÅîÈ–Í¡–âÀêÌ–ÅàÓ–Æ³×–äÓÃ–À¡–ÉàÓ–ãÉŠ–À¡–âÎèÌ–Ù‹à–É²Ì–ÉíÀ–åÄ–ÔïŠ–ÍŠÜÌ ×Šà–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Üà–åÅ åÌ ÑºÌ–Ë¯–âÛ³à–Ì¸–Óê–Éœ–À×Šà 10%. åÌ–È‹àÌ–Ù±Ã–ÜêÀ–À¡–ãÓŠÌ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ– ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ (90%) Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–åÌ âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯ƒ Óê–æÖ–Çß–ËàÃ–âÑ²Ü–âÈêÌ–ËàÃ–æÎ–âÊéÃ ãÖß Óà–ÄàÀ– âËÈ–Åß–ÍàÌ–âÓìÜÃ–ÑàÇ–åÌ–ÅàÓ–Æ³×–äÓÃ Æ±Ã–À¡–ÉíÃ–ÀèÍ–â×–Öà–âÈêÌ–ËàÃ–æÎ–ÀèÍ–Îß–ÓàÌ–Ù±–Ã×èÌ. â×–Öà–âÈêÌ–ËàÃ–Ì¸–Í¡–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–åÆ‹–Åß–âÑàß–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ âÈêÌ–ËàÃ–Óà–Øà–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–âË³à–Ì´Ì–ãÉŠ–ÇèÃ– Ö×Ó–ËèÃ–Ïï‹–Åß–ÙÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ Ûì Æà×–Â‹à–ÁàÇ–Ë¯–âÈêÌ–ËàÃ ÄàÀ–âÓìÜÃ–æÎ–Øà–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×. åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÊíÀ–ÊÞÃ–ÀèÌ–åÌ–Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Å‹àÃ–âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ–âÑ¸Ó–É²Ó ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–ÅèÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Í‹àÌ–åÚŠ– Ì´Ì–Í¡–Â×Ì–ÖìÓ–âÁÈ–ÅïÌ–ÀàÃ–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–âÓ²Ü–×Šà–ÓèÌ–Óê–ÍíÈ–ÍàÈ–Åá–ÂèÌ–É¡–ÀàÌ ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ. ÍàÃ–ËŠàÌ–ÜàÈ–Äß–åØ‹–Âá–âØèÌ–×Šà ÀàÌ–Îß–Éé–ÍèÈ–ÀàÌ–È‹×Ç–Âá–Ú´Ì–ÅèÌ–Çà–ÅïÃ ãÖß Óê–Îß–ÅéÈ–Ëé– ÏíÌ–Äß–ÝèÍ–Îß–ÀèÌ–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–ÅïÌ–ÀàÃ–âÓìÜÃ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–Óê–ÀàÌ–âÆ²ÜÓ–äÇÃ–Øà–ÀèÌ–æÈ‹–âÎèÌ–ÔŠàÃ–Èê ãÖß ÄàÀ–×é–Ëê–Ì¸–âÓìÜÃ–À¡–Äß–âÝèÈ–Ù‹à–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–ÄîÈ–ÅïÌ–ÀàÃ–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ–Ë³×–æÎ ãÖß äÜ–ÀàÈ–ÀàÌ–Åß–ÙÜÃ Éß–ØÖàÈ.

Even if 50% of the country still lies more than 3 hours’ travel time away from the nearest district capital, it is surprising, that this involves less than 10% of the population. In other words, most of the population (90%) lives within 3 hours of a district capital, which corresponds to about a one day journey back and forth. This applies not only to people travelling to town but also for service providers or traders travelling from town. In the current debate on additional road construction versus village relocation, district centres should not be forgotten as they play a key role in rural development. One could argue that a very efficient and highly promising intervention would be to ensure that all district centres have good connections and that they function fully as hubs for public services and market opportunities.

ÀàÌ––âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–âÁÈ–âËÈÅß ÍàÌ–âÓìÜA.6 –Ã

Â×àÓÅàÓàÈâÁ¿àâÊéÃÁÜÃãÁ×Ã

District accessibility District accessibility

100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

104°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . .! !

. !

22°0'0"N

. !

Phongsaly

. ! . !

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

. !

HANOI

. !

Luang Namtha ! . . ! . ! . !

. !

Muang Xay ! . . !

. !

. ! . ! . !

. !

. .! !

. !

Huay Xay

. ! . !

. !

Xamneua

. !

. ! . !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

. ! . !

20°0'0"N

. !

. ! . ! . ! . ! . !

. ! . Xayabury . !!

. !

Phonsavan . !

. ! . !

. !

Phonhong ! . . !

. !

. ! ! .

. !

. . ! !

. ! . ! . !

. !

Pakxanh . !

. ! . !

18°0'0"N

. ! . !

. !

VIENTIANE

.! ! .! . . ! . !

. ! . ! . ! . !

. ! . !

. !

Thakhek . ! . !

. !

. ! . ! . !

. ! . !

. !

. Savannakhet .! !

. !

. ! . !

. !

ÀàÌ –æÎ-Óà Øà –âÁÈ–âËÈ ÅßÍàÌ–âÓìÜÃ

. !

Accessibility to and from district capitals

. !

. ! . !

. ! ! .

. !

âÁÈ–âËÈÅßÍàÌ––âÓìÜÃ District capital

. !

16°0'0"N

. !

Saravane

. !

. ! . !

. !

â×Öà–åÆ‹–âÈêÌËàÃ– Æ³×–äÓÃ Travel times in hours

. !

. Sekong ! ! .

. ! . !

. !

Pakxe

. !

. ! . ! . !

. .! !

Attapeu . ! . !

. !

>10

C 0

100

14°0'0"N

. !

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

A.7 ÅßÑàÍÖ×ÓÁÜÃÍ‹àÌ Overview of villages

åÌ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–åÌ–Îê 2005, âÑ¯Ì–æÈ‹–Ìá–åÆ‹–Üî– Îß–ÀÜÌ GPS âÁ¿à–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÍèÌ–ËëÀ–Ë¯–É´Ã–ÁÜÃ–Í‹àÌ–âÎèÌ–Â´Ã–Ëá–ÜéÈ. ÅªÃ–Ü‹àÃ–ÜêÃ–æÖ–Çß–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ– ÔàÇ–ÁÜÃ–Åß–Êé–Éé–Á´Ì–Í‹àÌ Ì¸–ÓèÌ–ãÓŠÌ–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–Äá–âÎèÌ–É‹ÜÃ–Óê–ÀŠÜÌ ãÖß Óê–Â×àÓ–Åá–ÂèÌ–Åá–ÖèÍ– ÀàÌ–Å‹àÃ–ÎºÓ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–åÌ–Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ–äÈÇ–ãÌ–åÅŠ–âÑ²Ü–Åß–âÙê–Éà–Éß–ÖàÃ–Á§–ÓïÌ–âÅÈ– Êß–ÀéÈ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–Ë¯–ãÇÀ–ãÇß åØ‹–âØèÌ È‹àÌ–ÉŠàÃƒ åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÅïÃ–âË³à–Ë¯–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹. ÅªÃ–Ë‹à– ËàÇ–ÅÜÃ–ÔŠàÃ–Ë¯–É‹ÜÃ–ãÀ‹–æÁ–âÑ²Ü Å‹àÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ choropleth1 åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–Í‹àÌ–åØ‹–ãÀŠ ÅÎÎ Öà×: ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ëê–Ù±Ã–Ñí×–ÑèÌ–âÊéÃ–Ë¯–É´Ã–Í‹àÌ åÌ–Áß–Ìß–Ë¯–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ Åß–ÍèÍ–Ëê–ÅÜÃ–ãÓŠÌ–Ñí×–ÑèÌ–âÊêÃ–Âá–ÊàÓ ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Àà–Ì×àÈ–âÅ´Ì–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–âÑ²Ü–åØ‹ Åà–Óà–È×àÈ–ÑàÍ–åØ‹ âØèÌ–ÂîÌ–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–ÁÜÃ–Í‹àÌ–åÌ– ÎºÓ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–äÈÇ–Ìá–åÆ‹–Åê–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ. åÌ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–Îê 2005, ÅïÌ–Åß–Êé–Éé–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ (NSC) ÁÜÃ ÅÎÎ Öà× æÈ‹–âÀèÍ–Àá–Á§–ÓïÌ–Í‹àÌ–Äá–Ì×Ì 10,547 ãØŠÃ–åÌ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, Óê–ÛàÇ–Í‹àÌ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–ÅèÌ–Ë¯–É´Ã–ÂìÌ–åÚŠ–äÈÇ–âØÈ–ÏíÌ–åÌ–äÉ–ÁÜÃ–ÓèÌ–âÜÃ Ûì ÜêÃ–ÉàÓ–Ìß–äÇ– ÍàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÖèÈ–Êß–ÍàÌ Ûì äÜ–ÀàÈ–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–åÚŠ. É¡–ÀèÍ–Åß–ÑàÍ–ÀàÌ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ–ÜèÌ–æ×–×à–ÓèÌ– Ô´Ã–ÔìÌ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–Â×àÓ–ØÇî‹Ã–ÇàÀ åÌ–ÀàÌ–Ñé–ÅïÈ–ÂîÌ–Ìß–ÑàÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÆîÈ–Á§–ÓïÌ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÍèÌ–ËëÀ–Óà–Ì´Ì. È¨Ã–Ì´Ì–ÅïÌ–Åß–Êé–Éé–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ (NSC) Ä±Ã–ÎÞÍ–ËÞÍ–Ë¯–É´Ã–Í‹àÌ–ÀèÍ–ÆîÈ–Á§–ÓïÌ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ÙÜÃ–åØ‹–äÈÇ– ÀíÓ–ÑïÓ–ÅàÈ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ (NGD) âË³à–Ì´Ì. ÀàÌ–ÎÞÍ–ËÞÍ–ÀèÍ–Á§–ÓïÌ–âÀ³à–À×Šà–âÛ³à–Ì¸–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–Óê–Â×àÓ– âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Îß âÓêÌ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ Â‹àÇ–Âì–ÀèÌ–ÅïÃ–Æ±Ã–Âà–È×Šà–Äß–æÈ‹–Á§–ÓïÌ–Ë¯–Ù‹à–âÆ²Ü–Êì–æÈ‹– âÆ¨Ì–ÈÞ×–ÀèÍ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–Óê–ÀàÌ–ãÑŠ–Àß–ÄàÇ–ÜÜÀ–ÛàÇ ãÖß Á§–ÓïÌ–Ì´Ì–Äß–É‹ÜÃ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–ÖÞÃ–ÔŠàÃ– Öß–ÓèÈ–Öß–×èÃ. Äá–Ì×Ì–Í‹àÌ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ 1,918 ãØŠÃ–Ë¯–æÈ‹ ÍèÌ–ËëÀ åÌ–Îê 2005 Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–Í¡–æÈ‹–ÖíÃ–ÍèÌ– ËëÀ–æ×‹–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ NGD âÀ³à–åÌ–Áß–Ìß–Ë¯–È‹àÌ–Ù²Ã–ÜêÀ–Ì´Ì Í‹àÌ–Äá–Ì×Ì 2,112 ãØŠÃ–åÌ–ÆîÈ–Á§–ÓïÌ NGD ÑèÈ–Í¡–æÈ‹–Îß–ÀíÈ–Óê–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Á§–ÓïÌ ÁÜÃ–ÅïÌ–Åß–Êé–Éé–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ (NSC). äÈÇ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ÑàÇ–ÊŠàÇ–ÄàÀ– Èà×–ËÞÓ–Ë¯–Óê–ÀàÌ–ãÇÀ–ãÇß–ÄîÈ âÅ´Ì–åØ‹–âØèÌ–Öß–ÜÞÈ–Ì´Ì–ÓèÌ Åà–ÓàÈ Åß–ØÖîÍ–æÈ‹–×Šà–ÆîÈ–Á§–ÓïÌ–Ë¯– åÚŠ–À×Šà–äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÆèÈ–âÄÌ ÛàÇ–À×Šà.

During the 2005 National Population and Housing Census, village locations were recorded for the first time using GPS devices. This spatial referencing of statistics at the village level was an important precondition for the development of the present socio-economic atlas, which aims at representing tabular socio-economic data at the highest possible resolution. Two main challenges had to be addressed to generate choropleth maps1 at a village level for the Lao PDR: The first such map relates to the village locations while the second is concerned with the question of boundary delineation in order to be able to depict the village characteristics in an atlas through the use of different colours. During the 2005 Census the National Statistical Centre (NSC) of the Lao PDR collected data on 10,547 villages throughout the country. However, more and more villages are being re-located, be for spontaneous reasons, or be it as a result of government policies or new development opportunities. In light of these rapid changes it proved difficult to verify the quality of the village data set recorded. So the NSC village locations were compared to the only other national village data set namely that provided by the National Geographic Department (NGD). The comparison with these older data allowed the assessment of those regions of high correspondence where the reliability of the data is expected to be very good, as well as those regions where strong divergence was observed and where the data must be handled more carefully. In total, 1,918 of all villages recorded in 2005 were not recorded by the older NGD maps while on the other hand 2,112 villages of the NGD dataset no longer appear in the NSC data. Using additional high-resolution satellite images it was concluded that the newer dataset is in general more accurate

ÅªÃ–Ë‹à–ËàÇ–Ëê–ÅÜÃ–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ–Àá–ÌíÈ–âÁÈ–æÖ–Çß–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ãÉŠ–Öß–Í‹àÌ–Ç‹ÜÌ–×Šà–Í¡– Óê–âÅ´Ì–ÆàÇ ãÈÌ–Í‹àÌ–ãÍÍ–âÎèÌ–ËàÃ–ÀàÌ Åá–ÖèÍ ÅÎÎ Öà×. ÀàÌ–ÂàÈ–Âß–âÌ–âÅ´Ì–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ– Í‹àÌ–äÈÇ–ÄèÈ–âÜíà âÂªÃ–Ù±Ã ÁÜÃ–æÖ–Çß–ËàÃ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÄîÈ–ÅÜÃ–Í‹àÌ (ÉàÓ–ãÍÍ Euclidean) Ô´Ã–Ôì–Ì×Šà–åÆ‹–Í¡–æÈ‹. åÌ–âÓìÜ Í‹àÌ–ÔïŠ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Ñï–ÈÜÇ–ØÖîÍ–äÌÌ–ÜàÈ–Äß–ÔïŠ–åÀ‹–ÀèÌ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ ãÉŠ– ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–â×–Öà–âÈêÌ–ËàÃ–ãÖ‹×–ãÓŠÌ ØŠàÃ–æÀ–ÀèÌ–ÛàÇ Ä±Ã–æÈ‹–ÖíÃ–Â×àÓ–âØèÌ–×Šà â×–Öà–âÈêÌ–ËàÃ–Äß ãÓŠÌ–×é–Ëê–Àà–Ì×èÈ–ãËÀ–Ë¯–Èê–À×Šà. äÈÇ–ÀàÌ Ìá–åÆ‹–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–ÉàÓ–Ë¯–æÈ‹ Åß–âÙê–åÌ ãÏÌ–Ë¯ A.5 ãÖß A.6, âÑªÌ–æÈ‹–Âá–Ì×Ì âÅ´Ì–ãÍŠÃ–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–âÂªÃ–Ù±Ã–ÁÜÃ–â×–Öà–âÈêÌ–ËàÃ Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÅÜÃ Í‹àÌ. ÜèÌ–Ì¸–ÓèÌ–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–Óê–Â×àÓ–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹ åÌ ÀàÌ–Àá–ÌíÈ–ÜèÌ–Ë¯–âÜ¸Ì–×Šà–ÝïÍ–ÛàÇ– È‹àÌ–ÁÜÃ–Í‹àÌ Ë¯–ãËÌ–åØ‹–Íç–Öé–â×Ì–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÉàÓ–ãÃŠ–ÁÜÃ–â×–Öà âÈêÌ–ËàÃ–æÎ–Øà–Í‹àÌ–åÀ‹–Ë¯–ÅîÈ. ÀàÌ–Ñé–ÅïÈ–ÀèÍ–ÀîŠÓ–Éí×–ÔŠàÃ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê–âÅ´Ì–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà ÀàÌ–ÂàÈ–Âß–âÌ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–Óê– Â×àÓ–ÊìÀ–É‹ÜÃ ÔŠàÃ–Ù‹à–Îß–ØÖàÈ–åÄ.

The second important challenge relates to the definition of the spatial area of each village, as no official village boundaries exist in digital form for the Lao PDR. An approximation of village boundaries by taking half of the physical (Euclidean) distance between two village points proved to be very unsatisfactory. As villages in a very mountainous relief may be close to each other on the map but be very far away in terms of travel time it was decided that travel time would be a better measure. By using the accessibility model presented in Maps A.5 and A.6, lines indicating half the travel time between any two villages were calculated. This allowed defining the so-called village polygons that represent catchments in terms of travel time to the nearest village. The verification with some sample villages for which boundaries were available showed that these

ÅèÃÖ×ÓãÖ‹×ãÏÌË¯Ì¸×àÈåØ‹âØèÌÝïÍÛàÇÈ‹àÌÁÜÃÍ‹àÌË¯ÅßãÈÃÍÜÀæÖÇßÀàÌãÄÀÔ àÇ Øí×ÙŠ×ÇÉŠàÃƒ Æ±ÃåÌØí×ÙŠ×ÇÌ´ÌÎºÓãÏÌÆîÈÌ¸ÅßãÈÃåØ‹âØèÌÉí×Æ¸ÍÜÀÀàÌÅáØÖ× È ÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃ. ãÏÌË¯Ì¸ÆŠ×ÇåÌÀàÌÅèÃâÀÈÀàÌÀŠÞ×ÀèÍÂ×àÓãÉÀÉŠàÃÈ‹àÌâÅÈÊßÀéÈÅèÃ ÂíÓ ãÖß ÝïÍãÍÍæÖÇßÂ×àÓãÉÀÉŠàÃÜèÌÖßÜÞÈÁÜÃÑ×ÀÓèÌåÌÖßÈèÍâÁÈâÎèÌâË²ÜËáÜé È. ÄàÀÍèÌØà Ë¯ÀŠÞ×ÑèÌâÊéÃË¯É´ÃÍ‹àÌÉàÓË¯ÜßËéÍàÇÓàãÖ‹×Ì´Ì ãÖß ÉàÓÂ×àÓâÎèÌÄéÃË¯ ×ŠàÝïÍÛàÇÈ‹àÌÁÜÃ Í‹àÌÍ¡ãÓŠÌÍèÌØàËàÃÀàÌâÓìÜÃ Ûì âÁÈÀàÌÎíÀÂÜÃãÉŠÓèÌãÓŠÌÀàÌÂ àÈÂßâÌË¯ÜêÃåÅŠâ×Öà âÈêÌËàÃÛàÇÀ×Šà. ÅßÌ´ÌÅßÚîÈãÏÌË¯ÆîÈÌ¸Í¡×ŠàÄßÈ‹×Ç×éËêåÈÀ¡Èê ãÓŠÌÍ¡ÓêÄîÈÎßÅíÃÌáåÆ‹âÎèÌ âÂ²ÜÃÓì×àÃãÏÌåÌÖßÈèÍÍ‹àÌãÍÍäÈÈÈŠÞ×ãÉŠÔŠàÃåÈ.

approximations were astonishingly precise. In summary this map depicting the village polygons represents the spatial units on which this atlas presents indicators of the Population Census. It will allow the observation for the first time of the socio-economic disparities and their detailed spatial patterns at a sub-district scale. Given the issues related to village locations which have already been described and the fact that the village polygons are not political or administrative boundaries but rather approximations based on travel time, this atlas is by no means intended to be used as a planning tool at the level of single villages.

ãÏÌ–Ë¯ choropleth ãÓŠÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ãÈÃ–âÊéÃ–Øí×–Á§–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ Ë¯ƒËàÅê–âÎèÌ–âÃíà Ûì Ë¯–ÄèÈ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÉàÓ–ÅèÈ–

A choropleth map (Greek χωρα + πληθαίν:, ("area/region" + "multiply") is a

ÅŠ×Ì–×èÈ–ãËÀ–ÁÜÃ–Éí×–ãÎ–Åß–Êé–Éé Ë¯–Åß–ãÈÃ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ âÆ¨Ì Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ Ûì ÖàÇ–ÝèÍ–Åß–

thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the meas-

âÖ¨Ç–É¡–Øí×–ÂíÌ. ÓèÌ–ÇíÀ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×é–Ëê–ÀàÌ–ÃŠàÇƒ åÌ–Å‹àÃ–Óß–äÌ–ÑàÍ åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÀàÌ ×èÈ–ãËÀ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–

urement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map, such as population

ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–æÎ ÉàÓ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÑïÓ–ÅèÌ–ÊàÌ–Îß–âËÈ–Âì–ãÌ×–åÈ.

density or per capita income. It provides an easy way to visualize how a measurement varies across a geographic area.

ÅßÑàÍ–Ö×ÓÁÜÃ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àA.7 Ì

ÅßÑàÍÖ×ÓÁÜÃÍ‹àÌ

Overview of villages Overview of villages 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

104°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . .! !

. !

22°0'0"N

. !

Phongsaly

P h o n g s a l y . ! . !

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

. !

. ! . !

Luangnamtha

. !

. ! . ! . !

. !

. .! !

. !

Huay Xay . !

. !

Xamneua

. !

Oudomxay

Luangprabang

. !

. ! . !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

. ! . !

20°0'0"N

B o k e o . !

. !

Muang Xay ! . ! .

. !

HANOI

. !

Luang Namtha ! .

. !

X a y a

. ! . ! . !

b u r y

. ! . !

. !

Phonsavan . !

. Xayabury . !!

X i !.e n g k h u a n g

. !

. ! . !

. !

V i e n t i a n e . !

. !

Phonhong ! . . !

B!. o r i k h a m x a y

. !

. ! ! .

. !

. . ! !

. ! . ! . !

. !

Pakxanh . !

. ! . !

18°0'0"N

. ! . !

. !

VIENTIANE

.! ! .! . . ! . !

K h a m m u a n e

. !

. ! . ! . !

. ! . !

. !

Thakhek . ! . !

. !

. ! . ! . !

. ! . !

. !

. Savannakhet .! !

. !

. ! . !

S a v a n n a k h e t!.

. !

âÁÈ–âÆ²ÜÓ–É¡Äá–ÝÜÃ– Öß Ø×ŠàÃ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌÜéÃ–Éà

. ! . !

. !

Village polygons for the Lao PDR based on

. !

S a r a v a n e

the 2005 Population Census

. !

S e k o n !.g

. !

. Sekong ! . !

. !

Pakxe

. !

C h a m p a s a c k

. !

. ! . !

. .! !

Attapeu . ! . !

–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌÖßØ×ŠàÃ–Îß–âËÈ International boundaries

A!. t t a p e u

. !

–âÁÈ–âÆ²ÜÓ–É¡–ÖßØ×ŠàÃ–ãÁ×Ã Province boundaries

. !

ãÓŠÌŸ Water

14°0'0"N

. !

–âÁÈ–âÆ²ÜÓ–É¡–ÖßØ×ŠàÃâÓìÜÃ District boundaries

100

. !

âÁÈ–âËÈÅßÍàÌ––âÓìÜÃ District capital

Saravane

. !

–âÅ´ÌËàÃ–ÇîÈ–Ëß–ÅàÈ Main road

. ! ! .

. !

âÁÈ–âËÈÅßÍàÌ–ãÁ×Ã Provincal capital

. !

16°0'0"N

Ó–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÅáÛ×ÈÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ 2005

. !

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

A.8 âÓìÜÃË¯ÄèÈÔïŠåÌÖßÈèÍÂ×àÓËîÀÇàÀ Districts identified as poor

ÇîÈ–Ëß–ÅàÈ–ÀàÌ–âÉêÍ–äÉ ãÖß Öë–ÍÖ‹àÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ (NGPES) ÓèÌ–ãÓŠÌ–åÄ– ÀàÃ ÁÜÃ–ãÏÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ ãÖß ÇîÈ–Ëß–ÅàÈ–Ì¸–æÈ‹–ÁèÈ–Ä‹ÜÌ–âÜíà–âÌºÜ–åÌ–Åá–ÂèÌ–ÁÜÃ ÇîÈ–Ëß–×é–Ëê ÁÜÃ ÅÎÎ Öà× âÑ²Ü ÍèÌ–Öî–ÄîÈ–ÚàÇ–Ë¯–É´Ã–æ×‹–åÌ–Îê 1996 ÑàÇ–åÌ–â×–Öà–ÀÜÃ–Îß–ÆîÓ– ÑèÀ–Â´Ã–Ëê 6 ãÖß âÑ²Ü–ØÖîÈ–Ñ¿Ì–ÜÜÀ–ÄàÀ–ÀîŠÓ–Îß–âËÈ–È‹ÜÇ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà (LDCs) ÑàÇ–åÌ–Îê 2020. åÌ–ãÏÌ–ÇîÈ–Ëß–ÅàÈ–Ì¸, âÑªÌ–æÈ‹–Àá–ÌíÈ âÓìÜÃ–Íï–Öé–Óß–ÅéÈ–É¿Ì–Éç–âÑ²Ü–ØÖîÈ–ÏŠÜÌ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ ãÖß âÜíà–åÄ–åÅŠ–É¡–Àà ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà. âÓìÜÃ–Íï–Öé–Óß–ÅéÈ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ A.8. åÌ–â×–Öà–Ì´Ì, Á§–ÓïÌ–Ë¯–ÅÜÈ ÂŠÜÃ ãÖß âÎèÌ Ù‹à–âÆ²Ü–Êì–æÈ‹–Èê–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–Åá–ÖèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–ÉàÓ–ÀàÌ–âÂ²ÜÌ– æØ×–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê ÔïŠ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–âÓìÜÃ–Åß–Ì´Ì–Ä±Ã–æÈ‹–Àá–ÌíÈ–Íï–Öé–Óß–ÅéÈ–åØ‹–ãÀŠ–Öß–ÈèÍ–Ì´Ì. ÌÜÀ–âÙìÜ–æÎ–À×Šà–Ì¸, ÁÜÈ–ÀàÌ Îß–ÅàÌ–ÃàÌ, ÀàÌ–ÎëÀ–Åà Øà–Öì ãÖß ÀàÌ–Óê–ÅŠ×Ì–ÝŠ×Ó–À¡–Åà– ÓàÈ–ÍèÌ–Öî–æÈ‹–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–âÓìÜÃ.

The National Growth Poverty Eradication Strategy (NGPES) is central to the national development agenda and encapsulates the essence of the Lao PDR’s approach to the achievement of the goal set in 1996 by the 6th Party Congress, namely, that of exiting from the group of Least Developed Countries (LDCs) by 2020. In this strategy, high priority districts for poverty alleviation and development efforts were identified. These are presented on Map A.8. At that time the most relevant and reliable data for poverty monitoring available was at the district level thus priority was given to this level. Moreover, co-ordination, consultation and participation can best be achieved at the level of the district. The Prime Minister’s Instruction No 010/PM resulted in the definition of a

Âá–Å¨Ã–ãÌß–Ìá–ÁÜÃ–Ìà–ÇíÀ–ÖèÈ–Êß–ÓíÌ–Éê–Åß–ÍèÍ–âÖÀ–Ëê 010/ÌÇ Ë¯–Öß–Íî–åØ‹–âØèÌ–åÌ–Âá–Ìé–ÇàÓ– ÁÜÃ–âÅ´Ì–ÁêÈ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–Çà–ÀÖ×Ó–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–×èÈ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–Üá–ÌàÈ–ÀàÌ–ÎíÀ–ÂÜÃ–Ë‹ÜÃ– ÊªÌ–Åà ÓàÈ–Àá–ÌíÈ ãÖß À×È–Àà–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–âÓìÜÃ Ö×Ó–ËèÃ–Öß–ÈèÍ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–æÈ‹. ‘âÓìÜÃ ËîÀ–ÇàÀ’ ãÓŠÌ–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Óê–Í‹àÌ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ–âÀêÌ–À×Šà 51%. ÌÜÀ–Ì´Ì–ÇèÃ–Óê–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–âÑ¸Ó–âÉêÓ– Ë¯–Ö×Ó–âÜíà âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Óê–Í‹àÌ–Í¡–Óê–äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ–âÀêÌ–À×Šà 40% Ûì Óê–äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ–Ù±Ã–ÔïŠ–åÀ‹–ÂÞÃ, Ûì Í¡–Óê–ÅîÀ–Åà Öà Ûì Ý‹àÌ ÁàÇ–Ôà, Ûì Ê‹à–×Šà–Óê–Í‹àÌ–âÀêÌ–À×Šà 60% Í¡–Óê–Êß–ÙíÌ–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ Ûì Í¡–Óê–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ– ÁÜÃ–ÌŸ–Åß–ÜàÈ. ÍíÌ–ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–âÛ³à–Ì¸, 72 åÌ 141 âÓìÜÃ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–Àá–ÌíÈ–åØ‹–âÎèÌ–âÓìÜÃ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ Æ±Ã–åÌ–Ì´Ì 40 ãØŠÃ–æÈ‹–Àá–ÌíÈ–âÎèÌ–âÓìÜÃ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ. È‹×Ç–âØÈ–ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Åß–âÚê–ÑàÍ–ãØŠÃ– ÆàÈ, âÑªÌ æÈ‹–Àá–ÌíÈ–âÑ¸Ó–ÜêÀ 7 âÓìÜÃ–ÄàÀ–Äá–Ì×Ì 32 âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–âØÖìÜ Óà–âÎèÌ–âÓìÜÃ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ. ÜêÃ–ÉàÓ–ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ æÖŠ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ–âÓìÜÃ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–Óê–Åß–ÑàÍ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ–âÊéÃ 70% Êì–×Šà–ÅïÃ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ. Åß–ÑàÍ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ–åÌ–âÓìÜÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Ë¯–âØÖìÜ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê 35%. Åß–ÑàÍ–Â×àÓ– ËîÀ–ÇàÀ–Åß–âÖŠÇ ÁÜÃ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ 52 âÓìÜÃ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê 55% Æ±Ã–Êì–×Šà–ÅïÃ–À×Šà–Åß–ÑàÍ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ–åÌ– âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–âØÖìÜ “âÓìÜÃ–Í¡–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ” Ë¯–Óê–Åß–ÑàÍ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ–ãÉŠ 23%. ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Í¡–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ–È‹×Ç–Åê–Áà×, âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ–âÎèÌ–Åê–âØÖìÜÃ ãÖß âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–ÄèÈ Íï–Öé–Óß–ÅéÈ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ–ÛàÇ–ÚàÇ–È‹×Ç–Åê–ãÈÃ. È¨Ã–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸, âÓìÜÃ–ËîÀ ÇàÀ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–æÈ‹–ÄèÈ–âÎèÌ–ÀîŠÓ–Óê–åÌ–ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ–ÅŠÞÃ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ–Âì–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã ØÖ×Ã–ÌŸ–Ëà, Í¡–ãÀ‹× ãÖß Üî–ÈíÓ–æÆ ãÖß ÑàÀ–ÅŠ×Ì–Ù±Ã–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Ï¿Ã–Åà–Öê. ÌèÍ–ÄàÀ–ãÁ×Ã Øí×–ÑèÌ–ÖíÃ–æÎ–âÓìÜÃ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–É´Ã–ÔïŠ–ÉàÓ–ãÌ×–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–Ø×ÞÈ–ÌàÓ ãÖß åÌ–ãÊÍ–Ñï–ØÖ×Ã (ÅàÇ–Ñï ãÈÌ–ãÀ× - ÅàÇ–Ñï–Üà–ÌàÓ) ÖíÃ–æÎ–âÊéÃ–ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÅŠÞÃ–åÉ‹-âÁÈ–ÎàÇ–ÅîÈ–ÁÜÃ ÅÎÎ Öà×. åÌ–È‹àÌ–ÑïÓ–ÅèÌ–ÊàÌ Îß–âËÈ–âÓìÜÃ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–ÚàÇ–È‹×Ç–Åê–ãÈÃ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ãÖ‹×–Äß–âØèÌ ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Ñï–ÈÜÇ âÌêÌ–ÅïÃ–ÍŠÜÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–ØÇî‹Ã–ÇàÀ–åÌ–âÀÌ–ÎíÀ–Àß–Éé–åÌ–È‹àÌ–Â×àÓ Åà–ÓàÈ âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ. ÅªÃ–Ë¯–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ–À¡–Âì–âÓìÜÃ–Íï–Öé–Óß–ÅéÈ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Ù‹ÜÇ–Ù±Ã–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–ÉàÓ ãÌ×–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–ÉéÈ–ÀèÍ–Îß–âËÈ–æË. âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Í¡–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ãÓŠÌ–É´Ã–ÔïŠ–ÖÞÍ–ÐèÃ–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ ÉàÓ–ãÌ×–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ Öà×-æË ãÖß ÉàÓ–âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ–ÅàÇ–Åá–ÂèÌ–ÄàÀ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–Øà–ÑàÀ–ÀàÃ–ÁÜÃ ÅÎÎ Öà×. âÊéÃ×ŠàãÏÌË¯ÅßÍèÍÌ¸ÅßãÈÃåØ‹âØèÌÑàÍÖ×ÓÍ¡ÖßÜÞÈÁÜÃÂ×àÓËîÀ ÇàÀ ãÖß Â×àÓâÎèÌÔïŠ åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà× À¡ÉàÓãÉŠÓèÌÀ¡ÓêÂ×àÓÅáÂèÌÛàÇ. ÓèÌÅßãÈÃåØ‹âØèÌÌéÉéÈ‹àÌÉŠàÃƒ ÁÜÃãÏÌ ÇîÈËßÅàÈ ãÖß Æ¸ãÌßãÌ×ËàÃ ãÖß ÄßÅìÍÉ¡ Æ¸ãÌßÀàÌÆŠ×ÇâØÖìÜåÌÀàÌÑèÈËßÌàæÈ‹åÌ ÄáÌ×ÌÓßØàÅàÌ. âÑàßÅßÌ´ÌÓèÌÓêÎßäØÇ ÈÔŠàÃÇªÃåÌÀàÌâÆ²ÜÓäÇÃãÏÌË¯ÅßÍèÍÌ¸âÁ¿àÀèÍ Éí×Æ¸ÍÜÀâÅÈÊßÀéÈÅèÃÂíÓË¯ØàÀ¡æÈ‹ãÇÀ ãÇßÖßÜÞÈÏŠàÌÓàÉàÓË¯æÈ‹ÅßãÈÃåØ‹âØèÌåÌÎºÓ ãÏÌË¯ÆîÈÌ¸äÈÇÅßâÑàßÔŠàÃÇªÃÀ¡ãÓŠÌ Éí×Æ¸ÍÜÀåÌÑàÀËê I Ë¯Ñí×ÑèÌâÊéÃÂ×àÓËîÀ ÇàÀ.

poverty line together with different poverty criteria allowing local authorities to identify and monitor poverty at the district and also at the household level. ‘Poor’ districts were those districts where over 51% of the villages were poor. There were additional criteria which included districts where over 40% of the villages were without a village school or one nearby, or were without a dispensary or pharmacy, or if over 60% of the villages had no access road or were without access to clean water. On the basis of these criteria, 72 out of the 141 districts were identified as poor with 40 identified as very poor. For reasons of national equity, seven of the remaining 32 districts were added. These districts have an incidence of poverty of 70%, the highest, as calculated from the number of poor households. The incidence of poverty in the remaining districts is 35%. The average incidence of poverty of all the 72 poor districts is 55%, which is significantly higher than the 23% poverty incidence in the remaining ‘non-poor’ districts. The map shows non-poor districts as white, poor districts as yellow and the high priority poor districts as red. As shown on this map, the poorest districts are clustered in the north-west of the country in the provinces of Luangnamtha, Bokeo and Oudomxay and in parts of Phongsaly province. From Huaphanh province they then follow the Vietnamese border and the Phou Luang (the Annamite Chain) down to the south-eastern tip of the Lao PDR. In terms of topography the poorest red districts can be found mainly in the mountainous and highland areas where accessibility is often difficult. Interestingly, only very few of the poor priority districts can be found along the border with Thailand. Most of the non-poor districts are located along the Mekong River, the Lao-Thai border, and also on the main roads from the north to the centre of the Lao PDR. Even though this map gives a relatively coarse, general picture of poverty and well-being in the Lao PDR, it is very important. It represents the spatial dimension of the NGPES strategy and thus has guided and will continue to guide considerable amounts of development assistance. It will therefore of great interest to relate this map to the recent and highly disaggregated socio-economic indicators presented throughout this atlas, and in particular the indicators in section I relating to poverty.

âÓìÜÃËîÀÇàÀ A.8

âÓìÜÃË¯ÄèÈÔïŠåÌÖßÈèÍÂ×àÓËîÀÇàÀ

DistrictsDistricts identiﬁed as poor identified as poor 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V Boun-Nua . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly Samphan Mai

MYANMAR Khoa

LongLuang Namtha . !

. !

Namo

Xiangkho

Meung

Muang Xay . !

Viangphoukha

Sopbao Nale

Viangkham1

Xamneua

Beng

Viangthong

Pha-Oudom

Nga

Pakxeng

Pakbeng Chomphet

Xianghon

Ngeun

Viangxai Houamuang

Houn Paktha

. !

Phonxai

20°0'0"N

. ! Huay Xay

Khop

HANOI

Xam-Tai

. ! Luang Prabang

Kham

Hongsa

Nonghet

Pek

Phoukhoun

. ! Xaignabouri

Phonsavan

Xayabury . !

Khoun

Xaisomboun

Met

Thathom

Borikhan

Hom

Fuang

Phonhong . !

. !

Viangthong

Pakxanh Khamkeut

. !

18°0'0"N

Sangthong

Nakay

VIENTIANE

Gnommalat

. !

Thakhek

Mahaxai Boualapha Xaibouathong

Vilabouri Xepon

Phalanxai

. ! Savannakhet

âÓìÜÃ–ËîÀÇàÀ –ãÖß –âÓìÜÃ– ËîÀ–ÇàÀÍïÖé–Óß–ÅéÈ

Thapangthong

Districts identified as poor and

Nong

Samouay

Ta-Oy

Toumlan

16°0'0"N

Phin

Xonbouri

Karum

poor districts identified as priority

. !

Bachiangchareunsouk

âÓìÜÃ–ËîÀÇàÀ Districts identified as poor

. !

Saravane

. !

Sekong

Dakchung

Pakxe Sanxai Xaisettha

âÓìÜÃ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀÍïÖé–Óß–ÅéÈ Districts identified as poor and as high priority

. !

Attapeu

Pathoumphon Soukhouma

Phouvong

14°0'0"N

Mounlapamok

Source: Government of Lao PDR. 2003. National Growth and Poverty Eradication Strategy (NGPES)

100

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

SECTION B

ÍèÌÈàÖèÀÅßÌß–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÅßÊéÉé–ÁÜÃÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃäÈÇË³×æÎ General demographic characteristics ÆèÍ–Ñß–Çà–ÀÜÌ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ–Ë¯–Óê–ÔïŠ–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÂîÌ–ÂŠà–ÛàÇ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–Å¯Ã–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–ÚàÇ–âÊéÃ– Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ–Ì´Ì–Æ²Ã–Í¡–Óê–Ïï‹–åÈ–Ë¯–Äß–Îß–Éé–âÅÈ–Å¯Ã–Ì¸–æÈ‹. âÑàß–Åß–Ì´Ì–âÎèÌ–â×–Öà–ÈíÌ–ÌàÌ– Óà–ãÖ‹×–Ë¯–ÓèÌ–æÈ‹ âÎèÌ–ÍèÌ–Øà–Ë¯–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ–ÜèÌ–ÇªÃ–åØÇŠ–Ë¯–Äß–É‹ÜÃ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–Ýï‹–âÆ¯Ã–ÓèÌ–Í¡–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–âÎèÌ–Äá– Ì×Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–âË³à–Ì´Ì–ãÉŠ–ÓèÌ–ÇèÃ–Óê–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–Åß–âÑàß–ÁÜÃ–ÓèÌ–âÜÃ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Üà–Çî, âÑÈ, Åß–ÊàÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ ãÖß Ü²ÌƒÜêÀ. ËîÀ–ÂíÌ–âÆ²Ü–Ú´Ì–×Šà–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–Â´Ã–Ëá–ÜéÈ–åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà× ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Èá–âÌêÌ–åÌ É¿Ì–Îê 1377 âÆ¨Ì–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–âÓ²Ü–â×–Öà–Ë¯–âÄ¿à–Æê–×éÈ–æÈ‹–åØ‹–Æ²–×Šà: ÅàÓ– ãÅÌ–æË âÆªÃ–ÙàÇ–âÊéÃ “300,000 ÂíÌ” (GoL, 2005). åÌ–Îê 1922 Äá–Ì×Ì–ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Öà×– æÈ‹–ÂàÈ–Àß–×Šà–Óê–Îß–ÓàÌ 800,000 ÂíÌ. ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–æÈ‹–Èá–âÌêÌ–æÎ–åÌ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ åÌ–Îê 1959 - 1961 æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ ×Šà–Óê–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Öà× 1.9 Ö‹àÌ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ–ÔïŠ–ÑàÇ– åÌ–Îß–âËÈ. ÌèÍ–É´Ã–ãÉŠ–Îê 1985, ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–À¡–æÈ‹–ÀàÇ–Óà–âÎèÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–Ù±Ã–ÁÜÃ– ÇîÈ–Ëß–ÅàÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÖèÈ–Êß–ÍàÌ âÑ²Ü–Äß–æÈ‹–Ö×–ÍÖ×Ó–âÜíà ÍèÌ–Èà–Åß–Êé–Éé–ÉŠàÃƒ ãÖß ×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Ì´Ì–À¡–æÈ‹ Å²Í–É¡–Îß–Éé–ÍèÈ–åÌ–ËîÀƒ 10 Îê. Á§–ÓïÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ åØ‹–âØèÌ–åÌ–ÎºÓ–ãÏŠÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–À¡–ÇèÃ– Äß–âÎèÌ–Á§–ÓïÌ–åÚŠ–Û‹à–ÅîÈ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Ö×Ó–ÇÜÈ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Öà× ãÖß Äß–ÅìÍ–É¡–Èá–âÌêÌ–æÎ–ÄíÌ À×Šà–Äß–âÊêÃ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–Â´Ã–É¡–æÎ–åÌ–Îê 2015. ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ–åÌ–Îê 2005 (GoL, 2006) Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹ âØèÌ–×Šà–åÌ–×èÌ–Ëê 1 âÈìÜÌ–Óê–Ìà Îê 2005 ÅÎÎ Öà×–æÈ‹–Óê–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Öà×–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ 5.6 Ö‹àÌ–ÂíÌ. åÌ–Ì¸ 50.1% ãÓŠÌ–âÑÈ–ÇéÃ ãÖß 49.9% ãÓŠÌ–âÑÈ–ÆàÇ. ÝïÍ–Ä×Ç–Åß–ãÈÃ–âÊéÃ– Üà–Çî–ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Öà× ãÖß ÓèÌ–À¡–ÇèÃ–Óê–Â×àÓ–À‹×–àÃ–Á×àÃ–ÛàÇ. Å¯Ã–âÖ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–ÁÜÃ– ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ëê–âÎèÌ–æ×–ÙïŠÓ äÈÇ 50% ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Óê–Üà–Çî–Éœ–À×Šà 20 Îê åÌ–Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ. ÀàÌ–âÑ¯Ó–ÁºÌ–Éí×–ÄéÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–Îê 1995 Øà 2005 ãÓŠÌ–Óê 1.04 Ö‹àÌ–ÂíÌ âÆ¯Ã–ÀíÃ–ÀèÍ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–âÉêÍ–äÉ–Îß–Äá–Îê 2.1%. ÀàÌ–ÂàÈ–Âß–âÌ–ÖŠ×Ã–Ù‹à–åÌ Üß–Ìà–ÂíÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß– âÓìÜÃ–Äß–âÑ¸Ó–ÁºÌ–âÊêÃ 7.3 Ö‹àÌ–ÂíÌ–åÌ–Îê 2020. ÅŠ×Ì–ÑàÀ–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊéÃ–ÖàÇ–Öß–ÜÞÈ–ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ åÌ–Îê 2005. Åá–ÖèÍ–Â´Ã–Ëá–ÜéÈ–ÓèÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹–Ë¯–Äß–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Á§– ÓïÌ–ÁÜÃ ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Åß–ÍèÍ–Ì¸–âÆ¯Ã–ÓèÌ–Í¡–âÎèÌ–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–Ìá–åÆ‹–âÑ²Ü–Äá–ãÌÀ–ÍèÌ–Èà–Á§–ÓïÌ–Öß–ÜÞÈ–ÀŠÞ×– ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Ý×Ó–âÁ¿à–ÀèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–âË³à–Ì´Ì–ãÉŠ–ÓèÌ–ÇèÃ–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–âØèÌ–äÈÇ–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÇàÇ–æÎ– ÉàÓ–ÍŠÜÌ–ØŠ×–àÃ ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ. âÑàß–Åß–Ì´Ì–ãÖ‹×–ÑàÀ–ÅŠ×Ì–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–æÈ‹–Îß–ÀÜÍ–È‹×Ç–ãÏŠÌ–Ë¯– Ëê–Ù²Ã–Æ²Ã–åØ‹–ÖàÇ Öß–ÜÞÈ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì ãÖß ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÇàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ. ãÏÌ– Ë¯–É¡–Óà–ãÓŠÌ–ÀàÌ ×é–âÂàß–äÂÃ–Å‹àÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÀÌ–Üà–Çî, ÀàÌ–âÑªÃ–Ñà–Üà–åÅ ãÖß ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ. ÅîÈ–Ë‹àÇ–ãÖ‹× Á§–ÓïÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Åß–Êà–Ìß–ÑàÍ–ÀàÌ–ãÉŠÃ–ÃàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Áß–ÙàÈ–ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–À¡–æÈ‹–ÊìÀ–Îß–ÀíÈ–ÁºÌ.

People are undeniably a country’s most precious resource. Therefore, since long it has been of crucial interest to know their numbers, but also main characteristics regarding age, sex, place of residence, etc. It is believed that the first Census in Laos was taken as early as 1377 when the then King got his name Samsenthai “300’000 men” (GoL, 2005). In 1922 the number of Laotians was estimated as 800’000. A census carried out for the whole of Laos in 195961 revealed that there were 1.9 million Laotians in the country. As of 1985, the census has become part of the governmental strategy to collect statistics and it will be carried out every 10 years. The information depicted in this Atlas will hence remain the most recent information covering the totality of Lao population until the next Census in 2015. The Population and Housing Census 2005 (GoL, 2006) shows that on March1st 2005 Lao PDR had a total population of 5.6 million persons. Out of these 50.1 percent were females and 49.9 percent were males. The age pyramid of Lao PDR continues to have a very broad base – a characteristic of a young population with 50 percent of the population being currently younger than 20 years. The absolute increase of population between 1995 and 2005 was 1.04 million people corresponding to an annual growth of 2.1 percent. Population projections foresee a continued growth of the population up to 7.3 million people by 2020. The following section presents detailed results of the 2005 Population and Housing Census. For the first time it is possible to observe this population data not only with the high resolution of village aggregates, but also by its spatial distribution. The section, therefore, starts with a detailed map on population density and absolute distribution of people. It then analyses the structure of the population in terms of age, dependency and sex ratios. Finally, information on marital status and household size are presented.

B.1 Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ Population density

ÆèÍ–Ñß–Çà–ÀÜÌ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ–Ë¯–Óê–ÔïŠ–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÂîÌ–ÂŠà–ÛàÇ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–Å¯Ã–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–ÚàÇ–âÊéÃ– Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ–Ì´Ì–Æ²Ã–Í¡–Óê–Ïï‹–åÈ–Ë¯–Äß–Îß–Éé–âÅÈ–Å¯Ã–Ì¸–æÈ‹. âÑàß–Åß–Ì´Ì–âÎèÌ–â×–Öà–ÈíÌ–ÌàÌ– Óà–ãÖ‹×–Ë¯–ÓèÌ–æÈ‹ âÎèÌ–ÍèÌ–Øà–Ë¯–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ–ÜèÌ–ÇªÃ–åØÇŠ–Ë¯–Äß–É‹ÜÃ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–Ýï‹–âÆ¯Ã–ÓèÌ–Í¡–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–âÎèÌ–Äá– Ì×Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–âË³à–Ì´Ì–ãÉŠ–ÓèÌ–ÇèÃ–Óê–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–Åß–âÑàß–ÁÜÃ–ÓèÌ–âÜÃ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Üà–Çî, âÑÈ, Åß–ÊàÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ ãÖß Ü²ÌƒÜêÀ. ËîÀ–ÂíÌ–âÆ²Ü–Ú´Ì–×Šà–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–Â´Ã–Ëá–ÜéÈ–åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà× ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Èá–âÌêÌ–åÌ É¿Ì–Îê 1377 âÆ¨Ì–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–âÓ²Ü–â×–Öà–Ë¯–âÄ¿à–Æê–×éÈ–æÈ‹–åØ‹–Æ²–×Šà: ÅàÓ– ãÅÌ–æË âÆªÃ–ÙàÇ–âÊéÃ “300,000 ÂíÌ” (GoL, 2005). åÌ–Îê 1922 Äá–Ì×Ì–ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Öà×– æÈ‹–ÂàÈ–Àß–×Šà–Óê–Îß–ÓàÌ 800,000 ÂíÌ. ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–æÈ‹–Èá–âÌêÌ–æÎ–åÌ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ åÌ–Îê 1959 - 1961 æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ ×Šà–Óê–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Öà× 1.9 Ö‹àÌ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ–ÔïŠ–ÑàÇ– åÌ–Îß–âËÈ. ÌèÍ–É´Ã–ãÉŠ–Îê 1985, ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–À¡–æÈ‹–ÀàÇ–Óà–âÎèÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–Ù±Ã–ÁÜÃ– ÇîÈ–Ëß–ÅàÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÖèÈ–Êß–ÍàÌ âÑ²Ü–Äß–æÈ‹–Ö×–ÍÖ×Ó–âÜíà ÍèÌ–Èà–Åß–Êé–Éé–ÉŠàÃƒ ãÖß ×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Ì´Ì–À¡–æÈ‹ Å²Í–É¡–Îß–Éé–ÍèÈ–åÌ–ËîÀƒ 10 Îê. Á§–ÓïÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ åØ‹–âØèÌ–åÌ–ÎºÓ–ãÏŠÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–À¡–ÇèÃ– Äß–âÎèÌ–Á§–ÓïÌ–åÚŠ–Û‹à–ÅîÈ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Ö×Ó–ÇÜÈ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Öà× ãÖß Äß–ÅìÍ–É¡–Èá–âÌêÌ–æÎ–ÄíÌ À×Šà–Äß–âÊêÃ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–Â´Ã–É¡–æÎ–åÌ–Îê 2015.

Population density, expressed as the number of people per square kilometre (km²), is calculated by dividing the number of people living in a particular region by its area. The density indicates where people live, how many occupy a given space, and where services like education, health or transportation may be needed in the future. In addition, comparisons with previous surveys show any changes, the movement of people in terms of in- or out-migration as a result of job opportunities, the relation between infrastructure improvements and the response of the population, and the needs or opportunities for improving the standard of living. A comparison of the results of the Population and Housing Census of 2005 with those of the 1995 Survey revealed that the population density at the national level had increased to 24 people/km² - an overall increase of roughly 1 million people in the 10 year period. In the legend accompanying Map B.1 five density classes are defined.

ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ–åÌ–Îê 2005 (GoL, 2006) Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹ âØèÌ–×Šà–åÌ–×èÌ–Ëê 1 âÈìÜÌ–Óê–Ìà Îê 2005 ÅÎÎ Öà×–æÈ‹–Óê–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Öà×–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ 5.6 Ö‹àÌ–ÂíÌ. åÌ–Ì¸ 50.1% ãÓŠÌ–âÑÈ–ÇéÃ ãÖß 49.9% ãÓŠÌ–âÑÈ–ÆàÇ. ÝïÍ–Ä×Ç–Åß–ãÈÃ–âÊéÃ– Üà–Çî–ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Öà× ãÖß ÓèÌ–À¡–ÇèÃ–Óê–Â×àÓ–À‹×–àÃ–Á×àÃ–ÛàÇ. Å¯Ã–âÖ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–ÁÜÃ– ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ëê–âÎèÌ–æ×–ÙïŠÓ äÈÇ 50% ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Óê–Üà–Çî–Éœ–À×Šà 20 Îê åÌ–Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ. ÀàÌ–âÑ¯Ó–ÁºÌ–Éí×–ÄéÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–Îê 1995 Øà 2005 ãÓŠÌ–Óê 1.04 Ö‹àÌ–ÂíÌ âÆ¯Ã–ÀíÃ–ÀèÍ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–âÉêÍ–äÉ–Îß–Äá–Îê 2.1%. ÀàÌ–ÂàÈ–Âß–âÌ–ÖŠ×Ã–Ù‹à–åÌ Üß–Ìà–ÂíÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß– âÓìÜÃ–Äß–âÑ¸Ó–ÁºÌ–âÊêÃ 7.3 Ö‹àÌ–ÂíÌ–åÌ–Îê 2020.

Map B.1 gives the immediate impression that the Lao PDR is a sparsely populated country; this is also shown by the average population density of only 24 people/km². However, the data are spread over a wide range; from high densities of between 80 and over 150 people/km² in urban areas, to low densities of less than 10 to just over 30 people/km² in the east of the southern and central provinces and in almost all of the north. The exceptions are the higher densities found around both the national and the provincial capitals and, as is very distinct, along major highways. Keeping in mind that almost 75% of the

ÅŠ×Ì–ÑàÀ–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊéÃ–ÖàÇ–Öß–ÜÞÈ–ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ åÌ–Îê 2005. Åá–ÖèÍ–Â´Ã–Ëá–ÜéÈ–ÓèÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹–Ë¯–Äß–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Á§– ÓïÌ–ÁÜÃ ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Åß–ÍèÍ–Ì¸–âÆ¯Ã–ÓèÌ–Í¡–âÎèÌ–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–Ìá–åÆ‹–âÑ²Ü–Äá–ãÌÀ–ÍèÌ–Èà–Á§–ÓïÌ–Öß–ÜÞÈ–ÀŠÞ×– ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Ý×Ó–âÁ¿à–ÀèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–âË³à–Ì´Ì–ãÉŠ–ÓèÌ–ÇèÃ–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–âØèÌ–äÈÇ–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÇàÇ–æÎ– ÉàÓ–ÍŠÜÌ–ØŠ×–àÃ ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ. âÑàß–Åß–Ì´Ì–ãÖ‹×–ÑàÀ–ÅŠ×Ì–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–æÈ‹–Îß–ÀÜÍ–È‹×Ç–ãÏŠÌ–Ë¯– Ëê–Ù²Ã–Æ²Ã–åØ‹–ÖàÇ Öß–ÜÞÈ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì ãÖß ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÇàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ. ãÏÌ– Ë¯–É¡–Óà–ãÓŠÌ–ÀàÌ ×é–âÂàß–äÂÃ–Å‹àÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÀÌ–Üà–Çî, ÀàÌ–âÑªÃ–Ñà–Üà–åÅ ãÖß ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ. ÅîÈ–Ë‹àÇ–ãÖ‹× Á§–ÓïÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Åß–Êà–Ìß–ÑàÍ–ÀàÌ–ãÉŠÃ–ÃàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Áß–ÙàÈ–ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–À¡–æÈ‹–ÊìÀ–Îß–ÀíÈ–ÁºÌ.

Lao PDR is mountainous it is understandable that population densities in the flat terrain are higher than those in the thinly populated mountainous regions. Quite clearly infrastructure development, highways, all-weather roads, markets and utilities are factors allowing for in-migration and improved job opportunities. In these regions great attention must be paid to socio-economic and environmental issues while at the same time development must be promoted in rural and remote areas in order to limit migration to the more developed areas and to avoid economic and social disparities. An understanding of the very low population densities over large parts of

Â×àÓÙàãÙ‹Ì (ÂíÌ/ÀÖÓ2)

âÌºÜË¯ÎßâËÈÖà× Æ±ÃâÎèÌË¯ÔïŠÜàåÅÁÜÃÑíÌ ÖßâÓìÜÃåÌÎê 2005 (%)

the country is crucial for formulating strategies for options for future develop-

5 Ûì Ù‹ÜÇÀ×Šà

35%

gives a brief overview of the population densities in relation to the percentage

10 Ûì Ù‹ÜÇÀ×Šà 20 Ûì Ù‹ÜÇÀ×Šà 50 Ûì Ù‹ÜÇÀ×Šà

57% 75% 90%

åÌ–Åß–ÑàÍ–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–ÁÜÃ–ÑàÀ–ÑºÌ–Ì¸–Åà–ÓàÈ–â×¿à–æÈ‹–×Šà Îß–âËÈ ÅÎÎ Öà× âÎèÌ–Îß–âËÈ–Ë¯–Óê– ÑºÌ Ë¯ Ø×ŠàÃ–âÎ³à. Ø×ÞÈ–ÌàÓ–Îß–âËÈ–âÑ²ÜÌ–Í‹àÌ–ÁÜÃ–Öà×–Óê–Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–Åß–âÖ¨Ç ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ– Öß–âÓìÜÃ âË³à–ÀèÍ 232 ÂíÌ/ÀÖÓ2 Êì–×Šà–âÎèÌ–Îß–âËÈ–Ë¯–Óê–ÆèÍ–Ñß–Çà–ÀÜÌ ãÖß Ë¯–ÈéÌ–Í¡–ÑÞÃ–Ñç, åÌ–Áß–Ìß–Ë Îß–âËÈ–æË Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–âË³à–ÀèÍ 127 ÂíÌ/ÀÖÓ2 Àá– ÖèÃ–ÆÜÀ–Øà–ÑºÌ–Ë¯ âÑ²Ü–ÀàÌ–ÎïÀ–ÏèÃ, ×èÈ–Êî–ÈéÍ–âÆ¨Ì–æÓ‹, Éß–ØÖàÈ ãÖß ËŠà–ãÝÃ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Ïß–ØÖéÈ– Ñß–ÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–Åá–ÖèÍ Ïß–ØÖéÈ–ÑèÌ ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ–ÔïŠ. ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–Öà×, ãÁ×Ã–ÔîÌ–ÌàÌ ÁÜÃ–ÄêÌ–Óê– ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì ÛàÇ–À×Šà 4 âË³à–ÁÜÃ–Öà×–Óê–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Ë¯–Äß–ÁàÇ–Ïß–ØÖéÈ Éß–ÑèÌ ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ–åÌ–Îß–âËÈ–åÌ–âÁÈ ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ–âÑàß–×Šà–Éß–ØÖàÈ–ÑàÇ–åÌ–ÄêÌ–âÜÃ–Ì´Ì–ÔïŠ–æÀ–ÄàÀ–ãÁ×Ã– ÔîÌ–ÌàÌ–ÛàÇ. äÈÇ–Ö×Ó–ãÖ‹× Åß–ÑàÍ–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–Îß–âËÈ–Í¡–Óê–ËàÃ–ÜÜÀ–ÅïŠ–Ëß–âÖ ãÖß Â×àÓ–ÅíÌ–åÄ– ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ–Ü‹ÜÓ–Á‹àÃ–Ë¯–Óê–É¡ Öà× âÝèÈ–åØ‹–Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–Éœ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âË–ÈÖà× ÀàÇ–âÎèÌ–ÆèÍ–ÅíÓ–ÍèÈ ãÖß ÅªÃ–Ë‹à–ËàÇ Åá ÂèÌ–Åá–ÖèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–åÌ–Üß–Ìà–ÂíÈ.

ment, agricultural intensification plans, land allocation, etc. The table below of the land area of the country:

Population density (people/km2)

Corresponding land area of the Lao PDR

5 or less 10 or less 20 or less 50 or less

35% 57% 75% 90%

In a regional context the Lao PDR could be described as a population vacuum. Of the immediate neighbours Vietnam, with an average population density of 232 people/km², is land and resource hungry while Thailand with 127 people/km² is looking for arable land, raw materials like timber, energy production potential and markets for its products. To the north, China´s Yunnan Province - with more than 4 times the population density of the Lao PDR wishes to sell its products in the Mekong countries because inner-Chinese markets are too far away. Overall the land-locked situation and the surrounding countries’ interests make the low population density of the Lao PDR not only an asset but also a great challenge for future development.

Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹ÌÁÜÃÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜB.1 Ã

Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ

Population density Population density

100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹ÌÁÜÃÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ Population density . !

Â×àÓ–Ùà––ãÙ‹Ì–É¡ Àé–äÖ–Éà–ãÓèÈ–Àà–âÖ Persons per square kilometre

Saravane

. Sekong !

< 10

. !

Pakxe

10 - 30 30 - 80

. !

Attapeu

80 - 150

14°0'0"N

> 150

C 0

100

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

B.2 ÀàÌ–ÀßÄàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ Population distribution

Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì ãÖß ÀàÌ–Àß–ÄàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÀàÌ–Ñí×–ÑèÌ–ÔŠàÃ–åÀ‹–ÆéÈ–âÆªÃ–ÀèÌ ãÖß ÀèÌ. Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–âÎèÌ–Éí×–Üß–Ëé–ÍàÇ–ÍÜÀ–Îß–Öé–ÓàÌ ãÖß ÀàÌ–Àß–ÄàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ– Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Äß–Îß–ÀÜÍ–æÎ–È‹×Ç ÎèÈ–åÄ–ÛàÇ–ÔŠàÃ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–ÂîÌ–Ìß–ÑàÍ âÆ¨Ì Ë¯–É´Ã (Éí×–âÓìÜÃ, ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ), âÑÈ, Üà–Çî Ûì Öß–ÈèÍ ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà. ÀàÌ–Àß–ÄàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Àá– ÌíÈ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Ë¯–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ åÌ–Øí×–ÙŠ×Ç–ÀàÌ–ÎíÀ–ÂÜÃ åÈ–Ì±Ã âÆ¨Ì Í‹àÌ, âÓìÜÃ, ãÁ×Ã Ûì ã×–È×íÃ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–ÉŠàÃƒ. ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.3 ãÖß B.4 Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÀàÌ Àß–ÄàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ– ÜêÃ–ÉàÓ–âÀÌ–Üà–Çî ãÖß ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.6 ãÖß B.7 Åß–ãÈÃ–âÊêÃ–ÀàÌ–Àß–ÄàÇ–ÁÜÃ ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ÜêÃ–ÉàÓ–âÑÈ.

Population density and population distribution are closely related parameters. Density is a quantitative descriptor, while distribution comprises different qualitative parameters, like location (urban or rural), gender, age, or level of education. Population distribution defines the number of people living in different administrative units such as villages, towns, provinces or social environments. Maps B.3 and B.4 show the distribution of the population in terms of age and Maps B.6 and B.7 show the distribution in terms of gender. This Map B.2 is a numerical representation of the population distribution

ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.2 ãÓŠÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Éí×–âÖÀ–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÀàÌ–Àß–ÄàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Óê–Ì±Ã–ÄîÈ ËÞÍ–âË³à–ÀèÍ 100 ÂíÌ Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ åÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–Ì±Ã. â×–Öà–âÝíà–âÍªÃ–Ëá–ÜéÈ, Äß–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–âØèÌ– ×Šà–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.2 ãÖß B.1 Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÀàÌ–Àß–ÄàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–äÈÇ–Ö×Ó– Ë¯–Óê–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–Â‹àÇ–Âì–ÀèÌ. äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹×–Ñ×À–âÝíà–Äß ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–×Šà–åÌ–âÁÈ–Ü‹ÜÓ–ãÜ‹Ó ãÖß åÌ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ, ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ–âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ-Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ-ÎàÀ–âÆ ãÖß ÔïŠ–åÌ–âËÈ–Åß–ÍàÌ–âÓìÜÃ–ËŠà–ãÁÀ, âÓìÜÃ–Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ, âÓìÜÃ–ÎàÀ–âÆ ãÖß âÓìÜÃ–Åà–Öß–×èÌ– åÌ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–Öà×–Äß–Óê–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–ÛàÇ. åÌ–âÁÈ ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–Äß–Ö×Ó–Éí×–ÀèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê, ØÖ×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ ãÖß ÍèÌ–Èà–âËÈ–Åß–ÍàÌ–ãÁ×Ã ãÖß âÁÈ–Ë¯–åÀ‹–ÂÞÃ–ÀèÍ–âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ–ØÖ×Ã. ÝïÍ–Ëê 1 Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÅàÇ–Ñí×–ÑèÌ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ËÞÍ–ÀèÍ–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–Ë¯–Îß–Æà– ÆíÌ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ ãÖß Æ¸–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Öà× 50% ÂÜÍ– ÂÜÃ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–Îß–ÓàÌ 80% ÁÜÃ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ ãÖß ÅŠ×Ì–ÑíÌ–Öß âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–âÛìÜ–ÜêÀ 50% ãÓŠÌ–Ö×Ó–Éí×–ÀèÌ–åÌ–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ 20% ÁÜÃ–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ.

with one dot equivalent to 100 people living within a particular village area. At first Maps B.2 and B.1 seem to show overall similar patterns with high population concentrations appearing in and around the capital city Vientiane, along the Vientiane-Savannakhet-Pakxe highway and in the provincial towns of Thakhek and Savannakhet, and in Pakxe and Saravane in the south. In the north of the country the population distribution is concentrated in the southern tip of the provinces of Xayaboury and Luangprabang, the provincial capitals and in the neighbourhood of major highways. Figure 1 shows the relationship between the percentages of the population and the corresponding land area inhabited and reveals that 50% of the total population occupy about 80% of the land, whereas the other 50% of the population is squeezed into only 20% of the land area. The highest percentages of the population live in Vientiane Capital and in the provinces of Savan-

ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ–ãÓŠÌ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Ìß– ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ ãÖß ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ ãÖß Äá–Îà–ÅèÀ ÉàÓ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Âì 12%, 15%, ãÖß 11% ÉàÓ–Öá– ÈèÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ. Åß–Ì´Ì Äß–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–×Šà–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì– ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Öà×–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–Ì±Ã–ÅŠ×Ì–ÅàÓ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ– ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ åÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÅàÓ–ãØŠÃ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Óà–âËéÃ–Ì´Ì. Óê–ÛàÇ– âØÈ–ÏíÌ–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–âÖ³à–Ì¸–Óê–Â×àÓ–ãÙ‹Ì–Ùà–ÅïÃ–À×Šà Éí×–ÔŠàÃ ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–âÚàß–ÅíÓ–ãÀŠ–ÀàÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá, ÑºÌ–Ë¯–åÀ‹–ÂÞÃ– ÀèÍ–Îß–âËÈ–æË–Ë¯–Óê–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ ãÖß äÜ–ÀàÈ åÌ–ÀàÌ–Â‹à–ÁàÇ, ãÖß ÅªÃ–Üá–Ì×Ç–Â×àÓ–Åß–È×À–ÉŠàÃƒÓê–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ– ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã ãÖß ÍèÌ–Èà ãÁ×Ã–åÀ‹–ÂÞÃ. ÅïÌ–ÀàÃ–ÀàÌ–Â‹à ãÖß Åß–ÊàÌ–Ë¯–ÀàÌ–Â‹à–âÖ³à–Ì¸–âÎèÌ–ÎèÈ–åÄ–âÜºÜ–Üá–Ì×Ç åØ‹–ãÀŠ–ÀàÌ– Óê–×ÞÀ âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá ãÖß äÜ–ÀàÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Ëá–Óà–Øà–Ö‹ÞÃ–ÆêÍ. ÌÜÀ–ÄàÀ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ ãÖ‹×, ãÁ×Ã–Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã–Äá–Îà–ÅèÀ Æ±Ã–Óê–âÝìÜ–ÍèÀ ãÖß Áí×–Á‹àÓ–ÌŸ ãÖß ËèÃ–âÎèÌ–ÄîÈ–ÏŠàÌ–ãÈÌ–Åà–ÀíÌ ÏŠàÌ–æÎ–ÇèÃ–Îß–âËÈ–æË ãÖß Ø×ÞÈ– ÌàÓ–ãÓŠÌ–ÜêÀ–ÅÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–ÅïÌ–ÀàÃ–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–Ë¯–Åá–ÂèÌ. Êß–ÙíÌ ØíÌ–ËàÃ ãÖß ãÓŠ–ÌŸ À¡–âÎèÌ–ÎèÈ–åÄ–Åá–ÂèÌ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÆ²ÜÓ– É¡–ÀàÌ–ÁíÌ–Å³Ã Ñ‹ÜÓ–ÀèÍ ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ âÚàß–ÅíÓ–ãÀŠ–ÀàÌ Àß–Åé–Àá–À¡–âÎèÌ–ÎèÈ–åÄ–Åß–ÙÜÃ–äÜ– ÀàÈ–åØ‹–ãÀŠ–ÀàÌ–Ëá–Óà–Øà–ÀéÌ.

nakhet and Champasack which have 12%, 15%, and 11% of the total population respectively. Thus over one third of the Lao population are concentrated in these three areas. There are a variety of possible reasons for this, including for example, flat terrain suitable for agriculture, proximity to the Thai border with its trading opportunities, and existence of facilities in the provincial economic zones and the neighbouring provinces. These trade centres and places provide employment and the chance to earn a living. In addition to Vientiane Capital, the provinces of Savannakhet and Champasack with ferries, bridges and international checkpoints to Thailand and Vietnam, are also important economic centres. Roads and rivers certainly provide transportation links, while land suitable for agriculture offers opportunities for earning a living. In addition to these major centres a considerable percentage of the population is found along the major roads and on the Bolaven Plateau. Smaller percentages are found in those areas which lack facilities or are unsuitable for

ÂÞÃ–ÂïŠ–ÀèÍ–ÅïÌ–ÀàÃ–Åá–ÂèÌ–âÛ³à–Ì¸ Ñ×À–âÝíà–À¡–ÇèÃ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì– ØÖ×Ã–ØÖàÇ–Ë¯ Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–âÖàß–ÖÞÍ–ÅàÇ–ËàÃ–ØÖ×Ã–Åá–ÂèÌ ãÖß Ñï–ÑÞÃ–Íç–Öé–â×Ì. Åá–ÖèÍ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–åÈ– Ë¯–ÁàÈ–ÅªÃ–âÜºÜ–Üá–Ì×Ç Ûì Í¡ âÚàß–ÅíÓ–ãÀŠ–ÀàÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá âÆ¨Ì–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–âÁÈ–Ñï–ÈÜÇ–âÌêÌ–ÅïÃ Éí×–ÔŠàÃ âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–åÀ‹–ÂÞÃ–ÀèÍ–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ Ø×ÞÈ ÌàÓ ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ, âÁÈ–ÑàÀ–ÀàÃ ãÖß ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–Äß–ÑíÍ– âØèÌ–×Šà–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ åÌ–âÁÈ âÛ³à–Ì¸–Óê–Ù‹ÜÇ–À×Šà.

agriculture such as the high mountainous areas, e.g. the areas close to the border with Vietnam in the north, the central region and the south. Overall the population is more densely distributed in those areas with many facilities, in the large towns, and alongside roads and the Mekong River and its tributaries. However, because the population is ever increasing, any future

äÈÇ–Ö×Ó–ãÖ‹× åÌ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯ƒÓê–ÅªÃ–Üá–Ì×Ç–Â×àÓ–Åß–È×À–ÛàÇ, âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–åØÇŠ ãÖß âÖàß–ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ ÅàÇ–ËàÃ–ØÖ×Ã ãÖß ÉàÓ–ãÂÓ–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ ãÖß Åà–Áà–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ–Äß– âØèÌ–×Šà–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Óê–Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–À×Šà. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, âÌ²ÜÃ–Äà–À×Šà–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà âÑ¸Ó–Á¹Ì–ÔïŠ–Åß–âÚê–Åß–Ì´Ì Àà–Ì×àÃ–ãÏÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–åÌ–Üß–Ìà– ÂíÈ–Äß–É‹ÜÃ–âÝèÈ–ÔŠàÃ–Öß–ÓèÈ–Öß–×èÃ ãÖß Äß–É‹ÜÃ–Èá–âÌêÌ–ÀàÌ–Î‹ÜÃ ÀèÌ–ÏíÌ–Àß–ËíÍ–ÜèÌ–Í¡–Èê–Ë¯–ÜàÈ–Óê– ÉàÓ–Óà–É¡–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ, ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ Ûì ÅªÃ–ã×–ÈÖ‹ÜÓ.

development must be carefully planned and actions must be taken to prevent any adverse impact on the economy, society or the environment.

ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–ÁÜÃÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜB.2 Ã

ÀàÌ–ÀßÄàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ

Population distribution Population distribution 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–ÁÜÃÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ Population distribution . !

1 –âÓèÈ = 100 ÂíÌ 1 Dot = 100 People

Saravane

. Sekong ! . !

Pakxe

Attapeu

14°0'0"N

. !

C 0

100

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

B.3 ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ––åÌâÀÌÜàÇî 5 Îê ãÖß ÉœÀ×Šà Population aged 5 years and younger ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.3 ãÖß B.4 Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–ÙîŠÓ–Ì‹ÜÇ ãÖß Ïï‹–ÅïÃ–Üà–Çî–ÁÜÃ ÅÎÎ Öà×. ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.3 Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Í‹àÌ–åÌ–âÀÌ–Üà–Çî 5 Îê ãÖß Éœ–À×Šà–Æ±Ã–æÈ‹–ÄèÈ–ãÍŠÃ âÎèÌ 5 ÀîŠÓ ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÌèÍ–ÄàÀ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ë¯–Ù‹ÜÇ–À×Šà 9% æÎ–âÊéÃ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ë¯–ÛàÇ–À×Šà 25%. Ñà–ÍÖ×Ó–Ë¯–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ÆèÈ–âÄÌ–ÄàÀ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.3 À¡–Âì–×Šà ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì 15 - 20% ãÖß 20 25% ãÓŠÌ–ÜèÈ–Éà ÅŠ×Ì–Ë¯–Óê–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–ÚïŠ–åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ. Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÑíÌ–Öß– âÓìÜÃ 9 - 15% Äß–Óê–ÅŠ×Ì Ù‹ÜÇ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–ÖÞÍ–Ð¨Ã–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ–âÁÈ–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–æË, Âì–ÔïŠ–åÌ ãÖß âÁÈ–Ü‹ÜÓ–Á‹àÃ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ, åÌ ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê, ãÖß åÌ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ, ÔïŠ–åÌ ãÖß âÁÈ–Ü‹ÜÓ–ÁàòÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Ï¿Ã–Åà–Öê, ãÖß åÌ–ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã Øí×–ÑèÌ. ÏíÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–Îê 2005 æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì– ØÖàÇ–ÁÜÃ ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Öà×–ãÓŠÌ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÀîŠÓ–Ñ×À–æ×–ÙîŠÓ Âì ÀîŠÓ–âÈèÀ–Ì‹ÜÇ–åÌ–âÀÌ– Üà–Çî 0-14 Îê–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà ÅŠ×Ì–ÅïÃ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ, É¡–Óà–À¡–ãÓŠÌ–ÀîŠÓ–åÌ–âÀÌ–Üà–Çî 5 9 Îê ãÖß 0 4 Îê ãÖß ÀîŠÓ–ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀ–Ë¯–Óê–Üà–Çî–Éœ–À×Šà. ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–âÀÌ–Üà–Çî 5 Îê ãÖß Éœ–À×Šà 5 Îê Óê 25% ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà Ì´Ì–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–Äß–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–ÆÞÃ–Á×àÃ, Øí×–ÑèÌ, âÆ–ÀÜÃ, ×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ ãÖß Íç–Öé–Âá–æÆ. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ Í‹àÌ–åÌ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ 15 - 20% Ë¯–Óê–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–âÀÌ–Üà–Çî 5 Îê ãÖß Éœ–À×Šà ãÓŠÌ–Äß–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã Åà–Öß–×èÌ, ØÖ×Ã– ÌŸ–Ëà, Ï¿Ã–Åà–Öê ãÖß Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–Í‹àÌ 15% ãÖß Éœ–À×Šà 9% Ë¯–Óê–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–âÀÌ–Üà–Çî 5 Îê ãÖß Éœ–À×Šà–Ì´Ì–Óê–Ù‹ÜÇ ãÖß Í‹àÌ–âÖ³à–Ì¸–Äß–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ ÑàÀ–ÅŠ×Ì–Ù±Ã–ÁÜÃ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ ãÖß ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ, æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê ãÖß Óê–Ù‹ÜÇ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–Ï¿Ã–Åà–Öê. È¨Ã–Ì´Ì–Ä±Ã–Åà–ÓàÈ–Åß–ØÖîÍ–æÈ‹–×Šà–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÅïÃ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–âÀÌ–Üà–Çî 5 Îê ãÖß Éœ–À×Šà ÔïŠ–åÌ Öß–ÈèÍ 25% ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà–Ì´Ì–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–Äß–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–Ôï–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ– È‹ÜÇ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà ãÖß âÁÈ–Ñï–ÈÜÇ, åÌ–È‹àÌ–ÀíÃ–ÀèÌ–Á‹àÓ ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–Í‹àÌ–Éœ–À×Šà 9% Ë¯–Óê–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–âÀÌ–Üà–Çî 5 Îê ãÖß Éœ–À×Šà–Äß ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ– Ëß–Ìà–Èê Ë¯–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÅïÃ ãÖß ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà ãÖß Åà–Ëà–Öß–Ìß–ÅîÀ–Èê. Ïï‹–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–âÖ³à–Ì¸–ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ–ãÓŠÌ Ïï‹–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–Èê, Óê–Â×àÓ–âÁ¿à–åÄ–ÀàÌ–ÂîÓ–Àá–âÌêÈ ãÖß Óê–Ñà–Øà–Ìß–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–âÃéÌ–âÑ²Ü–Îß–Éé–ÍèÈ ÀàÌ ×àÃ–ãÏÌ– ÂÜÍ–Âí×–Ë¯–Óê–Îß–ÅéÈ–Ëé–ÏíÌ–Èê. ÜêÀ–Îß–ÀàÌ–Ù±Ã Ïï‹–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–ÑíÍ–Ñ§–ÍèÌ–Øà–Â×àÓ–ØÇî‹Ã ÇàÀ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà ãÖß ÁàÈ–äÜ–ÀàÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ–È‹àÌ–Åà–Ëà–Öß–Ìß–ÅîÀ. Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Ïï‹ ÙîŠÓ–Ì‹ÜÇ–ÛàÇ–ÂíÌ–Í¡–Ýï‹–ÄèÀ–×é–Ëê–ÀàÌ–ÂîÓ–Àá–âÌêÈ–âÑàß–Åß–Ì´Ì–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–âÀêÈ–åÌ–âÁÈ– âÖ³à–Ì¸–Ä±Ã–ÇèÃ–Óê–ÅïÃ–ÛàÇ. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, âÈèÀ–Ì‹ÜÇ–ãÉŠ–Öß–ÂíÌ–åÌ–âÁÈ–âÖ³à–Ì¸–âÎèÌ–Éí×–ãËÌ–åØ‹– ãÀŠ–ãØÖŠÃ–Àá–ÖèÃ–ÂíÌ–åÌ–Üß–Ìà–ÂíÈ ãÖß âÎèÌ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–Óê–ËŠà–ãÝÃ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÍªÃ–ãÇÃ–Ïï‹–âÊ¿à–Ïï‹–ãÀŠ. È¨Ã–Ì´Ì, ÀàÌ–Äá–ÀèÈ–Äá–Ì×Ì–âÈèÀ–Ì‹ÜÇ–À¡–Í¡–ãÓŠÌ–âÖ²ÜÃ–Ë¯ Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–åÌ–âÁÈ–Ì¸–Äß–ÓèÀ–Åß–âÚê–æÎ. ÍàÃ–âË²Ü– ÀàÌ–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–âÀêÈ–ÅïÃ–åÌ–âÁÈ–È‹ÜÇ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–âÖ³à–Ì¸–À¡–âÎèÌ ÎèÈ–åÄ–Ù±Ã–Ë¯–ÆŠ×Ç–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÈîŠÌ–ÈŠÞÃ– ÀèÍ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–ÉàÇ–ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀ–ÅïÃ–æÈ‹.

The distribution of the very young and very old population of the Lao PDR is shown in Maps B.3 and B.4. Map B.3 shows the village population aged 5 years and younger divided into 5 percentage bands from percentages of less than 9% up to more than 25%. The overall impression from Map B.3 is that percentages of 15 - 20% and 20 - 25% predominate throughout the country. Villages with percentages of 9 - 15% occur in a small strip along the Mekong-Thai border, in and around Vientiane, in the south of Xayaboury and in the north in and around Phongsaly, and in the east in the province of Huaphanh. The results of the Population and Housing Census of 2005 showed that a very large percentage of the population is young with the highest percentage in the 0 – 14 year age group followed by the 5 – 9 and the 0 – 4 years and younger age groups. The map shows that villages with populations of children aged 5 years and younger of 25% and more are found in the provinces of Xiengkhuang, Huaphanh, Sekong, Vientiane and Borikhamxay. Percentages in the 15 – 20% range are found in the provinces of Saravane, Luangnamtha, Phongsaly and Vientiane Capital. The lowest percentages of 15% and under 9% are rare, and are found in villages in parts of Vientiane Capital and the provinces of Vientiane, Savannakhet, Xayaboury and to a limited extent in Phongsaly. Thus the highest percentages of 25% and over of the population aged 5 years and younger are found mostly in the poorly developed rural and mountainous areas, in contrast to the less than 9% found in the more developed urban areas which offer a high level of economic development, together with education and public heath services. The majority of these urban dwellers are well-educated, understand contraception and also have the financial means to practice effective family planning. On the other hand rural dwellers experience difficulties related to education and access to public health services. Many younger people do not know how to use contraceptives so the birth rates are still high in these areas, where, however, each child represents a source of future manpower and a potential carer of older people hence limiting the number of children is not always a preference. This is counterbalanced to some extent by the high infant mortality in the less developed areas. In general the percentage of children of 5 years and younger is high in areas where access is difficult and where the people have a low level of education

äÈÇË³×æÎãÖ‹×ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌÁÜÃâÈèÀÌ‹ÜÇåÌâÀÌÜàÇî 5 Îê ãÖß ÉœÀ×ŠàÓêÅïÃÔïŠåÌâÁÈÑºÌË¯æÎÓàØà ÅïŠÀèÌÇàÀ ãÖß âÁÈÎßÆàÆíÌÓêÖßÈèÍÀàÌÅëÀÅàÉœ ãÖß ÓêäÜÀàÈÄáÀèÈåÌÀàÌâÁ¿àâÊéÃÀàÌ ÍçÖéÀàÌÈ‹àÌÅîÁß ÑàÍ ãÖß äÜÀàÈÄáÀèÈåÌÀàÌ×àÃãÏÌÂÜÍÂí×.

and limited access to health and family planning.

ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ ÜàÇî 5Îê –ãÖß– ÉœÀ×ŠB.3 à

ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ––åÌâÀÌÜàÇî 5 Îê ãÖß ÉœÀ×Šà

Population Population 5 years of age and and younger aged 5 years younger 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ ÜàÇî 5 Îê –ãÖß– ÉœÀ×Šà Population 5 years of age and younger . !

ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌÝ‹ÜÇÁÜÃÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃåÌÚïŠÍ‹àÌ Percent of village poulation

Saravane

. Sekong !

<9%

. !

Pakxe

9 % - 15 % 15 % - 20 %

. !

Attapeu

20 % - 25 %

14°0'0"N

> 25 %

C 0

100

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

B.4 ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–âÀÌ–ÜàÇî 65 Îê ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà Population aged 65 years and older ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.4 Ì¸ ãÓŠÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ÍèÍ–Ëê–ÅÜÃ–Ë¯–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–È‹àÌ–äÂÃ–Îß–ÀÜÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÜêÃ– ÉàÓ–Üà–Çî–Æ±Ã–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–Åß–âÑàß–Ïï‹–ÅïÃ–Üà–Çî. åÌ–Îß–âËÈ–Ë¯–Àá–ÖèÃ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà– ÛàÇ–Îß–âËÈ–âÈèÀ–Ì‹ÜÇ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Û×Ã–ÛàÇ–âÎèÌ–Ïï‹–ÝèÍ–Îß–ÀèÌ–ÀàÌ–Óê–Æê–×éÈ–ÔïŠ–ÖÜÈ–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–âÊ¿à ãÖß ËíÈ–ãËÌ–åØ‹–Öß–ÍíÍ–Íá–ÌàÌ. ÜêÃ–ÉàÓ–Îß–âÑ–Ìê–ÁÜÃ–Öà×–ÖïÀ–Åà×–ØÖ‹à–âÎèÌ–Ïï‹–ÝèÍ–ÏéÈ–ÆÜÍ–âÍªÃ–ãÇÃ– Ñ¡–ãÓŠ–â×–Öà–âÊ¿à–ãÀŠ–Óà. åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ÍèÍ–Ì¸–âÝíà–Äß–âØèÌ æÈ‹–×Šà Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–Óê–Üà–Çî 65 Îê ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà–Ì´Ì–ÊìÀ–ÄèÈ–ãÍŠÃ–ÜÜÀ–âÎèÌ 5 ÀîŠÓ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–äÈÇ–âÖ¸Ó–ÄàÀ ÂíÌ âÊ¿à–Ë¯–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Éœ– ÅîÈ–ÁÜÃ–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÜèÈ–Éà–Éœ–À×Šà 1.5% ãÖß æÎ–âÊéÃ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ë¯–ÅïÃ–À×Šà–Öß–ÈèÍ ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì 7.5%. ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.3 ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÍ–âÈèÀ–åÌ–âÀÌ–Üà–Çî 5 Îê ãÖß Éœ–À×Šà–Æ±Ã–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÜèÈ–Éà– ÅŠ×Ì–Éœ–ÅîÈ–ÁÜÃ–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Éœ–À×Šà 9% ãÖß ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ–ÁÜÃ–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÜèÈ–Éà– ÅŠ×Ì–ÅïÃ–À×Šà 25%. åÌ–ËàÃ–ÀíÃ–ÀèÌ–Á‹àÓ–ãÖ‹×–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–âÀÌ–Üà–Çî 65 Îê ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà 65 Îê Óê–ÛàÇ–À×Šà 7.5%. Öß–ÈèÍ Ûì ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–âÖ³à–Ì¸–æÈ‹–ÂèÈ– âÖìÜÀ–Á¹Ì–Óà–âÑ²Ü–Åß–Ë‹ÜÌ–åØ‹–âØèÌ ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Óê–Äá–Ì×Ì–Ù‹ÜÇ–ÅíÓ–ËÞÍ–ÀèÍ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ– ÙîŠÓ–Ì‹ÜÇ–Óê–Üà–Çî–Éœ ãÖß Öß–ÈèÍ Ûì ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–âÖ³à–Ì¸ ãÓŠÌ–ÅªÃ–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊéÃ–Üà–Çî–ÇìÌ–Åß– âÖ¨Ç–Éœ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ. åÌ–Îê 2005 Üà–Çî–ÇìÌ–Åß–âÖ¨Ç–ÁÜÃ–ÏïŠ–ÇéÃ–Öà× ãÓŠÌ 63 Îê ãÖß Üà–Çî– ÇìÌ–Åß–âÖ¨Ç–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–ÆàÇ–Öà×–ãÓŠÌ 59 Îê. ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì Ù‹ÜÇ–åÌ âÀÌ–Üà–Çî 65 Îê ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà–ÜàÈ–âÎèÌ–ÅªÃ–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊéÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–ÅïÃ–Üà–Çî–Ë¯–Í¡–Åà–Óà–ÈÖ‹ÞÃ–ÉíÌ–âÜÃ Ûì Í¡–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÆÜÀ–Øà–ÖàÇ–ÝèÍ–åØ‹–ãÀŠ–ÉíÌ–âÜÃ–æÈ‹. Áß–ÙàÈ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÂíÌ–ãÀŠ–Óê–ÏíÌ–Àß–ËíÍ–äÈÇ– ÀíÃ–É¡–ÅèÈ–ÅŠ×Ì ÁÜÃ–ÀîŠÓ–ÂíÌ–Ïï‹–âÑ¯Ã–Ñà–Üà–åÅ (Àß–Öî–Ìà–âÍªÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.5).

This is the second map dealing with the population structure by age, however this map, Map B.4, deals with the elderly. In many developing countries large numbers of children ensure the survival of the old and so substitute for old-age pension systems. According to Lao tradition the youngest daughter is responsible for the care of the parents when they get old. In this map people aged 65 years and older have been divided into 5 percentage bands, from the lowest of less than 1.5% and up to more than 7.5% of elderly people. Map B.3 dealing with children of 5 years and below shows the lowest percentage at less than 9%, and the highest of over 25%. In contrast the highest percentage of people aged 65 years and over is only more than 7.5%. The range of percentages chosen reflects the smaller number of old people compared to the young and is an indication of the low life expectancy. In 2005 the life expectancy of Lao women was 63 years and that of men 59 years. The small number of the population aged 65 years and over may be an indication of the number of older people unable to feed themselves or earn their own income. The magnitude of the percentage of older adults directly affects the dependency ratio (see also Map B.5). Looking at Map B.4 it is evident that the percentage of people aged 65

â×–Öà–âÝíà–âÍªÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.4 Äß–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ÆèÈ–âÄÌ–äÖ–È×Šà–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–âÀÌ– Üà–Çî 65 Îê ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ–ãÍÍ–Åß–Úœ–Óß–âÚê– Æ±Ã–Óê–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ãÉÀ ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–Âì–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ 1.5% Øà 5.5% È¨Ã–Ë¯–Åà–ÓàÈ–âØèÌ– æÈ‹–ÄàÀ–Åê–ÑºÌ–ÛèÃ–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–Åß–Úœ–Åß–âÚê–ÀèÌ. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ–åÌ–Ì´Ì–À¡–ÇèÃ–Óê–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÛàÇ– ãØŠÃ–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ïï‹–ÅïÃ–Üà–Çî–Ì¸–ÅïÃ–À×Šà–Öß–ÈèÍ Ûì ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ ÁÜÃ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì 3.5 - 5.5 % Ûì ÍàÃ–âË²Ü–À¡–ÜàÈ–Óê–ÅïÃ–âÊéÃ 7.5%. ÑºÌ–Ë¯–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Óà–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–Àß–ãÄÀ–Àß–ÄàÇ ÀèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÑàÀ– åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–Öà× (åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–ÜèÈ–Éß–Îì ãÖß âÆ–ÀÜÃ) ãÖß åÌ–âÁÈ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÅŠÞÃ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ ãÁ×Ã– Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–ÅïÃ–Üà–Çî–åÌ–âÁÈ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ–ÅŠÞÃ–åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê, åÌ–âÁÈ–Ü‹ÜÓ–Á‹àÃ–äÑÌ–Åß–Ø×èÌ–ãÁ×Ã–ÆÞÃ–Á×àÃ ãÖß åÌ–âËÈ–Åß–ÍàÌ–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã–Ï¿Ã–Åà–Öê ÅïÃ–À×Šà 7.5%. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–ÅïÃ–Üà–Çî–Óê–ÅïÃ–ÜàÈ–Óê–ÅŠ×Ì–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÍ– äÜ–ÀàÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ–È‹àÌ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ–Æ±Ã–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ–È‹àÌ–Ì¸–åÌ–âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ Ûì åÀ‹–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–æË–äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹×–Äß Èê–À×Šà–âÁÈ–Ü²Ìƒ. ÓèÌ–âÎèÌ–âÖºÜÃ–ÇàÀ–Ë¯–Äß–â×¿à–æÈ‹–×Šà–ÀàÌ– Îß–Éé–ÍèÈ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–Ëß–ØàÌ–Ë¯–ÏŠàÌ–Óà, Öß–âÍêÈ–Í¡–ËèÌ–ãÉÀ, ÏíÌ–Àß–ËíÍ–ÄàÀ–Ñß–ÇàÈ–æÁ‹–ÇîÃ ãÖß ×èÌ–Ìß–äÖÀ, ÀàÌ–ÁàÈ–Üà–ØàÌ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÝèÀ–Åà Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ–Äß–Óê–ÜéÈ–Ëé–ÑíÌ Ûì Óê–ÏíÌ–Àß–ËíÍ–É¡–ÜèÈ– Éà–Éœ–åÌ–âÁÈ–Ñï–ÈÜÇ ãÖß âÁÈ–âÌêÌ–ÅïÃ–ÔïŠ–âÖàß–ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ–âÅ´Ì ËàÃ–äÝ–Äê–ÓéÌ–ÛàÇ–Ù‹ÜÇ–Æœ–åÈ.

years and over is spread quite uniformly over the country varying between 1.5 and 5.5% shown by the quite uniform background colour. However there are many areas where this percentage of older people is higher - in the range of 3.5 - 5.5 % or even as high as 7.5%. Such areas are scattered in the south (in the provinces of Attapeu and Sekong) and in the northeast of Savannakhet. The percentage of old people exceeds 7.5% in the southwest of Xayaboury, around Phonsavanh and in Phongsaly town and province. High rates may be related to better access to health services which are generally better in urban regions or near the border with Thailand. It is difficult to say how much past military action, unexploded ordnance, the impact of malaria and tuberculosis, scarcity of food and health care have influenced the lower rates in the mountainous regions and in the hills along the former Ho Chi Minh trail. To summarise, in the Lao PDR the percentage of the population aged 65 years and older is relatively high in some parts of the high mountainous regions while it is low in the flatlands. It is not known whether the scatter of the

Ãè –Ö×Ó–æÈ‹–×Šà, ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–âÀÌ–Üà–Çî 65 Îê ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà–ÔïŠ–åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà× Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ–Óê ÅïÃ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÍàÃ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÁÜÃ–âÁÈ–Ñï–ÈÜÇ. ÜèÈ–Éà–Â×àÓ–ÅïÃ–Üà–Çî–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ– âÆªÃ–æÈ‹–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–ÍàÃ–âË²Ü–ÜàÈ–Äß–ÅïÃ–À×Šà–ÇÜ‹Ì–×Šà–ÝêÈ–ÂÜÃ–Îß–âÑ–Ìê–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÝèÀ– Åà–âÍ¯Ã–ãÇÃ–Ïï‹–ÅïÃ–Üà–Çî Ûì Ê‹à–×Šà–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–Óê–Ïï‹–ÅïÃ–Üà–Çî–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–ÇÜ‹Ì–×Šà–ÓèÌ–Óê–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à– Óà–Æ×ŠÇ–âÛìÜ–ÁÜÃ–Åà–Ëà–Öß–Ìß–ÅîÀ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–âÖ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–ÇèÃ–Í¡–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–Üß–Ëé–ÍàÇ–âÊêÃ–ÅàÇ–âØÈ. Âì–È¨Ã–åÌ–Ë‹ÜÃ–ÊªÌ–ÉŠàÃƒ, Îß–ÅíÍ–ÀàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÂíÌ–ÅïÃ–Üà–Çî ãÖß Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÁÜÃ–Ñ×À–âÁíà–åÌ–ÀàÌ– Îß–Éé–ÍèÈ–×ÞÀ–Í‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–âÝìÜÌ–åÈ–Ì±Ã–Ì´Ì–Êì–×Šà–âÎèÌ–Îß–äØÇÈ–åØ‹–ãÀŠ–Â×àÓ–âÁ´Ó–ãÁÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÅàÇ–ÇàÈ– åÌ–ÂÜÍ–Âí×–ÝêÈ–ÂÜÃ–Îß–âÑ–Ìê ãÖß Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Ë¯–Äß–Ïß–âÆêÌ–Ù‹à–ÀèÍ–âØÈ–ÀàÌ–ÅîÀ–âÅêÌ– ÉŠàÃƒ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–âÅÈ–Êß ÀéÈ–ÀàÌ–Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ.

higher ratios observed reflects the tradition of the more intensive care in the rural areas or if in the urban areas the access to health care keeps more old people alive. As everywhere, the experience of old people and their ability to perform minor chores is an asset to the strength of traditional family relations and the ability to cope with emergencies in a subsistence economy.

ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ– ÜàÇî 65 Îê –ÁºÌ–æB.4 Î

ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–âÀÌ–ÜàÇî 65 Îê ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà

PopulationPopulation 65 yearsaged of age andand older 65 years older 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ– ÜàÇî 65 Îê –ÁºÌ–æÎ Population 65 years of age and older . !

ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌÝ‹ÜÇÁÜÃÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃåÌÚïŠÍ‹àÌ Percent of village population

Saravane

. Sekong !

< 1.5 %

. !

Pakxe

1.5 % - 3.5 % 3.5 % - 5.5 %

. !

Attapeu

5.5 % - 7.5 %

14°0'0"N

> 7.5 %

C 0

100

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

B.5 ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÀàÌ–âÑªÃÑàÜàåÅ Dependency ratio

ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–âÑªÃ–Ñà–Üà–åÅ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ æÈ‹–Àá–ÌíÈ–Â×àÓ–ÚàÇ–äÈÇ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–Äá– Ì×Ì–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Ë¯–Üà–åÅ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–×èÈ–Êî ãÖß ÀàÌ–âÃéÌ–ÄàÀ–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–âÀÌ–Üà–Çî–Ë¯– Äß–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–æÈ‹ (Âì 15 Øà 64 Îê). Ïï‹–Ë¯–Äß–âÑªÃ–Ñà–Üà–åÅ–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÄèÈ–ãÍŠÃ–ÜÜÀ–âÎèÌ–ÅÜÃ–ÀîŠÓ–Üà–Çî– åÌ–Ì´Ì–À¡–Óê–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–ÇèÃ–ÙîŠÓ–Ì‹ÜÇ–âÀêÌ–æÎ ãÖß ãÀŠ–âÀêÌ–æÎ–âÀêÌ–À×Šà–Äß–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–æÈ‹ Âì ÀîŠÓ–ÂíÌ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–Óê–Üà–Çî–åÌ–âÀÌ 0 Øà 14 Îê ãÖß ÀîŠÓ–ÂíÌ Ïï‹–Ë¯–Óê–Üà–Çî–ÅïÃ–À×Šà 65 Îê. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì– ÀàÌ–âÑªÃ–Ñà–Üà–åÅ–ÉàÓ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Àá–ÌíÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–åÌ–Îê 2005 æÈ‹–ÊìÀ–ÄèÈ–ãÍŠÃ–ÜÜÀ–âÎèÌ 5 ÀîŠÓ. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Éœ–ÅîÈ–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–âÑ¯Ã–Ñà–Üà–åÅ–ãÓŠÌ Éœ–À×Šà 60 ÂíÌ–É¡ 100 ÂíÌ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÀÌ–Üà–Çî–Ë¯–Äß–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–æÈ‹ ãÖß ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–âÑªÃ–Ñà–Üà–åÅ–ÅïÃ–À×Šà Ïï‹–ÔïŠ–åÌ âÀÌ–Üà–Çî–Ë¯–Äß–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–æÈ‹–Âì–ÛàÇ–À×Šà 140 ÂíÌ–Ïï‹–âÑªÃ–Ñà–Üà–åÅ–É¡ 100 ÂíÌ–Ë¯–Ëá–ÃàÌ–ÀéÌ– âÃéÌ–âÈìÜÌ Ûì ÂŠà–Ä‹àÃ–Ë¯–Óê–ÅèÈ–ÅŠ×Ì–âË³à–ÀèÍ 1.4:1.

The dependency ratio of a population is defined by the ratio of the number of materially and financially dependent people to the number of the people of working age (from 15 to 64 years). Dependants can be divided into two age groups either those too young or too old to work namely; those aged between 0 - 14 years and those older than 65 years. The dependency ratios as determined by the Population and Housing Census of 2005 have been divided into 5 bands. The lowest ratio is less than 60 dependants to 100 working age people while at the other extreme is a ratio of over 140 dependants to 100 wage earners corresponding to a ratio of 1.4:1. The results of the Population and Housing Census of 2005 reveal that the

ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–Îê 2005 Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì– Ïï‹–âÑªÃ–Ñà–Üà–åÅ Åß–âÖ¨Ç–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÆàÈ–Û‡–ÈÖíÃ–Îß–ÓàÌ 0.8% åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–æÖ–Çß 10 Îê Âì åÌ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–Îê 1995 ãÖß 2005. åÌ–Îê 2005, åÌ 100 ÂíÌ–åÈ–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÀÌ–Üà–Çî–Ë¯–Äß–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–æÈ‹–Äß– Óê–ÅèÈ–ÅŠ×Ì Ïï‹–âÑªÃ–Ñà–Üà–åÅ–äÈÇ–Åß–âÖ¨Ç Îß–ÓàÌ 76 ÂíÌ. Åá–ÖèÍ–åÌ ÅÎÎÎ Öà× Ì´Ì–âØèÌ–×Šà– ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÀàÌ–âÑªÃ–Ñà–Üà–åÅ–åÌ–ãÉŠ–Öß–ãÁ×Ã, ãÉŠ–Öß ÑàÀ ãÖß ãÉŠ–Öß–âÁÈ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ– ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–æÎ. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ë¯–ÅïÃ–À×Šà 1 Úà–Ç×Šà–ÍŠÜÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Äá–Ì×Ì–Ïï‹–âÑªÃ–Ñà–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ 110 ãÖß ÛàÇ–À×Šà 140 ÂíÌ–Üà–åÅ Ûë–ì Á¹Ì–ÀèÍ–Ïï–î‹ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÀÌ–Üà–Çî–Ë¯–Äß–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–æÈ‹ Äá–Ì×Ì 100 ÂíÌ Äß–Îß–ÀíÈ–âØèÌ–åÌ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹, ÑàÀ–ÀàÃ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ, Åà–Öß–×èÌ, âÆ–ÀÜÃ ãÖß ÜèÈ–Éß–Îì ãÖß åÌ–âÁÈ–åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Äá–Îà–ÅèÀ. Â×àÓ–Í¡–ÈîŠÌ–ÈŠÞÃ–ÜèÌ–Ì¸–ÇèÃ–ÅìÍ–É¡–Óê–åÌ–âÁÈ–Ñï–ÈÜÇ ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ ÜÜÀ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Âá–ÓŠ×Ì, Íç–Öé–Âá–æÆ, ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ, ãÁ×Ã– ÆÞÃ–Á×àÃ, ãÖß ãÁ×Ã Øí×–ÑèÌ ãÖß ÇèÃ–Óê–Àß–ãÄÀ–Àß–ÄàÇ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Ï¿Ã– Åà–Öê. âÎèÌ–Ë¯–ÂàÈ ÀèÌ–×Šà–Îß–ÓàÌ 20% ÁÜÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–âÓìÜÃ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ Óê–Ïï‹–âÑªÃ–Ñà–Üà–åÅ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà 110 ÂíÌ É¡ 100 ÂíÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–âÀÌ–Üà–Çî–Ë¯–Äß–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–æÈ‹. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ïï‹–âÑªÃ– Ñà–Üà–åÅ–ÀèÍ–Ïï‹–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–æÈ‹–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Óà–Ì¸ Í¡–ÚàÇ–âÊéÃ–×Šà–ÍèÌ–Øà ØÇî‹Ã–ÇàÀ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÁàÈ– ãÂÌ–È‹àÌ–Üà–ØàÌ–ÀàÌ–ÀéÌ–Ç‹ÜÌ–âÝíà–Í¡–ËèÌ–Ýï‹–æÈ‹–Äß–ãÄ‹Ã–×Šà–âÈèÀ–Ì‹ÜÇ Üà–Çî–ÅïÃ–À×Šà 6 Øà 8 Îê Ë¯–ÆŠ×Ç–Å‹àÃ–ÖàÇ–ÝèÍ–åØ‹–ãÀŠ–ÂÜÍ–Âí×–Ì´Ì–Óê–Äá–Ì×Ì–Ù‹ÜÇ ÛàÇ–ÎàÌ–åÈ ãÖß ÌÜÀ–Ì´Ì–À¡–ÇèÃ–Óê–Ïï‹–ÅïÃ Üà–Çî–ÛàÇ–ÂíÌ–ÇèÃ–ÆŠ×Ç–Îß–ÀÜÍ–ÅŠ×Ì–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Ëá–Óà–Øà–ÀéÌ–ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÔïŠ.

average national dependency ratio declined by about 0.8% in the 10 years between 1995 and 2005. In 2005 for every 100 people of working age there were on average about 76 dependants. In the Lao PDR the dependency ratios differ in each province, each region and each area. A ratio of more than 1 i.e. where between 110 and more than 140 people depend on I00 working age people occurs in the south, in the central parts of the provinces of Savannakhet, Saravane, Sekong and Attapeu, and in the south of Champasack. This imbalance continues into the eastern mountainous parts of Khammuane, Borikhamxay, and the east of Vientiane, in Xiengkhuang, and Huaphanh and scattered in the east of Phongsaly. It is estimated that in about 20% of all districts more than 110 people depend on about 100 working age people. However, this does not necessarily mean hardship and lack of food because it is not clear how many of the children older than 6 - 8 years contribute to family income. In addition many older people contribute to the livelihood of households. The lowest dependency ratio at the provincial level is observed in Vientiane Capital with only 46 dependants for every 100 persons of working age while in the provinces of Huaphanh, Xiengkhuang and Sekong the ratio is 1:1 or 100

ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ïï‹–âÑªÃ–Ñà–Üà–åÅ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–ãÁ×Ã–Éœ–ÅîÈ–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã– ×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ–Âì–Ïï‹–âÑªÃ–Ñà–Üà–åÅ 46 ÂíÌ–É¡–Ïï‹–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÀÌ–Üà–Çî–Ë¯–Äß–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–æÈ‹ 100 ÂíÌ ãÖß åÌ–Áß–Ìß– ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–ÔïŠ–ãÁ×Ã–Øí×–ÑèÌ, ÆÞÃ–Á×àÃ ãÖß âÆ–ÀÜÃ–ãÓŠÌ–âË³à–ÀèÍ 1:1 Ûì Ïï‹–âÑªÃ–Ñà–Üà–åÅ 100 É¡ Ïï‹–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÀÌ–Üà–Çî–Ë¯–Äß–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–æÈ‹ 100. ãÏÌ–Ë¯ Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì ÀàÌ– âÑªÃ–Ñà–Üà–åÅ–Éœ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–ãÓŠÌ–âÁÈ–ÀàÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹ ãÖß ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì ÅïÃ–À×Šà–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ. âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ÔŠàÃ–Äß–ãÄ‹Ã–×Šà–âÁÈ–Ë³Ã–ÝàÍ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß–åÌ Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã– ×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ–Ì´Ì–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ïï‹–âÑªÃ–Ñà–Üà–åÅ–ÇèÃ–ÂíÃ–Óê–Éœ–âÓ²Ü–ËÞÍ–ÀèÍ–âÁÈ–Ñï–ÈÜÇ. âÁÈ–Ë³Ã–ÑÞÃ–æÈ‹ ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–Èê–À×Šà ãÖß Åà–ÓàÈ–ÆÜÀ–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá–æÈ‹–ÃŠàÇ–À×Šà. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÀàÌ–âÑªÃ– Ñà–Üà–åÅ–åÌ–âÁÈ È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Ì¸–Óê–Éœ–À¡–âÑàß–×Šà–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–ØÖ×Ã–ÛàÇ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÀÌ–Üà–Çî–Ë¯– Äß–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–æÈ‹–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá. åÌ–âÁÈ–Ñï–ÈÜÇ Ë¯–Óê–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ Ëß–Ìà–Éœ, äÜ–ÀàÈ– ÀàÌ–Óê–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá–À¡–Éœ ãÖß Óê–ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅèÇ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ–âÑàß–×Šà–ÂíÌ–ÃàÌ–ÛàÇ–ÂíÌ–æÈ‹–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ– æÎ–âÓìÜÃ–Ü²Ì–äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß–À¡–ãÓŠÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ æÎ–âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ. âÑàß–Åß–Ì´Ì, Äá–Ì×Ì–ÂíÌ–ãÀŠ ãÖß Äá–Ì×Ì–âÈèÀ–Ì‹ÜÇ Ä±Ã–Óê–ÅïÃ ãÖß ÍèÌ–Øà–Ì¸–Óê–ÏíÌ–Àß–ËíÍ Åá–ÂèÌ–É¡–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÀàÌ–âÑªÃ–Ñà–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ– åÌ–âÁÈ Ñï–ÈÜÇ–âÖ³à–Ì¸.

dependants for every 100 working people. The map shows those regions with the lowest dependency rates are to be found in the central region in the south and the higher rates in the north. It is clear that in the developed plain areas especially in Vientiane Capital the dependency rate is low in comparison to that in the mountainous regions. The flat areas are better developed and work can be found more easily. If a large number of the population of working age have jobs then the dependency rate in that region is low. In the mountainous areas where the level of development is low the chance of employment is also low. There is also a loss of labour since workers migrate out to other districts especially to urban areas. Therefore, the number of older adults and children is high and has a significant effect on the dependency ratio in these mountainous regions. To summarise, from the map it can clearly be seen that well developed provinces with large populations have low dependency ratios compared to prov-

ÅèÃÖ×ÓãÖ‹×, ÄàÀãÏÌË¯Ì´ÌâÝíàÅàÓàÈâØèÌæÈ‹ãÄ‹Ã×ŠàãÁ×ÃË¯æÈ‹Ýè ÍÀàÌÑèÈËßÌàÈê ãÖß ÓêÑíÌÖß âÓìÜÃÛàÇÓêÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌÀàÌ–âÑªÃ–Ñà–Üà– åÅÉœäÈÇËÞÍÀèÍãÁ×ÃØŠàÃæÀÅÜÀØÖêÀ ãÖß ÓêÖßÈèÍÀàÌ ÑèÈËßÌà Éœ. ÍèÌØàÌ¸ÆŠ×ÇÔ´ÃÔìÌ–åØ‹ãÀŠÀàÌÅíÓÓîÈÊàÌË¯×ŠàâÁÈË¯ÓêÀàÌÑèÈËßÌàËàÃÈ‹àÌâÅÈÊß ÀêÈ ÈêÓêÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌÀàÌÓê×ÞÀâÝèÈÃàÌËá ãÖß Â×àÓÅàÓàÈåÌÀàÌÆŠ×ÇÉíÌâÜÃÀî‹ÓÉíÌâÜÃ ÅïÃäÈÇ ÅíÓËÞÍÀèÍâÁÈÈ‹ÜÇ ÑèÈËßÌà.

inces that are remote and poorly developed. This supports the assumption that in economically developed areas the employment rate and the ability to help oneself are high in comparison to that in underdeveloped areas.

ÜèÈÉà–ÀàÌ–âÜ²ÜÇ–ÜB.5 êÃ

ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÀàÌ–âÑªÃÑàÜàåÅ

Dependency ratio Dependancy ratio

100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

Äá–Ì×Ì–Ïï‹–âÜ²ÜÇ–ÜêÃ (ÜàÇî 0-14 –ãÖß 65+)

É¡–ÀèÍ–ÂíÌ–åÌ–âÀ–ÌÜàÇî–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ (15-64)

Number of dependents (age 0-14 and 65+) per working age population (age 15-64)

. !

Saravane

. Sekong !

Äá–Ì×Ì–Ïï‹–âÜ²ÜÇ–ÜêÃÉ¡–ÀèÍ–ÂíÌ–åÌ–âÀ–ÌÜàÇî âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ 100 ÂíÌ Dependents per 100 independents

. !

Pakxe

< 60 . !

60 - 89

Attapeu

90 - 109 110 - 139

14°0'0"N

> 140

C 0

100

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

B.6 ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌËàÃâÑÈ Sex ratio

ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ1 ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Àá–ÌíÈ–âÜíà–ÉàÓ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–âÑÈ–ÆàÇ– É¡–âÑÈ–ÇéÃ ãÖß äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹× ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÉàÓ–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÁÜÃ–âÑÈ–ÆàÇ–É¡–Äá–Ì×Ì–âÑÈ–ÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ, È¨Ã–Ì´Ì–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ë¯–Óê–Éœ–À×Šà 100 ÂíÌ–À¡–Úà–Ç×Šà–Äá–Ì×Ì–âÑÈ–ÇéÃ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–Äá–Ì×Ì– âÑÈ–ÆàÇ ãÖß Ê‹à–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÅïÃ–À×Šà 100 À¡–Úà–Ç×Šà–Äá–Ì×Ì–âÑÈ–ÆàÇ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–âÑÈ–ÇéÃ. ÏíÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ åÌ–Îê 2005 æÈ‹–ÖàÇ– ÃàÌ–åØ‹–Ýï‹–×Šà–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–Âì Ïï‹–ÆàÇ 99.3 ÂíÌ–É¡–Ïï‹–ÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ Ì´Ì–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÜèÈ– Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÆàÇ–ÇéÃ–åÌ–Îß–âËÈ ÅÎÎ Öà× âÀìÜÍ–×Šà–ÈîŠÌ–ÈŠÞÃ–ÀèÌ.

The sex ratio of a population is defined as the ratio of males to females and is usually expressed as the number of men per 100 women thus a ratio of less than 100 means that women outnumber men and vice versa. The results of the National Population and Housing Census of 2005 reported a sex ratio of 99.3 men per 100 women showing that in the Lao PDR the male-female ratio is almost balanced. Two maps on sex ratios are presented: Map B.6 shows the general distribu-

ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–ÅÜÃ–Åß–ÍèÍ–æÈ‹–Ìá–Óà–Åß–âÙê–åØ‹–âØèÌ: ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.6 Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Öà×–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–åÌ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ–ÉàÓ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ– âÑÈ ãÖß ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.7 åÌ–Ù‹à–É¡–æÎ Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–åÌ–ÀîŠÓ–âÈèÀ–Ì‹ÜÇ–Ë¯–Óê– Üà–Çî–Éœ–À×Šà 5 Îê. ãÏ–Ì×àÈ–ãÍÍ–Ì¸–âÎèÌ–Éí×–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–ÉàÓ–ÀàÌ–âÀêÈ ãÖß È‹×Ç–âØÈ–Ì´Ì Ä±Ã–Í¡–Óê–ÏíÌ–Àß–ËíÍ–åÈƒ ÄàÀ–ÜéÈ–Ëé–ÑíÌ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ Ûì Üà–Çî–ÇìÌ–Åß–âÖ¨Ç ãÖß Ü²Ìƒ. ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–ÎÞÍ–ËÞÍ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ÅÜÃ–Åß–ÍèÍ–Ì¸–åÅŠ–ÀèÌ ãÖß ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–ÀàÌ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ–Åß– ÑàÍ–ÀàÌ–âÀêÈ–ÀèÍ–Åß–Ñà–ÍÖ×Ó–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ãÖ‹×–Ñ×À–âÝíà–Åà–ÓàÈ–æÈ‹–Éí×–Àá–ÌíÈ/Éí×–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ– ÁÜÃ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–äÈÇ–ãÇÀ–ÉàÓ–âÑÈ ãÖß ÎèÈ–åÄ–Ü²Ìƒ Ë¯–Å³Ã–ÜéÈ–Ëé–ÑíÌ–É¡–ÀàÌ–Óê–Ù‹à–ÁÜÃ– âÑÈ–ÆàÇ ãÖß âÑÈ–ÇéÃ–åÌ–Åß–ÊàÌ–Ë¯–Åß–âÑàß–åÈ–Ì±Ã–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–æÖ–Çß–Æ³× Æê–×éÈ–Ù±Ã.

tion of the total population of the Lao PDR in terms of the sex ratio throughout the country and on the next page, Map B.7 shows the sex ratio of children of less than 5 years old. This snapshot is representative of the sex ratio at birth and so it is not influenced by migration or life expectancy, etc. By comparing these two maps and observing changes from the situation at birth to that of the overall population, we can get a good indication of gender segregated migration patterns and other factors influencing the presence of men and women in certain places during a lifetime. The sex ratios on both maps are presented in five classes from the lowest of

ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ËèÃ–ÅÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ–Ì´Ì–æÈ‹–Ìá–Óà–Åß–âÙê–ÉàÓ–ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–×àÃ–æ×‹–åÌ 5 Öß–ÈèÍ–ÄàÀ Öß–ÈèÍ–Éœ–ÅîÈ–Âì Ïï‹–ÆàÇ 80 ÂíÌ–É¡–Ïï‹–ÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ æÎ–ÄíÌ–âÊéÃ–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ–Âì Ïï‹–ÆàÇ– ÛàÇ–À×Šà 120 ÂíÌ–É¡ Ïï‹–ÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ. ÑºÌ–Ë¯–âÁÈ–Åê–Ó‹×Ã–Åß–ãÈÃ–âÊéÃ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê–âÑÈ–ÇéÃ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà– âÑÈ–ÆàÇ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ, åÌ–Áß–Ìß–Ë¯ ÑºÌ–Ë¯–âÁÈ–Åê–ÁÞ×–Åß–ãÈÃ–âÊéÃ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê–âÑÈ–ÆàÇ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–âÑÈ–ÇéÃ– Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ.

80 men per 100 women to the highest of more than 120 men per 100 women. The violet areas show villages where more women than men live, while the green areas show villages with more men than women. Each class of the sex ratio is found throughout each part of the country with only small differences. The background of this map is predominantly yellow in-

ãÉŠ–Öß–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–Äß–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÉŠ–Öß–ÑàÀ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ–åÌ–Ë³×– Îß–âËÈ–Æ±Ã–Óê Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–ÑÞÃ–âÖèÀ–Ù‹ÜÇ. ÑºÌ–ØÖèÃ–ÁÜÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–âØèÌ–×Šà–Óê–Åê–âØÖìÜÃ– Ñ¿Ì–âÈ¨Ì–ÛàÇ Æ±Ã–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–Â×àÓ–âÈ¨Ì–ÆèÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ë¯–Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÅíÓ–ÈïÌ–ÀèÌ. ÉàÓ–âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ–ÄàÀ ãÁ×Ã–Âá–ÓŠ×Ì–Óî‹Ã–ÅïŠ–ËéÈ åÉ‹–Äß–âØèÌ–×Šà–âÁÈ–Åê–Ó‹×Ã–Óê–Àß–ãÄÀ–Àß–ÄàÇ–ÔïŠ–Ë³×–æÎ– Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ ÛàÇ–Æ±Ã–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ–×Šà–âÑÈ–ÆàÇ–Óê–Äá–Ì×Ì Éœ–ÔïŠ–Öß Ø×ŠàÃ 81 Øà 95 ÂíÌ–É¡–Ïï‹–ÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ. ÅŠ×Ì–ãÁ×Ã–ÑàÀ–ÀàÃ–Óê–ÑºÌ–Ë¯ƒÓê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–âÑÈ–ÆàÇ–É¡–âÑÈ–ÇéÃ–Éœ–À×Šà 96 Øà 105 ãÉŠ–×Šà, äÈÇ–ÑçƒÀèÌ–ãÖ‹×–ÇèÃ–Óê–ÛàÇ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–Óê–âÑÈ–ÇéÃ–âÀêÌ–âÑÈ–ÆàÇ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ106 Øà 120. âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–Í¡–ãÀ‹×, ØÖ×Ã–ÌŸ–Ëà ãÖß Üî–ÈíÓ–æÆ–âØèÌ–×Šà–Óê–âÑÈ–ÆàÇ–Ù‹ÜÇ–ÛàÇ–åÌ Áß–Ìß–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ ãÁ×Ã–ØÖ×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ–ÉéÈ–É¡–ÀèÌ–É¡–æÎ–ÄíÌ–ÏŠàÌ–ãÁ×Ã–Ï¿Ã–Åà–Öê–Åß–ãÈÃ åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–Óê–ÛàÇ–âÓìÜÃ–Óê–Äá–Ì×Ì–âÑÈ–ÆàÇ–âÀêÌ–À×Šà–âÑÈ–ÇéÃ. Óê–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–È‹àÌ–ËéÈ Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ ÅŠÞÃ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ ãÁ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ–É¡–æÎ–ÄíÌ–ÝÜÈ–ãÁ×Ã–ÆÞÃ–Á×àÃ–Ñ×À–âÝíà–Äß–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ âÁÈ–ÉŠàÃƒ Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ Í¡–ÅíÓ–ÈïÌ–ÀèÌ Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ âÑÈ–ÆàÇ ãÖß âÑÈ–ÇéÃ–Âì–Óê–Äá–Ì×Ì–Ïï‹–ÆàÇ–ÛàÇ À×Šà 120 ÂíÌ–É¡–Ïï‹–ÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ.

dicating the prevalence of almost balanced ratios. Travelling from Khammuane southwards, there is a strong scattering of violet coloured areas representing a male deficit of between 81 to 95 men per 100 women. The central provinces have areas below the 96 to 105 ratio but equally there are areas with a male surplus in the range of 106 to 120. Rural areas in the provinces of Bokeo, Luangnamtha and Oudomxay are significantly male deficient while in the northern part of Luangprabang and continuing on throughout Phongsaly there are many districts with an excess of males. Only in the northeast of Vientiane and continuing into Xienkhuang do we find areas with higher imbalances amounting to over 120 males per 100 females. Given that from Map B.7 no consistent spatial pattern of sex ratios at birth can be identified, the imbalances on the map indicate that important external processes influence the presence of men and women in different villages

É´Ã–ãÉŠ–Ì´Ì–Óà, åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.7 Í¡–Óê–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–ÜêÃ–ÉàÓ–ÀàÌ–âÀêÈ–Ë¯–Óê æÖ–Çß–Ø×ŠàÃ Åß–Úœ–Åß–âÚê–Ñç–Ë¯–Äß–Åà–ÓàÈ–Àá–ÌíÈ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–æÈ‹, Â×àÓ–Í¡–ÅíÓ–ÈïÌ–È‹àÌ–ÅèÈ–ÅŠ×Ì–åÌ ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–åØ‹–Ýï‹–×Šà Áß–Í×Ì–ÀàÌ–Åá–ÂèÌ–ÄàÀ–ÑàÇ–ÌÜÀ–Óê–ÜéÈ–Ëé–ÑíÌ–É¡–ÀàÌ–Óê–Ù‹à–ÁÜÃ–âÑÈ–ÆàÇ ãÖß âÑÈ–ÇéÃ–åÌ–Í‹àÌ ÉŠàÃƒ ÁÜÃ Îß–âË–ÈÖà×. Ñ×À–âÝíà–ÜàÈ–ÅíÓ–ÓîÈ–âÜíà–æÈ‹–×Šà–äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ ãÖ‹×–Â×àÓ–Í¡–ÅíÓ–ÈïÌ–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–âÖ³à–Ì¸–ÜàÈ–Äß–âÎèÌ–ÏíÌ–âÌ²ÜÃ–Óà–ÄàÀ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–Åß–âÑàß ÁÜÃ–âÑÈ. åÌ–È‹àÌ–Ù±Ã–ÜêÀ Ñ×À–âÝíà–Åà–ÓàÈ ×àÈ–ÑàÍ âÜíà–×Šà–Óê–Ïï‹–ÆàÇ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–Ïï‹–ÇéÃ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ ÄàÀ Í‹àÌ–ØŠàÃ–æÀ–ÅÜÀ–ØÖêÀ–æÎ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–åÀ‹–ÂÞÃ ÀèÍ–ÅïÌ–ÀàÃ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ. ÇèÃ–Í¡–ÑÞÃ–âË³à–Ì´Ì, ÓèÌ âÎèÌ–âÖºÜÃ–ÇàÀ–Ë¯–Äß–ÆÜÀ–âØèÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–âÀêÌ–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–ÆàÇ–Ë¯–Óê–ÖèÀ Åß–Ìß–ÖíÃ–Éí×–ÀèÌ æÈ‹–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯ âÖ³à–Ì¸. ÄîÈ–Åê–ÁÞ×–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–åØ‹–Ýï‹–×Šà–ÍàÃ–Ëê–âÑÈ–ÆàÇ–âÖ³à–Ì¸–ÜàÈ–Äß–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ æÎ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–Ü²Ì Ë¯–Óê–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá–ÀèÍ–Íç–Öé–ÅèÈ–Í¡–ãÝŠ, ÀàÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá Ûì âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀèÍ–ÖèÈ–Êß–ÍàÌ À¡–âÎèÌ–æÈ‹–âÆ¨Ì– ÀèÌ. ÀàÌ ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–Ë¯–Óê–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–Î¸Ì–ÀèÍ–ÀèÌ–ÁÜÃ–âÑÈ–ÇéÃ ãÖß ÂÜÍ–Âí×–ÁÜÃ–Ñ×À–âÁíà–À¡–Â×Ì–Äß Ìá–Óà–Ñé–Äà–Öß–Ìà–âÆ¨Ì ÀèÌ–×Šà–Ñ×À–âÁíà–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–æÎ–âÑ²Ü–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ, Ç‹ÜÌ–Óê–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ Åî–Áß– ÑàÍ–Èê–À×Šà, Ç‹ÜÌ–äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ Ûì ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–æÎ–È‹×Ç–âØÈ–ÏíÌ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–âÖ³à–Ì¸.

of the Lao PDR. We may assume that these gender imbalances may in general be attributed to gender specific migration patterns. On the one hand we can imagine that more men than women emigrate from remote villages to the proximity of urban centres. Yet, it is hard to find the corresponding surplus of men in these areas. The green spots indicate that these men might also migrate to other rural areas, where perhaps job opportunities are available with mine companies, agriculture, or the government. An inverse migration of women and their families must also be considered, be it for work, better health services, schools or all of these reasons. The losses of males during the wars of independence should be less and less significant but may still play a role. The UXO Lao Mine Clearing Program is still continuing and loss of limbs or lives still occurs in large areas when landless people work mine-contaminated land.

ÀàÌÅïÌâÅèÇâÑÈÆàÇåÌÖßØ×ŠàÃâØÈÀàÌÉ¡Åï‹âÑ²ÜÂ×àÓâÎèÌâÜÀßÖàÈÁÜÃÆàÈÌ´ÌÂ×Ì ÄßÓêÙ‹ÜÇÀ×Šà ãÖß ÅáÂèÌÙ‹ÜÇÀ×ŠàãÉŠÜàÈÄßÇèÃÓêÍíÈÍàÈÔïŠ. äÂÃÀàÌâÀèÍÀï‹ÖßâÍêÈÍ¡ËèÌ ãÉÀÁÜÃÖà×ÇèÃ ÀáÖèÃÈáâÌêÌÔïŠÉ¡æÎ ãÖß ÀàÌâÅèÇÜíÃÂß Ûì Æê×éÈÀ¡ÇèÃÅìÍÉ¡ÓêÔïŠåÌâÁÈ ÑºÌË¯À×‹àÃåØÇŠåÌâ×Öà ÎßÆàÆíÌÏï‹ÁàÈË¯ÈéÌâÝèÈ×ÞÀåÌË¯ÈéÌË¯âÄìÜÎíÌæÎÈ‹×ÇÖßâÍêÈ.

ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌâÎèÌÀàÌÅíÓËÞÍÖßØ×ŠàÃ ÅÜÃÉí×âÖÀâÆ¨ÌÌèÀÝÞÌ 50 ÂíÌÉ¡Âï 1 ÂíÌ = 50:1

B.6 ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–âÑÈ

ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌËàÃâÑÈ

SexSex ratio ratio

100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–âÑÈÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ (ÆàÇ/ÇéÃ) Sex ratio of total population (male/female) . !

ÄáÌ×ÌâÑÈÆàÇ É¡ –âÑÈÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ Males per 100 females

Saravane

. Sekong !

< 80

. !

Pakxe

81 - 95 96 - 105

. !

Attapeu

106 - 120

14°0'0"N

> 120

C 0

100

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

B.7 ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–åÌ–ÀîŠÓ–âÈèÀÌ‹ÜÇ–ÜàÇî 5 Îê ãÖß Éœ–À×Šà Sex ratio of children aged 5 years and younger ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.7 Ü‹àÃ–âÊéÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–ÀîŠÓ–ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀ–Ì‹ÜÇ–Üà–Çî 5 Îê ãÖß Éœ–À×Šà. ÂíÌ–åÌ– ÀîŠÓ–Üà–Çî Ì¸–À×Ó âÜíà–Îß–ÓàÌ 12% ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ. Éí×–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–Ì¸–Åà–ÓàÈ–Ìá–Óà–åÆ‹– âÎèÌ–Éí× ÂàÈ–Âß–âÌ–ÜèÈ–Éà ÅŠ×Ì1 ËàÃ–âÑÈ–ÉàÓ–ÀàÌ–âÀêÈ Æ±Ã–Ëá–Óß–Èà–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÅïÃ–À×Šà 100. Éí×–âÖÀ–Ì¸ Äß–ÂŠÜÇƒ ØÖîÈ–ÖíÃ–Ç‹ÜÌ–×Šà ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–ÉàÇ–ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀ–ÆàÇ–Óê–ÅïÃ–À×Šà–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–ÉàÇ– ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀ–ÇéÃ. ÜêÃ–ÉàÓ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß âÓìÜÃ Îê 2005, ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀ– Ì‹ÜÇ–Üà–Çî 5Îê ãÖß Éœ–À×Šà–ÉàÓ–Ë¯–ÖàÇ–ÃàÌ–åÌ–Îê 2005 Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–×Šà–åÌ–Äá–Ì×Ì–âÈèÀ–ÆàÇ 101 ÂíÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–âÈèÀ–ÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ. Éí×–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–Ì¸–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ âÑÈ–Í¡–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÜéÈ–Ëé–ÑíÌ– ÄàÀ–ÎèÈ–åÄ–ÉŠàÃƒ âÆ¨Ì Üà–Çî–ÇìÌ–Åß–âÖ¨Ç, ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ, ÅíÃ–ÂàÓ, ãÖß–Ü²Ìƒ È¨Ã–Ì´Ì–Ä±Ã–âÎèÌ–Ù‹à– ÅíÌ–åÄ–Ë¯–Äß–âÜíà ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B7 Ì¸–æÎ–ÅíÓ–ËÞÍ–ÀèÍ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Éí×–ÀŠÜÌ–Âì B.6.

Map B.7 refers to the population of children aged 5 years and younger. This age group represents about 12% of the total population. This indicator can be used as an approximation of the sex ratio at birth, which is typically above 100. This figure then decreases gradually because the mortality rate for boys is higher than that for girls. According to the National Population and Housing Census of 2005, the sex ratio of children aged 5 years and younger reported indicates that for every 101 boys there were 100 girls in 2005. As this indicator shows the sex ratio is not influenced by factors such as life expectancy, migration, wars, etc, and so it is interesting to compare this Map B.7 with the preceding Map B.6.

âÂ²ÜÃ–ÚàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–×àÈ–ÑàÍ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–åÌ 5 Öß–ÈèÍ–Ë¯–Óê–Åê–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ Âì ÄàÀ–Öß–ÈèÍ Éœ–ÅîÈ–Øà–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ. Öß–ÈèÍ–Éœ–ÅîÈ–Óê–âÈèÀ–ÆàÇ–Éœ–À×Šà 80 ÂíÌ–É¡–âÈèÀ–ÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ, ãÖß Öß–ÈèÍ–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ Óê–âÈèÀ–ÆàÇ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà 120 ÂíÌ–É¡–âÈèÀ–ÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ.

The map legend depicts the sex ratios in 5 different levels with a different colour for each, from the lowest to the highest. The lowest is less than 80 boys per 100 girls, and the highest is more than 120 boys per 100 girls.

åÌ–ËàÃ–ÀíÃ–ÀèÌ–Á‹àÓ–ÀèÍ–Åß–ÑàÍ–ÀàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–Ì´Ì âØèÌ–×Šà–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ãÏŠÌ–Ì¸–Óê ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–ãÉÀ–ÜÜÀ–âÎèÌ–ÆµÌ–âÎèÌ–ÉÜÌ–Í¡–Åß–Úœ–Åß–âÚê–ÀèÌ ãÖß Óê–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ Ë¯–Åß–Ë‹ÜÌ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ ÅèÃ–âÀ–È×Šà Åê–Ë¯–âØèÌ–Ñ¿Ì–âÈ¨Ì–Í¡–ãÓŠÌ–Åê–âØÖìÜÃ–Æ±Ã–Åß–ãÈÃ Æ²Ã– ãËÌ–åØ‹–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÎàÌ–ÀàÃ–Âì 96:105, ãÉŠ åÌ–Ì´Ì–Åê–Ó‹×Ã Ûì Åê–ÁÞ×–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–×Šà–âÈèÀ–ÇéÃ Ûì âÈèÀ ÆàÇ–Óê–Äá–Ì×Ì–Ù‹ÜÇ. É¡–ÀèÍ–ÍèÌ–Øà–Ì¸–ÓèÌ Óê–âØÈ–ÏíÌ–ËàÃ Åß–Êé–Éé–Ë¯–Â×Ì–âÜíà–åÄ–åÅŠ Âì: åÌ–ãÉŠ Öß– Í‹àÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÙîŠÓ–À×Šà 5 Îê Ì´Ì–Óê–Ù‹ÜÇ–ÔïŠ–ãÖ‹×. Ç‹ÜÌ Éí×–ÔŠàÃ–Ì‹ÜÇƒ–ÜèÌ–Ì¸ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÏèÌ–ãÎ–ÎíÀ–Àß–Éé–ÁÜÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–âÈèÀ–ÆàÇ ãÖß âÈèÀ–ÇéÃ, ÀàÌ–Âá–Ì×Ì–ÜèÈ–Éà ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ ÓèÀ–Äß–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–æÈ‹–ÂŠà–ÅïÃ–À×Šà. Éí×–ÔŠàÃ, Ê‹à–×Šà–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Í‹àÌ–Ì‹ÜÇ ãØŠÃ–Ì±Ã–Óê–âÈèÀ–ÆàÇ–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ 8 ÂíÌ ãÖß âÈèÀ–ÇéÃ 12 ÂíÌ, ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–Ë¯–ÅÜÈ–ÂÜŠÃ–ÀèÌ–Äß–ãÓŠÌ 66. È¨Ã–Ì´Ì–Ñ×À–âÝíà–æÈ‹ À‹à×–Óà âÊéÃ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Äá–ÀèÈ–Ë¯–ÀàÌ–ãÇÀ–ãÇß–Á§–ÓïÌ–Ì´Ì–ÇèÃ–âÎèÌ–ÅªÃ–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÚàÇ–ÔïŠ.

In contrast to the situation of the total population, this map is significantly more fragmented and heterogeneous as is shown by the observation that yellow, representing the middle ratio of 96:105 is not the predominant colour, but either violet or green predominate indicating a deficit of either boy or girls. The statistical reason for this should not be forgotten: in each village the share of the population younger than 5 years is already quite small. With this small sample and the normal variation of the number of boys and girls, the calculation of the sex ratio tends to produce more extreme values. For example, if in a small village there are only 8 boys and 12 girls, the corresponding sex ratio would be 66. We have therefore reached the limit where the disaggregation

Åß–Ì´Ì, âÊéÃ–×Šà–ÍàÃ–Í‹àÌ–Äß–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–ÅïÃ Ûì Éœ–À¡–ÉàÓ, ÓèÌ–À¡–Í¡–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÚàÇ– ØÇèÃ Ë¯–Äß–æÎ–Éê–Â×àÓ–ÚàÇ–ÂŠà–ÁÜÃ–Í‹àÌ–Ì±Ã–Í‹àÌ–ÈÞ×. ãÉŠ–âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ–ÍèÌ–Øà–Åá–ÂèÌ–À¡– ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–Ë¯–Óê–æÖ–Çß–ØŠàÃ–Åß–Úœ–Åß–âÚê–Ë¯–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–åÌ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ–Ì´Ì–ÇèÃ–Í¡– ËèÌ–Óê–. ÍèÌ–Øà–Ì¸ Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÍàÃ–Ëê–ÜàÈ–Äß–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÂèÈ–âÖìÜÀ–âÑÈ Ûì Í¡–Óê–À¡–âÎèÌ–æÈ‹–åÌ–æÖ–Çß– ÀŠÜÌ–ÀàÌ–âÀêÈ. ÅªÃ–Ì¸–ÇèÃ–Å¡–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–Â×àÓ–Í¡–ÅíÓ–ÈïÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–Ë¯–âØèÌ–åÌ– ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B6 Ì´Ì–Í¡–Åà–ÓàÈ–Ë¯–Äß–Ìá–Óà–Ü‹àÃ–Üê–Ã×Šà–Óê–ÏíÌ–É¡–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–âÀêÈ–æÈ‹–ãÉŠ–ØàÀ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÏíÌ–É¡–ÎèÈ– åÄ–ÑàÇ–ÌÜÀ ÛàÇ–À×Šà.

of data still has any meaning. It is therefore meaningless to interpret single village values, even though some villages have very high or low sex ratios. It is however very significant that there is no observable consistent spatial pattern throughout the country. This indicates that there is probably little or no sex selection before birth. This also implies that the imbalances of sex ratio in Map B.6 cannot be attributed to birth but rather to other external factors.

ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌâÎèÌÀàÌÅíÓËÞÍÖßØ×ŠàÃ ÅÜÃÉí×âÖÀâÆ¨ÌÌèÀÝÞÌ 50 ÂíÌÉ¡Âï 1 ÂíÌ = 50:1

ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–âÑÈÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ– ÜàÇî 5 Îê –ãÖß– ÉœÀ×ŠB.7 à

ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–åÌ–ÀîŠÓ–âÈèÀÌ‹ÜÇ–ÜàÇî 5 Îê ãÖß Éœ–À×Šà

Sex ratio of population 5 years age and and younger Sex ration of childrenof aged 5 years younger 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–âÑÈÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ –ÜàÇî 5Îê –ãÖß– ÉœÀ×Šà

Sex ratio, population 5 years of age and younger (male/female)

. !

ÄáÌ×ÌâÑÈÆàÇ É¡ –âÑÈÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ Males per 100 females

Saravane

. Sekong !

< 80

. !

Pakxe

81 - 95 96 - 105

. !

Attapeu

106 - 120

14°0'0"N

> 120

C 0

100

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

B.8 ÅßÊàÌß–ÑàÍ–ÀàÌãÉŠÃÃàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ–Öà× Marital status of the population

ãÏÌ–Ë¯ 4 Åß–ÍèÍ–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ãÈÃ–âÊéÃ–Åß–Êà–Ìß–ÑàÍ–ÀàÌ–ãÉŠÃ–ÃàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß– âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–ÀîŠÓ–Üà–Çî 15 Îê ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà ãÖß ãÏÌ–Ë¯–âÖ³à–Ì¸–Æ¸–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–æÖ–Çß–Ø×ŠàÃ ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–ãÉŠÃ–ÃàÌ–ãÖ‹×, Ïï‹–ÔŠà–Ý‹àÃ, Ïï‹–Í¡–âÂêÇ–ãÉŠÃ–ÃàÌ–ÄèÀ–âË²Ü, ãÖß Ïï‹–âÎèÌ–Ú‹àÇ– É¡–Í‹àÌ–Ì±Ã. ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–Îê 2005 Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà– åÌ–Îß–âË–ÈÖà×–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Öà×–åÌ–âÀÌ–Üà–Çî 15 Îê ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà–Äá–Ì×Ì 38.4% ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ– Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–æÈ‹–ãÉŠÃ–ÃàÌ–ãÖ‹×–ËÞÍ–åÅŠ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Í¡–âÂêÇ–ãÉŠÃ–ÃàÌ–ÄèÀ–âË²Ü 56.8%. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ãÉŠÃ–ÃàÌ–ãÖ‹×–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Éœ–Ç‹ÜÌ–×Šà–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ì¸–Ö×Ó–âÜíà–ÂíÌ–ÙîŠÓ– Ì‹ÜÇ–Ë¯–Óê–Üà–Çî–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ 15 Øà 19 Îê Æ±Ã–ãÓŠÌ–ÀîŠÓ–Üà–Çî–Ë¯–Óê–Ïï‹–ãÉŠÃ–ÃàÌ–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ 12% âË³à–Ì´Ì. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÀàÌ–ãÉŠÃ–ÃàÌ–Ì¸–âÑ¸Ó–Á¹Ì–æ×–åÌ–ÀîŠÓ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Óê–Üà–Çî–ÅïÃ–À×Šà. 75 Øà 80% ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–ÀîŠÓ–Üà–Çî–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ 25 Îê ãÖß ÄíÌ–âÊéÃ 59 Îê–Ë¯–ãÉŠÃ–ÃàÌ–ãÖ‹×. åÌ–â×–Öà–ÈÞ×– ÀèÌ–Ì´Ì ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÔŠà–Ý‹àÃ Ûì âÎèÌ–Ú‹àÇ–Ë¯–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ÆèÈ–âÄÌ ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Ù‹ÜÇ–ÈÞ×–Âì: ÜèÈ–Éà–ÔŠà–Ý‹àÃ–Óê 1.4% ãÖß ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–âÎèÌ–Ú‹àÇ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê 3%.

These four maps deal with the marital status of the age group of 15 years and older and depict the spatial patterns of married, widowed, never married, and divorced population per village. The results of the National Population and Housing Census of 2005 show that in the Lao PDR 38.4% of the entire population aged 15 years and over were married compared to 56.8% of the nevermarried population. This percentage of the married population is low since it includes very young people aged between15 and 19 years - an age group where only 12% were married. The percentage increases quickly for the higher age groups. Between 75 and 80% of the age group aged from 25 and up to 59 years are married. At the same time a remarkably small percentage of the population was divorced or separated (1.4%) and 3% were widowed. Looking at the spatial patterns of these indicators throughout the country,

âÓ²Ü–âÍªÃ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–Ë¯–Óê–æÖ–Çß–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÁÜÃ–Éí×–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–âÖ³à–Ì¸–åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ, äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹×–âØèÌ–×Šà–Â×àÓ ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ ãÖß Éí×–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß ÔïŠ–ÑàÇ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–âÜÃ–Ì´Ì–âÎèÌ–ÅªÃ–Ë¯–Åà–ÓàÈ–âØèÌ æÈ‹. ÅªÃ–âÖ³à–Ì¸–ÜàÈ–Äß–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÌ–ÀèÍ–ÀîŠÓ– ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–Åß–âÑàß–åÈ–Ì±Ã (âÍªÃ–Ú×È F), Æ±Ã–ÜàÈ–Äß–Óê–Áß–ÌíÍ–Ëá–ÌÞÓ Îß–âÑ–Ìê–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–ÀŠÞ×– ÀèÍ–Üà–Çî–ÀàÌ–ãÉŠÃ–ÃàÌ–âÆ¨Ì–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–ãÇÀ–ËàÃ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÔŠà–Ý‹àÃ–ÀèÌ. ÇªÃ–æÎ À×Šà–Ì´Ì, ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–âÖ³à–Ì¸–À¡–ÇèÃ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÜéÈ–Ëé–ÑíÌ–ÄàÀ–ÍèÌ–Øà–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ, Â×àÓ–ËîÀ, Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ ãÖß ÍèÌ–Øà Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–åÌ–È‹àÌ–Üà–Çî–ÇìÌ–Åß–âÖ¨Ç.

in general, disparities between rural and urban areas and also within rural regions can be seen. These may correlate with particular ethnic groups (see section F), which may have different customs regarding the age of marriage, but also regarding separation and divorce. Furthermore these patterns are also certainly influenced by migration, poverty and health issues, as well as disparities in life expectancy. Map A shows that the lowest marriage rates are found in Vientiane Capital

ãÏÌ–Ë¯ A Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÜèÈ–Éà–Éœ–ÅîÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÅíÓ–ÖíÈ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ– ÄèÌ, ãÖß ãÁ×Ã ØÖ×Ã–ÌŸ–Ëà äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß–ÔŠàÃ–ÇªÃ–À¡–ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–ÉàÓ–ãÖ×–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–ãÁ×Ã ãÖß åÌ–ËéÈ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–ÑàÀ ÀàÃ ãÖß ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–Åß–âÑàß–À¡–ãÓŠÌ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÄèÈ–ÅèÌ–ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ– Ð¨Ã–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ. Å×ŠÌ–åÌ–âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–Îß–ÀíÈ–ÀàÌ–ÜèÌ–Ì¸ Åà–ÓàÈ–Ë¯–Äß–Üß–Ëé–ÍàÇ–æÈ‹–ÄàÀ–Îß–âÑ–Ìê–Ë¯–Óê– ÀàÌ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ, ãÉŠ–ÅªÃ–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–Éà–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ–âØèÌ–×Šà–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–Îß–ÀíÈ–ÀàÌ–ÜèÌ–Ì¸–Óê–Â×àÓ– ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–Í¡–ÅíÓ–ÈïÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ, Éí×–ÔŠàÃ–ÔïŠ–ãÁ×Ã–Üî–ÈíÓ–æÆ ãÖß Í¡–ãÀ‹× ãÖß âÁÈ–åÀ‹–ÂÞÃ–ÀèÍ–âÓìÜÃ–æÆ–ÅíÓ–ÍïÌ, âÑàß–Åß–Ì´Ì–ÓèÌ–ÜàÈ–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹–Ë¯–Îß–ÀíÈ–ÀàÌ–ÜèÌ–Ì¸–Äß– Óê–ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–ÑèÌ–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ. Â×Ì–åÅŠ–åÄ–×Šà–åÌ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ–Ì´Ì–ÀàÌ–ãÉŠÃ–ÃàÌ–âÎèÌ–ÀàÌ– Å‹àÃ–Ïß–ÙèÃ–Ë¯–ÆŠ×Ç–ÝèÀ–Åà–ÆàÈ–åØ‹–âÎèÌ–ÜèÌ–Ì±Ã–ÜèÌ–ÈÞ×. äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß–åÌ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ, Â×àÓ– ÏïÀ–ÑèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÂÜÍ–Âí×–Ë¯–âÙìÜ–æÎ–À×Šà Øí×–ÙŠ×Ç–Á´Ì–ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÂïŠ–Ïí×–âÓèÇ–Ì´Ì–Å‹àÃ–âÂìÜ–ÁŠàÇ–ÁÜÃ– Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓèÀ–Âê–Ë¯–Äá–âÎèÌ–åØ‹–ãÀŠ–ÂíÌ–âÝíà–âÑ²Ü–Èá–âÌêÌ ÀàÌ–ÀèÍ–ÍèÌ–Øà–Æê–×éÈ–Îß–Äá–×èÌ ãÖß ÍèÌ–Øà– Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ–Ë¯–âÀêÈ–Á¹Ì–ÄàÀ–Üî–ÍèÈ–Éé–âØÈ–ÉŠàÃƒ, æÑ–Ñé–ÍèÈ–Ëá–Óß–ÆàÈ, Â×àÓ–âÄèÍ–æÁ‹–æÈ‹–ÎŠ×Ç ãÖß Â×àÓ–ÉàÇ. Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓèÀ–Âê–ÁÜÃ–Øí×–ÙŠ×Ç–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–Ì¸ ÓèÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Éí×–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–Åá–ÂèÌ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ– âÁ´Ó–ãÁÃ ÁÜÃ–ÀîŠÓ–ÉŠàÃƒ ãÖß Â×àÓ–âÁ´Ó–ãÁÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÆîÓ–ÆíÌ ãÖß È‹×Ç–âØÈ–Ì´Ì–ÓèÌ–Ä±Ã–Óê–Â×àÓ Åá–ÂèÌ–É¡–Àà–Ì×àÃ–ãÏÌ–ÀàÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÂÜÍ–Âí× ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÉèÈ–ÅéÌ–åÄ–È‹àÌ–Ìß–äÇ–ÍàÇ–ÉŠàÃƒ.

City and the province of Luangnamtha, particularly along the provincial borders and in the west of the central and southern provinces, especially in settlements located along the river banks. While in urban areas this phenomenon can be explained by changing traditions it is interesting to see how in rural areas it correlates with the imbalance of the sex ratios, for example in Oudomxay and Bokeo but also near Xaysomboune, and may therefore be linked to migration. It should be remembered that in most societies marriage creates the fabric that keeps a nation together. In rural societies in particular, family bonds that reach beyond the basic unit of husband-wife create the solidarity network needed to cope with daily life or poverty related problems arising from accidents, natural disasters, sickness or death. This cohesion of social units is an essential indicator of the strength of groups and village communities and is therefore important for family-related planning and policy decisions. Map B shows that the highest percentages of over 10% widowed population are found in the high mountainous areas of the northern parts of the

ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–Ú‹àÇ Âì ÅïÃ–À×Šà 10% Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–Ñï–ÅïÃ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ ãÖß åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹– Âì–ãÁ×Ã–Åà–Öß–×èÌ, âÆ–ÀÜÃ ãÖß ÜèÈ–Éß–Îì. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–âÎèÌ–Ú‹àÇ–åÌ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ– ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã–æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Éœ–ÛàÇ. Ñ×À–âÝíà–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÅíÓ–ÓîÈ–ÊàÌ–æÈ‹–×Šà–ÓèÌ–Óê– ÅàÇ–Ñí×–ÑèÌ–Åß–ÙéÈ–ãÙ‹Ì–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–Åß–Êà–Ìß–ÑàÍ–È‹àÌ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–åØÇŠ ãÖß âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–Æê–×éÈ–ÀàÌ–âÎèÌ–ÔïŠ–Ö×Ó, âÆ¨Ì–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Óê–äÜ–ÀàÈ–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ–È‹àÌ–Åî–Áß– ÑàÍ Æ±Ã–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–À¡–ÆÜÀ–Øà–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ–Ì´Ì–æÈ‹–ÉàÓ–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–Ð¨Ã–æË. åÌ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ, ÜàÈ–âÎèÌ–æÎ– æÈ‹–Ë¯–×Šà ÜèÈ–Éà–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–Ú‹àÇ–ÇèÃ–Óê–ÅïÃ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÏíÌ–Àß–ËíÍ–ÄàÀ–ÅíÃ–ÂàÓ–åÌ– âÓ²Ü–ÀŠÜÌ âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–ÅíÃ–ÂàÓ–Ì´Ì–Äß–ÏŠàÌ–æÎ–âÊéÃ 30Îê ãÖ‹×.

country as well as in the southern provinces of Saravane, Sekong and Attapeu. The rates are extremely low in Vientiane Capital City and Xayaboury province. We can assume a close relation between the health status of the adult population and the overall living conditions, as well as the access to health services, which are often sought across the border in Thailand. Finally, it is also possible that the war affected regions still show higher rates even after 30 years. Map C depicts high spatial concentrations of the single population in Xaysomboune, the urban areas and areas along the Mekong River. Part of the reason for this may be the presence of a high percentage of young adults and

ãÏÌ–Ë¯ C Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÑàÍ–ÀàÌ–Ö×Ó–Éí×–ÀèÌ–ÅïÃ–ãÍÍ–Óê–æÖ–Çß–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ– äÅÈ–åÌ–âÓìÜÃ–æÆ–ÅíÓ–ÍïÌ, âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß âÖàß–ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ–ãÂÓ–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ. âØÈ–ÏíÌ–ÅŠ×Ì– Ù±Ã–À¡–ÜàÈ–ãÓŠÌ–Ç‹ÜÌ–Óà–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–Óê–Ù‹à–ÁÜÃ–Æà×–ÙîŠÓ ãÖß âÇíà–×ß–ÆíÌ–À×Ó–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÅïÃ, Æà×–ÙîŠÓ ãÖß âÇíà–×ß–ÆíÌ–ÛàÇ–ÂíÌ–æÈ‹–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–Óà–ÄàÀ–Ë‹ÜÃ–ÊªÌ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–âÑ²Ü–Ëá–ÃàÌ–åÌ–Éí×– âÓìÜÃ–åØÇŠ Ûì åÌ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–Åß–âÑàß–åÈ–Ì±Ã (Í¡–ãÝŠ, Ñß–ÌèÀ–ÃàÌ–ÖèÈ, ãÖß–Ü²Ìƒ).

teenagers, many of whom have migrated from the countryside to work in the bigger towns or specific rural areas (mines, government employees, etc.). Map D reveals the spatial distribution of divorced people. There is a clear a pattern of differences between urban and rural areas but also within rural areas. The latter may relate to ethnic groups where the ending of a marriage is

ãÏÌ–Ë¯ D Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–ÔŠà–Ý‹àÃ. åÌ–Ì´Ì–âØèÌ–×Šà–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ ãÖß ÔïŠ–ÑàÇ–åÌ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–âÜÃ ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–Ë¯–âØèÌ–æÈ‹– ÔŠàÃ–Äß–ãÄ‹Ã. Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ ãÖß Éí×–âÓìÜÃ ÜàÈ–Óê–ÅŠ×Ì–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÍ–ÀîŠÓ– ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–Ïï‹–Ë¯–Óê–Áß–ÌíÍ–Ëá–ÌÞÓ–Îß–âÑ–Ìê–ÀàÌ–ÔŠà–Ý‹àÃ Ë¯–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ. åÌ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–ÀàÌ–ãÉŠÃ–ÃàÌ– ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ–ãÖ‹×–ÓèÀ–Äß–Óê–Ñé–Ëê–Àá–ÀàÌ–ãÉŠÃ–ÃàÌ–È‹×Ç–ÀàÌ–Îß–ÀàÈ–ÔïŠ–É¡–Ù‹à–Ïï‹–ØÖèÀ–Ïï‹–åØÇŠ–ÁÜÃ–Í‹àÌ ãÖß ÔŠà–Ý‹àÃ–åÌ–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–Í¡–âÎèÌ–ËàÃ–ÀàÌ–È‹×Ç–ÀàÌ–ãÄ‹Ã–Îß–ÀàÈ–ãÍÍ–ÎàÀ–âÎ³à. ÀàÌ–âÍªÃ–ãÇÃ– ÖïÀ–âÉ¿à–Ä²Ã–ÉíÀ–âÎèÌ–Ñà–Öß–ÁÜÃ–Ñ¡–âÊ¿à–ãÓŠ–âÊ¿à ãÖß Åß–Óà–ÆéÀ–Ïï‹–Ü²ÌƒåÌ–ÂÜÍ–Âí×.

handled in different ways. In tribal areas marriages are often solemnised by a declaration in front of the village elder and are dissolved in the same informal manner by an oral declaration. The care of children falls to grandparents and other family members.

ÅßÑàÍ–ÀàÌ–ÅíÓÖíÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜB.8 Ã

ÅßÊàÌß–ÑàÍ–ÀàÌãÉŠÃÃàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ–Öà×

Marital status Marital statusof ofpopulation the population

A. ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯ ãÉŠÃÃàÌ

. !

ÜàÇî 15Îê –ÁºÌ–æÎ

ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃË¯–âÎèÌ–Ú‹àÇ ÜàÇî 15Îê –ÁºÌ–æÎ

Married population, 15 years and older

Widowed population, 15 years and older

. !

. ! . !

. !

Â×àÓ–Ùà––ãÙ‹Ì–É¡ Àé–äÖ–Éà–ãÓèÈ–Àà–âÖ Percent of village poulation

< 50 %

<1%

. !

50 % - 60 %

. !

1%-4%

60 % - 70 %

4%-7%

70 % - 80 %

7 % - 10 %

. !

> 80 %

. !

> 10 %

. !

. ! . !

. !

D. ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃË¯ÔŠà–Ý‹àÃ ÜàÇî

ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃË¯ –âÎèÌ–äÅÈ ÜàÇî 15Îê –ÁºÌ–æÎ

15Îê –ÁºÌ–æÎ

Never married population, 15 years and older

. !

Divorced population, 15 years and older

. !

. ! . !

. !

. ! . !

. !

Â×àÓ–Ùà––ãÙ‹Ì–É¡ Àé–äÖ–Éà–ãÓèÈ–Àà–âÖ Percent of village poulation

Â×àÓ–Ùà––ãÙ‹Ì–É¡ Àé–äÖ–Éà–ãÓèÈ–Àà–âÖ Percent of village poulation < 10 %

<1%

. !

10 % - 20 %

1%-2%

20 % - 30 %

2%-5%

30 % - 50 %

. !

5 % - 10 %

. !

> 10 %

> 50 %

. !

. ! . !

. !

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative

100

200

300 km

B.9 ÁßÙàÈÅß–âÖ¨Ç–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÍîÀÂíÌ Average private household size

Äá–Ì×Ì–ÂíÌ–É¡–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–æÎ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–Í‹àÌ–É¡–Í‹àÌ–Âì–ÄàÀ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Ë¯–Éœ– À×Šà 5 ÂíÌ–Á¹Ì–æÎ–âÊéÃ ÛàÇ–À×Šà 8 ÂíÌ. ÜèÈ–Éà–Åß–âÖ¨Ç–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÂíÌ–É¡–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–åÌ–Îß–âËÈ–ÜêÃ– ÉàÓ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Îê 2005 ãÓŠÌ 5.9 ÂíÌ, Éœ–À×Šà–ÜèÈ–Éà–Åß–âÖ¨Ç– ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–Îê 1995. åÌ–ÅàÓ–Í‹àÌ Ë¯–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–Áß–ÙàÈ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Åß–âÖ¨Ç– ÅïÃ–À×Šà 15 ÂíÌ ãÖß 38 Í‹àÌ–ÖàÇ–Ãà–Ì×Šà–Áß–ÙàÈ–Åß–âÖ¨Ç–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ ÅïÃ–À×Šà 10 ÂíÌ. â×¿à–äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹×, Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Áß–ÙàÈ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–åØÇŠ–Åà–ÓàÈ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÉŠàÃƒ–È¨Ã–Ì¸: Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–É´Ã–ÔïŠ–ÉàÓ–ÆàÇ ãÈÌ–Öà×-Ø×ÞÈ–ÌàÓ ÄàÀ–ãÁ×Ã–Ï¿Ã–Åà–Öê–Éß–ØÖÜÈ–âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ–ÄíÌ–ÝÜÈ– ãÁ×Ã–Íç–Öé–Âá–æÆ, ãÖß ÔïŠ–âÁÈ–Éà–â×èÌ ÜÜÀ ÅŠÞÃ–åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Üî–ÈíÓ–æÆ, âÁÈ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ–ÅŠÞÃ– âÙìÜ ãÖß âÁÈ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê, ãÁ×Ã ÆÞÃ–Á×àÃ ãÖß âÁÈ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÅŠÞÃ– âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ. Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Áß–ÙàÈ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ì‹ÜÇ–À×Šà Âì–Óê 5 Øà 6 ÂíÌ åÌ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ– Îß–âËÈ Ó¯–ãÉŠ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–Âá–ÓŠ×Ì ãÖß âÁÈ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Åà–Öß–×èÌ, Äá–Îà–ÅèÀ ãÖß ÜèÈ–Éß–Îì. Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Áß–ÙàÈ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–åØÇŠ–ÛàÇ ãÓŠÌ–Äß–âØèÌ–ÛàÇ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ãÁ×Ã–Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß– âÁÈ, Åà–Öß ×èÌ ãÖß âÆ–ÀÜÃ. ÅèÃ–Ö×Ó–ãÖ‹×, Áß–ÙàÈ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–åÌ–âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–ãÓŠÌ–Ì‹ÜÇ– À×Šà–Áß–ÙàÈ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–åÌ–âÁÈ ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ ãÖß Áß–ÙàÈ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–Ë¯–Óê–Êß– ÙíÌ–ØíÌ–ËàÃ–æÎ–ÝÜÈ–À¡–Óê–Áß–ÙàÈ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ Ì‹ÜÇ–Âì–ÀèÌ. ÎèÈ–åÄ–ÉŠàÃƒ–ÜàÈ–Óê–ÜéÈ–Ëé–ÑíÌ–É¡–Áß–ÙàÈ–Åß–âÖ¨Ç–ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–åÌ–Í‹àÌ. Å¯Ã–Ëá–ÜéÈ ãÖß âÎèÌ–Å¯Ã–Ë¯–Åá–ÂèÌ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ ãÓŠÌ Áß–ÙàÈ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÜéÈ–Ëé–ÑíÌ–ÄàÀ–ÎèÈ–åÄ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Åß–Êé–Éé–Äá– Ì×Ì–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ âÆ¨Ì ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–âÀêÈ ãÖß Üà–Çî–ÇìÌ–Åß–âÖ¨Ç (Àß–Öî–Ìà–âÍªÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ÍèÍ–ÀŠÜÌ– åÌ–ÑàÀ–Ì¸). åÌ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ, ÂÜÍ–Âí×–åØÇŠ–Êì–×Šà âÎèÌ–ÆèÍ ÅíÓ–ÍèÈ–Åá–ÂèÌ–Åá–ÖèÍ–ÀàÌ–âÑàß–ÎïÀ Ë¯–Óê–ÃàÌ–ÙèÀ–È‹àÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá ãÖß âÑ²Ü–ÝèÍ–Îß–ÀèÌ–ÀàÌ–Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ ÁÜÃ–ÂíÌ–âÊ¿à ÂíÌ–ãÀŠÀ–×Šà. âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÔïŠ–ÍŠÜÌ–×Šà Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ì‹ÜÇ–ÜàÈ–ãÓŠÌ–âÂ²ÜÃ–ÚàÇ–ÍÜÀ–ÀàÌ–ÈèÈ–ãÎÃ–æÎ–ÅïŠ– ãÍÍ–ãÏÌ–Æê–×éÈ–åÚŠ–Ìá–Åß–æÚ Ë¯–Îß–ÀÜÍ–æÎ–È‹×Ç–ÀàÌ–Óê–Åß–Êà–Ìß–ÑàÍ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ–Ë¯–Èê–À×Šà ãÖß Óê–Üà–Çî–ÇìÌ–Åß–âÖ¨Ç–Çà×–À×Šà, ãÖß Óê–Â×àÓ–Ú´Ì–ÂíÃ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ–Ë¯–Èê–À×Šà ãÉŠ–À¡–ÇèÃ– ÚàÇ–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ–Óê–ÂŠà–åÆ‹–ÄŠàÇ–âÑ²Ü–Æê–×éÈ–ÀàÌ–âÎèÌ–ÔïŠ–ÅïÃ–À×Šà. ÇªÃ–æÎ–À×Šà–Ì´Ì, ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–Óà–ÝÜÈ–ÁÜÃ– ÂíÌ–ÙîŠÓ–äÅÈ–Ë¯–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÄàÀ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ âÎèÌ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–âÂêÇ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÌÜ‹Ç–Óê 1 Ûì 2 ÂíÌ–ÜàÈ–Óê–ÅŠ×Ì–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–Áß–ÙàÈ–ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–åÌ–âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–Ì‹ÜÇ–À×Šà. Í¡–ÑÞÃ–âË³à–Ì´Ì, Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–åÌ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ–ãÖ‹×–Äß–ÝèÍ–âÜíà–âÈèÀ–Ì‹ÜÇ–ÄàÀ–ÇàÈ–Ñ¯–Ì‹ÜÃ Óà–ÑèÀ–âÆíà–ÔïŠ–Ìá âÑàß–×Šà Öß–ÈèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–Æ´Ì–ÅïÃ–Í¡–ÂŠÜÇ–Óê–åÌ–Í‹àÌ–âÀêÈ–âÓìÜÃ–ÌÜÌ–ÁÜÃ–âÁíà–âÄ¿à Ûì Àç–Í¡–Åà–ÓàÈ– Àî‹Ó–ÉíÌ–âÜÃ–æÈ‹. åÌ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ, Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–È‹àÌ–×èÈ–Ëß–Ìß–Ëá ãÖß ÆíÌ–âÏ³à ÜàÈ–Óê–Â×àÓ–Åá–ÂèÌ– É¡–×é–Ëê–ËàÃ Îß–ÀÜÍ–Å‹àÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ. åÌ–ÍàÃ–âÁÈ ÂíÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Üà–Çî–ãÀŠ–ãÈŠ–ÓèÀ–Äß–ãÇÀ–âÝìÜÌ ãÉŠ–À¡–Í¡–æÈ‹– Úà–Ç×Šà–ãÇÀ–âÎèÌ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÉŠàÃ–ØàÀ. Ñ×À–âÁíà–ÇèÃ–ãÍŠÃ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ ãÖß Üà–ØàÌ–ÀàÌ–ÀéÌ–ÄàÀ–Åß– Óà–ÆéÀ–ÂÜÍ–Âí×–Ë¯–ÇèÃ–ÙîŠÓ–Ì‹ÜÇ ãÖß Ø‹à×–ØèÌ–ÔïŠ.

The number of persons per household varies between the villages from less than 5 to over 8 people. The country average in the National Population and Housing Census of 2005 was 5.9 people, slightly lower than that in the 1995 census. In three villages the average household size was found to be more than 15 people while 38 villages reported an average household size above 10. Generally speaking, the villages with large household sizes can be found in the following areas: villages along the Lao-Vietnamese border from Phongsaly all the way to Borikhamxay, in the southeast of Oudomxay, the northwest and west of Xayaboury, in Xiengkhuang and in the northeast of Vientiane Province. In the southern part of the country only Khammuane and the western parts of Saravane, and Champasack and Attapeu have smaller households of 5 - 6 people. Villages with very large household sizes again dominate regions of the provinces of Savannakhet, Saravane and Sekong. In summary, household size is smaller in urban areas than in rural areas and is also smaller in those rural areas with road access. Different factors may influence the average size of village households. First and foremost the size is influenced by demographic factors such as the birth rate and life expectancy (see also the previous maps in this section). In rural areas a big household is an important asset for coping with the heavy agricultural workload and ensuring the livelihood of the older people. Urban areas differ in that small households may be a sign of adaptation to modern life styles with better health and so a longer life expectancy, and better livelihood security but also higher living expenses. Furthermore, the arrival of young single migrants from rural areas who usually live in small households of one or two people may contribute to lower household sizes in urban regions. Yet, urban households frequently receive children of relatives because high school education is often not available or not affordable in their home district. Finally, cultural and ethnical differences may be important in the way a household is formed. In some areas it is common for elderly people to have a separate small house but which no longer acts as a separate household. The elderly share work and meals with the active younger family members.

Áß–ÚàÈÅß–âÖŠÇÁÜÃÂí×–âÝìÜB.9 Ì

ÁßÙàÈÅß–âÖ¨Ç–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÍîÀÂíÌ

Average household size Average private household size

100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

Áß–ÚàÈÅß–âÖŠÇÁÜÃÂí×–âÝìÜÌ Average private household size . !

ÄáÌ×Ì–ÂíÌ–É¡–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ Persons per household

Saravane

. Sekong !

. !

Pakxe

5-6 6-7

. !

Attapeu

7-8

14°0'0"N

C 0

100

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

B.10 Øí×Ù‹à–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–âÑÈ–ÇéÃ

Female head of household Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–Óê–âÑÈ–ÇéÃ–âÎèÌ–Øí×–Ù‹à–ãÓŠÌ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Ïï‹–ÇéÃ–âÎèÌ–Ïï‹–Ìá–Ñà ãÖß ÍíÈ–ÍàÈ–ÜèÌ–Ì¸– ãÓŠÌ–Åß–Óà–ÆéÀ ËîÀ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–âØèÌ–Èê–ÝèÍ–âÜíà. ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–Îê 2005 Åß–ãÈÃ åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–ãÓŠÌ–Ïï‹–ÇéÃ–âÎèÌ–Ïï‹–Ìá–Ñà–Óê–ÔïŠ 10.1% ÁÜÃ– Äá–Ì×Ì–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–åÌ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ. Â×àÓ–ÄéÃ–ÜèÌ–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Åß–Ë‹ÜÌ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Åê–ÁÞ×–ÜŠÜÌ– æÎ–Øà–Åê–ÁÞ×–Ë¯–Ñ¿Ì–âÈ¨Ì–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ÍèÍ–Ì¸. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–ãÓŠÌ–Ïï‹–ÇéÃ–Ìá–Ñà–Óê–Öß– ÈèÍ–É´Ã–ãÉŠ–Éœ–À×Šà 3% Á¹Ì–æÎ–âÊéÃ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà 18%. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–âÖ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Ù‹ÜÇ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ ãÖß Îß–ÀíÈ–Óê–ÔïŠ–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–åÌ–ÍàÃ–Í‹àÌ–Ù‹ÜÇ–Ì±Ã–Ë¯–Àß–ãÄÀ–Àß–ÄàÇ–ÀèÌ–ÔïŠ–äÈÇ–Í¡–Ýï‹–âØÈ ÏíÌ–ÜèÌ–ãÄŠÓ–ãÄ‹Ã.

A household with a female head is one in which a woman heads the household and is accepted in this role by other members resident in the household. The National Population and Housing Census of 2005 showed that throughout the country 10.1% of the total households were headed by women. This fact is reflected in the overall light green to green colour dominating this map. The percentages of female-headed households range from less than 3% to over 18%. The latter percentage is extremely rare and occurs in only a few scattered villages for no apparent reason.

ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ÍèÍ–Ì¸–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–Ìá–Ñà–È‹×Ç–Ïï‹–ÇéÃ–ÉàÓ–Ë¯–ÉŠàÃƒ åÌ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÅïÃ (ÅïÃ–À×Šà 18%) ãÖß Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ìá–Ñà–È‹×Ç–Ïï‹–ÇéÃ–Ë¯–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÅïÃ–âÖ³à–Ì¸– ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ–ãÂÓ–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ–äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß–À¡–ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–ÑàÀ–ÀàÃ ãÖß ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ. Ñ‹ÜÓ–ÀèÌ–Ì´Ì–ÜèÈ–Éà–Åß–âÖ¨Ç Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–Ìá–Ñà–äÈÇ–Ïï‹–ÇéÃ–Ë¯–ÀŠà×–Óà–Á‹àÃ– âËéÃ–Ì´Ì–ÇèÃ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ, ãÖß åÌ–ãÁ×Ã Âá–ÓŠ×Ì ãÖß Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ë¯–Éœ–À×Šà 3% ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ãÓŠÌ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ Âì–ãÁ×Ã–Üî–ÈíÓ–æÆ, Øí×–ÑèÌ, ×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ ãÖß Íç–Öé–Âá–æÆ. åÌ–Åß–ÑàÍ–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹×, Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–Ìá–Ñà äÈÇ–Ïï‹– ÇéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ, ÍàÃ–Ëê–Ç‹ÜÌ–×Šà–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–ÜàÈ–ãÓŠÌ ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÀàÌ–Îß–Ý‹àÃ ãÖß ãÇÀ–ÀèÌ–ÔïŠ–Óê–ÅïÃ Ûì ÛàÇ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–À¡–Óê–Ïí×–æÎ–ÆÜÀ–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá– ÔïŠ Îß–âËÈ–æË. âÑàß–Åß–Ì´Ì, Â×Ì–Äß–Ìá âÜíà–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–æÎ–ÅëÀ–Åà–âÍªÃ–È‹àÌ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ (ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.6), Åß–Êà–Ìß–ÑàÍ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–ãÉŠÃ–ÃàÌ (ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.8) ãÖß Â×Ì–ÅëÀ–Åà–âÍªÃ–âÖ²ÜÃ–ÀàÌ– âÂ²ÜÌ–Ç‹àÇ–Ìá (ÑàÀ C).

The map shows the spatial distribution of the high percentages (of more than 18%) of female-headed households which can be found in provinces along the Mekong River, and in particular, in provinces in the central region and the south of the country. Further above average percentages of femaleheaded households are found in Vientiane Capital, and the provinces of Khammuane and Savannakhet. Low percentages of less than 3% are found mostly in the northern provinces of Oudomxay, Huaphanh, Vientiane and Borikhamxay. In general terms more female-headed households are found in the south than in the north, possibly because in the former area there is a higher divorce and separation rate or more husbands seek jobs across the river in Thailand. Therefore this map should be studied in relation the maps of sex ratio (Map B.6) and marital status (Map B.8) but also those of migration (section C).

âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–Ìá–Ñà–äÈÇ–Ïï‹–ÇéÃ–æÈ‹–Ìá–Óà–åÆ‹–âÎèÌ–âÂ²ÜÃ–Óì–×èÈ–ãËÀ– Â×àÓ–ÂìÍ–Ù‹à–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–Â×àÓ–Åß–âÚê–ÑàÍ–ÍíÈ–ÍàÈ–ÇéÃ-ÆàÇ–À¡–ÉàÓ, ãÉŠ–ÍèÌ–Øà–Ì¸–Â×Ì–Äß–Ìá– æÎ–åÆ‹–åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà×–È‹×Ç–Â×àÓ Öß–ÓèÈ–Öß–×èÃ. ÀàÌ–Ë¯–Ïï‹–ÇéÃ–Êì–âÜíà–ÍíÈ–ÍàÈ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–Ñà–âÎèÌ–Øí×– Ù‹à–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ì´Ì–Äß–âØèÌ–Ñ¿Ì–âÈ¨Ì–ÛàÇ–ÄàÀ–ÍèÌ–Øà ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÔŠà–Ý‹àÃ–ÀèÍ–Ïí×, ÀàÌ–âÅèÇ–Æê–×éÈ Ûì ÀàÌ–âÂ²ÜÌ–Ç‹àÇ–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–âÎèÌ–Ïí×. ÀàÌ–ÁàÈ–ÀàÌ–ÂŸ–Æï–ÄàÀ–Ïí× Ûì Ñ¡–âÎèÌ–ÍèÌ–Øà–âÑ¸Ó–Â×àÓ–ÀíÈ– ÈèÌ–É²Ó–åØ‹–ãÀŠ–âÑÈ–ÇéÃ. ÂÜÍ–Âí×–Âì–ãÌ×–Ì´Ì–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ÓèÀ–Äß–Óê–ÏíÌ–Àß–ËíÍ–ÄàÀ Â×àÓ–ÍíÀ–ÑŠÜÃ Ûì ÍèÌ–Øà–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ ãÖß ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–ÛàÇ À×Šà ãÖß Óê–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÀàÌ–ÆŠ×Ç–âÛìÜ–Çï‹–ÙîÌ– åÌ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–ÙèÀ–ÄàÀ–âÑ²ÜÌ–Í‹àÌ. Åá–ÖèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà ãÖß Â×àÓ–Äá–âÎèÌ–Ü²ÌƒâÆ¨–Ì×Šà–Üà–ØàÌ, âÂ²ÜÃ–ÌîŠÃ–Ø³Ó ãÖß Ü²ÌƒÌ´Ì–ÂÜÍ–Âí×–Ë¯–Ìá–Ñà–äÈÇ–Ïï‹–ÇéÃ–Äß–ÑíÍ–Ñ§–Åß–ÑàÍ–Â×àÓ–ØÇî‹Ã–ÇàÀ–È‹àÌ– ÀàÌ–âÃéÌ–ÛàÇ. ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–ÁàÈ–ÀàÌ–ÝèÍ–Ýï‹–âÆ²Ü–Ú´Ì–É¡–ÀàÌ–Îß–Éé–ÍèÈ–ÀàÌ–Âî‹Ó–ÂÜÃ–ÂÜÍ–Âí×–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–ÇéÃ– äÅÈ ãÖß äÜ–ÀàÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Ë¯–Äß–ÆÜÀ–Øà–Ïï‹–Óà–ÆŠ×Ç–Ëá–Óà–Øà–ÀéÌ–Ì´Ì–âÀìÜÍ–×Šà–Í¡–Óê–âÖêÇ. âÑàß–Åß– Ì´Ì, âÑ²Ü–âÎèÌ–ÀàÌ–ÂŸ–Îß–ÀèÌ–È‹àÌ–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–ÂÜÍ–Âí×–åØ‹–Óê–ÔïŠ–Óê–ÀéÌ–ÑÞÃ–Ñç–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–ãÓŠÌ–Ïï‹–ÇéÃ– Ìá–Ñà–Ì´Ì–Ä±Ã–Óê–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃ–ÀàÌƒ–ÆŠ×Ç–âÛìÜ–Üï‹Ó–Æï–ÄàÀ–Åà–Ëà Öß–Ìß–ÆíÌ–À¡–Âì–ÄàÀ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–Ì´Ì–âÜÃ. äÈÇ–Ö×Ó–ãÖ‹× Äß–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–×Šà–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–ãÓŠÌ–Ïï‹–ÇéÃ–Ìá–Ñà–åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Ë³×–Îß– âËÈ ãÖß åÌ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Éœ–ÛàÇ. Åà–ÓàÈ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–×Šà–ÍíÈ–ÍàÈ–ÁÜÃ–âÑÈ–ÇéÃ–åÌ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ– Ì´Ì–Äß–É‹ÜÃ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–Å³Ã–âÅêÓ–åØ‹–ÛàÇ–É²Ó ãÖß Ïï‹–ÇéÃ–À¡–Â×Ì–ÇëÈ–âÜíà–ÍíÈ–ÍàÈ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–Ñà–åÌ–Éá– ãÙŠÃ–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÝèÍ–ÏéÈ–ÆÜÍ ãÖß ÉèÈ–ÅéÌ–åÄ–âÑ²Ü–Å³Ã–âÅêÓ–åØ‹–Óê–Â×àÓ–Åß–âÚê–ÑàÍ–åÌ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ.

Even though the percentage of households headed by a woman is often used as a measure of progress in gender equality, this should be applied with care to the Lao PDR. Taking over the role of the head of the household is for Lao women still predominantly the result of divorce, death, or migration of the husband. The lack of the support of a husband or father puts an additional stress on the women. Such families are often economically and socially disadvantaged and for heavy work neighbourhood support is needed. For education and necessities like food, clothes, etc. female-headed families are in a difficult financial situation. Public recognition of the performance of single women in family management is lacking and the chances of finding a second breadwinner are nearly zero. Therefore, to ensure more adequate economic security female-headed households require public support. Overall both the nationwide and rural percentages of women heading households are quite low. It can be seen that women’s role in society must be promoted and women should assume leadership roles in responsible and decision making positions in order to promote gender equality in society.

âÑÈ–ÇéÃË¯–âÎèÌØí×Ù‹à–Âí×–âÝìB.10 ÜÌ

Øí×Ù‹à–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–âÑÈ–ÇéÃ

Female-headed households Female head of households 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

! .

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ âÑÈ–ÇéÃË¯–âÎèÌ Øí×Ù‹à–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÍîÀÂíÌ Female-headed private households . !

ÄáÌ×ÌâÑÈÆàÇ É¡ –âÑÈÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ Percent of village households

Saravane

. Sekong !

<3%

. !

Pakxe

3%-8% 8 % - 13 %

. !

Attapeu

13 % - 18 %

14°0'0"N

> 18 %

C 0

100

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

SECTION C

ÀàÌ––âÂ²ÜÌ–Ç‹àÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ Migration Â×àÓ–ØÖàÀ–ÛàÇ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–×èÈ–Ëß–Ìß–Ëá–Ë¯–Ñé–âÅÈ ãÖß ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–Ë¯–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà× ãÓŠÌ–Óê Áß–ÙàÈ–À×‹àÃ–Á×àÃ–ÜèÌ–Óê–ÏíÌ–Óà–ÄàÀ–Îß–Ø×èÈ–ÅàÈ–Ë¯–Çà×–ÌàÌ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÊªÌ–ÊàÌ âÁ¿à–Óà ãÖß Éß–ÛÜÈ–Üà–Ìà–âÁÈ–Îß–âËÈ–åÌ–ÎèÈ–Äî–ÍèÌ. Â×àÓ–Åê–×é–æÖ–åÌ–Üß–ÈêÈ–Í¡–æÈ‹–Å³Ã–ÏíÌ–ÏèÀ– ÈèÌ–É¡–ÂíÌ ãÖß ×èÈ–Ëß–Ìß–Ëá–âË³à–Ì´Ì–ãÉŠ–ÓèÌ–ÇèÃ–æÈ‹–À¡–åØ‹–âÀêÈ–Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ ãÖß ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–Ë¯–Óê ÜéÈ–Ëé–ÑíÌ–Àß–Éî‹Ì–É¡–ÀàÌ–Å²–ÅàÌ ÀàÌ–ãÖÀ–ÎŠÞÌ, ÀàÌ–Â‹à ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ.

The exceptional cultural and ethnic diversity of the Lao PDR is largely a result of a long history of people moving into and through the country’s present territory. Ancient civilisations within the region have not only alternately influenced people and culture but also created differentials of economic and societal power that have stimulated communication, exchanges, trade, and migration.

åÌ–Üà–Æê–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÅÞÃ–åÉ‹, äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß–ãÓŠÌ–åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà×, ÀàÌ–ÜíÍ–Ñß–ÇíÍ–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–â×– Öà 50 Îê–ÏŠàÌ–Óà–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Åà–âØÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–É¡–Åï‹–ÀèÌ–äÈÇ–ÂíÌ–ÑàÇ–åÌ–âÓìÜÃ–Ì´Ì–âÜÃ, ÅŠ×Ì–Ù±Ã– ãÓŠÌ–âÌ²ÜÃ–Óà ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–Í¡–âË³à–ËÞÓ–ÀèÌ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–åÌ–Ë‹ÜÃ–ÊªÌ–Ì´Ìƒ, Ç‹ÜÌ–Áà–È×ÞÀ– âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá, Ç‹ÜÌ ÁàÈ–âÁêÌ–ÅªÃ–Üá–Ì×àÇ–Â×àÓ–Åß–È×À,Ä±Ã–ØèÌ–Óà–ÆÜÀ–Øà–ãÛŠÃ–ÆèÍ–Ñß–Çà–ÀÜÌ Ëá–Óß–ÆàÈ, Ç‹àÇ–ÊªÌ âÑ²Ü–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà Ûì Ç‹àÇ–ÊªÌ–Ç‹ÜÌ–Â×àÓ–Åß–È×À–Åß–ÍàÇ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–ÑºÌ– ÊàÌ–äÂÃ–ÖŠàÃ. ÌèÍ–É´Ã–ãÉŠ–Óê–ÀàÌ Îß–Éé–ÝïÍ âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–ÂìÌ åÚŠ–åÌ–Ë‹àÇ–ËíÈ–Åß–×èÈ–Ëê 80 ãÖß Óê–ÀàÌ–Å³Ã–âÅêÓ–åØ‹–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÖíÃ–ËìÌ–ÄàÀ–ÉŠàÃ Îß–âËÈ–ÛàÇ–Á¹Ì, Éí×–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Öß–ÍíÍ–Éà–ÙŠàÃ–ÀàÌ– ÂíÓ–Óß–Ìà–ÂíÓ–Å²–ÅàÌ–ÛèÀ–À¡–Óê–ÀàÌ–Áß–ØÇàÇ Éí×–ÜÜÀ–À×‹àÃ âÑ²Ü–âÎèÌ–ÀàÌ âÎêÈ äÜ–ÀàÈ–åÚŠ–åØ‹– ãÀŠ–ÀàÌ–Ëá–Óà–Øà–ÀéÌ ãÖß ÀàÌ–Èá–âÌêÌ ÀéÈ–Äß–ÀàÌ–ÉŠàÃƒ–ËàÃ È‹àÌ–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ.

In Southeast Asia, particularly in the Lao PDR, migration during the last 50 years has primarily been caused by civil strife, and partly by regional economic disparities, lack of employment and lack of access to natural resources, education and infrastructure facilities. Since the economic reforms at the end of the 80’s and the growing promotion of foreign investment, cities and main transportation networks have been expanding thereby offering new opportunities for livelihoods and economic activities. People are seizing these new opportunities and migration is becoming more

Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Àá–ÖèÃ–Å×Ç–åÆ‹–äÜ–ÀàÈ–åÚŠƒ–âÛ³à–Ì¸ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÊªÌ–À¡–ÇªÃ–Óê–ÍíÈ–ÍàÈ–Åá–ÂèÌ–ÇªÃ– ÁºÌ âÖºÜÇƒ. ÎèÈ–Äî–ÍèÌ–Ì¸, Ñ×À–âÝíà–Í¡–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–Äß–âØèÌ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÊªÌ–ÄàÀ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–âÁ¿à–Óà–åÌ– Éí×–âÓìÜÃ âË³à–Ì´Ì, âØÈ–ÏíÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–Ñ×À–âÁíà–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à–Óà–ãÓŠÌ–âÑ²Ü–äÜ–ÀàÈ–ËàÃ– È‹àÌ–Üà–ÆêÍ–ÀàÌ ÃàÌ–åÚŠ, ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–Ë¯–Èê–ÁºÌ ãÖß ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–Åà–Ëà Öß–Ìß–ÅîÀ. ãÉŠ–ÌÜÀ–Ì´Ì–À¡–ÇèÃ–Óê–ÀàÌ ÜíÍ–Ñß–ÇíÍ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ–ÄàÀ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–Ù±Ã–æÎ–Øà–ÜêÀ–ÍÜŠÌ–Ù±Ã–ãÓŠÌ–Ñí×–ÑèÌ– âÊéÃ ÀàÌ–Å‹àÃ–Êß–ÙíÌ ØíÌ–ËàÃ, ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–âÂ²ÜÌ–æÒ–Ò‹à–ÌŸ–ÉíÀ, Ëî–Öß–ÀéÈ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá, ÀàÌ–ÁîÈ–Â¿Ì–Í¡–ãÝŠ ãÖß Ü²Ìƒ. åÌ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ, ÀàÌ–ÜíÍ–Ñß–ÇíÍ–ÑàÇ–ÌÜÀ Îß–âËÈ–âÑ²ÜÌ–Í‹àÌ–À¡–ÇªÃ–âÑ¸Ó– Â×àÓ–Åá ÂèÌ–ÁºÌ–ÜêÀ âÑàß–À‹ÜÌ–âÃéÌ Ë¯–Äß–Å³Ã–ÀèÍ–Óà–ÇèÃ–Îß–âËÈ ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ–Ì´Ì âÎèÌ–ÍèÌ–Øà–Ë¯–âÝèÈ– âÁíà–âÄ¿à–ÉèÈ–ÅéÌ–åÄ–Ç‹àÇ–ÊªÌ.

and more important. Nowadays we do not see migration only from rural to urban centres, mainly driven by new job opportunities and better educational and health services, but also that of rural to rural labour migration related to road construction, hydropower development, agribusiness, mining, etc. Finally, external migration to neighbouring countries has also become of increasing importance and remittances are an issue to be taken into consideration. The 2005 National Population and Household Census has for the first time collected data on the migration of the population. The questions asked were about different time intervals, i.e. life-time, the time since the last census and

åÌ–Îê 2005 Óê–ÀàÌ–Åá–Û×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ Æ±Ã–æÈ‹–Ý×Í Ý×Ó–âÜíà–Á§– ÓïÌ Åß–Êé–Éé–âÎèÌ–Â´Ã–Ëá–ÜéÈ âÖ²ÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÜíÍ–Ñß–ÇíÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ. Âá–ÊàÓ–æÈ‹ ÊàÓ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–æÖ– Çß–ÉŠàÃƒ âÆ¨Ì: ÆŠ×Ã–æÖ–Çß–â×–Öà–Ë¯–Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ, ÆŠ×Ã–æÖ–Çß–â×–Öà–Ë¯–Åá–ØÖ×È–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–Â´Ã–Û‹à– ÅîÈ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÜíÍ–Ñß–ÇíÍ–ÑàÇ–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–â×–Öà 12 âÈìÜÌ–ÀŠÜÌ–Óê–ÀàÌ–Åá–Û×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß ÊàÓ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ Öß–ÈèÍ–Ë¯–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–âÆ¨Ì: ÀàÌ–ÜíÍ–Ñß–ÇíÍ–ÑàÇ–ÌÜÀ, ÀàÌ–ÜíÍ–Ñß–ÇíÍ–Á´Ì–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Á´Ì–Í‹àÌ.

migration in the 12 months prior to the census, as well as at different spatial scales, i.e. external migration, district- , and village migration. The following maps present and analyse migration within the Lao PDR, the origins and destinations of people leaving their birthplaces to find land for agricultural production, opportunities for education, employment or access to social services elsewhere. New national economic policies, access to regional

ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ÉŠàÃƒÉ¡–æÎ–Ì¸–Äß–Ìá–Åß–âÙê ãÖß ãÍŠÃ–ãÇÀ–ÀàÌ–ÜíÍ–Ñß–ÇíÍ–Ç‹àÇ–ÊªÌ–ÉŠàÃƒ–ÑàÇ–åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà×, ÄîÈ–âÖ¯Ó–É¿Ì–ÄàÀ–Í‹àÌ–âÀêÈ–âÓìÜÃ–ÌÜÌ–ÁÜÃ–Ñ×À–âÁíà ãÖß ÎàÇ–ËàÃ–Ë¯–Ñ×À–âÁíà–Äß– ÜíÍ–Ñß ÇíÍ–æÎ–âÑ²Ü Øà–Åß–ÊàÌ–Ë¯–âÚàß–ÅíÓ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Ïß–ÖéÈ–Àß–Åé–Àá, âÑ²Ü–äÜ–ÀàÈ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ– ÅëÀ–Åà, âÑ²Ü–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ Ûì âÑ²Ü–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ–Ü²ÌƒËàÃ–È‹àÌ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ. Ìß–äÇ–ÍàÇ–ÜèÌ–åÚŠ–ËàÃ–Ã–È‹àÌ– âÅÈ–Êß ÀéÈ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ, äÜ–ÀàÈ ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–Éß–ÛàÈ–Ë‹ÜÃ–ÊªÌ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÖíÃ–ËëÌ–äÂÃ–ÖŠàÃ–ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ æÈ‹–Å‹àÃ–ãÝÃ–ÈìÃ–ÈïÈ–åÄ–åØ‹–ãÀŠ–ÁíÃ–âÁÈ Ì´Ìƒ, åÌ–Áß–Ìß–Ë¯–Â×àÓ–ØÖ‹à–ØÖèÃ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–ÁÜÃ–ÍàÃ–ÁíÃ–âÁÈ–æÈ‹–âÖ¨Ã–Àß–Éî‹Ì åØ‹–ÂíÌ åÌ–âÁÈ–Ì´Ìƒ ÜíÍ–Ñß–ÇíÍ. Îß–ÓàÌ 5% ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ– Öß–âÓìÜÃ Öà×–Ë¯–ÇèÃ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–æÎ–Óà. ÀàÌ ãÍŠÃ–ãÇÀ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸–Äß–Æ¸–åØ‹–Ñ×À–âÝíà– âØèÌ–ËŠà–ÜŠÞÃ ÉŠàÃƒ ãÖß Äá–Ì×Ì–ÑíÌ–Ë¯–ÇèÃ–ÜíÍ–Ñß–ÇíÍ–æÎ–Óà ÑàÇ–åÌ–Îß–âËÈ.

markets and infrastructure investments have created very attractive areas while the socio-economic standstill in remote areas exerts a push to leave. Around 5% of the Lao people are on the move. The following maps analyse the trends, origins, directions and number of people are still migrating within the country. Any reader interested in aspects of migration should remember that other sections may also provide important indications on migration patterns. The detailed map of ethno-linguistic categories for example (Map F.3) reveals remarkable patterns of ethnic Lao and Tai moving along the main axes of transportation to become majorities in remote district towns. Conversely, the same map

ËŠàÌ–Ïï‹–ÜŠàÌ–ÂíÌ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ–Ë¯–ÅíÌ–åÄ–âÖ²ÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ É‹ÜÃ–ÔŠà–Öì–Ó×Šà–ÑàÀ–ÅŠ×Ì–Ü²Ìƒ âÜÃ–À¡–Óê–Â×àÓ Åá–ÂèÌ–É¡–ÀàÌ–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–âÆ¨Ì–ÀèÌ. Éí×–ÔŠàÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯– Ë¯–Öß–ÜÞÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–ÉàÓ–Ú×È–Ñà–Åà (ãÏÌ–Ë¯ F.3) Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ– ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ ÜíÍ–Ñß–ÇíÍ–Ë¯–Ñ¿Ì–âÈ¨Ì–ÁÜÃ–âÏ³à–ÆíÌ–Öà× ãÖß æË ÉàÓ–âÅ´Ì–ÅïÌ–ÀàÃ–åØÇŠ–ÁÜÃ ÀàÌ–ÂíÓ–Óß–Ìà–ÂíÓ–Îß–ÀíÈ ×Šà–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–Äß–ãÓŠÌ–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–âÁÈ–ØŠàÃ–æÀ–ÅÜÀ–ØÖêÀ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà. ÀíÃ–ÀèÌ–Á‹àÓ, ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–Ì´Ì Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ ×Šà–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–ÜíÍ–Ñß–ÇíÍ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ãÓŠÌ–Óî‹Ã–Ù‹à–âÁ¿à– æÎ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–Û×–Ã×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ ãÖß ÇèÃ–ãÓŠÌ ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–åØÇŠ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–ÆíÌ–ÅŠ×Ì Ì‹ÜÇ. ÅªÃ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ– æÈ‹–åØ‹–Á§–ÓïÌ–âÑ¯Ó–âÉêÓ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÎÞÌ–ãÎÃ ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ ãÖß Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ– Îß–âË–ÈÖà×–åÌ–Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ–Ì¸. ÅîÈ–Ë‹àÇ–Ì¸, ÀàÌ–ÎÞÍ–ËÞÍ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–âÑÈ–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–Ë¯–âÈèÀ–Ì‹ÜÇ–âÀêÈ (ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.7) ãÖß ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ (ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.6) Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ– Ç‹àÇ–äÈÇ–ÀàÌ–ãÍŠÃ–ãÇÀ–âÑÈ–åÌ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ.

shows that the majority of migrants moving to Vientiane Capital still belong to ethnic majority groups rather than minorities. This sheds additional light on the current rural-urban dynamics of the country. Finally, a comparison of sex ratios at the time children are born (Map B.7) and of the entire population (Map B.6) reveal gender-segregated migration patterns across the country.

C.1 ÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇÑàÇåÌ

Internal migration âÑ²Ü–âÎèÌ–ÀàÌ–Ý×Í–Ý×Ó–âÜíà–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÑàÇ–åÌ–ãÓŠÌ–âÎèÌ–Å×ŠÌ–Ù±Ã–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ– Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ–åÌ–Îê 2005, æÈ‹–É´Ã–Âá–ÊàÓ 2 Îß–âÑÈ–Ë¯–ÉŠàÃ– ÀèÌ–âÆªÃ. Âá–ÊàÓ Ëá–ÜéÈ–ãÓŠÌ–ÊàÓ–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–×Šà–Í‹àÌ–âÀêÈ âÓìÜÃ–ÌÜÌ–âÈêÓ–ÁÜÃ–Ñ×À–âÁíà–ãÓŠÌ– ÔïŠ–âÁÈ–åÈ ãÖß Ñ×À–âÁíà æÈ‹–Üà–æÅ–ÔïŠ–âÁÈ–åÈ–ÀÜŠÌ–Óê ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Â´Ã–ÀÜŠÌ. Âá–ÊàÓ–Ë¯–ÅÜÃ–ãÓŠÌ–Êà–Ó×Šà–Óê Åß–Óà–ÆéÀ–ÂíÌ–åÈ–ãÈŠ–Ë¯–Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à ãÖß ÜÜÀ–ÑàÇ–åÌ–Æ×ŠÃ–â×–Öà 12 âÈìÜÌ–ÏŠàÌ–Óà. ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ëá–ÜéÈ–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊêÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÊªÌ–ÊàÌ– É¿Ì–Àá âÌêÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ–âÁÈ–Ü²Ì–Ë¯–Í¡–ãÓŠÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÎèÈ–Äî–ÍèÌ–ÁÜÃ–Ñ×À–âÁíà. Åß–Ì´Ì–Éí×–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–âÛ³à–ãÓŠÌ– æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊêÃ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÑàÇ–åÌ–ÁÜÃ–Æ×ŠÃ–â×–Öà–Ë¯–Èá–âÌêÌ–Æê–×éÈ–ÔïŠ. Óê–ÑÞÃ–ÆíÌ–ÀîŠÓ– ÌÜ‹Ç–ÁÜÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ (32%) æÈ‹–ÊìÀ–Â¿Ì–ÑíÍ–Ë¯–ÇèÃ–ÂíÃ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–âÁÈ–ËÜ‹Ã–ÊªÌ–âÈêÓ–Ë¯–Ñ×À– âÁíà–Àá–âÌêÈ–Óà. ÜèÈ–Éà Å×ŠÌ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Öß–ÈèÍ–Ëê–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×–à–åÌ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–Û×–Ã×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ–âÆªÃ 41% ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–Ë¯–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ åÌ–ÎèÈ–Äî–ÍèÌ–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–É¿Ì–Àá–âÌêÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ–ËÜ‹Ã–ÊªÌ–Ü²Ì. ÌÜÀ–ÄàÀ–Ì´Ì–À¡– ÇèÃ–âÎèÌ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–Å×ŠÌ Åß–âÖŠÇ–ÅïÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–åÌ–Æ×ŠÃ–â×–Öà–Ë¯–Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ–âÆ¯Ã À×Ó 20% ÁÜÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ Ë¯–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ÉàÓ–ãÁ×Ã–ÉŠàÃƒ–âÆ¨Ì: ×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ, Û×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ, Í¡–ãÀ‹×, Íç–Öé–Âá–æÆ, ÆÞÃ–Á×àÃ, ãÖß âÆ–ÀÜÃ.

In order to gather information on internal migration as part of the 2005 National Population and Housing Census, two different types of questions were asked. The first question asked the people being counted in which district they had been born and where they had been living at the time of the previous census. The second question asked if any member of a household had moved in and out during the 12 months prior to the census. This first map shows the percentage of the village population who had been born in a district other than that of their current residence. So this indicator presents the life-time internal migration. Only a minority of the population (32%) were found to be still living in the same district as that in which they had been born. This rate is significantly higher in Vientiane Capital where 41% of the current population were born in other districts. Further high lifetime migration with averages of over 20% was recorded in the provinces of Vientiane, Luangnamtha, Bokeo, Borikhamxay, Xiengkhuang, and Sekong. For the most part the provinces of Luangprabang and Huaphanh have mi-

äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹×–ãÁ×Ã–Ë¯–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–Å×ŠÌ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÙÜ‹Ç–À×Šà 10% ãÓŠÌ–ãÁ×Ã–Û×Ã–Ñß– ÍàÃ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã–Øí×–ÑèÌ. ÅŠ×Ì–ãÁ×Ã–Ï¿Ã–Åà–Öê ãÖß ãÁ×Ã–Üî–ÈíÓ–æÆ–Óê–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ– Ë¯–Éœ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ ÅÎÎ Öà×.

gration rates of less than 10% while the provinces of Phongsaly and Oudomxay have areas with the lowest migration rates in the north of Lao PDR. Overall it can be seen that internal life time migration is closely related to

ÅßÛ‡ÍÖ×Ó ÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇÑàÇåÌÁÜÃÆ×ŠÃâ×ÖàÈáÖíÃÆê×éÈÔïŠâÆªÃÅàÓàÈÑíÍâ ØèÌæÈ‹ãÓŠÌÓêÂ×àÓ ÀŠÞ×ÑèÌÜèÌæÀ‹ÂÞÃÀèÍâÅ´ÌÅïÌÀàÃÅáÂèÌÁÜÃäÂÃÖŠàÃ ãÖß ÍàÃâÁÈÅ×ŠÌåØÇŠãÓŠÌÔïŠåÌâÁÈ ÑàÀÀàÃ ãÖß Å×ŠÌâÁÈÑàÀâÙêÜ ãÖß âÁÈÑàÀæÉ‹ÄªÃÓê ÜèÈÉàÁÜÃÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇË¯ÅïÃÀ×Šà âÁÈÜÜ‹ÓÁ‹àÃÜ²Ì.

the main infrastructure axes, and that some regions mainly in the centre, the north and the south have significantly higher rates than their surroundings.

ÀàÌ––âÂ²ÜÌ–Ç‹àÇÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ––ÑàÇ–åC.1 Ì

ÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇÑàÇåÌ

Internal migration Internal migration 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Í¡âÀêÈ–åÌ–ÅßÊàÌ–Ë¯ Ë¯–Ñ×Ó–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ

Village population born in a different district . !

ÄáÌ×ÌâÑÈÆàÇ É¡ –âÑÈÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ Percent of population

Saravane

. Sekong !

< 2.5 %

. !

Pakxe

2.5 % - 5 % 5 % - 10 %

. !

Attapeu

10 % - 30 %

14°0'0"N

> 30 %

C 0

100

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

C.2 ÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇâÁ¿àâÓìÜÃ District migration

ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–åÌ–Îê 2005 æÈ‹–Óê–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ– Ç‹àÇ åÌ–Æ×ŠÃ–æÖ–Çß–Ë¯–Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ (âÍªÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ C.1) ãÖß æÈ‹–Óê–Á§–ÓïÌ–âÑ¯Ó–âÉêÓ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ– Ç‹àÇ âÆªÃ–æÈ‹–òÔëÈ–âÜíà–ÀàÌ ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–Ë¨Ã–ÅÜÃ–ÔŠàÃ–Âì ÑàÇ–åÌ ãÖß ÑàÇ–ÌÜÀ–Îß–âËÈ–åÌ–Æ×ŠÃ–æÖ–Çß– â×–Öà 12 âÈìÜÌ–ÀÜŠÌ ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È. ãÉŠ–Öß–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÊìÀ–Êà–Ó×Šà–Óê–Åß–Óß–ÆéÀ–ÂíÌ–åÈ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Ç‹àÇ– âÁ¿à–Óà–Ý×ŠÓ–Üà åÅ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÂÜÍ–Âí×–ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ Ûì æÈ‹–Ç‹àÇ–ÜÜÀ–æÎ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÍÜŠÌ–Ü²Ì–åÌ–Æ×ŠÃ–â×–Öà–ÈÞ×– ÀèÌ. Ïï‹–Ë¯–ÊìÀ–Åá–ÑàÈ ÇèÃ–ÜàÈ–Äß–ÊìÀ–ÊàÓ–âÑ¸Ó–Üê–À×Šà–ãÁ×Ã ãÖß âÓìÜÃ–åÈ–Ë¯–Ñ×À–âÁíà–Óà–ÄàÀ Ûì æÎ–Øà. ÀàÌ–ÊàÓ–Âá–ÊàÓ ãÓŠÌ–åÌ–Àç–Öß–Ìê–Ë¯–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÖàÇ–ÃàÌ–ÏéÈ–ÏàÈ, äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß–ãÓŠÌ–åÌ–Àç– Öß–Ìê–Ë¯–Øí×–Ù‹à–ÂÜÍ–Âí×–ÇèÃ–Åà–ÓàÈ Ä²–ÀàÌ–âÂ²ÜÌ–Ç‹àÇ Ûì–×Šà–ÀàÌ–ÉÜÍ–Âá–ÊàÓ–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–ÇèÃ–Í¡–ÀíÃ–æÎ– ÀíÃ–Óà. ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–Îê 2005 æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–Äá–Ì×Ì–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ 53,600 ÂíÌ æÈ‹–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ. Äç–Ì×Ì–ÂíÌ–âÛíà–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–Äá–Ì×Ì–Åß–âÖŠÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–Îß–Äá–Îê Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÀàÌ–Åá– Û×È–ÁÜÃ–ËèÃ 2 Â´Ã–Âì–åÌ Îê 1995 ãÖß Îê2005. âÆªÃ–åÌ 60% ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ãÓŠÌ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ– Ç‹àÇ–ÔïŠ–ÑàÇ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã ãÖß Îß–ÓàÌ 40% ãÓŠÌ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÄàÀ–ãÁ×Ã–Ù±Ã–æÎ–Øà ãÁ×Ã–Ü²Ì. ÌÜÀ–ÄàÀ–Ì´Ì, 40% ãÓŠÌ ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–Á‹àÓ–âÁÈ–ãÈÌ–ÄàÀ–ãÁ×Ã–Ü²Ì–âÁ¿à–æÎ–Øà–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã– ×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ. ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊêÃ–âÁÈ–Å×ŠÌ–åØÇŠ–ÁÜÃ–âÓìÜÃ–ÑíÍ–×Šà–ãÓŠÌ–ÀàÌ–âÂ²ÜÌ–Ç‹àÇ–ÅîÈ– Ëé–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ãÓŠÌ–Ç‹àÇ–ÜÜÀ âÆªÃ–åÌ–ËàÃ–ÀíÃ–ÀèÌ–Á‹àÓ–ÀèÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÑÞÃ–âÁÈ–Å×ŠÌ–ÙÜ‹Ç– ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Àá–ãÑÃ Ìß–ÂÜÌ–Û×Ã–×ÞÃ–À–ÄèÌ ãÖß âÁÈ–ãÁ×Ã–Âá–Ó×ŠÌ, âÆ–ÀÜÃ, ãÖß ÜèÈ–Éß–Îì À¡–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–Óê–ÀàÌ–âÂ²ÜÌ–Ç‹àÇ–ÅîÈ–Ëé–ãÓŠÌ–âÁ¿à–Óà–åÌ–Æ×ŠÃ–â×–Öà 12 âÈìÜÌ–ÀÜŠÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ– Öß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–Îê 2005. ãÁ×Ã–Øí×–ÑèÌ, ãÁ×Ã–ÆÞÃ–Á×àÃ, ãÖß–ãÁ×Ã–Û×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Äá–Ì×Ì– ÀàÌ–âÂ²ÜÌ–Ç‹àÇ–ÜÜÀ–ÅîÈ–Ëé–ãÓŠÌ–ÅïÃ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ. ÓèÌ–âÎèÌ–ÀàÌ–ÃŠàÇ–Ë¯–Äß–âÁ¿à–åÄ–âÊéÃ–ÅàÇ–âØÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ– ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÄàÀ âÁÈ–ØŠàÃ–æÀ ÆÜÀ–ÛêÀ–æÎ–Øà–âÁÈ–Ë¯–Äß–âÖêÌ–ÝîŠÃ–âÝìÜÃ Ûì åÌ–ÁíÃ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–Àá–ÖèÃ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ– ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–âÆ¨Ì–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–âÜÀ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ. âÊêÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–Èê, ÜèÈ–Éà–Å×ŠÌ–ÅïÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ– ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à–Óà–Øà–âÁÈ Ë¯–ØŠàÃ–æÀ–ÆÜÀ–ÛêÀ ãÓŠÌ–ÇàÀ–É¡–ÀàÌ–Üß–Ëé–ÍàÇ.

In addition to life-time migration (see Map C.1) the 2005 National Population and Housing Census also captured the migration both within and out of the country during the 12 months prior to the census. Households were asked if any member had joined or left the household during this period. The respondents were also asked for the destination or the origin of the migration in terms of the province and district. The questions were subject to reporting errors, in particular whether the head of household could remember the movements and whether the question could have been considered as having been sensitive. The 2005 Census revealed that a total of 53,600 people had migrated which is many more than the average annual migration between the two censuses of 1995 and 2005. Of this migration 60% was migration within a single province and about 40% was province-to-province migration. Furthermore, 40% of the migrants that migrated across province boundaries went to the capital, Vientiane. The map shows that the majority of districts are experiencing a net emigration whereas only few districts of Vientiane Capital and of the provinces of Khammuane, Sekong, and Attapeu saw a net immigration during the 12 months prior to the 2005 Census. Huaphanh, Xiengkhuang, and Luangprabang Provinces experienced the largest net outflows. The migration from remote areas to more prosperous or developing regions such as the country’s capital is easy to interpret. However, the high immigration rates in the more remote districts are less easy to explain.

ÀàÌ––âÂ²ÜÌ–Ç‹àÇÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ ÔïŠ–Á´Ì–âÓìÜC.2 Ã

ÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇâÁ¿àâÓìÜÃ

District migration District migration 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ ÀàÌ––âÂ²ÜÌ–Ç‹àÇ ÅîÈËé ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ

ÔïŠ–Á´Ì–âÓìÜÃ –åÌ12 –âÈìÜÌ–ÏŠàÌ–Óà (ÄáÌ×ÌË¯–Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à ÖíÍ–ÄáÌ×ÌË¯–Ç‹àÇ–ÜÜÀ)

District net migration in last 12 months

. !

Saravane

(immigrants minus emigrants) . Sekong !

ÄáÌ×ÌâÑÈÆàÇ É¡ –âÑÈÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ Percent of district population

. !

Pakxe

< -2 % -2 % to -0.5 %

. !

Attapeu

-0.5 % to -0.1 % -0.1 % to 0.1 % 0.1 % to 0.5 % 14°0'0"N

> 0.5 %

C 0

100

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

C.3 ÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇâÁ‹àÍ‹àÌ

Village In-Migration ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à–Í‹àÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–ÍÜŠÌ–×Šà–Óê–ÂíÌ–Óà–ÑèÀ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–ÑàÇ–åÌ–Í‹àÌ–åÈ– Í‹àÌ–Ù±Ã åÌ–Æ×ŠÃ–æÖ–Çß–â×–Öà 12âÈìÜÌ ÀÜŠÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–ãØŠÃ– ÆàÈ. âÓ²Ü–âÍªÃ ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–ãÖ‹×–Ñ×À–âÝíà–Â×Ì–Âá–Ì±–Ã×Šà–äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹× ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ– ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÜÜÀ–ãÓŠÌ–ÅïÃ–À×Šà–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ ãÖß Öß–ÈèÍ–ÁÜÃ–âÓìÜÃ– ÅŠ×Ì–åØŠ–Ç. ãÏÌ–Ë¯ C.2 Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–Àç–Öß–Ìê–ÇíÀ–â×´Ì–ÁÜÃ–ËŠà–ÜŠÞÃ–Ë³×–æÎ. åÌ–Áß–Ìß–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ– Ì´Ì–Ñ×À–âÝíà–À¡–Åà–ÓàÈ–âØèÌ–×Šà ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à–Í‹àÌ–Ëá–Óß–Èà–ãÖ‹×–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ–Éœ ãÖß ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–Éœ–À×Šà 1% åÌ–ÁíÃ–âÁÈ–Å×ŠÌ–åØÇŠ. ÓèÌ–âÎèÌ–ÅªÃ–Ë¯–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ–Ë¯–Äß– É‹ÜÃ–æÈ‹–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–âÍªÃ–ÔïŠ–Ë¯–Á§–ÇíÀ–â×´Ì–âÑ²Ü–æÎ ÅíÓ–ËÞÍ–åÅŠ–ÀèÍ–ÀíÈ–âÀÌ–Ë³×ƒæÎ. âÊêÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, Ñ×À–âÝíà–Â×Ì–Âá–Ì±–Ã×Šà–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–Á´Ì–Í‹àÌ–Áß–ÙàÈ–ÁÜÃ–Éí×–ÔŠàÃ–ãÓŠÌ–Ì‹ÜÇ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ ãÖß È¨Ã–Ì´Ì Ñ×À–âÝíà–É‹ÜÃ–Óß–ÓèÈ–Öß–×èÃ–É¡–ÀèÍ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ë¯–ÅïÃ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–äÈÈ–ÈŠÞ×. åÌ–ÜêÀ–È‹àÌ–Ù±Ã, Ïï‹–ÜŠàÌ–Â×Ì–âÍªÃ Åá–ÖèÍ–ÀîŠÓ–ÁÜÃ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Îß–ÀíÈ–Óê ÜèÈ–Éà–Å×ŠÌ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à–Í‹àÌ–ÅïÃ âÆªÃ–ÓèÌ– âÎèÌ–Éí×–Æ¸–ãÄÃ–Ë¯–Ù‹à–âÆ²Ü–Êì–æÈ‹–âÑ²Ü–Ìá–Óà–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊéÃ–Îß–ÀíÈ–ÀàÌ–ÁÜÃ–Áß–Í×Ì–ÀàÌ–Ë¯–Åá– ÂèÌ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×.

Village in-migration shows the people that have come to stay in a village during the 12 months prior to the National Population and Housing Census. When looking at this map we should take into account the fact that at the level of both the country as well as at that of most of the districts emigration is higher than immigration. Map C.2 shows the exceptions to this general tendency. At the same time we can observe that village immigration is generally quite low with the majority of regions showing a rate of less than 1%. It is interesting to look at the exceptions to this general rule. We should however remember the very small sample size at the village level and be careful when interpreting high rates in isolated villages. Rather, the reader should look for clusters of villages presenting higher in-migration rates, which are a more reliable indicator for the occurrence of significant processes. Such patterns can be found in the very northern tip of the province of

ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–Âì–È¨Ã–Ì¸–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–åÌ–âÁÈ–ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–ÅîÈ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Í¡–ãÀ‹×, ÉàÓ–âÁÈ– ËàÃ ÑàÀ–ÀàÃ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Üî–ÈíÓ–æÆ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã–Û×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ, æÀ‹–ÀèÍ–ÎàÀ–ÜïŠ, ÍÜŠÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ– ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ âÁ¿à–Í‹àÌ äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹× ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÛàÇ–À×Šà 3%. âÆ¨Ì–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Îß–ÀíÈ–ÀàÌ–ÄéÃ– ãÓŠÌ–Åà–ÓàÈ ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÑàÀ–æÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–ÆÞÃ–Á×àÃ, Æ±Ã–ãÉŠ–ÀÜŠÌ–ãÓŠÌ–âÎèÌ–âÁÈ–Ñé–âÅÈ– æÆ–ÅíÓ–ÍïÌ ãÖß åÌ–âÁÈ–ËàÃ ÑàÀ–ÀàÃ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Äá–Îà–ÅèÀ.

Bokeo, in the centre of Oudomxay as well as in Luangprabang province, near Pak Ou, where in-migration is generally greater than 3%. The same phenomenon can be observed in the south of Xiengkhuang province, in the former Xaysomboune Special Zone as well as in the centre of Champasack province. More obviously, Vientiane Capital and Vientiane province have in-migration

âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ÔŠàÃ–Äß–ãÄ‹Ã–×Šà, åÌ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à– ÁÜÃ Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–åÌ–âÀìÜÍ–ËîÀƒÑºÌ–Ë¯ ãÖß Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ë¯–ÅïÃ Ç‹ÜÌ–âØÈ–ÏíÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–Äß–âÖêÌ– ÝîÃ–âÝìÜÃ ãÖß âÎèÌ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÖíÃ–ËëÌ–ÔŠàÃ–À×‹àÃ–Á×àÃ–åÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–âÛ³à–Ì´Ì.

in almost every area and at a high percentage as a result of the prosperity and large investments in the region.

ÀàÌ––Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿àÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ –Á´Ì–Í‹àC.3 Ì

ÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇâÁ‹àÍ‹àÌ

VillageVillage in-migration In-Migration 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ ÀàÌ–Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ Á´Ì–Í‹àÌ –åÌ 12 –âÈìÜÌ–ÏŠàÌ–Óà ÀŠÜÌ–ÀàÌ–ÅáÛ×È ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ

Village in-migration in the last 12 months prior to the census

. !

ÄáÌ×ÌâÑÈÆàÇ É¡ –âÑÈÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ Percent of village population

Saravane

. Sekong !

< 0.5 %

. !

Pakxe

0.5 % - 1 % 1.0 % - 2 %

. !

Attapeu

2.0 % - 3 %

14°0'0"N

>3%

C 0

100

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

C.4 ÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇÜÜÀÌÜÀÍ‹àÌ Village Out-Migration

âÓ²Ü–ÓèÌ–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à–Óà–Øà–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Åß–âÑàß (âÍªÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ C.3), ÓèÌ–ÎàÈ–Åà ÄàÀ–Í¡– æÈ‹–×Šà–Ïï‹–Ë¯–Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à–Óà–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–Äß–É‹ÜÃ–Óà–ÄàÀ–ÍŠÜÌ–åÈ–Ù±Ã. È¨Ã–Ì´Ì–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Åß– ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÜÜÀ–ÄàÀ–Í‹àÌ–åÌ–ãÉŠ–Öß–Í‹àÌ. Â×Ì–Ä²–æ×‹–Åß–âÚê–×Šà–Äá–Ì×Ì ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–Ë¯–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÜÜÀ Äß–Óê–ÅïÃ–À×Šà–Äá–Ì×Ì–Ë¯–ÇíÀ– Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à–âÑàß–ÍàÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹ ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–Ì´Ì–ÜàÈ–Äß–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–æÎ–ÔïŠ–ÉŠàÃ–Îß–âËÈ, ãÉŠ–Å×ŠÌ–ÛàÇ– ãÖ‹×–ãÓŠÌ–Ç‹àÇ–æÎ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ âÆªÃ–âÎèÌ–ÍÜŠÌ–ÝÜÃ–ÝèÍ–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–Ë¯–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ– ÑàÇ–åÌ–Îß–âËÈ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØŠ–Ç.

When there is in-migration to certain areas (see Map C.3), it goes without saying that the in-migrants must have migrated from somewhere. Therefore this map presents the percentage of people who have out-migrated from each village. It should be borne in mind that the total out-migration is higher than the in-migration with some people moving abroad, but mainly with Vientiane Capital absorbing the majority of migrants within the country. One important feature that strikes the observer of this map is that the gen-

ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÜèÌ–Åá–ÂèÌ–ÔŠàÃ–Ù±Ã–Ë¯–ÉíÍ–Éà–Ïï‹–âÍªÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–ãÍÍ–ÔŠàÃ–ÁÜÃ–æÖ–ß–Çß–Ø×ŠàÃ–Ë³×– æÎ–Ë¯–Óê Â×àÓ–Â‹àÇ–Âì–ÀèÌ–ÛàÇ–ÀèÍ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÁÜÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ C.3. â×¿à–ÜêÀ–ÔŠàÃ–Ù±–Ã×Šà–ÍŠÜÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÜèÈ– Éà–Å×ŠÌ–ÀàÌ ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à–Ë¯–ÅïÃ ãÖß À¡–âÎèÌ–ÍÜŠÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÜÜÀ–ÅïÃ– âÆ¨Ì–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–Æ±Ã–Äß–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ. È¨Ã–Ì´Ì åÌ Å Î Î Öà×–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÄàÀ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ– Ìß–ÍíÈ–Ì¸–æÎ–Øà–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–Ü²Ì ãÓŠÌ–Åà–ÓàÈ–Ìá–Óà–Üß–Ëé–ÍàÇ–æÈ‹–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Áß–Í×Ì–ÀàÌ–ÁÜÃ ÀàÌ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯ Åß–âÑàß–åÈ–Ù±Ã–ãÉŠ–Í¡–ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Áß–Í×Ì–ÀàÌ–ÁÜÃ– ÀàÌ–âÂ²ÜÌ–Ç‹àÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÄàÀ–ÑàÀ–ÅŠ×Ì–Ù±Ã–æÎ–ÅïŠ–ÜêÀ–ÑàÀ–ÅŠ×Ì–Ü²Ì. Îß–ÀíÈ–ÀàÌ–âÛ³à–Ì¸ ÚàÇ–âÊéÃ–ÍàÃ–ÁíÃ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–Ë¯–ÌÜ‹Ç Æ±Ã–åÌ–Áß–Ìß–Ë¯–ÁíÃ–âÁÈ–Ü²Ì–Ì´Ì–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à ãÖß ÜÜÀ–åÌ–â×–Öà–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ.

eral spatial pattern is very similar to the pattern of Map C.3. In other words, regions with high in-migration rates are generally also those regions with high out-migration rates. Rural to rural migration in the Lao PDR could therefore be interpreted as less than a process in which the population clearly moves from one part of the country to another, but rather as an exchange of people across more dynamic regions. This leaves some areas with very little migration dynamics, whereas others face in- as well as out-migration. Village out-migration was lowest in the northern provinces of Phongsaly, and Huaphanh, the central provinces of Khammuane and Savannakhet, and

ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Ë¯–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÜÜÀ–ÙÜ‹Ç–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Ï¿Ã–Åà–Öê ãÖß ãÁ×Ã– Øí×–ÑèÌ, ÔïŠ–ãÁ×Ã–Âá–Ó×ŠÌ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã–Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ–Æ±Ã–âÎèÌ–ãÁ×Ã–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–ÑàÀ–ÀàÃ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ, ãÖß ãÁ×Ã âÆ–ÀÜÃ ãÖß–ãÁ×Ã–ÜèÈ–Éß–Îì.Æ±Ã–ÔïŠ–ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ. âÊêÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÑàÇ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã ÉŠàÃƒ âÛ³à–Ì¸–ÍàÃ–âÁÈ–À¡–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÜÜÀ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–Ë¯–ÅïÃ–âÆ¨Ì: âÓìÜÃ–ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÁÜÃ ãÁ×Ã–Ï¿Ã–Åà–Öê ãÖß–ãÁ×Ã–Øí×–ÑèÌ ãÖß ÉàÓ–âÁÈ–âÓìÜÃ–Ìà– ÀàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Âá–Ó×ŠÌ ãÖß ÔïŠ–ÍàÃ–âÁÈ ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ. ÇèÃ–Óê–ÍàÃ–Í‹àÌ–ËàÃ–ÑàÀ– æÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ–Ë¯–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÜÜÀ–âÆªÃ–Óê ÛàÇ–À×Šà 3%; âÆ¨Ì–×Šà, Í‹àÌ–ÉŠàÃƒ åÌ–ÍàÃ–âÁÈ– ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÁÜÃ ãÁ×Ã–âÆ–ÀÜÃ, åÌ–ãÁ×Ã ÜèÈ–Éß–Îì ãÖß âÖàß–ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ–ãÂÓ–ãÓŠ– ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–Äá–Îà–ÅèÀ. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÜÜÀ–Ë¯–Óê–ÅïÃ Ì´Ì–âÝíà–ÇèÃ–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹– åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–Åà–Öß–×èÌ âÆªÃ–âÎèÌ–ÍÜŠÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÛàÇ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ ÜÜÀ–ÅïÃ–À×Šà 3%. Å×ŠÌ–åÌ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ–Ì´Ì–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÜÜÀ–ãÓŠÌ–âÀêÈ–ÁºÌ–ÔïŠ–ÉàÓ–ÁíÃ–âÁÈ Ë¯–É´Ã–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ ÌÜÀ–âËÈ–Åß–ÍàÌ–âÓìÜÃ–åØÇŠ.

the southern provinces of Sekong and Attapeu. However, within these provinces some areas experienced higher levels of out-migrations: the eastern district of Phongsaly and of Huaphanh provinces; the Nakhai region of Khammuane province, and some areas in Savannakhet province. A few villages in the south had an out-migration of more than 3%; namely, villages in some eastern areas of Sekong province, in Attapeu province and along the Mekong river in Champasack province. High out-migrations can also be observed in Saravane where many villages in the province have out-migration rates greater than 3%. In Vientiane Capital the village out-migrations occur from the regions located outside the main municipality. It is interesting to see that out-migration patterns are not significantly higher near the borders of neighbouring countries. Apparently, the geographi-

ÓèÌâÎèÌÅªÃË¯Ù‹àÅíÌåÄË¯Â×ŠÌÄß–ÝèÍ–Ýï‹–×ŠàÝïÍãÍÍÁÜÃÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇÜÜÀãÓŠÌÍ¡ ÓêÅïÃÔïŠÉàÓâÁÈË¯Óê ÆàÇãÈÌÉéÈÀèÍÎßâËÈâÑ²ÜÌÍ‹àÌ. ÉàÓÂ×àÓ–âÎèÌÄéÃ–ãÖ‹× ÑïÓÓéÎßâËÈË¯æÀ‹ÂÞÃÀèÍÁÜÃÎßâËÈ Ü²ÌÀèÍÎßâËÈâÝíàÍ¡–ãÓŠÌÎèÈ–åÄÅáÂèÌ–É¿ÌÉçË¯ÀßÉîÀ– ÆîÀÇï‹åØ‹ãÀŠÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇÜÜÀ.

cal proximity of other countries does not seem to be the most crucial factor stimulating migration.

ÀàÌ––Ç‹àÇ–ÜÜÀÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ –Á´Ì–Í‹àC.4 Ì

ÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇÜÜÀÌÜÀÍ‹àÌ

VillageVillage out-migration Out-Migration 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇÀàÌ–Ç‹àÇ–ÜÜÀ ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ– Á´Ì–Í‹àÌ –åÌ 12 –âÈìÜÌ–ÏŠàÌ–Óà ÀŠÜÌ–ÀàÌ–ÅáÛ×ÈÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ

Village out-migration in the last 12 months prior to the census

. !

ÄáÌ×ÌâÑÈÆàÇ É¡ –âÑÈÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ Percent of village population

Saravane

. Sekong !

< 0.5 %

. !

Pakxe

0.5 % - 1 % 1%-2%

. !

Attapeu

2%-3%

14°0'0"N

>3%

C 0

100

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

C.5 ÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ Total Migration

åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÑàÍ–äÈÇ–Ö×Ó–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÂ²ÜÌ–Ç‹àÇ–äÈÇ–Ö×Ó– ÁÜÃ Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–Öà×, Ïï‹–Ë¯–Ùê–ÜÜÀ–ÄàÀ Ûì ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÜÜÀ–ÄàÀ–Í‹àÌ–âÈêÓ–ÁÜÃ–Ñ×À–âÁíà ãÖß–æÈ‹– Óà–âÊéÃ Ûì ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–Ó–Øà–ÜêÀ–Í‹àÌ, âÓìÜÃ, Ûì ãÁ×Ã–Ü²Ìƒ. â×¿à–ÜêÀ–È‹àÌ–Ù±–Ã×Šà–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–âÎèÌ– ÀàÌ–Åß–Û‡Í–ØÇ§ Ë¯–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÑàÍ–ÀàÌ–âÂ²ÜÌ–æØ×–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ 2 ÜèÌ–ÀÜŠÌ–ÁÜÃ C.3 ãÖß C.4.

The map presents an overview of the total mobility of the Lao people, those who leave or migrate out of their village and arrive in or migrate to other villages, districts, or provinces. In other words this map summarises the dynamics shown in the preceding two maps C.3 and C.4. The total migration is shown in five frequency classes distinguished by dif-

ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–ãÓŠÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÜÜÀ–åÌ 5 Öß–ÈèÍ–Ë¯–ãÍŠÃ–ãÇÀ–ÜÜÀ–âÎèÌ–âÃíà–ÓìÈ–Åê–Ò‹à–Ë¯–ãÉÀ ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ, åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–ÜÜÀ–âÎèÌ–Öá–ÈèÍ–Éœ–À×Šà 0.5% æÎ–Øà–ÛàÇ–À×Šà 10% ÁÜÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Æà×– Í‹àÌ Ë¯–âÂ²ÜÌ–Ç‹àÇ–ÏŠàÌ–âÁ¿à ãÖß ÜÜÀ ÁÜÃ–Í‹àÌ. âÆªÃ–Åê–Ò‹à–ÜŠÜÌ–ãÓŠÌ À×Ó–âÜíà–ãÏÌ–Ëê–Ì¸–¯ÓèÌ– Åß–ãÈÃ–ÀàÌ Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÂ²ÜÌ–Ç‹àÇ–ÁÜÃ–Æà×–Í‹àÌ Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–Öß–ÈèÍ–Ë¯– Éœ–À×Šà 0.5% ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà 1%. ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÇàÇ–Ë¯–Åß–ãÈÃ–È×‹Ç–Åê–Ò‹à–ÀàÃƒ–ãÓŠÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹– Ýï‹–×Šà–ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ 2 Øà 5% ãÖß Åß–ãÈÃ–ÜÜÀ–âÎèÌ Âì–ÝïÍ–âÓèÈ–ãÀ‹×–ÌÜ‹ÇƒË¯–Éé– ÈÖÞÌ–ÀèÌ–ÄàÀ–ãÁ×Ã–Âá–Ó×ŠÌ ÖíÃ–æÎ–äÈÇ–ÀíÃ–ÅïŠ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–æÎ–âÊéÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Äá–Îà–ÅèÀ, ãÁ×Ã–âÆ–ÀÜÃ, ãÖß ãÁ×Ã–ÜèÈ–Éß–Îì, ãÖß ÓèÌ–À¡–ÇèÃ Óê–ÛàÇ–Ô¨Ã–ÔàÇ–âÖàß–ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ–âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ–Û×Ã–ãÂÓ–ãÓŠ ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ. Óê–ÑÞÃ–Í‹àÌ–Å×ŠÌ–ÙÜ‹Ç–Ë¯–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÜèÈ–Éà ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ 5 Øà 10% ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà– ÀÜÌ–åÌ–ÍèÌ–Èà–ãÁ×Ã–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–ÅîÈ.

ferent shades of blue, in ranges from less than 0.5% to over 10% of villagers moving into or out of a village. A light blue dominates the map indicating that between less than 0.5% and up to 1% of village populations are mobile. The spatial scatter and the amount of medium blue represents migration rates of between 2 and 5% and appears as an open mosaic from Khammuane and going south to Champasack, Sekong and Attapeu. This is more pronounced along the Mekong highway. Only a few villages show a migration rate of between 5 and 10% of the population in the southernmost provinces. In contrast, all of the provinces north of Khammuane are more markedly dotted with areas of in and out migrations; some are quite high with between

åÌ–ËàÃ–ÀíÃ–ÀèÌ–Á‹àÓ, åÌ–ËîÀƒ–ãÁ×Ã–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Âá–Ó×ŠÌ Óê–ÄîÈ–ãÉ‹Ó–âÎèÌ–ÄîÈƒË¯– âØèÌ–æÈ‹ ÆèÈ–âÄÌ–ÇªÃ–ÁºÌ–åÌ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à ãÖß ÜÜÀ; åÌ–ÍàÃ–âÁÈ–Óê–ÀàÌ–âÂ²ÜÌ– Ç‹àÇ–ÁÜÃ Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ–Ã–ÅïÃ–Æ±Ã–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ 5 Øà 10%, ãÖß åÌ–ÍàÃ–âÁÈ– Åß–âÑàß–åÈ–Ù±Ã–ãÓŠÌ–Óê ÜèÈ–Éà–ÛàÇ–À×Šà 10%. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–âÂ²ÜÌ–Ç‹àÇ–Ë¯–Óê–ÙÜ‹Ç–ÀŠ×–à–ÜèÈ–Éà– È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÜèÈ–Éà–Ë¯ “ÎíÀ–Àß–Éé” Âì 0.5 Øà 1% ãÓŠÌ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–Øí×–ÑèÌ, ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–æÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Û×Ã–ÌŸ–Ëà, ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ ÆŠÞÃ–âÙìÜ ãÖß ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ– ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê, ãÖß ãÁ×Ã–Ï¿Ã–Åà–Öê. ÜêÀ–Â´Ã–Ù±Ã, ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÍàÃ–âÁÈ–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–Éà– â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–Îß–ÀíÈ–Óê–ËŠà–ÜŠÞÃ–ÙÜ‹Ç–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ; âÊêÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, åÌ–ÁíÃ–âÁÈ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ– âÎèÌ–âÁÈ–Ñï–ÅïÃ, âÎèÌ–ãÛŠÃ–Üà–åÅ–ÁÜÃ–ÀîŠÓ–ÂíÌ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à ÉŠàÃƒ–Æ±Ã–ãÓŠÌ–ÀîŠÓ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–ÍàÃ–âË²Ü–À¡–Í¡–Ýï‹–ÄèÀ– åÆ‹–Ñà–Åà–Öà×. âÆªÃ–äÈÇ–ÎíÀ–Àß–Éé–ãÖ‹×–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÁÜÃ Ñ×À–âÁíà–ãÓŠÌ–ÁºÌ–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–âÂ²ÜÌ–Ç‹àÇ– ÉàÓ–ÝÜÍ ×ÞÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÎïÀ–ÐèÃ–ãÖß–È¨Ã–Ì´Ì ÀàÌ–âÂ²ÜÌ–Ç‹àÇ ÁÜÃ–Ñ×À–âÁíà–âÛ³à–Ì´Ì–ÄªÃ–Í¡–ÍèÌ–ËëÀ âÁ¿à–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–Êà–×ÜÌ.

5 and 10% of the villagers on the move, and in some exceptional areas even more than 10%. Less intensive movements with a “normal” migration rate of 0.5 to 1% are observed in the province of Huaphanh, the south of Luangnamtha, in the northwest and west of Xayaboury, and in Phongsaly. Once again, some areas along the eastern border appear less inclined to migration; however, these are mountainous regions, inhabited by hill-dwelling tribal groups, often not conversant with the Lao language. Their movements are usually local as part of shifting cultivation cycles and therefore are not often recorded as true migration. Summarising, the mobility of people during the 12 months preceding the Census indicates that between 1 and 5% of families are willing to move from their homes, while others return to their origins to invest saved money, estab-

Åß–Û‡Í–ãÖ‹×, Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÂ²ÜÌ–Ç‹àÇ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–åÌ–Æ×ŠÃ–æÖ–Çß–â×–Öà 12 âÈìÜÌ–ÀÜŠÌ ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–Æ¸–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ 1 Øà 5% ÁÜÃ–ÂÜÍ–Âí×–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–É´Ã– åÄ–âÑ²Ü–Äß–ÜÜÀ–ÄàÀ âÝìÜÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ ãÖß åÌ–Áß–Ìß–Ë¯–ÂíÌ–Ü²Ìƒ À¡–ÉÜ‹Ã–ÀàÌ–ÀèÍ–ÂìÌ–ÅïŠ–ÊªÌ–Àá–âÌêÈ– ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ–âÜÃ–âÑ²Ü–ÖíÃ–ËëÌ–âÃéÌ Ë¯–Ñ×À–âÁíà–æÈ‹–Ë‹ÜÌ–æ×‹, âÝèÈ–Ëî–Öß–ÀéÈ–Áß–ÙàÈ–ÌÜ‹Ç Ûì ãÉŠÃ–ÃàÌ. ÅàÇ–Ñí×–ÑèÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÂÜÍ–Âí× Ûì âÑ²ÜÌ–Í‹àÌ–æÀ‹–ÂÞÃ–ÜàÈ–Óê–ÜéÈ–Ëé–ÑíÌ–É¡–ÀàÌ–ÉèÈ–ÅéÌ–åÄ–åØ‹–Ç‹àÇ–æÎ– ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ãÈÌ–åÚŠ–Æ±Ã–ãÌß–Ìá–×Šà–Èê–À×Šà ãÖß Óê–Â×àÓ–Ú´Ì–ÂíÃ–ÎÜÈ–æÑ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÂíÍ–Â‹à–Åß–Óà–ÂíÓ– ÀèÍ–ÂÜÍ–Âí× Ûì âÑ²ÜÌ–ÐïÃ–Ë¯–Óê–Óà–ãÉŠ–ÀŠÜÌ–ãÖ‹× ÔïŠ–Ë¯–Ì´Ì. ÏŠàÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÍ–×Šà–âØÈ–ÏíÌ–Å×ŠÌ– åØÇŠ–Ë¯–Ïï‹–ÆàÇ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ãÓŠÌ–âÑ²Ü–Å‹àÃ–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ, Øà ×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá–Ë¯–Óê–ÖàÇ–æÈ‹–Èê Ûì ×ÞÀ–Ë¯– ÔïŠ–åÀ‹–ÍŠÜÌ–Ë¯–âÁíà–ÔïŠ ãÉŠ–åÌ–Áß–Ìß–Ë¯–Ïï‹–ÇéÃ–Å×ŠÌ–åØÇŠ–ãÖ‹× ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÇÜ‹Ì–ÊìÀ–ÍêÍ–ÍèÃ–ÂèÍ–ÄàÀ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ, ÀàÌ–ÀèÍ–ÂìÌ–æÎ–Øà–ÂÜÍ–Âí×, ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–Ë¯–Èê–ÀŠ×–à, ãÖß ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–Åà–Ëà–Öß–Ìß–ÅîÀ Ë¯–Èê–ÀŠ×–à. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÀàÌ–âÑ¸Ó–ÁºÌ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–åÌ ãÉŠ–Öß–Îê–Ë¯–Óê–Îß–ÓàÌ 125,000 ÂíÌ ãÖß ÓèÌ–Í¡–Åà–ÓàÈ–Ýï‹–æÈ‹–×Šà–Â×àÓ–ÀíÈ–ÈèÌ–Óê–ÛàÇ–ÑÞÃ–åÈ–Ë¯ Äß–Àß–ËíÍ–åÅ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã, ÉàÓ–ÈéÌ–ãÈÌ ãÖß ÉàÓ–âÁÈ–ãÛŠÃ–ÆèÍ–Ñß–Çà–ÀÜÌ–ËàÃ Ëá–Óß–ÆàÈ ãÖß Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Ë¯–Äß– ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–æÎ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Ë¯–Ü²Ì.

lish a small business or get married. Family and neighbourly bonds may influence the decision to move to a new place described as better and with the security of meeting family or friends already established there. Investigations have shown that male migrants move primarily for economic reasons, finding a job with better pay or nearer while female migrants are driven more by social arguments, family reunion, better schools and health services. It is not known how much pressure the annual population growth of about 125,000 new citizens is going to put on district and provincial towns, on land and natural resources and the need to migrate elsewhere.

ÏíÌ–Ö×ÓÀàÌ–Ç‹àÇÅîÈËé–ÁÜÃ ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜC.5 Ã

ÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ

Village totalTotal migration Migration 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

. ! Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha . !

HANOI

Muang Xay . !

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. ! Huay Xay

. ! Luang Prabang

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury . !

Phonhong . !

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . ! Savannakhet

16°0'0"N

ÏíÌ–Ö×ÓÀàÌ–Ç‹àÇÅîÈËé–ÁÜÃ ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ –åÌ 12

–âÈìÜÌ–ÀŠÜÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–Û×È (ÀàÌ–Ç‹àÇ––âÁ¿à + ÀàÌ–Ç‹àÇ–ÜÜÀ) Village total migration in last 12 month prior to census (in-migration + out-migration)

. !

ÄáÌ×ÌâÑÈÆàÇ É¡ –âÑÈÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ Percent of village population

Saravane

. ! Sekong . !

Pakxe

< 0.5 % 0.5 % - 1 % . !

2%-5%

Attapeu

5 % - 10 %

14°0'0"N

> 10 %

C 0

100

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

C.6 ÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇâÁ¿àæÎåÌÌßÂÜÌØÖ×Ã×ÞÃÄèÌ Migration to Vientiane capital

åÌ–Îß–âËÈ–Ë¯–Àá–ÖèÃ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–âÓìÜÃ–âÜÀ–ãÓŠÌ–âÎèÌ–Åß–ÊàÌ–Ë¯–Æ±Ã–Åß–ãÈÃ–âÊéÃ–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–Åß– âÑàß ÁÜÃ–ÆàÈ ãÖß âÎèÌ–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÖíÃ–ËëÌ–âÑ¯Ó–âÉêÓ–Äà–ÀÖèÈ–Êß–ÍàÌ–âÑ²Ü–ÑèÈ–Ëß– Ìà–äÂÃ–ÖŠàÃ, ÀàÌ–ËÜŠÃ–ËŠÞ×, ãÖß âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–Â×àÓ–Åß–È×À Åß–ÍàÇ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÂíÍ–Â‹à–Åß–Óà– ÂíÓ–ÀèÍ–ÉŠàÃ–Îß–âËÈ. Ìß–ÂÜÌ–Û×–Ã×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ–ÄªÃ–ÎÞÍ–âÙìÜÌ–âÎèÌ–ãÓŠ–âÛèÀ Ë¯–ÈëÃ–ÈïÈ–ÂíÌ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–æÀ‹ Ûì æÀ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–Óà Åß–ãØ×Ã–Øà–âÜíà–Æê–×éÈ–Ë¯–Èê–À×Šà. âÊêÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–Èê, ãÉŠ–ÀàÌ–ÈëÃ–ÈïÈ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×– Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Í¡–æÈ‹–Áß–ØÇàÇ ÜÜÀ–ÔŠàÃ–âË³à–ËÞÓ–ÀèÌ–åÌ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ. åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸ ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Üß–Ëé–ÍàÇ âÊéÃ–É¿Ì–Àá–âÌêÈ–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯ ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à–Óà–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–Û×–Ã×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ âÆªÃ–Óê 2 ×é–Ëê–Ë¯–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ. ÔŠàÃ–Ëá–ÜéÈ–ãÓŠÌ–âÃíà–Åê–ãÈÃ Óê–ÔïŠ–åÌ 6 Öß–ÈèÍ–Ë¯–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊêÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÅŠ×Ì– Ý‹ÜÇ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–ãÉŠ–Öß âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–æÈ‹ ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à–Óà–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ. ãÖß ÔŠàÃ–Ë¯– ÅÜÃ–ãÓŠÌ–ÄîÈ–ÌÜ‹Ç–ãÓŠÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊêÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Éí×–âÖÀ–Ë¯–ãÌŠ–ÌÜÌ–ÁÜÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ– Ë¯–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à–Óà–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ, âÆªÃ–ãÉŠ–Öß–ÄîÈ ãÓŠÌ–âÎèÌ–ÅèÌ–Çà–ÖèÀ–åØ‹–ãÀŠ 100 ÂíÌ.

In developing countries the capital city is the national showcase receiving additional government funding for infrastructure development, tourism, and advanced facilities for the international community. The capital of Vientiane has always acted as a magnet attracting people from near and far in search of a better life. However, this attraction does not extend equally over the whole country. This map depicts the origin of migrants to Vientiane Capital in two different ways. Firstly, the shading in six different shades of red shows the percentage of the population of each district which has moved to Vientiane. And secondly, the dots show the absolute number of migrants to the capital city, where each dot represents 100 people. Using these two indicators, some interesting general migration patterns can

äÈÇ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–Éí×–Æ¸ 2 Îß–âÑÈ–Ì¸, ÍàÃ–Óê–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–Ë¯–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ–åÌ–ÀàÌ ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–âÆªÃ–Åà–ÓàÈ ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹. Ñ×À–ÓèÌ–ÇèÃ–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÊìÀ–ãÇÀ–ÜÜÀ–æÈ‹–âÎèÌ 3 Îß–âÑÈ. Îß–âÑÈ–Ëá–ÜéÈ–Ñ×À–âÝíà Åà–ÓàÈ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÁÜÃ–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–åÌ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã ×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ–åÌ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅïÃ. âÓìÜÃ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–À×Ó–Çà×–ÜÜÀ–æÎ–ÄàÀ–ãÁ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ–Á‹àÓ–ãÁ×Ã ÆÞÃ–Á×àÃ–Æ±Ã–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÑàÀ–ÀàÃ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ âÖêÇ–ÁºÌ–æÎ–ÝÜÈ–ãÁ×Ã–Øí×–ÑèÌ. Â×Ì–Ä²–æ×‹–×Šà–ÀàÌ ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–åÌ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ–ÄàÀ–ÁíÃ–âÁÈ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÅïÃ–ÌèÍ–ËèÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Éí×–âÖÀ ãÖß ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÏíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Óà–ÄàÀ–ãÁ×Ã–Àá–âÌêÈ–ÁÜÃ–Ñ×À–âÁíà. ÁíÃ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–ÅÜÃ ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÜÜÀ–âÆªÃ–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ãÓŠÌ–âÁÈ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ–ãÂÓ–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ ÁÜÃ. âÊêÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÄîÈ–Åê–ÁÞ×–Äß–Óê–ÛàÇ Æ±Ã–ÓèÌ–À¡–ÙàÇ–âÊéÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–Óê–ÛàÇ âÆ¨Ì–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–ãÉŠ–ÅªÃ–Ì¸–âÎèÌ–ÑÞÃ–Å×ŠÌ–Îß–ÀÜÍ–âÎèÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–ÌÜ‹Çƒ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÓìÜÃ. ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–Åß–Êé–Éé–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊéÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÄàÀ–ãÁ×Ã–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ÅŠ×Ì–åØŠ–Ç–ãÓŠÌ–âÖìÜÀ–Ë¯–Äß–æÎ Îß–âËÈ–æË ÛàÇ–À×Šà–æÎ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ. ÅîÈ–Ë‹àÇ, ãÓŠÌ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–Ë¯–ÅàÓ–ÁÜÃ–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Óê ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÛàÇ–âÑ²Ü–âÁ¿à–Óà–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ÉàÓ–âÁÈ–ÆÜŠÃ Ø×ŠàÃ–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–ãÁ×Ã–æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê Øà ãÁ×Ã–Û×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ ãÖß Áß–ØÇàÇ–À×‹àÃ ÜÜÀ–æÎ–âÊêÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Ï¿Ã–Åà–Öê. åÌ–âÓìÜÃ–ÉŠàÃƒ âÛ³à–Ì¸, ÇíÀ–â×´Ì–âÓìÜÃ–Û×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ, Å×ŠÌ–Äá–Ì×Ì Éí×–âÖ–ÀÖ×Ó–Ë´Ã–ÚíÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÏïŒ–Ë¯–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ–Éœ, ãÉŠ–Äá–Ì×Ì–È¨Ã–ÀŠà× ãÓŠÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹ âØèÌ–âÊêÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–Ë¯–ÛàÇ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÓìÜÃ. Óê–ÍàÃ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ãÓŠÌ–âÀìÜÍ–Í¡–Óê–ÀàÌ ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÜÜÀ–ÄàÀ–âÁÈ–ãÈÌ–Ì´Ì–æÎ–Øà–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ âÆ¨Ì åÌ–ÁíÃ–âÁÈ–ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–ÅîÈ ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ ãÖß ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ–ÅàÇ–Ñï–ØÖ×Ã æÎ–Øà–ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÆŠÞÃ–æÉ‹ ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ ÅÎÎ Öà×.

be observed. They can be roughly categorised into three types. First we find a pattern of districts with high migration rates to Vientiane Capital. These districts stretch from Vientiane Province across the central province of Xiengkhuang and up to Huaphanh. It should be noted that the movement to Vientiane from these regions is high both in total numbers and in percentages of the population of the originating provinces. A second region of out-migration can be found southwards along the Mekong River. Even though the number of green dots and hence the number of people is considerable, this only constitutes a rather small percentage of the district populations. Statistics show that a majority of migrants from these provinces choose Thailand rather than Vientiane as a destination. Finally, the third spatial pattern of districts with pronounced migration to Vientiane can be found along a corridor from Xayabury to Luangprabang and extending up to Phongsaly Province. In many of these districts, with the exception of Luangprabang district itself, the total number of migrants is rather modest but they represent a considerable percentage of the district populations. Almost no migrants to the capital city depart from some regions, namely from those in the very north of the country and along the Annamite chain to the south-eastern parts. The forces driving this rural-urban migration are probably not different to the reasons discussed in the previous maps of this section, i.e. the search

âØÈ–ÏíÌ–Ë¯–ÑèÀ–ÈèÌ–åØ‹–Óê–ÀàÌ–âÂ²ÜÌ–Ç‹àÇ–ÄàÀ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ æÎ–Øà Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–ÓèÌ–ÜàÈ–Äß–Í¡–ãÉÀ– ÉŠàÃ ÀèÌ–ÀèÍ–âØÈ–ÏíÌ–Ë¯–Ñ×À–âÝíà–æÈ‹–ÎëÀ–Åà–Øà–Öì–ÀèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ÍèÍ–ÀÜŠÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÑàÀ–Ì¸ Éí×–ÔŠàÃ– âÆ¨Ì: ÀàÌ–ÆÜÀ–Øà–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ ÃàÌ–Ëá, ãÖß ÑÜ‹Ó–ÀèÌ–Ì´Ì–À¡–Óê–âØÈ–ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà ãÖß ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–Åà–Ëà–Öß–Ìß–ÅîÀ Ûì ÇÜ‹Ì–Óê–Åß–Óà–ÆéÀ–åÌ–ÂÜÍ–Âí×–æÈ‹–Ç‹àÇ–æÎ–ÔïŠ–ÀÜŠÌ–ãÖ‹× ãÖß ÇàÀ–ÉàÓ–æÎ. ÍíÈ–ÍàÈ–Ë¯–Åá ÂèÌ–âÆªÃ–æÈ‹–ÊìÀ–ãÌß–Ìá–åØ‹–åÆ‹–ãÓŠÌ–äËÖß–ÅèÍ–Óì–Êì–Ë¯–Åà–ÓàÈ ãÖÀ–ÎŠÞÌ–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÀèÍ–ÂÜÍ–Âí× Ûì âÑ²ÜÌ–ÐïÃ–ÔïŠ–Ë¯–Í‹àÌ Ûì Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÂÜÍ–Âí× Ûì âÑ²ÜÌ–ÐïÃ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Ç‹àÇ–æÎ ÔïŠ–åÌ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–Û×–Ã×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ–ãÖ‹×.

for employment, but also the availability of educational and health services or the desire to follow other family members who have already migrated. A significant role is played by the introduction of mobile phones which allow the sharing of information between family or friends at home or between those already installed in Vientiane Capital. For a better understanding and interpretation of these spatial patterns, it is important to look at other maps in this atlas. From the maps in section F we

âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–Óê–Â×àÓ–âÁ¿à–åÄ–ÛàÇ–ÁºÌ–ÜêÀ ãÖß ÀàÌ–Éê–Â×àÓ–ÚàÇ–ÁÜÃ–æÖ–Çß–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÉŠàÃƒ– âÛ³à–Ì¸, ÓèÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ–Åá–ÂèÌ–Ë¯–âÝíà–Äß–É‹ÜÃ–æÈ‹–âÍªÃ–Ë¯–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ü²ÌƒÔïŠ–åÌ–ÎºÓ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸. ÄàÀ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯– åÌ–ÑàÀ F Ñ×À–âÝíà–Åà–ÓàÈ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–×Šà ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÍíÈ–ÍàÈ–Åá–ÂèÌ–ÛàÇ. Â×àÓ–ÄªÃ–Ë¯–Ìß– ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã ×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ–ÇèÃ–Óê–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–Ë¯–Â‹àÇ ÀèÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–Óê–ÛàÇ–ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–Ë¯–ÇèÃ–Í¡–æÈ‹– Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à–æÎ åÌ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ–âË²Ü. ÅªÃ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ÓèÌ–æÈ‹–åØ‹–ÍàÃ–Âá–ÂéÈ–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ– ÄàÀ–âÁÈ ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–æÎ–Øà–âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–ãÓŠÌ–ÇèÃ–âÎèÌ–ÅÜÃ–Á´Ì–ÉÜÌ–ÁÜÃ–Áß–Í×Ì–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ. ÍàÈ–À‹à× Ëá–ÜéÈ, Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–ÍàÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Äß–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–æÎ–ÔïŠ–Ë¯–âÓìÜÃ Ûì âËÈ–Åß–ÍàÌ–ãÁ×Ã Æ±Ã–åÌ–Áß–Ìß–Ë¯ ÍàÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–À¡–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÄàÀ–Åß–ÊàÌ–Ë¯–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Ì¸–æÎ–Øà–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ. È¨Ã– Ë¯–Ñ×À–âÝíà âØèÌ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ C.2, âÓìÜÃ–Û×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ–ãÓŠÌ–âÎèÌ–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–ËàÃ–ÏŠàÌ–Æ±Ã–ÜéÃ–ÉàÓ– Àç–Öß–Ìê–ÁÜÃ ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ. ÓèÌ–âÎèÌ–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–ÝÜÃ–ÝèÍ–âÜíà–ÂíÌ–âÎèÌ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Û×Ã–ÛàÇ–ÄàÀ–âÓìÜÃ ÜÜ‹Ó–Á‹àÃ ãÉŠ–ÑÜ‹Ó–ÀèÌ–Ì´Ì–ÓèÌ–À¡–Ìá–Å³Ã–ÂíÌ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Û×Ã–ÛàÇ–æÎ–Øà–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ.

can see that ethnicity plays a crucial role. The fact that Vientiane is ethnically still quite homogenous indicates that many minorities have not yet moved to the city. This implies that rural-urban migration is still a two-step process. First, some people move to district or provincial capitals while others move from there to Vientiane. As we can see in Map C.2, Luangprabang town is really a transit town in terms of migration. It receives many people from surrounding districts but at the same time sends many people to Vientiane. The continuation of this influx of migrants to Vientiane may limit public services much faster than foreseen. It is therefore desirable to decentralise and establish new development centres around the provincial towns. While migration contributes to the exchange of experience and information it should not

åÌÑàÀÛìÉÜÌÉ¡æÎÁÜÃÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇâÁ¿àæÎØàÌßÂÜÌØÖ×Ã×ÞÃÄèÌÜàÈÄßÓêÀàÌÄá ÀèÈ åÌÀàÌÍçÖéÀàÌÉ¡ÓßØàÆíÌÉÜ‹Ãæ×ÀÜŠÌÀàÌâØèÌÖ×ŠÃÙ‹à. È¨ÃÌ´ÌÓèÌÄªÃÂ×ÌåØ‹ÓêÀàÌ ÀßÄàÇÅªÃÉŠàÃƒ ãÖß Å‹àÃÅïÌÀàÃÀàÌÑèÈËßÌàãØŠÃåÚŠÔïŠÑºÌË¯ÜÜ‹ÓÁ‹àÃË³×âÓìÜÃÁÜÃ ãÁ×ÃÉŠàÃƒ. åÌÁßÌßË¯ ÓêÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇÀàÌåØ‹ÀàÌÆŠ×ÇâÛìÜâÑ²ÜãÖÀÎŠÞÌÎßÅíÍÀàÌ ãÖß Á§ÓïÌ Í¡Â×ÌË¯âÝíàÄßåØ‹ÀàÌÆ×ŠÇâÛìÜâÑ²ÜâÑ¸ÓÂ×àÓÍ¡âË³àËÞÓÀèÌåÌÅèÃÂíÓ.

contribute to increasing social disparities.

ÀàÌ––Ç‹àÇÄàÀ–ÍŠÜÌ–Àá–âÌê–È Óà–Èá–ÖíÃ–Æé×éÈ–ÔïŠÀá–ãÑÃ ÌßÂÜÌ–×ÞÃ–ÄC.6 èÌ

ÀàÌÇíÀÇ‹àÇâÁ¿àæÎåÌÌßÂÜÌØÖ×Ã×ÞÃÄèÌ

Migration to Vientiane Migration tomunicipality Vientiane capital 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

104°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

! !

! ! !

! !

! ! !!

! !

Phongsaly

. ! !

22°0'0"N

! !

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R

! ! !

! !

Luang Namtha ! . !

! ! !

! !

! ! !

! !

! !! !!

! !

! ! !

! !

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !

. Huay Xay !

! !

! !!

Xamneua

. !

! ! !

. Luang Prabang !

! !

. !

Xayabury ! .

Phonsavan

Phonhong ! .

! !

! !!

! !

! ! !!

! ! !

! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

. !

Pakxanh

! !

! !!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

VIENTIANE

! !

. ! !

! !

18°0'0"N

! ! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! !

Muang Xay !! .

. !

! !

HANOI

20°0'0"N

! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! !

!! !!

! Thakhek

! !!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !

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! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

. Savannakhet !

ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ Ê¯–ÌÀá–âÌéÈ–âÈêÓ–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ç‹àÇ––âÁ¿àÓ

!! ! !

! !

! ! !

! !

! ! ! !! !

16°0'0"N

à–ÈáÖíÃ–Æé×éÈ–ÔïŠ–åÌÀá––ãÑÃ–ÌßÂÜÌ ×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ

! !

Origin of life-time migrants to

! ! ! ! !! !

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! !

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! !

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Pakxe

. !

! !

. Sekong !

! !

! Saravane !

! !

ÄáÌ×ÌâÑÈÆàÇ É¡ –âÑÈÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ Percent of district population

! ! !

! !

<1%

! ! !

1%-3%

! ! !

! !!

!! ! !

3%-5%

! !

5%-8%

! ! !

8 % - 12 %

> 12 %

! ! !

Àá––ãÑÃ–ÌßÂÜÌ ×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ Vientiane municipality

! !

. !

Attapeu !

! ! !

! ! !!

! !

!! !

! !!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

100

! !

1 –âÓèÈ = 100 ÂíÌ 1 Dot = 100 Persons

. !

! !

Vientiane municipality !

! !

!! ! ! !

! !

!! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !!! !

14°0'0"N

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

SECTION D

ÀàÌÝï‹ÙèÃÅì ãÖß ÀàÌÅëÀÅà Literacy and education äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹×–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Âá–ÌëÃ–âÊéÃ–âÂ²ÜÃ–Óì–Ë¯–Óê–Îß–ÅéÈ–Éé–ÑàÍ–âÑ²Ü–Û‡È–ÏŠÜÌ–Â×àÓ– ËîÀ ãÖß Â×àÓ–Í¡–âË³à–ËÞÓ–ÀèÌ, ÀàÌ–ÎèÍ–ÎîÃ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ ãÖß Æê–×éÈ–ÀàÌ–âÎèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÅèÃ– ÂíÓ–åØ‹–Èê–ÁºÌ, ãÖß Àà–Ì×àÃ–ãÏ–Ì×ÞÀ–âÍºÜÃ–É¿Ì–âÑ²Ü–Áß–ØÇàÇ–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–åØ‹–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÇìÌ–ÇíÃ. ÇîÈ–Ëß–ÅàÈ–ÀàÌ–âÉêÍ–äÉ ãÖß Öë–ÍÖ‹àÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ (NGPES) ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹– Àá–ÌíÈ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–âÎèÌ–ÀîÌ ãÄ–Åá–ÂèÌ–Ë¯–Ñß–Çà–ÇàÓ–åÌ ÀàÌ–ÆŠ×Ç–âÛìÜ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÖíÍ–Ö‹àÃ Â×àÓ–ËîÀ. ÄîÈ–Îß–ÅíÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà åÌ–ËíÈ–Åß–Øß–Åß–×èÈ–âÖÀ–Ëê 2, æÈ‹–Óê–âÎ¿à–ÚàÇ–åØ‹–òÍèÌ–Öî–ÏíÌ–Åá–âÖèÈ– åÌ–Á´Ì–Îß–ÊíÓ–ÅëÀ–Åà–åÌ–Ë³×–Åà–ÀíÌ åÌ–Îê 2015. ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–ÉàÓ–ÀàÌ–Îß–Éé–ÍèÈ–âÛ³à–Ì¸ ÖèÈ–Êß–ÍàÌ ÅÎÎ Öà×–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–åØ‹–Âá–Ú´Ì–ÅèÌ–Çà–×Šà ÍèÌ–Èà–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÀÌ–Üà–Çî–Öß–ÈèÍ–Á´Ì–Îß–ÊíÓ–ÅëÀ–Åà–ÌèÍ–ËèÃ–ÇéÃ ãÖß ÆàÇ–Äß–É‹ÜÃ–æÈ‹–âÁ¿à–äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ. âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–ÀàÌ–À‹à×–æÎ–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–ÌèÍ–ËèÃ–Îß– Öé–éÓàÌ ãÖß ÂîÌ–Ìß–ÑàÍ–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–ÄèÈ–É´Ã–ÁºÌ–ÔïŠ ÅÎÎ Öà× åÌ–ÆïŠÓ–Îê–ÏŠàÌ–Óà ãÉŠ–×Šà–ÓèÌ–À¡–ÇèÃ–Óê–Å¯Ã– Ë¯–Ë‹à–ËàÇ–Åá–ÂèÌ–ÔïŠ. ÌÜÀ–ÄàÀ–Ì¸, ÀàÌ–Áß–ØÇàÇ–Éí×–ËàÃ È‹àÌ–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–æÎ–Ñ‹ÜÓƒ–ÀèÌ–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ– âÑ¸Ó–ÁºÌ–ÔŠà–Ã×ŠÜÃ–æ×–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÓèÌ–æÈ‹–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–Â×àÓ ÝÞÀ–Ý‹ÜÃ–É‹ÜÃ–ÀàÌ–âÑ²Ü–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ–È‹àÌ– ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà ãÖß ÍîÀ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–Óê ×é–Æà–ÆêÍ. Ç‹ÜÌ–ãÌ×–Ì´Ì ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ 50% ãÓŠÌ–Æà×–ÙîŠÓ–ÜŠÜÌ– ÀŠ×–à 20 Îê ãÖß ÇèÃ–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Éœ ÁÜÃ–Æà×–ÙîŠÓ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÄíÍ Á´Ì–ÓèÈ–Ëß–ÇíÓ–ÓèÌ–ÉÜÌ–ÎàÇ ãÖß ÓèÌ–À¡–âÎèÌ–ÜèÌ–Äß–ãÄ‹Ã–×Šà–Â×àÓ–Ñß–Çà–ÇàÓ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–ãÓŠÌ Óê–Â×àÓ–Åá–ÂèÌ ÛàÇ–É¡–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ– Ëß–Ìà–Îß–âËÈ–åÌ–Üà–Ìà–ÂíÈ.

Education is generally considered to be a powerful instrument for reducing poverty and inequality, improving health and social well-being, and laying the groundwork for sustained economic growth. The National Growth and Poverty Eradication Strategy (NGPES) identified education as a key focus area to assist in poverty eradication efforts. In line with the Millennium Development Goal Number 2, which seeks to achieve universal primary education by 2015, the Lao PDR is committed to the enrolment of all primary-school-aged boys and girls in school. Even though quantitative and qualitative progress in education has been made in the Lao PDR in recent years, important challenges remain. Furthermore, economic growth coupled with rapid population growth is increasing the demand for education services and for vocationally qualified people. Given the fact that 50% of the population is younger than 20 years of age and the low percentage of youngsters finishing high school it becomes clear how important current efforts in education are for the future development of the country. For a better understanding of these challenges and for the design of promis-

âÑ²Ü–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–Óê–Â×àÓ–âÁ¿à–åÄ–Èê–ÁºÌ–ÀŠ×–à–âÀ³à–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Å¯Ã–Ë¯–Ë‹à–ËàÇ–âÛ³à–Ì¸ ãÖß âÑ²Ü–ÜÜÀ–ãÍÍ– ãÏÌ–ÇîÈ Ëß–ÅàÈ–Ë¯–âÉèÓ–æÎ–È‹×Ç–Â×àÓ–Øè×Ã Â×àÓ–âÁ¿à–åÄ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Åß–Êà–Ìß–ÀàÌ–åÌ–Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ– ãÓŠÌ–Åá–ÂèÌ–ÛàÇ Ë¯–ÅîÈ. Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Å³Ã–ÏíÌ–Åß–Ë‹ÜÌ–äÈÇ–ÀàÌ–Å‹àÃ–Âá–ÊàÓ–åÌ–æÖ–Çß–â×–Öà–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ– Åá–Û×È–ÏíÌ–Öß âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–åÌ–Îê 2005 Ë¯–ÀŠÞ×–Á‹ÜÃ–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà. ÍèÌ–Èà–Âá–ÊàÓ– âÛ³à–Ì¸–Îß–ÀÜÍ Óê–Âì:

ing strategies, an understanding of the present situation is crucial. This was reflected by the questions asked in the National Population and Housing Census of 2005 concerning educational issues. These questions included: • “Have you ever attended school?” • “What was the highest level of education you achieved? (basic and voca-

• “ËŠàÌ–âÂêÇ–âÁ¿à–äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ–Í¡?”

• “ËŠàÌ–æÈ‹–Åá–âÖèÈ–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ–ãÓŠÌ–ØÇèÃ? (ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ ãÖß ×é–Æà–

ÆêÍ)” • “ËŠàÌ–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÜŠàÌ ãÖß ÁÞÌ–Ñà–Åà–Öà×–æÈ‹–Í¡?”

tional education)” • “Can you read and write Lao?” Even if these questions seem to be of quite limited content, a wealth of information on literacy and education could be generated by relating the

âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–Âá–ÊàÓ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–É´Ã–ÁºÌ–Óà–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Äá–ÀèÈ ãÉŠ–ÓèÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ–Üî–ÈíÓ–ÅíÓ–ÍïÌ–ÁÜÃ– Á§–ÓïÌ ÁŠà×–ÅàÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃ–Åì ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–äÈÇ–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÍ–Âá–ÉÜÍ–ÄàÀ–ÍîÀ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹– ÉÜÍ Âá–ÊàÓ ãÖß ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–Ü²ÌƒÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–ÉÜÍ (âÆ¨Ì âÑÈ, Üà–Çî, ÆíÌ–âÏ³à, Åß–ÊàÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ ãÖß Ü²–ìÌƒ). ÌÜÀ–ÄàÀ–Ì¸, Öß–ÈèÍ–ÁÜÃ–ãÉŠ–Öß–Í‹àÌ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ ãÓŠÌ æÈ‹–Êà–Ó×Šà–Ê‹à–Í‹àÌ–Óê–äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ– Îß–ÊíÓ ãÖß Ê‹à–äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ–Ì¸–Óê–Öß–ÈèÍ–ãÉŠ Î 1 Øà Î 5 Ûì Î 1 Øà Î 3. ÑàÀË¯ÉéÈÉàÓÓàÌ¸æÈ‹ÅßâÙêãÏÌË¯ÔïŠåÌÍàÃÖèÀÅßÌßË¯ÅáÂèÌÀŠÞ×ÀèÍÀàÌÝï‹ÙèÃ Åì ãÖß ÀàÌ ÅëÀÅàÅíÓËÞÍåÅŠãÏÌË¯Ì¸ÀèÍãÏÌË¯åÌÑàÀÜ²Ìƒ, âÆ¨Ì: ÆíÌâÏ³à (ÑàÀ F) ÀéÈÄßÀá âÅÈÊßÀéÈ (ÑàÀ G) ãÖß Â×àÓËîÀ ãÖß Â×àÓÍ¡ÅßâÚêÑàÍ (ÑàÀ I) Æ²ÃÄßâÎèÌÑàÀË¯ÓêÂ×àÓÙ‹àÅíÌåÄ.

answers to other characteristics of the respondents (sex, age, ethnicity, place of residence, etc.). Furthermore, at the level of each village, it was also asked if the village had a primary school and if this school offered full primary education (grades 1 to 5) or partial primary education (grades 1 to 3). The following section presents maps on some of the key features of literacy and education. It is interesting to further compare these maps with other sections, such as ethnicity (section F), economic activities (section G), or poverty and inequality (section I).

D.1 ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅì ãÖß –äÝÃÝÞÌ Literacy and schools

åÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–Îê 2005 âÑ¯Ì–æÈ‹–Îß–âÓêÌ–ÀàÌ–Ýï‹– ÙèÃ–Åì–ÁÜÃ ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Öà×–äÈÇ–æÈ‹–ÅÜÍ–ÊàÓ–ÂíÌ–Öà×–ËîÀ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Üà–Çî–É´Ã–ãÉŠ 6 Îê ÁºÌ–æÎ–âÑ²Ü– ÆÜÀ–Ýï‹–×Šà–Ñ×À âÁíà–âÄ¿à–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÜŠàÌ ãÖß ÁÞÌ–Ñà–Åà–Öà×–æÈ‹ Ûì Í¡. Âá–ÉÜÍ–ÃŠàÇƒÉ¡–Âá–ÊàÓ– Ì¸–À¡–Óê–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–ÉÜÍ–×Šà “ÜŠàÌ/ÁÞÌ–æÈ‹” Ûì “Í¡–æÈ‹” âË³à–Ì´Ì. âÑ²Ü–Îß–âÓêÌ–ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃ–Åì–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß– âÓìÜÃ–åØ‹–æÈ‹–ÊìÀ–É‹ÜÃ–Ì´Ì ÉàÓ–ÎíÀ–Àß–Éé–ãÖ‹×–âÑ¯Ì–Äß–âÝèÈ–ÀàÌ–ËíÈ–ÅÜÍ–ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–ÜŠàÌ ãÖß ÁÞÌ. È¨Ã–Ì´Ì Ä±–²Ã–Â×Ì–âÁ¿à–åÄ–×Šà–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃ–Åì–ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Óà–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß– âÓìÜÃ–âÎèÌ–Á§–ÓïÌ–Ë¯–Í¡–Öß–ÜÞÈ. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Óê–Üà–Çî– ÅïÃ–À×Šà 15 Îê Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–Â‹àÇ–Âì–ÀèÌ ÀèÍ–ÏíÌ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–Ë¯–ÄèÈ–É´Ã–ÁºÌ–âÎèÌ–Ñé–âÅÈ–ÀŠÞ×– ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃ–Åì–Ë¯–Øà À¡–ÏŠàÌ–æÎ–åÌ–Ú¡ƒÌ¸. Ç¯Ã–æÎ–À×Šà–Ì´Ì, Éí×–âÖÀ–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–Ì´Ì–À¡–ÇèÃ– Åà–ÓàÈ–Ìá–æÎ–ÎÞÍ–ËÞÍ–ÀèÍ–Éí×–âÖÀ–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ Åá–ØÖ×È–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–äÑÀ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÆíÓ–åÆ‹– ÑàÇ–åÌ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ Â´Ã–Ëê III (LECS III) Ë¯–æÈ‹–Îß–Éé–ÍèÈ åÌ–Îê 2002/2003.

In the National Population and Housing Census of 2005, literacy was assessed by asking everybody aged 6 years and over if they could read and write Lao. The answer required a simple “Yes” or “No”. In order to correctly assess literacy it is usual to carry out both reading and writing tests so the measure of literacy rates based on the census information should be considered as fairly crude,. However, the percentages of the literate population older than 15 years of age are very similar to those of recent special surveys on literacy. Moreover, the figures are comparable to those of the Lao Expenditure and Consumption Survey III (LECS III) carried out in 2002/2003. The official national average literacy rate for the population aged ≥15 years is 72.7% but there are substantial differences between women and men, urban

ÜèÈ–Éà–Åß–âÖ¨Ç–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃ–Åì–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Óê–Üà–Çî–âË³à–ÀèÍ ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà 15 Îê ãÓŠÌ 72.7% ãÉŠ–×Šà–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃ–Åì–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–ãÓŠ–ÇéÃ ãÖß Ïï‹–ÆàÇ, ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ– âÁÈ Éí×–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ ãÖß ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–ÉàÓ–ÀîŠÓ–Ñà–Åà–Ì´Ì–Óê–Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–ÛàÇ. Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–âÛ³à–Ì¸ ãÓŠÌ–Äß–æÈ‹–Åß–âÙê–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–É¡–Óà–ÁÜÃ–ÑàÀ–Ì¸.

and rural populations and different ethno-linguistic groups. These will be illustrated in the subsequent maps of this chapter. This map presents two types of information. On one hand literacy rates are depicted as the percentage of the village population who are literate. Differ-

ãÏÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Åß–âÙê–åØ‹–âØèÌ–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÅÜÃ–Îß–âÑÈ. ÜêÀ–È‹àÌ–Ù±Ã–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃ–Åì–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹– âØèÌ–âÎèÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÜŠàÌ ãÖß ÁÞÌ–ÙèÃ–Åì–æÈ‹. ÑàÍ–âÃíà–Åê– ÁÞ×–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ Åß–ãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃ–Åì–ÄàÀ–Öß–ÈèÍ–Ù‹ÜÇ–À×Šà 20% Øà–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÛàÇ À×Šà 20%. ÌÜÀ–âÙìÜ–ÄàÀ–Ì´Ì, ÄîÈ–Ë¯–Óê–âÂ²ÜÃ–ÚàÇ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ãÓŠÌ–ÄîÈ–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ–Ë¯–É´Ã–ÁÜÃ– Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÖàÇ–Ãà–Ì×Šà–Óê–äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ–Îß–ÊíÓ. ÄîÈ–Ë¯–ÚàÇ–È‹×Ç–Åê–ÆíÓ–Ñï–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ–ÄîÈ–Ë¯–Óê–äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ– ÓïÌ–Öß–Îß ÊíÓ–Îß ÀÜÍ–È‹×Ç–ÅàÓ–Ø‹ÜÃ–ÝÞÌ–Âì–Æ´Ì–Îß–ÊíÓ–Îê–Ëê 1 Øà Îê–Ëê– 3. ÅŠ×Ì–ÄîÈ–Ë¯–ÚàÇ– È‹×Ç–Åê–Ó‹×Ã–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ–âÊéÃ–ÄîÈ–Ë¯–Óê–äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ–Îß–ÊíÓ–ÅíÓ–ÍïÌ–ãÉŠ–Æ´Ì–Îß–ÊíÓ–Îê–Ëê 1 Øà Îê–Ëê 5. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, Â×Ì–âÁ¿à–åÄ ×Šà–Á§–ÓïÌ ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Åß–Êà–Ìß–ÑàÍ–ÁÜÃ–äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ, ÀàÌ–Óê–Âï ãÖß âÃéÌ–âÈìÜÌ–ÁÜÃ–Âï ãÖß Ü²Ìƒ ãÓŠÌ–Í¡–Óê.

ent shadings of green indicate rates from less than 20% to more than 20%. Furthermore, the markers represent the location of villages that are reported as having a primary school. Pink markers denominate primary schools offering only grades 1 to 3, whereas purple markers denominate primary schools offering grades 1 to 5. It should, however, be noted that no information can be provided on the status of these schools, the availability of teachers, their salaries, etc. We see that areas with high literacy rates are found in and around major urban centres and provincial capitals, and along the Mekong River. The southern

Ñ×À–âÝíà–âØèÌ–×Šà âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯ƒÓê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃ–Åì–ÅïÃ–ãÓŠÌ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Ü‹ÜÓ–Á‹àÃ ãÖß åÄ– ÀàÃ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–åØÇŠ–Åá–ÂèÌ, âÁÈ–âËÈ–Åß–ÍàÌ–ãÁ×Ã ãÖß âÁÈ–âÖàß–ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ–ãÂÓ–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ. âÁÈ–åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê–âÎèÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–Ë¯–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃ–Åì–ÅïÃ. ÇªÃ–æÎ–À×Šà–Ì´Ì, ÔïŠ–ãÁ×Ã–ÆÞÃ Á×àÃ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã–Øí×–ÑèÌ–äÈÇ–Ö×Ó–ãÖ‹×–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃ–Åì–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ– ÅïÃ–ÅíÓ–Â×Ì. ÀíÃ–ÀèÌ–Á‹àÓ–ÀèÌ–Ì´Ì Äß–âØèÌ–×Šà–âÁÈ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Ï¿Ã–Åà–Öê, ØÖ×Ã–ÌŸ–Ëà ãÖß âÁÈ–åÉ‹–ãÁ×Ã–Âá–ÓŠ×Ì ãÖß Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ Êì–×Šà–âÎèÌ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–Óê–ÍèÌ–Øà–åØŠ–Ç–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃ–Åì. âÎèÌ–Ë¯–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ åÄ–ÔïŠ–ÍŠÜÌ–×Šà, Ê‹à–âÝíà–ÎÞÍ–ËÞÍ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ãÏŠÌ–Ì¸–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–ÂÜÍ–Âí×–ÁÜÃ–âÏ³à– ÉŠàÃƒ ÉàÓ–ÀîŠÓ–Ñà–Åà–È¨Ã–Ë¯ Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ F.2.

part of Xayabury stands out as a rural area where one finds high literacy rates. Furthermore, the provinces of Xiengkhuang and Huaphanh have in general quite high literacy rates. Conversely, the northern parts of Phongsaly, Luangnamtha and the eastern parts of Khammuane and Savannakhet provinces have a serious literacy problem. It is interesting to overlay this map with the distribution of ethno-linguistic families shown in Map F.2. The distribution of primary schools in general reflects the different literacy rates throughout the country and along the major axes of transportation. Yet,

äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹× ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ–Îß–ÊíÓ–ÅŠÜÃ–ãÅÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–åÌ–È‹àÌ– ÜèÈ–Éà ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃ–Åì–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Ë³× Îß–âËÈ ãÖß Ö×Ó–ËèÃ–ÀàÌ–Àß–ÄàÇ–âÅ´Ì– ËàÃ–ÁíÌ–Å³Ã ÅàÇ–Åá–ÂèÌ–Ìá–ÜêÀ–È‹×Ç. ÌÜÀ–âÙìÜ–æÎ–À×Šà–Ì´Ì, ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–âÃ´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–âÎèÌ–ÅªÃ–Ë¯–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ– åÄ–ÛàÇ. åÌ–ãÁ×Ã Ï¿Ã–Åà–Öê, ãÁ×Ã ØÖ×Ã–ÌŸ–Ëà ãÖß Üî–ÈíÓ–æÆ ãÖß âÁÈ–ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ– ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ Ñ×À–âÝíà–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–âØèÌ–×Šà–åÌ–âÁÈ–ãÁ×Ã–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Óê–äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì ãÉŠ–ÑèÈ–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃ–Åì–Éœ ÛàÇ . ÍèÌ–Øà–Ì¸–ÓèÌ–Åß ãÈÃ–åØ‹–Ýï‹–×Šà ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃ–Åì–Éœ–Í¡– ãÓŠÌ–Äß–Óê–ÅàÇ–âØÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ–ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ äÂÃ–ÖŠàÃ–Åß–âÚê–æÎ–âÆ¨Ì–×Šà Üà–ÂàÌ–Åß–ÊàÌ–Ë¯–Ýœ–ÝÞÌ–ãÉŠ– ÓèÌ–ÇèÃ–Óê–ÅàÇ–âØÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ–ÎèÈ–åÄ–ÑàÇ–åÌ Ü²Ìƒ âÆ¨Ì–ÀàÌ–Óê–Âï–ÅÜÌ, ÂîÌ–Ìß–×îÈ–Ëé–ÁÜÃ–Âï ãÖß âÃéÌ–âÈìÜÌ–ÁÜÃ–Âï, ØÖèÀ–ÅïÈ–ÀàÌ–ÝÞÌ-ÀàÌ–ÅÜÌ ãÖß Ñà–Åà–Ë¯–åÆ‹–âÁ¿à–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÅéÈ–ÅÜÌ, Öß–ÈèÍ– Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ ãÖß ÍèÌ–Øà–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–×èÈ–Ëß Ìß–Ëá ãÖß Ü²Ìƒ. ãÏÌ–Ë¯ D.2 É¡–æÎ–Ì¸–Ìá–Åß–âÙê– åØ‹–âØèÌ–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÛàÇ–ÁºÌ–É²Ó–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÍèÌ–Øà–Ì¸.

the exceptions to this pattern are very interesting. In Phongsaly, Luangnamtha, Oudomxay, and eastern Savannakhet we observe a reasonable density of schools but very low literacy rates. This suggests that low literacy is often not a problem related to hardware, i.e. school infrastructure, but rather a problem of software, i.e. teachers’ availability, qualifications and salaries, curricula, language of instruction, levels of poverty and cultural aspects, etc. The following Map D.2 will provide more information on this.

D.1 ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅì –ãÖß ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à –äÝÃÝÞÌ

ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅì ãÖß –äÝÃÝÞÌ

Literacy and and schools Literacy schools 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

104°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!!! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !!!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! !!!!!! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! ! ! !!!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!! ! ! !! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!! !! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! 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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!! ! !!! !!! !! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! !! !! !!!! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !!!!! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! !!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! !! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! !!!!!!!!! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !!! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !!! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !!!! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !!! ! !! ! !! ! ! !!! !! !! 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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!!!!! ! ! !! ! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !!! !! !! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! !!!!!!! !!!!!! ! !! !!!! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !!! !! ! !!! ! ! !! !! !! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! !! ! !!!! ! ! !! !!!!! ! ! ! !!! !! !!! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! !!! !!!!! ! ! !!!!!!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! !!! ! ! !!!!! !! ! !!!!! !!! ! !! ! ! !! ! !!!!!! !!! ! !!!!!! !! !!!!!! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! !!! !! !! !!!!!! !!! ! !! !!!! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!!!!! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! !! !!!! ! ! !! !!!! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! !! ! !!!! !!!!!! !! !! ! !! !! !! !!! !! !!! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!! ! !! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!!! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! !! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!! !!! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! !!!! ! !!! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! !!! ! !! ! !!!! ! !! ! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! !! !!!! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !!! ! !!!! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! !!!! ! ! ! !! !!!!! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! !! 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. !

22°0'0"N

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R

. !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

. !

Pakxanh

. !

VIENTIANE

. !

18°0'0"N

Phonhong ! .

Thakhek

Ë¯–É´ÃÁÜÃäÝÃÝÞÌ –ãÖß ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇÁÜÃÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ– Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅì ÜàÇî 15Îê –ÁºÌ–æÎ

Distribution of schools and literate population 15 years of age and older

. !

äÝÃÝÞÌ–ÎßÊíÓ Primary school

16°0'0"N

. Savannakhet !

Saravane

. Sekong !

Î–ç1–- Îç3 Grade 1-3

. !

Î–ç1–- Îç5 Grade 1-5

Pakxe

. !

Attapeu

ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅì Literate population 20 % - 40 % 40 % - 60 % 60 % - 80 %

> 80 %

100

14°0'0"N

< 20 %

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

D.2 Â×àÓ–ÅàÓàÈ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–ÝÜÈ–æÎâÊéÃäÝÃÝÞÌÎßÊíÓ Accessibility of primary schools

ãÏÌ–Ë¯ D.1 ÀŠÜÌ–Ì´Ì–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹×–ÀàÌ–Óê–äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ–ÔïŠ–åÀ‹–ãÓŠÌ–Óê– ÅàÇ–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ ÀèÌ–Èê–ÀèÍ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃ–Åì–ÅïÃ–åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà×, ãÉŠ–×Šà–ÓèÌ–À¡–ÇèÃ–Óê–ÍàÃ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–â×´Ì– Ë¯–âÎèÌ–Ñé–âÅÈ. È¨Ã–Ì´Ì ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ÍèÍ–Ì¸–Ä±Ã–Ñß–Çà–ÇàÓ–ÅàÈ–ãÅÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ– åÌ–Îß–âËÈ ãÖß Óê–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÂíÌ ÛàÇ–Ù‹ÜÇ–ÎàÌ–åÈ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–åÀ‹–ÂÞÃ–ÀèÍ–äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ. åÌ–Äá–Ì×Ì 10,553 Í‹àÌ Óê–Í‹àÌ–Äá–Ì×Ì 35% æÈ‹ ÖàÇ–Ãà–Ì×Šà–Óê–äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ–Îß–ÊíÓ–ÅíÓ–ÍïÌ–ãÉŠ–Ø‹ÜÃ Î 1 âÊéÃ Î 5. ÅŠ×Ì–Í‹àÌ–Ü²Ì–ÜêÀ 45% ÍÜÀ–×Šà–Óê äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ–ÓïÌ–Öß–Îß–ÊíÓ–ãÉŠ–Ø‹ÜÃ Î 1 Øà Î 3, ÅŠ×Ì–ÜêÀ 20% ÁÜÃ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–âØÖìÜ–ÍÜÀ–×Šà–Í¡–Óê–äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ Îß–âÑÈ–åÈ–âÖêÇ. ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–Äá–Ì×Ì–â×–Öà–Ë¯–ãÉŠ–Öß–ÂíÌ–åÌ–Öà×–É‹ÜÃ–ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–âÑ²Ü–âÈêÌ–ËàÃ–æÎ–âÊéÃ– äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ Îß–ÊíÓ–ÅëÀ–Åà–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–åÀ‹–Ë¯–ÅîÈ. â×¿à–ÜêÀ–ãÌ×–Ù±Ã–À¡–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–Ñ×À–âÝíà–æÈ‹–ÊàÓ–âÊéÃ–â×–Öà–Ë¯– åÆ‹–âÁ¿à–åÌ–ÀàÌ âÈêÌ–ËàÃ–æÎ–Øà–Í‹àÌ–Ù±Ã–åÌ 35% ÁÜÃ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê–äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ–È¨Ã–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Üß–Ëé–ÍàÇ–Óà– Á‹àÃ–âËéÃ–Ì´Ì–ÛàÇ ÎàÌ–åÈ. ÀàÌ–Âá–Ì×Ì–â×–Öà–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–ÜêÃ–åÅŠ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÁ¿à–æÎ– ÝÜÈ–æÎ–âÊéÃ–äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ È¨Ã–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Üß–Ëé–ÍàÇ–æ×‹–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ A.5. ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Âá–Ì×Ì–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ– â×–Öà–Ë¯–åÆ‹–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÈêÌ ËàÃ–æÎ–Øà–äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ–Îß–ÊíÓ–ÅíÓ–ÍïÌ–Ë¯–åÀ‹–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÁÜÃ ÅÎÎ Öà× Æ±Ã–Óê–Öß–ÈèÍ–â×–Öà–É´Ã–ãÉŠ Éœ–À×Šà 0.5 Æ³×–äÓÃ (Åß–ãÈÃ–È‹×Ç–Åê–ÁÞ×) æÎ–âÊéÃ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà 4 Æ³×–äÓÃ (Åß–ãÈÃ–È‹×Ç–Åê–ãÈÃ).

The preceding map D.1 has shown that in general terms the proximity of schools correlates well with higher literacy rates in the Lao PDR, even if there are remarkable exceptions. This map therefore tries to shed more light on the distribution of schools in the country and how many people live nearby. Out of the 10.553 villages, 35% report the presence of a school offering full primary education from grade 1 to 5. Another 45% of villages have a primary school with grades 1 to 3, while 20% of villages are without a school of any kind. This map shows the time needed for any person in the Lao PDR to reach the nearest school offering full primary education. In other words we are asking how much time it would take to travel to one of the 35% of villages described above. This calculation was based on an accessibility model which is described in more detail in Map A.5. The results show the regions of the Lao PDR in terms of the different travel times to the nearest full primary school, which range from less than 0.5 hour (green colours) to more than 4 hours (red colours). The spatial patterns on the map show that people living in the more densely

ÝïÍ–ãÍ–ÍÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ–×Šà–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Öà×–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–åÌ âÁÈ–Ë³Ã–ÑÞÃ Æ±Ã–âÎèÌ âÁÈ ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–À×Šà ãÖß ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–ÉàÓ– âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ–ÂíÓ–Óß–Ìà–ÂíÓ ÅàÇ Åá–ÂèÌ äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹×–åÆ‹–â×–Öà–âÈêÌ–ËàÃ–æÎ–âÊéÃ–äÝÃ ÝÞÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–åÀ‹– ÀèÍ–ÉíÌ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–ãÓŠÌ–Ù‹ÜÇ–À×Šà 1 Æ³×–äÓÃ. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, ÌèÀ–ÝÞÌ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ØŠàÃ–æÀ–ÅÜÀ– ØÖêÀ–ÇèÃ–ÁàÈ äÜ–ÀàÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Ë¯–Äß–æÈ‹ ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–âÑ¸Ó–ÁºÌ ãÖß ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ–Ñ×À–âÁíà–åÆ‹–â×– Öà–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÈêÌ–ËàÃ–æÎ–âÊéÃ–äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ–ÛàÇ–ÀŠ×–à 4 Æ³×–äÓÃ. ÄàÀ–Åß–ÑàÍ–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–ÑíÌ–Öß– âÓìÜÃ Ë¯–Óê–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–Í¡–Åß–Úœ–Åß–âÚê–åÌ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ–Âì ãÌ×–Ì´Ì ÓèÌ–Ä±Ã–âÎèÌ–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ–Ë¯–Â×Ì–Äß Ýï‹–×Šà–Óê–Äá–Ì×Ì–Í‹àÌ Ûì ÂíÌ–ÛàÇ–ÎàÌ–åÈ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÏíÌ–Àß–ËíÍ ÄàÀ–â×–Öà–Ë¯–åÆ‹–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÈêÌ ËàÃ ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–Âì–ãÌ×–Ì¸. Éà–Éß–ÖàÃ–Á‹àÃ–ÖîŠÓ–Ì¸ æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Âá–Ì×Ì–â×–Öà ãÖß Åß–ãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Í‹àÌ ãÖß ÑíÌ–Öß âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–Ë¯–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–Åà– ÓàÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–ÝÜÈ–æÎ–âÊéÃ–äÝÃ–ÝÞÌ–Îß–ÊíÓ–ÅíÓ–ÍïÌ. â×ÖàË¯åÆ‹æÎâÊéÃ Ø‹ÜÃÝÞÌ:

0 âÊéÃ 0.5 ÆÓ 0.5 âÊéÃ 1 ÆÓ 1 âÊéÃ 2 ÆÓ 2 âÊéÃ 3 ÆÓ 3 âÊéÃ 4 ÆÓ ÛàÇÀ×Šà 4 ÆÓ

populated lowland areas and along the major lines of transportation are in general are closer than 1 hour from the nearest school. However, students in remote areas are increasingly deprived of this educational opportunity and often live more than 4 hours away. Given the uneven distribution of population throughout the country it is interesting to know how many villages or persons are affected by these different travel times. The table below provides the results of such a calculation and shows the number of villages and the number of people in different classes of accessibility to full primary schools:

Accessibility class:

Percentage of villages:

Percent of population:

Cumulative percent of population:

0 to 0.5 h

75.3

86.5

ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌÝ‹ÜÇ ÁÜÃÍ‹àÌ:

ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌÝ‹ÜÇ ÁÜÃÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃ

ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌÅßÅíÓ ÁÜÃÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃ:

0.5 to 1 h

6.8

4.0

90.5

1 to 2 h

7.7

4.2

94.7

75.3

86.5

2 to 3 h

4.7

2.5

97.2

6.8

4.0

90.5

3 to 4 h

2.5

1.3

98.5

7.7

4.2

94.7

More than 4 h

3.0

1.5

100

4.7

2.5

97.2

2.5

1.3

98.5

3.0

1.5

100

ÉàÉßÖàÃ 2: Â×àÓ–ÅàÓàÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿àæ – Î–ÝÜÈ–æÎ–âÊéÃÁÜÃÍ‹àÌ ãÖß ÎßÆàÆíÌåÆ‹åÌÀàÌ âÈêÌËàÃæÎâÊéÃäÝÃÝÞÌ Ë¯åÀ‹ÅÈ î åÌâÁÈ ÑºÌË¯ÉàŠ ÃÀèÌ (Á´Ì Î 1 Øà Î 5).

Table 2: Accessibility of villages and people to the nearest primary school (grade 1 to 5) in terms of different classes of travel time

This table shows that despite the inaccessibility of many regions in the Lao PDR, many villages and even a higher number of people are quite close to a village with a school offering education from grade 1 to 5. 90% of the population could reach such a school in less than 1 hour. Schools offering only grades

ÉàÉßÖàÃ–Ì¸–ÅßãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–Óê–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÛàÇ–ãØŠÃ–åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà× Í¡–ÅàÓàÈ– âÁ¿à æÎ–ÝÜÈ–æÎ–âÊéÃ–æÈ‹–À¡–ÉàÓ ãÉŠ–Óê–ÛàÇ–Í‹àÌ ãÖß Àß–Ë´Ã–Óê–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–ÛàÇ–ÂíÌ–ÔïŠ–åÀ‹–ÀèÍ–Í‹àÌ– Ë¯–Óê äÝÃÝÞÌ–ÎßÊíÓ–ÅíÓÍ ïÌ–Ë¯–åØ‹À àÌ–ÅéÈÅ ÜÌ–ãÉŠ Î 1 ÝÜÈ Î 5. ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–ÎßÓàÌ 90% ÅàÓàÈ æÎ–âÊéÃ–äÝÃÝÞÌ–âÛ³àÌ ´Ì–æÈ‹–åÌ–ÀáÌíÈ–â×Öà–Éœ–À×Šà–Ù±Ã–Æ³×ä ÓÃ. ÉàÉßÖàÃ–Ì¸–Í¡–æÈ‹–Í×À– ÀèÍ–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–äÝÃÝÞÌ–Ë¯–ÅÜÌ–ãÉŠ–Ø‹ÜÃ Î 1 Øà Î 3.

1 to 3 have not been taken into account. From these calculations we can conclude that even if some regions urgently need better school infrastructure, policy should focus on transforming this quite satisfactory potential accessibility into actual access. This implies that the schools are not only functioning and have teachers with salaries and proper

ÄàÀ–ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÂáÌ×Ì–âÛ³à–Ì¸–Ñ×À–âÝíà–ÅàÓàÈ–ÅßØÖîÍ–æÈ‹–×Šà–âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–ÍàÃ–âÁÈ– ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–åØ‹–Óê–ÑºÌÊ àÌ–äÂÃ–ÖŠàÃ–äÝÃÝÞÌ–Ë¯–Èê–À×Šà–åÌ–â×Öà–ÜèÌ–ÝêÍ–ÈŠ×Ì–À¡–Ä¯Ã, ãÉŠ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–ÌßäÇÍàÇ Ì´Ì À¡–Â×Ì–Äß–âÖ¨Ã–åÅŠ–ÀàÌ–ØèÌ–âÜíà–äÜÀàÈ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–Ë¯– âØèÌ–×Šà–Óê–ËŠàã ÝÃ ãÖß âÎèÌ–Ë¯ âÑªÃ–Ñåç Ä–ãÖ‹×–Ì´Ì–åØ‹–ÀàÇâÎèÌ–äÜÀàÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ– Åà–Ëã ¯ Ë‹–Ä¯Ã. ÍèÌØ à–Ì¸–Å¡–ÅßãÈÃ–åØ‹ âØèÌ–×Šà äÝÃÝÞÌ–Í¡–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–âÝèÈ–Ù‹àË ¯–åØ‹–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà ãÖß Óê–Âï–Ë¯–Óê–âÃéÌâ ÈìÜÌ–ÀéÌ ãÖß æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–âÐéÀÜ íÍÝ íÓ–Ë¯–âÚàß–ÅíÓ–âË³à–Ì´Ì ãÉŠ–åÌ–È‹àÌ–ÌèÀ ÝÞÌ–ãÖ‹×–ÓèÌ–ÇèÃ–Å¡–ÅßãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ ×Šà ÆíÌâ Ï³à–ÅŠ×Ì–Ù‹ÜÇ–Í¡–æÈ‹–ÁàÈ–äÜÀàÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–Ýœ ÝÞÌ–Ç‹ÜÌ–ÍèÌØ à–ÑàÅà–ÁÜÃ–Ñ×À–âÁíà ãÖß ÂÜÍÂí×–Óê–âÃ²ÜÌæÁ–È‹àÌ–âÅÈÊßÀéÈ ãÖß ÅèÃ ÂíÓ–âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–Ñ×À–âÁíà–æÈ‹–æÎ–äÝÃÝÞÌ, ãÖß âÈèÀ–ÆàÇ ãÖß âÈèÀ–ÇéÃ–Óê–äÜÀàÈ–âË³à–ËÞÓ–ÀèÌ.

training but in terms of the students implies that ethnic minorities are not disadvantaged because of their language, that families have the economic and social means to send them to school, and that boys and girls have equal opportunities.

ÀàÌâÈêÌËàÃæÎ-ÓàØà äÝÃÝÞÌ D.2

Â×àÓ–ÅàÓàÈ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–ÝÜÈ–æÎâÊéÃäÝÃÝÞÌÎßÊíÓ

Accessibility of schools Accessibility of primary schools

100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

MYANMAR . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

â×ÖàâÈêÌËàÃæÎ-ÓàØà äÝÃÝÞÌÎßÊíÓ Îç1-Îç5 Accessibility of schools grades 1-5 . !

äÝÃÝÞÌ–ÎßÊíÓ Î–ç1–-Îç5 Primary school grades 1-5

Saravane

. !

â×Öà–åÆ‹–âÈêÌËàÃ– Æ³×–äÓÃ Travel times in hours

. !

Sekong

Pakxe

< 0.5 . !

Attapeu

14°0'0"N

C 0

100

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

D.3 ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌËàÃâÑÈÁÜÃÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃË¯Ýï‹ÙèÃÅì Sex ratio of the literate population ÜêÃ–ÉàÓ–ÀàÌ–ÖàÇ–ÃàÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅ ì–ÖàÇ–ÍîÀÂ íÌ–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÓèÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹–Ë¯–Äß– ÂáÌ×Ì–ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅ ì. ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Äá Ì×Ì–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–ÆàÇ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–ÅàÓàÈ–ÜŠàÌ - ÁÞÌ–æÈ‹–É¡–ÀèÍ–ÏÇ ï‹ éÃ 100 ÂíÌ–Ë¯–ÅàÓàÈ–ÜŠàÌ - ÁÞÌ–æÈ‹. âÑàßÅßÌ´Ì–ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–Éœ–À×Šà 100 ãÖß åÌ–ãÏÌË¯ƒ–ÅßãÈÃ–È‹×Ç–Åã ê ÈÃ–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ãÓŠ ÇéÃ–Ë¯–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅ ì–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–Ïï‹–ÆàÇ ãÖß ÅŠ×Ì âÁÈ–Ë¯–ÅßãÈÃ–È‹×Ç–ÅÁ ê Þ×–Ì´Ì–ÅßãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Ïï‹– ÆàÇ–Ë¯–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅ ì–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–ãÓŠÇ éÃ.

Based on the report of the literacy of individuals it has been possible to calculate the sex ratio of the literate population. This is determined as the number of male literate persons per 100 female literate persons. Thus rates below 100 and in reddish colours indicate villages where more women than men are literate, whereas greenish colours show where more men are literate. Looking first at the overall statistics presented in the National Population

ÀŠÜÌ–Ü²Ì–ÚíÈ–âÓ²Ü–âÝíà–âÍªÃ–ÅßÊéÉé–Ö×Ó–Ë¯–ÅßãÈÃ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÜÀßÅàÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯ ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ Îê 2005 Äß–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–×Šà–ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅ ì–äÈÇ–Ö×Ó (72.7%) Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ ÎßÀÜÍ–È‹×Ç 63.2% ÁÜÃ–ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ãÓŠÇ éÃ–Ë¯–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅ ì ãÖß 82.5% ÁÜÃ–ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì– Ïï‹–ÆàÇ–Ë¯–Ýï‹ ÙèÃÅ ì.

and Housing Census of 2005, the general literacy rate (72.7%) breaks down into 63.2% of females and 82.5% of males being literate. When we look at the map presenting the sex ratio of the literate population aged ≥15, we see first and foremost that the sex-ratio of this population

âÓ²Ü–âÝíà–âÍªÃ–ãÏÌË¯–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅ ì–Ë¯–Óê–ÜàÇî–âË³à–ÀèÍ ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà 15 Îê, ÀŠÜÌ–Ü²Ì–ÚíÈ–Ñ×À–âÝíà–Äß–âØèÌ–ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–åÌ– ÀîŠÓ–ÜàÇî–Ì¸ ÎŠÞÌãÎÃ–æÎ–ÀèÍ–ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅ ì–Ö×Ó (ÎÞÍËÞÍ–ÀèÍ–ãÏÌË¯ 4.1). ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì– ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅ ì–Éœ ÅßãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅ ì–ÁÜÃ–âÑÈ–ÆàÇ–Óê–ÛàÇ–À×Šà (åÌ–Äá Ì×Ì–Ïï‹–ÆàÇ–Ë¯–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅ ì âË³à–ÀèÍ ãÖß ÛàÇ–À×Šà 200 ÂíÌ–åÈ–Äß–Óê–ÄáÌ×Ì–ãÓŠÇ éÃ–Ë¯–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅ ì–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ 100 ÂíÌ). åÌ–ËàÃ–ÀíÃ–ÀèÌ Á‹àÓ, Ñ×À–âÝíà–ÅàÓàÈ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–Â×àÓ–ÈîŠÌ–ÈŠÞÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÜèÈÉ à–ËàÃ–âÑÈ (Ïï‹–ÆàÇ–Ë¯–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅ ì 105 - 149 ÂíÌ É¡–ãÓŠÇ éÃ–Ë¯–Ýï‹ ÙèÃÅ ì 100 ÂíÌ) Óê–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Æ²Ã–Óê–ÜèÈ Éà–ÅŠ×Ì ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅ ì–ÅïÃ âË³à–Ì´Ì. ãÏÌË¯–ÉŠàÃƒ åÌ–ÑàÀ–Ì¸–æÈ‹–ÅßãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–æÖ Çß–Â×àÓ–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–ÖßØ×ŠàÃ–ÀàÌãÄÀÔàÇ äÝÃÝÞÌ–ÉàÓ–Ë¯–É´Ã–ÑïÓ–ÅèÌÊ àÌ, ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–äÝÃÝÞÌ ãÖß ÜèÈÉ à–ÀàÌ–ÝÞÌ–ÄíÍ–Æ´Ì–Ë¯–Óê–ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ ãÓŠÇ éÃ–Ë¯–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅ ì–ÅïÃ–À×Šà.

changes with the overall literacy rate (compare with Map 4.1). The lower the literacy rate, the greater is the predominance of men (≥200 literate men per 100 literate women). Conversely, only in regions where in general there are high literacy rates, do we find more balanced sex ratios (105 - 149 literate men per 100 literate women). The different maps in this section show a spatial correlation between the geographical distribution of schools, school attendance and completion rates with higher percentages of literate women. The map also shows a few pink areas (a higher ratio of literate women to men). These indications should be treated with care as it is possible that the sample of the total literate population was very small, which then resulted in

ãÏÌË¯–ÇèÃ–æÈ‹–ÅßãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÄáÌ×Ì–Ù±Ã–Ë¯–ÚàÇ–È‹×Ç–Åê–ÆíÓ–Ñï (Ì´Ì–ÚàÇ–âÊéÃ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯ƒ– Óê–ÜèÈÉ à ÅŠ×Ì–ãÓŠÇ éÃ–Ë¯–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅ ì–ÅïÃ–À×Šà–ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–Ïï‹–ÆàÇ–Ë¯–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅ ì). ÄàÀ–Å¯Ã–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–Â×Ì–Óê– Â×àÓ–Öß–ÓèÈ Öß×èÃ–Ç‹ÜÌ–×Šà–ÓèÌ–ÜàÈ–Óê–Â×àÓ–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹–Ë¯–Éí×Ô ŠàÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Ýï‹–ÙèÃ Åì–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–ÜàÈ–Äß–Óê Ù‹ÜÇ–ÛàÇ–Æ±Ã–ÄàÀ–Ì´Ì–À¡–Äß–ÅßãÈÃ–ÜÜÀ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÂŠà–Ë¯–Êì–×Šà–Í¡–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÀÌ–ÎíÀ ÀßÉé–åÌ–â×Öà–âÝíà–ÄèÈ–ãÇÀ âÎèÌ–ÀîŠÓ–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–ÆàÇ ãÖß ÀîŠÓ–ÁÜÃ–ãÓŠÇ éÃ.

extreme values when further split into men and women. Besides the gender differences, it should be remembered that literacy also depends on many other important factors. For example urban women and men are generally much more literate (84.5 and 94.5% respectively) than rural women and men from regions without road access (41.1 and 67.6 % respec-

ÌÜÀÄàÀ–Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–äÉÌ–ÀèÌ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–âÑÈ–ãÖ‹× Ñ×À–âÝíà–À¡–Â×Ì–Ä²–×ŠàÀ àÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅ ì–Ì´Ì–ÇèÃ– ÁºÌ–ÀèÍ ÎèÈå Ä–ÅáÂèÌ–Ü²Ìƒ–ÛàÇ–ÔŠàÃ–Ìá–ÜêÀ–È‹×Ç. Éí×Ô ŠàÃ äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹×–Ïï‹–Ë¯–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅ ì–åÌ–âÁÈ–Éí×– âÓìÜÃ ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ãÓŠÇ éÃ (ãÓŠÌ 84.5%) ãÖß Ïï‹–ÆàÇ (ãÓŠÌ 94.5%) ãÓŠÌ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–ÜèÈÉ à– ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–ãÓŠÇ éÃ (ãÓŠÌ 41.1%) ãÖß Ïï‹–ÆàÇ (ãÓŠÌ 67.6%) Ë¯Ô ïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌÌ ßÍíÈ–Ë¯–Í¡–Óê– âÅ´ÌË àÃ–æÎ–ÝÜÈ–æÎ–âÊéÃ. ÌÜÀ–âÙìÜ–æÎ–À×Šà–Ì´Ì, åÌ–ÀîŠÓ–ÇéÃ–ÙîŠÓ ãÖß ÆàÇ–ÙîŠÓ Ë¯–Óê–ÜàÇî–ãÉŠ 15 Øà 24 Ì´Ì–Í¡ ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–Óê–ÜèÈÉ à ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅ ì–ÅïÃ–À×Šà–âË³à–Ì´Ì ãÉŠ–ØàÀ–ÇèÃ–Óê ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ– ÈîŠÌ–ÈŠÞÃ–ÀèÌ (Âì–ÆàÇ 76.1 ãÖß ÇéÃ 89.7%) ÛàÇ–À×Šà–ÀîŠÓ–ãÓŠÇ éÃ ãÖß Ïï‹–ÆàÇ–Ë¯ Óê–ÜàÇî–âË³à–ÀèÍ ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà 55 Îê (Âì–ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ãÓŠÇ éÃ åÌ–ÀîŠÓ–ÜàÇî–Ì¸–Óê 35.5% ãÖß ÆàÇ–Óê 75.5%). åÌ– Ë¯–ÅîÈ, Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–ÔŠàÃ–ÁàÈ–Á´Ì–ÖßØ×ŠàÃ ÆíÌâ Ï³à–ÉàÓ–ÀîŠÓ–ÑàÅà–À¡–âÎèÌ ÎèÈå Ä–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–åØ‹– Óê–ÀàÌ–âÌ´Ì–ÙèÀ–Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–äÉÌ–ÀèÌ–ÛàÇ–åÌ–È‹àÌ ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅ ì. åÌ–ÄáÌ×Ì–Ïï‹–ÆàÇ–Öà×–Ë¯–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅ ì 91.4% Ì´Ì–Óê–ãÓŠÇ éÃ–âÏ³à–Üà–Âà–Ë¯–ÅàÓàÈ–ÜŠàÌ ãÖß ÁÞÌ–ÑàÅà–Öà×–æÈ‹–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ 3.4% âË³à–Ì´Ì. ÌÜÀ–âÙìÜ–æÎ–ÄàÀ–ÍèÌØ à–ÆíÌâ Ï³à–ÔŠàÃ–ÈÞ×–ãÖ‹×–À¡–ÜàÈ–Óê ÎèÈå Ä–Ü²Ì–ÉàÓ–Óà–Ë¯–Óê–ÏíÌ–ÀßËíÍ–É¡–ÜèÈ Éà–ÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅ ì–ÁÜÃ–ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌâ Ï³à–âÎèÌÉ ¿Ì–×Šà–Ë¯–É´Ã–ÁÜÃ–Í‹àÌ ãÖß â×Öà–Ë¯–åÆ‹–âÈêÌË àÃ–æÎ–Øà–äÝÃ ÝÞÌ–ËÔ ¯ ïŠ–åÀ‹–Ë¯–ÅîÈ.

tively). Furthermore, among younger women and men aged 15 to 24 not only is the literacy rate clearly higher but also the sex ratio is more balanced (76.1 and 89.7% respectively) than for older women and men aged 55 and above (35.5 and 75.5% respectively). Finally, considerable discrepancies among ethnolinguistic groups further accentuate disparities in literacy. While 91.4% of Lao men are literate only 3.4% of Akha women can read and write Lao, which may again be the consequence of many factors other than ethnicity alone, e.g. the village location and the travel time to the nearest school.

ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–âÑÈ ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Ýï‹–ÙèÃD.3 Åì

ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌËàÃâÑÈÁÜÃÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃË¯Ýï‹ÙèÃÅì

Sex ratio of literate population Sex ratio of the literate population

100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–âÑÈÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ –Ýï‹– ÙèÃÅì ÜàÇî 15Îê ÁºÌ–æÎ (ÆàÇ/ÇéÃ)

Sex ratio of literate population 15 years of age and older (male / female)

. !

ÄáÌ×Ì––âÑÈ–ÆàÇ–É¡–ÀèÍ –âÑÈ–ÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ Number of males per 100 females

Saravane

. Sekong !

< 67

. !

Pakxe

67 - 94 95 - 104

. !

Attapeu

105 - 149 150 - 200

14°0'0"N

> 200

C 0

100

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

D.4 ÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃ ãÖß ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌËàÃâÑÈÁÜÃÏï‹Ë¯ÝÞÌÄíÍÄàÀäÝÃÝÞÌ Population and sex ratio of school completion âÑ¯Ì–æÈ‹–ÊàÓ–ÍîÀÂ íÌ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–ÀáÖèÃ–ÝÞÌ–ÙèÃÅ ì–ÔïŠ Ûì Ïï‹–Ë¯–ÜÜÀ–äÝÃÝÞÌ–æÎ–ãÖ‹×–âÑ²Ü–ÆÜÀ–Ýï‹–ÖßÈèÍ– ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà ÁÜÃ–Ñ×À–âÁíà–âÆ¨Ì–×Šà Á´Ì–ÝÞÌ–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà Ë¯–âÁíàâ Ä¿à–æÈ‹–ÝÞÌ–ÄíÍ. Ïï‹–ÉÜÍ–Âá–ÊàÓ–âÎèÌ Ïï‹–ÍÜÀ–åØ‹–Ýï‹–×Šà–Ñ×À–âÁíà–æÈ‹–ÝÞÌ–ÄíÍ–Æ´Ì–ÎßÊíÓ–ÅëÀ–Åà, ÓèÈË ßÇíÓ–ÅëÀ–Åà– ÉÜÌ–É¿Ì Ûì ÉÜÌ–ÎàÇ. âÑ¯Ì–æÈ‹–ÄèÈ–ÀîŠÓ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–ÉÜÍ–Âá–ÊàÓ–×Šà “Í¡–âÂêÇ–âÁ¿à–äÝÃÝÞÌ” âÎèÌ–ÎßâÑÈ “Í¡–ÄíÍ–ÖßÈèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà åÈ–âÖêÇ”. ÜêÃ–ÉàÓ–ÅßÊéÉé–ËàÃ–ÀàÌ–ãÖ‹×, 15.5% ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Óê–ÜàÇî 6 ÁºÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹–ÝÞÌ–ÄíÍ–Æ´Ì– ÎßÊíÓ ÅëÀ–Åà (åÌ–Ì´Ì, Óê–ãÓŠÇ éÃ: 14.6%; Ïï‹–ÆàÇ:16.3%), 6.1% (åÌ–Ì´Ì–Óê–ãÓŠÇ éÃ 5.4% ãÖß Ïï‹–ÆàÇ 6.9%) ÝÞÌ–ÄíÍ–Æ´Ì–ÓèÈË ßÇíÓ–ÅëÀ–Åà–ÉÜÌ–É¿Ì, ãÖß 5.1% (åÌ–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÇ éÃ–Óê 4.1% ãÖß Ïï‹–ÆàÇ–Óê 6.2%) ÝÞÌ–ÄíÌ–Æ´Ì–ÓèÈË ßÇíÓ–ÅëÀ–Åà–ÉÜÌ–ÎàÇ. Éí×–âÖÀ–ÅßÊéÉé–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–ÅßãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÏÌË¯–Å¯–ÅßÍèÍ. ãÏÌË¯–ÅÜÃ–ÅßÍèÍ–ÔïŠ–Á‹àÃ– âËéÃ–Ì´Ì ÅßãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ–ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–ÝÞÌ–ÄíÍ–Æ´Ì–ÎßÊíÓ–ÅëÀ–Åà (ÔïŠ–È‹àÌ–Æ‹àÇ) ãÖß ÑíÌ Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–ÝÞÌ–ÄíÍ–Æ´Ì–ÓèÈË ßÇíÓ–ÅëÀ–Åà–ÉÜÌ–É¿Ì (ÔïŠ–È‹àÌ–Á×à). ÅŠ×Ì–ÜêÀ–ãÏÌ Ë¯–ÅÜÃ–ÅßÍèÍ ÔïŠ–È‹àÌ–ÖîŠÓ–ÅßãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ–ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–âÑÈ–ÆàÇ–É¡–âÑÈ–ÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ.

Persons who are currently at school or have left school were asked to specify their educational attainment, i.e. the highest grade completed in the educational system. Respondents indicated if they had completed primary school, lower or higher secondary school. All persons responding “never been to school” were categorized as “no level completed”. According to official statistics, 15.5% (14.6% female; 16.3% male ) of the population aged 6 and above have completed primary education, 6.1% (5.4% female; 6.9% male) have completed lower secondary education, and 5.1% (4.1% female; 6.2% male) have completed upper secondary education. These figures are illustrated in the four maps with the two upper maps showing the percentage of the village population completing primary school (on the left) and the percentage of population completing lower secondary school (on the right). The two lower maps present the corresponding sex ratios as the number of males per one hundred females.

âÓ²Ü–ÑàÈ–ÅàÇÉà–âÍªÃ–åÌ–âÍºÜÃ–É¿Ì, Ïï‹–ÜŠàÌ–ÅèÃâ ÀÈ–âØèÌ–ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–ÝÞÌ– ÄíÍ–Æ´Ì ÎßÊíÓ–ÅëÀ–Åà–ØÖîÈ–ÖíÃ–ãÍÍ–ÏéÈ–ÎíÀÀ ßÉé Ê‹à–ËÞÍåÅŠ–ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–ÝÞÌ–ÄíÍ–Æ´Ì– ÓèÈË ßÇíÓ ÅëÀ–Åà–ÉÜÌ–É¿Ì. ÅêÁ Þ×–À×Ó–âÜíà–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–åÌ–ãÏÌË¯–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–ÝÞÌ–ÄíÍ ÎßÊíÓ–ÅëÀ–Åà. ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÎßâËÈ–ÅßãÈÃ–ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–ÝÞÌ–ÄíÍ–Öß ÈèÍ–ÎßÊíÓ–ÅëÀ–Åà–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Öß Ø×ŠàÃ 15 Øà 45%. ÍŠÜÌ–Ë¯–Í¡–Óê–ÅÁ ê Þ×–ÔïŠ–ÀŸ–Á×à–Óì–ÁÜÃ–ãÏÌË¯–ÅßãÈÃ– åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–Óê–Í‹àÌ–ÄáÌ×Ì ÙÜ‹Ç - åÌ–Ì´Ì–Ö×Ó–ËèÃ–Í‹àÌ–ËÔ ¯ ïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ - Óê–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ– Ë¯–ÝÞÌ–ÄíÍ–Æ´Ì–ÎßÊíÓ–ÅëÀ–Åà–ÛàÇ À×Šà–Ù±Ã–ÅŠ×Ì–Å¯–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ. äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹× Äß–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÀàÌãÄÀÔàÇ–ãÓŠÌ Â‹àÇÂì–ÀèÌ–ÀèÍ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÅßãÈÃ–æ×‹–åÌ–ãÏÌË¯–Åß ãÈÃ–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Ýï‹–ÙèÃÅ ì–ãÏÌË¯ D.1. ÜèÈÉ à ÅŠ×Ì–ÅïÃ–Ì¸–Åà–ÅàÓàÈ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–åÌ–âÁÈ–åÄ–ÀàÃ ÁÜÃ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß åÌ–âÁÈ–Ë³ÃÑ ÞÃ–âÖàß–ÖÞÍ ÉàÓ–ãÂÓ–ãÓŠÌ Ÿ–ÁÜÃ ãÖß åÌ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–Óê–âÅ´Ì ËàÃ–ÂíÓÓ ßÌàÂíÓ–ÁíÌÅ ³Ã–æÎ–ÝÜÈ–æÎ–âÊéÃ. ÅŠ×Ì–âÁÈ ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÆíÌÌ ßÍíÈ–âÁÈ âÌêÌ–ÅïÃ–ØŠàÃ–æÀ–ÅÜÀ ØÖêÀ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–ÝÞÌ–ÄíÍ–Æ´Ì–ÎßÊíÓ ÅëÀ–Åà–Éœ–À×Šà. ÇªÃ–æÎ–À×Šà–Ì´Ì, ÍàÃ–âÓìÜÃ ÇèÃ–ÅßãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÜèÈ Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–ÝÞÌ–ÄíÍ–Æ´Ì ÎßÊíÓ–ÅëÀ–Åà–ÅïÃ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà– âÓìÜÃ–åÀ‹–ÂÞÃ–âÆ¨Ì–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê, ÑàÀ–Éàâ×èÌÉ íÀ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã ÅàÖß–×èÌ, ãÁ×Ã–âÆ–ÀÜÃ ãÖß åÌ–âÁÈ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã ØÖ×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ. È¨ÃÌ ´Ì, ÓèÌ–ÅßãÈÃ åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÜáÌàÈ–ÀàÌ– ÎíÀÂ ÜÃ–âÓìÜÃ–Óê–ÜéÈ–Ëé–ÑíÌ–É¡–ÀèÍ–ÂîÌ–Ìß–ÑàÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà.

What strikes the reader at first glance is the dramatic decrease of completion rates from primary to lower secondary schools. Green colours dominate the map of the population having completed primary school. Much of the country shows rates between 15 and 45%. The absence of green colours on the right-hand side map indicates that only in a very few villages - including those in urban areas – has more than a quarter of the population completed primary school. In general the spatial patterns are similar to those presented in the literacy Map D.1. Higher rates can be seen in urban centres and the lowlands along the Mekong and the major axes of transportation, whereas the remote rural areas in the uplands have lower completion rates. It is even more interesting that some districts show significantly higher rates than their neighbours for example in Xayaboury, in the west of Saravane, in Sekong and in the north of the province of Luangprabang. Thus it would appear that district authorities have an influence on the quality of education. When we look at the sex ratio of the population having completed primary

âÓ²Ü–âÝíà–âÍªÃ–ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–ÝÞÌ–ÄíÍ–ÎßÊíÓ–ÅëÀ–Åà, Äß–Åß Èî‹Ã–äÖÈ–×Šà–ÜèÈ Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–ÝÞÌ–ÄíÍ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–ÖßÈèÍ–ÎßÊíÓ–ÅïÃ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ãÖ‹×–ãÓŠÌ–Óê– Â×àÓ–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÍ ÄáÌ×Ì–âÈèÀÌ ‹ÜÇ–ÇéÃ–ÛàÇ–ÂíÌ. Å¯Ã–âÖ³à–Ì¸–ÓèÌ–Äß–Í¡–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ÃŠàÇ–åÌ–Àç ÖßÌê–ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–ÝÞÌ–ÄíÍ–ÖßÈèÍ–ÓèÈË ßÇíÓ–ÅëÀ–Åà–ÉÜÌ–É¿Ì. ÜèÈ Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–È¨ÃÀ Šà×–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–ÅßãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÄáÌ×Ì–Ïï‹–ÆàÇ–Äß–Óê–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×–à–ãÓŠÇ éÃ ãÓ‹–Àß–Ë´Ã–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–Ë¯– Óê–ÜèÈÉ à–ÀàÌ–ÝÞÌ–ÄíÍ–Á´Ì–ÓèÈË ßÇíÓ–ÉÜÌ–É¿Ì Äß–ÅïÃ–À×Šà–ÜèÈÉ à–Åß–âÖ¨Ç–ÎíÀÀ ßÉé. Á§–ÂéÈ–âØèÌ–È¨Ã ÀŠà×–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÅàÇ–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–ÅßÙéÈ–ãÙ‹Ì–ÀèÍ–Á§–ÓïÌ ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ ÁÜÃ ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Åà ÓàÈ–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–âÅÈÊßÀéÈ–æÈ‹ (ãÏÌË¯ G.1 ãÖß G.2). ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀÌ ‹ÜÇ–ÇéÃ ãÖß ãÓŠ ÇéÃ–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–âÅÈÊßÀéÈ ãÖß Óê–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÅïÃ À×Šà–ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀ–ÇéÃ ãÖß ãÓŠÇéÃ–Ë¯–Í¡–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà. åÌ–ËàÃ–ÀíÃÀ èÌÁ ‹àÓ–ÀèÌ ãÖ‹×, âÈèÀ–ÇéÃ ãÖß ãÓŠÇ éÃ Ïï‹–Ë¯–ÝÞÌ–ÄíÍ– ÖßÈèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–ÅïÃ–ãÓŠÌ–ÎßÀÜÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–åÌ–ÀéÈÄ ßÀá–âÅÈÊßÀéÈ Ù‹ÜÇ–ÛàÇ. â×¿à–ÜêÀ–ãÌ×–Ù±Ã–À¡– ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–ÄáÌ×Ì–âÈèÀ–ÇéÃ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–âÈèÀ–ÆàÇ–ÄáâÎèÌ–É‹ÜÃ–æÎ–âÝèÈ ×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–ãÉŠ–Øí×Ë ê–Ä²Ã–âÎèÌ–âØÈ–Ë¯– ÑàåØ‹–âÁíà–Í¡–ÅàÓàÈ–ÅìÍÉ ¡–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–ÝœÝÞÌ–ÁÜÃ Ñ×À–âÁíà.

education, it is striking that high primary education completion rates usually correlate with a relatively high representation of girls. This is less apparent in the case of the sex ratios in lower secondary education. Here there is a much greater representation of males even in the areas where the general completion rate is above average. These insights correlate closely with the information on the sex ratio of the economically active population (Maps G.1 and G.2). The percentage of the economically active and employed girls and women is significantly higher among those girls and women who have no education. Conversely, girls and women are much less involved in economic activities if they have completed higher education. In other words, more girls than boys must go to work early at the expense of their education. In conclusion the completion rates for primary education and even more so for secondary education are still very low when compared to literacy rates, and

ÅßØÖîÍæÈ‹×Šà ÜèÈÉàÀàÌÝÞÌÄíÍÆ´ÌÎßÊíÓÅëÀÅà–ãÓŠÌ–ÇèÃ–Óê–Éœ –ãÖß ÜèÈÉàÀàÌÝÞÌ–ÄíÍ– ÓèÈËßÇíÓ ÅëÀÅàÀ¡–ÇèÃ–ÂíÃ–Óê–Éœ–ÀŠ×à–âÓ²Ü–ÅíÓ–ËÞÍ–åÅŠÜèÈÉàÀàÌÝï‹ÙèÃÅì ãÖß âÈèÀÇéÃÛàÇÂíÌ À¡ÁàÈäÜÀàÈË¯Äß æÈ‹ÝèÍÀàÌÅëÀÅà. âÑàßÅßÌ´Ì, ãÏÌË¯ÅßÍèÍÌ¸Ä±²Ã×àÈåØ‹âØèÌÁ§ÄáÀèÈÛ àÇÔŠàÃË¯ÓêÉ¡ÀàÌ ÑèÈËßÌàË¯ÜàåÅÀáÖèÃÅêÓìãÝÃÃàÌåÌÜßÌàÂíÈ.

girls are significantly disadvantaged. This map therefore illustrates the still considerable constraints on a future development relying on a skilled labour force.

D.4 ÀàÌ–ÝÞÌ–ÄíÍ– –ãÖß ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀÅà

ÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃ ãÖß ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌËàÃâÑÈÁÜÃÏï‹Ë¯ÝÞÌÄíÍÄàÀäÝÃÝÞÌ

Population completing sex ratios Population and Sexschool Ratio ofand School Completion

A. ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇÁÜÃÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ– ÜàÇî 6Îê

. !

ÁºÌ–æÎ ÝÞÌ–ÄíÍ–äÝÃÝÞÌ ÎßÊíÓ

ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–ÁÜÃÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ ÜàÇî 6Îê –ÁºÌ–æÎ– ÝÞÌ–ÄíÍ–äÝÃÝÞÌ––ÓèÈËßÇíÓÉÜÌ–É¿Ì

Population 6 years of age and older completing primary school

Population 6 years of age and older completing lower secondary school

. !

. ! . !

. !

. ! . !

. !

Â×àÓ–Ùà––ãÙ‹Ì–É¡ Àé–äÖ–Éà–ãÓèÈ–Àà–âÖ Percent of village poulation

Â×àÓ–Ùà––ãÙ‹Ì–É¡ Àé–äÖ–Éà–ãÓèÈ–Àà–âÖ Percent of village poulation <5%

<5%

. !

5 % - 15 %

15 % - 25 %

25 % - 35 %

. !

35 % - 45 %

. !

35 % - 45 %

. !

> 45 %

. !

> 45 %

. !

D. ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–âÑÈ ÁÜÃÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ –ÜàÇî 6Îê

ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–âÑÈ ÁÜÃÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ –ÜàÇî 6Îê –ÁºÌ–æÎ ÝÞÌ –ÄíÍ–äÝÃÝÞÌ

ÁºÌ–æÎÝÞÌ ÄíÍ–äÝÃÝÞÌ––ÓèÈËßÇíÓ–É¿ÌÉÜÌ –

Sex ratio of population 6 years of age and older completing primary school

. !

Sex ratio of population 6 years of age and older completing lower secondary school

. !

. ! . !

. !

ÄáÌ×Ì––âÑÈ–ÆàÇ–É¡–ÀèÍ –âÑÈ–ÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ Number of males per 100 females

ÄáÌ×Ì––âÑÈ–ÆàÇ–É¡–ÀèÍ –âÑÈ–ÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ Number of males per 100 females < 50

< 50

. !

50 - 66

67 - 94

95 - 104

. !

105 - 149

150 - 200

. !

> 200

. !

105 - 149

. !

150 - 200

. !

> 200

. ! . !

. !

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative

100

200

300 km

D.5 ÀàÌâÁ¿àäÝÃÝÞÌÁÜÃâÈèÀË¯ÓêÜàÇî 6, 10– ãÖß 15– Îê School attendance of 6, 10 and 15 year olds ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–äÝÃÝÞÌ–ÚàÇ–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ–åÌ–Åß–Êà–ÍèÌ Ûì äÂÃÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–åÈ–Ù±Ã–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ– ÀàÌÄèÈÉ ´Ã ÁºÌ–ÔŠàÃ–âÎèÌ–ËàÃ–ÀàÌ–Äß–ãÓŠÌ–ÄàÀ–ÑàÀ–ÖèÈ Ûì âÜÀß–ÆíÌ–À¡–Èê–âÑ²Ü–ÅßÙÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ– Åà–åÌ–ÖßÈèÍ ÉŠàÃƒ. âÑ¯Ì–æÈ‹–ÊàÓ–ãÉŠÖßÂíÌ–×Šà–âÂêÇ–âÁ¿à–äÝÃÝÞÌ–Óà Ûì Í¡–äÈÇ–Í¡–æÈ‹–ÂáÌëÃ–âÊéÃ–×Šà– Ïï‹–Ë¯–ÊìÀ–ÊàÓ–Ì´Ì ÀáÖèÃ–âÁ¿à–äÝÃÝÞÌ–ÔïŠ Ûì ÜÜÀ–äÝÃÝÞÌ–æÎ–ãÖ‹×–À¡–ÉàÓ. Á§–ÓïÌ–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯Ô ïŠ–Üà–åÅ–âÎèÌ–Á§–ÓïÌ–âÑ¯Ó–âÉêÓ–ÅáÂèÌ–ÅáÖèÍ–Åß ÊéÉé–ÁÜÃ ÀßÆ×Ã–ÅëÀ–Åà–Ëé–ÀàÌ–âÆªÃ–âÎèÌ–ÑºÌÊ àÌ–Á§–ÓïÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–âÀèÍ–ÀáÓà–ÄàÀ–äÝÃÝÞÌ–åÌ–É¿Ì–ÅíÀ ÝÞÌ–ÁÜÃ–ãÉŠ–Öß–Îê (âÈìÜÌ–ÉÖ î à). âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃåÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ–ÀàÌ–ÂáÌ×Ì–ÜèÈÉ à–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ–ÇèÃ–Í¡–Åà ÓàÈ–ÈáâÌêÌ–åØ‹–ÅáâÖèÈ–æÈ‹.

School attendance is defined as attendance in any regular accredited educational institution or program, public or private, for organised learning at any level. Each individual was asked whether he or she had ever attended school, irrespective of whether they were currently at school or had left school. The data collected by the National Population and Housing Census provide an interesting complement to the statistics of the Ministry of Education, which are based on data collected at school at the beginning of each school year (October). However this does not allow for the calculation of school attendance rates.

ÜêÃ–ÉàÓ–ÅßÊéÉé–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–ËàÃ–ÀàÌ–ãÖ‹×, âÈèÀÌ ‹ÜÇ–ÜàÇî 6 Øà 9 Îê 66.6% æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÖàÇ–ÃàÌ– ×Šà–ÇèÃ âÁ¿à–äÝÃÝÞÌ–ÔïŠ ãÖß ÅáÖèÍ–âÈèÀÌ ‹ÜÇ–åÌ–âÀÌ–ÜàÇî–ãÉŠ 10 Øà 14 Îê–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–âÑ¸Ó–ÁºÌ–âÊéÃ 81.2% ãÉŠ ÜèÈÉ à–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–åØÇŠ åÌ âÀÌ ÜàÇî 15 Øà 19 Îê–ÑèÈ–ØÖîÈ–ÖíÃ–âÊéÃ 41.5%. ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–Ì¸ æÈ‹–ÅßãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–åÌ–ãÏÌË¯–ÅàÓ–ÅßÍèÍ Æ±Ã–æÈ‹–ÅßãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ–âÊéÃ–ÜèÈÉ à– ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ–ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀÌ ‹ÜÇ ÜàÇî 10 Îê– åÌ–Ë³×–ÎßâËÈ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÅïÃ. ÌÜÀ–âÙìÜ–æÎ–À×Šà–Ì´Ì Ñ×À– âÝíà–ÇèÃ–ÅàÓàÈ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–×Šà Óê–ÜèÈÉ à–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ–ÁÜ‹Ì–Á‹àÃ–ÅïÃ–åÌ–ÀîŠÓ–ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀ–ÜàÇî 6 Îê ÅŠ×Ì– åØÇŠ–ãÓŠÌ–Äß–ÎßÀíÈ–Óê–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–åÄ–ÀàÃÁÜÃ Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–åØÇŠ–ÅáÂèÌ (âÆ¨Ì–âÓìÜÃ ØÖ×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ, äÑÌ–ÅßØ×èÌ, ÌßÂÜÌØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ ãÖß ÎàÀ–âÆ) ãÖß åÌ–âÁÈ–âÖàß–ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ–ãÂÓ–ãÓŠ ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ–âÎèÌÉ ¿Ì, (Ë¯–ÅàÓàÈ–ÅèÃâ ÀÈ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ÃŠàÇ–À¡–Âì ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê, âÁÈ–åÀ‹–ÂÞÃ–ÀèÍ–ÎßâËÈ–æË ãÖß åÌ–âÁÈ–Éàâ×èÌÉ íÀ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã ÅàÖß–×èÌ). ÜèÈÉ à–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ– Éœ–ÏéÈ–âÀÌ–ÎíÀÀ ßÉé–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ÓèÀ–Äß–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌÌ ßÍíÈ ØŠàÃ–æÀ–ÅÜÀØÖêÀ–Æ±Ã–âÎèÌ–âÁÈ– Ë¯–ÎßÆàÆíÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–Í¡–Êì–×Šà–ÉíÌ–âÜÃ–ãÓŠÌ–âÏ³à–Öà× Ûì æÉ. ãÉŠ–×Šà–ÀîŠÓ ÁÜÃ–Í‹àÌ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÉŠàÃƒ âÆ¨Ì–×Šà–âÁÈ–åÄ–ÀàÃÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Øí×Ñ èÌ ãÖß âÁÈ–Éàâ×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÅŠÞÃ–åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ ãÁ×Ã–ØÖ×Ã–ÌŸ–Ëà–Ë¯ ÔïŠ–ØŠàÃ–æÀ–ÄàÀ–åÄÀàÃ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß ãÓŠÌ Ÿ–ÁÜÃ ÅßãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÜèÈÉ à–ÀàÌ âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ–åÌ– ÀîŠÓ–âÈèÀ–ÜàÇî 6 Îê–Óê ÅïÃ–ÏéÈ–ÎíÀÀ ßÉé. âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–ÜèÈÉ à–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ–ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀ–ÜàÇî 10 Îê–Äß–Óê–ÔïŠ–Ë³×–æÎ–ÔŠàÃ–À×‹àÃ Á×àÃ–åÌ–ÎßâËÈ–À¡–ÄéÃ ãÉŠ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–ÁºÌ–æÎ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã ØÖ×Ã–ÌŸ–Ëà ãÖß âÁÈ–âÙìÜ ãÖß âÁÈ–Éàâ×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Ï¿Ã ÅàÖê ãÖß âÁÈ–ÉàÓ–ãÌ× ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–Ø×ÞÈÌàÓ–ÉéÈÉ ¡–ÀèÍ–ãÁ×Ã–Âá–ÓŠ×Ì–ÖíÃ–æÎ–ÄíÌ–ÝÜÈ–âÁÈ–Éàâ×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÅŠÞÃ–åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã ÜèÈ–Éß–Îì–ÇèÃ–âÎèÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Åê–ÆíÓ–Ñï Ûì ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÅÁ ê à×–ÔïŠ–Æ±Ã ÅßãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ–åØ‹–Ýï‹–×Šà–ÜèÈÉ à–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ–ÁÜÃ– âÈèÀ åÌ âÀÌ ÜàÇî–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–Ì´Ì–Óê–Éœ–À×Šà 20%. ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÜéÈ–Ëé–ÑíÌ–ÄàÀ–ÎèÈå Ä–ÉŠàÃƒ–ÛàÇ–È‹àÌ Æ±Ã–åÌ–Ì´Ì–Ö×Ó–Óê–ÎèÈå Ä–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ– ÆíÌâ Ï³à (ÅíÓ–ËÞÍ–ÀèÍ ãÏÌË¯ F.2 ãÖß F.4, ÎèÈå Ä–äÂÃ–ÖŠàÃ–Ë¯–Óê–ÔïŠ (ãÏÌË¯ D.1), Â×àÓ–Åà ÓàÈ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–ÝÜÈ–æÎ–âÊéÃ (ãÏÌË¯ D.2), ÀàÌ–ÂŸÎßÀèÌ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–ÈáÖíÃ–Æ× ê éÈ ãÖß Â×àÓËîÀ– ÇàÀ (ãÏÌË¯ I.1) ãÖß Ü²Ìƒ. âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–Äß–Í¡–ÅàÓàÈ–Ë¯–Äß–ÖßÍî–åØ‹–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–Â×àÓ–ÅáÂèÌ–ÁÜÃ– ãÉŠ–Öß–ÎèÈå Ä–À¡–ÉàÓ ãÉŠ ÅàÇ–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÍ–ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌâ Ï³à–ãÓŠÌ–ÎèÈå Ä–Ù²Ã–Ë¯–ÅßãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ãÄ‹Ã–ÍèÌ Èà–Á§–ÓïÌ–âÖ³à–Ì¸. âÓ²Ü–Ñ×À–âÝíà ØàÀ âÍªÃ–ÎßÆàÆíÌ Ïï‹–Ë¯–Í¡–âÂêÇ–æÎ–âÁ¿à–äÝÃÝÞÌ–ÄèÀ–âË²Ü–åÌ–ãÃŠ–ÁÜÃ– ÆíÌâ Ï³à–ÉàÓ–ÀîŠÓ–ÑàÅà–Ñ×À–âÝíà–âØèÌ ÜèÈÉ à–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ–ÁÜÃ–âÏ³à–Öà×–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Éœ (Âì 11.8%) Ûì âÏ³à–æÉ (16.5%) âÓ²Ü–ËÞÍ–ÀèÍ–âÏ³à–ÁßÓî (32.9%) Ûì âÏ³à–ÉÕê (79.8%). ÎßÄî–ÍèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÎßâËÈ ÅÎÎ Öà×,äÜÀàÈ–Ë¯–Äß–æÈ‹–À‹à×–æÎ–ÅïŠ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ– ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ Æ±Ã–ÍèÌØ à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Á¹Ì–ÀèÍ–×Šà–ËŠàÌ–âÜÃ–âÎèÌ–ÂíÌ–âÀêÈ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯ƒ–âÎèÌ–âÁÈ–ÄîÈ–ÅîÓ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ– ÑèÈË ßÌà–ÑºÌÊ àÌ–äÂÃ–ÖŠàÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÖèÈÊ ßÍàÌ Ûì Í¡, Ûì ×Šà–ãÓŠÌ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯ƒ–ÎßÆàÆíÌ–ÎàÀ–Ñà Åà–Öà×–åÌ–Í‹àÌ–âÝìÜÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ, Äß–âÎèÌ–ÇéÃ Ûì ÆàÇ–âÀêÈ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÂÜÍÂí×–ÁÜÃ–ÆíÌâ Ï³à–ÅŠ×Ì–Ù‹ÜÇ Ûì ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ Ûì Í¡–À¡–ÉàÓ ãÖß Ü²Ìƒ. åÌ–ãÏÌË¯–ÅßÍèÍ–É¡–æÎ–Ñ×À–âÝíà–Äß–æÈ‹–Ìá–âÜíà–ÍèÌØ à–âÖºÜÃ– ÍíÈÍ àÈ–Ñâé ÅÈ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÇéÃ–ÆàÇ ÁºÌ–Óà–ÅíÌË ßÌà–ÀèÌ, ãÉŠ–âÝíà–À¡–ÅàÓàÈ–â×¿à–æÈ‹–×Šà–×Ë é ê–ÀàÌ–Åá ÂèÌ–ÅáÖèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÎèÍÎ îÃ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ–Ì´Ì ãÓŠÌ–Ö×Ó–ÓÂ ê Šà åÆ‹–ÄŠàÇ–âÁ¿à–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÅßÚèÀ ãÖß ÀàÌ– ÐëÀ–ÜíÍÝ íÓ–Âï–äÈÇ–ÅßâÑàß–À¡–ãÓŠÌ–Âï–âÑÈ–ÇéÃ Ë¯–Í¡–ãÓŠÌ–âÏ³à–Öà×-æÉ, ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–ÅèÌ–ÍŠÜÌ–Îß ÄáÀàÌ–ÁÜÃ–Ñ×À–âÁíà–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Ë³×–ÎßâËÈ–äÈÇ ÝèÍÎ ßÀèÌ–×Šà–äÝÃÝÞÌ–ãÉŠ–Öß–ãØŠÃ–Ìá–âÜíà– ØÖèÀÅ ïÈ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–æÎ–ÅéÈÅ ÜÌ–åÌ–äÝÃÝÞÌ–åØ‹–ÂíÍ–Ê‹×Ì–ÊìÀ–ÉàÓ–ÀáÌíÈ–â×Öà–ÎíÀÀ ßÉé–ÁÜÃ–äÝÃ ÝÞÌ ãÖß ÈèÈ–ÎèÍ–ãÏÌÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–ÁÜÃ–äÝÃÝÞÌ–åØ‹–ãËÈâÚàß É¡–ÖßÈï–ÀàÌ–ÏßÖéÈ–ÁÜÃ–Ë‹ÜÃÊªÌ.

According to official statistics, 66.6% of all children aged 6 to 9 were reported as currently at school. This rose to 81.2% for children aged 10 to 14 and dropped back to 41.5% for adolescents aged 15 to 19. This is illustrated on the three maps which show a high percentage of school attendance at the age of 10 throughout the country. Furthermore we can see that relatively high attendance rates among 6-year-olds occur mostly in and around major urban centres (Luangprabang, Phonsavan, Vientiane Capital and Pakse) and along the Mekong River, (noticeably in the southern part of Xayabury, close to Thailand, and in the western part of Saravane). Dramatically lower attendance rates are found in most areas referred to as remote rural areas, where the majority of people do not identify themselves as Lao or Tai. But certain groups of villages in areas such as the centre of Huaphanh and the south-eastern part of Luangnamtha, which are close neither to urban centres nor to the Mekong River, show surprisingly high attendance rates among 6-year-olds. Despite the general wide spread percentage of 10-year-olds attending school, the upper northern part of Luangnamtha and the upper northern and eastern parts of Phongsaly, along with a stretch on the Vietnamese border from Khammuane down to the south-eastern part of Attapeu remain pale pink or even white corresponding to less than 20% attendance. School attendance is influenced by a number of factors, including ethnicity (compare with Maps F.2 and F.4), available infrastructure (Map D.1) accessibility (Map D.2), livelihood security and poverty (Map I.1), etc. Even though it is not possible to identify the importance of each factor individually, the correlation with ethnic groups is most revealing. When we look at people who have never been to school in terms of their ethno-linguistic groups we see much lower rates for Lao (11.8%) or Tai (16.5%) in comparison to those for Khmu (32.9%) or Tri (79.8%). In today’s Lao PDR, the prospects of ever going to school are radically different depending on whether you are born in an area where the government emphasis is on infrastructure development, whether Lao is spoken at home, whether you are a boy or a girl born into a family of an ethnic majority or minority, and so on. The special role of gender will be discussed in the following map, but it can be said already that measures important for improving school attendance include expenditures on the recruitment and training, particularly of female non-Lao-Tai teachers, and to their posting to all areas of the country, ensuring that the entire school curriculum is taught during regular school hours, and adapting school programs to local seasonal cultivation imperatives.

D.5 ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–äÝÃÝÞÌ––ÁÜÃ ÑíÌÖß –âÓìÜÃ ÓêÜàÇî Öß–ØŠ×àÃ 6Îê–, 10Îê –ãÖß 15Îê

ÀàÌâÁ¿àäÝÃÝÞÌÁÜÃâÈèÀË¯ÓêÜàÇî 6, 10– ãÖß 15– Îê

School attendance among 6, 10ofand olds School attendance 6, 10 15 andyear 15 year olds A. ÅŠ×ÌÝ‹ÜÇÁÜÃÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ ÜàÇî ÖßØ×ŠàÃ 6Îê –Ë¯æÈ‹âÁ¿à–äÝÃÝÞÌ Share of 6 year old population attending school

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B. ÅŠ×ÌÝ‹ÜÇÁÜÃÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ ÜàÇî ÖßØ×ŠàÃ 10Îê –Ë¯æÈ‹âÁ¿à–äÝÃÝÞÌ– Share of 10 year old population attending school

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. ! . !

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. ! . !

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ÄáÌ×Ì––âÑÈ–ÆàÇ–É¡–ÀèÍ –âÑÈ–ÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ Percent of village population < 20 %

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20 % - 40 %

40 % - 60 %

60 % - 80 %

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> 80 %

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> 80 %

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Í¡ÓêÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃ ÜàÇî 6Îê–, 10Îê Ûì 15Îê âÁ¿àäÝÃÝÞÌ

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Í¡ÓêÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃ ÜàÇî 6Îê–, 10Îê Ûì 15Îê âÁ¿àäÝÃÝÞÌ

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No children of 6, 10 or 15 years

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No children of 6, 10 or 15 years

C. ÅŠ×ÌÝ‹ÜÇÁÜÃÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ ÜàÇî ÖßØ×ŠàÃ 15Îê –Ë¯æÈ‹âÁ¿à–äÝÃÝÞÌ Share of 15 year old population attending school

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. ! . ! . !

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. ! . !

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ÄáÌ×Ì––âÑÈ–ÆàÇ–É¡–ÀèÍ –âÑÈ–ÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ Percent of village population < 20 %

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20 % - 40 % 40 % - 60 % 60 % - 80 %

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> 80 % Í¡ÓêÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃ ÜàÇî 6Îê–, 10Îê Ûì 15Îê âÁ¿àäÝÃÝÞÌ No children of 6, 10 or 15 years

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100

200

300 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

D.6 ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌËàÃâÑÈÁÜÃâÈèÀÜàÇî 6 Øà 15 ÎêË¯âÁ¿àäÝÃÝÞÌ Sex ratios of 6 to 15 year olds attending school ãÏÌË¯ D.5 ÅßÍèÍ–ÀŠÜÌ–ÅßãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊéÃ–Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–åÌ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ–ÁÜÃ ÑíÌ ÖßâÓìÜÃ–Öà×–åÌ–ÀîŠÓ ÜàÇî–ÉŠàÃƒ ãÖß ÇèÃ–ÅßãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊéÃ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–Ë¯–É´Ã–ÑïÓ–ÅèÌÊ àÌ–ÁÜÃ ÑºÌ–Ë¯–åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Ë³× ÎßâËÈ .åÌ–Ì´Ì–Óê–ÅªÃ–Ë¯–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÀàÌãÄÀÔàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ–ÜàÈ–Óê–Â×àÓ ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÍ–ÛàÇ–ÎèÈå Ä–âÆ¨Ì–ÎèÈå Ä–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–ÆíÌâ Ï³à, Â×àÓËîÀ–ÇàÀ ãÖß È‹àÌ Ü²Ìƒ. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃåÈ À¡–ÉàÓ, Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÅáÂèÌ–Ë¯–Í¡–ÎßÀíÈ–ÜÜÀ–Óà–åØ‹–âØèÌ–À¡–Âì–Â×àÓ ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–Ë¯–Ñí×Ñ èÌ–âÊéÃ–ÍíÈÍ àÈ ÇéÃ–ÆàÇ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ.

The preceding Map D.5 shows the disparities in school attendance among different age groups but also in geographical terms across the country. There were indications that the spatial patterns may relate to a number of factors such as ethnicity, poverty, etc. However, an important difference that has not been apparent is the gender related differences in school attendance. At the national level, a relatively balanced number of 66.1% of all girls and

ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÖßÈèÍ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ, æÈ‹–Óê–Éí×–âÖÀ–Â×àÓ–ÈîŠÌ–ÈŠÞÃ–ÖßØ×ŠàÃ–âÈèÀ–ÇéÃ ãÖß âÈèÀ–ÆàÇ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ– åÌ–âÀÌ ÜàÇî 6 Øà 9 Îê Ë¯–ÇèÃ–âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ–ÔïŠ–ãÓŠÌ 66.1% ÅáÖèÍ–âÑÈ–ÇéÃ ãÖß 67.1% Åá ÖèÍ–âÑÈ–ÆàÇ. Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ–ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀ–ÇéÃ ãÖß ÆàÇ–åÌ–âÀÌ–Üà Çî 10 Øà 14 Îê Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–Óê âÑ¸Ó–ÁºÌ–Âì–ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀ–ÇéÃ–ãÓŠÌ 77.2% ãÖß âÈèÀ–ÆàÇ–ãÓŠÌ 85.0% ãÖß æ×–ÙïŠÓ– ÇéÃ–ÄáÌ×Ì 33.3% ãÖß æ×–ÙïŠÓ–ÆàÇ–ÄáÌ×Ì 49.8% Æ²Ã–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÀïŠÓ–ÁÜÃ–Æà×–ÙîŠÓ–ÜàÇî15 Øà 19 Îê–Ë¯–æÈ‹–âÁ¿à–äÝÃÝÞÌ.

67.1% of all boys aged 6 to 9 were reported as currently at school. The difference increased for children aged 10 to 14 where 77.2% were girls and 85.0% were boys. Finally, for adolescents aged 15 to 19, girls attending school accounted for 33.3% and boys for 49.8%. When we look at the three maps, we can distinguish a gradual shift from a mixed pink-and-green kaleidoscopic picture in the map presenting the sex

âÓ²Ü–Ñ×À–âÝíà–âÍªÃ–ãÏÌË¯–ÅàÓ–ÅßÍèÍ, Ñ×À–âÝíà–ÅàÓàÈ–ãÇÀ–ãÇß–âØèÌ–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ–ÎŠÞÌãÎÃ– âË²Ü Öß–Ì‹ÜÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑàÍ–Ë¯–Óê–Åê–ÎßÅíÓ–È‹×Ç–Åê–ÆíÓ–Ñï ãÖß ÅêÁ Þ×–åÌ–ãÏÌË¯–ÅßãÈÃ–ÜèÈ Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀÌ ‹ÜÇ–åÌ–âÀÌ–ÜàÇî 6 Îê–Ë¯–æÈ‹–âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ æÎ–âÎèÌ–ÑàÍ–ÅÁ ê Þ×–âÁ´Ó–À×Šà– ÔŠàÃ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–âÈ¨Ì–ÆèÈ–åÌ ãÏÌË¯ Æ±Ã ÅßãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ–âÊéÃ–ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÀîŠÓ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Üà Çî 15 Îê–æÈ‹–âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ, ãÖß ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÅÁ ê Þ×–âÁ´Ó–åÌ ãÏÌË¯–ÅßãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ–ÄáÌ×Ì–æ×–ÙïŠÓ–Ïï‹–ÆàÇ–ÛàÇ– À×Šà 200 ÂíÌ É¡–æ×–ÙïŠÓ–ãÓŠÇ éÃ 100 ÂíÌ. ÅªÃ–ÅáÂèÌ–Â×Ì–âÌ´Ì–åÅŠ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÀàÌãÄÀ ÔàÇ–ãÍÍ–Ë³×–æÎ–åØ‹–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–ÀàÌ–âÜíà åÄ–åÅŠ É¡–ÂŠà–äÈÈ ÈŠÞ×–Ë¯–Óê–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÅßâÑàß–Í‹àÌ–åÈ–Ù±Ã Æ±Ã ÂŠà–Ì´Ì–ÜàÈ–æÈ‹–Óà–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–ÅîŠÓ–Éí×Ô ŠàÃ–Ë¯–Óê ÁßÙàÈ–Ì‹ÜÇ–âÀêÌ–æÎ–åÌ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–Ù‹ÜÇ ãÖß È‹×Ç–âØÈ–Ì´Ì ÄáÌ×Ì–âÈèÀ–ÆàÇ ãÖß âÈèÀ–ÇéÃ–åÌ–âÀÌ–ÜàÇî–ÅßâÑàß–åÈ–Ù±Ã–Ë¯–âÁ¿à–äÝÃ ÝÞÌ–Ä±Ã–Óê–ÄáÌ×Ì–Ù‹ÜÇ–À×Šà.

ratio of 6-year-olds attending school, to a predominantly darker green picture in the map presenting the sex ratio of 15-year-olds attending school, with the dark green representing >200 male adolescents per 100 female adolescents. It should be noted that general spatial patterns should be focused on rather than isolated extreme values in certain villages which may result from very small sample sizes in villages, where the population is already small and hence the number of boys and girls attending school at a certain age becomes even smaller. Nevertheless, we observe that generally speaking balanced sex ratios can only be found in regions where overall school attendance is high. Conversely,

âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃåÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹×–Ñ×À–âÝíà–ÅàÓàÈ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–Â×àÓ–ÈîŠÌ–ÈŠÞÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì ËàÃ–âÑÈ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÅßâÑàß–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–Óê–ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ–Ë¯–ÛàÇ–âË³à–Ì´Ì. ãÉŠ–åÌ–ËàÃ–ÀíÃ ÀèÌ–Á‹àÓ–ÀèÌ–Ì´Ì, âÓ²Ü–ÄáÌ×Ì–âÈèÀ–ÌÜ‹Ç–Ë¯–âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÙÜ‹Ç ÅßÌ´Ì–Ä²Ã–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–ÄáÌ×Ì–âÈèÀ Ì‹ÜÇ–ÇéÃ–ÁàÈ–äÜÀàÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ–ÛàÇ–âË³à–Ì´Ì.

the fewer children attending school, the more girls will be disadvantaged. In summary the sex ratio further accentuates the already pronounced disparities in school attendance shown in the previous map. These may be related to location, ethnicity, and other factors. This can be illustrated by some values

ÅßØÖîÍ–Ö×Ó–ãÖ‹×, ÜèÈÉ à–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–ÅßË‹ÜÌ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊéÃ–Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à– ÝÞÌ ÛàÇ–ÁºÌ È¨Ã–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÅßãÈÃ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÏÌË¯–ÅßÍèÍ–ÀŠÜÌ–Ì´Ì. Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ– âÛ³à–Ì¸ ÜàÈ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÍ–ÎèÈå Ä–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–Ë¯–É´Ã, ÆíÌâ Ï³à ãÖß ÎèÈå Ä–Ü²Ìƒ Æ±Ã–ÅàÓàÈ–Üß ËéÍàÇ åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÑàÍ–È‹×Ç–ÂŠà–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÄàÀ–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯Ô ïŠ–Üà–åÅ. âÓ²Ü–âÍªÃ–Éí×–âÖÀ ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Í¡–âÂêÇ–âÁ¿à–äÝÃÝÞÌ–ÄèÀ–âË²Ü–ãÖ‹×, Ñ×À–âÝíà–ÅàÓàÈ–âØèÌ–×Šà Éí×–âÖÀ–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–ÆàÇ Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÌßÂÜÌØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ–Í¡–âÂêÇ–âÁ¿à–äÝÃÝÞÌ–ÄèÀ–âË²Ü–Óê–Éœ–ÛàÇ–Âì 3.3% Æ±Ã–åÌ–ÁßÌß–Ë¯ Éí×–âÖÀ–ÁÜÃ–ãÓŠÇ éÃ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–ÜÈ î íÓ–æÆ–Í¡–âÂêÇ–âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ–ÄèÀ–âË²Ü–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÅïÃ– âÊéÃ 48.6%. ÇªÃ–æÎ–À×Šà–Ì´Ì, Äß–âØèÌ–×Šà–Éí×–âÖÀ–âÈèÀÌ ‹ÜÇ–Ïï‹–ÆàÇ ãÖß Ïï‹–åØÇŠ–ÆàÇ–åÌ–ÂÜÍÂí×– ÆíÌâ Ï³à–Öà×–Í¡–âÂêÇ–âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ ÄèÀ–âË²Ü–ãÓŠÌ–Óê 7.7% åÌ–ÁßÌß–Ë¯–Éí×–âÖÀ–ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀ–ÇéÃ–âÏ³à–äÖ–äÖ Í¡–âÂêÇ–âÖ¸Ó–É¿Ì–âÁ¿à–ÝÞÌ–åÌ ãÖß ÌÜÀ–ÖßÍíÍ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–ÄèÀ–âË²Ü–âÖêÇ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê 87.7%.

drawn from the National Population and Housing Census data. Looking at the population that has never attended school, we can see that for males living in Vientiane Capital the figure is as low as 3.3%, whereas 48.6% of women in Oudomxay have never been to school. Furthermore, among boys and men belonging to the Lao ethnic family 7.7% never went to school, while 87.7% of Lolo girls never even started formal education.

D.6 ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–âÑÈÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ ÜàÇî 6Îê Øà 15Îê âÁ¿à–äÝÃÝÞÌ– –

ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌËàÃâÑÈÁÜÃâÈèÀÜàÇî 6 Øà 15 ÎêË¯âÁ¿àäÝÃÝÞÌ

Sex ratios ofSex 6 to 15ofyear olds attending school ratios 6 to 15 year olds attending school A. ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃÜàÇî

B. ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃÜàÇî

6Îê âÁ¿à–äÝÃÝÞÌ–– (ÆàÇ/ÇéÃ)

10Îê âÁ¿à–äÝÃÝÞÌ (ÆàÇ/ÇéÃ)––

Sex ratio of 6 year olds attending school (male/female)

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Sex ratio of 10 year olds attending school (male/female)

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. ! . !

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. ! . !

. !

ÄáÌ×Ì––âÑÈ–ÆàÇ–É¡–ÀèÍ –âÑÈ–ÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ Number of males per 100 females < 50

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50 - 66

67 - 94

95 - 104

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105 - 149

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105 - 149

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150 - 200

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150 - 200

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> 200

. !

> 200

. !

C. ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃÜàÇî 15Îê âÁ¿à–äÝÃÝÞÌ–– (ÆàÇ/ÇéÃ)

Sex ratio of 15 year olds attending school (male/female)

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. ! . ! . !

. !

. ! . !

. !

ÄáÌ×Ì––âÑÈ–ÆàÇ–É¡–ÀèÍ –âÑÈ–ÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ Number of males per 100 females < 50

. !

50 - 66 67 - 94 95 - 104

. !

105 - 149 . !

150 - 200 > 200

. !

100

200

300 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

SECTION E

Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ ãÖß Â×àÓ–âÆ²ÜÓ–äÆÓ Health & disabilities ÀàÌ–ÎèÍ–ÎîÃ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ–Í¡–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–ãÓŠÌ–ÏíÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–ÔŠàÃ–ÈÞ×–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–Îß– Éé–ÍèÈ–Â×àÓ–ÇìÌ–ÇíÃ - ãÉŠ–ÓèÌ–âÎèÌ–Å¯Ã–Ë¯–Äá–âÎèÌ–É‹ÜÃ–âÝèÈ–ÀŠÜÌ–ÚïŠ–ÓíÈ. Â×àÓ–ÜŠÜÌ–ãÜ–É¡–ÀàÌ– ÉéÈ–âÆºÜ–ãÓŠÌ–Üî–Îß–ÅèÀ–Ë¯–Óê Â×àÓ–Øî‹Ç–Ã–ÇàÀ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–Ë¯–Äß–æÈ‹–Îß–âÆêÌ–Ù‹à–ÀèÍ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ñß–Çà– ÇàÓ–Û‡È–Ñ¿Ì–ÜÜÀ–Äà–À×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ ãÖß ×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–Å¸Ì–ÆèÍ–Ñß–Çà–ÀÜÌ. È¨Ã–Ì´Ì–ÓèÌ–À¡–Í¡–âÎèÌ–Å¯Ã–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–Ù‹à–Îß–ÛàÈ–åÄ–×Šà Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ–Ë¯–ãÁÃ–ãÝÃ–âÎèÌ–Å¯Ã–Åß–Ë‹ÜÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÍèÌ–Æê– ÖàÇ–ÀàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÄîÈ–Îß–ÅíÃ–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–ÔïŠ–åÌ ËíÈ–Åß–Øß–Åß–Ø×èÈ (MDGs) ÔŠàÃ–Ù‹ÜÇ–ÅîÈ–ÅàÓ– ÜèÌ–Ë¯–ÆèÈ–âÄÌ–Æ±Ã–Ü‹àÃ–ÜêÃ–âÊêÃ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ ãÖß ÀàÌ Óê–Åß–Ø×èÈ–Èê–ÀàÌ–Ë¯–Èê. ÖèÈ–Êß–ÍàÌ–ãØŠÃ Å Î Î Öà×, æÈ‹–åØ‹–Â×àÓ–æÀ‹–ÆéÈ–ÉéÈ–ãËÈ ãÖß åØ‹–ÀàÌ ÝŠ×Ó–Óì–ÀèÍ–Øî‹Ì–ÅŠ×Ì–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–Åà–ÀíÌ– ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ–âÜíà–åÄ–åÅ–Û‡È–ÏŠÜÌ–É¡–ÀàÌ–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ–ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀ Ì‹ÜÇ, Å³Ã–âÅêÓ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ–ÁÜÃ–ãÓŠ– åØ‹–Èê–ÁºÌ, ãÖß É¡–Åï‹–É‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–ãÏŠ–Áß–ØÇàÇ–ÁÜÃ–âÆºÜ–äÖÀ âÆ¨Ì: âÆºÜ–äÖÀ–âÜÈ (HIV/AIDS), æÁ‹–ÇîÃ ãÖß Ü²Ìƒ.

Improved health is not just one of the benefits of sustainable development - it is a prerequisite. Vulnerability to disease is one of the most formidable obstacles faced by populations trying to escape the cycle of poverty and resource depletion. Therefore it is by no means astonishing that health is strongly reflected in the catalogue of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), at least three of which explicitly refer to health and well being. In the Lao PDR the Government, in close collaboration with international development partners, is dedicated to reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, and combating the spread of diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria and so on. Information relevant for guiding these strategies is becoming more and more available to the Lao PDR from different sources and surveys which cover

åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà× Óê–ÛàÇ–Á§–ÓïÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–ãÌß–Ìá–ÇîÈ–Ëß–ÅàÈ–âÛ³à–Ì¸. Á§–ÓïÌ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ æÈ‹–Óà–ÄàÀ–ãÛŠÃ–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ ãÖß ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–Æ±Ã–Îß– ÀÜÍ–È‹×Ç–Øí×–Á§–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ ØÖàÀ–ÛàÇ ãÖß ÓàÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–æÖ–Çß–ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ. ÓèÌ–Í¡– ãÓŠÌ–Ù‹à–Ë¯ Ûì Â×àÓ–Óî‹Ã–ÚàÇ–ÁÜÃ ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–åÌ–Îê 2005 âÑ²Ü–Åß–âÙê–Á§–ÓïÌ–Ë¯–Åá–ÂèÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ É¡–ÀèÍ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–Å‹àÃ–Â×àÓ–ÉèÈ–ÅêÌ–åÄ. ÌÜÀ–ÄàÀ–Ì´Ì–ÍàÃ– Øí×–Á§–âÛ³à–Ì´Ì–ÜàÈ–ÇèÃ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÍ–ÍèÌ–Øà Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ–âÑàß–×Šà–ÀàÌ–ÂàÈ–Âß–âÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ– ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–æÖ–Çß–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÓèÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ–Äá–âÎèÌ–Ë¯–Äß–É‹ÜÃ–æÈ‹– âÀèÍ–Àá–âÜíà–ÍèÌ–Èà–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–Ë¯–Äß–Óê–ÖïÀ–æÈ‹ ãÖß Á§–ÓïÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ. È¨Ã–Ì´Ì–Ñ×À–âÝíà–Ä±Ã–æÈ‹–ÉèÈ–ÅêÌ–åÄ–×Šà–Äß–Ìá–Óà–Åß–âÙê–ÑÜ‹Ó–ÀèÌ–ÍèÌ–Èà–Éí×–Æ¸ ÍÜÀ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Åá– ØÖ×È–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÑàÀ–Ì¸–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ ãÖß Â×àÓ–âÆ²ÜÓ–äÆÓ. åÌ–×é–Ëê–ÀàÌ–Ì¸ Ñ×À–âÝíà–Øè×Ã– âÑ²Ü–Ìá–Óà–Åß–âÙê–Á§–ÓïÌ–Ë¯–Äß–âÅêÓ–ÍèÌ–Èà–Á§–ÓïÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Óà–ÄàÀ–ãÛŠÃ–Ü²Ìƒ. Ñ‹ÜÓ–ÀèÌ–Ì´Ì Ñ×À–âÝíà–À¡– ÂàÈ–ÚàÇ–âÑ²Ü–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–ÓèÌ–Óê–ÂîÌ–ÂŠà–ÁºÌ–É²Ó–È‹×Ç–ÀàÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–æÖ–Çß–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Ë³× Îß–âËÈ. ÇªÃ–æÎ–ÀŠ×–à–Ì´Ì, ÑàÀ–Ë¯–ÉéÈ–ÉàÓ–Óà–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Ìá–åÆ‹–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Ë¯–É´Ã ÁÜÃ–ÅïÌ–ÝèÀ–Åà–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ ãÖß Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–âÆ²ÜÓ–äÆÓ.

a variety of topics and spatial scales. It was neither the duty nor the intention of the National Population and Housing Census of 2005 to provide key health data for decision-makers. Nevertheless, as the demographic projections of a census necessitate fertility and mortality data, some of the topics may still be relevant to health issues. It was, therefore, decided to assemble some of the Census indicators in the present section on health and disabilities. With this we hope to provide information which will complement that from other sources. Also we expect to add value mainly by depicting the spatial patterns across the country. Furthermore, the following section capitalises on Census information on the position of health centres and on people with disabilities. Finally it should be recalled that this atlas also contains other information that may be relevant to readers interested in health issues. This does not only concern the general topics of demography, (Section B), migration (Section C) or poverty (Section I), but in addition and more specifically the different acces-

ÜèÌ–ÅîÈ–Ë‹àÇ Â×Ì–Äß–ÄíÈ–Äá–æ×‹–×Šà–ÎºÓ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ÍèÍ–Ì¸–ÇèÃ–ÍèÌ–Äî–ÍèÌ–Èà–Á§–ÓïÌ–Ü²Ì–âÆ¨Ì–ÜêÀ–Æ±Ã– ÜàÈ–Äß–âÎèÌ Îß–äØÇÈ–åØ‹–ãÀŠ–Ïï‹–ÜŠàÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÅíÌ–åÄ–É¡–ÍèÌ–Øà–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ. ÅªÃ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–Í¡–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ– ÀŠÞ×–Á‹ÜÃ–ÀèÍ–Øí×–Á§–Ë³× æÎ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ, (ÑàÀ B), ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ (ÑàÀ C) Ûì Â×àÓ–ËîÀ (ÑàÀ I), ãÉŠ ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–Øà–Óê–Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß– ãÖ‹× (ãÏÌ–Ë¯ A.5 ãÖß A.6), ãÖß ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–Øà–ãÛŠÃ–ÌŸ–Ë¯–Åß–ÜàÈ ãÖß Åî–Áß–Ñé–ÍàÌ–É¡–ÀèÍ–Å¯Ã–ã×–ÈÖ‹ÜÓ (ãÏÌ–Ë¯ H.4 ãÖß H.5 ÉàÓ–Öá–ÈèÍ).

sibility maps (Maps A.5 and A.6), as well as the maps on access to clean water and environmental sanitation (Maps H.4 and H.5 respectively).

E.1 Ë¯É´ÃÁÜÃÅïÌÅîÁßÑàÍ ãÖß Â×àÓÅàÓàÈâÁ¿àæÎØà Location and accessibility of health centres ÀàÌ–Ìá–âÜíà–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ–æÎ–ÅïŠ–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–ÔŠàÃ–Óê–Îß–ÅéÈ–Ëé–ÑàÍ–ÓèÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ– Åá ÂèÌ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–âÑàß–ÓèÌ–Í¡–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ÀàÌ–Íá–ÍèÍ–É¡–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–âÄèÍ–âÎèÌ ãÖß Ïï‹–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÍàÈ– âÄèÍ ãÉŠ–À¡–ÇèÃ–âÎèÌ–ÀàÌ–ÍèÌ–âËíà–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ ãÖß ÝèÍ–Îß–ÀèÌ–ÀàÌ–Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ ãÖß âÝèÈ–åØ‹–Óê–Â×àÓ Åß–È×À–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–Ë³×–æÎ. È‹×Ç–âØÈ–Ì¸, ÓèÌ–âÎèÌ–ÅªÃ–Åá–ÂèÌ–Ë¯–Äß–É‹ÜÃ æÈ‹–âÁ¿à–åÄ âÊéÃ–ÑàÀ–ÅŠ×Ì–åÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Óê–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ–È‹àÌ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–Øà ãÖß ÂîÌ–Ìß–ÑàÍ ÁÜÃ–ÅïÌ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–âÎèÌ–Âì–ãÌ×–åÈ ãÖß ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–â×–Öà–Ë¯–Äß–âÁ¿à–æÎ–Øà.

Efficient delivery of health services is crucial not only for the treatment of the sick and ill and injured but also for alleviating poverty, securing livelihoods, and enabling economic development in general. Hence, it is important to understand what fraction of the population has access to health services, and of what quality, and in what time. In the National Population and Housing Census of 2005 heads of villages

ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ–åÌ–Îê 2005 ÌàÇ–Í‹àÌ–æÈ‹–ÊìÀ–Êà– Ó×Šà ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–ÁÜÃ–Ñ×À–âÁíà–Óê–ÅîÀ–Åà–Öà Ûì ÅïÌ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ–Íç. âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–Á§–ÓïÌ–Ü²Ìƒ ãÓŠÌ–Í¡–æÈ‹– âÀèÍ–Àá âÑ¯Ó–âÉêÓ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÍíÈ–ÖàÇ–ÃàÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÂîÌ–Ìß–ÑàÍ Ûì âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–ÁÜÃ–ÅïÌ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ–âÛ³à–Ì¸; ãÉŠ–Äá–Ì×Ì ÁÜÃ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÅïÌ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ ãÖß Ë¯–É´Ã–ÁÜÃ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–âÛ³à–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åÌ– ãÏÌ–Ë¯ E.1. ÓèÌ À¡–ÇèÃ–âÎèÌ–ÅªÃ–Ë¯–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ–ÔïŠ. åÌ–Äá–Ì×Ì–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–ÁÜÃ10,552 ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–Óê–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ 791 ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ Ûì 7.5% æÈ‹–ÖàÇ–Ãà–Ì×Šà–Ñ×À–âÁíà–Óê–ÅïÌ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ.

were asked if their village had a clinic or health centre. No additional information was collected on the quality or the state of such a health centre; however the mere number and location of the villages with health centres shown in Map E.1 provides some interesting insights. Of a total of 10,552 villages only 791, only 7.5%, reported the presence of a health centre. In order to enhance this information, the travel time to and from each

âÑ²Ü–âÑ¯Ó–âÉêÓ–Á§–ÓïÌ–âÛ³à–Ì¸, Ñ×À–âÝíà–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–â×–Öà–ÀàÌ–âÈêÌ–ËàÃ æÎ ãÖß ÜÜÀ–ÄàÀ– ãÉŠ–Öß ÅïÌ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–ÁÜÃ ÅÎÎ Öà×. ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–âÎèÌ–ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ–åÌ–ãÍÍ–ÔŠàÃ– ÁÜÃ Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–Øà–æÈ‹, âÆªÃ–ÅªÃ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–ÑèÌ–Öß–Ìà–åÌ–ÛàÇ–ÖàÇ–Öß–ÜÞÈ–åÌ– ãÏŠÌ–Ë¯ A.5 ãÖß A.6. ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÁíÃ–âÁÈ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ–ÀèÍ–â×–Öà–âÈêÌ–ËàÃ– Ë¯–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–æÎ–Øà–ÅïÌ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ–Ë¯–æÀ‹–Ë¯–ÅîÈ. â×–Öà–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–Ù‹ÜÇ–ÀŠ×–à 1 Æ³×–äÓÃ (Ë¯–Óê–Åê–ÁÞ×) ãÖß Øà–ÛàÇ–ÀŠ×–à10 Æ³×–äÓÃ (Ë¯–Óê–Åê–ãÈÃ).

health centre was calculated for the whole of the Lao PDR. This calculation was based on a model of accessibility, which is described in more detail in Maps A.5 and A.6. The results show regions of the country with different travel times to the nearest health centre, ranging from less than 1 hour (coloured green) to more than 10 hours (coloured red). The spatial patterns show the green easily accessible regions of the coun-

ãÍÍ–æÖ–Çß–Ø×ŠàÃ–Ë¯–Åß–ãÈÃ–âØèÌ–ÁíÃ–âÁÈ–Åê–ÁÞ×–ãÓŠÌ–ÁíÃ–âÁÈ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ–Ë¯–âÁ¿à–æÎ–Øà–æÈ‹–ÔŠàÃ ÃŠàÇ–ÈàÇ ãÖß Ë¯–Óê ÏíÌ–Åß–Ë‹ÜÌ–åÌ–ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ–äÂÃ–ÖŠàÃ–ÀàÌ–ÁíÌ–Å³Ã. ãÉŠ–Óê–ÑàÀ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ÁÜÃ Îß–âËÈ–Ë¯–ãÓŠÌ–ÀàÌ–ãÇÀ–ÔïŠ–ÔŠàÃ–äÈÈ–ÈŠÞ×–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–Å³Ã–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ. È‹×Ç–âØÈ Ì¸–ÓèÌ–âÎèÌ–Â×àÓ–ÅíÌ–åÄ–Ë¯–Äß–ÅìÍ–Åà×–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÁÜÃ–Åß–ÑàÍ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–ÑàÇ–åÌ–ÁíÃ–âÁÈ–Åß–âÑàß ÁÜÃ Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–Øà. âÆªÃ–ÅªÃ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–Äá–Ì×Ì– ÁÜÃ Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–Óê Ûì Ïï‹–Í¡–Óê ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–Øà–ÅïÌ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ. Éà–Éß–ÖàÃ ÖîŠÓ–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹– âØèÌ–ÏíÌ ãÖß ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ ãÖß ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–Îß–âÑÈ Ë¯–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–Ë¯–Åà– ÓàÈ–âÁ¿à–æÎ Øà–ÅïÌ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ.

ÎßâÑÈÂ×àÓ– ÅàÓàÈÀàÌâÁ¿àæÎØà ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×ÌÝ‹ÜÇÚïŠÍ‹àÌ

try which reflect the transport infrastructure, but there are large areas of the country which are completely isolated from health service delivery. Thus it is interesting to investigate the number of villages situated within a particular range of accessibility. This allows the calculation of the number of people who have, or do not have, access to a health centre. The table below presents the results and shows the percentages of the villages and the population in the different classes of accessibility to health centres:

ÜèÈÉà– ÅŠ×ÌÝ‹ÜÇÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃ

ÀàÌ–âÑ¯Ó–Ëß–×ê ÜèÈ–Éà– ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß– âÓìÜÃ

Accessibility class

Percentage of villages

Percentage of population

Cumulative percentage of population

0 Øà 0.5 Æ³×–äÓÃ

0 to 0.5 h

61.5

74.6

61.5

74.6

0. 5 Øà 1 Æ³×–äÓÃ

0.5 to 1 h

11.9

9.2

83.8

11.9

9.2

83.8

1 Øà 2 Æ³×–äÓÃ

1 to 2 h

9.8

6.6

90.4

9.8

6.6

90.4

2 Øà 4 Æ³×–äÓÃ

2 to 4 h

9.6

5.6

96.0

9.6

5.6

96.0

4 Øà 7 Æ³×–äÓÃ

4 to 7 h

5.3

3.0

9.0

5.3

3.0

9.0

ÛàÇÀŠ×à 7 Æ³×–äÓÃ

More than 7 h

2.2

1.0

100

2.2

1.0

100

ÉàÉßÖàÃ 2: Â×àÓ–ÅàÓàÈÀàÌâÁ¿àæÎØàÁÜÃÚïÍ Š à‹ Ì ãÖß ÎßÆàÆíÌÀèÍÅïÌÅîÁßÑàÍ Ë¯æÀ‹ËÅ ¯ È î È‹×ÇÎßâÑÈË¯ã ÉÀÉŠàÃÀèÌÁÜÃâ×Öà–åÌÀàÌâÈêÌËàÃ

Table 2: Accessibility of villages and people to the nearest health centres by different classes of travel time

This table shows that despite the inaccessibility of many regions in the Lao PDR, many villages and an even higher percentage of the people are quite

âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–Éà–Éß–ÖàÃ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–Â×àÓ–Í¡–Åà–ÓàÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–Øà–ÁíÃ–âÁÈ–åÌ– ÅÎÎ Öà×, ÛàÇƒ ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ ãÖß ãÓ‹–ãÉŠ–ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–Ë¯–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×–à–ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Ë¯–É´Ã–Ê¯Ì–ÊàÌ–Á‹ÜÌ– Á‹àÃ ÔïŠ–æÀ‹–ÀèÍ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê ÅïÌ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ. âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–Ó¯–ÅïÌ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ 791 ãØŠÃ–åÌ Îß– âËÈ, 84% ÁÜÃ ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–ÇèÃ–ÂíÃ–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–ÅïÌ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ–ÑàÇ åÌ–Ù±Ã–Æ³×–äÓÃ, ãÖß âÀêÌ 90% ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ–ãÓŠÌ–ÑàÇ–ÅÜÃ–Æ³×–äÓÃ. ÄàÀ–Éí×–âÖÀ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–Ñ×À–âÝíà–Åà–Óà–ÈÖíÃ–Â×àÓ–âØèÌ–×Šà Ê‹à–Øà–À×Šà–ÍàÃ–ÁíÃ–âÁÈ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÔŠàÃ–ÝêÍ–ÈŠ×Ì–åÌ–ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ–äÂÃ–ÖŠàÃ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ– ÛàÇ–ÁºÌ–ÀŠ×–à–âÀ³à, Íî–Öé–Óß–ÅéÈ–Â×Ì–åØ‹–ÀàÌ–Íá–ÖîÃ–ÝèÀ–Åà Ûì ÎèÍ–ÎîÃ–ÂîÌ–Ìß–ÑàÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÅïÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ–åØ‹–ÂíÃ–ÔïŠ. Äá–Ì×Ì–ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–ãÓŠÌ–ÁºÌ–ÀèÍ ãÉŠ–Öß–ÅïÌ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ–ÓèÌ–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ– æÈ‹–ÔŠàÃ–ÃŠàÇ–ÈàÇ–ÀèÍ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–âÑ²Ü–ÄèÈ–ÜèÌ–ÈèÍ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Â×Ì–æÈ‹ ÝèÍ–âÆ¨Ì–åØ‹–ÀàÌ–Åß–ÙèÍ–Åß–ÙïÌ.

close to a village with a health centre. Even if there are only 791 health centres in the country, 84% of the population are still able to reach a health centre within one hour, and over 90% within a maximum of 2 hours. From these figures we can conclude that even if some regions are urgently in need of further health infrastructure, priority should be given to maintaining or improving the quality of the existing health service centres. The number of people depending on each health centre could easily be calculated to prioritise the villages that should receive such support.

Ë¯–É´Ã–ãÖßÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–äÝÃÚç / ÅîÀÅàÖà E.1

Ë¯É´ÃÁÜÃÅïÌÅîÁßÑàÍ ãÖß Â×àÓÅàÓàÈâÁ¿àæÎØà

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102°0'0"E

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106°0'0"E

22°0'0"N

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. Huay Xay ! ! ! !

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Muang!

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Thakhek !

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Accessibility to and from health centres

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Pakxe ! !

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Sekong

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Saravane

â×Öà–åÆ‹–âÈêÌËàÃ– Æ³×–äÓÃ Travel times in hours

!! .

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äÝÃÚç /ÅîÀÅàÖà Health centre

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â×ÖàÀàÌ–âÈêÌËàÃæÎ-Óà Øà äÝÃÚç /ÅîÀÅàÖà

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Attapeu !

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5 ! !

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C 50

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>10

100

14°0'0"N

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HANOI

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Luang Namtha ! .

20°0'0"N

18°0'0"N

16°0'0"N

MYANMAR

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200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

E.2 ÖèÀÅßÌßÅßâÑàßÁÜÃÅîÁßÑàÍäÈÇË³×æÎ General health characteristics

È¨Ã–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Üß–Ëé–ÍàÇ–æ×‹–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÍíÈ–ãÌß–Ìá–ÁÜÃ–ÑàÀ–Ì¸, âÎ¿à–ÚàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ åÌ–Îê 2005 ãÓŠÌ–Í¡–æÈ‹–Èá–âÌêÌ–âÑ²Ü–âÀèÍ–Àá–âÜíà–ÍèÌ–Èà–ÖàÇ–Öß–ÜÞÈ–ÁÜÃ–Á§–ÓïÌ– ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ âÓ²Ü–Ý×Í–Ý×Ó–âÜíà–ÍèÌ–Èà–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ãÓŠÌ– Ñ×À–âÝíà–âÀèÍ–Àá–ÍàÃ–ÍèÌ–Èà Éí×–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–âÆªÃ–ÓèÌ–æÈ‹–Ñí×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÍ–ÍèÌ–Øà–ËàÃ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ. ÅàÓ–ãÏŠÌ–Ë¯– É¡–æÎ–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊéÃ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ æÖ–Çß–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÁÜÃ ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ–ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀ–ÜÜŠÌ ãÖß ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ–ÁÜÃ–ãÓŠ–ÇéÃ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã æÖ–Çß–Êì–Ñà ãÖß Àá–âÌêÈ–âÈèÀ ãÖß Åß–âÖÇ– Üà–Çî–ÁÜÃ–ãÓŠ–ÇéÃ–åÌ–ÉÜÌ–âÀêÈ–ÖïÀ–Ïï‹–Ëá–ÜéÈ. Ñ×À–âÝíà Í¡–Åà–ÓàÈ–Ë¯–Äß–Å‹àÃ–ÀàÌ–Âá–Ì×Ì–Öß–ÜÞÈ– ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Äá–ãÌÀ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–Ì¸–È¨Ã–Ì´Ì ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹ Óà–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È– ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Æ±Ã–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸ âÑ²Ü–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–Ýï‹–âÊéÃ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ æÖ–Çß–Ø×ŠàÃ–Ë¯–Åá–ÂèÌ

As has already been mentioned in the introduction to this section, it was neither the task nor the intention of the 2005 Population Census to provide detailed information on health issues. Nevertheless, with the aim of compiling demographic data, some indicators relevant to health issues have been collected. The following three maps illustrate the spatial patterns of the death rate of children and of mothers during pregnancy or at the time of delivery, as well as the average age of women at their first child delivery. As it was not possible to make detailed calculations of mortality rates at this level of resolution, the observed crude death rates were mapped in order to reveal the spatial patterns that should be the focus of attention.

ãÏÌ–Ë¯ A ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ–ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀ–Üà–Çî–Éœ–ÀŠ×–à 1 Îê ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ–ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀ–ãÓŠÌ–Äá–Ì×Ì–âÈèÀ–æÈ‹–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ–Æ±Ã–Óê–Üà–Çî–Éœ–ÀŠ×–à1 Îê É¡–ÀèÍ– Äá–Ì×Ì–âÈèÀ 1,000 ÂíÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Àá–âÌêÈ–åÌ–â×–Öà–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ. ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ åÌ–Îê 2005 æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÜèÈ Éà–ÀàÌ–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀ–ÜŠÜÌ–ãÓŠÌ 70 ÂíÌ É¡–ÀèÍ 1,000 ÂíÌ–Ë¯–âÀêÈ–åÚŠ–Óê–Æê–×éÈ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–Îß–âËÈ, ÚàÇ–Â×àÓ–×Šà–âÈèÀ–âÀêÈ Óà–ËîÀƒ ÑèÌ–ÂíÌ–åÈ– ÀŠÜÌ–Äß–ÝÜÈ–ÂíÍ–ÝÜÍ–×èÌ–âÀêÈ 1 Îê–æÈ‹–âÅ–èÞ–Æê–×éÈ–æÎ 70 ÂíÌ. ãÏÌ–Ë¯ A æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊéÃ– ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ–ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀ–Üà–Çî–Éœ–ÀŠ×–à 1 Îê æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åÌ–Äá–Ì×Ì 6 ÀîŠÓ åÌ–ãÉŠ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ. ÍèÌ–Èà–ÀîŠÓ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ È‹×Ç–Åê–ÌŸ–ÉàÌ–ÜŠÜÌ–Øà–Åê–ÌŸ–ÉàÌ–âÁ´Ó. ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–Ñ×À– âÝíà–Åà–ÓàÈ–âØèÌ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ–Æ±Ã–æÈ‹–Áß–ØÇàÇ âÖ¸Ó–ãÉŠ–ÅïÌ–ÀàÃ–ãÏŠ–ÜÜÀ–æÎ–ÄíÌ âÊéÃ–ÁÜÍ–ÌÜÀ–ÁÜÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–ÀàÌ–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ–ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀ–Ë¯–Óê–ÅïÃ–Æ±Ã–Äß–Åà–ÓàÈ ÑíÍ–âØèÌ– æÈ‹–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ËàÃ–ËéÈ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÁÜÃ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹ ãÖß ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ. åÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯ ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–ÜèÈ–Éà ÀàÌ–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ–ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀ–ÜŠÜÌ–ÇèÃ–Óê–ÅïÃ ãÖß Óê–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–Àß–ãÄÀ–Àß–ÄàÇ. ÅíÓ–Â×Ì–ÔŠàÃ–ÇéÃ–Ë¯ ÌèÀ–Íç–Öé–ØàÌ–Á´Ì–ÅïÃ–Â×Ì ÅëÀ–Åà–Øà–ÎèÈ–åÄ ãÖß ÅàÇ–âØÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ– Ë¯–Óê–ÅïÃ–ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀ–âÑ²Ü–âÎèÌ–ÍŠÜÌ–ÜêÃ–åØ‹–ãÀŠ–ÀàÌ–Àá–ÌíÈ–ãÏÌ ÇîÈ–Ëß–ÅàÈ–âÑ²Ü–ãÀ‹–æÁ–ÍèÌ–Øà–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×.

Crude death rate of children under 1 (Map A) The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of children under 1 year old per 1,000 live births in the same period. At a country level the results from the National Population and Housing Census of 2005 revealed the child mortality was 70 deaths per 1,000 live births meaning that for every 1,000 children born 70 never lived to see their first birthday. Map A depicts the crude death rates of children under 1 per 1000 live births per district in 6 frequency classes with shading from light to dark brown colours. In general we observe a pattern of death rates that grows from the centre to the periphery. Particularly high rates can be found in the border areas of the south-east and the south of the country. In the north, districts with high crude death rates are more scattered. It is important that senior administrators study the factors involved and the causes of the high child mortality rates in order to determine strategies for their solution.

ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ–ÁÜÃ–ãÓŠ–ÇéÃ ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ–ÁÜÃ–ãÓŠ–ãÓŠÌ–Äá–Ì×Ì–ãÓŠ–ÇéÃ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ–åÌ 1 Îê É¡100,000ÂíÌ– ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀ–Ë¯–âÀêÈ ãÖß Óê–Æê–×éÈ–åÌ Îê–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ. ãÓŠ–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ–ãÓŠÌ–ÚàÇ–âÊéÃ–ãÓŠ–ÇéÃ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ– Æ±Ã–Ñí×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Êì–Ñà, Îß–ÅïÈ Ûì ÛèÃ–âÀêÈ 42 ×èÌ Ç‹ÜÌ–ÅàÇ–âØÈ–Ë¯–âÀêÈ–ÁºÌ–åÌ–æÖ–Çß–Êì–Ñà ãÖß Ç‹ÜÌ–Ñß–ÇàÈ–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Êì–Ñà, ãÉŠ–Í¡–ãÓŠÌ–ãÓŠ–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ Ç‹ÜÌ Üî–Îß–Éé–âØÈ. ÄàÀ– ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–åÌ–Îê 2005 ÑíÍ–×Šà–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ–ÁÜÃ–ãÓŠ ãÓŠÌ 405 ÂíÌ–É¡ 100,000 âÈèÀ–âÀêÈ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–Îß–âËÈ. åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÜèÈ– Éà–ÀàÌ–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ–ÁÜÃ–ãÓŠ–ÔïŠ–åÌ 5 Öß–ÈèÍ ÔïŠ–åÌ–Á´Ì–âÓìÜÃ. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÀàÌ–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ–Ë¯–Éœ–ãÓŠÌ– ÚàÇ–È‹×Ç–Åê–Íí×–ÜŠÜÌ ãÖß ÅïÃ–ãÓŠÌ–ÚàÇ–È‹×Ç Åê–Íí×–âÁ´Ó. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ–ÁÜÃ–ãÓŠ–ÇéÃ– ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÅïÃ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹ ãÖß ËàÃ–ËéÈ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÅÞÃ–åÉ‹. ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÅïÌ–ÀàÃ ÁÜÃ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–ÜèÈ–Éà– ÀàÌ–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ–ÁÜÃ–ãÓŠ–ÇéÃ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÅïÃ. âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ æÖ–Çß–ØŠ×–àÃ–ÁÜÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ Ìº–âÀìÜÍ–Â‹àÇ–Âì–ÀèÍ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ÍèÍ–ÀŠÜÌ–ãÉŠ–ÓèÌ–À¡–ÇèÃ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–Éà–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ.

Maternal mortality (Map B) The maternal mortality rate is the number of deaths of mothers per 100,000 live births in the same year. Maternal deaths occur during pregnancy, at the time of delivery or 42 days after giving birth, and are the result of problems and complications related to pregnancy but not because of accidents. At the national level the results from the National Population and Housing Census of 2005 revealed a maternal mortality rate of 405 mothers per 100,000 live births. On Map B the observed death rates are depicted at district level in five frequency classes by varying shades of pink going from lighter shades (low mortality rates) to darker (high mortality rates). Maternal mortality rates are high in the south and the south-east of the country. In the centre of the north the maternal mortality rates are mostly high. Even though the general spatial

ãÏÌ–Ë¯ C Üà–Çî–ÁÜÃ–ãÓŠ–ÇéÃ–åÌ–ÉÜÌ–âÀêÈ–ÖïÀ–Ïï‹–Ëá–ÜéÈ Üà–Çî–ÁÜÃ–ãÓŠ–ÇéÃ–åÌ–ÉÜÌ–âÀêÈ–ÖïÀ–Ïï‹–Ëá–ÜéÈ–ãÓŠÌ–ÈèÈ–Åß–Ìê–ÚàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Åá–ÂèÌ. ãÓŠ– ÇéÃ–Ë¯–âÖ¸Ó–Óê–ÖïÀ–åÌ–Üà–Çî ÙîŠÓ–ÜàÈ–Äß–Óê–ÖïÀ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–Ïï‹–Ë¯–âÖ¸Ó–Óê–ÖïÀ–åÌ–æ×–Üà–Çî–Ë¯–ãÀŠ–ÀŠ×–à–Æ±Ã–ÀàÌ– Óê–ÖïÀ–ÛàÇ–ÜàÈ–âÎèÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–Ù±Ã–Ë¯–Ñà–åØ‹–âÀêÈ Óê–ÀàÌ–âÅÇ–Æê–×éÈ–ÁÜÃ–ãÓŠ–ÅïÃ–ÁºÌ. åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–Îß–âËÈ– ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–åÌ–Îê 2005 ÑíÍ–×Šà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ–Üà–Çî–ÁÜÃ–ãÓŠ– ÇéÃ–ÉÜÌ–âÀêÈ–ÖïÀ–Ïï‹–Ëá–ÜéÈ–ãÓŠÌ 20 Îê ãÖß åÌ–Ì´Ì–Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Éœ. ãÏÌ–Ë¯ C Åß–ãÈÃ–âÊéÃ 5 Öß–ÈèÍ–ÁÜÃ–Üà–Çî–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–ÇéÃ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–Åê–ÁÞ×–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–âÁ´Ó–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ. ÅŠ×Ì–åØŠ–Ç ãÓŠ–ÇéÃ–âÀêÈ–ÖïÀ–Â´Ã–Ëá–ÜéÈ–Üà–Çî–ãÓŠÌ–Äß–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×–à–Öß–ÈèÍ–Åß–âÖÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÆàÈ–Æ±Ã–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÑíÍ– âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ÔïŠ–ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ–ãÂÓ ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ. ÅªÃ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Ô´Ã–ÔìÌ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊéÃ–ËŠà–ÜŠÞÃ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Üà–Çî–ÁÜÃ– ãÓŠ–ÇéÃ–Ë¯–âÀêÈ–ÖïÀ–Ïï‹–Ëá–ÜéÈ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ ÁÜÃ ÅïÌ–ÀàÃ–âËÈ–Åß–ÍàÌ–âÓìÜÃ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×–à–ÔïŠ–ÁÜÍ– âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ. Á§–ÇíÀ–â×´Ì–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÅªÃ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ Æ²Ã–Äß–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹– ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÍèÌ–Èà–ãÁ×Ã–Ë¯–Óê–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–ÉéÈ–ÀèÍ–Îß–âËÈ–æË ãÖß ÔïŠ–ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Ï¿Ã–Åà–Öê, ãÖß ÄîÈ–ÅàÓ–ãÇÀ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Û×Ã–ÌŸ–Ëà, ãÁ×Ã–Üî–ÈíÓ–åÆ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã–Í¡–ãÀ‹× ãÖß ÔïŠ–ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–ÆÞÃ–Á×àÃ–À¡–âÆ¨Ì–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ. ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÑàÀ C ãÖß F Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Á§– ÓïÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÍèÌ–Øà–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ÛàÇ–ÀŠ×–à–Æ±Ã–ÓèÌ–æÈ‹ Ñí×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÍ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÁÜÃ–ËàÃ–âÑÈ ãÖß ÆíÌ–âÏ³à.

pattern on this map follows the pattern of the preceding map some interesting differences can be found. Age of women at first child delivery (Map C) The age when women first give birth is an important population index. The younger a woman at first child delivery, the more likely she is to have many children. Furthermore, low age may also be one of the causes of high maternal mortality rates. At the national level the results from the National Population and Housing Census of 2005 showed that many women have their first child at twenty years of age and that the variation across the country is quite small. Map C presents five age classes indicated by different shades of green. A large majority of women who are above the national average age at first delivery can be found along the Mekong River once more confirming the general trend that in urban central regions the age is higher than in rural border regions. Interesting exceptions to this pattern can be observed along the border to Thailand but also in the north of Phongsaly, at the intersection of Luangnamtha, Oudomxay and Bokeo provinces, as well as in the east of Xiengkhuang. Relations to gender-specific migration patterns or ethnicity should further be explored (see Section C and F) on this issue.

ÂîÌÖèÀÅßÌßË³×æÎÈ‹àÌÅàËàÖßÌßÅîE.2 À

ÖèÀÅßÌßÅßâÑàßÁÜÃÅîÁßÑàÍäÈÇË³×æÎ

General General healthhealth characteristics characteristics

A. ÀàÌ––âÅÇ–Æé×éÈ–ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀ– ÜàÇî–ÉáÀŠ×à 1 Îê

Crude death rate of children under 1

ÀàÌ–ÉàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ãÓŠ Maternal mortality

. !

. ! . !

. !

É¡–ÀèÍ–ÄáÌ×ÌãÓŠ 100,000 –ÂíÌ–Ë¯âÀêÈÖïÀ Deaths per 100,000 births

É¡ÀèÍ–âÈèÀ–âÀêÈÓê–Æé×éÈ 1,000 ÂíÌ Deaths per 1,000 live births < 21

< 200

. !

21 - 40

201 - 400

41 - 60

401 - 600

61 - 80

601 - 800

. !

81 - 100

. !

> 800

. !

> 100

. !

. ! . !

. !

ÜàÇî–Åß–âÖŠÇÁÜÃãÓŠ–ÇéÃ–åÌ–ÉÜÌ––âÀêÈ–ÖïÀ–Ïï‹Ëá–ÜéÈ Average age of women at first child delivery

. !

. ! . ! . !

. !

. ! . !

. !

É¡ÀèÍ–âÈèÀ–âÀêÈÓê–Æé×éÈ 1,000 ÂíÌ Years of age < 20

. !

20 21 22

. !

> 22

. ! . !

. !

100

200

300 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

E.3 Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÀèÍ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–Ñé–ÀàÌ

Households with disabled people åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà× ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê 70,261 ÂíÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ 60,015 Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–ÖàÇ–ÃàÌ ×Šà–Óê–Ïï‹–Ñé–ÀàÌ. È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Îß–ÓàÌ 8% ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ËèÃ–ÓíÈ ãÖß Îß–ÓàÌ 1.3% ÁÜÃ ÑíÌ– Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ. åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÅíÓ–ËÞÍ–åÅŠ–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÂàÈ–Âß–âÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÜíÃ–ÀàÌ–Üß–Ìà–æÓ–äÖÀ (WHO) ×Šà–âÑ¯Ó–ÁºÌ 10% ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–Ë³×–äÖÀ Ë¯–Äß–Óê–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ, Éí×–âÖÀ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–Åá–ÖèÍ ÅÎÎ Öà× ãÖ‹×–Îß–ÀíÈ–×Šà ãÓŠÌ–Éœ–ÛàÇ. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ–âÎèÌ–Å¯Ã–Ë¯ Â×Ì–Ä²–æ×‹–×Šà–ÓèÌ–Í¡–Óê–ÓàÈ– Éß–ÊàÌ–É¡–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ–ÔïŠ–ÑàÇ–åÌ–Îß–âËÈ. È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Ì¸–Óê–ÜéÈ–Ëé–ÑíÌ É¡–Â×àÓ–âÁ¿à–åÄ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß– âÓìÜÃ Ë³×–æÎ–×Šà ãÓŠÌ–ØÇèÃ–ãË‹–Âì–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ Ë¯–ãË‹–ÄéÃ ãÖß ãÓŠÌ–ØÇèÃ–âÎèÌ–Åà–âØÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÓèÌ. ÀàÌ–Âé–ÈÖŠ×Ã–Ù‹à ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–×Šà–ãÓŠÌ–ØÇèÃ–ÑéÈ–ÄàÀ ÎíÀ–Àß–Éé–ÜàÈ–ãÓŠÌ–ÎèÈ–åÄ–åÌ–ãÍÍ–ÀàÌ–ÖàÇ–ÃàÌ.

A total of 70,261 people in 65,015 households in the Lao PDR are reported as having a disability. This comprises about 8% of all households and about 1.3% of the total population. When compared to the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) estimate that up to 10% of a population will have a disability, these figures for the Lao PDR appear to be very low. However it should be remembered that there is no nationally recognised classification of disability. This has an influence on the general population’s understanding of what a disability really is and what its causes are. Preconceptions about what are normal deviations may also play a part in the patterns of reporting.

ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ë¯–ÉàÓ–Óà–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÄîÈ–ÅîÓ–Åá–ÂèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÎºÓ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ Ì¸–âÆ¨Ì ãÍÍ–æÖ–Çß–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ Àß–ãÄÀ–Àß–ÄàÇ–ÀèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ ãÖß, åÌ–Àç–Öß–Ìê–Ì¸, ÀàÌ–Àß–ãÄÀ–Àß–ÄàÇ–ÀèÌ ÁÜÃ–ÂíÌ–Ñé–ÀàÌ. ãÏÌ–Ë¯ E.3 Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÅÜÃ–âÂ²ÜÃ–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–âÑ²Ü–×èÈ–ãËÀ Äá–Ì×Ì ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÀèÍ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯ Ñé–ÀàÌ. âÂ²ÜÃ–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–Ëá–ÜéÈ–âÛ³à–Ì¸, ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÀèÍ–ÂíÌ–Ñé–ÀàÌ–åÌ–ãÉŠ–Öß ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ, æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ È‹×Ç–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ Öß–ÈèÍ–Æ´Ì–ÁÜÃ–Åê–âÃíà–ÓìÈ–ÄàÀ–Éœ–ÅîÈ 5% âÊéÃ–ÛàÇ ÀŠ×–à 20% ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ. È¨Ã–Ì´Ì–ÀàÌ–ÅíÓ–ËÞÍ–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÝèÈ–æÈ‹–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ. âÂ²ÜÃ–Æ¸– ÍÜÀ Ë¯–ÅÜÃ, Äá–Ì×Ì–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÀèÍ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–Ñé–ÀàÌ, ãÓŠÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–È‹×Ç–ÄîÈ–Åê– ãÈÃ; ãÉŠ–Öß–ÄîÈ–âÎèÌ–âÂ²ÜÃ–ÚàÇ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–Ø‹à–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÀèÍ–ÂíÌ–Ñé–ÀàÌ.

The following maps present the main focus of this atlas namely the spatial patterns of the current distribution and, in this case, the distribution of disabled people. Map E.3 shows two indicators for measuring the number of households with disabled people. The first of these, the percentages of households with disabled people in each village, is illustrated by colour shadings ranging from less than 5% to more than 20% of all households. This allows comparisons to be made across the country. The second indicator, the total number of households with disabled people, is shown by red dots; -with each

È¨Ã–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÂàÈ–ÚàÇ–æ×‹–Äá–Ì×Ì–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÀèÍ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–Ñé–ÀàÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ–âÚàß–ÅíÓ–ÀèÍ– ÑºÌ–Ë¯ âÛ³à–Ì´Ì–ÍŠÜÌ–Ë¯–Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÛàÇ–ÀŠ×–à (ÅíÓ–ËÞÍ–ÀèÍ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.2). ÌÜÀ–ÄàÀ Â×àÓ–ÄéÃ–Ë¯–×Šà–Ê‹à–ØàÀ–Óê–ÛàÇ–ÂíÌ ÓèÌ–Äß–Óê–ÏíÌ–É¡–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÁÜÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÀèÍ–ÂíÌ– Ë¯–Ñé–ÀàÌ–Ë¯–ÅïÃ–ÁºÌ, Ñ‹ÜÓ–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–Ì´Ì–ÓèÌ–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹–Ë¯–ÂíÌ–Ñé–ÀàÌ–Äß–ÆÜÀ–Øà ÀàÌ–Åß–ÙèÍ–Åß–ÙïÌ È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à–Óà–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÅïÌ–ÀàÃ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ.

dot representing five households with disabled people. As expected the total number of households with a disabled person mostly match those areas where the population density is higher (compare with Map B.2). Apart from the fact that the presence of more people will result in a higher concentration of households with disabled people, it is also possible that

ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–Åê–âÃíà–ÓìÈ–ãÓŠÌ–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–ÀàÌ–Óê–ÔïŠ–Ë³×–æÎ–ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ ÀèÍ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–Ñé–ÀàÌ ãÖß Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–Ë¯–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–äÌ‹Ó–ÜÞÃ–ÅïŠ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–Ë¯–Éœ–ÀŠ×–à– åÌ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ Û×–Ã×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ, ãÁ×Ã–Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ ãÖß Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–ÎàÀ–âÆ. åØ‹–ÄíÈ–Äá–æ×‹–×Šà–Åà– âØÈ–Â×àÓ–âÎèÌ æÎ–æÈ‹–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ–ãÓŠÌ ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ–Àá–âÌêÈ (âÍªÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ E.5) È¨Ã–Ì´Ì–ÓèÌ–ÄªÃ–Óê–Â×àÓ–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹ Ë¯–ÀàÌ–Üá–Ì×Ì–Â×àÓ–Åß–È×À–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ Åà–Ëà–Öß–Ìß–ÅîÀ– âÁ¿à–æÎ–Øà–æÈ‹–Èê ÀŠ×–à–ÜàÈ–Û‡È–ÏŠÜÌ–ÜèÈ–Éà È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Ì´Ì–ÖíÃ.

people with disabilities looking for support migrate towards urban centres. The shaded areas indicating the prevalence of households with disabled people show quite a heterogeneous pattern across the country with a tendency towards lower percentages in Vientiane capital, Savannakhet and Pakxe. Bearing in mind that the most probable cause of disability is related to birth (see Map E.5) then it is possible that better access to health facilities may decrease

ÍàÃ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ØŠàÃ–æÀ–ÆÜÀ–ÛêÀ–ãÓŠÌ–âÎèÌ–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ–ÛàÇ–âÑàß–×Šà–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÍŠÜÌ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ÜèÈ–Éà–Â×àÓ– Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ãÓŠÌ–Éœ ãÉŠ–åÌ–â×–Öà–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–ÅïÃ ãÖß Äá–Ì×Ì– ÁÜÃ Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÀèÍ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–Ñé–ÀàÌ–À¡–ÅïÃ–âÆ¨Ì–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ. Å¯Ã–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ÆèÈ–âÄÌ–ÛàÇ–åÌ ãÁ×Ã ÆÞÃ–Á×àÃ, ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÅŠÞÃ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Øí×–ÑèÌ, ãÖß ÉÜÌ–ÎàÇ–ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã Åà–Öß–×èÌ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã–âÆ–ÀÜÃ. âÆ¨Ì–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–ÀèÍ–Óê–ÑºÌ–Ë¯ Ë¯–ÊìÀ–ÏíÌ–Àß–ËíÍ–ÄàÀ–Öß– âÍêÈ–Ë¯–Í¡–ËèÌ–ãÉÀ (UXO) Ë¯–Óê–ÅàÌ–À¡–åØ‹–âÀêÈ–ÜèÌ–Éß–ÖàÇ. Âß–Ìß–Àá–Óß–ÀàÌ–Âî‹Ó–ÂÜÃ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ (NRA) æÈ‹–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÝÞÍ–ÝÞÃ Á§–ÓïÌ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ÀèÍ–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÀàÌ–Ê¸Ó–ÖïÀ–Öß–âÍêÈ ÁÜÃ–ÀÜÃ–ÍèÌ–Æà–ÀàÌ–ËàÃ– Üà–ÀàÈ–Îß–âËÈ–Üà–âÓ–Öé–Àà (USAF). ÀàÌ–Ñé–ÅïÈ–ÛèÀ–ÊàÌ ãÖß ÀàÌ–Åß–ÙèÍ–Åß–ÙïÌ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–Ñé–ÀàÌ– Åà–ÓàÈ âÎèÌ–ÅªÃ–Ë¯–Ë‹à–ËàÇ–åÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ØàÃ–æÀ–ÆÜÀ–ÛêÀ. âÆ²ÜÓ–É¡–âÁ¿à–ÀèÌ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ ãÖß Â×àÓ ËîÀ–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Ñé–ÅïÈ–Â×àÓ–ÄêÃ–ãÖ‹× ãÖß ÓèÌ–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹–Ë¯–×Šà–Â×àÓ–ØàÃ–æÀ–ÁÜÃ–Ë¯–É´Ã ãÖß UXO Ë¯–Óê–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ ÓèÌ–À¡–âÎèÌ–ÎèÈ–åÄ–âÆ¨Ì–ÀèÌ. åÌ–ÀàÌ Àá–ÌíÈ–Ìß–äÇ–ÍàÇ, ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–Îß– âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ Ñé–ÀàÌ–ÓèÌ–Äß–ãÓŠÌ–ÍàÈ–À‹à×–ÜèÌ–Åá–ÂèÌ–âÆªÃ–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÎèÍ–ÎîÃ–ÂîÌ–Ìß–ÑàÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ Ë‹ÜÌ–äÝÓ Á§–ÓïÌ ãÖß âÑàß–Åß–Ì´Ì, ÀàÌ–âÝèÈ–ãÏÌ ÀàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ–Ë¯–âÚàß–ÅíÓ. ãÉŠ–Öß– Îß–âÑÈ Â×Ì–Äß Ñé–Äà–Öß–Ìà–×é–Ëê–ËàÃ–Ë¯–Åß–ÙèÍ Åß–ÙïÌ–Ìß–äÇ–ÍàÇ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ–åØ‹–ÛàÇƒ ÁºÌ ÀŠÞ×– ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Ö×Ó–ÀèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÂíÌ–Ñé–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–åÌ–Àß–ãÅ–ÀàÌ ÅëÀ–Åà ãÖß ÀàÌ–Óê–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá.

these rates. Some remote areas are most interesting, where despite a low population density there are both high percentages and high numbers of households with disabled people. This is most evident in Xiengkhuang, the northeast of Huaphanh, and the eastern tips of Saravane and Sekong. These are also the areas worst affected by UXO contamination. The National Regulatory Authority (NRA) has correlated these data with USAF bombing data. Identifying and supporting people with disabilities can be challenging in remote areas. Links between disability and poverty are already established and it is likely that remoteness of location and presence of UXO are also factors. In terms of policy, classifying disability would be an important step which could improve the quality of data collection and, therefore, planning of appropriate services. Any classification should take into account approaches which support the burgeoning government policies regarding the inclusion of people with disabilities into mainstream education and employment.

100

E.3 ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃÂí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÂíÌ–ÑéÀàÌ

Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÀèÍ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–Ñé–ÀàÌ

Households with disabled people Households with disabled people 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃÂí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÂíÌ–ÑéÀàÌ Households with disabled people . !

1 –âÓèÈ = 5 Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÂíÌ–ÑéÀàÌ 1 Dot = 5 households with disabled people

Saravane

. Sekong ! . !

ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ Ë¯–Óê–ÂíÌ–ÑéÀàÌ Percent of village households <5%

Pakxe

. !

Attapeu

5 % - 10 % 10 % - 15 % 15 % - 20 %

14°0'0"N

> 20 %

C 0

100

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

101

Other disabilities 10%

E.4

ÅïÌâÅÇÀàÌÓÜÃâØèÌ 17%

Îß–âÎàÀÀì ÑÈ–À É¿Ì–Éç–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ Ûì ØïÙ×À

27%

Main types of disability ãÁÌÀîÈ Ûì ÁàÀîÈ

Mutliple disabilities 7%

39%

ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÇàÇ–ÁÜÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÂíÌ–Ñé–ÀàÌ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÀŠÞ×– ÑèÌ âÊéÃ Îß–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ. Óê–Ø‹à–Îß–âÑÈ–Âì: ÅïÌ–âÅÇ–ÀàÌ–ÓÜÃ–âØèÌ (Åß–ãÈÃ–åÌ–Åê– ÛàÇÀ×ŠàÔŠàÃ âÛìÜÃ), ÎàÀ– ÀìÀ Ûì ØïÀ–Ù 7%ãÈÃ–åÌ–Åê–ÁÞ×), ãÁÌ–ÀîÈ Ûì Áà–ÀîÈ (Åß–ãÈÃ–åÌ–Åê–Ó‹×Ã), ÛàÇ– ÈÞ×Â×àÓÑé àÌ×À (Åß– À×Šà–ÔŠàÃ–ÈÞ×–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ (Åß–ãÈÃ–åÌ–Åê–Ò‹à), ãÖß Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ–åÌ–Îß–âÑÈ–Ü²Ìƒ (Åß–ãÈÃ–åÌ– àÌ Åê–ÅíÓ–Ñï). Â×àÓÑé ãÉŠ–Öß–ÄÀîÈ –âÎèÌ–âÂ²ÜÃ ÚàÇ–Åß–ãÈÃ–Ø‹à–ÂíÌ–âÎèÌ–âÂ²ÜÃ–Åß–ãÈÃ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ– åÌÎßâÑÈÜ² ƒ Ú10% æÈ‹–ÖàÇ–ÃàÌ–âÎèÌ–Åß–âÌÑàß– ïŠ–Í‹àÌ. ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–Á‹àÃ–ÖîŠÓ–Ì¸–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–âÎèÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âÑÈ Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–Îß–âËÈ.

Arm- or leg handicapped The39% map shows

Deaf or dumb 27%

the distribution of the total number of disabled people in

relation to the type of disability. The five types are: visual impairment (shown as yellow), deaf or dumb (shown as green), arm or leg handicaps (shown as purple), multiple disabilities (shown as blue), and other disabilities (shown as pink). Every dot represents five people with a certain type of disability reported in a particular village. The figure below shows the percentages of disability types at the country level.

Îß–âÑÈ–É¿Ì–Éç–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ Â×àÓÑéÀàÌ åÌÎßâÑÈÜ²Ìƒ 10% ÛàÇÀ×ŠàÔŠàÃ ÈÞ×Â×àÓÑéÀàÌ 7%

Visually impaired 17%

Type of disability Other disabilities 10%

ÅïÌâÅÇÀàÌÓÜÃâØèÌ 17%

Visually impaired 17%

Mutiple disabilities 7%

ÎàÀÀìÀ Ûì ØïÙ×À 27%

ãÁÌÀîÈ Ûì ÁàÀîÈ 39%

Deaf or dumb 27%

Arm or leg handicapped 39%

Éí×–âÖÀ–ÜèÌ–Ë¯ 2: ÀàÌ–Óê–ÔïŠ–Ë³×–æÎ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âÑÈ–Ë¯–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ

Figure 2: Prevalence of different types of disabilities

Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ–Ë³×–æÎ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ãÓŠÌ–ãÁÌ–ÀîÈ Ûì Áà–ÀîÈ. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ–Ê‹à–Óê–Îß–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ– Â×àÓ Ñé–ÀàÌ–ËàÃ–Îß–ÅàÈ–ÔŠàÃ–ÈÞ× Ë¯–Ö×Ó–âÜíà–ËèÃ–ÅïÌ–âÅÇ–ÀàÌ–ÓÜÃ–âØèÌ ãÖß ÅïÌ–âÅÇ–ÀàÌ–æÈ‹– ÇêÌ–ÅÞÃ–È¨Ã Ì¸–Äß–âÎèÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ÅîÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ãÍŠÃ–ãÇÀ–Îß–âÑÈ. É´Ã–ãÉŠ–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ–ËàÃ–Îß–ÅàÈ– Óê–ÏíÌ–Àß–ËíÍ É¡–ÂíÌ–ÀîŠÓ–åØÇŠ–Ñ×À–âÁíà–É‹ÜÃ–Â×Ì–âÜíà–åÄ–åÅŠ–Ñé–âÅÈ–Àç–Âì–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–ÝŠàÃ– ÀàÇ. ÍèÌ–Øà Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–ÄéÈ–åÄ–Í¡–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÔŠàÃ–Äß–ãÄ‹Ã–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È.

The most common disability is that of an arm or a leg handicap. However if there were a single classification of sensory disabilities which included both visual and hearing impairment then this would be the largest single category. Since sensory disabilities affect a large group of people they require special attention as do physical disabilities. Mental health issues do not feature in the census.

ÀàÌ–âÀêÈ–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–ÜêÃ–ÉàÓ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ E.3 ãÖß Â×àÓ ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÌ–ËèÃ–ÅÜÃ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Ë¯–ÊìÀ–ÏíÌ–Àß–ËíÍ–ÄàÀ–Öß–âÍêÈ–Ë¯–Í¡–ËèÌ–ãÉÀ (UXO) ãÖß Â×àÓ– Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÔïŠ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–âÛ³à–Ì´Ì. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, ÓèÌ–ÇàÀ–Ë¯–Äß–åÄ‹–ãÇÀ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ– Áß–ÙàÈ æÖ–Çß–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÉŠàÃƒ ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ.

The overall occurrence of disabilities follows the patterns revealed in Map E.3 and correlates with both the areas affected by UXO and those densely populated. It is, however, difficult to distinguish a spatial pattern of the different types of disabilities.

102

Îß–âÑÈ–ÑéÀàÌ–É¿ÌE.4 É¡–

Îß–âÑÈ–É¿Ì–Éç–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ

Main types disabilities Mainof types of disability 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÀàÌ––ãÄÀÇàÇÁÜÃ–ÂíÌ–ÑéÀàÌ –ãÖß Îß–âÑÈ–Á ÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÑéÀàÌ

Distribution of disabled persons and type of disability

. !

1 –âÓèÈ = ÂíÌ–ÑéÀàÌ 5 ÂíÌ 1 Dot = 5 disabled persons ÑéÀàÌ–ÅàÇÉà Visually handicapped

Øï–ÙÜÀ/ÎàÀÀìÀ Deaf or dumb

ÑéÀàÌ–ÝŠàÃ–ÀàÌ (–ãÁÌ,Áà) Arm, leg handicapped

ÑéÀàÌ–ÆŸÆ‹ÜÌ Multiple handicapped

Ü²Ìƒ Other handicapped

. Sekong ! . !

. Attapeu !

C 0

100

Pakxe

14°0'0"N

Saravane

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

103

E.5 ÅàâØÈÉ¿ÌÉç–ÁÜÃÂ×àÓÑéÀàÌ Main causes of disability

ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ–åÌ Îê 2005 æÈ‹–ãÍŠÃ Åà–âØÈ–É¿Ì– Éç–ÁÜÃ Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ–âÛ³à–Ì´Ì–Æ±Ã–ãÓŠÌ–ÏíÌ–âÌ²ÜÃ–Óà–ÄàÀ: ÀàÌ–Àá–âÌêÈ (Ë¯–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ åØ‹–âØèÌ–È‹×Ç Åê–Ò‹à–âÁ´Ó), ÅíÃ–ÂàÓ (Åß–ãÈÃ–È‹×Ç–Åê–Ó‹×Ã), Üî–Îß–Éé–âØÈ (Åß–ãÈÃ–È‹×Ç–Åê–ÁÞ×), ÉéÈ–Ôà–âÅÍ–ÉéÈ (Åß–ãÈÃ–È‹×Ç–Åê–Ò‹à–ÜŠÜÌ), ÉéÈ–âÆºÜ–äÖÀ (Åß–ãÈÃ–È‹×Ç–Åê–âÛìÜÃ), ãÖß Åà–âØÈ Ü²Ìƒ (Åß–ãÈÃ–È‹×Ç–Åê–Á¸–âË³à). Åà–âØÈ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Ìá–Åß–âÙê–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–Îß–âËÈ È‹×Ç–Éí×–âÖÀ– åÌ–ÝïÍ–ãÍ–ÍÖîŠÓ–Ì¸:

The National Population and Housing Census of 2005 classified the main causes of disability as those resulting from: birth (shown in dark blue in the figure), war (shown in purple); accident (shown in green), drug addiction (shown in light blue), disease (shown in yellow) and other (shown in grey). These are presented at a country level in the following figure:

ÅàâØÈÉ¿ÌÉç–ÁÜÃÂ×àÓÑéÀàÌ

Causes of disability

Åà–âØÈ–Ü²Ìƒ 5%

Other 5%

È–âÆºÜ–äÖÀ 28%

Disease 28%

âÎèÌ–Óà–ãÉŠ–âÀêÈ 39%

ÉéÈ–Ôà–âÅÍ–ÉéÈ 1% Üî–Îß–Éé–âØÈ 16%

At birth 39%

Drugs 1%

ÅíÃ–ÂàÓ 11%

ÉéÉí×–âÖÀ 3: ÀàÌ–Óê–ÔïŠ–Ë³×–æÎ–Åá–ÖèÍ–Åà–âØÈ–Ë¯–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ

æÈ‹–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÖàÇ–ÃàÌ–ÔŠàÃ–âÎèÌ–Îß–Äá–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Åà–âØÈ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–âÀêÈ–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ–È¨Ã– ÀŠà×–ÏíÌ–âÌ²ÜÃ–Óà–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–Àá–âÌêÈ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–âÆºÜ–äÖÀ–âÆ¨Ì 39% ãÖß 28% ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Ñé– ÀàÌ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–ÉàÓ–Öá–ÈèÍ. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–Ë¯–Óê–ÁÜ‹Ì–Á‹àÃ–Ù‹ÜÇ–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–Ñé–ÀàÌ–ÜàÈ–Åà–ÓàÈ–Üß– Ëé–ÍàÇ æÈ‹–åÌ–Àç–Öß–Ìê–Ë¯–æÈ‹–âÀêÈ–ÅíÃ–ÂàÓ–âÓ²Ü 30 Îê–Ë¯–ÏŠàÌ–Óà ãÖß Ïï‹–âÂàß–Ý‹àÇ–ÛàÇ–ÂíÌ–æÈ‹–âÅÇ– Æê–×éÈ–ãÖ‹×. Â×Ì–Äß–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÍèÌ–ËëÀ–æ×‹–ÔïŠ–âÖºÜÇƒ–âÆ¨Ì–ÀèÌ–×Šà ÓèÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ØÇî‹Ã–ÇàÀ–Ë¯–Äß–Àá–ÌíÈ– æÈ‹–âÊéÃ–Åà–âØÈ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ. È¨Ã–Ì´Ì ÀàÌ–Äá–ãÌÀ–âÊéÃ–Åà–âØÈ–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ØÇî‹Ã–ÇàÀ. ÇéÃ–æÎ–ÀŠ×–à–Ì´Ì Öß–ÈèÍ–Îß–âÑÈ ‘âÎèÌ–Óà–ãÉŠ–âÀêÈ’ ÓèÌ–Í¡–Óê–Â×àÓ–Äá–âÎèÌ–Ë¯–Äß–É‹ÜÃ–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–âÊéÃ– Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ–Óà–ãÉŠ ËàÃ–Àá–Óß–ÑèÌ–âË³à–Ì´Ì ãÉŠ–ÓèÌ–ÜàÈ–Äß–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–âÊéÃ–Â×àÓ–ØÇî‹Ã–ÇàÀ–åÌ–Æ‹×Ã– â×–Öà–Êì–Ñà Ûì âÀêÈ–ÖïÀ. âÆéÃ–ÏíÌ–Àß–ËíÍ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–âÝèÈ–åØ‹ ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–âÀêÈ–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÖèÃ–ÀÞÈ äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß– ãÓŠÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–âÊéÃ–âÈèÀ–Ì‹ÜÇ Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ Ûì É¡–ÀèÍ–Åß–Óà ÆéÀ–åÌ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Æ±Ã–Óê–ÍèÌ–Øà–ÀŠÞ×– ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–Ôà–âÅÍ–ÉéÈ. åÌ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ, ÀàÌ–Äá–ãÌÀ–Îß–âÑÈ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–åÌ Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ Ä±Ã–Í¡–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÝèÈ–åØ‹– ÓèÌ–Äß–ãÄ‹Ã–æÈ‹–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ Ïï‹–âÂàß–Ý‹àÇ–ÄàÀ–Öß–âÍêÈ–Ë¯–Í¡–ËèÌ–ãÉÀ (UXO).

Accident 16%

War 11%

Figure 3: Prevalence of different causes of disabilities

The most frequently reported causes of disabilities are those resulting from birth and disease namely 39% and 28% respectively of the total disabilities. The relatively small percentage resulting from war can probably be explained by the fact that the war was over 30 years ago and many victims are no longer alive. It should also be noted that often it is difficult to identify the cause of the disability so classification is difficult. Furthermore the category ‘at birth’ does not necessarily relate to only congenital defects but could also be indicative of difficulties during either pregnancy or labour. The results could also have been affected by social stigma particularly that related to children with disabilities or to members of a household with a drug abuse problem. Finally, the current classification does not allow the clear identification of UXO victims. The map reveals patterns of the different causes of disability across the

ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÁÜÃ–Åà–âØÈ–Ë¯–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ–åÌ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ. åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ Åà–âØÈ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ–ãÓŠÌ–âÀêÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ–Üî–Îß–Éé–âØÈ. âÊéÃ– ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ–Óê–ÍàÃ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ âÆ¨Ì: ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–ÅîÈ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã Åà–Öß–×èÌ, ãÁ×Ã ÆÞÃ–Á×àÃ, ãÖß ãÁ×Ã Øí×–ÑèÌ Óê–Äï‹Ó–ÁÜÃ–Åà–âØÈ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ–Æ±Ã–âÀêÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ–Üî–Îß–Éé–âØÈ–ÁÜÃ ÅíÃ–ÂàÓ. åÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–âÛ³à–Ì¸–Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–Ë¯–ÅïÃ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ–ÜàÈ–Äß–Í¡–ãÓŠÌ–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–Ñé– ÀàÌ–Ç‹ÜÌ–Öß–âÍêÈ–Ë¯–Í¡–ËèÌ–ãÉÀ (UXO) âË³à–Ì´Ì–ãÉŠ–ÓèÌ–ÜàÈ–Äß–âÎèÌ–ÇÜ‹Ì–ÅàÇ–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–Ë¯–Óà–ÄàÀ Àá–Óß–ÑèÌ Æ±Ã–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–Üà–×îÈ–âÂ–Óê–âÆ¨Ì: ÅàÌ–âÂ–Óê–Ìá–åÆ‹–Åá–ÖèÍ–Ëá–ÖàÇ–åÍ–æÓ‹–ÊëÀ åÆ‹–åÌ–Æ×Ã–â×–Öà–ÅíÃ–ÂàÓ.

country. In urban areas accidents are the most likely cause, while in some regions such as the eastern tip of Saravane, Xiengkhuang and Huaphanh there is a cluster where accidents of war are the cause. The high density of people with disabilities in these war-affected areas suggests that besides UXO related disabilities there may also be genetic defects related to the use of chemical weapons such as the defoliants used during the war. More detailed information would be useful for the identification of the causes of preventable disabilities and to ensure that there are adequate servic-

Á§–ÓïÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÖàÇ–Öß–ÜÞÈ–À×Šà–âÀ³à–Äß–âÎèÌ–Îß–äØÇÈ–É¡–ÀàÌ–Äá–ãÌÀ–âÊéÃ–Åà–âØÈ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Ñé– ÀàÌ–Æ±Ã–Åà–ÓàÈ–Î‹ÜÃ–ÀèÌ–æÈ‹ ãÖß âÑ²Ü–ÝèÍ–Îß–ÀèÌ–×Šà–Óê–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ–Ë¯–ÑÞÃ–Ñç–Åá–ÖèÍ–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Ë¯ æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÏíÌ–Àß–ËíÍ–Óà–ÄàÀ–Â×àÓ–Ñé–ÀàÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÛàÇ–Îß–âÑÈ–Æ±Ã–æÈ‹–ÍèÌ–ËëÀ–æ×‹–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È.

104

es for people affected by the wide range of disabilities recorded in the census.

Åà–âØÈ–É¿ÌÉçÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÑéÀàÌ E.5

ÅàâØÈÉ¿ÌÉç–ÁÜÃÂ×àÓÑéÀàÌ

Main causes of disabilities Main causes of disability 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÀàÌ–ãÄÀÇàÇÁÜÃ–ÂíÌ–ÑéÀàÌ –ãÖß Åà–âØÈÉ¿Ì ÉçÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÑéÀàÌ

Distribution of disabled persons and cause of disability

. !

1 –âÓèÈ = ÂíÌ–ÑéÀàÌ 5 ÂíÌ 1 Dot = 5 disabled persons

âÎèÌ–Óà–ãÉŠ–âÀêÈ Since birth

ÅíÃÂàÓ War accident

ÜîÎßÉé–âØÈ Accident

Ôà–âÅÍ–ÉéÈ Drug addicted

ÑßÇàÈ Diseases

Ü²Ìƒ Other

. Sekong ! . !

. !

C 100

Pakxe

Attapeu

14°0'0"N

Saravane

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

105

SECTION F

107

ÆíÌ–âÏ³à –ãÖß ÅàÈÅßÙà Ethnicity and religion ÅÎÎ Öà× âÎèÌ–Îß–âËÈ–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–ØÖàÀ–ÛàÇ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à ãÖß Ñà–Åà–Æ±Ã–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ– ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–ãÖ‹× Êì–×Šà–Öà×–âÎèÌ–Îß–âËÈ–Ë¯–Óê–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–ØÖàÀ–ÛàÇ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÑàÀ–ÑºÌ–Üà–Æê–Üà–Âß–âÌ. ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Öà×–Í¡ ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ØÖàÀ–ÛàÇ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–âË³à–Ì´Ì–ãÉŠ–ØàÀ–ÇèÃ–Óê–Â×àÓ– ØÖàÀ–ÛàÇ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ ×èÈ–Ëß–Ìß–Ëá ãÖß Ñà–Åà–Ìá–ÜêÀ–È‹×Ç. ÌÜÀ–Ì´Ì–À¡–ÇèÃ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ØÖàÀ– ÛàÇ–åÌ–Â×àÓ Åà–ÓàÈ ÎèÍ–ÉíÌ âÜÃ–âÁ¿à–ÀèÍ–Åß–ÑàÍ–ã×–ÈÖ‹ÜÓ–Ëá–Óß–ÆàÈ ãÖß ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–åÌ– ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Üà–åÅ ãÖß Öß–ÍíÍ–×é–Êê–ÀàÌ–Èá–ÖíÃ Æê–×éÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ–Ë¯–Îß–ÀÜÍ–æÎ–È‹×Ç–ÀàÌ–ÖŠà–âÌºÜ ãÖß ÀàÌ–âÀèÍ–ÀŠÞ×–Ö×Ó–æÎ–âÊéÃ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÉŠàÃƒ ÁÜÃ ÀàÌ–ÎïÀ–ÐèÃ–åÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–âÌêÌ–ÅïÃ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÎïÀ–âÁ¿à– åÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Ë³Ã–ÑÞÃ.

The Lao PDR is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with the most ethnically diverse population of mainland Southeast Asia. Not only are they diverse in cultural and linguistic terms, they are just as diverse in their adaptive responses to the natural and social environment in which they live with livelihood systems ranging from hunting and gathering, to various forms of swidden farming in the uplands and wet-rice farming in the plains. Therefore many of the socio-economic characteristics depicted in this atlas can only be fully understood when we are able to relate them to the respective ethnic groups and their religion.

âÑàß–Åß–Ì´Ì, âÑ²Ü–Äß–âÁ¿à–åÄ–Öß–ÜÞÈ–âÖéÀ–âÆªÃ–âÊéÃ–ÂîÌ–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–ÛàÇ–ÔŠàÃ Ë¯–æÈ‹ Üß–Ëé–ÍàÇ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Åß–ÚîÈ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–æÈ‹–À¡–É¡–âÓ²Ü–×Šà–Ñ×À–âÝíà–Åà–ÓàÈ–Ìá–âÜíà–ÂîÌ–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–È¨Ã– ÀŠà×–æÎ ÅÜÈ–ÅàÌ ãÖß âÆ²ÜÓ–äÇÃ–ÀèÍ–ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à ãÖß ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà–ÁÜÃ–Ñ×À–âÁíà.

Ethnic classification in the Lao PDR is highly challenging and has led to many lengthy discussions among scholars. The various Lao peoples have officially been grouped primarily by language and location into one of three catego-

ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà× Êì–âÎèÌ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–Ë‹à–ËàÇ–ÔŠàÃ–ÇªÃ ãÖß Äß–É‹ÜÃ–æÈ‹ ÏŠàÌ–ÀàÌ–ÅíÌ–Ëß–Ìà–ÀèÌ–ØÖàÇ–ØÖíÍ–ÛàÇ–ÉŠà×–ÔŠàÃ–ÇìÈ–Çà×–åÌ–ÍèÌ–Èà–ÌèÀ–ÝÞÌ–Ýï‹–ÎèÌ– Çà–ÆíÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ ÝÜÍ–Ýï‹–ËèÃ–ÛàÇ.

ries: Lao Loum (“Low Lao”), Lao Theung (“Upper Lao”), and Lao Soung (“High Lao”). However for a better reflection of the intricacy of the country's cultural diversity, the maps presented in this atlas follow a linguistic identification. First, a depiction of the four ethno-linguistic families is presented, and then the

åÌ–âÍºÜÃ–É¿Ì, âÑªÌ–æÈ‹–ÄèÈ–ãÍŠÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Öà×–ÔŠàÃ–âÎèÌ–ËàÃ–ÀàÌ–ÜÜÀ–âÎèÌ–ÅàÓ–Îß–âÑÈ– ÜêÃ–ÉàÓ Ú×È–Ñà–Åà ãÖß Ë¯–É´Ã–Âì: Öà×–ÖîŠÓ, Öà×–âËéÃ ãÖß Öà×–ÅïÃ. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, âÑ²Ü–Åß–Ë‹ÜÌ–åØ âØèÌ–æÈ‹–âÖéÀ–âÆªÃ–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–ÜèÌ–Öë–ÀÖèÍ–ÅèÍ–ÅíÌ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ØÖàÀ–ÛàÇ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ– ×èÈ–Ëß–Ìß–Ëá–ÁÜÃ Îß–âËÈ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ƒ æÈ‹–Ìá–Óà–Åß–âÙê–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Åß–ÓîÈ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ÆîÈ–Ì¸–Ä±Ã–æÈ‹–Å‹àÃ–Á¹Ì– äÈÇ–ÅÜÈ–ÂŠÜÃ–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ Àá–ÌíÈ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–Ú×È–Ñà–Åà. Á´Ì–Ëá–ÜéÈ, ãÏÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ ãÖß Üß–Ëé–ÍàÇ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Å¯–ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌ âÏ³à–ÄèÈ–ãÍŠÃ–ÉàÓ–Ú×È–Ñà–Åà ãÖß ÄàÀ–Ì´Ì–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–À¡–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹– âØèÌ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–ÀîŠÓ–ÇŠÜÇ–ÉàÓ Ú×È–Ñà–Åà Ûì Îß–âÑÈ–âÏ³à–ÇŠÜÇ–ÉàÓ–Ú×È–Ñà–Åà–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÅéÍ–âÏ³à. ÖàÇ–Öß–ÜÞÈ–ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–Îß–âÑÈ âÏ³à–ÇŠÜÇ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–æÈ‹–Üß–Ëé–ÍàÇ–æ×‹–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Ù‹à–É¡–æÎ. Éà–Éß–ÖàÃ XX Á‹àÃ–ÖîŠÓ–Ì¸–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–Ñà–ÍÖ×Ó ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–Îß–âÑÈ–âÏ³à–ÇŠÜÇ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà× ãÖß ÅàÇ–Ñí×–ÑèÌ– âÏ³à–ÀèÍ–ÀîŠÓ–âÏ³à–Ë¯–ÏŠàÌ–ÀàÌ–ÝèÍ Ýï‹–ÔŠàÃ–âÎèÌ ËàÃ ÀàÌ–ÄàÀ–ÅïÌ–ÀàÃ–ãÌ×–Öà×–Å‹àÃ–ÆàÈ.

Ethno-linguistic families

Lao-Tai (Tai-Kadai)

Ethno-linguistic categories

maps show ten ethno-linguistic sub-groups or categories. These classifications are explained in detail on the following pages. Table XX below provides the first overview of these classifications and their relation to the groups officially recognised by the Lao Front for National Construction (LFNC).

Ethnic groups

Lao

Tai-Thay

Phou Thay ; Tai; Nyouan; Lue; Yang; Sek; Tai Neua; Lao (in Houaphanh, Xiengkhuang, Borikhamxay, Vientiane Province, Hinboun District in Khammouane)

Khmuic

Khmou; Pray; Ksing Moul (Sing Moun); Phong in Huaphanh, Xiengkhuang, Vientiane Province; Thène; Oe Dou; Kri (Xayabury)

Palaungic

Lamet; Bit; Sam Tao

Katuic

Katang; Makong; Tri;Ta Oy; Katu; Kriang; Souay; Pacoh

Bahnaric-Khmer

Jrou (Laven); Triang; Yè’; Brao; Halak; Oy; Cheng; Sadang; Nya ; Heun; Lavi; Khmer

Vietic

Toum; Ngouan; Meuang; Kri (except in Xayabury); Phong (except Phong assigned to Khmuic);

Sino-Tibetan

Tibeto-Burman

Akha; Singsily; Lahu; Sila; Hanyi; Lolo; Ho

Hmong-Mien

Hmong

10.

Mien

Iu Mien

Mon-Khmer (Austro-asiatic)

Table XY: Grouping of the ethno-linguistic families and categories relating to the 49 groups officially recognised by the Lao Front for National Construction (LFNC).

F.1 ÀàÌãÄÀÔàÇÀîŠÓÆíÌâÏ³àÉàÓÚ×ÈÑàÅà

Distribution by ethno-linguistic families ÅïÌ–ÀàÃ–ãÌ×–Öà×–Å‹àÃ–ÆàÈ (LFNC) ãÓŠÌ ÜíÃ–ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–É´Ã–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÓÜÍ–ÚàÇ–åØ‹– ÄèÈ–É´Ã–Îß–Éé–ÍèÈ Ìß–äÇ–ÍàÇ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–ÁÜÃ–ÑèÀ-ÖèÈ–Êß–ÍàÌ. äÈÇ–ÜêÃ–ÉàÓ–ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–âÏ³à–Åà–ÀíÌ, ÅïÌ–ÀàÃ–ãÌ×–Öà×–Å‹àÃ–ÆàÈ æÈ‹–ÄèÈ–ãÍŠÃ–ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà× ÜÜÀ–âÎèÌ–Å¯–âÏ³à–ÉàÓ–Ú×È–Ñà– Åà–Âì: Ú×È–Ñà–Åà–Öà×-æÉ; Ú×È–Ñà–Åà–ÓÜÌ-Áß–ãÓ; Ú×È Ñà–Åà–Ó¿Ã-Üé×–ÓÞÌ (Ó¿Ã- Ô‹à×, ÓÞ×–Ô‹à×); ãÖß Ú×È–Ñà–Åà ÄêÌ-Éê–âÍÈ. åÌ–Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ–Ì¸–ÅïÌ–ÀàÃ–ãÌ×–Öà×–Å‹àÃ–ÆàÈ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÝÜÃ– âÜíà–ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–Äá–Ì×Ì 49 ÀîŠÓ ãÖß 160 Îß–âÑÈ–âÏ³à–ÇŠÜÇ Ûì ÆéÃ. ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÀîŠÓ–âÏ³à– ÉàÓ–Ú×È–Ñà–Åà–âÎèÌ–ÀàÌ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãËÌ ÀîŠÓ–âÏ³à–Ë¯–æÈ‹–åÆ‹–ÀèÌ–Óà–âÎèÌ–ËàÃ–ÀàÌ–åÌ–âÓ²Ü–ÀŠÜÌ–Âì–âÏ³à– Öà×–ÖîŠÓ, Öà×–âËéÃ ãÖß Öà×–ÅïÃ–ÄíÌ–Óà–ÝÜÈ–æÖ–Çß–Îê 1991 Æ±Ã–ãÓŠÌ–Îê–Ë¯–æÈ‹ Ô´Ã–ÔìÌ–âÜíà–ÖèÈ–Êß– Ëá–Óß–ÌïÌ. Îß–âÑÈ–ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–âÀ³à–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÖèÀ Åß–Ìß–ÀíÃ–ÀèÌ–ÀèÍ–ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–ÉàÓ–Ú×È– Ñà–Åà–ãÍÍ–Á‹à×ƒ Âì–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–Öà×-æÉ, ÓÜÌ-Áß–ãÓ ãÖß Ó¿Ã-ÓÞÌ/ÄêÌ- Éê–âÍÈ–ÉàÓ–Öá–ÈèÍ. åÌ–Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ–Ì¸, ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–Æ²–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–âÎèÌ–ËÃ–ÀàÌ–Ì´Ì–ÓèÌ–ÝÞÀ Ý‹ÜÃ–åØ‹–Ìá–åÆ‹–âÏ³à Ù±Ã–ÁÜÃ 49 ÀîŠÓ Ûì Îß–âÑÈ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à.

The Lao Front for National Construction (LFNC) is the organisation charged with implementing the Party and Government’s ethnic policy. They have classified the ethnic groups of the Lao PDR, following international practice, into four ethno-linguistic families: Lao-Tai (Tai-Kadai); Mon-Khmer (Austro-asiatic); Hmong-Mien (Hmong-Yao, Miao-Yao); and Sino-Tibetan (mostly TibetoBurman). The LFNC currently recognises 49 ethnic groups and some 160 seng or subcategories. Classification by ethno-linguistic family replaces the earlier practice of referring to ethnic groups as Lao Loum, Lao Theung and Lao Soung (Low Lao, Upper Lao, and High Lao) which was in place officially until the ratification of the Constitution in 1991. These former categories corresponded roughly to Lao-Tai, Mon-Khmer, and Hmong-Mien/Sino-Tibetan respectively. Today, official practice requires the use of one of the 49 ethnic groups or categories.

åÌ–ËàÃ–×é–Æà–ÀàÌ–ãÖ‹× Æ²–âÏ³à–ÉàÓ–Ú×È–Ñà–Åà–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–åØ‹–Ýï‹–×Šà ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÀîŠÓ–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹– ÜêÃ–åÅŠ–ÀàÌ Àá–ÌíÈ–ÉíÌ–âÜÃ–âÎèÌ–ÀîŠÓ–âÏ³à–åÈ–Ù±Ã–ÉŠàÃ–ØàÀ–äÈÇ–Êì–âÜíà–Ñà–Åà–Óà–âÎèÌ–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–É¿Ì–Éç–åÌ– ÀàÌ Àá–ÌíÈ. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, ÀàÌ–Àá–ÌíÈ–Îß–âÑÈ–âÏ³à–ÇŠÜÇ–åÌ–ÍèÌ–Æê–ËàÃ–ÀàÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Í¡–Äá–âÎèÌ– Äß Àá–ÌíÈ åØ‹–âÎèÌ æÎ–ÉàÓ–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–ÉàÓ–Ú×È–Ñà–Åà–À¡–æÈ‹. Óê–ÛàÇ–Îß–âÑÈ–âÏ³à âÆ¨Ì–Éí×–ÔŠàÃ âÏ³à–Öà× ãÓŠÌ–Ö×Ó–âÜíà–ÀîŠÓ–ÉŠàÃƒ–ÜêÃ–åÅŠ–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–âÏ³à–ÉàÓ–Ú×È–Ñà–Åà–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ Óê–Â×àÓ åÀ‹ ÂÞÃ ÀèÍ–âÏ³à Ïï‹–æË ÛàÇ–À×Šà. (ÍèÌ–Øà–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–À×È–ãÀ‹–ãÖ‹×–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ F3.) ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–Åß–ãÈÃ–æÖ–Çß–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–ÁÜÃ–Å¯–âÏ³à–ÉàÓ–Ú×È–Ñà–Åà. ãÉŠ–Öß–ÄîÈ–âÓèÈ–ãÓŠÌ ãËÌ–åØ‹ 100 ÂíÌ ÁÜÃ–ãÉŠ–Öß–Éß–ÀîÌ. ãÉŠ–Öß–Éß–ÀîÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÑïÓ–ÅèÌ–ÊàÌ– ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ ÀèÌ–æÎ. ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–ãÍŠÃ–Ë¯–âØèÌ–ÆèÈ–âÄÌ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÏ³à–Éß– ÀîÌ–ÄêÌ-Éê–âÍÈ. ÅŠ×Ì–âÏ³à ÓÜÌ-Áß–ãÓ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÔïŠ–Àß–ãÄÀ–Àß–ÄàÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–É´Ã–ãÉŠ–âÙìÜ–âÊéÃ–åÉ‹. ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–Öß–ÜÞÈ–æÖ–Çß–ÀàÌ ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–åÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Üà–åÅ–ÜèÌ–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–Ë¯–Îß–ÀíÈ–Óê–ÅŠ×Ì– åØÇŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–Ü‹ÜÓ–Á‹àÃ–âËÈ–Åß–ÍàÌ ãÁ×Ã–ÉŠàÃƒ ãÖß âÖàß–ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ–âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ–ÂíÓ–ß–Ìà–ÂíÌ–Åá– ÂèÌ–Ì´Ì–Êì–×Šà–âÎèÌ–ÅªÃ–Ë¯–Ù‹à ÅíÌ–åÄ ÔŠàÃ–ÇªÃ. Éí×–ÔŠàÃ–âÏ³à–Öà×-æÉ–Ñà–ÀèÌ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–ÛàÇ–åÌ–âÁÈ– åÄ–ÀàÃ–ÁÜÃ–âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ–ÂíÓ–Óß–Ìà–ÂíÓ–äÈÇ–Ö×Ó–Éí× ÀèÌ–âÁ¿à–À×Ó–âÜíà–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÅŠ×Ì– åØÇŠ–åÌ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ ãÖß ÑàÀ Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ ÁÜÃ–Îß–âË–ÈÖ×Ó–ËèÃ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ– Ë¯–Üà–åÅ–ÁÜÃ–ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–Ü²Ì–Ë¯–À×Ó–âÜíà–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÅŠ×Ì åØÇŠ. Åà–ÓàÈ–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–âØèÌ– æÈ‹–×Šà–ÀàÌ–É´Ã–ÊªÌ–ÊàÌ–ÆÜÃ–Æà×–âÏ³à–Ó¿Ã–ÓÞÌ ÔïŠ–ÉàÓ–âÂìÜ ÁŠàÇ–âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ ÂíÓ–Óß–Ìà–ÂíÓ–ÁíÌ–Å³Ã ãÖß Äî–ÈÖ×Ó–ÅïÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÝïÍ–ãÍ–ÍÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß Â‹àÇ–Âì–ÀèÌ. Îß–ÀíÈ–ÀàÌ–ÜèÌ–Ì¸–ÓèÌ–Óê–Â ×àÓ ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ– ÀèÍ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–æÖ–Çß–Ú¡ƒÏŠàÌ–Óà–Ì¸–ÛàÇ–À×Šà. ÜêÀ–Îß–ÀàÌ Ù±Ã, ÀàÌ–Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à–Ë¯–Åß–ãÈÃ–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ Áß–ØÇàÇ–Éí×–ÁÜÃ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ–Ì´Ì–âÎèÌ–ÎèÈ–åÄ–Ë¯–âÝèÈ åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ Ç‹àÇ–ÁÜÃ ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß ÀàÌ–Îß–ÅíÓ–ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à. ÅªÃ–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ–À¡–Âì– Ñ×À âÝíà–âØèÌ–×Šà–âÏ³à–Öà×-æÉ ÇèÃ–ÂíÃ–âÎèÌ–âÏ³à–Ë¯–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–Û×–Ã×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà ãÖß ÀàÌ ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ Æà×–âÏ³à–Ó¿Ã-ÓÞÌ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Ù±Ã–Ì´Ì ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ–ãÓŠÌ–Äß–æÎ–Ö×Ó ÀîŠÓ–ÔïŠ–åÌ Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÙÜ‹Ç. ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–æÖ Çß–ÀàÌ Àß–ÄàÇ ÔïŠ–Ë³×–æÎ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ âÛ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ æÈ‹–ãÇÀ–ãÇß–åØ‹–âØèÌ–Öß–ÜÞÈ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ F3.

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Technically the term ethno-linguistic indicates that the categorisation of a group is based on self-identification as a distinct group, with language as the main characteristic of identification. The assignment of the subcategories in the official list, however, does not necessarily follow ethno-linguistic criteria. So many categories, for example Lao, include groups that by ethno-linguistic criteria are closer to Phou Thay. (This problem has been corrected on Map F3.) The map presents the spatial distribution of the four ethno-linguistic families. Each dot corresponds to 100 persons of the respective family. Each family occupies a rather distinctive geographical region. The clearest demarcation is shown by the Sino-Tibetan family while that of the Mon-Khmer is the most widely dispersed across the north and south. The very detailed patterns of spatial coincidence occurring mainly around provincial capitals and along main axes of transportation are of the greatest interest. For example, the Lao-Tai groups populate the main communication axes to build majorities in towns of the north and also the east of the country, even in regions where normally other ethnic groups are in the majority. A similar pattern of settling along transportation networks and nodes can be observed with Hmong-Mien people. This phenomenon could be related to more recent migration activities. On the other hand, the insert showing an enlargement of Vientiane Capital puts migration and the mixture of ethnic groups into perspective. It is interesting to see how the city is still dominated by Lao-Tai and that the few mainly HmongMien migrants cluster into the same few villages. These spatial patterns of overlay are analysed in more detail on Map F.3.

ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÇàÇ ÀîŠÓÆíÌ–âÏ³à ÜéÃ–ÉàÓ–ÑàÅà–ÎàÀ–â×¿F.1 à

ÀàÌãÄÀÔàÇÀîŠÓÆíÌâÏ³àÉàÓÚ×ÈÑàÅà

Distribution of ethno-linguistic families Distribution by ethno-linguistic families 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

104°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

Phonhong H

A 22°0'0"N

. !

Phongsaly

. !

MYANMAR

VIENTIANE Luang Namtha ! .

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

see detail map

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÇàÇ ÎßÆàÀÜÌÁÜÃ ÀîŠÓÆíÌ–âÏ³à–åØŠÇ

16°0'0"N

ÜéÃ–ÉàÓ–ÑàÅà–ÎàÀ–â×¿à

Distribution of population by major ethno-linguistic families

. !

1 –âÓèÈ = 100 ÂíÌ 1 Dot = 100 Persons Öà×–-–æÉ Lao-Tai

ÓÜÌ–-Áß–ãÓ Mon-Khmer

ÄêÌ-Éé–âÍ–È Sino-Tibetan

Ó¿Ã-ÓÞÌ Hmong-Mien

ÑàÅà–Ü²Ìƒ Other

. ! . !

100

Pakxe

. !

C 0

Sekong

Attapeu

14°0'0"N

Saravane

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

109

F.2 ÅŠ×ÌÎßÀÜÍÁÜÃÍ‹àÌÜêÃÉàÓÀîŠÓÉßÀîÌâÏ³àÉàÓÚ×ÈÑàÅà Composition of villages by ethno-linguistic families ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–ãÍÍ–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ, ÜêÃ–ÉàÓ–Æ²–Éß–ÀîÌ–âÏ³à–Ú×È–Ñà–Åà 4 Éß–ÀîÌ–ØÖèÀ–Ë¯– åÆ‹–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ Åß–ÍèÍ–ÀŠÜÌ (Âì–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ F.1) ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Ìá–Óà–Åß–âÙê–åØ‹–âØèÌ–åÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡– ÉàÓ, ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ÍèÍ–Ì¸ æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–Åß–âÑàß–ãÉŠ–Éß–ÀîÌ–âÏ³à–ØÖèÀ–ÉàÓ–Ú×È–Ñà–Åà–ÁÜÃ–Îß– Æà–ÆíÌ–åÌ–ãÉŠ–Öß–Í‹àÌ–âË³à Ì´Ì. È¨Ã–Ì´Ì ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–Ä²Ã–Óê–Â×àÓ–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Àá–ÌíÈ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Îß– Æà–ÀÜÌ–åÌ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Á¹Ì–ÀèÍ–âÏ³à ØÖèÀ–åÈ–Ù±Ã–Åß–âÑàß–æÈ‹. Ê‹à–×Šà–Äá–Ì×Ì–Îß Æà–ÀÜÌ–åÌ–Í‹àÌ–ÅŠ×Ì– åØÇŠ–ØàÀ–Óà–ÄàÀ–Éß–ÀîÌ–âÏ³à–Ú×È Ñà–Åà–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ (Óê–Äá–Ì×Ì ÛàÇ–À×Šà 99% ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà ÀÜÌ– ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–åÌ–Í‹àÌ) Åê–ÚàÇ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Äß âÎèÌ–Åê–Èá–ÓìÈ. Ê‹à–×Šà–Äá Ì×Ì–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ Í‹àÌ–Óê–ÛàÇ À×Šà 80% ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–åÌ–Í‹àÌ Á¹Ì–ÀèÍ–âÏ³à–Ú×È–Ñà–Åà–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–Åê–Ë¯–ÚàÇ–åÌ–ãÏÌ– Ë¯–Äß–ãÓŠÌ–Åê–ÄàÃ. ÚàÇ–Â×àÓ–×Šà–åÌ–Í‹àÌ–Ì´Ìƒ ÇèÃ–Óê–Éß–ÀîÌ–âÏ³à–ÉàÓ–Ú×È–Ñà–Åà–Ü²Ìƒ ÔïŠ–ÝŠ×Ó– ÀèÌ–ãÉŠ–À¡–Óê–Äá–Ì×Ì–Ù‹ÜÇ–À×Šà 20% ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–åÌ–Í‹àÌ. ÅîÈ–Ë‹àÇ, åÌ–ãÏÌ Ë¯–Ì´Ì– ÇèÃ–Óê ÍèÌ–Èà–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–ÚàÇ–È‹×Ç–Åê–Áà×–Æ±Ã–ÜàÈ–ãÓŠÌ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯ âÎèÌ–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ–ÛàÇ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–À¡–âÎèÌ–æÈ‹. ÔïŠ–åÌ–Í‹àÌ âÛ³à–Ì¸ Í¡–Óê–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–Á¹Ì–ÀèÍ–Éß–ÀîÌ–âÏ³à–ÉàÓ–Ú×È Ñà–Åà–åÈ–Ë¯–Óê Äá–Ì×Ì ÛàÇ À×Šà 80% ÁÜÃ Äá–Ì×Ì Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–åÌ–Í‹àÌ. ÚàÇ–Â×àÓ–×Šà åÌ–Í‹àÌ–âÛ³à–Ì´Ì–ÔŠàÃ–Ù‹ÜÇ–ÅîÈ– À¡–Óê–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ ÁÜÃ–ÅÜÃ–ÀîŠÓ–âÏ³à–ÉàÓ–Ú×È–Ñà–Åà–Îß–ÅíÓ–ÀèÌ–ÔïŠ.

The same ethnic classification, namely that of the four main ethno-linguistic families, used in the previous map (Map F.1) is presented here. However, this map shows only the main ethno-linguistic family in terms of people for each village. This therefore allows the identification of the numbers of people in the village belonging to a particular majority group. If the village is populated by only one ethno-linguistic family (more than 99% of the population), the colour is dark. If the village is populated by one group accounting for more than 80%, the colour tone is light. This means that there are other ethno-linguistic families in the village but they do not account for more than 20% of the village population. Finally, there are villages coloured white, which are perhaps the most interesting. In these villages, there is no one ethno-linguistic family that accounts for more than 80%. This means that there is a significant mixture of at least two ethno-linguistic groups. On first sight the map reveals that a single ethno-linguistic family still domi-

ÑàÍ–Ëá–ÜéÈ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ë¯–Îß–ÀíÈ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–À¡–Âì Éß–ÀîÌ–âÏ³à–ÉàÓ–Ú×È–Ñà–Åà–ÈÞ× ÇèÃ–âÎèÌ–âÏ³à–Ë¯– À×Ó–âÜíà–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÑíÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Í‹àÌ–ÔŠàÃ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–äÈÈ–âÈ¨Ì Ûì â×¿à–ÜêÀ–ãÌ×–Ù±Ã–À¡–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà ÀàÌ–ãÇÀ–Í‹àÌ–ÉàÓ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–À¡–ÇèÃ–Óê–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–ÔŠàÃ–ØÖ×Ã–ÛàÇ. ÜêÃ–ÉàÓ–ÏíÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß– âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–åÌ–Îê 2005 Äß–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–×Šà–Óê–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–Éß–ÀîÌ–âÏ³à–ÉàÓ–Ú×È–Ñà–Åà–ÈÞ×–âË³à– Ì´Ì–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–åÌ 43% ÁÜÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Í‹àÌ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–åÌ–Öà× ãÖß ÅŠ×Ì–åÌ 45% ÁÜÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Í‹àÌ– ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–ãÓŠÌ–âÏ³à–ÉàÓ–Ú×È Ñà–Åà–ÈÞ×–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–äÈÇ–À×Ó–âÜíà–Äá–Ì×Ì–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà 80% ÁÜÃ Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–åÌ Í‹àÌ ãÖß ÅŠ×Ì–Ë¯–âÛìÜ 12% âÎèÌ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÔŠàÃ–Éœ–ÅîÈ–À¡– ãÓŠÌ–ÅÜÃ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–Ñà–Åà–Îß–ÅíÓ–ÀèÌ–ÔïŠ. ÅªÃ–Ë¯ âÎèÌ–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ–æÎ–À×Šà–Ì¸–À¡–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–åÌ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Å¯–ÆíÌ– âÏ³à–ÉàÓ–Ú×È–Ñà–Åà–Ì´Ì Äß–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–×Šà ÆíÌ–âÏ³à Ú×È–Ñà–Åà–æÉ-Àß–ÈàÇ ãÖß ÓÜÌ-Áß–ãÓ Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ–Äß–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–ÝŠ×Ó–ÀèÌ–åÌ–Í‹àÌ–ÈÞ×–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–ÅÜÃ Éß–ÀîÌ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–Ü²Ì.

nate in the majority of villages, or in other words, that there is a considerable segregation of villages by ethnicity. According to the results of the National Population and Housing Census of 2005, only one ethno-linguistic family live in 43% of all villages while another 45% of villages are dominated by one ethnolinguistic family accounting for more than 80% of the village population, and only 12% of the villages show a significant mix of at least two ethno-linguistic families. Of further interest is the fact that of the four ethno-linguistic families those of the Tai-Kadai and the Mon-Khmer are more likely to live in mixed villages than are the other two families. The map also allows the identification of three interesting spatial patterns.

ÌÜÀ–Ì´Ì–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–À¡–ÇèÃ–Üá–Ì×Ç–Â×àÓ–Åß–È×À–åØ‹–âÝíà–Åà–ÓàÈ–Àá–ÌíÈ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ÅàÓ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ– æÖ–Çß–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ ÁÜÃ–âÏ³à–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ. Îß–ÀàÌ–Ëê–Ù±Ã, ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ– Ë¯–Åá–ÂèÌ–Ë¯–Óê âÏ³à–ÉàÓ–Ú×È Ñà–Åà–Åß–âÑàß–åÈ–Ù±Ã–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÛàÇ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–åÀ‹–ÂÞÃ–ÀèÌ. Îß–ÀàÌ– Ëê–ÅÜÃ, ãÏÌ–Ë¯ Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯ƒ Óê–ÛàÇ–ÀîŠÓ–âÏ³à–Ë¯–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Í‹àÌ–ÝŠ×Ó– ÀèÌ. Àç–Öß–Ìê–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ Óê–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Øí×–ÑèÌ ãÖß äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹×–ÓèÀ–Äß–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ– ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ. ÅŠ×Ì–âÁÈ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ Îß–âËÈ–Äß–âØèÌ ×Šà–ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–ãÍŠÃ–âÁÈ– ÑïÓ–Öá–âÌíà–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–ÁÜÃ ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–Ì´Ì–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÆèÈ–âÄÌ ãÖß ãÄŠÓ–ãÄ‹Ã–ÀŠ×–à. Îß–ÀàÌ–Ëê–ÅàÓ À¡–Âì–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÁÜÃ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Öß–ÍàÇ È‹×Ç–Åê–Áà×–âÎèÌ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–âÂìÜ ÁŠàÇ–ÁÜÃ–âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ ãÖß ÅŠ×Ì–Ù±Ã–À¡–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ. ÝïÍ ãÍÍ–Ì¸–ÜàÈ–âÎèÌ–ÅªÃ–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–åØ‹–âØèÌ ×Šà–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ– ÁÜÃ ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÅïÃ–ÅíÓ–Â×Ì ãÖß ÇèÃ–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ–É´Ã–ÊªÌ–ÊàÌ–åÚŠ Ûì ÀàÌ–Ö×Ó– Í‹àÌ–âÁ¿à ÀèÌ–Ç‹ÜÌ–Ìß–äÇ–ÍàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÖèÈ–Êß–ÍàÌ. Åß–Ì´Ì ÀàÌ–Ë¯–âÝíà–Ìá–âÜíà–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ ÔàÇ–Ì¸–æÎ–ÅíÓ–ËÞÍ ÀèÍ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÑàÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Êì–×Šà–âÎèÌ–ÅªÃ–Ë¯– Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ–ÔŠàÃ–ÇªÃ.

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First, it shows the main regions where a particular ethno-linguistic family dominate in many adjacent villages. Second, it shows those regions where different ethno-linguistic groups live in mixed villages. This is the case in the southern part of Huaphanh Province and is generally more pronounced in the north of the country, whereas the geographical demarcation of ethnic groups in the south seems to be clearer. Third, the pattern of villages coloured white follows the road network and partly follows the urban areas. This could be an indication of higher migration rates but also of policy-induced relocation or merging of villages. It is interesting to compare this pattern with maps in the section on migration.

äÂÃ–ÎßÀÜÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌâÏ³à–ÑàÇåÌÍ‹àF.2 Ì

ÅŠ×ÌÎßÀÜÍÁÜÃÍ‹àÌÜêÃÉàÓÀîŠÓÉßÀîÌâÏ³àÉàÓÚ×ÈÑàÅ

CompositionComposition of villagesofbyvillages ethno-linguistic families by ethno-linguistic families 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

äÂÃ–ÎßÀÜÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌ âÏ³à–ÑàÇåÌÍ‹àÌ, ÜéÃ–åÅŠ–ÑàÅà

ÎàÀ–â×¿àÁÜÃ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à

Composition of villages by ethno-linguistic families Öà×–-–æÉ Lao-Tai

. !

. Sekong !

ÄêÌ-Éé–âÍ–È Sino-Tibetan

80 % - 99 %

> 99 %

ÓÜÌ–-Áß–ãÓ Mon-Khmer

. !

80 % - 99 %

> 99 %

C 50

100

Attapeu

14°0'0"N

ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ––Í¡–Óê–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–É¿ÌÉ¡ –âÊéÃ 80% No domination by a group by more than 80%

Pakxe

. !

Ó¿Ã-ÓÞÌ Hmong-Mien

80 % - 99 %

Saravane

200 km

The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative © NCCR North-South, NSC, LNMCS, 2008

111

F.3 ÀàÌãÄÀÔàÇÎßâÑÈÆíÌâÏ³àÉàÓÚ×ÈÑàÅà

Distribution of ethno-linguistic categories ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–ÉàÓ–Ú×È–Ñà–Åà ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–ÁÜÃ–ËéÈ–Åß–Èê–Åà–ÀíÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Ö×Ó–âÜíà– ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ Îß–âÑÈ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–åÌ–âÀÌ–Ë¯–Éœ–À×Šà–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÁÜÃ–Éß–ÀîÌ–âÏ³à. âÑàß–Åß–Ì´Ì, ãÉŠ–Öß–Éß–ÀîÌ– âÏ³à–ØÖèÀƒ Äß–Îß–ÀÜÍ–æÎ–È‹×Ç–Äá–Ì×Ì ÀîŠÓ–ÇŠÜÇ–ÁÜÃ–âÏ³à–Ë¯–ÍèÌ–Èà–Ïï‹–ÆŠÞ×–ÆàÌ–È‹àÌ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–ËèÃ– ÛàÇ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–Ýï‹–ÀèÌ Óà–ÀŠÜÌ–ãÖ‹×.

Ethno-linguistic classification in international academic terms includes classification below the level of family. Thus each of the four main families contains a number of branches and subgroups that are recognised by specialists. The map represents the ethnic classification broken down by branches.

ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–ãÇÀ–ÇŠÜÇ–ÉàÓ ÉàÓ–âÏ³à–ÇŠÜÇ. Ú×È–Ñà–Åà Öà×-æÉ ãÖß æÉ-âË; ÓÜÌ-Áß–ãÓ–ãÓŠÌ–ãÇÀ ÇŠÜÇ ÜÜÀ–âÎèÌ–âÏ³à–Îà–ÖíÌ–ÄéÀ , Áß–Óî–ÜéÀ , Ø×ÞÈ–ÉéÀ, Àß–Éï–ÜéÀ , ãÖß Íà–Ìà–ÕéÀ ; ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–Ó¿Ã–ÓÞÌ–ãÓŠÌ–ãÇÀ–ÇŠÜÇ–ÜÜÀ–âÎèÌ–âÏ³à–Ó¿Ã (Ó¿Ã–ÜéÀ) ãÖß ÓÞÌ (ÓÞÌ–ÌéÀ); ãÖß âÏ³à–Æê–äÌ-Éê–âÍÈ–ÉàÌ (Éê–âÍ–äÉ- âÍê–ÓèÌ) ãÓŠÌ–Í¡–æÈ‹–ãÇÀ– ÜÜÀ–âÎèÌ–âÏ³à–ÇŠÜÇ–åÈƒ âÑàß–×Šà âÏ³à–Ì¸ Óê–Äá–Ì×Ì–Ù‹ÜÇ–ÛàÇ. ÌÜÀ–ÄàÀ–Ì´Ì ÔïŠ–åÌ âÁÈ–Éà–â×èÌ ÉíÀ–ÅŠÞÃ–åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–âÓìÜÃ ÓïÌ–Öß–Îß–äÓÀ–ãÁ×Ã Äá–Îà–ÅèÀ âÝíà–Äß–âØèÌ–×Šà–åÌ–âÁÈ–Ì¸–ÁÜÃ–âÓìÜÃ–È¨Ã– ÀŠà×–ÇèÃ–Óê–Í‹àÌ–ÁÜÃ–âÏ³à–Áß–ãÓ ãÖß ÅŠ×Ç–Äá–Ì×Ì–Ù±Ã Æ±Ã–Í‹àÌ âÛ³à–Ì¸–Í¡–æÈ‹–ãÇÀ–ãÇß–åØ‹–âØèÌ Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–ÄàÀ–âÏ³à–Íà–Ìà–ÕéÀ.

Lao-Tai is divided into Lao and Tai-Thay; Mon-Khmer is divided into Palaungic, Khmuic, Vietic, Katuic and Bahnaric; Hmong-Mien is divided into Hmong (Hmongic) and Mien (Mienic); and Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman) is not broken down because of its very small numbers. Also, in the far southwest district of Mounlapamok of Champasak province, there are several Khmer and Souay villages that are not differentiated from Bahnaric. These ten branches have considerable cultural relevance. For example, the Mienic branch of Hmong-Mien is comprised of two main subgroups, Iu Mien

ÍèÌ–Èà 10 âÏ³à–ÇŠÜÇ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–âÊéÃ–Â×àÓ–Åá–ÂèÌ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–×èÈ–Ëß–Ìß–Ëá. âÆ¨Ì– Éí×–ÔŠàÃ, âÏ³à–ÇŠÜÇ–ÓÞÌ–ÌéÀ Ë¯–Á¹Ì–ÀèÍ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–Ó¿Ã- ÓÞÌ Äß–Îß–ÀÜÍ È‹×Ç–ÅÜÃ–ÀîŠÓ–ÇŠÜÇ ØÖèÀƒ Âì–âÏ³à–Üé×–ÓÞÌ ãÖß ÀéÓ–ÓïÌ Æ±Ã–ËèÃ–ÅÜÃ–âÏ³à ÇŠÜÇ–Ì¸–Á¹Ì–ÀèÍ–âÏ³à âÉíà–ÜêÈ–Å. ÅŠ×Ì–âÏ³à–ÇŠÜÇ–Ó¿Ã–ÜéÀ ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÜéÈ–Ëé ÑíÌ–ÅïÃ–Óà–Äà–ÀÖèÈ–Ëé ÁíÃ–Äº.

and Kim Moun, both of which are Taoists, while the Hmongic branch groups are heavily influenced by Confucianism. The Tai-Thay branch includes all of the Lao-Tai subcategories in the official classification except for Lao, Yooy, and Kaleung. It may then be seen on the

åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–Îß–âÑÈ–âÏ³à–ÔŠàÃ–âÎèÌ–ËàÃ–ÀàÌ, âÏ³à–ÇŠÜÇ æÉ-æË ãÓŠÌ–Ö×Ó–âÜíà–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ Îß–âÑÈ– âÏ³à–ÇŠÜÇ Öà×-æÉ ÇíÀ–â×´Ì–ãÉŠ Öà×, ÇŠ×Ç ãÖß Àß–âÖêÃ. åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì´Ì ÜàÈ–Äß–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–×Šà– ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–âÏ³à–Öà×–äÈÇ–ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ–ãÖ‹×–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÔïŠ–ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ–ãÂÓ–ÌŸ–Üï ËéÈ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Ï¿Ã– Åà–Öê–æÎ–âÊéÃ–ØÖ×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ ãÖß ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ–ãÖ×–Ð¨Ã–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ–ÖíÃ–æÎ–ÅïŠ–âÁÈ–åÉ‹–ÅîÈ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ Àá–Îï–âÄèÇ. âÏ³à–æÉ-æË ËèÃ–ÙíÈ ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ãÏŠÌ–ÈéÌ–æÀ–ÄàÀ–Ëß–âÖ ÇíÀ–â×´Ì–ãÉŠ âÏ³à–Öº Æ±Ã–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–Äß–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–âÁÈ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ ÅŠÞÃ–âÙìÜ Ûì ÔïŠ–åÀ‹–ÀèÍ–âÁÈ–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ–ÉÜÌ–âÙìÜ–Á¹Ì–æÎ.

112

map that the ethnic Lao distribution basically follows the Nam Ou river in the north of Phongsaly Province to Luangprabang, and then down along the Mekong to Cambodia in the far south. The Tai-Thay groups are all found further inland with the exception of the Lue found in the far northwest or near the upper Mekong.

ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÇàÇ –ÎßâÑÈ ÑàÅà–ÎàÀ–â×¿àÁÜÃ ÆíÌ–âÏ³F.3 à

ÀàÌãÄÀÔàÇÎßâÑÈÆíÌâÏ³àÉàÓÚ×ÈÑàÅà

Distribution of ethno-linguistic categories Distribution of ethno-linguistic categories A.

. !

. ! . !

. !

. ! . !

. !

1 –âÓèÈ = 100 ÂíÌ 1 Dot = 100 Persons

æÉ-–æË Tai-Thay

. !

Öà× Lao

. !

. ! . !

. !

. ! . !

. !

. ! . !

. !

1 –âÓèÈ = 100 ÂíÌ 1 Dot = 100 Persons !

ÁßÓî Khmuic

CHANGE Palaungic

ÀßÉï Katuic

CHANGE Bahnaric-Khmer

1 –âÓèÈ = 100 ÂíÌ 1 Dot = 100 Persons . !

Éé–âÍ–È-ÑßÓ‹à Tibeto-Burman

ÓíÃ Hmong

ÓÞÌ Mien

. !

. ! . !

. !

. ! . !

. !

CHANGE Vietic The boundaries, colours and denominations on this map are not authoritative

100

200

300 km

113

F.4 ÀàÌÎßÀÜÍÁÜÃ–Í‹àÌÉàÓ–Îß–âÑÈÆíÌ–âÏ³à–ÑàÅà

Composition of villages by ethno-linguistic categories ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ÍèÍ–Ì¸–Â‹àÇ–Âì–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ F2 Ç‹ÜÌ–×Šà–ÓèÌ–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊéÃ–ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–ØÖèÀ–ÁÜÃ– ãÉŠ–Öß–Í‹àÌ ãÖß Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–ÁÜÃ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Á¹Ì–ÀèÍ–ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à– ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–Ì¸. åÌ–ËàÃ–ÀíÃ–ÀèÌ–Á‹àÓ–ÀèÍ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ F2, ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–Îß–âÑÈ–Í¡–âÎèÌ–æÎ–ÉàÓ–Å¯–Éß–ÀîÌ–âÏ³à–Ñà– Åà–ØÖèÀ–ãÉŠ–âÎèÌ ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–ÉàÓ10 ÀîŠÓ–ÇŠÜÇ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–Ñà–Åà–È¨Ã–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Åß–âÙê–Óà–ãÖ‹×–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ F3.

This map is quite similar to Map F.2 as it also depicts the main ethnic group of each village, and indicates the percentage of the total village population which belongs to this majority group. In contrast to Map F.2, the categorisation does not follow the four main ethno-linguistic families but rather the 10 ethno-linguistic subgroups presented in Map F.3.

ÜêÀ–âË²Ü–Ù²Ã, Í‹àÌ–Óê–Îß–âÑÈ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–ÈÞ×–À×Ó–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÛàÇ–À×Šà 99% ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Í‹àÌ– Ì´Ì ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Öß–ÍàÇ–Åê–âÎèÌ–âÃíà–ÛàÇ–Æß–ÌéÈ; ÅŠ×Ì–Í‹àÌ–Óê–Îß–âÑÈ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–ÈÞ×–À×Ó–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÛàÇ– À×Šà 80% ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Í‹àÌ–æÈ‹–Öß–ÍàÇ–âÎèÌ–âÃíà–ÄàÃ–À×Šà ãÖß Í‹àÌ–Îß–ÀÜÍ–È‹×Ç–ÔŠàÃ– Ù‹ÜÇ–ÅîÈ–ÅÜÃ Îß–âÑÈ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Öß–ÍàÇ–âÎèÌ–Åê–Áà×.

Again, villages in which one category accounts for more than 99% of the population are coloured in various shades; those villages where one category accounts for more than 80% are in lighter shades, and villages that are composed of at least two categories are coloured in white.

ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–Åá–ÂèÌ–ÅàÓ–ÔŠàÃ–Ë¯–Àá–ÌíÈ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ F3 À¡–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ÍèÍ–Ì¸–Âì–ÀèÌ. ÜèÌ Ì¸–Åß–ãÈ–Ã×Šà–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–ãÇÀ–âÏ³à–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÔïŠ–Ë³×–æÎ–Í¡–ãÓŠÌ–Îß–ÀíÈ–ÀàÌ–Ë¯–Óê–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ– ÁÜÃ ÂÜÍ–Âí×–Éß–ÀîÌ–âÏ³à–Ñà–Åà ãÉŠ–ØàÀ–ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–Åß–âÑàß. â×¿à–ÜêÀ–ÔŠàÃ– Ù±Ã ãÓŠÌ–ÀïŠÓ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à ÎíÀ–Àß–Éé–ãÖ‹×–ãÓŠÌ–Í¡–æÈ‹–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–Ìá–ÀèÌ–åÌ–Í‹àÌ–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–Ñ×À– âÁíà–ãÓŠÌ ÑàÀ–ÅŠ×Ì–Ù±Ã–ÁÜÃ–ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–ÉàÓ–Ú×È–Ñà–Åà–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ. ÜêÀ–âË²Ü–Ù²Ã, Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Öß–ÍàÇ– È‹×Ç–Åê–Áà× Êì–âÎèÌ–Àç–Öß–Ìê–ÇíÀ–â×´Ì–Ñé–âÅÈ–É¡–ÀèÍ–Á§–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–Ì¸. æÖ–Çß–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–ÁÜÃ–Í‹àÌ–ÔïŠ–ÉàÓ ãÖ× Êß ÙíÌ ãÖß Ü‹ÜÓ–Á‹àÃ–âËÈ–Åß–ÍàÌ–ãÁ×Ã Ûì âÓìÜÃ Æ¸–ãÌß–åØ‹–Ýï‹–×Šà ÀàÌ–Îß–ÅíÓ–ÁÜÃ–âÏíà– Ì¸–ÓèÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Îß–ÀíÈ ÀàÌ–Ë¯–Øà–À¡–Óê–Óà–åÌ–æÖ–Çß–Ú¡ƒÏŠàÌ–Óà–Ì¸–âÜÃ.

The three main patterns identified in Map F.3 can also be found on this map. This indicates that the predominant ethnic segregation of villages is not a phenomenon at the level of ethno-linguistic families but rather of the specific ethnic groups. In other words ethnic groups do not very often live together in the same village, even if they are part of the same ethno-linguistic category or family. Again, the villages coloured in white are an important exception to this observation. Their spatial distribution along roads and around province or district capitals suggests that this ethnic mixture is a more recent phenomenon.

114

ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–Ñí–ÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ––åÌÁ´ÌÍ‹àÌ –ÜéÃ–åÅŠÎß–âÑÈ–ÑàÅà–ÎàÀ–â×¿F.4 à

ÀàÌÎßÀÜÍÁÜÃ–Í‹àÌÉàÓ–Îß–âÑÈÆíÌ–âÏ³à–ÑàÅà

Composition Composition of villages of byvillages ethno-linguistic categories by ethno-linguistic categories 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–Ñí–ÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ––åÌÁ´ÌÍ‹àÌ –ÜéÃ–åÅŠÎß–âÑÈ–ÑàÅà–ÎàÀ–â×¿à

Composition of villages by ethno-linguistic categories Öà× Lao

æÉ-–æË Tai-Thay

. !

ÁßÓî Khmuic

CHANGE Palaungic

. Sekong !

80 % - 99 % . !

> 99 % CHANGE ÀßÉï Vietic Katuic

CHANGE Bahnaric-Khmer

ÓíÃ Hmong

Éé–âÍ–È-ÑßÓ‹à Tibeto-Burman

Saravane

Pakxe

. !

Attapeu

80 % - 99 % > 99 % ÓÞÌ Mien

14°0'0"N

80 % - 99 % > 99 % ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ––Í¡–Óê–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–É¿ÌÉ¡ –âÊéÃ 80% No domination by a group by more than 80% 0

100

200 km

115

F.5 ÅàÈÅßÙà Religion

åÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–åÌ–Îê 2005 âÑªÌ–æÈ‹–åØ‹–Âá–Ìé–ÇàÓ–ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà– ×Šà–ÓèÌ ãÓŠÌ–Öß–ÍíÍ–ãØŠÃ–Äé–È×éÌ–ÇàÌ–äÈÇ–Óê–ØÖèÀ–Âá–ÅÜÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Öß–Íî–æ×‹–È‹×Ç–ÖàÇ–ÖèÀ–ÜèÀ–ÅÜÌ. ÜêÃ–ÉàÓ–Âá–Ìé ÇàÓ–Ì¸–ãÖ‹×–Äß–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–×Šà–Óê–ãÉŠ–ÑîÈ–Ëß–ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà, ÂÕé–É–ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà, ÅàÈ–Åß– Ùà–Íà–ÝàÇ ãÖß ÜéÈ–Åß–ÖàÓ–âË³à–Ì´Ì–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–Àá–ÌíÈ–×Šà–âÎèÌ–ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà. âÑàß–Åß–Ì´Ì–Ä±Ã– âÎèÌ–Éà–Ù‹à–ÂëÈ–ÔïŠ–×Šà–âÎèÌ È‹×Ç–âØÈ–åÈ–ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà–Ü²ÌƒÄ±Ã–Í¡–Îß–ÀíÈ–âØèÌ âÆ¨Ì–ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà–ÝéÌ–Èï ãÖß ÖèÈ–Ëé–âÉíà–Ë¯–Óê–ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à ÓÞÌ ãÖß ÓïÌ–åØ‹–ÀàÌ–âÆ²Ü–Êì ãÖß ÖèÈ–Ëé–ÁíÃ–Äº–Ë¯–Óê–ÂíÌ–ÄêÌ ãÖß Ø×ÞÈ–ÌàÓ–âÁ¿à–Óà–Üà–åÅ ÔïŠ–Îß–âËÈ Öà×–æÈ‹–åØ‹ Â×àÓ–âÆ²Ü–Êì.

In the National Population and Housing Census of 2005 religion was defined as any spiritual system with written doctrines. According to this definition only Buddhism, Christianity, Baha’i and Islam are therefore identified as religions. It is therefore perplexing that other religions, for example Hinduism, do not appear, nor does Taoism practised by Mien and Moun ethnic groups, nor Confucianism practiced by Chinese and Vietnamese immigrants. The map hence contains only five categories: Buddhism, Christianity, Baha’i,

È‹×Ç–âØÈ–Ì´Ì–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ä±Ã–æÈ‹–ÇíÀ–åØ‹–âØèÌ 5 Îß–âÑÈ–ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà–âË³à–Ì´Ì–Âì: ÑîÈ–Ëß–ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà, ÂÕé–É ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà, ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà–Íà–ÝàÇ, ÜéÈ–Åß–ÖàÓ ãÖß Ü²Ìƒ. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ ÜêÃ–ÉàÓ–æÖ– Çß ÀàÌ ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–Ë¯–É´Ã À¡–Åà–ÓàÈ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–×Šà–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÁÜÃ–ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà–Ü²Ì–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–À‹×– àÃ–Á×àÃ–ÀŠ×–à Ûì âË³à–ËÞÓ–ÀèÍ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÁÜÃ–ÑîÈ–ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà–âÊéÃ–×Šà–Äß–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÖàÇ Ãà–Ì×Šà–Óê–ÑíÌ–Öß– âÓìÜÃ–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ 31% âË³à–Ì´Ì–Ë¯–âÆ²Ü–Êì–ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà–Îß–âÑÈ–âÛ³à–Ì¸.

Islam and other. It can be seen however, that spatially, ‘other’ is larger or at least as large as Buddhism, even if only 31% of the population are reported as belonging to this category. Thus it might be suggested that a more appropriate term for the ‘other’ category would be Animism. The majority of non-Lao ethnic groups are essentially

È¨Ã–Ì´Ì, ÍèÌ–Øà–Ì¸–ÓèÌ–ÜàÈ–âÎèÌ–Îß–âÈèÌ–Ë¯–Æ¸–ãÌß–åØ‹–Ýï‹–×Šà Åá–Ì×Ì Ûì Æ²–Ë¯–âÚàß–ÅíÓ–Åá–ÖèÍ ‘ÅàÈ–Åß Ùà–Îß–âÑÈ–Ü²Ì’ Ì´Ì–Â×Ì–Äß–ãÓŠÌ–ÀàÌ–âÆ²Ü–Êì–Ïê. ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–Ë¯–Í¡–ãÓŠÌ–Öà×–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ– âÎèÌ–Ñ×À–âÆ²Ü–Êì–Ïê–ÅàÃ äÈÇ–Óê–ÄèÀ–Àß–ÑíÍ–ãØŠÃ–Äé–È×éÌ–ÇàÌ–ãÇÀ–Óà–ÄàÀ–Äé–È×éÌ–ÇàÌ–ãØŠÃ–Óß–âØ–ÅèÀ ãÖß Äé–È×éÌ–ÇàÌ–ãØŠÃ–ÍèÌ Ñß–Íî–ÖîÈ–ÁÜÃ–âÁíà–âÄ¿à. ãÉŠ–ãÌŠ–ÌÜÌ–×Šà ×é–Ëê–ÀàÌ–Îß–Éé–ÍèÈ–Â×àÓ–âÆ²Ü–Êì– âÛ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÔŠàÃ–ØÖàÀ–ÛàÇ.

Animists whose spiritual universes are divided between the spirits of the land and those of their ancestors, but of course there is much diversity in the way in which these beliefs are practiced. In actual fact, the officially defined religions of the Lao PDR are highly syncretic1. Buddhism contains mixtures of Animism, Brahmanism, and, depend-

åÌ–Â×àÓ–âÎèÌ–ÄéÃ–ãÖ‹×, ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà–ÁÜÃ ÅÎÎ Öà× Ë¯–Àá–ÌíÈ–äÈÇ–ËàÃ–ÀàÌ–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–Óê– Öß–ÍíÍ–Ë¯–ÅŠÜÃ–ãÅÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–âÉ¿à–äÝÓ–ÀèÌ–âÎèÌ–ÜèÌ–Ù±Ã–ÜèÌ–ÈÞ×. ÑîÈ–Ëß–ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà Îß–ÀÜÍ–æÎ–È‹×Ç–ÀàÌ–âÆ²Ü–Êì–Ïê–ÅàÃ, ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà–ÑàÓ–äÈÇ–Á¹Ì–ÀèÍ Ë¯–É´Ã, ÜéÈ–Ëé–ÑíÌ–ÄàÀ–Ìé–ÀàÇ–Óß–Øà ÇàÌ ãÖß ØÖèÀ–Âá–ÅÜÌ–ÁÜÃ–âËê–Õà–×à–Èà. Ïï‹–ÌèÍ–Êì–ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà– ÂàÈ–äË–ÖéÀ–ÜàÈ–Äß–ÇèÃ–ÅìÍ–É¡–ÅèÀ–Àß–Öß Íï–Æà–Äé–È×éÌ–ÇàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÍèÌ–Ñß–Íî–ÖîÈ. ÀàÌ–Îß–Éé–ÍèÈ–ËàÃ– È‹àÌ–Â×àÓ–âÆ²Ü–Êì–Ïê–ÅàÃ ÁÜÃ–ÀîŠÓ–âÏ³à–æÉ ÛàÇ ÀîŠÓ–âÆ¨Ì âÏ³à–æÉ–Èá Ì´Ì–À¡–æÈ‹–Ìá–åÆ‹–Ñà–Åà–ÁÞÌ– âÎèÌ–ØÖèÀ–Âá–ÅÜÌ–âÚìÜÌ–ÀèÌ È¨Ã–Ì´Ì ÜàÈ–Óê–Â×àÓ–Äá âÎèÌ–Ë¯–Äß É‹ÜÃ–Ìá–Óà–Àá–ÌíÈ–ÂìÌ–åÚŠ Ûì ÄèÈ–×àÃ–âÁ¿à–æ×‹–åÌ–ØÖèÀ–ÀàÌ–Ë³×–æÎ–åÌ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–Îß–âÑÈ ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà–ÉŠàÃƒ.

ing on the location, influences from the Mahayana as well as the Theravada doctrines. Catholics may also continue to worship ancestral spirits. The Animistic practices of many of the Tai groups such as Tai Dam, also utilise a written language so they would need to be redefined or placed in an anomalous in-between category. In future censuses, since religion is a socially important cross-cutting category, it would be good to have more detail represented in the categories to give a better idea of such highly diverse circumstances.

Ç‹ÜÌ–×Šà–ÅàÈ–Åß Ùà ãÓŠÌ–ÎèÈ–åÄ–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–Åá–ÂèÌ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–Ë³×–æÎ âÑàß Åß–Ì´Ì–ÀàÌ Åá–ØÖ×È ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–Üß–Ìà–ÂíÈ–Â×Ì–Äß–Ìá–âÜíà–ÖàÇ–Öß–ÜÞÈ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÅàÈ–Åß Ùà– Óà Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–Ì¸–êâÑ²Ü–åØ‹–æÈ‹–ãÌ×–Â×àÓ–ÂéÈ–âØèÌ–Èêƒ ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ ØÖàÀ–ÛàÇ–åÌ–È‹àÌ–×é–Ëê–ÀàÌ–Îß–Éé–ÍèÈ–Â×àÓ–âÆ²Ü

Reconciliation or fusion of differing systems of belief, as in philosophy or religion, especially when success is partial or the result is heterogeneous.

116

ÀîŠÓ–ÅàÈ–Åß–ÙàÉ¿ÌF.5 É¡

ÅàÈÅßÙà

Religion Religion 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ, ÜéÃ–ÉàÓ–ÀîŠ ÓÅàÈÅßÙàÉ¿ÌÉ¡

Distribution of population by main religious groups

. !

1 –âÓèÈ = 100 ÂíÌ 1 Dot = 100 Persons ÑîÈ Buddhism

âÔÆï–ÂÕéÈÅ Christian

ÜéÈÅßÖàÓ Islam

Ü²Ìƒ Other

. Sekong ! . !

Pakxe

. !

Attapeu

14°0'0"N

Saravane

C 0

100

200 km

117

F.6 ÅŠ×ÌÎßÀÜÍÅàÈÅßÙàÁÜÃÍ‹àÌ

Religious composition of villages ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ÍèÍ–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊéÃ–ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà–ØÖèÀ Ôï–îŠåÌ–ãÉŠ–Öß–Í‹àÌ–âÆªÃ–×é–Ëê–ÀàÌ Ìá–åÆ‹–ãÓŠÌ–Âì–ÀèÌ–ÀèÍ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ F.2 ãÖß F.4âÆ¨Ì Åê–ÓìÈ–ãÓŠÌ–åÆ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ âÊéÃ–Æà×–Í‹àÌ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–Ë¯–Óê Â×àÓ–âÆ²Ü–Êì–ÀîŠÓ–ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ ãÖß ÅŠ×Ì–Åê–ÄàÃ–ãÓŠÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–âÊéÃ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ ÌèÍ–Êì–ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà–ÈÞ×–ÛàÇ–À×Šà 80% ãÖß ÅîÈ–Ë‹àÇ–Âì–Åê–ÆíÓ–Ñï–âÎèÌ–Åê–Ë¯–êÅß–ãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ–âÊéÃ–Í‹àÌ Ë¯–Óê–ÔŠàÃ–Ù‹ÜÇ–ÅÜÃ–ÀîŠÓ–ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà–Åá–ÂèÌ.

This map follows the representation used in Maps F.2 and F.4 showing the main religion of each village. Dark colours are used to show where all villagers belong to the same religious group, lighter colours to show villages where more than 80% of the population belong to one religious group, and finally the pink colours are used for villages composed of a least two important religious groups.

åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Âì–ÀèÌ–ÀèÍ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ÍèÍ–ÀŠÜÌ Âì–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ F.6 Ñ×À–âÝíà–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–âØèÌ æÈ‹–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–ÖàÇ–ÃàÌ–ÍÜÀ–×Šà ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ÌèÍ–Êì–ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà–ÑîÈ Ûì ÌèÍ–Êì–ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà Îß–âÑÈ–Ü²Ì. È¨Ã–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Üß–Ëé–ÍàÇ æ×‹–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ F.6 Îß–âÑÈ–ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–ÉíÃ–ÀèÍ ÖèÈ–Ëé–ÀàÌ– Êì–Ïê–ÅàÃ–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–Â×àÓ–âÆ²Ü–É¿Ì–Éç–ÁÜÃ ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–Ü²Ì–Ë¯–Í¡–ãÓŠÌ–âÏ³à–Öà×.

As in the preceding Map F.6 we can observe the high predominance of people reporting to be Buddhists or belonging to the category ‘other’. As explained in Map F.6 this category corresponds largely to Animism which is the main belief of non-Lao ethnic groups.

ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÅàÇ–Ñí×–ÑèÌ–Åß–ÙéÈ–ãÙ‹Ì–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà ãÖß ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à– ÉàÓ Ë¯–æÈ‹ Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–æÖ–Çß–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–ÁÜÃ–Éß–ÀîÌ–âÏ³à–ÉàÓ–Ú×È–Ñà– Åà–åÌ ãÏÌ–Ë¯ F.2. ØàÀ–Í¡–Ñé–Äà–Öß–Ìà–âÊéÃ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–É´Ã–ÊªÌ–ÊàÌ–ØÖèÀ–ÁÜÃ–âÏ³à–Öà× ãÖß æÉ-æË ÓèÌ–âÎèÌ Éà–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ–Ë¯–Äß–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÀàÌ–Îß–ÀíÈ–Óê ÁÜÃ–ÍèÌ–Èà–âÏ³à–âÖ³à–Ì¸–ÉàÓ–ãÖ×–âÂìÜ–ÁŠàÇ– âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ ãÖß åÌ–âËÈ–Åß–ÍàÌ–ãÁ×Ã ãÖß âÓìÜÃ ÔŠàÃ–ØÖ×Ã–ÛàÇ ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ– âÊéÃ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–ÌèÍ–Êì–ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà–ÑîÈ–Æ±Ã–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–âÛ³à–Ì¸. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, ØàÀ–âÝíà–ÜÜÀ ÄàÀ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÅïÌ–ÀàÃ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–æÎ ÅïŠ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ âÁÈ–ÌÜÀ–âÝíà–Äß–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–Äá–Ì×Ì– ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–âÆ²Ü–åÌ–Ïê–ÅàÃ–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÅïÃ–ÛàÇ. Óê–ÛàÇ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–âÆ²Ü–Êì–Ïê– ÅàÃ ãÖß ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà–ÑîÈ–ÝŠ×Ó–ÀèÌ ãÖß Í‹àÌ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–Óê–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–ÀèÌ–ÔïŠ–Ë³×–æÎ–åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Ë³×–Îß– âËÈ. Ë‹àÇ–ÅîÈ, ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ÇèÃ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–Í‹àÌ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Ù‹ÜÇ–Ù±Ã Æ±Ã–âÎèÌ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–ÌèÍ–Êì– ÅàÈ Åß–Ùà–ÂÕê–Å–ÉÞÌ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà 80% ÁÜÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–åÌ–Í‹àÌ–Ì´Ìƒ. ÅŠ×Ì–ÅàÈ– Åß–Ùà ÜéÈ–Åß–ÖàÓ–ãÖ‹× ÅèÃ–âØÈ–âØèÌ–×Šà–Í¡–Óê–Í‹àÌ–åÈ–Ë¯–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–Å×ŠÌ–åØŠ–Ç–ÌèÍ–Êì–ÅàÈ–Åß–Ùà–Ì¸.

118

The map confirms the close relationship between religion and ethnic groups as shown in the general spatial pattern related to the distribution of ethno-linguistic families in Map F.2. Setting aside the main settlement regions of the Lao and Tai-Thai, it is interesting to find that their presence along road networks and in provincial and district towns is reflected by the high rates of Buddhism shown on the map. However as soon as we leave these central areas and move towards more peripheral and rural areas, Animism becomes the dominant belief. The villages where both Animism and Buddhism co-exist are quite abundant and heterogeneously distributed across the country. Finally, the map also shows the very small number of villages where more than 80% of the people are Christians. Islam does not seem to find a majority in any of the villages.

Åà–ÈÅßÙà–É¿ÌÉ¡Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–âÆ²Ü–Êì åÌ–Á´ÌÍ‹àF.6 Ì

ÅŠ×ÌÎßÀÜÍÅàÈÅßÙàÁÜÃÍ‹àÌ

ReligiousReligious composition of villages composition of villages 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇÀàÌÊì–Åà–È ÅßÙà–åÌ–Á´ÌÍ‹àÌ Religious composition of villages . !

ÜéÈÅßÖàÓ Islam

Ü²Ìƒ Other

. Sekong !

> 99 %

80 % - 99 %

Saravane

. !

Pakxe

> 99 % ÑîÈ Buddhism

âÔÆï–ÂÕéÈÅ Christian

. !

80 % - 99 %

> 99 %

14°0'0"N

ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ––Í¡–Óê–ÀîŠÓ–ÅàÈÅßÙà–É¿ÌÉ¡ –âÊéÃ 80% Village not dominated by a group of more than 80%

C 0

100

Attapeu

200 km

119

SECTION G

121

ÀéÈÄßÀáÈ‹àÌ–âÅÈÊßÀéÈ Economic activities ÎßÆàÆíÌ–äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹×–ÆÜÀ–Øà–×Ë é ê–ËàÃ–âÑ²Ü–ÝèÍÎ ßÀèÌ–åÌ–ÈáÖíÃ–Æ× ê éÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ–âÜÃ ãÖß ÁÜÃ ÂÜÍÂí×–ÁÜÃ–Ñ×À–âÁíà–ÔïŠ–âÖºÜÇƒ. ÅßÌ´Ì–âÁíàâ Ä¿à–ÄªÃ–æÈ‹–âÝèÈ–ÛàÇƒ–ÀéÈÄ ßÀá.Å¯Ã–âÛ³à–Ì¸– ÙàÇ–âÊéÃ–ÀéÈ Äß–Àá–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–âÅÈÊßÀéÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–ãÉŠÖ ßÂíÌ–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–ÑíÍ–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ– ØÇî‹ÃÇ àÀ–ÔïŠ–âÖºÜÇƒ. Éí×Ô ŠàÃ: ÓèÌ–âÎèÌ–Ëá–Óß–Èà–Î–Ë¯–Ñ×À–âÁíà–Äß–ÎßÀÜÍ–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Æà× Ìà ãÉŠ–åÌ–ÁßÌß–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ Ñ×À–âÁíà–À¡–æÈ‹–ÉÅ ¡ ï‹–ÀèÍ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–ÉŠàÃƒ–Ë¯–ÓèÌ–Í¡–ãÓŠÌ ×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–Ë¯–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ– Æà×Ìà. Ç¯Ã–æÎ–À×Šà–Ì´Ì–Ïï‹–ÂíÌ ÜàÈ–Äß–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀÍ‹àÌ–ÀàÌâÝìÜÌ, âÍªÃ–ãÇŠÃ–ÖïÀâ É¿à, ÂíÌ–âÄèÍ–ÎŠ×Ç Ûì Ïï‹–âÊ¿à–Ïï‹–ãÀŠ, Ûì Ñ×À–âÁíà–ÜàÈ–Äß âÎèÌ–ÌèÀÝ ÞÌ–ÔïŠ. ÅßÌ´Ì–ÓèÌ–ÄªÃ–Í¡–âÎèÌ–âÖºÜÃ–Ë¯–Ù‹à–ãÎÀ–âÖêÇ–Ë¯– ÀàÌ–Îß–âÓêÌ–ÀéÈÄ ßÀá–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–ËÖ î ß–ÀéÈ ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–ÓèÌ–ÄªÃ–âÎèÌ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–Ù±Ã–Ë¯–ÆèÍÆ ‹ÜÌ. Â×àÓ–ÄéÃ–ãÖ‹×–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ ãÉŠ–Öß–Â´Ã–ÄáÌ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–Âá–ÊàÓ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÄáÀèÈ Ì´Ì–Äá–É‹ÜÃ–æÈ‹–ÊìÀ–Ìá–âÜíà–Óà–ÑÄ é àÖßÌà–ÜêÀ–È‹×Ç. âÆ¯Ã ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–Îê 2005 ÓèÌ–Óê–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ ÅàÓ–Âá–ÊàÓ–âË³à–Ì´Ì–Ë¯ åÆ‹–ÊàÓ ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈÄ ßÀá–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ– âÅÈÊßÀéÈ–ãÖß–ÓèÌ–À¡–Â×Ì–Äß–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÍèÌË ëÀ–æ×‹–âÆ¨Ì–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ. âÑàßÅßÌ´Ì–ÓèÌ Ä±Ã–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–×Šà–×ÞÀ– ÃàÌ–ÁÜÃ–Ñ×À–âÝíà–ãÓŠÌ–ÑíÍ–Á§–ØÇî‹ÃÇ àÀ–ÛàÇ–ÔŠàÃ.

People, in general, are constantly searching for ways of providing for their own and their families’ livelihoods and so engage in many highly diversified activities thus the economic activities of a population are often very complex. For example it is very common for many people to be primarily farmers, but to engage in non-farming activities at the same time. Furthermore, people may be involved in household duties, caring for children, sick or old people, or they may still be going to school. So it is no surprise that the assessment of the economic activity of a population is a complex undertaking. The fact that in any population census the number of questions is limited must also be taken into account. As must the fact that in the 2005 National Population and Housing Census only three questions were dedicated to economic activities. Thus it can be appreciated that our task was indeed very difficult. Nevertheless, we are able to present eight indicators, which reveal not only

Í¡–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–âË³à–Ì´Ì, Ñ×À–âÝíà–ÅàÓàÈ–ÅßãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–É¡–ÀèÍ–ãÎÈ–Éí×–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ âÆ¯Ã–ÓèÌ–Í¡–ÑÞÃ– ãÉŠ–ÅßãÈÃ åØ‹–âØèÌ–Á§–ÓïÌ–Ë³×–æÎ–Ë¯–ÅáÂèÌ–âË³à–Ì´Ì–ãÉŠ–ÓèÌ–À¡–ÇèÃ–Óê–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–æÖÇß–Ø×ŠàÃ–Æ±Ã–âÎèÌ Éà–Ù‹à–ÅíÌå Ä. Á§–ÓïÌ åÌ–ÑàÀ–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Ü‹àÃ–ÜêÃ–ÔŠàÃ–âÎèÌ–ÎßÄá–âÊêÃ–ÀéÈÄ ßÀá–Ë¯–æÈ‹–âÝèÈ–åÌ 12 âÈìÜÌ–ÀŠÜÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ. Ñ×À–âÝíà–æÈ‹–âÖìÜÀ–âÜíà–×Ë é ê–Ì¸–Óà–Ìá–åÆ‹–òâÑàß×Šà–ÓèÌ–æÈ‹– âÎèÌ–Éí×–ãËÌ–åØ‹–ãÀŠ–ÀàÌ–×èÈã ËÀ Ë¯–Í¡–ÎŠÞÌãÎÃ ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈ ÄßÀá–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–âÅÈÊßÀéÈ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ ÇàÇ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–äÂÃ–Å‹àÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖ ßâÓìÜÃ–È¨ÃÀ Šà×. Â×Ì–Äß–Ä²–æ×‹–×Šà: ãÉŠÖ ßÂíÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÜàÇî–âÀêÌ 10 Îê ÁºÌ–æÎ–É‹ÜÃ–æÈ‹–ÊìÀ–ÍèÌË ëÀ–æ×‹. È¨ÃÌ ´Ì–âÈèÀÌ ‹ÜÇ– ÌèÀÝ ÞÌ–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–ÊìÀ–Ö×Ó–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Ì´Ì–âÑàß×Šà ÓèÌ–âÎèÌ Ëá–Óß–Èà–ÅáÖèÍ–âÈèÀÌ ‹ÜÇ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–É¡–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Óê– ÅŠ×Ì–ÝŠ×Ó–âÁ¿à–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÀßÅéÀá Ûì ÎßâÑÈ–ÉŠàÃƒ ÁÜÃ–ÀéÈÄ ßÀá–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–âÅÈÊßÀéÈ.

important general information but also very interesting spatial patterns. The information in this section always refers to those activities undertaken in the 12 months prior to the census. This approach was chosen because it represents a reasonably stable measure of the economically active population and its structural distribution. It should be noted that all persons older than 10 years of age were counted. Thus school children are included since it is usual for many of these children to participate in agriculture or other types of economic activity.

G.1 ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃÏï‹–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈÄß–ÀáâÅÈÊßÀéÈ Economically active population

ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–ãÓŠÌ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Óê–Üà–Çî 10Îê ãÖß ãÀŠÀ–×Šà, Æ±Ã–ÑíÌ–Öß âÓìÜÃ–âÖ³à–Ì¸–âÎèÌ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–Îß–Äá–ÛàÇ–ÔŠàÃ (âÍªÃ–ÝïÍ–Åß–ãÈÃ–È‹àÌ–ÖîŠÓ). ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ Îê 2005 Æ¸–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà 66.6% ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ– Ë¯–Óê–Üà–Çî 10 ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà–Îß–ÀÜÍ ÅŠ×Ì–âÁ¿à åÌ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–åÌ–æÖ–Çß 12 âÈìÜÌ–ÀŠÜÌ– ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ. åÌ–ÀîŠÓ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Êì–×Šà “Óê–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá” Ì´Ì–ÛàÇ–ÂíÌ–À¡–ãÓŠÌ–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–åØ‹–ÉíÌ–âÜÃ Ûì âÎèÌ–Àá–Óß ÀÜÌ–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÁÜÃ “ÉíÌ–âÜÃ” ãÖß Ïï‹–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–åØ‹–ÂÜÍ–Âí×–Ç–Í¡–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÂŠà–Ä‹àÃ, ÅŠ×Ì “Ïï‹–Ë¯–Í¡–Óê–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ ÃàÌ–Ëá” ãÓŠÌ–Ñ×À–Ë¯–Êì–×Šà–Àá–ÖèÃ–ÆÜÀ–Øà–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá. ÅªÃ–Åá–ÂèÌ Ë¯–Â×Ì–âÁ¿à–åÄ–À¡–Âì ÀàÌ–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–åÌ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Äß–Í¡–Êì–×Šà–âÎèÌ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–ãÉŠ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ. äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹×, Äá–Ñ×À–ÂíÌ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–ãÓŠÌ–âÖ¸Ó–ãÉŠ–Üà–Çî 15Îê ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà 18% ÁÜÃ– Äá–Ì×Ì–âÈèÀ–Ì‹ÜÇ–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–Üà–Çî–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ 10 Øà 14 Îê–ãÓŠÌ Äá–Ñ×À–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–Óê–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá– âÎèÌ–ËàÃ–ÀàÌ, ÅŠ×Ì 81% ÁÜÃ–âÈèÀ–Ì‹ÜÇ–Ü‹àÃ–×Šà–âÎèÌ–ÌèÀ–ÝÞÌ–ÌèÀ–ÅëÀ–Åà. âÊéÃ–ãÌ×–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, âÈèÀ–Ì‹ÜÇ–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–À×Ó–âÜíà 5% ÁÜÃ–Àá–ÖèÃ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ–Öà×.

The economically active population is that population aged 10 years and older, which is engaged in daily work of many different kinds (see figure below). The 2005 National Population and Housing Census indicated that 66.6% of this population aged 10 years and older were engaged in economic activities during the 12 months prior to the census. Among those considered “employed” are many self-employed or workers working “on-their-own-account” as well as unpaid family workers, whereas the “unemployed” are those considered as looking for work. It is important to note that household duties are not regarded as economic activities. Normally, the class of economically active people starts at the age 15 years and older however the population census showed that 18% of children between 10 and 14 years are in formal employment while 81% are said to be students. Nevertheless, working children make up 5 % of the Lao labour force. The map presents the percentage distribution of the economically active

ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–âÙê–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈ– Äß–Àá–âÅÈ Êß–ÀéÈ Ë¯–Óê–Üà–Çî 10Îê ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà–äÈÇ–ÜêÃ–ÉàÓ 5 Äá–Ñ×À–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–ÓèÀ–Óê–âÖºÜÇƒ. ÀàÌ–×é–âÂàß–ãÓŠÌ–âÖ¸Ó ÄàÀ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Äá–Ñ×À–Ë¯–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Éœ–ÅîÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Éœ–À×Šà 55% ãÖß ÖíÃ–Ë‹àÇ–È‹×Ç ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Äá–Ñ×À–Ë¯–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ–Âì–ÅïÃ–À×Šà 85%. ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ– ãÓŠÌ–Äß–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ, ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ ÉíÀ–ÅŠÞÃ–âÙìÜ ãÖß ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ– ÅŠÞÃ–åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ.

population aged 10 years and older according to five relative frequency classes. The analysis starts with the lowest percentage class of less than 55% and ends with the highest percentage class of more than 85%. The highest relative values are found mostly in the provinces in the north, the north-west and the south-east of the country. It is difficult to discern clear spatial patterns on Map G.1. Isolated districts

ÓèÌ–âÎèÌ–ÀàÌ–ÇàÀ–Ë¯–Äß–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–æÖ–Çß–Ø×ŠàÃ–Ë¯–ÆèÈ–âÄÌ–æÈ‹–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ G.1. âÓìÜÃ–ØŠàÃ–æÀ ÅÜÀ–ØÖêÀ–Ë¯–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–Ë¯–Éœ–ÛàÇ–Ì´Ì–Îß–ÀíÈ–Óê–ÔïŠ–Ë³×–æÎ–åÌ– Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ À¡–ÉàÓ, ËŠà–ÜŠÞÃ–Ë³×–æÎ–Åà–ÓàÈ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ÔïŠ–ÍŠÜÌ–×Šà Í‹àÌ–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÑíÌ– Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–Éœ–À×Šà–ÜèÈ–Éà–Åß–âÖ¨Ç–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß– âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ ÓèÀ–Äß–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ âÎèÌ–Îß–Äá–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß âÁÈ–Ë¯–Åà–ÓàÈ–æÎ–Óà–Øà–ÅïŠ–æÈ‹–ÃŠàÇ. åÌ–â×–Öà–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–Ì´Ì Ñ×À–âÝíà À¡–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–æÈ‹–×Šà– åÌ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–ØŠàÃ–æÀ–ÅÜÀ–ØÖêÀ ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–âÅÈ– Êß–ÀéÈ–äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹×–âØèÌ–×Šà–Óê–ÅïÃ–ÛàÇ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ.

with a very low rate of economic activity occur all over the country. However, a general trend can be seen in that villages with rates of the economically active population below the national average are found more frequently in urban and easily accessible areas. At the same time we can observe that in remote rural areas the percentage of the economically active population is generally very high.

Total Population 5’621’982 (100%) Population 10 years and above (74.2%) Children under 10 years (25%)

Economically non active population (32.4%) Students (69.8%)

Household duties (13.6%)

Retired, sick, too old (16.6%)

Economically active population (66.6%) Unemployed (1.4%)

Employed (98.6%)

Not stated (1%)

Not stated (0.01%)

Figure XX: Distribution of the population according to main activities. Note that the percentage always refers to the next upper entity (shown in lighter shading). Source: Population and Housing Census, 2005

ÀàÌ–Üß–Ëé–ÍàÇ–Åá–ÖèÍ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–Ì¸–ÜàÈ–Äß–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–äÈÇ–ÀàÌ–Ñé–Äà–Öß–Ìà–âÍªÃ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÑíÌ–Öß– âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–ÁàÈ–Â×àÓ–Ø‹à×–ØèÌ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ (âÍªÃ–ÝïÍ–Åß–ãÈÃ–È‹àÌ–âËéÃ ãÖß ãÏÌ– Ë¯–É¡–æÎ). âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ãÄ‹Ã ×Šà–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÌèÀ–ÝÞÌ–ÌèÀ–ÅëÀ–Åà–Ë¯–Í¡–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ ãÖß ÍîÀ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–åÌ– Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÑÞÃ–ÔŠàÃ–ÈÞ×–äÈÇ–Í¡–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÂŠà–Ä‹àÃ–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÅïÃ–À×Šà–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ. ÇªÃ–æÎ–À×Šà–Ì´Ì, Äá–Ì×Ì–ÂíÌ–ãÀŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–âÖ³à–Ì¸–äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹×–Äß–Óê–ÅïÃ–À×Šà (ÅíÓ–ËÞÍ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.4) ãÉŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–Ì´Ì–Äß–âØèÌ–×Šà–Óê–ÂíÌ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Ù‹ÜÇ–ÈÞ×–Ë¯–ÜàÈ–Äß–âÆíà–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÂÜÍ– Âí×. Åß–ØÖîÍ–ãÖ‹×, ÅÜÃ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÅàÓ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Óê–Üà–Çî 10Îê ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà–âÎèÌ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–âÝèÈ– ×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–Æ±Ã–Îß–âÈèÌ–Ì¸–ÓèÌ–Æ¸–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà Îß–âËÈ ÅÎÎ Öà× Ìá–åÆ‹–ÆèÍ–Ñß–Çà–ÀÜÌ–Óß–ÌîÈ–Åá–ÝÜÃ Äá–Ì×Ì–ØÖ×Ã–ÛàÇ. äÈÇ–ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ–ãÖ‹× ÂîÌ–Ìß–×îÈ–Ëé–Öß– ÈèÍ–Óì–Üà–ÆêÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÂíÌ–âÝíà–Äß–É‹ÜÃ–âÎèÌ–Íî–Öé–Óß–ÅéÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–Îß–âËÈ–ÆàÈ. Â×àÓ–Äé–êÃ–À¡–Âì–×Šà åÌ–Üß–Ìà–ÂíÈ–É¡–Ù‹à ãÉŠ–Öß–Îê–Äß–Óê–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÂíÌ–Îß–ÓàÌ 100,000 ÂíÌ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–Øà–Éß–ØÖàÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá Æ±Ã–ÍèÌ–Øà–Ì¸ ÓèÌ–ãÓŠÌ–ÅªÃ–Ë‹à–ËàÇ–Ë¯–åØÇŠ–äÉ–É¡–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ ãÖß Â×àÓ–Ñß–Çà–ÇàÓ– âÑ²Ü–ÎíÀ–Î‹ÜÃ–×é–Êê–Æê–×éÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÂíÌ ãÖß ÝèÀ–Åà–Â×àÓ–ÎÜÈ–æÑ–ÁÜÃ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ.

122

A possible explanation for this pattern may be found by a consideration of the categories of the economically non-active people (see figure below and the following maps). It is obvious that the percentage of non-working students together with those people performing only household duties without being paid is higher in urban areas. Furthermore, the number of older people is generally higher in these areas (compare with Map B.4) whereas in rural areas only a few people probably retire from family work. In conclusion, two thirds of the population aged 10 years and older is economically active indicating that the Lao PDR uses considerable reserves of human resources. Basically the professional qualification of the people must be a priority in the development of the nation. The fact that annually close to 100,000 people will be entering the job market in the future poses an enormous challenge to economic development and efforts for safeguarding the livelihoods of the people and maintaining social security.

G.1 ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÀáÖèÃ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ

ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃÏï‹–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈÄß–ÀáâÅÈÊßÀéÈ

Economically activeactive population Economically population

100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇÁÜÃÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ–ÜàÇî 10Îê –ÁºÌ– æÎ Ë¯ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÀáÖèÃ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ

Economically active population 10 years of age and older

. !

ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌÝ‹ÜÇÁÜÃÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃåÌÚïŠÍ‹àÌ Percent of village population

Saravane

. Sekong !

< 55 %

. !

Pakxe

55 % - 65 % 65 % - 75 %

. !

Attapeu

75 % - 85 %

14°0'0"N

> 85 %

C 0

100

200 km

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G.2 ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×ÌËàÃ–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ–ÏË ï‹– ¯âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀÈ é Äß–ÀáâÅÈÊßÀéÈ Sex ratio of the economically active population ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ– ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–äÈÇ–æÈ‹–Àá ÌíÈ–âÜíà–æ×‹–Âì ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Óê–Üà–Çî–ÛàÇ–À×Šà 10Îê ãÖß æÈ‹–âÁ¿à–ÝŠ×Ó–åÌ–ÀéÈ Äß–Àá–âÅÈ–Êß ÀéÈ–åÌ–æÖ–Çß 12 âÈìÜÌ–ÀŠÜÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ. È¨Ã– Ë¯–æÈ‹–Üß–Ëé–ÍàÇ–æ×‹ Öß–ÜÞÈ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ G1 ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ñ×À–Ì¸–Í¡–æÈ‹–Ö×Ó–âÜíà–ÌèÀ–ÝÞÌ–ÌèÀ–ÅëÀ–Åà, ÂíÌ–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–åÌ–Âí× âÝìÜÌ, Ûì ÂíÌ–âÁ¿à–Íá–ÌàÌ, ÂíÌ–âÄèÍ–æÁ‹–æÈ‹–ÎŠ×Ç Ûì ÂíÌ–ãÀŠ–âÀêÌ–À×Šà–Ë¯–Äß– âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–æÈ‹. ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–Îê 2005 æÈ‹–Æ¸–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–Àá–ÖèÃ–ãÝÃ– ÃàÌ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà× Îß–ÀÜÍ–È‹×Ç ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–âÑÈ–ÇéÃ ãÖß ÆàÇ âË³à–ËÞÓ–ÀèÌ. âÊéÃ– ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, âÓ²Ü–âÍªÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ G.2 Ñ×À–âÝíà–Äß–âØèÌ æÈ‹–ãÄ‹Ã–×Šà–âÀìÜÍ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÜèÌ– À×‹àÃ–Á×àÃ–ÁÜÃ Îß–âËÈ–âÎèÌ–Åê–ÆíÓ–Ñï Æ±Ã–åÌ–ãÃŠ–ÓîÓ–È‹àÌ ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–ãÖ‹×–ÓèÌ–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ– âÊéÃ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ãÓŠ–ÇéÃ Óê–ÅïÃ–À×Šà–Ïï‹–ÆàÇ. åÌ–Â×àÓ–âÎèÌ–ÄéÃ ãÖ‹×, åÌ–ÅÜÃ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÅàÓ–ÁÜÃ–Í‹àÌ–åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà× Äß–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–×Šà ãÓŠ–ÇéÃ–Îß–ÀÜÍ–âÎèÌ–Àá–ÖèÃ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ–ØÖèÀ–ãØÖŠÃ. Ê‹à–Ñ×À–âÝíà–ØàÀ–âÜíà– ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–æÎ–ÅíÓ–ËÞÍ–ÀèÍ–ÜèÈ Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–äÈÇ–Ö×Ó ÁÜÃ Îß–âËÈ ÅÎÎ Öà× ÓèÌ–À¡–âÎèÌ–Å¯Ã– Ë¯–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ (ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.6). ÀàÌ–ÅíÓ–ËÞÍ–ÜèÌ–Ì¸–Åß–ãÈÃ åØ‹ âØèÌ–æÈ‹–×Šà–ÔïŠ–åÌ ÛàÇ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà– ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–ÅíÓ–ÈïÌ–ÀèÌ–ãÓŠ–ÇéÃ Äß–Óê–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÂíÌ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–âÅÈ Êß–ÀéÈ–ÛàÇ– À×Šà–Ïï‹–ÆàÇ. Â×àÓ–Í¡–ÅíÓ ÈïÌ–ÜèÌ–Ì¸ ÇªÃ–Óê–Â×àÓ–Åá–ÂèÌ–ÛàÇ–Ê‹à–Ñé–Äà–Öß–Ìà–æÎ–âÊéÃ–×ÞÀ–âÝìÜÌ–ÆàÌ Æ±Ã–âÎèÌ–×ÞÀ–Ë¯–Í¡–æÈ‹–ÌèÍ–âÁ¿à–åÌ–ÀéÈ–Äß Àá–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–Æ±–Ã×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–âÖ³à–Ì¸–Ö‹×Ì–ãÉŠ–ãÓŠÌ–ãÓŠ–ÇéÃ–âÎèÌ Ïï‹–âÝèÈ–Ç‹ÜÌ–ãÌ×–Ì´Ì–Ñà–Öß–ãÍÀ–ØàÍ–ÁÜÃ ãÓŠ–ÇéÃ–À¡–ÇªÃ–Óê–âÑ¸Ó–ÁºÌ–ÛàÇ.

The map depicts the sex ratio of the economically active population, which is defined as that population who were older than 10 years of age and had been engaged in an economic activity in the 12 months prior to the census. As described in detail in Map G.1 this does not include students, people undertaking household duties, or the retired, the sick or those too old to work. The 2005 National Population and Housing Census indicated that the total work force in the Lao PDR is made up of equal percentages of men and women. However, when looking at Map G.2 it is clear that large areas of the country are mostly coloured pink indicating higher ratios, in terms of economic activity, of women to men. In fact, in two thirds of the villages of the Lao PDR, women constitute the majority of the work force. It is also very interesting to compare this map with the overall sex ratio of the Lao PDR (Map B.6). This comparison reveals that in many villages where the sex ratio is balanced, women dominate the economically active population and hence have a higher work load than men. This imbalance is even more significant when it is taken into account that household duties are not even counted as an economic activity and that these are largely being assumed by women thereby increasing their work load even more.

âÑàß–Åß–Ì´Ì, Ñ×À–âÝíà–É‹ÜÃ–É´Ã–Âá–Êà–Ó×Šà–âÎèÌ–ØÇèÃ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–äÈÇ–Ö×Ó–ÁÜÃ ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–äÈÇ–Åß–âÖ¨Ç–ãÖ‹×–Ä±Ã–Óê–ãÉŠ 50%. âÁÈ–ÑºÌ Ë¯–ÁÞ×–âÁ´Ó–ÍàÃ–ãØŠÃ–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÇèÃ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÅíÓ–ÈîÌ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–Åß–Êé–Éé–äÈÇ–Ö×Ó–ÔïŠ Ç‹ÜÌ–×Šà– åÌ Ù±Ã–ÅŠ×Ì–ÅàÓ–ÁÜÃ–Í‹àÌ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–Ïï‹–ÆàÇ–Óê–Àá–ÖèÃ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–ãÓŠ–ÇéÃ. Í‹àÌ–âÖ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ– Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–ÛàÇ–åÌ–âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ Æ±Ã–âÎèÌ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ËàÃ–âÑÈ–ÅïÃ–Ñç– ÅíÓ–Â×Ì Ûì Í‹àÌ–Ì‹ÜÇ À×Šà–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ Æ±Ã–âÎèÌ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Ïï‹–ÆàÇ–Óê–äÜ–ÀàÈ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–åÌ–ÀàÌ– âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ. äÜ–ÀàÈ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà× Ì¸–ÜàÈ–Äß–ãÓŠÌ–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–åØ‹–ÖèÈ–Êß ÍàÌ (âÆ¨Ì åÌ–âÁÈ–æÆ–ÅíÓ–ÍïÌ) ÌÜÀ–Ì´Ì–À¡ ÇèÃ–Óê–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–ÁîÈ–Â¿Ì–Í¡–ãÝŠ Ûì âÁÈ–À¡–Å‹àÃ–âÁ²ÜÌ–æÒ–Ò‹à–ÌŸ–ÉíÀ (ÌŸ–âËêÌ 2).

We therefore have to ask why the overall sex ratio of the economically active population remains at 50% on average. As some of the dark green areas suggest, the overall statistical balance is maintained since in about one third of the villages men dominate the work force. These are either densely populated villages in urban areas where the sex ratio is moderately higher or smaller villages in rural areas which offer work opportunities predominantly for men. These can be job opportunities offered by the government (e.g. Xaysomboune area) but also by mining or hydropower construction sites (Nam Theun 2).

äÈÇ–ÅèÃ–Ö×Ó–ãÖ‹× Ñ×À–âÝíà–âØèÌ–×Šà–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–Óê–Â×àÓ–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ–âÑàß–×Šà–ÓèÌ–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹– âØèÌ ÛàÇƒ Í‹àÌ–åÌ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ–Óê–Àá–ÖèÃ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ–ãÓŠ–ÇéÃ–Û àÇ–À×Šà–Ïï‹–ÆàÇ. ÜèÌ–Ì¸–âÎèÌ–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ ÀàÌ–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–ÄàÀ–Á§–ÓïÌ–Éí×–âÖÀ–Åß–âÖ¨Ç–ÁÜÃ–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Üß–Ëé–ÍàÇ–æ×‹–åÌ–Éà–Éß–ÖàÃ–âË³à–Ì´Ì ãÉŠ–ãÌŠ– ÌÜÌ ×Šà–ÇèÃ–Óê–ÛàÇ–ÍèÌ–Øà–âÆ²ÜÃ–Æ‹ÜÌ–ÔïŠ–âÆ¯Ã–âÝíà–Í¡–ËèÌ–Åà–ÓàÈ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹.

In summary we see that this map gives an interesting insight in that in many villages throughout the country the work force is dominated by women. This would have remained hidden by merely observing tabular data on district averages.

ÍíÈ–ÖàÇ–ÃàÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–æÈ‹–åØ‹–Á§–ÓïÌ–âÑ¸Ó–âÉêÓ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÍèÌ–Øà–ÍíÈ–ÍàÈ ÇéÃ–ÆàÇ ãÖß ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì ËàÃ–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–ÉŠàÃƒ (âÍªÃ–È‹àÌ–ÖîŠÓ). Éà–Éß–ÖàÃ æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ãÄ‹Ã–×Šà–Ïï‹ ÆàÇ–âÁ¿à–ÝŠ×Ó–åÌ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–Ë¯–É‹ÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Åê–Óì–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà– ãÓŠ–ÇéÃ ãÖß ãÓŠ–ÇéÃ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ãÓŠÌ âÁ¿à ÝŠ×Ó–åÌ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–ÂÜÍ–Âí×–Í¡–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÂŠà–Ä‹àÃ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì Ì¸–ÇªÃ–Óê–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×–à–åÌ–ÀîŠÓ–ãÓŠ–ÇéÃ Ë¯–Óê–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–Éœ.

Further relevant information on gender-related issues can be found in the sex ratios of different economic activities of the census report (see table below). The table clearly shows that men dominate in skilled activities whereas women are heavily involved in unpaid family labour. This ratio is even higher for poorly educated women.

ÅîÈ–Ë‹àÇ–Ì¸, Ñ×À–âÝíà–É‹ÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÔàÀ–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÍÜÀ–È‹×Ç–Âá–â×¿à–Ë¯–×Šà–Ä³Ã–Öß–ÓèÈ–Öß–×èÃ–åÌ–Â×àÓ– Äá–ÀèÈ ÁÜÃ–Á§–ÓïÌ–Îß–âÑÈ–Ì¸: Ê‹à–×Šà–ËŠàÌ–âÎèÌ–ãÓŠ–ÇéÃ–ØàÀ–Óê–Ý‹àÌ–Ì‹ÜÇƒ , Ä³Ã–âÜíà–åÄ–åÅŠ–Èï ãÖ ÖïÀ– ÁÜÃ–ËŠàÌ, Ä³Ã–âÍªÃ–ãÇÃ–Åß–Óà–ÆéÀ–Ïï‹–Ü²Ìƒ åÌ–ÂÜÍ–Âí×–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÍàÈ–âÄèÍ–ÄàÀ–Üî–ÍèÈ–Éé–âØÈ–Öß–âÍêÈ Í¡–ËèÌ–ãÉÀ, ãÖß Ä³Ã–âÜíà–åÄ–åÅŠ–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÉàÓ–Öß–Èï–ÀàÌ–åÌ–Ë³Ã–æÝŠ–Ë³Ã–Ìà- âÓ²Ü–Óê–Ïï‹–Êà–Ó×Šà ×ÞÀ ØÖèÀ–Åá–ÂèÌ–ÁÜÃ ËŠàÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–âÝèÈ–åÌ–æÖ–Çß 12 âÈìÜÌ–ÏŠàÌ–Óà–ãÓŠÌ–ØÇèÃ, ËŠàÌ–Äß–ÉÜÍ–×Šà–ãÌ×– åÈ? Ê‹à–×Šà–ËŠàÌ–âÎèÌ Ïï‹–ÆàÇ–ØàÀ–ÊìÀ–ÊàÓ–È‹×Ç–Âá–ÊàÓ–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–Ì¸, Âá–ÉÜÍ–ÁÜÃ–ËŠàÌ–Äß–Óê–ÜèÌ– ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–Í¡? âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–æÈ‹–Á§–ÓïÌ ÄêÃ–Ë¯–ÆèÈ–âÄÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–Ë¯–Óê–Ñ‹ÜÓ–ÀèÌ–åÌ–â×–Öà–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ ãÖß Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÁÜÃ–âÑÈ ÇéÃ–ÆàÇ åÌ–ÀàÌ–ãÍÀ–Øà–Í×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ ãÖß ÀàÌ–Å‹àÃ–ÖàÇ–ÝèÍ, â×–Öà–åÆ‹– åÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–Êì–×Šà–âÎèÌ–Å¯Ã–Äá–âÎèÌ Ë¯–ÁàÈ–Í¡–æÈ‹. Ïï‹–Óê–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ– ÃàÌ–Ëá

–ÇéÃ (%)

–ÆàÇ (%)

168,388

11,446

Ïï‹–ÜÜÀ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ–åØ‹–âÜÀß–ÆíÌ

121,786

Ïï‹–ÜÜÀ––ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ–åØ‹–ÖèÈ–×é–Åà–ØßÀéÈ

19,486

ÌàÇ–Ä‹àÃ

7,210

–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–åØ‹–ÉíÌ–âÜÃ

1,149,906

–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–åØ‹–ÂÜÍÂí×–Í¡æÈ‹–ÝèÍÂŠà–Ä‹àÃ

1,260,671

2,738,893

Îß–âÑÈ

Ïï‹–ÜÜÀ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ–åØ‹–ÖèÈ

Ïï‹–ÜÜÀ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ–åØ‹–ÖèÈØî‹Ì–ÅŠ×Ì–âÜÀß– ÆíÌ

Ö×Ó

ÉàÉßÖàÃ XX: ÄáÌ×Ì–ÏÓ –‹ï × –ê ÞÀ–âÝèÈÃ– àÌ–Ëá ã – Öß ÜèÈÉà–Å× Š ÌËàÃ–âÑÈ. ãØ–ÖÃŠ Á§Ó – Ì ï : ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×ÈÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ ã – Öß Ë¯ÔÜ –Šï à–æÅ, 2005.

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Finally, we would also like to express a word of caution with regard to the limitations of this type of data: If a woman has a small kiosk, looks after her children, takes care of some family member injured in an UXO accident, and does seasonal work in the fields - when she is asked what was her main activity over the past twelve months, what would she answer? If a man is asked the same question, would his answer be any different? In order to obtain more accurate real data on such simultaneous activities and hence gender differences in workload and income generation, time use surveys are indispensable. Categories

Employed

Female (%)

Male (%)

168,388

11,446

121,786

19,486

7,210

Own account worker

1,149,906

Unpaid family worker Total

1,260,671

2,738,893

Government employee Parastatal employee Private employee State Enterprise Employee Employer

Table XX: Number of employed and sex ratios. Source: National Population and Housing Census, 2005.

ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ Ë¯ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÀáÖèÃ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ G.2

ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×ÌËàÃ–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈÄß–ÀáâÅÈÊßÀéÈ

Sex ratioSexofratio economically activeactive population of the economically population

100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

N A

106°0'0"E

A N V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ –ÜàÇî 10Îê ÁºÌ–æÎ Ë¯ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÀáÖèÃ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ

Sex ratio of economically active population 10 years of age and older

. !

ÄáÌ×Ì––âÑÈ–ÆàÇ–É¡–ÀèÍ –âÑÈ–ÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ Number of males per 100 females

Saravane

. Sekong !

< 80

. !

Pakxe

80 - 94 95 - 105

. !

Attapeu

106 - 120

14°0'0"N

> 120

C 0

100

200 km

125

G.3 ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–âÁ¿àÍáÌàÌ, –âÄèÍ–æÁ‹ Ûì –ãÀŠ–âÀêÌÀ×Šà–Ë¯Äß–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–æÈ‹ Population retired, sick or too old to work ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÏïŠ–Ë¯–ÄèÈ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Îß–âÑÈ–âÁ¿à–Íá–ÌàÌ, âÄèÍ–æÁ‹ Ûì ãÀŠ–âÀêÌ–À×Šà–Äß–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ– ÃàÌ–æÈ‹ ãÓŠÌ–ÑàÀ–ÅŠ×Ì–Ù±Ã–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–Ë¯–Óê–Üà–Çî 10Îê ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà âÎèÌ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–Ë¯–Í¡– æÈ‹–âÁ¿à–ÝŠ×Ó–åÌ ×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–âÑ²Ü–ÆŠ×Ç–âØÖìÜ–ÉíÌ–âÜÃ. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Äá– Ñ×À–Ì¸–Í¡–Ý×Ó–âÜíà–ÌèÀ–ÝÞÌ ÌèÀ–ÅëÀ–Åà Ûì ÂíÌ–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–åÌ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ. Ñß–ÌèÀ–ÃàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–æÈ‹–Åá–ÑàÈ–ãÉŠ–Öß–ÂÜÍ–Âí×–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Åß–Óà–ÆéÀ–ÂÜÍ–Âí×–Ë¯– âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–Ë¯–Óê–Üà–Çî 10Îê ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà ×Šà–Ñ×À–âÁíà–æÈ‹–ÆÜÀ–Øà–âÃéÌ ãÖß ÆÜÀ–Øà–È‹×Ç–×é–Ëê–åÈ åÌ–æÖ–Çß 12 âÈìÜÌ–ÀŠÜÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ. ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ– Åá–ÑàÈ–æÈ‹–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–×Šà 16.6% ÁÜÃ ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Í¡–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ%ÀèÍ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ Ûì 4.3% ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ãÀŠÀ–×Šà 10Îê ãÓŠÌ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–âÁ¿à–Íá–ÌàÌ Ûì âÄèÍ–æÁ‹ Ûì ãÀŠ–ÛàÇ–Í¡–Åà–ÓàÈ– âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–æÈ‹.

The population classified as retired, sick or too old to work is that part of the total population aged 10 years and older who are not engaged in economic work to support themselves. However it does not include students or people who are involved in household duties. Census staff interviewed each family about the economically active family members aged 10 years and older with regard to whether and how they had made their money in the 12 months prior to the Census. Results indicate that 16.6% of the economically non-active population or 4.3% of the population older than 10 years are either retired, or sick, or too old to work. Map G.3 shows the distribution of the percentages in five relative frequency

ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–Í¡–æÈ‹–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÀàÌ– ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–ÁÜÃ ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–åÌ 5 Ñ×À–Ë¯–åÀ‹–ÂÞÃ–ÀèÌ–äÈÇ–âÖ¸Ó–ÄàÀ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Éœ–À×Šà 2.5% æÎ–ÄíÌ–ÀàÇ 10%. Åà–ÓàÈ–âØèÌ æÈ‹–×Šà–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Í¡–Åà– ÓàÈ–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–æÈ‹–ãÓŠÌ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–Ñï–ÈÜÇ ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ ãÖß ÇèÃ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–åÌ–ÍàÃ– ãØŠÃ–ÔïŠ–ÑàÀ–ÀàÃ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ ÅÎÎ Öà×. âÊéÃ–ãÌ×–åÈ–À¡–Èê, ÅªÃ–Åß–ÈîÈ–Ëá–ÜéÈ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–À¡–Âì–Åê– ÁÞ×–ÜŠÜÌ ãÖß Åê–ÁÞ× âÎèÌ–Å¯Ã–Ë¯–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ãÏŠ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–åØ‹–Ýï‹–âÊêÃ–Â×àÓ ãÙ‹Ì–Ùà–Ë¯–Á‹ÜÌ– Á‹àÃ–Óê–ÛàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–Í¡–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–æÈ‹ ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–âÖ¸Ó–ÄàÀ–Öß–ÈèÍ–Éœ–À×Šà 2.5 Øà 5%.

classes, ranging from less than 2.5% to over 10%. It can be seen that the villages with the highest percentage of people unable to work are found in the mountainous north of the country and in some parts of the central region of the Lao PDR. Nevertheless, the first impression of the map is that light green and green are the predominant colours indicating the relative frequencies of people unable to work in the range of from under 2.5% to 5%. Percentages of the population unable to work of 7.5% to 10% and even higher are found scattered in many villages of the country – notably in the

ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Í¡–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–æÈ‹ ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ 7.5 Øà 10% ãÖß ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ì¸–À¡–ÇèÃ–Óê ÅïÃ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–ÉŠàÃƒåÌ–Îß–âËÈ - Ë¯–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ãÄ‹Ã–À¡–ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ– ãÁ×Ã–Ï¿Ã–Åà–Öê, Üî–ÈíÓ–æÆ, ØÖ×Ã–ÌŸ–Ëà, ãÖß æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê, ãÖß ÛàÇ–À×Šà–Ì´Ì–À¡–ÇèÃ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ– ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Øí×–ÑèÌ ãÖß ÆÞÃ–Á×àÃ ãÖß åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–Íç–Öé–Âá–æÆ. Åß–ÑàÍ–ÀàÌ– âÖ³à–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ–Â‹àÇ–Âì–ÀèÌ–âÆ¯Ã–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Åß– Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ ãÖß Åà–Öß–×èÌ ãÖß ËéÈ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ãÁ×Ã–Äá–Îà–ÅèÀ. ÓèÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–æÈ‹– ãÄ‹Ã–âÓ²Ü–âÝíà–ÎÞÍ–ËÞÍ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–Ñé–ÀàÌ (ËÞÍ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ E.3 åÅŠ–ÀèÍ E.5). Ñ×À–âÝíà–âØèÌ–×Šà Éí×–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–ÅÜÃ–Éí×–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÌ–ãÍÍ–Æß–ÌéÈ–ãÙ‹Ì. âÓ²Ü–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–Óê–Ïï‹–Ë¯–Ñé–ÀàÌ–ÛàÇ ãÖß Äá–Ì×Ì–âÈèÀ–ÌÜ‹Ç–À¡–ÛàÇ–âÆ¨Ì–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ (âÍ¯Ã–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.3) Äß–âØèÌ–×Šà–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÀàÌ–âÑªÃ–Ñà–Üà–åÅ–ãÓŠÌ–ÊêÍ–Éí×–ÅïÃ–ÁºÌ (âÍªÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.5).

provinces of Phongsaly, Oudomxay, Luangnamtha, and Xayaboury, and furthermore in the east of the province of Huaphanh and Xiengkhuang and into Borikhamxay. A comparable situation prevails in the east of Savannakhet and Saravane as well as in eastern Champasack. It is very revealing to compare this map to the prevalence of disabilities (Maps E.3 to E.5). We see that the two indicators are closely related. In villages where this phenomenon is combined with a high number of young children (see Map B.3), the corresponding dependency ratio rises significantly (see Map B.5). Overall it can be seen that in some villages the percentage of the population who are unable to earn their own income amounts to 7.5% and over. This

äÈÇÖ×ÓãÖ‹×ÅàÓàÈâØèÌæÈ‹×Šà ÍàÃÉí×–âÓìÜÃÓêÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃÏï‹Ë¯Í¡ÅàÓàÈÆ ÜÀØàÖàÇÝèÍåØ‹ ãÀŠÉíÌâÜÃæÈ‹ÓêâÊéÃ 7.5% ãÖß ÅïÃÀ×Šà. ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌÌ¸Êì×ŠàÅïÃÛàÇ ãÖß ÊìâÎèÌÑàÖßãÍÀØàÍåØ‹ãÀŠ ÂÜÍÂí×ÁÜÃÑ×ÀâÁíà ãÖß âÎèÌÍèÌØàÀíÈÙŠ×ÃÉ¡ÀàÌÎèÍÎîÃâÃ² ÜÌæÁÆê×éÈÀàÌâÎèÌÔïŠÁÜÃÑ×ÀâÁíà. Á§ÓïÌ ÅáÂèÌÌ¸æÈ‹ÅŠÜÃãÅÃåØ‹âØèÌÂ×àÓÉ‹ÜÃÀàÌÁ§ÓïÌ ÑºÌÊàÌâÑ²ÜÌá–ÓàÀáÌíÈÌßäÇÍàÇ ãÖß ÀàÌ×àÃãÏÌ âÑ²ÜÅ‹àÃåØ‹âÎèÌãÏÌÀàÌË¯ÈêâÑ²ÜÀ àÌÑèÈËßÌà ãÖß –âÑ²Ü–ÉÜÍÅßÙÜÃ ãÖß ÍèÌÖîÂ×àÓÉ‹ÜÃÀàÌÁÜÃ ÎßÆàÆíÌÏï‹Ë¯Í¡ÅàÓàÈ âÝèÈ×ÞÀÃàÌæÈ‹. Ïï‹Ë¯Í¡ÅàÓàÈâÝèÈ×ÞÀÃàÌæÈ‹ÛàÇÂíÌÜàÈÉ‹ÜÃÀàÌÂ×àÓÆŠ×Ç âÛìÜÈ‹àÌÀà ÌÍçÖéÀàÌÝèÀÅàÅîÁßÑàÍÆ±ÃÊì×ŠàâÎèÌÍîÖéÓßÅéÈÜèÌÈèÍË¯Ù±Ã ãÖß ÜèÌÈèÍË¯ÅÜÃÉ¡ÓàÀ¡ãÓŠÌÀ àÌÎèÍÎîÃÅßØ×èÈÈêÀàÌÅèÃÂíÓ.

126

is quite high, a burden to their families and a serious impediment to improving their living conditions. This important information sheds light on the basic information needed for policy making and planning in order to formulate better plans for development and in particular to satisfy the needs of those people who are unable to work. Many of these people may need assistance from the appropriate services with health care as the first priority and the improvement of social welfare as the second.

ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ ÍáÌàÌ, –âÄèÍ–ÎŠ×Ç, –ãÀŠÆßÖà Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–Í¡–æG.3 È‹

ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–âÁ¿àÍáÌàÌ, –âÄèÍ–æÁ‹ Ûì –ãÀŠ–âÀêÌÀ×Šà–Ë¯Äß–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–æÈ‹

Population retired,retired, ill, or sick tooorold Population too to old work to work

100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ ÍáÌàÌ, –âÄèÍ–ÎŠ×Ç, –ãÀŠÆßÖà –ÜàÇî 10Îê ÁºÌ–æÎ Ë¯âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–Í¡–æÈ‹ò

Population 10 years of age and older that is retired, ill, or too old to work

. !

ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌÝ‹ÜÇÁÜÃÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃåÌÚïŠÍ‹àÌ Percent of village population

Saravane

. Sekong !

< 2.5 %

. !

Pakxe

2.5 % - 5 % 5 % - 7.5 %

. !

Attapeu

7.5 % - 10 %

14°0'0"N

> 10 %

C 0

100

200 km

127

G.4 ÀàÌ–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÃàÌ

Unemployment ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÃàÌ–ÚàÇ–âÊéÃ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Üà–Çî 10Îê ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà–Ë¯–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ– ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–æÈ‹–ãÉŠ–Áà–È×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá Ûì ÇèÃ–ÆÜÀ–Øà–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá–åÌ–æÖ–Çß 12 âÈìÜÌ–ÀŠÜÌ–ÀàÌ Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ. ÝïÍ–Åß–ãÈÃ XX åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ G.1 Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ãÄ‹Ã– ÑàÀ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÇíÀ–ÁºÌ–Óà–Ü‹àÃ–ÜêÃ–È‹×Ç–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÀàÌ–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÃàÌ. åÌ–Îê 2005, Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–ÍÜÀ–×Šà–Ñ×À–âÁíà–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÃàÌ–Óê Äá–Ì×Ì âÊéÃ 1.4% ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ– ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–ÔïŠ–åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà×. ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–Éí×–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–ÀàÌ–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÃàÌ 2 ÔŠàÃ. ÜèÌ–Ëê–Ù²Ã–Ñ×À–âÝíà–Åà–ÓàÈ– âØèÌ–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ ÁÜÃ–ÄîÈ–ÉŠàÃƒ Æ±Ã–ËîÀƒÄîÈ–ãËÌ–åØ‹–ÂíÌ–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÃàÌ 5 ÂíÌ. Éí×–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–Ëê– ÅÜÃ–ãÓŠÌ–Åê–Ë¯–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–Åá–ÖèÍ ãÉŠ–Öß–Í‹àÌ, Æ±Ã–Åê–Ì´Ì–ãËÌ–åØ‹–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ– Ø×ŠàÃ–ÃàÌ–åÌ–Í‹àÌ. Ñ×À–âÝíà–Åà–ÓàÈ–Äá–ãÌÀ–åØ‹ âØèÌ–Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–È‹×Ç 5 Öß–ÈèÍ Ë¯–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÂíÌ–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÃàÌ–Éœ–ÅîÈ–ãÓŠÌ–ãËÌ–È‹×Ç–Åê–ÄàÃ–Âì–Éœ–À×Šà 0.5%. ÅŠ×Ì–Åê–Ó‹×Ã– Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–ãËÌ–åØ‹–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÂíÌ–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÃàÌ–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ–Âì–ÅïÃ–À×Šà 2%. ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ÅÜÃ–Éí× Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–Ì¸–Ñ×À–âÝíà–À¡–Åà–ÓàÈ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–äÖ–È×Šà–åÌ–ÍàÃ–Í‹àÌ–Óê–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÂíÌ–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÃàÌ–ÅïÃ–ÛàÇ (ÍŠÜÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÛàÇ–ÄîÈ) âÊêÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÃàÌ–Óê–Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ–Éœ (Åê–ÄàÃ). ÍèÌ–Øà–Ì¸–Åà– ÓàÈ–Üß–Ëé–ÍàÇ–æÈ‹–ÄàÀ–Â×àÓ–ÄéÃ–Ë¯–×Šà ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Éœ–ãÓŠÌ–ÂïÌ–È‹×Ç–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ Ë¯–Óê–ÛàÇ–ãÉŠ–ÏíÌ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÜÜÀ–Óà–À¡–ÇèÃ–Óê–Äá–Ì×Ì ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÃàÌ–ÛàÇ–ÔïŠ–Èê. åÌ–È‹àÌ–ÀíÃ–ÀèÌ– Á‹àÓ–ÀèÌ–ãÖ‹×, Í‹àÌ–Ì‹ÜÇ âÊéÃ–×Šà–Äß–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ Ø×ŠàÃ–ÃàÌ–ÅïÃ–À¡–ÉàÓ - ãÉŠ–Äß–Í¡– Óê–ÂíÌ–ØŠ×–àÃ–ÃàÌ–ÛàÇ.

The unemployed population is defined as the people aged 10 years and older who could be economically active but were not employed or were still looking for employment during the 12 months prior to the Census. Figure XX in Map G.1 clearly shows to what part of the population the unemployment rate refers. In 2005 the people who indicated that they were unemployed amounted to 1.4% of the economically active population of the Lao PDR. The relevant map shows two indicators of unemployment. First we can see a distribution of dots, where every dot represents five unemployed people. The second indicator is a different colour for each village, representing the percentage of the unemployed village population. We can distinguish five frequency classes with the lowest percentage in the lightest colour representing less than 0.5% unemployment while a pronounced violet shows the highest percentage class with unemployment exceeding 2%. Using these two different indicators we can see that in some villages there is a large number of unemployed people (many dots), even if the rate of unemployment is quite low (a light colour). This can be explained by the fact that a low rate multiplied by a high total population still results in a considerable number of unemployed people. Conversely, a small village – even if it has a high unemployment rate – will not produce as many unemployed people.

äÈÇ–Ñà–ÍÖ×Ó–ãÖ‹× ãÏÌ–Ë¯ G.4 Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà ÀàÌ–ØŠ×–àÃ–ÃàÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Îß–ÀíÈ–ÀàÌ–Ù±Ã– Ë¯–Óê–Äá–ÀèÈ–ÔïŠ–Åß–âÑàß åÌ–ãÉŠ–âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß âÁÈ–åÀ‹–ÂÞÃ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–Ü‹ÜÓ–Á‹àÃ–âËÈ–Åß–ÍàÌ– ãÁ×Ã. ÇíÀ–â×´Ì–åÌ–ÝïÍ–ãÍ–ÍÖ×Ó âÝíà Åà–ÓàÈ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ÜèÈ–Éà–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÃàÌ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–Âá–ÓŠ×Ì ãÖß æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê, åÌ–âÁÈ–Ñé–âÅÈ–æÆ–ÅíÓ–ÍïÌ, ãÖß åÌ–ÍàÃ ãÁ×Ã–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–Ë¯–ÇèÃ–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÂíÌ–Ø×ŠàÃ– ÃàÌ–ÅïÃ–À×Šà 2%. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, Â×Ì–âÁ¿à–åÄ–×Šà–Í‹àÌ–Äá–Ì×Ì Ù±Ã–âÎèÌ–Í‹àÌ–Ì‹ÜÇ–ÛàÇ ãÖß Äá–Ì×Ì–Ë¯–Åß–ãÈÃ–È‹×Ç–ÄîÈ–ÉŠàÃƒË¯–Àá–ÌíÈ–æ×‹–Ì´Ì–ÜàÈ–Äß–Åß–ãÈÃ–âÎèÌ–Éí×–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ æÈ‹–Èê–À×Šà–ÜèÈ–Éà– ÅŠ×Ì–ÂíÌ–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÃàÌ–ÁÜÃ–Í‹àÌ.

In general terms, Map G.4 shows that unemployment is a phenomenon which is still largely limited to urban and peri-urban areas around the provincial capitals. Exceptions to this overall pattern can be found in Khammuane and Xayaboury provinces, in Xaysomboune Special Zone, and in some southern provinces, where unemployment rates climb to above 2%. Nevertheless, it should be remembered that some of these villages are very small and the absolute numbers shown as dots may be better indicators than village unem-

âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–ÅïÌ–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–Äß–Åß–ÙÜÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÃàÌ–Ë¯–ØÖàÀ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–À¡–ÉàÓ ãÉŠ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ– âÖ³à–Ì¸–ÜàÈ–Äß–Í¡ ãËÈ–âÚàß–ÀèÍ–Åß–ÑàÍ–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–ÆÜÀ–Øà–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá. ÂíÌ–ÁàÈ–ÀàÌ– ÅëÀ–Åà–åÌ–âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–ÛàÇ ÂíÌ–Í¡–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÆÜÀ–Øà–×ÞÀ–æÈ‹. Ù±Ã–åÌ–ÛàÇ–âØÈ–ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÂíÌ–âÂ²ÜÌ– Ç‹àÇ–ÄàÀ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–Éí× âÓìÜÃ À¡ ãÓŠÌ–Â×àÓ–Ø×èÃ–Ë¯–Äß–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ–Ë¯–Èê–À×Šà ãÖß äÜ–ÀàÈ–ÆÜÀ–Øà–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá–Èê–À×Šà. ÇèÃ–Í¡–ÑÞÃ âË³à–Ì´Ì, ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ–ãÖ‹×–ÂíÌ–ÇèÃ–ÁàÈ– ÀàÌ–ÜíÍ–ÝíÓ–Ë¯–Äá–âÎèÌ È‹×Ç–âØÈ–Ì´Ì–Ñ×À–âÁíà–Ä±Ã–Í¡–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÆÜÀ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ æÈ‹. âÁÈ–Ñï–ÈÜÇ–ÑàÀ– âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ–âÎèÌ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–Åß–ÙÜÃ–äÜ–Àà–È×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá–Äá–ÀèÈ–ÔïŠ–åÌ. ÄîÈ–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–ÝÜÇ ÈŠàÃ–ÔïŠ–Àß–ãÄÀ–Àß–ÄàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì ÂíÌ–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÃàÌ–ÅïÃ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–Ì´Ì–ÍàÃ–âË²Ü–À¡–Åà– ÓàÈ–âÎèÌ–ÄîÈ Ë¯–ÍÜÀ åØ‹–âØèÌ–äÜ–ÀàÈ–ÀàÌ–ÁàÈ–ÃàÌ–åÌ–âÁÈ âÖ³à–Ì¸–æÈ‹.

ployment rates. Even if economic centres offer a greater number and variety of jobs, these may not match with the profile of job seekers. Many of the uneducated people in urban areas are unable to find work. One of the reasons for people moving from rural areas to towns is the hope of having better access to services and find better work opportunities. Yet, people frequently lack the necessary training, so they are unable to find work. The mountainous north of the country offers only limited employment opportunities. The scattered patches of higher unemployment rates in the countryside can probably be attributed to the lack

âÑ²Ü–Äß–Åß–ØÖîÍ–ÅèÃ–Ö×Ó–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÑàÍ–æÈ‹–Ì´Ì–Â×Ì–Äß–ÄíÈ–Äá–×Šà–Îß–âËÈ ÅÎÎ Öà× Óê–ÜèÈ– Éà–ÂíÌ–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÃàÌ Éœ–À×Šà–Îß–âËÈ–Ü²ÌƒåÌ–âÁÈ–Üà–Æê–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÅŠÞÃ–åÉ‹. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÜèÌ–Ì¸–À¡–ÇèÃ–Êì–×Šà–âÎèÌ ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ë¯–Ì‹ÜÇ–ÛàÇ–âÑàß–×Šà–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–ÛàÇ–ÂíÌ–âÁ¿à–ÝŠ×Ó– åÌ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá, ÛàÇ–ÂíÌ–À¡–âÎèÌ–Æà×–Ìà–Ë¯–Àï‹Ó–ÀêÌ (âÍªÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ 7.8). ÅŠ×Ì–×Šà–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–Ü²Ì– Ë¯–ÌÜÀ–âÙìÜ–ÃàÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá–Ì´Ì, ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÂíÌ–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÃàÌ–åÌ–È‹àÌ Ì¸–Äß–Óê–ÅïÃ–À×Šà. âÑàß–Åß–Ì´Ì ÀàÌ–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÃàÌ–Ä±Ã–âÎèÌ–ÍèÌ–Øà Ë‹à–ËàÇ–ÜèÌ–Ù±Ã–åØ‹–ãÀŠ–ÖèÈ–Êß–ÍàÌ ÅÎÎ Öà×, äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß– À¡–ãÓŠÌ–ÌèÀ–×àÃ–ãÏÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà ãÖß Ïï‹–Àá–ÌíÈ–Ìß äÇ–ÍàÇ–ËèÃ–ÛàÇ–Äß–É‹ÜÃ–âÜíà–åÄ–åÅŠ–Åß–âÑàß åÌ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–Åß–ÙÜÃ–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá–åØ‹–Óê–ÑÞÃ–Ñç ãÖß ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–Àá–ÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Åê–Óì–åÌ–ãÉŠ–Öß– ÑàÀ–ÁÜÃ Îß–âËÈ–âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÉÜÍ–Åß–ÙÜÃ–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ–ÄàÀ Îß–âËÈ–Ü²Ì.

of job opportunities in these regions. To conclude it should be recalled that the Lao PDR has a lower unemployment rate than other countries in Southeast Asia. However, this rate is also very small because many people are involved in the agricultural sector, many as subsistence farmers (see Map 7.8). In terms of employment outside agriculture, this rate would clearly be higher. Therefore unemployment represents a challenge for the Government of the Lao PDR, specifically for the development planners and policy makers who must pay particular attention to the provision of enough employment and developing a skilled labour force in each part of the country so as to be able to respond to the labour demands from other countries.

128

ÜèÈÉà–ÀàÌ–ØŠ×àÃÃàÌ G.4

ÀàÌ–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÃàÌ

Unemployed rate Unemployment 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

A !

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Pakxanh

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. Luang Prabang !

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Xamneua ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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. Huay Xay ! !

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Muang Xay . ! !

! !

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! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

HANOI

. !

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20°0'0"N

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! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! . ! ! !

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M MY YA AN NM MA AR R

Phongsaly !!

22°0'0"N

VIENTIANE

! ! ! !

18°0'0"N

106°0'0"E

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! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!

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. Savannakhet ! ! ! ! !! !

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áÖèÃ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ –ãÉŠ Ø×ŠàÃ–ÃàÌ

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16°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Share of economically active population

being unemployed

!! ! ! ! ! .

! ! !

! Saravane

! ! !

1 –âÓèÈ = 5 ÂíÌ 1 Dot = 5 Persons

!! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!! ! !

ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌÝ‹ÜÇÁÜÃÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃåÌÚïŠÍ‹àÌ Percentage of village population < 0.5 %

. !

0.5 % - 1 %

! !

! ! !! !!

1 % - 1.5 %

Pakxe !

! !

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Sekong

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Attapeu ! ! !! ! !!

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>2%

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C 0

100

! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !!! !! ! !! ! !

14°0'0"N

1.5 % - 2 %

200 km

129

G.5 ÀàÌ–Óê–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá Employment

ÀàÌ–Îß–âÓêÌ–ÀàÌ–Óê–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá–âÎèÌ–ÍèÌ–Øà–ÀŠÞ×–Á‹ÜÃ–ÀèÍ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Üà–Çî 10 Îê ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà–Ë¯–Óê–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá–ÎíÀ–Àß–Éé (âÍªÃ–ÝïÍ–Åß–ãÈÃ XX åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ G.1). åÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È– ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ Üà–åÅ–Îê 2005, âÑ¯Ì–æÈ‹–Åá–ÑàÈ–Åß–Óà–ÆéÀ–ÂÜÍ–Âí×–ËîÀ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Üà–Çî 10 Îê ãÖß ÅïÃ–À×Šà–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ ÃàÌ–Ëá–ÁÜÃ–Ñ×À–âÁíà–åÌ–æÖ–Çß 12 âÈìÜÌ–ÀŠÜÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È– ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ. âÑ¯Ì–æÈ‹–ÍèÌ–ËëÀ ãÖß ÄèÈ ãÍŠÃ–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá–âÎèÌ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÉŠàÃƒ–È¨Ã–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸: Ïï‹–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ–åØ‹–ÖèÈ, Ïï‹–ÜÜÀ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ–åØ‹–ÖèÈ–Øî‹Ì–ÅŠ×Ì–âÜ–Àß ÆíÌ, Ïï‹–ÜÜÀ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ–åØ‹–âÜ– Àß–ÆíÌ, Ïï‹–ÜÜÀ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ–åØ‹–ÖèÈ–×é–Åà–Øß–ÀéÈ, ÌàÇ–Ä‹àÃ, Ïï‹–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ åØ‹–ÉíÌ–âÜÃ ãÖß Ïï‹–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ– åØ‹–ÂÜÍ–Âí×–Í¡–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÂŠà–Ä‹àÃ. äÈÇ–Ìá–åÆ‹–Âá–Ìé–ÇàÓ–âÖ³à–Ì¸, ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–æÈ‹–ÑíÍ– âØèÌ–×Šà–Äá–Ì×Ì 98.6% ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–Óê–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ– ÃàÌ–Ëá. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ G.5 Ñ×À–âÝíà–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–Åß–âÑàß–Ïï‹–ÜÜÀ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ âÎèÌ–ËàÃ–ÀàÌ–âË³à–Ì´Ì–Óà–âÎèÌ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ Âì–ê Ïï‹–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–åØ‹–ÖèÈ–Êß–ÍàÌ, Ïï‹–ÜÜÀ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ–åØ‹–ÖèÈ–Øî‹Ì–ÅŠ×Ì–âÜ–Àß–ÆíÌ, Ïï‹–ÜÜÀ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ–åØ‹– âÜ–Àß–ÆíÌ, ãÖß Ïï‹–ÜÜÀ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ–åØ‹–ÖèÈ–×é–Åà–Øß–ÀéÈ. Åß–âÖ¨Ç–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ–Ïï‹–ÜÜÀ–ãÝÃ– ÃàÌ–Óê–âÊéÃ 11.5% ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ.

The assessment of employment concerns that part of the population aged 10 years and older who are in regular employment (see figure XX in Map G.1). In the 2005 National Housing and Population Census, all the family working members aged 10 years and older were interviewed about their employment in the 12 month prior to the Census. The employment was recorded in the following categories: government employee, parastatal employee, private sector employee, state enterprise employee, employer, own-account worker and unpaid family worker. Using this definition, the Census found that 98.6% of the economically active population were employed. However, in Map G.5 we show only the formal employees as a percentage of the total economically active population, i.e. the government, parastatal, private and state enterprise employees. The national average of this rate of employees amounts to 11.5% of the economically active population. The percentages of employment are shown in five classes with the lowest

ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ïï‹–ÜÜÀ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ 5 Öß–ÈèÍ Ë¯–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ïï‹–ÜÜÀ–ãÝÃ– ÃàÌ–Éœ–ÅîÈ–ãÓŠÌ–Éœ–À×Šà 5% ãÖß ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ ÅïÃ–À×Šà 20%. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–Óê–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ– ÃàÌ–Ëá–ÅïÃ–À×Šà 20% ãÓŠÌ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–åØÇŠ–ÁÜÃ–ãÉŠ–Öß–ãÁ×Ã, åÌ–Ì´Ì ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ– Óê–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá–ÅïÃ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–ãÓŠÌ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÑàÀ–ÀàÃ, äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß–À¡–ãÓŠÌ–åÌ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ– ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ, âÁÈ–Ü‹ÜÓ–Á‹àÃ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã ãÖß âÁÈ–Ñé–âÅÈ–æÆ–ÅíÓ–ÍïÌ. âØÈ–ÏíÌ–ØÖèÀ–ÜàÈ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–Ø‹ÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÖèÈ–Êß–ÍàÌ, äÝÃ–ÃàÌ, Íç–Öé–ÅèÈ–âÜ–Àß–ÆíÌ, ãÖß ÜíÃ–ÀàÌ– ÄèÈ–É´Ã–Ëî–Öß–ÀéÈ ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ–ãÓŠÌ–É´Ã–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–ÉŠàÃƒ äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß–À¡–ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã– ×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ. âÑàß–Åß–Ì´Ì Ä±Ã–Åà–ÓàÈ–Åß–ÙÜÃ–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá–ÑÞÃ–Ñç–åØ‹–ãÀŠ–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–åÌ–âÁÈ–Ì¸. ãÁ×Ã–ÜèÈ–Éß–Îì ãÖß Ï¿Ã–Åà–Öê–âÎèÌ ãÁ×Ã Ë¯–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–Óê–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá–Éœ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ Âì–Éœ–À×Šà 10% È¨Ã–Ë¯–Åà–ÓàÈ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯. Ë¯ É´Ã–ÁÜÃ–ÅÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–âÙìÜ–ÅîÈ ãÖß åÉ‹– ÅîÈ–ÉàÓ–Öá–ÈèÍ, Í×À–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÁàÈ–âÁêÌ–ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ äÂÃ–ÖŠàÃ–åÌ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà, ÀàÌ–ÁíÌ–Å³Ã ãÖß ÌÜÀ–Ì´Ì–À¡–ÇèÃ–æÀ–ÄàÀ–Éß–ØÖàÈ ÍèÌ–Øà–âÖ³à–Ì¸–ÜàÈ–Åà–ÓàÈ Ìá–Óà–âÎèÌ–âØÈ–ÏíÌ–Üß–Ëé–Íà–Ç×Šà–âÎèÌ– ÍŠÜÌ–Ë¯–ÁàÈ–äÜ–ÀàÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Óê–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá. äÈÇ–ØÖèÀ–ÀàÌ–ãÖ‹×, ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ÜèÌ–Ì¸–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ– ãÓŠÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–âÊéÃ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–Ë¯–Í¡–ãÓŠÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá–ÉàÓ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ G.6.

rate of employment amounting to less than 5% and the highest rate to more than 20%. High employment rates of more than 20% are found in the big towns of each province, with the highest employment rate encountered in the central region, especially in Vientiane Capital, the surrounding areas and in Xaysomboune Special Zone. The main reason could be that many government offices, factories, private companies, and most businesses are located in towns and in Vientiane Capital in particular and therefore can provide enough jobs for people in these areas. The provinces of Attapeu and Phongsaly have the lowest rates of employment of less than 10% as can be seen in the map. The location of these two provinces in the extreme north and south, respectively, together with the insufficient infrastructure in respect of education and transportation as well as the distance to markets may explain the lack of employment opportunities. Principally, this map is closely related to non-agricultural activities as shown in the following Map G.6.

äÈÇ–Ö×Ó–ãÖ‹×, ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–Óê–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá–åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà× ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ–Éœ–Æ±Ã–Óê– Â×àÓ–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ É¡–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÅïÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–âÁ¿à–ÝŠ×Ó–åÌ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá–Ñç–ÑÞÃ–ÔŠàÃ–âØèÌ– æÈ‹–ÆèÈ. ÎèÈ–åÄ–Ü²Ìƒ Àß–ËíÍ–É¡–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Ïï‹–ÆÜÀ–Øà–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá âÆ¨Ì ÀàÌ–ÁàÈ–äÜ–ÀàÈ, Éá– ãÙŠÃ–ÃàÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÔïŠ–Äá–ÀèÈ, ÁàÈ–Åê–Óì ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ–ÉàÓ–ÀàÌ–Ñé–Äà–Öß–Ìà–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ä‹àÃ–ÃàÌ, âÃéÌ–âÈìÜÌ–Ù‹ÜÇ ãÖß Æ³×–äÓÃ–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–Í¡–Óê–Àá–ÌíÈ. ÍèÌ–Øà âÖ³à–Ì¸ ÓèÌ–É‹ÜÃ–ÀàÌ–åØ‹–âÑ¯Ó–ÀàÌ–Å³Ã–âÅêÓ–ÀàÌ–ÜíÍ–ÝíÓ–×é– Æà–ÆêÍ–Ñ‹ÜÓ–È‹×Ç–ÀàÌ–Å‹àÃ–ÃàÌ–È‹×Ç–ÀàÌ–Àá–ÌíÈ Öß–ÍÞÍ–ÀàÌ–Á´Ì–ÉÜÌ–ÀàÌ–ÖíÃ–ËëÌ–åØ‹–Àß–ËèÈ–ÝèÈ– ÃŠàÇ–ÈàÇ, ãÖß Äß–É‹ÜÃ–æÈ‹–Èá–âÌêÌ–ÉàÓ–Áß–Í×Ì–ÀàÌ ÑàÇ–åÌ–Îß–âËÈ âÑ²Ü–×Šà–ãÉŠ–Öß–ÂíÌ–Äß–Åà– ÓàÈ–ÆÜÀ–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá ãÖß Å‹àÃ–ÖàÇ–ÝèÍ–ÑÞÃ–Ñç–âÑ²Ü–ÉÜÍ Åß–ÙÜÃ–É¡–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃ–ÀàÌ–åÌ–Æê– ×éÈ–Îß–Äá–×èÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ–æÈ‹–äÈÇ–ÜêÃ–ÉàÓ–Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÁÜÃ–âÁíà–âÄ¿à–âÜÃ.

Overall the rate of formal employment in the Lao PDR is quite low, which is obviously related to the still very high rate of subsistence agriculture. Other factors affect people seeking employment such as lack of opportunity, the limited number of positions available, insufficient labour skills as perceived by the employers, marginal salaries and unregulated working hours. These problems require increased promotion of vocational training together with job creation by simplifying investment procedures and obligatory in-country processing, so that each person, according to his/her capabilities, can find a job and earn enough money to cover their daily needs.

130

ÀàÌ–Óê–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–ËG.5 á

ÀàÌ–Óê–×ÞÀ–âÝèÈ–ÃàÌ–Ëá

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131

G.6 ÀéÈÄßÀá–É¿ÌÉçÍ¡–ãÓŠÌ–ÀßÅéÀá Non-agricultural activities

Á§–ÓïÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–É¿Ì–Éç–Í¡–ãÓŠÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Óà–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–ÊàÓ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–Óê– Üà–Çî 10Îê ãÖß ÛàÇ–ÀŠ×–à–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–ÁÜÃ–Ñ×À–âÁíà–ÔïŠ–åÌ 12 âÈìÜÌ–ÀŠÜÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È– ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–åÌ–Îê 2005. Îß–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Äá–ãÌÀ–âÎèÌ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ– Àß–Åé–Àá–åÈ–Ù±Ã (ÀàÌ–âÝèÈ–Ìà, ÀàÌ–Øà–Îà, ÀàÌ–ÎïÀ–ØÇ‹à–Åá–ÖèÍ–Ö‹ÞÃ–ÅèÈ, ÏíÌ–Öß–ÎïÀ–âÑ²Ü–ÅèÈ–Ö‹ÞÃ) Ûì Í¡–ãÓŠÌ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá. ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–Îê 2005 Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØŠ–Ç–Óê–Îß–ÓàÌ 78.5% ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ Ë¯–âÝèÈ–×ÞÀ–Àß–Åé–Àá–âÎèÌ–ÛèÀ ãÖß 21.5% Í¡–ãÓŠÌ. âÊêÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–Àß– Åé–Àá–Óê–Â×àÓ–Åá ÂèÌ–É¡–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ ÆàÈ–åÌ–Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ–Ì¸–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ–Æ‹à–åÌ–ÑàÀ– ÅŠ×Ì–Ëê–ÅÜÃ ãÖß ÑàÀ–ÅŠ×Ì–Ëê–ÅàÓ, ÓèÌ–âÎèÌ–ÑàÀ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÛèÀ–Ë¯–ÇèÃ ÂíÃ–Éí×–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Àà–Ì×Šà–Ä‹àÃ–ÃàÌ– ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Öà×–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ–åÌ–ËîÀƒ ãÁ×Ã - ÇíÀ–â×´Ì–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–Û×–Ã×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ. åÌ–Ì¸, 65% ÁÜÃ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Í¡–ãÓŠÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá. ãÏŠÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÀàÌ–Ë¯–ÇèÃ âÛìÜ–ÔïŠ 35% ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–ÇèÃ–Èá–âÌêÌ–ÀàÌ–âÝèÈ–Ìà ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ–ãÓŠÌ–Üà–æÅ–ÔïŠ–Ü‹ÜÓ–Á‹àÃ–ÁÜÍ– âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–ÔïŠ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ, Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ ãÖß Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÁÜÃ–Ìß– ÂÜÌ–Û×–Ã×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ. ãÏŠÌË¯ÅßãÈÃåØ‹âØèÌ×ŠàÜèÈÉàÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃÀéÈÄßÀáË¯Í¡ãÓŠÌÀßÅéÀáäÈÇË³×æÎ ãÓŠÌÜêÃÉàÓãÍÍãÏÌ ÁÜÃÉí×âÓìÜÃÆíÌÌßÍíÈÀèÍÜèÈÉàÀàÌâÑ¯ÓÁºÌÅïÃË¯ÅîÈÔïŠå Ì–âËÈÅßÍàÌãÁ×Ã ãÖß Éí×âÓìÜÃâÆ¨Ì: ÌßÂÜÌØÖ×Ã×ÞÃÄèÌ, æÆÇßÍïÖê, äÑÌäÝÃ, ÎàÀÆèÌ, ËŠàãÁÀ, ÂèÌËßÍïÖê, ÎàÀâÆ, ãÖß ÅàÖà×èÌ. ÓèÌÓê–Â×àÓ–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ–×ŠàË¯É´Ã– ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–åÀ‹ÂÞÃÀèÍÆàÇãÈÌ–äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–ÉéÈ–ÀèÍæËÆ±Ã–âÎèÌ–Îß–âËÈ– âÑ²ÜÌ–Í‹àÌâÍªÃÂìÍ¡ÓêÂ×àÓÅáÂèÌ. Éí×ÔŠàÃÔïŠÑàÀåÉ‹ÅîÈÁÜÃ–ãÁ×ÃæÆÇßÍïÖê, –ãÁ×Ã– È¨ÃÀŠà×–Ì¸–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊéÃ–ÖèÀÅßÌß–Ñé–âÅÈ–ËèÃ–ÙíÈ–äÈÇ–ÏŠàÌ–ÎºÓ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸, ÓèÌ–âÍªÃ–Âì– ×ŠàÍ¡ÓêâØèÌÏíÌÎßäØÇÈÄàÀäÜÀàÈ–åÌÀàÌ ×ŠàÄ‹àÃÃàÌ ÅïÃÁºÌ. âÊéÃÔŠàÃåÈÀ¡ÉàÓÑ×À âÝíàÅàÓàÈÅèÃâÀÈÍ‹àÌË¯ÔïŠäÈÈÈŠÞ×ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÍèÌÈàÑºÌË¯ØŠàÃæÀÆÜÀ ØÖêÀÁÜÃÎßâËÈÆ±Ã– ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØŠÇ–ãÓŠÌÈáâÌêÌÀéÈÄßÀáË¯Í¡ãÓŠÌÀßÅéÀá. ÀéÈÄßÀáâÛ³àÌ¸ÜàÈ– ÄßâÎèÌäÜÀàÈåÌÀàÌ×ŠàÄ‹àÃÃàÌ äÈÇãÓŠÌÖèÈÊßÍàÌãÉŠ×ŠàâÑ¯ÓÁºÌâÖºÜÇƒ ãÓŠÌÀéÈÄßÀáåÌÁßãÙÃ Í¡ãÝŠ ãÖß äÂÃÀàÌÑèÈËßÌàÑß ÖèÃÃàÌæÒÒ‹à. ÅîÈË‹àÇÑ×ÀâÝí àÅèÃâÀÈÍàÃãÍÍãÏÌÓàÈÉàÅŠ×ÌÌ‹ÜÇƒ ÁÜÃÀéÈÄßÀáË¯Í¡ãÓŠÌÀßÅéÀáÅïÃ–ÁºÌÜêÃÉàÓ–äÂÃ– ÖŠàÃ–ÁÜÃ–âÅ´ÌËàÃ ãÖß ×éËêÀàÌÁ‹àÓãÓŠÌŸ Ûì ÈŠàÌÆàÇãÈÌ.

132

Information about non-agricultural activities came from asking the population aged 10 years and over about their occupation in the 12 months prior to the Population and Housing Census of 2005. The type of work was classified as either agricultural work (farming, fishing, creating pastures for livestock rearing, growing animal feed crops) or non-agricultural work. The results of the 2005 Census showed that the majority, about 78.5% of the population, worked mainly in agriculture and 21.5% did not. Even though the economic importance of agriculture at the national level is nowadays slowly shifting to the secondary and tertiary sectors, it remains the main sector of employment of the Lao population throughout the country in all the provinces - except for Vientiane Capital. Here, 65% of the economic activities of people are not in agriculture. The map reveals that the remaining 35% involved in farming mostly live in the peri-urban areas and in rural areas in the north, west and east of Vientiane Capital. The map shows that rates of non-agricultural activities generally follow an urban-rural pattern with the highest rates in province capitals and district towns such as: Vientiane Capital, Xayaboury, Phonehong, Paksan, Thakek, Kanthabuly, Pakse and Saravane. It is remarkable that for non-agricultural activities the proximity to borders and especially to that with neighbouring Thailand does not seem to be important. For example the southern tip of Xayaboury, which almost throughout this atlas manifests exceptional characteristics, does not seem to benefit from the higher employment opportunities. We do observe however isolated villages in some remote areas of the country, where the majority of the people pursue non-agricultural activities. These may be employment opportunities offered by the government but increasingly are activities in the mining sector and with hydropower development projects. Finally, we also observe some very small-scale patterns of elevated non-agricultural activities following road infrastructure and river or border crossings.

ÀéÈÄßÀá–É¿ÌÉç Ë¯–Í¡–ãÓŠÌ ÀßÅéÀ á G.6

ÀéÈÄßÀá–É¿ÌÉçÍ¡–ãÓŠÌ–ÀßÅéÀá

Non-agricultural activities Non-agricultural activities 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜ–Ã ÜàÇî 10Îê ÁºÌ–æÎ Ë¯–âÝèÈÀéÈÄ ßÀá––É¿ÌÉç Í¡–ãÓŠÌ ÀßÅéÀá

Population 10 years of age and older whose main activity is not agriculture

. !

ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌÝ‹ÜÇÁÜÃÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃåÌÚïŠÍ‹àÌ Percent of village population

Saravane

. Sekong !

<1%

. !

Pakxe

1 % - 10 % 10 % - 20 %

. !

Attapeu

20 % - 50 %

14°0'0"N

> 50 %

C 0

100

200 km

133

G.7 Âí×âÝìÜÌÓêÈéÌÀßÅéÀáâÎèÌÁÜÃÉíÌâÜÃ

Households operating agricultural land ‘Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Óê–ÈéÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá–âÎèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ–âÜÃ’ ÚàÇ–Â×àÓ–×Šà–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–âÛ³à–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–âÎèÌ–âÄ¿à– ÁÜÃ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ Ûì Ìá–åÆ‹–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–âÑ²Ü–âÝèÈ–ÀàÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá. ÀàÌ–Ñé–Äà–Öß–Ìà–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–ÁÜÃ– ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–æÈ‹–âÝèÈ–ÄéÈ–Äß–Àá–É¿Ì–Éç–ãÓŠÌ–ÀàÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅïÃ–ÛàÇ (âÍªÃ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ G.6 ) Â×àÓ–Åá–ÂèÌ–ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÈéÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá–âÎèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ–âÜÃ–ãÓŠÌ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ÔŠàÃ–Äß–ãÄ‹Ã: Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Í¡–Óê–äÜ–ÀàÈ–Ë¯–Äß–æÈ‹–Ìá–åÆ‹–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–âÎèÌ–ÁÜÃ ÉíÌ–âÜÃ–ÍàÃ–âË²Ü–ÜàÈ–Äß–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÅŠÞÃ–ÛàÇ–É¡– ÀàÌ–âÎèÌ–Ù¸–ÅéÌ–Âì–È¨Ã–Ë¯–ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–Åß–ÑàÍ–Üà–ÀàÈ Ûì Åß–ÑàÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Éß–ÛàÈ–Í¡–âÚàß–ÅíÓ. ÔïŠ–åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà× 67% ÁÜÃ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÈéÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá–âÎèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ–âÜÃ, Æ±Ã–Ñ×À– âÁíà–Âé–È×Šà–ÈéÌ–Ì´Ì–âÎèÌ–ÁÜÃ–Ñ×À–âÁíà. åÌ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÅïÃ–âÊéÃ 40.6% Æ±Ã–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ–ãÓŠÌ–ÇèÃ–ÂíÃ–Óê–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá–ÔïŠ–æÀ‹–ÀèÍ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ– åØÇŠ Ûì ÔïŠ–åÌ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–åØÇŠ ãÖß Ç‹ÜÌ–âØÈ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–ÓèÌ–ÜàÈ–Óê–Â×àÓ–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹–Ë¯–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Üà– åÅ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–åØÇŠ–Óê–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Üà–ØàÌ.

‘Households operating agricultural land’ are defined as those households which own or use land for agriculture as if they were the owners. Taking into account the very high percentage of the population whose main activity is agriculture (see Map G.6) the importance of operating one’s own land becomes obvious: households which do not have access to their own land may be much more vulnerable to debt as a result of adverse weather or market conditions. In the Lao PDR 67% of all households operate agricultural land, which they consider their own. In urban areas this rate is as high as 40.6% demonstrating the large amount of agriculture that is still taking place near or within cities and is probably as a result of the urban food demands. Map G.7 illustrates that throughout the country the majority of households

ãÏÌ–Ë¯ G.7 Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–äÜ–ÀàÈ– åÌ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá–âÎèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ–âÜÃ. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÍàÃ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–Åß– ãÈÃ–È‹×Ç–Åê–ÁÞ×–ÜŠÜÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ãÓŠÌ–ÇèÃ–Óê–Éœ È¨Ã–Ì´Ì–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×– Ä±Ã–Óê–Â×àÓ–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ. ÌÜÀ–ÄàÀ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÑèÌ–Öß–Ìà–æ×‹–ãÖ‹×, ÓèÌ–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì– ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–Éœ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Ìá–åÆ‹–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá–äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß–ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–Øí×–ÑèÌ. ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Ì¸ Æà×–Àß–Åé–ÀÜÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–Ù‹ÜÇ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–Ë¯–Äß–Ìá–åÆ‹–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–âÎèÌ–Âì–ÀèÍ–âÎèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ–âÜÃ– âÑàß–×Šà–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–âÛ³à–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–ÇèÃ–ÂíÃ–ÁºÌ–ÀèÍ–Àá–Óß–ÅéÈ–âÎèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÅŠ×Ì–Ö×Ó, Ç‹ÜÌ–Ìß–äÇ–ÍàÇ– ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–ÇèÃ–Í¡–ËèÌ–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ. ÄíÌ–âÊéÃ–Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ–Ì¸ ÀàÌ–äÜÌ–Àá–Óß–ÅéÈ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ– ãÓŠÌ–ÇèÃ–Í¡–ËèÌ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÓÜÍ–ÚàÇ–åØ‹–ãÀŠ–Æà×–Àß–Åé–ÀÜÌ–âÎèÌ–Ïï‹–Óê–ÅéÈ–Ìá–åÆ‹. ÌÜÀ–ÄàÀ–Ì´Ì–Óê– ÍàÃ–ÀîŠÓ–Æà×–Àß–Åé–ÀÜÌ ãÓŠÌ–ÇèÃ–Í¡–Óê–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–âÎèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ–âÜÃ ãÉŠ–ÑèÈ–æÈ‹–âÆ³à–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–âÑ²Ü–âÝèÈ–Àß–Åé–Àá; ÀàÌ–ÄŠàÇ–âÎèÌ–âÃéÌ–ÅíÈ, ÏíÌ–âÀèÍ–ÀŠÞ×, ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ Ûì ×é–Ëê–Ü²Ìƒ.ÀàÌ–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–åÌ–âÍºÜÃ–É¿Ì Ñ×À–âÝíà– Åà–ÓàÈ–Åá–ÌëÀ–ÜÜÀ–×Šà Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–Ë¯–ÆèÈ–âÄÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Íç–Öé–â×Ì–Åß–âÑàß–Ì´Ì–âÎèÌ–âØÈ–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–òÁ§– ÓïÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÏéÈ–ÑàÈ ãÉŠ–Ê‹à–ØàÀ–Ñ×À–âÝíà–Ñé–Äà–Öß–Ìà–ÔŠàÃ–Öß–ÜÞÈ–ãÖ‹×–ÓèÌ–Äß–âÎèÌ–Å¯Ã–Ë¯–Ù‹à–Îß– ËèÍ–åÄ ÁÜÃ–Éí×–ÔŠàÃ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ ËéÈ–ËàÃ–Ìß–äÇ–ÍàÇ–Æ±Ã–ÜàÈ–Äß–Óê–ÜéÈ–Ëé–ÑíÌ–É¡–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ ãÖß ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–Ë¯–ÈéÌ ãÓ‹–Àß–Ë´Ã–åÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ØàÃ–æÀ–ÆÜÀ–ÛêÀ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ.

have access to agricultural land. However in some areas which are a lighter green colour on the map the percentage is lower therefore these areas are interesting. Apart from the urban areas already described, there are exceptionally low percentages of households operating agricultural land in the province of Huaphanh. Here very few farmers use land as if it were their own. The land is still used on a collective basis, as there has been no formal change in the land use policy. To date ownership has not yet been handed over to the farmers themselves. Furthermore some groups are still landless but rent land instead; paying in cash, crops, labour or by other means. The clear-cut differences in certain areas could at first sight be taken for a data error but on further consideration could be an impressive example of how policies may exert a strong influence on livelihoods and land use even in remote areas of the country. In addition to the province of Huaphanh, in Luangnamtha and Bokeo provinces, in villages along the Vietnamese border of Borikhamxay and Savannakhet provinces, and in the south of Attapeu there are also areas with

ÜêÀ–ÍèÌ–Øà–Ù±Ã ÍèÌ–Èà–ãÁ×Ã–ÉŠàÃƒ–âÆ¨Ì ãÁ×Ã Û×Ã–ÌŸ–Ëà ãÖß ãÁ×Ã–Í¡–ãÀ‹×, ãÖß åÌ–ÚïŠ– Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–âÖàß–ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–Ø×ÞÈ–ÌàÓ ÀèÍ–ãÁ×Ã Íç–Öé–Âá–æÆ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã Åß–Øè×Ì–Ìß–âÁÈ ãÖß åÌ–ÑàÀ–æÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã ÜèÈ–Éß–Îì ÓèÌ–À¡–âÎèÌ–Íç–Öé–â×Ì–Ë¯–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ë¯–Éœ–ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯– Óê–ÈéÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá–âÎèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ–âÜÃ. âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà Åà–âØÈ–Ë¯–ãÌŠ–ÌÜÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–âÖ²ÜÃ–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ– ØÇî‹Ã–ÇàÀ Ë¯–Äß–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–Ú´Ì–åÄ ãÉŠ–×Šà–ÀàÌ–ÅíÓ–ÓîÈ–ÊàÌ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÝèÈ–æÝŠ–ãÍÍ–Í¡–ÂíÃ–Ë¯–ãÓŠÌ–ÇèÃ–ÂíÃ– âÎèÌ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–ÛèÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Àß–Åé–Àá–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Æ±Ã–âÎèÌ–ÎŠà–ÈíÃ ãÖß ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ØàÃ–æÀ–ÆÜÀ–ÛêÀ ãÖß Ë³Ã–Ìà–Êà–×ÜÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Äá–Ì×Ì–Ù‹ÜÇ. ÌèÍ–É´Ã–ãÉŠ–Óê–ÀàÌ–âÝèÈ–æÝŠ–ãÍÍ–Í¡–ÂíÃ–Ë¯–Æ±Ã–æÈ‹–Ìá–åÆ‹–âÌºÜ– Ë¯–ÈéÌ–ãÍÍ–Ùï–Ì×ÞÌ âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÂàÈ–æÊ–æ×‹–ãÖ‹×–ÎŠÜÇ–åØ‹–ÓèÌ–Ø×ŠàÃ–âÎ³à–Ä±Ã–æÈ‹–Ìá–åÆ‹–âÁ¿à–âÎèÌ– ÈéÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÆîÓ–ÆíÌ. Ç‹ÜÌ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–âÎèÌ–Âì–ÀèÍ–ÈéÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÆîÓ–ÆíÌ Åß–Ì´Ì–Ñ×À–âÁíà–Ä±Ã– Äá–É‹ÜÃ–æÈ‹–Îß–Éé–ÍèÈ–ÀèÌ–Óà–âÎèÌ–ãÍÍ–ÝêÈ–ÂÜÃ–Îß–âÑ–Ìê ãÖß ÓèÌ–À¡–ÃŠàÇ–Ë¯–Äß–âÁ¿à–åÄ–âÊéÃ–Åà–âØ–È×Šà– âÎèÌ–ØÇèÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–Ä±Ã–Âé–È×Šà–Ñ×À–âÁíà–Í¡–Óê–ÈéÌ–âÎèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ–âÜÃ.

134

lower rates of households operating farm land. Even though the exact reasons for this are difficult to ascertain the assumption is that in these forested and remote areas, shifting cultivation is still the main agricultural practice and few permanent fields exist. Since this type of cultivation uses land in rotation the land left fallow is often regarded as community land. This is therefore used as dictated by custom, so it is easy to understand why these households do not consider the land to be their own.

Âí×–âÝìÜÌË¯–âÎèÌ–âÄ¿àÁÜÃ–Èê–Ì ÀßÅéG.7 À

Âí×âÝìÜÌÓêÈéÌÀßÅéÀáâÎèÌÁÜÃÉíÌâÜÃ

Households operating agricultural land Households operating agricultural land 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–ÁÜÃÂí×–âÝìÜÌË¯–âÎèÌ–âÄ¿àÁÜÃ–Èê–ÌÀßÅéÀá Households operating agricultural land . !

ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌÝ‹ÜÇÁÜÃÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃåÌÚïŠÍ‹àÌ Percent of village population

Saravane

. Sekong !

< 60 %

. !

Pakxe

60 % - 70 % 70 % - 80 %

. !

Attapeu

80 % - 90 %

14°0'0"N

> 90 %

C 0

100

200 km

135

G.8 ÁßÙàÈÅßâÖŠÇÁÜÃâÌºÜË¯ÀàÌÀßâÅÈÉ¡Âí×âÝìÜÌ

Average size of agricultural land per household Áß–ÙàÈ–Åß–âÖŠÇ–ÁÜÃ–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–ÀàÌ–Àß–âÅÈ–É¡–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Áß–ÙàÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–ËèÃ– ÚíÈ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÊìÀ Ìá–åÆ‹–äÈÇ–ÍèÌ–Èà–Ïï‹–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–âÄ¿à–ÁÜÃ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–Åá–ÖèÍ–ÀàÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá. â×¿à–ÜêÀ–ÔŠàÃ–Ù±Ã, Áß–ÙàÈ–ÁÜÃ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ Ë¯–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–À¡–æÈ‹–Üß–Ëé–ÍàÇ–æ×‹–åÌ–ãÏŠÌ–Ë¯ G.7 Åß–ÍèÍ–ÀŠÜÌ. Âá–ÍèÌ– ÇàÇ–ÑàÍ–åÌ–ãÏŠÌ–Ë¯ G.8 ãÓŠÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–âÊêÃ–ÀàÌ–ãÍŠÃ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ–Áß–ÙàÈ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–ÉŠàÃƒË¯–æÈ‹–ÊìÀ– Ìá–åÆ‹–äÈÇ–ÍèÌ–Èà–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–âÆ¯Ã ÓèÌ–Óê–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–Ì‹ÜÇ–À×Šà 1 âÝèÀ–Éà, Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ 1 Øà 2 âÝèÀ–Éà, 2 Øà 3 âÝèÀ–Éà, 3 Øà 4 âÝèÀ–Éà ãÖß ÛàÇ–À×Šà 4 âÝèÀ–Éà. åÌ–Îß–âËÈ–Ù±Ã–ÀàÌ–âÝèÈ–æÝŠ–Ìà–Ñç–ÑÞÃ– ãÉŠ–Àî‹Ó–ÀêÌ–åÌ–ÂÜÍ–Âí×–ãÓŠÌ–ÇèÃ–ÂíÃ–Óê ÍíÈ–ÍàÈ–âÎèÌ–ÀîÌ–ãÄ–ÜèÌ–Ù±Ã–Ë¯–Óê–Åá–ÂèÌ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–âÅÈ– Êß–ÀéÈ, Áß–ÙàÈ–Åß–âÖŠÇ–ÁÜÃ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ ÀàÌ–Àß–âÅÈ–ãÓŠÌ–âÎèÌ–âÂ²ÜÃ–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–Ë¯–Åá–ÂèÌ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–Åá–ÖèÍ–Àà– Ì×èÈ–ãËÀ–Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÇìÌ–ÇíÃ ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ–ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ. Ê‹à–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ØàÀ–Óê–ØíÌ–ËàÃ–âÁ¿à–æÎ âÊêÃ ÉÜÌ–ÈéÌ–Ë¯–À×‹àÃ–Á×àÃ–æÈ‹–Åß–Ì´Ì Â×àÓ–ÅŠÞÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ– ÉÜÍ–Åß–ÙÜÃ–Üà–ØàÌ–Ë¯–Í¡–ÑÞÃ–Ñç ãÖß ÀàÌ Áà–ÈÖàÇ–æÈ‹–À¡–ãÓŠÌ–Ù‹ÜÇ. âÊêÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, Ê‹à–Øà–À×Šà–Áß–ÙàÈ–Åß–âÖŠÇ–ÁÜÃ–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ ÀàÌ–Àß–âÅÈ–É¡–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ì´Ì–Óê–Ù‹ÜÇ–À×Šà 1 âÝèÀ–Éà–Ì¸– ÓèÌ–ÚàÇ–âÊêÃ–Â×àÓ–ÅŠÞÃ–æÑ–É¡–ÀèÍ–Üà–ØàÌ–Ë¯–Äß–Í¡ ÑÞÃ–Ñç–ËèÃ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–Á´Ì–ãÁ×Ã ãÖß Öß–ÈèÍ–ÆàÈ. ÓèÌ–Â×Ì–æÈ‹–ÊìÀ–Âá–Ì±Ã–æ×‹–âÆ¨Ì–ÀèÌ–×Šà ÍèÌ–Èà ÎèÈ–åÄ–Ü²Ìƒ âÆ¨Ì: Îß–âÑÈ ãÖß Â×àÓ–âÜíà–ÄéÃ– âÜíà–ÄèÃ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá, ÅªÃ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Ìá–åÆ‹–ò, ÀàÌ–Óê ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ ãÖß Ü²Ìƒ. ãÓŠÌ–ÑàÀ–ÅŠ×Ì– Ë¯–Åá–ÂèÌ–âÆ¨Ì–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ. ÇªÃ–æÎ–ÀŠ×–à–Ì´Ì–Æà×–Àß–Åé–ÀÜÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØŠ–Ç ÔïŠ–åÌ–Îß–âË–ÈÖà×–ãÓŠÌ–ÇèÃ–ÂíÃ– Í¡–Èá–âÌêÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–×ÞÀ–ÃàÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá–ÔïŠ–ÄîÈ–âÈêÓ–Ì¸–ÓèÌ–À¡–ÇèÃ–Óê–Â×àÓ–Åá–ÂèÌ âÆ¨Ì–ÀèÌ. âÊêÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà, Æà×–Àß–Åé–ÀÜÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØŠ–Ç–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ÜàÈ–Äß–Óê–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Ì‹ÜÇ–ãÉŠ–×Šà–Ñ×À–âÁíà–À¡–ÇèÃ ÂíÃ–ÁºÌ–ÀèÍ–Îß–âÑ–Ìê– ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ Ë¯–ÂàÈ–æÊ–æ×‹–ãÖ‹×–ÎŠÜÇ–åØ‹–×ŠàÃ–âÎ³à. Å¯Ã–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ– âÛ³à–Ì¸ ãÓŠÌ–Í¡–æÈ‹–×èÈ–ãËÀ–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÈêÌ–âÛ³à–Ì´Ì. Ç¯Ã–æÎ–À×Šà–Ì´Ì–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–âÎèÌ Äá Ì×Ì–Û×Ã–ÛàÇ–ãÓŠÌ–ÇèÃ–æÈ‹–âÝèÈ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀéÈ–Äß–Àá–Ü²ÌƒÆ±Ã–Óê–Â×àÓ–Åá–ÂèÌ–É¡–ÅàÇ–Ñí×–ÑèÌ–åÌ–Â×àÓ Ñç–ÔïŠ–Ñç–ÀêÌ–âÆ¨Ì: ÀàÌ–Ö‹ÞÃ–ÅèÈ, ÀàÌ–Åß–ÅíÓ–âÂ²ÜÃ–ÎŠà–ÁÜÃ–ÈíÃ ãÖß ÖŠà–âÌºÜ ãÖß Ü²Ìƒ.

The size of the average agricultural land per household is the size of the total parcels of land used by the total number of owners for agriculture. In other words, the size of land that the households use as described in the previous Map G.7. In this Map G.8 the legend shows the categorisation of the various land sizes used by households as less than 1 hectare, between 1 and 2 hectares, 2 and 3 hectares, 3 and 4 hectares and more than 4 hectares. In a country where agricultural subsistence still plays a key economic role, the average size of agricultural land is a crucial indicator for the measurement of the sustainability of livelihoods of rural households. If a household has access to a large piece of land then the risk of an insufficient supply of food and a loss of income is small. However if the average size of agricultural land per household is less than 1 hectare this indicates food insecurity at both the provincial and national levels. It should also be borne in mind that other factors such as the type and the intensity of agriculture, the inputs used, labour availability, etc. are also important and that a considerable proportion of farmers in the Lao PDR still do not practise permanent agriculture. Although many of these farmers may have small plots they still rely on the customary access to fallow land, which is not measured by this indicator. Furthermore, many people engage in other activities which are important in terms of their subsistence, such as animal husbandry, collecting of wild and forest products, hunting, etc. According to the results of the Population and Housing Census of 2005 the average size of agricultural land throughout the country is 2.11 hectares. The

ÜêÃ–ÉàÓ–ÏíÌ–Åá–Û×È–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–æÅ–ÁÜÃ–Îê 2005 Áß–ÙàÈ–Åß–âÖŠÇ– ÁÜÃ–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ Àß–Åé–Àá åÌ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ–ãÓŠÌ 2.11 âÝèÀ–Éà. ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–æÖ–Çß–Ë¯–æÈ‹– ãÉ‹Ó–æ×‹–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÏŠÌ–Ë¯ G.8 Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÅÜÃ–ËŠà–ÜŠÞÃ–Ë³×–æÎ. Á´Ì–Ëá–ÜéÈ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ– åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÀàÌ–âÑ¸Ó–ÁºÌ–ÁÜÃ–Áß–ÙàÈ âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÈêÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá. Å¯Ã–Ì¸–æÈ‹–âÖ¯Ó–ÄàÀ–Íç–Öé–â×Ì–âÁÈ–Ñï– ÈÜÇ–Æ±Ã–Áß–ÙàÈ–Åß–âÖŠÇ–ÁÜÃ–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–ãÓŠÌ Ù‹ÜÇ–À×Šà–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–Åß–âÖŠÇ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ ãÖß ÇèÃ–ÅìÍ–É¡–æÎ–âÊéÃ–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–ÉàÓ–Ë³Ã–ÑÞÃ–Ë¯–ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ–ãÂÓ ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ–âÆªÃ–Áß–ÙàÈ ÁÜÃ–âÌºÜ–Ë¯– ÈéÌ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–Åß–âÖŠÇ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ. Á´Ì–Ëê–ÅÜÃ ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–âÊéÃ– Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ãÍÍ–Ñé–âÅÈ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–ãÁ×Ã–ÉŠàÃƒ. Ñ×À–âÝíà–æÈ‹ ÅèÌ–Ìé–ÊàÌ–æ×‹–×Šà–ãÁ×Ã–âÛ³à–Ì¸–Óê– Â×àÓ–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹–ÀÞñ×–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá ãÖß Öß–ÍíÍ–Ìé–â×È–×é–Ëß–Çà âÀìÜÍ–Â‹àÇ–Âì–ÀèÌ. Éí×–ÔŠàÃ: ãÁ×Ã–ØÖ×Ã Ñß–ÍàÃ–Áß–ÙàÈ–Åß–âÖŠÇ–ÁÜÃ–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–ÀàÌ–Àß–âÅÈ–ãÓŠÌ 2.26 âÝèÀ–Éà ãÉŠ–ÔïŠ–åÌ– ãÁ×Ã–åÀ‹–ÂÞÃ–Âì–ãÁ×Ã–Øí×–ÑèÌ–ãÓŠÌ 0.77 âÝèÀ–Éà.

spatial patterns depicted in Map G.8 show two general trends. On the one hand we see a general increase in the size of farm-land from the mountainous areas with land sizes below the national average to the lowlands along the Mekong plains with land sizes significantly above the national average. While on the other hand we can see distinctive differences between provinces which are assumed to have comparable agro-ecological potential. For example in Luangprabang the average agricultural land size is 2.26 hectares whereas in neighbouring Huaphanh this is 0.77 hectares. The second observable pattern is most probably due to the different provincial policies regarding land ownership and marketing. As described in Map G.7, land in Huaphanh has not yet been de-collectivised and thus the agricultural

ÅàÇ–âØÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–Ëê–ÅÜÃ–Ë¯–Ñ×À–âÝíà–Åà–ÓàÈ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ãÓŠÌ–ÜàÈ–âÎèÌ–Ç‹ÜÌ–×Šà–Ìß–äÇ–ÍàÇ– ÉŠàÃƒ ÁÜÃ–ãÉŠ–Öß–ãÁ×Ã–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Àá–Óß–ÅéÈ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ ãÖß ÀàÌ–Éß–ÛàÈ. âÆ¯Ã–æÈ‹–Ìá–Åß–ãÈÃ–åÌ– ãÏŠÌ–Ë¯ G.7, Ë¯–ÈéÌ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–Øí×–ÑèÌ–ÇèÃ–âÎèÌ–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÅŠ×Ì–Ö×Ó–ÔïŠ ãÖß Åß–Ì´Ì–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–ÀàÌ–Àß–âÅÈ– Ë¯–Ñç–Ë¯–Äß–ÄèÈ–åØ‹ ÍèÌ–Èà–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–âÎèÌ–Àá–Óß–ÅéÈ–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–ÊìÀ–Äá–ÀèÈ. åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–ØÖ×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ, ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–âÊêÃ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ Ë¯–À×‹àÃ–Á×àÃ–Ì´Ì–âÍªÃ–ãÖ‹×–Â‹àÇ–Âì–×Šà–ÃŠàÇ–ÈàÇ–À×Šà.

land available to individual households is limited. In Luangprabang province, access to larger plots of land seems easier. The pattern showing increasing land sizes going from the high to the lowlands can be attributed to the definition of the indicator itself, which focuses on permanent agriculture. Furthermore, two important factors could explain

ÝïÍãÍÍË¯ÅßãÈÃÀàÌâÑ¸ÓÁºÌÁÜÃÍèÌÈàÁßÙàÈÑºÌË¯ÈéÌâÖ¸ÓÄàÀÍŠÜÌË¯ÅïÃÄíÌ æÎâÊêÃÍèÌÈàÑºÌË¯Ë³ÃÑÞÃãÓŠÌÅàÓàÈÜßËéÍàÇåØ‹âØèÌæÈ‹ÌéÇàÓÀàÌÆ¸ÍÜÀÁÜÃÉí ×âÜÃ, âÆ¯ÃâÖ¨ÃåÅŠÍíÌÑºÌÊàÌ ÀßÅéÀáãÍÍÊà×ÜÌ. Ç¯ÃæÎÀ×ŠàÌ´Ì, ÅÜÃÎèÈåÄË¯Åá ÂèÌÅàÓàÈÜßËéÍàÇæÈ‹âÊéÃÀàÌâÑ¯ÓÁºÌ ÁÜÃÑºÌË¯âÛ³àÌ´Ì. ÎèÈåÄË¯Ù±Ã ãÓŠÌÀàÌÓê âÌºÜË¯ÈéÌË¯âÙàßÅíÓÅáÖèÍÀàÌÀßÅéÀáËèÃÚíÈ ãÖß Ö×ÓËèÃÂîÌÌßÑàÍÁÜÃÓèÌåÌ ÍèÌÈàÁ§ÀáÌíÈÁÜÃÖèÀÅßÌßË¯ÈéÌ ãÖß ÑºÌÈéÌ. ÎèÈåÄË¯ÅÜÃãÓŠÌ ÀàÌÌáåÆ‹ãÝÃÃàÌ ãÖß âÂ²ÜÃÄèÀÅáÖèÍÀàÌÎïÀÐèÃËàÃÈ‹àÌÀàÌÀßâÅÈ. ÅŠ×ÌÛàÇÁÜÃÂí×âÝìÜÌ åÌ âÁÈÑºÌ Ë¯ÅïÃÜàÈÄßÓêÍèÌØàÇ‹ÜÌ×ŠàÁàÈÄáÌ×ÌÁÜÃÏï‹ÜÜÀãÝÃÃàÌ (ÅíÓËÞÍÀèÍÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÀàÌ– âÑªÃÑàÜàåÅ åÌãÏÌË¯ B.5) ãÉŠÓèÌÀ¡ÇèÃÁàÈãÂÌâÂ²ÜÃÄèÀâÆ¨ÌÀèÌ ãÖß âÃéÌËëÌÜêÀÈ‹×Ç.

136

the increase. The first is the availability of the total land suitable for agriculture including its quality in terms of topography and soils. The second is the availability of labour and machinery for agricultural cultivation. Many upland households may be seriously constrained by the work force available (cf. dependency ratios on Map B.5) but also by the lack of machinery and capital.

Åß–âÖŠÇÁßÙàÈ– –âÌºÜË¯ ÀßÅéÀá É¡ –Âí×–âÝìÜG.8 Ì

ÁßÙàÈÅßâÖŠÇÁÜÃâÌºÜË¯ÀàÌÀßâÅÈÉ¡Âí×âÝìÜÌ

Average sizeAverage of agricultural land per size of agricultural landhousehold per household 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

Åß–âÖŠÇÁßÙàÈ–Èê–ÌÀßÅéÀá Average size of agricultural land . !

Ý.É /– Âí×–âÝìÜÌ Ha per household

Saravane

. Sekong !

. !

Pakxe

1-2 2-3

. !

Attapeu

3-4

14°0'0"N

C 0

100

200 km

137

SECTION H

139

âÃ²ÜÌæÁåÌÀàÌÈáÖíÃÆê×éÈ Living conditions ÍŠÜÌ–ÑèÀ–Üà–åÅ, ãÓŠÌ–ÊèÈ–ÄàÀ–Üà–ØàÌ–Æ±Ã–âÎèÌ–ÅªÃ–Ù±Ã–åÌ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ–ÁÜÃ–Ó×Ì– Óß–ÌîÈ–âÝíà. âÝìÜÌ–âÎèÌ–ÍŠÜÌ–Åá–ÖèÍ–ÂÜÍ–Âí×–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Ö‹ÞÃ–Èï–âÈèÀ–Ì‹ÜÇ ãÖß ÓèÌ–À¡–âÎèÌ–ÅïÌ–ÀàÃ– ÁÜÃ–Åß–Óà–ÆéÀ–åÌ ÂÜÍ–Âí×–âÑ²Ü–Äß–âÁ¿à–Óà–âÉ¿à–äÝÓ–ÀèÌ–âÓ²Ü–Ñ×À–âÁíà–Óê–Ñé–Ëê–Àá Ûì ×èÌ–ãØŠÃ–Îß– âÑ–Ìê–ÉŠàÃƒ. ÌÜÀ–Ì´Ì, âÝìÜÌ–ÓèÌ–ÇèÃ–ÎÞÍ–âÙìÜÌ–âÎèÌ–ÍŠÜÌ–Ë¯–âÑªÃ–åÌ–â×–Öà–Ë¯–Ñ×À–âÁíà–ÑíÍ–Â×àÓ– ØÇî‹Ã–ÇàÀ–ÉŠàÃƒ–âÆ¨Ì: ÀàÌ–âÄèÍ–âÎèÌ Øì Àà–Ì×ŠàÃ–ÃàÌ. À‹à×–âÁ¿à–æÎ–âÊéÃ–ÍŠÜÌ–ÔïŠ–ãÍÍ–Ëá–Óß–Èà– ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–ÁÜÃ ãÉŠ–Öß–Îß–âËÈ ÓèÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Â×àÓ–Ë‹à–ËàÇ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–×èÈ–Ëß–Ìß–Ëá–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ ÆªÃ–âÎèÌ–Â×àÓ–ÝèÍ–ÏéÈ–ÆÜÍ ÁÜÃ–Åß–Êà–ÍèÌ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ–Â×Ì–Äß–É‹ÜÃ–æÈ‹–Â¿Ì–ÑíÍ ãÖß ãÀ‹–æÁ.

Shelter, next to food, is one of the basic requirements of mankind. The house in which a family raises its children remains the centre to which family members return for ceremonies and traditional holidays. Moreover it serves as a refuge in difficult situations like illness or unemployment. Access to simple housing for all people of a country is a social and cultural challenge to be met by responsible government institutions. The government’s intentions of providing humane, suitable accommodation

ãÏÌ–ÀàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÖèÈ–Êß–ÍàÌ–ãÓŠÌ–âÑ²Ü–ÄèÈ–ÉÞÓ–Ë¯–ÑèÀ–Üà–åÅ–ÔŠàÃ–Óê–Óß–ÌîÈ–Åß–Ëá ãÖß Óê–Â×àÓ– âÙàß–ÅíÓ æÈ‹–ÅŠÜÃ–ãÅÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ëê–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–Îê 2005 . ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹ Àá–ÌíÈ–ÍèÌ–Èà–ÎèÈ–åÄ–Ë¯–Óê–ÏíÌ–Åß–Ë‹ÜÌ–É¡–ÀèÍ–ÂîÌ–Ìß–ÑàÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Èá–ÖíÃ– Æê–×éÈ–åÌ–Ì´Ì–Ö×Ó–ËèÃ–×èÈ–Êî–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Ìá–åÆ‹–âÁ¿à–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÎîÀ Å‹àÃ–âÝìÜÌ, ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÉÜÍ–Åß–ÙÜÃ–ÌŸ ãÖß Ñß–ÖèÃ–ÃàÌ ãÖß ÀàÌ–Åî–Áà–Ñé–ÍàÌ.

were reflected in the 2005 National Population and Housing Census. The survey assessed factors affecting the quality of living conditions including the building materials used, the water and energy supply and sanitation. When considering living conditions together with population density and district accessibility, two salient features can be highlighted. First, throughout

âÓ²Ü–Ñé–Äà–Öß–Ìà–ÍèÌ–Èà–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ–Ñ‹ÜÓ–ÀèÌ–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–ÁÜÃ– ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–âÊéÃ–âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ,Ñ×À–âÝíà–Åà–ÓàÈ–âØèÌ ÅÜÃ–ÔŠàÃ–Åá–ÂèÌ Ë¯–Ñ¿Ì–âÈ¨Ì. Ëá–ÜéÈ, åÌ–Ë³× ÅÎÎ Öà× Üî–Îß–ÀÜÌ–ÀàÌ–ÎîÀ–Å‹àÃ–Ë¯–Äß–Ìá–Óà–åÆ‹– ãÓŠÌ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ÃŠàÇ ãÖß Ìé–ÇíÓ–ÀèÌ–ÛàÇ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ âÆ¨Ì ÀàÌ–ÓîÃ–ÛèÃ–Âà–È‹×Ç–æÑ–ØÇ‹à, ÅàÌ–æÓ‹–æÏŠ– âÝèÈ–Ðà–âÝìÜÌ ãÖß åÆ‹–æÓ‹–âÝèÈ–ÑºÌ âÝìÜÌ. Üî–Îß–ÀÜÌ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–æÈ‹–ÊìÀ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ÔŠàÃ–âÎèÌ–Îß–Äá ãÖß Óê–Â×àÓ–ÉéÈ–ÑèÌ–ÀèÍ–ÝêÈ–ÂÜÃ–Îß–âÑ–Ìê ãÖß ×èÈ–Ëß–Ìß–Ëá–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÎîÀ–Å‹àÃ–âÝìÜÌ–ãÍÍ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ. Ïï‹–Ë¯–ËîÀ ÇàÀ–À¡–Óê–Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–Ë¯–Äß–Æº Üî–Îß–ÀÜÌ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–æÈ‹–âÑ²Ü–ÎîÀ–Å‹àÃ–âÝìÜÌ–ÉàÓ–ãÍÍ–Îß–âÑ– Ìê–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Ì´Ì ãÖß Ïï‹–Ë¯–Óê–âÃéÌ–ÛàÇ–À¡–Å‹àÃ–âÝìÜÌ Ë¯–Óê–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–Ë¯–Â‹àÇ–Âì–ÀèÌ ãÖß ÅªÃ–Ë¯–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ ÀèÌ–À¡–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–æÓ‹–Ë¯–Óê–Öà–Âà–ãÑÃ–ÀŠ×–à ãÖß ÀàÌ–Æº–Üî–Îß–ÀÜÌ–âÂ²ÜÃ–åÆ‹–âÁ¿à–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÉíÍ ãÉŠÃ–Ë¯–Óê–Öà–Âà–ãÑÃ–ÛàÇ–ÀŠ×–à–âË³à–Ì´Ì. Îß–ÀàÌ–Ëê–ÅÜÃ, âÊêÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà ÎíÀ–ß–Éé–ãÖ‹×–æÈ‹–âÖìÜÀ–âÜíà– ãÏŠÌ–ÅèÃ Àß–Åê–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÓîÃ–ØÖèÃ–Âà–âÑàß–×Šà–ÓèÌ–Óê–Üà–Çî ÀàÌ Ìá–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–Çà×–ÌàÌ–ÛàÇ, ãÉŠ–×Šà– ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–Üî–Îß–ÀÜÌ–âÂ²ÜÃ–åÆ‹–ÉàÓ–Ëá–Óß–ÆàÈ–ÓèÌ–Í¡–âÎèÌ–ÑÞÃ ãÉŠ–Öà–Âà–ÊìÀ–À×Šà–âË³à–Ì´Ì–ãÉŠ–ÓèÌ– ÇèÃ–æÈ‹–Å‹àÃ–ÍèÌ–Çà–ÀàÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ–åØ‹–ÀíÓ–ÀìÌ–ÀèÌ–ÛàÇ–ÁºÌ–ÀèÍ–ÑïÓ–Óê–Îß–âËÈ–Ë¯–Óê–ÐíÌ–ÉíÀ– ÙèÀ–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–Öß–Èï–ÐíÌ ãÖß ÀàÌ–Îß–ÎŠÜÇ–åØ‹–ÉàÀ–ãÈÈ ãÖß ÐîŠÌ–åÌ ÆŠ×Ã–Öß–Èï–ãÖ‹Ã.

the Lao PDR the most popular and easily available building materials are thatch for roofing, woven bamboo for the walls and wood for the floors. These are frequently used and as such are deeply engrained in the traditions and culture of rural house building. Poor people can afford to build such a traditional house while more affluent people frequently construct a similar type of house differing only in the use of more expensive wood and the purchase of more expensive furnishings made from processed materials and the purchase of appliances. Secondly, although corrugated roof sheeting is often chosen, because of its longevity the use of natural materials is not only cheaper but creates a living atmosphere more compatible with the climate with excessive rain during the wet season and extremes of heat and dust during the dry season. The statistics assessed in the survey and the spatial distribution provided a comprehensive picture of the types and sizes of houses people live in. In general, the use of natural materials prevails in house construction not only because

Åß–Êé–Éé–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Ì´Ì–À¡–æÈ‹–Àá–ÌíÈ–æ×‹–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È ãÖß ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÇàÇ–ãÍÍ–æÖ–Çß–Ø×ŠàÃ Ë¯ æÈ‹–ÄèÈ–Øà–ÝïÍ–ÑàÍ–Ë¯–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÖàÇ–Öß–ÜÞÈ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âÑÈ ãÖß Áß–ÙàÈ–ÉŠàÃƒ–ÁÜÃ–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–Îß Æà–ÆíÌ Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ–ÔïŠ. äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹×–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–Üî–Îß–ÀÜÌ–ËàÃ–Ëá–Óß–ÆàÈ–Ë¯–Óê–ÔïŠ–âÑ²Ü–ÎîÀ–Å‹àÃ– âÝìÜÌ–ãÓŠÌ âÎèÌ âÖºÜÃ–Ë³×–æÎ–ÅªÃ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ÓèÌ–Í¡–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–ÇÜ‹Ì–Öà–Âà–ÁÜÃ–ÓèÌ–ÊìÀ–À×Šà–ãÉŠ–ÓèÌ–ÇèÃ–Óê– ÅŠ×Ì–Åá–ÂèÌ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ ÜêÀ–È‹×Ç, ãÖß ÓèÌ–ÇèÃ–âÚàß–ÅíÓ–Åá–ÖèÍ–Åß–ÑàÍ–ã×–ÈÖ‹ÜÓ Ë¯–Óê–ÏíÌ–Åß–Ë‹ÜÌ–Óà– ÄàÀ–Åß–ÑàÍ–âÁÈ–Ý‹ÜÌ ãÖß ÖíÓ–Óç–Öß–ÅïÓ. ÀàÌ–×é–âÂàß–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÁÜÃ–Åß–Êé–Éé–ãÓŠÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ– âÊéÃ–ÍèÌ–Èà–äÜ–ÀàÈ ÉŠàÃƒÅá–ÖèÍ ÀàÌ–ÎèÍ–ÎîÃ Éí×–ÔŠàÃ Â×Ì–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÖíÃ–ËëÌ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–ÉÜÍ–Åß– ÙÜÃ–ÌŸ–Åß–ÜàÈ ãÖß ÀàÌ–Åî–Áà–Ñé ÍàÌ–åÌ–ÁíÃ–âÁÈ–ÔŠàÃ–À×‹àÃ–Á×àÃ–âÑ²Ü–Û‡È–ÏŠÜÌ–Â×àÓ–âÎèÌ–ÜèÌ– Éß–ÖàÇ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ.

of the lower costs but also mainly because of their suitability for a tropical, monsoon influenced environment. Data analysis indicates opportunities for improvement, e.g., a significant investment should be made in clean water supplies and sanitation disposal in order to reduce health risks.

H.1 Îß–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ–ØÖèÃÂà–âÝìÜÌ Type of roof

Îß–âÑÈ–ØÖèÃ–Âà–âÝìÜÌ–É¿Ì–Éç–ãÓŠÌ–ÚàÇ–âÊéÃ–Üî–Îß–ÀÜÌ–À¡–Å‹àÃ–É¿Ì–Éç–Ë¯–åÆ‹–Åá–ÖèÍ–ÓîÃ–ØÖèÃ–Âà– âÝìÜÌ. Á§–ÓïÌ Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÌ–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–âÀèÍ–Àá–Óà–æÈ‹–äÈÇ–ÀàÌ–ÊàÓ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Üî–Îß– ÀÜÌ–À¡–Å‹àÃ–Ë¯–åÆ‹–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÓîÃ–ØÖèÃ–Âà–âÝìÜÌ–âÎèÌ–É¿Ì–ãÓŠÌ: Àß–âÍºÜÃ, ÅèÃ–Àß–Åê, æÓ‹, æÓ‹–ÒàÀ, ØÇ‹à ãÖß Ü²Ìƒ. äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹× Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–åÆ‹–ÅèÃ–Àß–Åê–ÓîÃ–ØÖèÃ–Âà–âÝìÜÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÛàÇ–ÀŠ×–à–ØÓïŠ–Æ±Ã– À×Ó–âÜíà 54% ÁÜÃ Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ËèÃ–ØÓíÈ–ÊèÈ–Óà–ãÓŠÌ–åÆ‹–ØÇ‹à–ÓîÃ–ØèÖÃ–Âà Óê 21.7%, åÆ‹–Àß–âÍºÜÃ– Óê 13.2% ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ ËèÃ–ØÓíÈ–ÅŠ×Ì–åÆ‹–æÓ‹, æÓ‹–ÒàÀ, ØÇ‹à Ûì Ü²Ìƒ ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Ù‹ÜÇ–Âì–Éœ–ÀŠ×–à 6% ÖíÃ–æÎ.

The term ‘type of roof’ refers to the main type of material used for roofing. The relevant information was obtained by asking households to state which of the following materials they had used for roofing their houses: tiles, corrugated zinc, wood, split bamboo, thatch or other materials. In general more than 54.0% of households used corrugated zinc, 21.7% used thatch, 13.2% used tiles, and only 6% used either wood, bamboo, or other materials. The map shows the spatial distribution of households in relation to the type

ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–æÖ–Çß–ØŠ×–àÃ–Ë¯–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÍ–Îß–âÑÈ ØÖèÃ–Âà–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Ìá–åÆ‹–âÆ¨Ì Àß–âÍºÜÃ/Æê–ãÑèÀ, ÅèÃ–Àß–Åê, æÓ‹, æÓ‹–ÒàÀ, ØÇ‹à, ãÖß Ü²Ìƒ ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–Óê–ÅàÓ–Åê–Ë¯–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÆ¨Ì Åê–ÁÞ×–ãÓŠÌ–ÚàÇ–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ–ÓîÃ–ØÖèÃ–Âà–È‹×Ç–Ø‹–Çà, Åê–Á¸–âË³à–ãÓŠÌ–ÓîÃ–È‹×Ç–ÅèÃ–Àß–Åê,ãÖß Åê–âÛìÜÃ–ãÓŠÌ–ÓîÃ–È‹×Ç–æÓ‹–ÒàÀ. Åê–ÁÞ×–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Åß– ãÈÃ–åØ‹–Ýï‹–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–Ë¯–Óê–æÖ–Çß–ØŠ×–àÃ–ÁÜÃ–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–ÓîÃ–È‹×Ç–æÓ‹ ãÖß ÓèÌ–æÈ‹–ÔèÃ–ÔàÇ–Óà– É´Ã–ãÉŠ–ãÁ×Ã–Øí×–ÑèÌ–ÏŠàÌ–ãÁ×Ã ÆÞÃ–Á×àÃ ãÖß ÖíÃ–æÎ–ÝÜÈ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–âÖàß–ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ–ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–Éà– â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã Íç–Öé–Âá–æÆ–ÄàÀ–Ì´Ì–ÖíÃ–æÎ–ÝÜÈ–ãÁ×Ã âÆ–ÀÜÃ, ãÁ×Ã–ÜèÈ–Éß–Îì ãÖß ãÁ×Ã– Äá–Îà–ÅèÀ. Åê–Á¸–âË³à–ãÓŠÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–Ýï‹–âÊéÃ–ÍèÌ–Èà–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ–ãÓŠÌ–ÓîÃ–È‹×Ç–ÅèÃ–Àß–Åê ãÖß Åà–ÓàÈ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ–ÅŠÞÃ–åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê ãÖß É¡–ÖíÃ–Óà–ÝÜÈ–ÑàÀ– åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã ×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ ãÖß âÖàß–ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ–ãÂÓ–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ–ËàÃ–âÍºÜÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã Íç–Öé–Âá–æÆ, ãÁ×Ã Âá–ÓŠ×Ì, ãÁ×Ã Åß–Øè×Ì–Ìß–âÁÈ, ãÁ×Ã Åà–Öß–×èÌ, ãÁ×Ã Äá–Îà–ÅèÀ, ãÁ×Ã âÆ–ÀÜÃ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã ÜèÈ–Éß–Îì. ÀàÌ–ãÏŠ–Àß–ÄàÇ–ÁÜÃ–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–ÃŠàÇ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à– æÎ–Øà–Îß–âËÈ–æË–âÆªÃ–Óê–Â×àÓ–Åß–È×À–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Á‹àÓ–æÎ–Æº–Üî–Îß–ÀÜÌ–ÀàÌ–À¡–Å‹àÃ ãÖß Öà–Âà– À¡–Óê–Â×àÓ–âÙàß–ÅíÓ. ÅŠ×Ì–ÔïŠ–ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã ØÖ×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã Øí×–ÑèÌ ÅèÃ–Àß–Åê–Ë¯–Ìá–âÜíà–Óà–ÓîÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Ù±Ã–ãÓŠÌ–Ìá–âÁ¿à–Óà–ÄàÀ ãÁ×Ã–Ôï–ÌàÌ Îß–âËÈ ÄêÌ. Åê–âÛìÜÃ–Ë¯– âØèÌ–âÎèÌ–ÍàÃ–ÍŠÜÌ–ÔïŠ–ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê, ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÅŠÞÃ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã ×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã Íç–ãÀ‹× ãÖß ãÁ×Ã Û×Ã–ÌŸ–Ëà ãÖß ÅŠ×Ì–Ù±Ã–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã Üî–ÈíÓ–åÆ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã ØÖ×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ–ãÓŠÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–Ýï‹–âÊéÃ–ÍèÌ–Èà–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–ÓîÃ–È‹×Ç–æÓ‹–ÒàÀ. ÅªÃ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Ç‹ÜÌ– ×Šà–Àç–æÏŠ–ãÓŠÌ–ÎíÀ–ÂïÓ–æÎ–Ë³×–ÔïŠ–ÉàÓ–âÎ¸Ì–Ñï, åÌ–Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ–ÍèÌ–Èà–âÎ¸Ì–Ñï–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–ÊìÀ–ÉèÈ–É¿Ì– æÓ‹–åØŠ–Ç–âÑ²Ü–Ìá–åÆ‹–Ë¯–ÈéÌ–âÁ¿à–åÌ–ÀàÌ–âÝèÈ–æÝŠ. åÌ–ËàÃ–ÀíÃ–ÀèÌ–Á‹àÓ–ÀèÌ–Óê–Äá–Ì×Ì–âÝìÜÌ–Ù‹ÜÇ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ– åÌ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–Ë¯–Ìá–åÆ‹–æÓ‹–ÒàÀ–Óà–Ëá–ÀàÌ–ÓîÃ–ØÖèÃ–Âà ÍàÃ–âË²Ü–ÜàÈ–Äß–âÎèÌ–Ç‹ÜÌ–æÓ‹–Ë¯–Äß–Ìá–Óà–ÎîÀ– Å‹àÃ–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–Øà–æÈ‹–ÃŠàÇ–Æ±Ã–æÈ‹–Óà–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–ÁîÈ–Â¿Ì–æÓ‹–ÔïŠ–ÉàÓ–ÅàÇ–Ñï–ØÖ×Ã.

of roofing material used i.e. tiles/Cpac, zinc, wood, bamboo, thatch or other materials. Three colours dominate the map: green for thatch, grey for corrugated zinc sheets, and yellow for bamboo. The green colour indicates the spatial distribution of wooden roofing to prevail from Huaphanh, through Xiengkhuang and south along the eastern half of Borikhamxay to the provinces of Sekong, Attapeu and Champasack. The colour grey indicates the predominance of houses with zinc roofs, which can be seen starting from the southwest of the province of Xayaboury and onto the south of Vientiane Province and then along the Mekong in the western parts of the provinces of Borikhamxay, Khammuane, Savannakhet, Saravane, Champasack, Sekong and Attapeu. This stretch of land has easy access to a supply of reasonably priced materials from Thailand. In the north of both provinces of Luang Prabang and Huaphanh corrugated zinc sheets are in part imported from Yunnan, China. The patches of yellow in the south of the province of Xayabury, the northwest of Vientiane Province, in the provinces of Bokeo and Luang Namtha, and in parts of both Oudomxay and Luang Prabang provinces show the use of bamboo as a roofing material. The gentle slopes of the mountains have made it easy to clear-cut the forests for shifting cultivation. So now there are large areas which are covered with bamboo. There is very little bamboo used in the south, perhaps because of the ease of supply of wood from the forests in the Annamite mountains. In general many houses in the Lao PDR have zinc or thatched roofs. This is because these material are readily available to and affordable by the popula-

äÈÇ–Ö×Ó–ãÖ‹×, Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà× ÅŠ×ÌÛàÇãÓŠÌÓîÃØÖèÃÂàâÝìÜÌÈ‹×ÇÅèÃÀßÅê ãÖß ØÇ‹à–âÌ²ÜÃ–ÄàÀ–×Šà–ÜîÎßÀÜÌ–âÛ³àÌ´ÌÎßÆàÆíÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÅàÓàÈ––Æº–æÈ‹ ãÖß ÅßÈ×À– åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÆÜÀ–ØàÓêÔïŠ–åÌ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ. åÌÀàÌÎîÀÅ‹àÃË¯ÑèÀÜàåÅÁÜÃÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃ, Ê‹àÓêÀàÌ– âÝèÈ ØÖèÃÂàÈ‹×ÇÜîÎßÀÜÌË¯ËíÌËàÌÀ¡ÜàÈÅßãÈÃâÊéÃÀàÌÓê–ãÏÌ–ÀàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÎßÆàÆíÌ– âÑ²Ü–ÄßÓêË¯ÑèÀ ÜàåÅË¯ãÙ‹ÌÙàÊà×ÜÌ –ãÖß ÀàÌ–âÖìÜÀ–Ìá–åÆ‹–Îß–âÑÈÜîÎßÀÜÌÉŠàÃƒ– Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–ÁºÌÔïŠÀèÍ–Â×àÓ Ý¨ÃÓê Ûì ËîÀÇàÀÁÜÃÂí×âÝìÜÌ. ÜêÀÜèÌÙ±ÃÀ¡–ÜàÈ–ÄßãÓŠÌÇ‹ÜÌ ÀàÌÄçÖßÄÜÌãÄÀÔàÇÅéÌÂ‹àÖß Ø×ŠàÃãÁ×Ã, ÖßØ×ŠàÃÉí×âÓìÜÃ, ÖßØ×ŠàÃÎßâËÈ Ûì ÀàÌÉßØÖàÈ––æÎÍ¡Ë³×âÊéÃÅßÌ´ÌäÜÀàÈ–åÌÀàÌâÁ¿àâÊéÃÁÜÃÏï‹ÆíÓåÆ‹ãÓŠÌÓêØÌ‹ÜÇ, Æ±ÃÜàÈâÎèÌÍèÌØàÙ±ÃË¯–Â×Ì–ÄßÓêÀàÌÀßÉîÀ ÆîÀÇï‹–åØ‹–ÓêÀàÌÑèÈËßÌàâÅ´ÌËàÃÂíÓÓßÌàÂíÓ–, ÁßØÇàÇâÅ´ÌËàÃ ãÖß ÀàÌÁíÌÅ³ÃåØ‹ÓêÛàÇÁ¹Ì.

140

tion throughout the country. The choice of durable roofing material indicates the intention using the house as a long-term, permanent residence. The choice of materials used is limited only by the relative wealth or poverty of the »õindividual household. It may also show that the movement of goods between the provinces, between the districts, and between countries, or that market access is not so equitable throughout the country. This means that some people have fewer opportunities to buy better materials and less means transporting them home. This is a problem in terms of the process of promoting overall development through better communications by the expansion of the roads and transportation network.

Îß–âÑÈÉ¿ÌÉ¡åÆ‹–âÝèÈÛèÃÂà–âÝìÜH.1 Ì

Îß–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ–ØÖèÃÂà–âÝìÜÌ

Main typeType of roof of roof

100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

Îß–âÑÈÉ¿ÌÉ¡åÆ‹–âÝèÈÛèÃÂà–âÝìÜÌ Main type of roof . !

Saravane

Àß–âÍºÜÃ Tile CPAC (Monier) . Sekong !

ÅèÃ–Àß–Åê Zinc

. !

Pakxe

æÓ‹ Wood æÓ‹–æÏŠ Bamboo

. !

Attapeu

ØÇ‹à Grass

14°0'0"N

Ü²Ìƒ Other Í¡–Óê–Á§–ÓïÌ No data

C 0

100

200 km

141

H.2 ÎßâÑÈÑºÌâÝìÜÌÉ¿ÌÉç Type of house floor

ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Åá–Ö×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–åÌ Îê 1995 Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–Ýï‹–×Šà–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–æÈ‹– Ìá–åÆ‹–Üî–Îß–ÀÜÌ–ÛàÇ–Îß–âÑÈ–âÑ²Ü–âÝèÈ–âÎèÌ–ÑºÌ–âÝìÜÌ–âÎèÌ–É¿Ì–ãÓŠÌ: Àß–äÖ‹, Åê–ÓèÃ, æÓ‹, æÓ‹–ÒàÀ, ãÖß Ü²Ìƒ. äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹× Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–åÆ‹–æÓ‹–âÎèÌ–ÑºÌ–âÝìÜÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê 54.8% ÊèÈ–ÄàÀ–Ì´Ì– Óà–ãÓŠÌ åÆ‹–Åê–ÓèÃ Óê 16.5% ãÖß åÆ‹–æÓ‹–ÒàÀ Óê 15.3% ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÍîÀ–ÂíÌ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ. âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–ÍàÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–æÈ‹–Ìá–åÆ‹ Àß–äÖ‹ Ûì Ü²Ìƒ À¡–ÉàÓ ãÉŠ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Ù‹ÜÇ Âì Éœ–ÀŠ×–à 8 % ãÖß Äá–Ì×Ì 1.7% ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Í¡–æÈ‹–ÍÜÀ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÑºÌ–âÝìÜÌ–ÁÜÃ–âÁíà– âÄ¿à.

The results of the 2005 Population and Housing Census show that households used a variety of materials for the construction of house floors including tiles, concrete, wood and bamboo. In general, wood was the most common flooring material and was used by 54.8% of all households. The next most common was concrete used by 16.5% of households, and then bamboo used by 15.3%. Although some households used tiles or other materials the percentage of these was low namely less than 8.0% and 1.7% of households were unable to specify the type of their floor.

ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸ Åß–âÙê–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ–Àß–ÄàÇ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–Üî–Îß–ÀÜÌ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÉŠàÃƒ–ÁÜÃ–Âí× âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÑºÌ–âÝìÜÌ–åÌ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ. Åß–ÑàÍ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–æÓ‹–âÝèÈ–âÎèÌ–ÑºÌ–âÝìÜÌ–ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ– ãÓŠÌ Óê–ÛàÇ–åÌ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ–ãÉŠ–äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß–ãÖ‹×–ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê, ×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ, Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã ×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ, Íç–Öé–Âá–æÆ, Âá–ÓŠ×Ì, Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ, Åà–Öß–×èÌ ãÖß–Äá–Îà–ÅèÀ. âÀìÜÍ–ËîÀ–ãÁ×Ã–Ë¯–ÀŠà× Óà–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–ãÂÓ–Ð¨Ã–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ–âÍºÜÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ Æ±Ã–Å‹àÃ–Â×àÓ–Åß– È×À–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÂíÓ–Óß–Ìà–ÂíÓ–ÁíÌ–Å³Ã–æÓ‹–ÄàÀ–ÎŠà–Óà–ÅïŠ–Åß–ÊàÌ–Ë¯ƒÓê–ÀàÌ–ÎîÀ–Å‹àÃ âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–åÌ–Îß– Äî–ÍèÌ–Ì¸–Äß–Óê–âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ–åØŠ–Ç ãÖß Ì‹ÜÇ–ÛàÇ–ÅàÇ–âÑ²Ü–Ìá–åÆ‹–âÁ¿à–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÁíÌ–Å³Ã. Åá–ÖèÍ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ– Ë¯–Å‹àÃ–ÑºÌ–âÝìÜÌ–È‹×Ç–æÓ‹–ÒàÀ Äß–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ÛàÇ–ÔïŠ–ÍèÌ–Èà–ãÁ×Ã ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–âÁÈ–Ñï–ÅïÃ–Âì: ØÖ×Ã–ÌŸ–Ëà, Í¡–ãÀ‹×, Üî–ÈíÓ–æÆ, ØÖ×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ, Øí×–ÑèÌ, æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê ãÖß ÔïŠ–ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ– ÁÜÃ–Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ, Åà–Öß–×èÌ, âÆ–ÀÜÃ ãÖß ÜèÈ–Éß–Îì Æ±Ã–ÍàÃ–ãÁ×Ã–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ÜàÈ–Í¡–Óê–æÓ‹–Ç‹ÜÌ– Óê–ÀàÌ–ÊàÃ–ÎŠà–âÝèÈ–ÀàÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá–ÛàÇ åÌ–âÓ²Ü–ÀŠÜÌ Åß–Ì´Ì–Ä±Ã–æÈ‹–Ìá–åÆ‹–æÓ‹–ÒàÀ–Óà Å‹àÃ–âÎèÌ– ÑºÌ–âÝìÜÌ. ÅŠ×Ì–Üî–Îß–ÀÜÌ–Îß–âÑÈ–Ü²Ìƒ Ë¯–Ìá–Óà–åÆ‹–âÑ²Ü–Å‹àÃ–âÎèÌ–ÑºÌ–âÝìÜÌ–Óê–Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ–ÛàÇ ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–ãÁ×Ã Ï¿Ã–Åà–Öê, Øí×–ÑèÌ ãÖß ÆÞÃ–Á×àÃ.

The map shows the distribution of the use of the various flooring materials throughout the country. The use of wood is common over the whole country, but in particular from the province of Xayaboury, down through both the province and the city of Vientiane, and on through the provinces of Borikhamxay, Khammuane, Savannakhet, Saravane and Champasack. Most of these provinces are on the east bank of the Mekong River which provides a convenient mode of transport of the logs from the forests to the house site although there are now numerous main and side roads for trucking logs and processed timber. In respect of the use of bamboo, many such households can be found in some northern, mountainous provinces like Luangnamtha, Bokeo, Oudomxay, Luangprabang, Huaphanh and Xayaboury, in the east of Savannakhet, and in the provinces of Saravane, Sekong, and Attapeu. These provinces have no wood as a result of land clearing for agriculture and so the house builders must use

ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×ÌÙ‹ÜÇÁÜÃ–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–Óê–ÑºÌ–âÝìÜÌ–âÎèÌ–Åê–ÓèÃ–æÎ–Ñ‹ÜÓƒ–ÀèÍ– ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–Àß–äÖ‹ Ûì Í¡–åÆ‹. ÛàÇÀŠ×àâÂªÃÙ±ÃÁÜÃÂí×âÝìÜÌËèÃÚíÈ–ãÓŠÌ–âÝèÈÑºÌâÝìÜÌÈ‹×ÇæÓ‹ âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–Äß–Óê–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–æÓ‹–ÒàÀ–âÝèÈ–ÑºÌ–âÝìÜÌ–âÎèÌ–ÄáÌ×Ì–Û×Ã–ÛàÇÆ±ÃÅßãÈÃåØ‹â ØèÌâÊéÃÀàÌÌéÇíÓÁÜÃ ÅèÃÂíÓåÌÀàÌåÆ‹æÓ‹ ãÖß –æÓ‹–ÒàÀ–âÑ²Ü–Ìá–Óà–âÝèÈ–âÎèÌ–ÑºÌ–âÝìÜÌ. ÀàÌ–ÌéÇíÓ–Âì–È¨ÃÀŠà×Ì¸ÓèÌÄ±Ã–âÎèÌ–ÅàÇ–âØÈ–Ë¯–Ñà–åØ‹–æÓ‹Ë¯–Óê–ÔïŠ–âÑ²ÜÄß–Ìá–æÎ–âÎèÌ–ÅêÌ–Â‹à–Áà– ÜÜÀ–ãÓŠÌ–Í¡–æÈ‹–ÓàÈÊàÌ. ÇªÃ–æÎ–ÀŠ×àÌ´ÌÑà–åØ‹–ÖàÂà–ÁÜÃ–æÓ‹–ÉíÀ–ÉœÖíÃ. ÑÜ‹ÓÀèÌÌ´ÌÀ¡–âÝèÈ– åØ‹–Àç–æÑ–âÀêÈ–ÁºÌ–âÎèÌ–Äá–Û×Ã–ÛàÇ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÍçÖé–â×Ì–È¨ÃÀŠà×–Æ±Ã–ÏŠàÌ–âÂêÇ–Ìá–åÆ‹–âÎèÌ–âÁÈ–ÀßÅéÀà. ÜêÀÈ‹àÌÙ±Ã ÀàÌÅ‹àÃÑºÌâÝìÜÌ åØ‹ãÙ‹ÌÙàÜàÈ ÅßãÈÃâÊéÃÀàÌÓêË¯ÑèÀÜàåÅãÍÍÊà×ÜÌ Æ±ÃãÓŠÌÙ±ÃåÌÎèÈåÄÁÜÃÀàÌÀáÌíÈ–âÊéÃÂ×àÓÝ¨ÃÓê Ûì ËîÀÇàÀÁÜÃÂí×âÝìÜÌÔïŠ–åÌ ÅÎÎ Öà×.

bamboo as a flooring material. Other materials are largely used in the provinces of Phongsaly, Huaphanh and Xiengkhuang. A small fraction of houses in urban areas have concrete flooring with or without tiles More than half of these urban houses have wooden flooring although a large number have bamboo floors demonstrating the popularity of both wood and bamboo as flooring materials . This preference is based on the availability at affordable prices of second and third grade timber not suitable for export and in some areas on the abundance of bamboo growing on abandoned agricultural land. In addition the type of house flooring used indicates that these houses are destined as permanent residences and is also an indication of the wealth or the poverty of households in the Lao PDR.

142

Îß–âÑÈÉ¿ÌÉ¡–åÆ‹–âÝèÈÑºÌ–âÝìÜH.2 Ì

ÎßâÑÈÑºÌâÝìÜÌÉ¿ÌÉç

MainType type ﬂoor of of house floor 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

Îß–âÑÈÉ¿ÌÉ¡–åÆ‹–âÝèÈÑºÌ–âÝìÜÌ Main type of floor . !

Saravane

Àß–äÖ Ceramic / Tile . Sekong !

Åê–ÓèÃ Concrete

. !

Pakxe

æÓ‹ Wood æÓ‹–æÏŠ Bamboo

. !

Attapeu

Ü²Ìƒ Other

14°0'0"N

Í¡–Óê–Á§–ÓïÌ No data

C 0

100

200 km

143

H.3 Îß–âÑÈ–Ðà–âÝìÜÌ–É¿ÌÉç

Type of house walls åÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–åÌ–Îê 2005 æÈ‹–ÊàÓ–âÊéÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Ìá– åÆ‹–Îß–âÑ–È×èÈ–Êî–Üî–Îß–ÀÜÌ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–À¡–Å‹àÃ–âÎèÌ–Ðà–âÝìÜÌ–É¿Ì–Éç. ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÓèÌ–æÈ‹–Åß–ÙÜÃ–åØ‹–Ýï‹–×Šà 43.2% ãÓŠÌ–åÆ‹–æÓ‹–ãÜ‹Ó–Ðà–âÝìÜÌ, 35.7% ãÓŠÌ–åÆ‹–æÓ‹–ÒàÀ–ãÜ‹Ó ãÖß 17.6% ãÓŠÌ–åÆ‹–Åê–ÓèÃ– À¡–Æ±Ã–åÌ–Ì´Ì 2.0% ãÓŠÌ–Ìç–åÆ‹–Îß–âÑÈ–Ü²Ìƒ ãÖß 1.5% ãÓŠÌ–Í¡–æÈ‹–ÍÜÀ–Îß–âÑÈ–Ðà–âÝìÜÌ–ÁÜÃ âÁíà–âÄ¿à. åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–Ñ×À–âÝíà–Äß–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–×Šà–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–åÆ‹–æÓ‹ ãÖß æÓ‹–ÒàÀ–âÎèÌ–Ðà–âÝìÜÌ– ãÓŠÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–æÎ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ–âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–ÓèÌ–Äß–Óê–Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–âÆªÃ–åÌ–Ì´Ì–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–åÆ‹–Üî– Îß–ÀÜÌ–Îß–âÑÈ–Ü²Ìƒ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Ù‹ÜÇ ãÖß Óê–ÔïŠ–ñåÌ ãÖß Ü‹ÜÓ–Á‹àÃ Íç–Öé–â×Ì–Ë¯–Óê–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–Üà–åÅ– ÔïŠ–ÔŠàÃ–Û×Ã–ÛàÇ.

In the Population and Housing Census of 2005 households were asked what material had been used to build the walls of their houses. The results showed that 43.2% of households had wooden walls, 35.7% had walls made of split bamboo, and 17.6% had cement-block walls while only 2.0% used other materials. Another 1.5% of the households were unable to say what their walls were made of. From the map it can be seen that households with walls of wood or bamboo are distributed throughout the country although there are some differences, in that houses with walls of different materials are found in clusters in and around population centres.

ÜéÃ–åÅ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–¯âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ÔŠàÃ–ÆèÈ–âÄ–Ì×Šà Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ–ãÓŠÌ–åÆ‹–æÓ‹–ÒàÀ–âÑ²Ü–ãÜ‹Ó Ðà–âÝìÜÌ. Æ±Ã–âØèÌ–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–É´Ã–ãÉŠ–âÙìÜ–ÄíÌ–âÊéÃ–åÉ‹ ãÖß ÊèÈ–Óà–ãÓŠÌ–ÅèÈ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ åÆ‹– æÓ‹–ãÜ‹Ó–âÎèÌ–Ðà–âÝìÜÌ–Æ±Ã–Óê–ÛàÇ–ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÅŠÞÃ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Øí×–ÑèÌ, ãÖß ÔïŠ– ãÁ×Ã–ÆÞÃ–Á×àÃ ãÖß ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Ï¿Ã–Åà–Öê. ÌÜÀ–Ì¸ âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–Ìá–åÆ‹–Åê–ÓèÃ–âÑ²Ü–âÝèÈ–âÎèÌ–Ðà– âÝìÜÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Ù‹ÜÇ ãÖß Äß–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–ËàÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ–ÁÜÃ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹ âÆ¨Ì–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–Äá–Îà–ÅèÀ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã–Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ ãÖß ÍàÃ–ÍŠÜÌ ÁÜÃ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ, ÔïŠ–Íç–Öé–â×Ì–åÉ‹–ÅîÈ–ÁÜÃ ãÁ×Ã–æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê ãÖß âÁÈ–Ñé–âÅÈ–æÆ–ÅíÓ–ÍïÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Äß–Óê–Ù‹ÜÇ–ÀŠ×–à. ÅŠ×Ì–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–Í¡–Ýï‹–Îß–âÑÈ Üî–Îß–ÀÜÌ–Ë¯–åÆ‹–ãÜ‹Ó–âÎèÌ–Ðà–âÝìÜÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ–âÜÃ ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–âØèÌ–×Šà–Óê–Àß–ÄàÇ–ÔïŠ–ÛàÇ–ãÁ×Ã–ÅíÓ–Â×Ì. ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ë¯–ÅîÃ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–ãÁ×Ã–ØÖ×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ ÊèÈ–Óà–ãÓŠÌ–ãÁ×Ã–Øí×–ÑèÌ, ãÁ×Ã–Í¡–ãÀ‹×, ãÁ×Ã–Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã–âÆ–ÀÜÃ ãÖß ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–Ë¯–Éœ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–ãÁ×Ã–ÜèÈ–Éß–Îì.

According to the map the majority of people use split and woven bamboo for the walls of their houses. These houses are found from the north to the south while many houses with wooden walls are found in the north-east of the province of Huaphanh, in the province of Xiengkhuang, and in the south of Phongsaly province. In the west of the southern region, for example in the provinces of Champasack and Savannakhet, a few houses are built with cement-block walls. This is also true for some parts of Vientiane Capital, with fewer in the southernmost part of Xayaboury province and in Xaysomboune Special Zone. Householders who do not know the material used for their walls are distributed in many provinces. The highest percentage is found in

äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹×–Äß–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–ãÓŠÌ–åÆ‹–æÓ‹–ÒàÀ–âÑ²Ü–ãÜ‹Ó–âÎèÌ Ðà–âÝìÜÌ–ÊèÈ–ÖíÃ–Óà–ãÓŠÌ–åÆ‹–æÓ‹ Æ±Ã–Óê–ÔïŠ–ÉàÓ–Ë‹ÜÃ–Éß–ÛàÈ–Ë³×–æÎ. ÀàÌ–Óê ãÖß ãÄÀ–ÔàÇ–æÎ– Ë³×–ÁÜÃ–æÓ‹–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–âÑ¯Ó–ÁºÌ–Ç‹ÜÌ–Óê–ÀàÌ–Å‹àÃ–âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ ãÖß ÀàÌ–Å‹àÃ–äÝÃ–ÃàÌ–ÎîÃ–ãÉŠÃ–æÓ‹. âÀìÜÍ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–äÝÃ–ÃàÌ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–äÝÃ–âÖ²ÜÇ–Ë¯–Óê–âÂ²ÜÃ–ÄèÀ–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–æÓ‹–Óê–Â×àÓ–Öß–ÜÞÈ ãÖß ÎèÍ–ãÉŠÃ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÁÜÃ–æÓ‹–ÉàÓ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃ–ÀàÌ. æÓ‹–Ë¯–Óê–ÂîÌ–Ìß–ÑàÍ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÅÜÃ ãÖß ÅàÓ ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Ìá–æÎ–Äá–ÙŠàÇ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Éß–ÛàÈ–åØÇŠ–ÔïŠ–ÑàÇ–åÌ–Îß–âËÈ ãÖß Ç‹ÜÌ–×Šà–ÀàÌ–Óê–âÂ²ÜÃ–Óì–âÎèÌ– ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ–âÜÃ–âÆ¨Ì âÖ²ÜÇ–æÒ–Ò‹à–Ì‹ÜÇ, ÀíÍ–Óì ãÖß Àß–ÈàÈ–ÆàÇ–Æ±Ã–Å¯Ã–âÛ³à–Ì¸–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–âÜÀ–Àß–ÆíÌ– æÈ‹–Óê–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–æÓ‹–ãÎ‹Ì, æÓ‹–ÜèÈ ãÖß ãÏŠÌ–æÒ–âÍê–âÑ¯Ó–ÁºÌ. Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–Ìá–åÆ‹–æÓ‹–âÝèÈ– Ðà–âÝìÜÌ ãÖß ãÎ‹Ì–Îï ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ËíÌ–ËàÌ ãÖß Åà–ÓàÈ–Î‹ÜÃ–ÀèÌ–É¡–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–Ùà×–âÔèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ– ÁíÃ–âÁÈ–Ñï–ÈÜÇ ãÉŠ–ÓèÌ À¡–ÜàÈ–Äß–ÊëÀ–Ëá–ÖàÇ–æÈ‹–Ç‹ÜÌ–Î×À–åÌ–âÓ²Ü–Í¡–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÆÜÀ–Øà–×é–Ëê–Î‹ÜÃ–ÀèÌ. Åá–ÖèÍ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–Óê âÝìÜÌ–ÔïŠ–æÀ‹–ÀèÍ–äÝÃ–ÃàÌ–ÎîÃ–ãÉŠÃ–æÓ‹ Åà–ÓàÈ–Ë¯–Äß–Æº–æÓ‹–âÑ²Ü–ÎîÀ–Å‹àÃ ãÖß ÌÜÀ–ÄàÀ–Ì´Ì–æÓ‹–À¡–âÎèÌ Üî–Îß–ÀÜÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–âÚàß–ÅíÓ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÎîÀ–Å‹àÃ.

the province of Luangprabang with smaller percentages in the provinces of Huaphanh, Bokeo, Savannakhet and Sekong, and the lowest percentage in the province of Attapeu. Overall it can be seen that the majority of households use bamboo for their walls. Next in popularity is wood which is available in local markets. Its availability and distribution have been markedly improved by road construction and the installation of wood processing plants which are mainly sawmills with planing and profiling machinery. Second and third quality sawn wood products are shipped to major markets within the country and do-it-yourself equipment, small circular saws, planes and sanding equipment have supported the increased private use of sawn wood, plywood and fibreboard. Flooring and walls from wood are strong and give protection against cold in mountain regions

âÊéÃãÓŠÌ×ŠàæÓ‹ãÓŠÌâÎèÌÜîÎßÀÜÌË¯ÌáÓàåÆ‹äÈÇË³×æÎåÌË³×ÎßâËÈãÖ‹×ÀçÉàÓ ãÉŠ ×ŠàãÏÌË¯Ì¯ÇèÃæÈ‹ÅßãÈÃåØ‹âØèÌâÊéÃÀàÌÌáåÆ‹æÓ‹ÒàÀâÑ²ÜÎîÀÅ‹àÃâÝìÜÌ ãÖß âØèÌÔïŠÔŠàÃ ÀßãÄÀÀßÄàÇæÎË³×ÎßâËÈ.

but are frequently subject to termite attack if not properly protected. For those households close to wood processing installations wood for building is an affordable and often very suitable building material. Although wood is the most commonly used material overall, the map shows that the use of bamboo is more widely spread throughout the country.

144

Îß–âÑÈÉ¿ÌÉ¡–åÆ‹–âÝèÈÐà–âÝìÜH.3 Ì

Îß–âÑÈ–Ðà–âÝìÜÌ–É¿ÌÉç

MainType type walls of of house walls 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

Îß–âÑÈÉ¿ÌÉ¡–åÆ‹–âÝèÈÐà–âÝìÜÌ Main type of walls . !

Saravane

Åê–ÓèÃ Brick / Concrete . Sekong !

æÓ‹ Wood

. !

Pakxe

æÓ‹–æÏŠ Bamboo Ü²Ìƒ Other

. !

Attapeu

14°0'0"N

Í¡–Óê–Á§–ÓïÌ No data

C 0

100

200 km

145

H.4 ãØ–ÖŠÃÌŸ–åÆ‹É¿ÌÉç Water sources

ãØÖŠÃ–ÌŸ–Ë¯–åÆ‹–É¿Ì–Éç–ãÓŠÌ–ÚàÇ–âÊéÃ–ãØÖŠÃ–ÌŸ–É¿Ì–Éç–Ë¯–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–åÆ‹–âÑ²Ü–È²Ó ãÖß ãÉŠÃ–ÀéÌ. ãØÖŠÃ–ÌŸ È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Îß–ÀÜÍ–Óê–Âì: ÌŸ–Îß Îà, ÌŸ–Å‹àÃ Ûì ÌŸ–Íà–ÈàÌ–Óê–Ðà–ÎéÈ, ÌŸ–Å‹àÃ Ûì ÌŸ–Íà– ÈàÌ–Í¡–Óê–Ðà–ÎéÈ, ãÓŠ–ÌŸ Ûì ÌŸ–Ø‹×Ç Ûì ÌŸ–ÙÜÃ Ûì ÌŸ–Óà–ÄàÀ–âÁ²ÜÌ, ÌŸ–ÖéÌ Ûì ÌŸ–ÜÜÀ–Í¡, ÌŸ–ÐíÌ Ûì ÌŸ–ÄàÀ–ãØÖŠÃ Ü²Ìƒ. ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–æÖ–Çß 6 âÈìÜÌ–ÁÜÃ–Öß–Èï–ÐíÌ ãÖß Í×À–ÀèÍ 2 âÈìÜÌ– É¡–Óà–Îß–Öé–ÓàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÌŸ–ÎíÀ–Àß–Éé ãÓŠÌ–ÑÞÃ–Ñç ãÖß À¡–Óê–âÛìÜ–âÒìÜ–Ë¯–Äß–Ìá–åÆ‹ Ûì ÛàÇ–âÀêÌ–æÎ. ãÉŠ–×Šà–ÂîÌ–Ìß–ÑàÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÓèÌ–ÜàÈ–Äß–Í¡ âÙàß–ÅíÓ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–äÑÀ. Ì¸–À¡–ãÓŠÌ–Åà–âØÈ–Ù±Ã–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Ìá– Óà–ÊàÓ–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹ ãØÖŠÃ–ÌŸ.

By water sources is meant those sources of water which households use for drinking and cooking. These sources include piped water, sealed wells or boreholes, open wells or boreholes, rivers or channels or ponds, or water from dammed streams, or fresh water mountain streams or springs, rainwater or other sources. During the six months of the rainy season and even two months after, water is usually available in sufficient, abundant or sometimes excessive quantities, but not necessarily of a quality acceptable for human consumption. This is one of the reasons for asking people what sources of water they use

Á§–ÓïÌ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà× ãÓŠÌ–âÀèÍ–Àá–Óà–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ Îê 2005 æÈ‹–ÖàÇ–Ãà–Ì×Šà–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ Ë¯–åÆ‹–ÌŸ–Å‹àÃ Ûì ÌŸ–Íà–ÈàÌ–Í¡–Óê–Ðà–ÎéÈ Óê 23.8%, åÆ‹–ÌŸ–Å‹àÃ Ûì ÌŸ–Íà–ÈàÌ Óê–Ðà–ÎéÈ Óê 22.0% ÊèÈ–Óà–ãÓŠÌ–åÆ‹–ÌŸ–ÄàÀ–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ Ûì ÌŸ–Ø‹×Ç Ûì âÁ²ÜÌ Óê 20.5%, åÆ‹–ÌŸ–Îß–Îà–Óê ÑÞÃ 12.9% ãÖß–åÆ‹–ÌŸ–ÐíÌ ãÖß ÌŸ–Ü²Ìƒ ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Ù‹ÜÇ–ÀŠ×–à 1%. ÓèÌ– ãÓŠÌ–ÀàÌ–ÅíÓ–ÓîÈ–ÊàÌ ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ãØÖŠÃ–ÌŸ–Ü²ÌƒÍ×À–ÀèÍ–Ïß–ÖéÈ–Éß–ÑèÌ–ÄàÀ–ÜîŠÌ–É‹à–æ×–äÜ–âÖèÈ ãÖß äÜ–äÆÌ–âÑ²Ü–Ìá–Óà–Ïß–ÖéÈ ÌŸ. ÍèÌ–Èà–ÌŸ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Ìá–Óà–Äá–ÙŠàÇ–È‹×Ç–Öà–Âà–Ë¯–Í¡–ãÑÃ– âÀêÌ–æÎ–Åá–ÖèÍ–ÉîÀ 20 ÖéÈ Æ±Ã–åÌ âÀìÜÍ–Ë³×–ËîÀ–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–À¡–Óê–Â×àÓ–Åß–È×À–Ë¯–Äß–âÁ¿à– æÎ–âÊéÃ. ÍèÌ–Èà–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–ØŠàÃ–æÀ–ÅÜÀ ÛêÀ–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Ìá–åÆ‹–åØ–ÈêÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–ãÍÍ–ÄêÌ–âÑ²Ü–ÍèÌ– Äî–ÌŸ.ÍèÌ–Èà–åØ–ÈêÌ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–ãÓŠÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–âÑ²Ü âÀèÍ–ÌŸ–ÐíÌ ãÖß Æ±Ã–åÌ–Ë¯–ÏŠàÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ÌŸ–âÑ²Ü– È²Ó ãÖß ãÉŠÃ–ÀéÌ ãÉŠ–Óà–åÌ–Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ–ÌŸ–âÛ³à–Ì´Ì ãÓŠÌ–Ìá–Óà–âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–ÅèÈ–È²Ó ãÖß À¡–åÆ‹–âÑ²Ü–ÜàÍ Ûì ÆèÀ–âÂ²ÜÃ. äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹×–ÜàÈ–Äß–â×¿à–æÈ‹–×Šà Îß–ÓàÌ 35% ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Óê–ÌŸ–Ë¯– Óê–Â×àÓ–Åß–ÜàÈ âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ H.4 ÀàÌ–Óê ÌŸ–Âì–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–À¡–Óê–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Äá–ÀèÈ.

drinking and cooking. The Population and Housing Census of 2005 reported that 23.8% of households used open wells or boreholes, 22.0% used closed wells or boreholes, 20.5% percent used rivers, streams or dams, 12.9% used piped water and less than 1% used rain water or other sources. It is assumed that other sources include UV or ozone treated water sold at a reasonable price for a 20 litre bottle in most easily accessible districts and villages. In remote villages large Chinese style clay water containers are filled with rainwater, originally for drinking and cooking, but now used more for animals, for showers and for washing clothes. Generally speaking it can be said that about 35% of the population have access to safe drinking water, although Map H.4 reveals this access is limited to a small part of the country.

ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸ ãÓŠÌ–Ìá–Åß–âÙê–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊéÃ–Á§–ÓïÌ–âÑ¯Ó–âÉêÓ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ãØÖŠÃ–ÌŸ–Ë¯–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–æÈ‹–Ìá–åÆ‹ âÑ²Ü–È²Ó ãÖß–ãÉŠÃ–ÀéÌ. ÓèÌ–ÜàÈ–Åà–ÓàÈ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–×Šà–âÀìÜÍ–ËîÀƒÁíÃ–âÁÈ–âËÈ–Åß–ÍàÌ–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ– Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÜŠàÃ–Åß–äÉ–äÈ–âÀèÍ–ÌŸ–Æ±Ã–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÅïÌ–ÀàÃ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–Óê–ÌŸ–Îß–Îà– Æ±Ã–Óê–Â×àÓ–Åß–ÜàÈ–Óà–Ìá–åÆ‹. ÀàÌ–Óê–ÌŸ–Îß–Îà–åÆ‹–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ãÉŠ–ÔïŠ–ÍàÃ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã ×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ, Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ, Åà–Öß–×èÌ ãÖß–Äá–Îà–ÅèÀ, ÅŠ×Ì–ÔïŠ–ãÁ×Ã–Ü²Ì–Ê‹à–Óê–À¡–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ãÉŠ–ñÔïŠ–åÌ–Éí×– âÓìÜÃ–åØÇŠ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–âË³à–Ì´Ì. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ–Óê–ÑÞÃ12.9%ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Óê–ãØÖŠÃ– ÌŸ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–åÆ‹–Æ±Ã–ÓèÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ–Åß–ÜàÈ ãÖß À¡–Îß–ØÇèÈ–ãÝÃ–ÃàÌ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–æÎ–ÁíÌ–âÜíà.

The map presents more details on the sources of water used by households for drinking and cooking. It can be seen that most provincial towns now have a water tower supplying houses in the city centre with treated piped water. Piped water is available in some parts of Vientiane Capital, Savannakhet, Saravane and Champasack, and in the large provincial towns in other provinces. However, only 12.9% of the population have access to this safe and labour saving source of water.

åÌ–ËàÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÁÜÃ–ÑàÀ–ÀàÃ ãÖß ÑàÀ–åÉ‹ Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ãÓŠÌ–åÆ‹–ÌŸ–ÄàÀ ãÓŠ– ÌŸ, ÌŸ–Ø‹×Ç, ÌŸ–ÙÜÃ Ûì ÌŸ–Óà–ÄàÀ–âÁ²ÜÌ. ÅŠ×Ì–ÔïŠ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–âÁÈ–Ñï–ÅïÃ Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÅŠ×Ì åØÇŠ–ãÓŠÌ–åÆ‹–ÌŸ–ÄàÀ–ÌŸ–ÖéÌ Ûì ÌŸ–ÜÜÀ–Í¡ äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß–ãÓŠÌ–ãÁ×Ã–Ï¿Ã–Åà–Öê, ãÁ×Ã–ØÖ×Ã–ÌŸ– Ëà, ãÁ×Ã–Í¡–ãÀ‹×, ãÁ×Ã–Øí×–ÑèÌ, ãÁ×Ã–ØÖ×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ, ãÖß–âÁÈ–Ñé–âÅÈ–æÆ–ÅíÓ–ÍïÌ. ÔïŠ–ÑàÀ–ÀàÃ– ÁÜÃ Îß–âËÈ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–åÆ‹–ÌŸ–Å‹àÃ–Óê–Ðà–ÎéÈ Ûì ÌŸ–ÜÜÀ–Í¡ Îß–ÀíÈ–âØèÌ–Óê–ÔïŠ–ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–âÆ¨Ì ãÁ×Ã Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ, ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Åà–Öß–×èÌ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã–Äá–Îà–ÅèÀ. ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ÌŸ Å‹àÃ–Óê–Ðà–ÎéÈ Ûì ÌŸ–Íà–ÈàÌ ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ–ãÓŠÌ–âØèÌ–Óê–ÔïŠ–ÍàÃ–âÁÈ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê, ãÁ×Ã–×ÞÃ– ÄèÌ, Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ, ãÁ×Ã–Âá–ÓŠ×Ì ãÖß ãÁ×Ã–Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ.

In the east of the central region and in the south most households use water from rivers, streams, ponds or dams. In the north in the high mountains most of the households use water from streams or fresh water springs. This is particularly true in the case of the provinces of Phongsaly, Luangnamtha, Bokeo, Huaphanh, Luangprabang and Xaysomboune Special Zone. The use of closed wells or fresh water springs can be seen in the central region, in the south for example in Savannakhet province, and in the west of Saravane and Champasack provinces. The use of closed wells or boreholes can be seen mostly

ÅßÛ‡ÍÖ×Ó–ãÖ‹× ÝïÍÑàÍäÈÇÖ×ÓÄàÀãÏÌË¯æÈ‹ÅßãÈÃåØ‹âØèÌâÊéÃÀàÌÌáåÆ‹Ì ŸÎßÎà ãÓŠÌÓêÙ‹ÜÇÛàÇ ãÖß ÓêÑÞÃãÉŠ 20% ÁÜÃÎßÆàÀÜÌãÓŠÌÌáåÆ‹ÌŸÎßÎà. Á§ÓïÌÀŠÞ×ÀèÍãØÖŠÃ ÌŸË¯åÆ‹âÑ²ÜÈ²Ó ãÖß ãÉŠÃÀêÌãÓŠÌÓêÂ×àÓÅáÂèÌÇ‹ÜÌ×ŠàÓèÌÓêÏíÌÀßËí ÍÉ¡ÅîÁßÑàÍÁÜÃ ÎßÆàÀÜÌ. äÈÇÖ×ÓãÖ‹× 80% ÁÜÃÎßÆàÀÜÌãÓŠÌÇèÃÂíÃÍ¡ÓêÌŸË¯Åß ÜàÈåÆ‹. Â×àÓÉ‹ÜÃÀàÌ åÌÀàÌÉ¿ÓÌŸâÑ²ÜÍçÖéäÑÀÌ´ÌÓèÌÇèÃÍ¡ËèÌæÈ‹ãÏŠÛàÇâË³àË¯Â×Ì. ÌŸË¯Í¡æÈ‹É¿Ó ãÖß ÜàØàÌË¯Í¡ ÅîÀãÓŠÌÅàâØÈÉ¿ÌÉçÁÜÃÑßÇàÈÖáåÅ‹ ãÖß Â×àÓâÄèÍÎŠ×Ç ãÖß ÌŸÙèÀÛ‡ÈÅàâØÈãÓŠÌÇÜ‹ÌÓê ãÓŠË‹ÜÃ ãÖß ÜèÈÉàÀàÌâÅÇÆê×éÈÁÜÃâÈèÀÌ‹ÜÇÄ±ÃÓêÅïÃ ÔïŠåÌ Å Î Î Öà×. ÅáÖèÍÌèÀ×àÃãÏÌ ÑèÈËßÌàÈ‹àÌÅèÃÂíÓÓèÌãÓŠÌÂ×àÓÉ‹ÜÃÀàÌÝêÍÈŠ×Ì Ë¯ÄßÉ‹ÜÃæÈ‹–Áß–ØÇà–ÇÉàÙŠàÃÑºÌÊàÌ–äÂÃÖŠàÃâÑ²ÜåØ‹Óê–ÌŸ–ÅßÜàÈåÆ‹ÄîÈÎßÅíÃãÓŠÌâÑ²ÜØÖê ÀÖ‹ÞÃÀàÌÀàÌÉéÈ ÑßÇàÈÉŠàÃƒ Ë¯Óà ËàÃÌŸÆ±ÃÜàÈ–Ñà–åØ‹–âÅÇ–Æê×éÈæÈ‹.

in some areas of Xayaboury province, Vientiane province, Vientiane Capital, and the provinces of Khammuane and Savannakhet. In conclusion, the overall picture from the map shows that the use of piped water is very low and reaches only about 20% of the population. The significance of the information on the sources of water for drinking and cooking lies in the effects on human health. In principle 80% of people do not have access to clean, safe water. The need to boil water prior to human use is not as widespread as is desirable. Un-boiled water and insufficiently cooked foods are the main source of the intestinal infections, sickness and weight loss caused by parasites and the high child mortality rate in the Lao PDR. For the planners in a developing society it is urgent to strengthen the installation of local water treatment facilities for preventing infections with potentially fatal water-borne diseases.

146

ãÛŠÃÌŸ–åÆ‹ É¿ÌH.4 É¡

ãØ–ÖŠÃÌŸ–åÆ‹É¿ÌÉç

Main sourcesWater of water sources 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ãÛŠÃÌŸ–åÆ‹ É¿ÌÉ¡ Main sources of water ÌŸÎàÎà Pipe water

. !

ÌŸÅ‹àÃ/ÌŸÍà–ÈàÌ Óê–Ðà–ÎéÈ Protected well borehole

Saravane

. Sekong !

ÌŸÅ‹àÃ/ÌŸÍà–ÈàÌ Í¡Óê–Ðà–ÎéÈ Unprotected well borehole

. !

ãÓŠÌŸ, Ø‹×Ç, ÙÜÃ, –âÁ²ÜÌ River, stream or dam

Pakxe

. !

Attapeu

ÌŸÖê–Ì /ÌŸÜÜÀ–Íç Mountain source ÌŸÐíÌ Rain water 14°0'0"N

Ü²Ìƒ Other Í¡–Óê–Á§–ÓïÌ No data

100

200 km

147

H.5 ÎßâÑÈÁÜÃØ‹ÜÃÌŸÅŠ×ÌåØÇŠ Main type of toilet

ãÏŠÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ–ÅíÓ–ËÞÍ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–Îß–âÑÈ–Ø‹ÜÃ–ÌŸ–Ë¯–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–äÈÇ–Óê–ÀàÌ–Åß– ãÈÃ–åØ‹ âØèÌ–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÛèÀƒ Ë¯–æÈ‹–Ìá–åÆ‹–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÉŠ–Öß–Í‹àÌ–âË³à–Ì´Ì. ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß– âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ åÌ–Îê 2005 æÈ‹–ÍèÌ–ËëÀ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ–Ø‹ÜÃ–ÌŸ–Óê–ÔïŠ 4 Îß–âÑÈ–äÈÇ–Óê–Æ²–×Šà: ‘Ø‹ÜÃ–ÌŸ–Ë¯–ËèÌ–Åß–æÚ’ Ø‹ÜÃ–ÌŸ–Îß–âÑÈ–Ì¸–æÈ‹–åÆ‹–ÌŸ, ‘Ø‹ÜÃ–ÌŸ–Ëá–Óß–Èà’ Ø‹ÜÃ–ÌŸ–Îß–âÑÈ–Ì¸–Í¡– æÈ‹–åÆ‹–ÌŸ–âÑ²Ü–Ëá–Â×àÓ–Åß–ÜàÈ, ÍèÌ–Èà–Îß–âÑÈ–Ü²Ìƒ ÁÜÃ–Ø‹ÜÃ–ÌŸ ãÖß Í¡–Óê–Ø‹ÜÃ–ÌŸ–âÖêÇ. ØÜ‹Ã–ÌŸ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÛèÀƒË¯–æÈ‹–Àá–ÌíÈ–âÑ²Ü–âÎèÌ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÁÜÃ–Ø‹ÜÃ–ÌŸ–Æ±Ã–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Å×ŠÌ–åØŠ–Ç–æÈ‹–Ìá–åÆ‹– åÌ–ãÉŠ–Öß–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ.

This map shows a comparison of the use of different types of toilet by indicating only the main type used in each village. The census recorded four types of toilets, namely a ‘modern toilet’ – this being a flushable water toilet, a ‘normal toilet’ without a flush, toilets of other types and no toilet. In each village the type most frequently named by the individual households was taken as the main type. On the map, villages with modern and normal toilets as their main types are

åÌ–ãÏŠÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸, ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Ìá–åÆ‹–Ø‹ÜÃ–ÌŸ–ãÍÍ–ËèÌ–Åß–æÚ ãÖß ãÍÍ–Ëá–Óß–Èà–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÛèÀ– ÁÜÃ Ñ×À–âÁíà–âÎèÌ–Åê–ÁÞ× ãÖß Åê–Ò‹à–ÉàÓ–Öá–ÈèÍ, ÅŠ×Ì–Åê–ÌŸ–ÉàÌ–âÎèÌ–Åê–Ë¯–Åß–ãÈÃ–âÊéÃ–ÙïŠ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯– ÅŠ×Ì–åØŠ–Ç ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–æÈ‹–ÖàÇ–Ãà–Ì×Šà–Í¡–Óê–Ø‹ÜÃ–ÌŸ–Îß–âÑÈ–åÈ–âÖêÇ. Åê–Á¸–âË³à–ãÓŠÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–âÊéÃ– ÙïŠ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Ìá–åÆ‹–Ø‹ÜÃ–ÌŸ–Îß–âÑÈ–Ü²Ìƒ ãÖß Åê–Áà×–ãÓŠÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–âÊéÃ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Í¡–Óê–Á§–ÓïÌ–åÈ–âÖêÇ. äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹×–Äß ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–åÌ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–âÛ³à–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–ÇèÃ–Í¡–ËèÌ–Óê–Ø‹ÜÃ– ÌŸ–âË²Ü.åÌ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–Æ±Ã–Ìá–åÆ‹–Ø‹ÜÃ–ÌŸ–ÔŠàÃ–âÎèÌ–Îß–Äá, Ø‹ÜÃ–ÌŸ–Îß–âÑÈ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Ø‹ÜÃ–ÌŸ–Îß–âÑÈ– Ëá–Óß–Èà–Ë¯–Ìá–åÆ‹–âÖºÜÇƒ åÌ–Ë³× ÅÎÎ Öà× ãÖß äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß–ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ ãÖß âÁÈ–ÅïÌ–ÀàÃ. Ø‹ÜÃ–ÌŸ ãÍÍ–ËèÌ–Åß–æÚ–ãÓŠÌ–ÇèÃ–Óê Ù‹ÜÇ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–åÌ–Îß–âËÈ ãÖß ÜêÃ–ÉàÓ– ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Óê–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ 5 ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–âË³à–Ì´Ì–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÖàÇ–ÃàÌ–âÊéÃ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÛèÀ–ÁÜÃ–Ø‹ÜÃ– ÌŸ–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Àß–Ë´Ã–ÔïŠ–åÄ–ÀàÃ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ. ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–âÀèÍ–Àá–Åß–Êé–Éé–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–åÌ–Îê 2005 ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–åØ‹–Á§–ÓïÌ–âÑ¯Ó–âÉêÓ. åÌ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ 38.5 % ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Öà×–ãÓŠÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–Ø‹ÜÃ–ÌŸ–Ëá–Óß–Èà, 9 % ãÓŠÌ–åÆ‹–Ø‹ÜÃ–ÌŸ–Îß– âÑÈ–Ü²Ìƒ ãÖß Óê–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ 1.8 % âË³à–Ì´Ì–Ë¯–åÆ‹–Ø‹ÜÃ–ÌŸ–ËèÌ–Åß–æÚ. âÀìÜÍ–âÂ¯Ã–Ù±Ã–ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ– Öà×–Ë¯–Í¡–æÈ‹–åÆ‹ Ø‹ÜÃ–ÌŸ–Îß–âÑÈ–åÈ–âÖêÇ. åÌ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–ÉŠàÃƒ ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ìá– åÆ‹–Ø‹ÜÃ–ÌŸ–Ë¯–âÚàß–ÅíÓ ãÓŠÌ 27 % ÎÞÍ–ËÞÍ–ÀèÍ–âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–Óê 78 %. Ìß–ÂÜÌ–Û×–Ã×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ– Óê–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–Ø‹ÜÃ–ÌŸ–ÛàÇ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ ãÓŠÌ 9.2 % ãÓŠÌ–åÆ‹–Ø‹ÜÃ–ÌŸ–ãÍÍ–ËèÌ–Åß–æÚ ãÖß 73.6 % åÆ‹–Ø‹ÜÃ–ÌŸ–ãÍÍ–Ëá–Óß–Èà. åÌÑºÌË¯Ë¯ÓêÂíÌÜàæÅÔïŠÔŠàÃÙàãÙ‹ÌÀàÌÌáåÆ‹Ø‹ÜÃÌŸâÎèÌÎèÈåÄË¯ÅáÂèÌË¯ÅîÈ É¡–ÅîÁßÑàÍäÈÇ Ë³×æÎ –ãÖß Â×àÓÅßØ×èÈÈêÑàÍÁÜÃÎßÆàÆíÌ. ãÏŠÌË¯Ì¸ÅàÓàÈÎÞÍËÞ ÍÀèÍãÏŠÌË¯ÏŠàÌÓàÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌÀ‹à×æÎÅïŠÀàÌËáÂ×àÓÅßÜàÈÌŸ (ÅíÓ–ËÞÍ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ H.4 ). ÀàÌÀ‹à×âÁ¿àÅïŠÀàÌËáÂ×àÓ ÅßÜàÈÌŸäÈÇÍ¡ÓêÅîÁàÑéÍàÌË¯ÊìÀÉ‹ÜÃ ãÖß âÚàß ÅíÓÀèÍÅ ßÑàÍã×ÈÖ‹ÜÓÉí×ÄéÃÓèÌÀ¡ÄßÀàÇ âÎèÌÍèÌØàÙ±ÃË¯Ç¯ÃåØÇŠÀŠ×àÚïŠ. ÀàÌÎîÀÅ‹àÃØ‹ÜÃÌŸ ã ÍÍËáÓßÈàË¯ÓêÏíÌÀßËíÍË¯Â×ÌÌëÀâÊêÃ ÍíÌÑºÌÊàÌÀàÌÅ³ÃâÅêÓÅîÁßÑàÍÁÜÃÓßÌîÈåØ‹ÈêÁº Ì, äÈÇÅŠ×ÌåØÇŠÀ¡ãÓŠÌÅîÁßÑàÍÁÜÃâÈèÀ.

148

coloured green and blue respectively, while the brown colour indicates those villages where a majority of households were reported to have no toilets. The gray colour indicates the presence of other types of toilets, while the white colour shows villages where no data were available. In general it can be seen that as yet the majority of households in most of the villages have no toilet facilities. In those villages where toilets are more common, the normal toilet is the most common throughout the Lao PDR and is particularly common in the north and the central region. Modern toilets are still extremely rare in the country and according to the census data only 5 villages report this as the main type, even in city centres. Statistical results from the National Population and Housing Census of 2005 provide further insights. In total, 38.5% of Lao households use a normal toilet, 9% use other types, and only 1.8% use a modern toilet. Almost half of the households do not use any toilet at all. In rural areas the proportion of households using proper toilets was 27% compared to 76% in urban areas. Vientiane Capital has the highest use of toilets with a 9.2 % use of modern toilets and 73.6 % of normal toilets. In more densely populated areas the use of toilets is a crucial factor in the general health and wellbeing of the people. This map can be compared to the previous map on the access to clean water (cf. map H.4). Access to clean water in the absence of proper environmentally sound sanitation becomes an even greater problem. The construction of simple latrines may have a considerable effect on improving human health, mainly that of children.

Îß–âÑÈ–×éÈÊŠàÇÉ¿ÌH.5 É¡

ÎßâÑÈÁÜÃØ‹ÜÃÌŸÅŠ×ÌåØÇŠ

Type of toilet Main type of toilet

100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

Îß–âÑÈ–×éÈÊŠàÇÉ¿ÌÉ¡ Type of toilet . !

Saravane

×éÈ–ÆèÀ–äÂÀ Modern Toilet . Sekong !

×éÈ–ÆéÓ Normal Toilet

. !

Pakxe

Í¡–Óé–×éÈ None Ü²Ìƒ Other

. !

Attapeu

14°0'0"N

Í¡–Óê–Á§–ÓïÌ No data

C 0

100

200 km

149

H.6 ÀàÌÌáåÆ‹æÒÒ‹à

Use of electricity ÅÎÎ Öà× Óê–Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Ïß–ÖéÈ–Ñß–ÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–æÒ–Ò‹à–æÈ‹–ËèÃ–ÙíÈ–âÊéÃ 673 MW, âÆªÃ–åÌ–Ì´Ì–äÝÃ–ÄèÀ–Ïß–ÖéÈ–æÒ–Ò‹à–È‹×Ç–Ñß–ÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ÌŸ ãÓŠÌ–Ïß–ÖéÈ–æÈ‹–âÊêÃ 99.8% ãÖß ÅŠ×Ì–âÂ²ÜÃ–Ïß–ÖéÈ–æÒ–Ò‹à–È‹×Ç ÌŸ–ÓèÌ–Àà–Æ×Ì ãÖß Öß ÍíÍ–Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–Ò‹à–Ñß–ÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ãÅÃ–Üà– ËéÈ–ãÓŠÌ–Ïß–ÖéÈ–ÅŠ×Ì–Ë¯–ÇèÃ–âÛìÜ. åÌ–Îê 2006, âÂ²ÜÃ–Ïß–ÖéÈ–æÒ–Ò‹à–È‹×Ç Ñß–ÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ÌŸ–åÌ–ÅÎÎ Öà× Ïß–ÖéÈ–Ñß–ÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–æÈ‹ 3,595 GW-h. ãÉŠ–Öß–Îê ÅÎÎ Öà×–æÈ‹–Óê–ÀàÌ–Å³Ã–æÒ–Ò‹à–ÜÜÀ ãÖß Ìá–âÁ¿à–Óà–ÔŠàÃ–ØÖ×Ã–ÛàÇ–ÄàÀ–ÍèÌ–Èà–Îß–âËÈ–âÑ²ÜÌ–Í‹àÌ. Éí×–ÔŠàÃ: åÌ–Îê 2006 ÀàÌ–Å³Ã–æÒ– Ò‹à–ÜÜÀ–Ö×Ó–æÈ‹ 2,487 GW-h. åÌ–Áß–Ìß–Ë¯–ÀàÌ–Ìá–âÁ¿à–ãÓŠÌ 0.631 GW-h. Äá–Ì×Ì–ÁÜÃ– Ñß–ÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–Ë¯–Ìá–âÁ¿à–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–ÂàÈ–Âß–âÌ–×Šà–Óê–ÀàÌ–âÑ¸Ó–ÁºÌ Áß–Ìß–Ë¯–âØÈ–ÏíÌ–Ç‹ÜÌ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃ– ÀàÌ–ÔïŠ–ÑàÇ–åÌ–ÆªÃ–âÑ¯Ó–ÁºÌ–ÔŠà–Ã×ŠÜÃ–æ× ãÖß Á§–Äá–ÀèÈ–ÉŠàÃƒ–ÍíÌ–ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ–ÀàÌ–Ïß–ÖéÈ–Ñß–ÖèÃ–ÃàÌ. ÎºÓ–Åß–Êé–Éé–ÁÜÃ–æÒ–Ò‹à Îß–Äá–Îê 2006 ÁÜÃ–ÀíÓ–æÒ–Ò‹à–æÈ‹–ãÄ‹Ã–åØ‹–Ýï‹–×Šà ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–Ñß–ÖèÃ–ÃàÌ– ÛàÇ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–ÇèÃ–ÂíÃ ãÓŠÌ–ÀàÌ–ÆíÓ–åÆ‹–ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ Æ±Ã–âÎèÌ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Ë¯–À×Ó–âÜíà âÀêÌ–À×Šà 50% ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ËèÃ ÚíÈ. æÒ–Ò‹à–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–ÊëÀ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ÔŠàÃ–ØÖ×Ã–ÛàÇ–âÁ¿à–åÌ–ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–ãÅÃ–Åß–ØŠ×–àÃ ãÖß âÂ²ÜÃ–åÆ‹–ÉŠàÃƒ–ÁÜÃ–Âí× âÝìÜÌ–âÆ¨Ì: Éï‹–âÔèÌ ãÖß âÂ²ÜÃ–ÝèÍ–äËÖß–ÑàÍ ãÖß ×é–Ëß–Çî. Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–Ù‹ÜÇ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–Ë¯–åÆ‹–æÒ–Ò‹à Åá–ÖèÍ–ãÉŠÃ–ÀéÌ (âÍªÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ H.7).

Lao PDR has a total installed power generation capacity of 673 MW, of which hydropower plants account for 99.8% and diesel generators and solar photovoltaic systems produce the remainder. In 2006, hydro-power plants in the Lao PDR produced 3,595 GW-h of power. Each year the Lao PDR both exports and imports a great deal of power to and from the neighbouring countries. For example, in 2006 exports totalled 2,487 GW-h while imports were 0.631 GW-h. The amount of power imported is expected to grow as a result of the rapidly increasing domestic demand and the constraints on power generation. According to the Electricity Statistics Yearbook 2006 of the Department of Electricity, the predominant use of power remains that of household consumption accounting for more than 50% of the total use. Electricity is used primarily for lighting and household appliances like refrigerators, and television and radio sets. Very few households use electricity for cooking (see Map H.7). The Lao PDR is a mountainous country with some sparsely populated remote

ÅÎÎ Öà× âÎèÌ–Îß–âËÈ–Ë¯–Óê–Ñï–âÁíà–Ü‹ÜÓ–ÝÜÍ ãÖß Óê–âÁÈ–ØŠàÃ–æÀ–ÅÜÀ–ÛêÀ âÁÈ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–ãÓŠÌ– Óê–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–Ù‹ÜÇ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ. È¨Ã–Ì´Ì–ÓèÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ØÇî‹Ã–ÇàÀ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–Ë¯–Äß–ÉÜÍ–Åß–ÙÜÃ–æÒ–Ò‹à– åØ‹–ãÀŠ–Ñ×À–âÁíà. Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ–Ì¸–Óê–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ 58% ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–âË³à–Ì´Ì–Ë¯–Óê–æÒ–Ò‹à–âÁ¿à–æÎ–âÊéÃ. 50% ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–ÁºÌ–ÀèÍ–Éà–ÁŠàÇ–æÒ–Ò‹à–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ–Æ±Ã–ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ–ãÖ‹×–æÈ‹–ÊëÀ–âÆ²ÜÓ– É¡–æÎ–âÊéÃ–âÂ²ÜÃ–Ïß–ÖéÈ–æÒ–Ò‹à–È‹×Ç–Ñß–ÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ÌŸ–Ë¯–Óê–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ. ÅŠ×Ì–Ë¯–ÇèÃ–âÛìÜ–ÜêÀ 8% ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Í¡–æÈ‹–ÊëÀ–âÆ²ÜÓ–É¡–Óà–âÊéÃ–Éà–ÁŠàÇ–æÒ–Ò‹à–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ ãÖß ÁºÌ–ÀèÍ–âÂ²ÜÃ–Ïß–ÖéÈ– æÒ–Ò‹à–È‹×Ç–Ñß–ÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ÌŸ–Áß–ÙàÈ–Ì‹ÜÇ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ãÇÀ–ÜÜÀ–æÎ–ÉŠàÃ–ØàÀ ãÖß Öß–ÍíÍ–Ñß–ÖèÃ–ÃàÌ– ãÅÃ–Üà–ËéÈ, âÂ²ÜÃ–ÄèÀ–Ïß–ÖéÈ–æÒ–Ò‹à ãÖß Ú§–æÒ–ÖíÈ.

regions to which it is very difficult to supply electricity. At present, only 58% of all households have access to electricity. 50% of these households depend on the national grid which is mostly connected to existing hydropower plants. The remaining 8% of households not connected to the national grid depend on isolated mini-hydropower plants and solar photovoltaic systems, as well as generators and car batteries. In summary we observe that about 40% of households do not have access to electricity of any kind. As map H.6 reveals these households are mostly in

åÌÀàÌÅßÛ‡Í Ñ×ÀâÝíàÅèÃâÀÈæÈ‹–âØèÌ×ŠàÎßÓàÌ 40% ÁÜÃÂí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–Í¡–Óê–æÒÒ‹à–Îß– âÑÈ–åÈ–âÖêÇ–âÁ¿à–âÊêÃ. âÆªÃ–ãÏŠÌ–Ë¯ H.6 Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÍèÌÈà–Âí×–âÝìÜÌâÛí–ñàÌ¸ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ–ãÓŠÌ– ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ØŠàÃ–æÀ–ÅÜÀ–ÛêÀ–ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ Ûì– ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–Ë¯–ÉéÈ–ÀèÍÎß–âËÈ–Ø×ÞÈÌàÓ. ÖèÈÊßÍàÌ–ãÓŠÌ–ÀáÖèÃ–Ñß ÇàÇàÓ–ÀßÀÞÓ–æÒÒ‹à–åØ‹–âÁ¿à–æÎ–âÊéÃÍèÌÈà–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–âÛ³àÌ¸ ãÖß ÄîÈÎßÅíÃÀ¡–âÑ²Ü–âÑ¸Ó–ÜèÈÉà––ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ÑßÖèÃÃàÌ–æÒÒ‹à–åØ‹–Óê–ÀàÌ–âÑ¸ÓÁºÌ–âÊêÃ 90 % ÀŠÜÌ–Îê 2020. ÝïÍ–ÀàÌ–ãÄÀ–ÇàÇ–ãÍÍ–ÖèÀÅßÌß––æÖÇß–Ø×ŠàÃ–åÌ–ÎßÄî–ÍèÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ– åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÍèÌØà–È¨ÃÀŠà×–Ì¸–ÇèÃ–ÂíÃ–âÎèÌÅ¯ÃË‹àËàÇË¯ÇªÃåØÇŠ ÜèÌÙ±Ã. ÀàÌÉÜÍÅßÙÜ ÃæÒÒ‹àäÈÇÏŠàÌÉàÁŠàÇæÒÒ‹àãØŠÃÆàÈ–âÆªÃÓê–Â×àÓ–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹–ÜéÃ–ÉàÓÛèÀ×éÆà ÀàÌ ãÖß ËàÃâÅÈÊßÀéÈåÌÍèÌÈàÑºÌË¯ÖÞÍÉàÓ–ãÂÓãÓŠÌŸÁÜÃÆ±Ã–âÎèÌ–âÁÈ–Ë³ÃÑÞÃ, ÅßÊàÌË¯ ÓêÓàÈÊàÌÁÜÃÀàÌÈáÖíÃÆê×éÈ, Â×àÓËèÌÅßæÚ ãÖß Â×àÓÙàãÙ‹Ì ÁÜÃÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃãÓŠÌ ÓêÅïÃÀŠ×à.–åÌ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ ÜèÈÉàÀàÌÉéÈÉ´ÃæÒÒ‹àÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝì–ÜÌÅïÃÅîÈ– À×ÓâÜíà 96 % ãÓŠÌÔïŠåÌ ÌßÂÜÌØÖ×Ã×ÞÃÄèÌ–åÌ–ÁßÌßË¯ÀàÌÉéÈÉ´ÃæÒÒ‹àÉœÅîÈ 9 % ãÓŠÌÔïŠåÌãÁ×ÃÏ¿ÃÅàÖê. ÇÜ‹Ì×Šà ÎßâËÈ–âÝíàÁàÈâÅ´ÌËàÃâÆ²ÜÓÉ¡–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÉéÈÉ´Ã– æÒÒ‹àãØŠÃÆàÈ–åØ‹æÎË³×ËîÀÁíÃâÁÈ ÛàÇÉí×âÓìÜÃ æÈ‹Ìá–åÆ‹æÒÒ‹àÄàÀÍèÌÈàÎßâËÈâÑ²ÜÌ Í‹àÌâÆ¨Ì: ÎßâËÈæË, ÄêÌ ãÖß ÎßâËÈØ×ÞÈÌàÓ. Éà ÁŠàÇæÒÒ‹àÁÜÃÖà×Ë¯ÓêÀàÌâÆ²ÜÓÉ¡– æÎ–Øà–Éà–ÁŠàÇ–æÒÒ‹à–ÁÜÃ–æË–ãÓŠÌ–ÈêÀ–×Šà–Éà–ÁŠàÇ–æÎ–Øà–Îß–âËÈ–Ü²ÌƒâÆ¯ÃæÈ‹Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹âØèÌÉí× ÄêÃÓêÔïŠ 7 ÄîÈâÆ²ÜÓÉ¡æÎØàÉàÁŠàÇæÒÒ‹àÁÜÃ–æË. ÇªÃæÎÀŠ×àÌ´Ì åÌÆŠ×ÃÖßÈïãÖ‹Ã âÓ²ÜÂ×àÓ ÁàÈãÂÌÑßÖèÃÃàÌãÓŠÌÓêËŠàËê×ŠàÄßâÑ¸ÓÁºÌ È¨ÃÌ´Ì Å Î Î Öà×–Äá–âÎèÌ–É‹ÜÃ–Ìá– âÁ¿àÀß–ãÅ–æÒ–ÄàÀ–Îß–âËÈ–æË–ÛàÇ–ÀŠ×à–âÀ³à.

150

the remote areas of the north or along the border with Vietnam. The government is striving to provide electricity to these households and aims to raise the electrification rate to 90% by 2020. The current spatial distribution pattern shows that this remains a big challenge. The supply of electricity through the national grid is technically and economically more feasible in the areas along the Mekong River, the flat areas, where the standards of living, modernisation and population density are higher. The highest electrification rate of 96% in the country is in Vientiane Capital, while the lowest of 9% is in the province of Phongsaly. As the country lacks a national transmission line linking all the provinces, many towns receive their electricity from neighbouring countries such as Thailand, Vietnam and China. The Lao grid has better connections to the Thai grid evidenced by the fact that there seven connection points to the Thai grid alone. Furthermore during the dry season when power shortages are more likely to occur, the Lao PDR resorts to more frequent electricity imports from Thailand.

ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–æÒÒ‹H.6 à

ÀàÌÌáåÆ‹æÒÒ‹à

Use of electricity Use of electricity 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇÁÜÃÂí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯åÆ‹–æÒÒ‹à (ÅàÇ–æÒÒ‹à, ÄèÀ–Àá –âÌê–È–æÒÒ‹à, Ûì Ú§–æÒ–ÖíÈ)

Households using electricity (national grid, generator, or car battery)

. !

ÄáÌ×ÌâÑÈÆàÇ É¡ –âÑÈÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ Percent of village households

Saravane

. Sekong !

< 10 %

. !

Pakxe

10 % - 30 % 30 % - 70 %

. !

Attapeu

70 % - 90 %

14°0'0"N

> 90 %

C 0

100

200 km

151

H.7 ãÛŠÃÑßÖèÃÃàÌåÆ‹ÅáÖèÍãÉŠÃÔïŠÂí×ÀéÌ Source of energy for cooking

åÌ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–åÌ–Îê 2005 Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–ÊàÓ– ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ ãÛŠÃ–Ñß–ÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–åÆ‹–Åá–ÖèÍ–ãÉŠÃ–ÔïŠ–Âí×–ÀéÌ. Ïï‹–ÉÜÍ–æÈ‹–Åß–âÙê–æÎ–ÉàÓ–ãÉŠ–Öß–Îß–âÑÈ: æÒ– Ò‹à, ÌŸ–ÓèÌ–ÀàÈ, æÓ‹, ÊŠàÌ–ØêÌ, ÊŠàÌ–æÓ‹, Á¸–âÖ²ÜÇ, ãÀŒÈ Ûì Ü²Ìƒ. ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È åÌ–Îê 1995 æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–äÈÇ Ë³×–æÎ–Óê–Îß–ÓàÌ 80% ÁÜÃ Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Öà×–åÆ‹–æÓ‹–âÎèÌ–ãÛŠÃ– Ñß–ÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ÛèÀ–åÆ‹–Åá–ÖèÍ–ãÉŠÃ–ÔïŠ–Âí×–ÀéÌ ãÖß 15 % åÆ‹–ÊŠàÌ–æÓ‹ ãÖß 1% åÆ‹–æÒ–Ò‹à Ûì ãÀŒÈ, ÉàÓ–Öá–ÈèÍ. ÀàÌ–ÅíÓ–ËÞÍ–ÀèÍ–ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Îê 1995 Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ–Ì¸–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–æÈ‹–Ìá–åÆ‹–ÊŠàÌ–æÓ‹–ÛàÇ ÁºÌ–ãËÌ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–æÓ ò–ãÉŠ–×Šà–ÀàÌ Ìá–åÆ‹–æÒ–Ò‹à–Û‡– ÈÖíÃ. ÊŠàÌ–æÓ‹–Óê–ÏíÌ–Îß–äØÇÈ–ÛàÇ–âÑàß–×Šà–æÓ‹ ÍèÌ–Äî–Ñß–ÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ÅïÃ ãÖß ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ Í¡–Óê–Â×èÌ. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, åÌ–Áß–Í×Ì–ÀàÌ–Ïß–ÖéÈ–ÊŠàÌ–ÄàÀ–æÓ‹–Äß–æÈ‹–ÊŠàÌ–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ 20 25% ãÖß Îß–ÓàÌ 70% ÁÜÃ–Ñß–ÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–æÓ‹–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–ÅïÌ–âÅÇ åÌ–Á´Ì–ÉÜÌ–ÀàÌ–âÏíà–æÚ‹.

During the National Population and Housing Census of 2005 households were questioned as to the energy source used for cooking. The respondents were offered the following categories: electricity, paraffin, wood, coal, charcoal, sawdust, gas, or other. The results revealed that around 80% of Lao households use wood as the main energy source for cooking, 15% use charcoal and 1% use electricity or gas. A comparison with the results of the 1995 census shows that the use of charcoal has become more common at the expense of wood but the use of electricity has decreased. Charcoal has the advantage over wood of having a higher energy content and producing almost no smoke. However, during the charring process around 70% of the energy of the wood is lost giving a yield of 20-25%.

ãÏŠÌ–Ë¯ H.7 Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ãÛŠÃ–Ñß–ÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ÛèÀ–ÁÜÃ–ãÉŠ–Öß–Í‹àÌ–Ì´Ì–ÚàÇ–âÊéÃ–ãÛŠÃ–Ñß–ÖèÃ– ÃàÌ–Ë¯–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ÁÜÃ Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–åÌ–Í‹àÌ–æÈ‹–â×¿à–×Šà–Ñ×À–âÁíà–æÈ‹–Ìá–åÆ‹. Ñ×À–âÝíà–âØèÌ–ÔŠàÃ–Äß– ãÄ‹Ã–Åá–ÖèÍ–Â×àÓ Û×Ã–ÛàÇ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ, æÓ‹–Ë¯–ÇèÃ–âÛìÜ–ãÓŠÌ–âÆºÜ–æÒ–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–Åá–ÂèÌ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ. ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ÊŠàÌ–æÓ‹–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ–Äá–ÀèÈ–É¡–ÀèÍ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ü‹ÜÓ–Á‹àÃ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–âÆ¨Ì:åÌ– Ë³×–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–Û×–Ã×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ ãÖß ÍàÃ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–ÉàÓ–ãÂÓ–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê, ãÁ×Ã– Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã Äá–Îà–ÅèÀ. Â×Ì–Äß–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–âËÈ–Åß–ÍàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã Ü²Ìƒ– âÆ¨Ì: ãÁ×Ã–Û×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ–ãÓŠÌ–ÇèÃ–Ìá–åÆ‹–æÓ‹–âÎèÌ–âÆºÜ–æÒ–ÛèÀ. ÌÜÀ–ÄàÀ–Ì¸, âÊéÃ–×Šà–ÔïŠ–åÌ Ìß–ÂÜÌ–Û×–Ã×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ–Äß–Óê–Â×àÓ–ËèÌ–Åß–æÚ–ÛàÇ–È‹àÌ–ÁÜÃ–ãÛŠÃ–Ñß–ÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–âÎèÌ–É¿Ì– ãÓŠÌ: ãÀŒÈ Ûì æÒ–Ò‹à Ë¯–ÇèÃ ÂíÃ–Óê–ÍíÈ–ÍàÈ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–Éœ–ÀŠ×–à–ÊŠàÌ–æÓ‹. âØÈ–ÏíÌ–Åá–ÂèÌ–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ– ÜàÈ–Äß–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹–Ë¯–ÓèÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÀŠÞ×–Á‹ÜÃ Öà–Âà–ÁÜÃ–Ñß–ÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–Æ±Ã–ÊŠàÌ–æÓ‹–Óê–Öà–Âà–Ë¯–ÊìÀ–ÀŠ×–à, ãÉŠ–Â×Ì–Äß–Âá–ÌëÃ–âÊéÃ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–×èÈ–Ëß–Ìß–Ëá ãÖß Â×àÓ Ìé–ÇíÓ–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–ÆíÓ–åÆ‹.

Map H.7 depicts the main source of energy used by each village, i.e. the source mentioned by the majority of households in a particular village. We see clearly that for the overwhelming majority of the country, wood remains the most important fuel. The use of charcoal is restricted to mostly urban and periurban regions around Vientiane Capital and in some villages along the Mekong River in the provinces of Xayaboury, Savannakhet and Champasack. It should be noted that in other provincial capitals such as Luangprabang the majority of households is still using wood as the primary fuel. Furthermore, even in Vientiane Capital more modern sources of energy such as gas or electricity still play a secondary role to charcoal. The main reason for this is likely to be the relative cost of energy, with charcoal being cheaper, but cultural and consumer

åÌÍíÈÅßÛ‡ÍÅàÓàÈâ×¿àæÈ‹×Šà: ÅÎÎ Öà× Üà–åÅæÓ‹ ãÖß ÊŠàÌæÓ‹âÎèÌãÛŠÃÑßÖèÃÃàÌÛèÀ. ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ÅªÃ–âÛ³àÌ¸ÓêÏíÌ–ÅßË‹ÜÌ–Ë¯–ÅáÂèÌ–ÔïŠñÅÜÃÔŠàÃ. Ñ×ÀâÝíàÉ‹ÜÃÇÜÓÝèÍÂ×àÓÉ‹ÜÃÀàÌâÆºÜæÒÄàÀæÓ‹ÓèÌ–Ìá–Óà–Æ±Ã–ÏíÌ–ÀßËíÍ–Ë¯–Í¡–Èê– É¡ãÛŠÃÆèÍÑßÇàÀÜÌÎŠàæÓ‹ÁÜÃ ÅÎÎ Öà× ãÖß Í¡Â×Ì ÄßÖìÓ. ÜêÀÔŠàÃÙ±Ã,– –åÌÉí×âÓìÜÃ ãÖß ÁÜÍâÁÈâÌºÜË¯ÎŠàæÓ‹ãÓŠÌÓêÙ‹ÜÇâÆ¨Ì: äÑÌÅßØ×èÌ Óê–ÏíÌ–ÀßËíÍ–Ë¯–Í¡–Èê–ÛàÇ– ÀŠ×à–É¡–ÀèÍ–ÑºÌË¯ƒ–ÎŠà–æÓ‹–ÇèÃÂíÃÉí×ÔïŠ. Ñ×ÀâÝíàÂ×Ì–âÁ¿à–åÄ–âÆ¨Ì–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–×Šà–ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×Ì– ÁÜÃÀàÌâÑªÃÑàÜàæÅÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ–Öà× ãÓŠÌ–ÓêÅïÃÉ¡–ÀèÍãÛŠÃÆèÍÑßÇàÀÜÌÎŠàæÓ‹. ÎßÆàÆíÌÖà×Í¡ÑÞÃãÉŠÜàæÅÎŠàæÓ‹âÑ²ÜÌá–ÓàâÎèÌÒìÌãÉŠÜêÀ ÔŠàÃÙ±ÃÅ¯–ÃÜ²Ìƒ Ë¯–Óà–ÄàÀ–ÎŠàÆ±Ã–Í¡–ãÓŠÌæÓ‹ (NTFPs). ÅªÃ–âÛ³àÌ¸–ãÓŠÌ–ÝèÍÝï‹ÀèÌÔŠàÃÀ‹×àÃÁ×àÃ. ÅßÛ‡Í– ØÇ§ÑíÌÖßâÓìÜÃÖà×ÓêÂ×àÓ Ù‹àÅíÌåÄÅáÂèÌË¯ÅîÈåÌÀàÌÌáåÆ‹ãÛŠÃÆèÍÑßÇàÀ ÜÌÎŠàæÓ‹ãÍÍÔìÌÔíÃ âÑàß×ŠàÊ‹à–Â×àÓÁàÈ ãÂÌæÈ‹âÑ¸ÓÛàÇÁºÌÓèÌ–À¡–Äß–Ìá–Óà– âÆªÃÖàÂàâÆºÜæÒË¯ÅïÃÁºÌ ãÖß ÀàÌÅïÌâÅÇÖàÇ ÝèÍÄàÀÅ¯–ÃÜ²Ìƒ Ë¯–Óà–ÄàÀ–ÎŠàÆ±Ã–Í¡–ãÓŠÌæÓ‹ (NTFPs).

preferences should not be ignored either. In conclusion it can be said that the Lao PDR still depends on wood and charcoal as the main sources of energy. This has two important implications. We must acknowledge that this demand for firewood puts the forest resources of the Lao PDR under additional pressure and this should not be forgotten. Also, urban areas and regions where forests are scarce such as Phonsavanh, put even more pressure on the remaining forested areas. We should also recognise the high dependence of the Lao population on forest resources. Not only do the Lao people depend on the forest for firewood but also for the more widely recognised non-timber forest products (NTFPs). In short, the Lao population has a vital interest in the sustainable use of forest resources, as any further scarcity would rapidly translate into to higher fuel prices and loss of income from NTFPs.

152

ãÛŠÃ–âÆºÜ–æÒ–É¿ÌÉ¡–Ë¯–åÆ‹–ãÉŠÃ ÀêH.7 –Ì

ãÛŠÃÑßÖèÃÃàÌåÆ‹ÅáÖèÍãÉŠÃÔïŠÂí×ÀéÌ

Main source of energy for cooking Source of energy for cooking 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ãÛŠÃ–âÆºÜ–æÒ–É¿ÌÉ¡–Ë¯–åÆ‹–ãÉŠÃ Àê–Ì Main source of energy for cooking . !

Saravane

æÒÒ‹à Electricity . Sekong !

ÒìÌ Wood

. !

Pakxe

ÊŠàÌ–æÓ‹ Charcoal ÀàÈ–Å Gas

. !

Attapeu

Ü²Ìƒ Other

14°0'0"N

Í¡–Óê–Á§–ÓïÌ No data

C 0

100

200 km

153

H.8 ÑºÌË¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–æÅÅß–âÖŠÇÉ¡–Øí×–ÂíÌ

Average living space per capita ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–æÅ–Åß–âÖŠÇ–É¡–Øí×–ÂíÌ–ÊìÀ–Àá–ÌíÈ–ÁºÌ–Óà–âÑ²Ü–âÎèÌ–âÂ²ÜÃ–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–È‹àÌ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–Ë¯– Åá–ÂèÌ–åÌ ‘Üà–âÄèÌ–È‹à 211', ÍíÈ–Ë¯ 7 ×Šà–È‹×Ç–ÀàÌ–É´Ã–ÊªÃ–ÊàÌ–ãÍÍ–ÇìÌ–ÇíÃ–ÁÜÃ–Óß–ÌîÈ. âÛ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–âÂ²ÜÃ–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–Ë¯–Åá–ÂèÌ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–ÅèÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–æÅ–ÔŠàÃ–Óê–ÂîÌ–Ìß–ÑàÍ, Æ±Ã–ÓèÌ–æÈ‹–âÎèÌ–Éí×– ×èÈ–ãËÀ–Â×àÓ–Ñç–ÑÞÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–æÅ–Åá–ÖèÍ–ÀàÌ–Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ. Éí×–âÖÀ–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–Ë¯–Éœ–ãÓŠÌ–ÅèÌ– ÇàÌ–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–âÊéÃ–Â×àÓ–ãÜ–ÜèÈ. ÜêÃ–ÉàÓ–ÜíÃ–ÀàÌ–Åß–Øß–Îß–Æà–ÆàÈ Àà–Ì×èÈ–ãËÀ–Â×àÓ–Ñç–ÑÞÃ ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ–Óß–ÌîÈ–Åá–ÖèÍ–åÆ‹–âÎèÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–æÅ. âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–ÀàÌ–É´Ã–ÊªÌ–ÊàÌ–ÁÜÃ– Óß–ÌîÈ–åÌ–ÛàÇƒ–ãØŠÃ–åÌ–äÖÀ–âÆ²ÜÓ–äÆÓ–ÖíÃ É¿Ì–Éç–ãÓŠÌ–ÏíÌ–âÌ²ÜÃ–Óà–ÄàÀ–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÖíÃ–ËëÌ–Éœ, âÊéÃ–×Šà–ÀàÌ–ÖíÃ–ËëÌ–Ë¯–ÀŠà×–âÊéÃ–Ì´Ì–Äß–ÈëÃ–ÈïÈ–âÜíà–ÀàÌ–ÖíÃ–ËëÌ–ÄàÀ–ËèÃ–Ñà–ÀÖèÈ ãÖß ÑàÀ–âÜ–Àß–ÆíÌ. Ìß–äÇ–ÍàÇ–ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–ÅèÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–æÅ, äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß–åÌ–âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ, Óê–ÏíÌ–Àß–ËíÍ–ÔŠàÃ–åØÇŠ– Û×Ã–É¡–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–ÀàÌ–Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÂíÌ. åÌ–ÀàÌ–É´Ã–ÊªÌ–ÊàÌ–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–Óê–ÖàÇ–æÈ‹–Éœ, ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà– æÅ–É¡–Øí×–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–Û‡È–ÏŠÜÌ–ÖíÃ–ãÓŠÌ–ÀŠÞ×–Á‹ÜÃ–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–ÅŠÞÃ–É¡–ÀàÌ–âÀêÈ–ÍèÌ–Øà–Åî–Áß–ÑàÍ–ÉŠàÃƒ. âÂ²ÜÃ–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ÀŠÞ×–Á‹ÜÃ–ÀèÍ–âÂ²ÜÃ–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–ÔŠàÃ–Åß–ÙéÈ–ãÙ‹Ì Æ±Ã– Â×Ì–Äß–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–Ñé–Äà–Öß–Ìà, Ö×Ó–ËèÃ–Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ (âÍªÃ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.1), ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–Áß–ØÇàÇ–Éí×–ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ, ÑºÌ–Ë¯ ãÖß Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–Ë¯–ÉèÃ–ÊªÌ–ÊàÌ–ãÍÍ–Í¡–âÎèÌ–ËàÃ– ÀàÌ, ãÖß ÂŠà–åÆ‹–ÄŠàÇ–Åá–ÖèÍ–äÂÃ–ÖŠàÃ–ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ–É¡–Øí×–ÂíÌ. ÌÜÀ–ÄàÀ–Ì´Ì, ÅªÃ–Ë¯–Í¡–Â×Ì–ÖìÓ–ãÓŠÌ– ÓèÌ–ÇèÃ–ÀŠÞ×–Á‹ÜÃ–ÀèÍ–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–Åß–Êé–Éé–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–âÆ¨Ì ÜèÈ–Éà–ÅŠ×Ì–ÀàÌ–ÑèÀ–Ñà– Üà–æÅ (âÍªÃ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.5) Ö×Ó–ËèÃ–×é–Êê–Îß–Éé–ÍèÈ–Ëà–Ã×èÈ–Ëß–Ìß–Ëá ãÖß Îß–âÑ–Ìê–ÁÜÃ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à (âÍªÃ–åÌ–ÑàÀ F).

The average living space per capita was defined as an important social indicator in Agenda 21, chapter 7 on sustainable human settlement1. This is a key indicator of housing quality and measures the adequacy of living space in dwellings. A low value for the indicator is a sign of overcrowding. According to the UN the indicator measures the adequacy of the basic human need for shelter. Human settlement conditions in many parts of the world are deteriorating mainly as a result of a low level of investment, although such investment has been shown to generate considerable public and private sector investment. Housing policies, particularly in urban areas, have a great impact on the living conditions of people. In low income settlements, reduced space per person is associated with certain categories of health risks. This indicator is closely linked to several other socio-economic indicators with which it should be considered, including the population density (see Map B.1), the rate of population growth, the area and the population of informal settlements, and the expenditure per capita on infrastructure. Furthermore, it should not be forgotten that it is also related to general demographic characteristics such as dependency ratios (see Map B.5) but also cultural habits and traditions of ethnic groups (see Section F). The average living space per capita in the Lao PDR is approximately 6.5 m2.

ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–æÅ–Åß–âÖŠÇ–É¡–Øí×–ÂíÌ–åÌ ÅÎ–ÎÖà× Îß–ÓàÌ 6.5 m ÜêÃ–åÅŠ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–È‹àÌ–åÌ–ÁÜÃ– Éí×–Üà–ÂàÌ, Í¡–ãÓŠÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÈéÌ. È‹×Ç–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–æÅ–Åá–ÖèÍ–ÎîÀ–Å‹àÃ–âÝìÜÌ–ÔïŠ–Åß–âÖŠÇ 44m2 Ñ×À–âÝíà–ÂàÈ–Âß–âÌ–æÈ‹–×Šà–ÎíÀ–Àß–Éé–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Äß–Óê–ÂíÌ–ÔïŠ–ÝŠ×Ó–ÀèÌ–Îß–ÓàÌ 7 ÂíÌ. Éí×–âÖÀ–Ì¸–Æ¸– åØ‹–âØèÌ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ–åÌ–ÅÎÎ Öà×, ÉàÓ–Îß–âÑ–Ìê Ïï‹–ÂíÌ–Üà–æÅ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ–Ì‹ÜÇ ãÖß Óê–Ø‹ÜÃ–Ù‹ÜÇ Æ±Ã–É‹ÜÃ–ãÍŠÃ–ÎèÌ–ÀèÌ–ÔïŠ–ÚíÈ–ÂÜÍ–Âí×, äÈÇ–Í¡–Óê–Ø‹ÜÃ–Åá–ÖèÍ–ÝÞÌ Ûì Ø‹ÜÃ–ÅŠ×Ì–Éí×. Äß–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–×Šà–åÌ–âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–âÆ¨Ì: Ìß–ÂÜÌ–Û×–Ã×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ, ãÁ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ ãÖß ÉàÓ–âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ– âÖÀ–Ë¯ 13 åÉ‹ ÌèÍ–ãÉŠ–ÎàÀ–ÆèÌ–æÎ–Øà–ËŠà–ãÁÀ. ãÉŠ–Öß–ÂíÌ–Óê–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–æÅ–äÈÇ–Åß–âÖŠÇ 8m2 Ûì ÛàÇ–À×Šà 10m2, ãÉŠ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ–ÂŠà–Åß–âÖŠÇ–Ì¸–Û‡–ÈÖíÃ–âÎèÌ 8m2 æÎ–Øà 4m2 ; ÄàÀ– Ì´Ì–ÂŠà–Åß–âÖŠÇ–Äß–âÑ¯Ó–ÁºÌ–ÂìÌ–åÌ–ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Åà–Öß–×èÌ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã–Äá–Îà–ÅèÀ. åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–ÜèÈ–Éß–Îì ãÖß–ãÁ×Ã–âÆ–ÀÜÃ, ãÖß ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ–ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Åà–Öß–×èÌ, ãÁ×Ã–Åß–Ø×èÌ–Ìß–âÁÈ ãÖß ãÁ×Ã–Âá–ÓŠ×Ì ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–æÅ–Åß–âÖŠÇ–É¡–Øí×–ÂíÌ–ÆŸ–ÑèÈ–Éœ–À×Šà–ÂŠà– Åß–âÖŠÇ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÆàÈ ãÉŠ–Äß–âÑ¯Ó–ÁºÌ–ÅïÃ–ÜêÀ ãÉŠ 6 Øà 8m2 É¡–Øí×–ÂíÌ åÌ–ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ– ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Âá–ÓŠ×Ì ãÖß Ë³×–ãÁ×Ã–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ, ãÁ×Ã–ÆÞÃ–Á×àÃ, ãÁ×Ã–Øí×–ÑèÌ ãÖß åÄ–ÀàÃ– ãÁ×Ã–Û×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ. åÌ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ ÌèÍ–ãÉŠ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Û×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ, ãÁ×Ã–Üî–ÈíÓ–æÆ, ãÁ×Ã–Í¡–ãÀ‹×, ãÁ×Ã–Û×Ã–ÌŸ–Ëà ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–æÅ–Åß–âÖŠÇ–É¡–Øí×–ÂíÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ 4 Øà 6m2 É¡–Øí×–ÂíÌ. åÌ–ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ–ÅŠÞÃ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê åÌ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–âÆ¨Ì âÓìÜÃ–ÂÜÍ ãÖß âÓìÜÃ–ÆÞÃ–ËÜÃ–ÂŠà–Åß–âÖŠÇ–ãÓŠÌ 6 Øà 8m2 É¡–Øí×–ÂíÌ. Æ±Ã–âÎèÌ–ÂŠà–Åß–âÖŠÇ–ÈÞ×–ÀèÍ–åÌ–âÓìÜÃ–æÆ–Çß– Íï–Öê ãÖß âÓìÜÃ–ÑÞÃ. åÌ–âÓìÜÃ–Í¡–ãÉÌ ãÖß âÓìÜÃ–ãÀŠÌ–Ë‹à×–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÂŠà–Åß–âÖŠÇ–Âì–ÀèÌ–ÀèÍ–åÌ–Ìß– ÂÜÌ–Û×–Ã×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ. 2

This refers to the area inside the house, not the land area. With an average living area per household of about 44 m2 we may assume that this space is normally shared by about 7 persons. This indicates that throughout the Lao PDR, traditionally people live in quite small houses with a small number of rooms being shared by the entire family, leaving no separate rooms for studying or privacy. It can be seen that in urban areas such as those in Vientiane Capital, Vientiane province, and along Road No 13 South through Paksan to Thakek; each person has on average a living space of from 8 m2 up to more than 10 m2, but in Savannakhet this average decreases from 8 m2 to 4 m2; then increases again to the west of the provinces of Saravane and Champasack. In the provinces of Attapeu and Sekong, and along to the east of Saravane province, and the provinces of Savannakhet and Khammuane the average living space per person is below the national average but increases again from 6 to 8 m2 per person from the east of Khammuane province and all of the provinces of Vientiane, Xiengkhuang and Huaphanh, and the centre of Luangprabang province. In the north, from the north of the provinces of Luangprabang, Oudomxay, Bokeo and Luangnamtha the average living space per person is between 4 and 6 m2. In the north-west of Xayaboury province in districts like Khob and Xiengthong the average is 6 - 8 m2 per person. This is the same as that in the districts of Xayaboury and Phieng. In the districts of Kaenthao and

Åß–Û‡–ÍÖ×Ó–ãÖ‹× Ñ×À–âÝíà–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–âØèÌ–×Šà åÌ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß âÁÈ–Ë¯–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–ÛàÇ– À×Šà–Ì´Ì–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–æÅ–Åß–âÖŠÇ–É¡–Øí×–ÂíÌ–ãÓŠÌ–ÅïÃ–À×Šà–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ ãÖß âÁÈ–ØŠàÃ–æÀ–ÅÜÀ–ÛêÀ. Åß–Ì´Ì–Ñ×À–âÝíà–Åà–ÓàÈ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–âÊéÃ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–æÎ–ÉàÓ–ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–ÅèÌ–ÎèÌ–ÅŠ×Ì– âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÉàÓ–æÖ–Çß–Ø×ŠàÃ âÑ²Ü–Åß–Øè×È–Èê–ÑàÍ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ (âÍªÃ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ l.1). âÊéÃ–×Šà–ÜèÈ– Éà–ÀàÌ–Áß–ØÇàÇ–Éí×–ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–åÌ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–ÉŠàÃƒ–ÁÜÃ–Öà×–Äß–ÅïÃ–À×Šà–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÇíÀ–Ç‹àÇ–âÁ¿à–À¡–Óê–ÀàÌ–Áß–ØÇàÇ–Éí×–âÆ¨Ì–ÀèÌ, ãÉŠ–Ñ×À–âÝíà–À¡–Í¡–âÂêÇ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–âÁÈ–åÈ–Ë¯– Óê–Îß–Æß–ÀÜÌ–ãÜ–ÜèÈ Ûì âÁÈ–Åß–Öá–Áß–ÙàÈ–åØÇŠ. Å¯Ã–âÛ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–ÇèÃ–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ– Â×àÓ–ÄéÃ–Ë¯–×Šà åÌ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–Û×–Ã×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ Éí×–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–ãÓŠÌ–Âì–ÀèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ËîÀƒ ÑàÀ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÁÜÃ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ Í¡–Óê–Í‹àÌ–åÈ–Ë¯–Óê–Éí×–âÖÀ–Éœ. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ Ñ×À–âÝíà–É‹ÜÃ–ÅíÓ–Óî–È×Šà Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÁÜÃ– âÂ²ÜÃ–Æ¸–ÍÜÀ–Ì¸–ÜàÈ–Äß–ÅïÃ–À×Šà–åÌ–âÁÈ–Íç–Öé–â×Ì–æÀ‹–ÂÞÃ–Åß–âÑàß–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ.

Botaen the average is the same as that of Vientiane Capital. In conclusion we observe that in urban and more developed regions the average living space per capita is generally higher than in rural and remote areas. So we can observe a pattern that follows the spatial distribution of the general well-being of the population (see Map I.1). Even though population growth in Lao cities was higher than in rural areas and immigration is also growing, we cannot really find overpopulated neighbourhoods or even large slums. This is supported by the fact that the capital manifests homogenous indicators across the different parts of town and there are not single villages with very low values. Nevertheless, we must assume that the disparities in this indicator are probably higher in certain neighbourhoods within the urban areas.

ÜàâÄèÌÈ‹à 21 ãÓŠÌäÂÃÀàÌÁÜÃÜíÃÀàÌÅßØßÎßÆàÆàÈ Æ±ÃÀŠÞ×ÑèÌâÊéÃÀàÌÑèÈËßÌàÂ× àÓÇìÌÇíÃ. ÓêÄáÌ×Ì 179 ÖèÈÊßÍàÌ ãÓŠÌâØèÌÈêË¯ÄßÎßÉéÍèÈÉàÓâÜÀÀßÅàÌÈ¨ÃÀŠà×Ì¸ ÔïŠåÌÀÜÃÎß ÆîÓåØÇŠÆ±ÃÄèÈÁºÌË¯ÎßâËÈÍðàÆêÌ åÌ×èÌËê 14 âÈìÜÌÓéÊîÌà Îê 1992.

154

Agenda 21 is a UN programme related to sustainable development. The full text of Agenda 21 was revealed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the Earth Summit), held in Rio de Janeiro on June 14, 1992, where 179 governments voted to adopt the programme.

Åß–âÖŠÇÁßÙàÈâÌºÜË¯ÁÜÃ âÝìÜÌÔïŠ –É¡– ÂíÌ åÌÂí×âÝìÜH.8 Ì

ÑºÌË¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–æÅÅß–âÖŠÇÉ¡–Øí×–ÂíÌ

Average Average living space per per capita living space capita 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

Åß–âÖŠÇÁßÙàÈâÌºÜË¯ÁÜÃ âÝìÜÌÔïŠ –É ÂíÌ åÌÂí×âÝìÜÌ (Ó¡– 2)

Average living space per capita (m2) . !

ÄáÌ×ÌâÑÈÆàÇ É¡ –âÑÈÇéÃ 100 ÂíÌ No Legend explaination ????

Saravane

. Sekong !

. !

Pakxe

4-6 6-8

. !

8 - 10

Attapeu

14°0'0"N

> 10

C 0

100

200 km

155

SECTION I

157

Â×àÓ–ËîÀ ãÖß Â×àÓ–Í¡–Åß–âÙê–ÑàÍ Poverty and inequality åÌ–ÑàÀ–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–åØ‹–âÍªÃ–Áß–ÙàÈ–ÀàÌ–Áß–ØÇàÇ–Éí×–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ ãÖß Â×àÓ–Í¡–Åß–âÙê–ÑàÍ. ãÌŠ–ÌÜÌ Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÏíÌ–Àß–ËíÍ–ÜèÌ–åØŠ–Ç–Û×Ã–É¡–ÀèÍ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–À¡–Âì–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ, ÉàÓ–ÛèÀ–ÀàÌ–Ë¯–Å³Ã– ÏíÌ–åØ‹–ãÀŠ–Æê–×éÈ ÀàÌ–âÎèÌ–ÔïŠ–ÁÜÃ–ãÉŠ–Öß–ÍîÀ–ÂíÌ ãÖß ÆîÓ–ÆíÌ–Ë‹ÜÃ–Ê¯Ì, ãÖß Ñí×–ÑèÌ–ÔŠàÃ–åÀ‹–ÆéÈ– ÀèÍ–Åß–ÑàÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÑïÓ–ÅèÌ ÊàÌ. Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Àá–ÌíÈ–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ÁàÈ–âÁêÌ ãÖß Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–À¡–Óê–ÛàÇ–Áß–ÙàÈ ãÖß Í¡–Óê–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–É¡–ÀèÍ–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–Åß–âÑàß–âÆ¨Ì–Áà–ÈÖàÇ–ÝèÍ Ûì äÜ–ÀàÈ–À¡–åØ‹–âÀêÈ–Óê–ÖàÇ–ÝèÍ, Ûì ÁàÈ–ÀàÌ–ÍèÌ–Öî–ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Ïß–ÖéÈ, Ûì ÁàÈ–ÆèÍ–ÅéÌ–ÅªÃ–Ë¯–Äá–âÎèÌ– åÌ–â×–Öà–Ë¯–É‹ÜÃ–ÀàÌ. Â×àÓ–ËîÀ Îß–ÀÜÍ–È×‹Ç–Å¯Ã–È¨Ã–Ì¸–âÆ¨Ì Â×àÓ–Í¡–Ù´Ì–ÂíÃ–É¡–ÀèÍ–Üà–ÀàÌ–ÉíÀ–Éß– ÖëÃ, ÁàÈ–äÜ–ÀàÈ–âÁ¿à–ÝŠ×Ó–åÌ–ÀàÌ ÉèÈ–ÅéÌ–åÄ, ãÖß ÁàÈ–ÀàÌ–À‹à×–æÎ–Øà–Á§–ÓïÌ, ËèÃ–ÙíÈ–âÖ³à–Ì¸– ãÓŠÌ–âÎèÌ–ÑÞÃ–Éí×–ÔŠàÃ–âÖèÀ–ÌÜ‹Ç.

This chapter looks at the spatial distribution of poverty and inequality. While poverty certainly has a great impact on society as a whole, it affects principally the lives of individuals and local communities, and has a very strong geographical dimension. Defined as a state of deprivation, the phenomenon of poverty has multiple dimensions, and is not limited to economic aspects such as the lack of income or the opportunities to generate income, or the lack of means of production, or the lack of assets as a net in times of shortage. Poverty also encompasses dimensions such as vulnerability to various kinds of shock, the lack of opportunities to participate in decision-making, and the lack of access to information, to name just a few.

ÑàÀ–Å×ŠÌ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–âÖ³à–Ì¸–À¡–Óê–ÀàÌ–Ñí×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÍ–Åß–ÑàÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÑïÓ–ÅèÌ–ÊàÌ. ÓèÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ– ØÇî‹Ã–ÇàÀ–ÛàÇ–Ë¯–Äß–×èÈ–ãËÀ–É¡–ÀèÍ–ãÉŠ–Öß–Áß–ÙàÈ–ÁÜÃ–ãÉŠ–Öß–ÑàÀ–ÅŠ×Ì, äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß–åÌ–ÀàÌ– ãÍŠÃ–ãÇÀ–åÌ Áß–ÙàÈ Äá–Ì×Ì–Ì‹ÜÇƒ Ë¯–æÈ‹–Ý×Ó–âÁ¿à–ÀèÌ–åÌ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ–Àà– Ì×èÈ–ãËÀ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ ãÓŠÌ–Äá–âÎèÌ–É¡–Îß–ÅéÈ–Ëé–ÏíÌ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Å‹àÃ–Ìß–äÇ–ÍàÇ–Åß–ÙèÍ–Åß–ÙïÌ–åØ‹–ãÀŠ–Ïï‹– Ë¯–ËîÀ, ãÖß Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹–ÁÜÃ–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÑïÓ–ÅèÌ–ÊàÌ–ÀàÌ–Áß–ØÇàÇ–Éí×–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ. Àà–Ì×èÈ–ãËÀ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ–âÖ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Í¡–ÁºÌ–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Àá–ÌíÈ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ ãÖß ÀàÇ–Óà–âÎèÌ– Å¯Ã–Ë¯–ÇÜÓ–ÝèÍ–É¡–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–ÝèÍ–Ýï‹–ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ–Åá–ÂèÌ–âÑ²Ü–Ìá–Óà–×é–âÂàß–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ ãÖß ÀàÌ–Å‹àÃ–Ìß–äÇ–ÍàÇ–Åß–ÙèÍ–Åß–ÙïÌ–åØ‹–Ïï‹–Ë¯–ËîÀ.

All these aspects of poverty also have a geographical dimension. To measure each of these dimensions separately is very difficult, particularly in a spatially disaggregated form. Nevertheless, measures of poverty are essential for effective pro-poor policy-making, and availability of information on the geographic distribution of poverty, however defined, is becoming increasingly recognised as an essential basis for poverty analysis and pro-poor policy-making. Without a doubt the most widely used measure focuses on the economic

ÎàÈ–Åß–ÄàÀ–Â×àÓ–Í¡–ãÌŠ–ÌÜÌ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–Àà–Ì×èÈ–ãËÀ–ÔŠàÃ–À‹×–àÃ–Á×àÃ–ÛàÇ ÅîÓ– åÅŠ–È‹àÌ âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–É¡–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ, ËèÃ–ÙíÈ–âÖ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–ÇÜ‹Ì–ÀàÌ–Àá–ÌíÈ–ÔŠàÃ–Äß–ãÄ‹Ã ãÖß Â×àÓ–Åà–ÓàÈ–åÌ–Àà–Ì×èÈ–ãËÀ–ÔŠàÃ–ÃŠàÇ–ÈàÇ, ãÖß Â×àÓ–ØÇî‹Ã–ÇàÀ–æÈ‹–Îß–ÅíÍ–ÑíÍ–Ñ§–åÌ–âÓ²Ü–Óê– ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ÛàÇ–Ìé–ÇàÓ–ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–âÑ²Ü–âÎèÌ–Àà–Ì×èÈ–ãËÀ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ. âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ– ×Šà–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–ãÏŠÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ åØ‹–âØèÌ–Óà–ÀÜŠÌ (ÇíÀ–â×´Ì–Åá–ÖèÍ–ÑàÀ–Åß–âÙê–ÜèÌ–Ù±Ã–åÌ–ÑàÀ A) ãÓŠÌ–âÎèÌ–ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–âÀèÍ–Àá–Åß–Ëé–Éé–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÄéÃ–âÆªÃ–æÈ‹–Àá–ÌíÈ–Éí×–âÖÀ–ÄàÀ–ÏíÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá– ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ, ãÉŠ–×Šà–Í¡–Óê–ãÛŠÃ–âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–Á§–ÓïÌ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–Åß–Øè×È–Èê–ÀàÌ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–ÁÜÃ–ËîÀƒ Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–åÌ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ. âÑ²Ü–×èÈ–ãËÀ–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–Ë¯–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÍ–Åß–Ø×èÈ–Èê–ÀàÌ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–ÁÜÃ– Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ËîÀ–Îß–âËÈ, äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ÍîÀ–ÂíÌ ãÓŠÌ–ÁºÌ–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÁÜÃ–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ– Åá–ØÖ×È–Îß–Æà–ÀÜÌ–Éí×–ãÍÍ. åÌ–ÅÎÎ Öà×, ÅÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–åÌ–ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–ÄŠàÇ ãÖß ÀàÌ– ÆíÓ–åÆ‹ (LECS) ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Îß–Éé–ÍèÈ–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–æÖ–Çß–Îê 1990 Øà–Îê 1999, ãÖß ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È Â´Ã–Ëê–ÅàÓ–åÌ–Îê 2003 ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Îß–Éé–ÍèÈ–ÁºÌ–âÑ²Ü–×èÈ–ãËÀ ãÖß ÉéÈ–ÉàÓ–ÀàÌ–âÂ²ÜÌ–æØ×–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ– Ëß–Ìà–Ë¯–Ñí×–ÑèÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ. Á§–ÓïÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ Åá–ØÖ×È–âÖ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ–âÎèÌ–æÎ– æÈ‹–Ë¯–Äß–æÈ‹–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÂàÈ–Âß–âÌ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–ËÜ‹Ã–Ê¯Ì. ÀàÌ Îß–âÓêÌ–ÛàÇ–Áß–ÙàÈ–Ë¯– äÝÓ–âÁ¿à–ÀèÌ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ãÓŠÌ–ÇàÀ–Ë¯–Äß–ÍèÌ–Öî–ÏíÌ–âÆ¨Ì–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È Á§–ÓïÌ–âÖ³à–Ì¸.

dimensions of poverty, largely due to its clear definition and measurability, and the difficulties encountered in measuring the many sociological definitions of poverty. While all the maps presented so far (except for the introductory ones in Section A) are based on actual statistics enumerated in the population census, no sources exist for information on the welfare of every household in the country. To measure household welfare related developments in a country, one typically relies on information from sample surveys. In the Lao PDR, two Expenditure and Consumption Surveys (LECS) were implemented in the 1990s, and a third one in 2003 was conducted to measure and monitor povertyrelated developments. Data from these surveys allow estimates of poverty at a regional level. More spatially disaggregated assessments of poverty are difficult to achieve with such survey data. The maps on the following pages use a combination of information from the 2003 Lao Expenditure and Consumption Surveys (LECS-3) and the 2005 National Population and Housing Census to estimate the incidence of poverty

Á§–ÓïÌ–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–åÌ–ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–ÄŠàÇ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÆíÓ–åÆ‹–åÌ–Îê 2003 ÔïŠ–åÌ ÅÎ–ÎÖà× (LECS - 3) ãÖß ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ë¯–ÔïŠ–Üà–åÅ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ Îê 2005 ãÓŠÌ–Ìá– åÆ‹–âÑ²Ü–âÆ²ÜÓ–É¡–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Å‹àÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Ù‹à–É¡–Óà ãÖß Äá–Ì×Ì–ÜèÈ–Éà–Ë¯–À¡–åØ‹–âÀêÈ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ ãÖß Åß–Ø×èÈ–Èê–ÀàÌ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ. Àà–Ì×èÈ–ãËÀ–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Ìá–åÆ‹–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÄàÀ–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ãÍŠÃ–ãÇÀ– âÎèÌ–ÑàÀ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÌÜ‹Çƒ. ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–Á§–ÓïÌ ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ, ÀàÌ–Ñí×–ÑèÌ–Öß–ØŠ×–àÃ–ÀàÌ– åÆ‹–ÄŠàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ãÉŠ–Öß–ÍîÀ–ÂíÌ ãÖß ÛàÇ–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–æÈ‹–Îß–âÓêÌ–ÔŠàÃ–âÎèÌ–Åß–Ëé–Éé. ÛèÃ–ÄàÀ–Ì´Ì–ÀàÌ–Ñí×–ÑèÌ–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ Ìá–åÆ‹–ÀèÍ–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–ÁÜÃ Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–âÆ¨Ì–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–âÑ²Ü–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–Óê– ÀàÌ–ÂàÈ–Âß–âÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÓàÈ–Éß–ÊàÌ–ÀàÌ–Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ–ÁÜÃ–ãÉŠ–Öß Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Åá–ØÖ×È– ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ. ÛèÃ–ÄàÀ–Ì´Ì–Ý×Í–Ý×Ó–åØ‹–ÙŠ×Ç–Ø‹ÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ØàÌ, ÀàÌ Åß–âÙê–Éê–Öà–Âà Àà–Ì×èÈ– ãËÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Åß–Ø×èÈ–Èê–ÀàÌ–ÅèÃ–ÂíÓ–Éí×–ÔŠàÃ: ÔïŠ–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ. âÊêÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–×é–Ëê– Àà–Ì×èÈ–ãËÀ–ÜàÈ–Í¡–Åà–ÓàÈ–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–âÀêÈ–Óê–Á§–ÓïÌ–Ë¯–ãÌŠ–ÌÜÌ–æÈ‹–Åá–ÖèÍ–ÍàÃ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Ì‹ÜÇ,ãÉŠ–×Šà– ÔïŠ–Ë‹àÇ ÝïÍ–ÑàÍ–Ë³×–æÎ–ÁÜÃ–Áß–ÙàÈ–ÀàÌ–Áß–ØÇàÇ–Éí×–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ãÌŠ–ÌÜÌ. Åá–ÖèÍ–ÛàÇ–Á§–ÓïÌ–Ë¯ âÎèÌ–ãÍÍ–×é–Ëê ãÖß ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà–Ì¸, âØèÌ–æÈ‹ “2008, Â×àÓ–ËîÀ ãÖß Â×àÓ–Í¡–Åß–âÚê–ÑàÍ ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÅÎ–ÎÖà× - ãÍÍ–Áß–ÙàÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯ ãÖß Å¯Ã–Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÉèÈ–ÅêÌ–É¡–ÀèÍ–ÑïÓ– ÅèÌ–ÊàÌ”.

and other measures of welfare at a spatially disaggregated level. Using household survey data, the relationship between per capita expenditure and various household characteristics is estimated statistically. This relationship is then applied to the same household characteristics in the census data, generating estimates of the standard of living of each household in the census. These are then aggregated to an administrative unit, producing estimated measures of welfare e.g. at village level. While the estimation method might not be able to generate highly accurate estimates for some of the smaller villages, the overall picture of the spatial distribution of poverty is certainly valid. For more information on the methods and results of this study, see “2008, Poverty and Inequality in the Lao PDR – Spatial Patterns and Geographic Determinants”. Poor households are defined as those living below a specific poverty line. We use the “overall poverty line” calculated by NSC, which corresponds to the amount of money required to purchase 2,1001 calories per person per day, plus a non-food allowance.

Ìé–ÇàÓ–ÁÜÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–ËîÀ–ãÓŠÌ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ–ÔïŠ–ÖïŠÓ–âÅ´Ì–Åß–âÑàß–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ. Ñ×À–âÝíà Ìá–åÆ‹ “âÅ´Ì–Åß–ãÈÃ–Ë³×–æÎ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ” æÈ‹–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–äÈÇ NSC Ë¯–âÚàß–ÅíÓ–åØ‹–ãÀŠ– Äá–Ì×Ì âÃéÌ–Ë¯ É‹ÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Æº Üà–ØàÌ–Ë¯–Óê 2,1001 ãÂ–Öç–Ö¸ É¡–ÂíÌ–É¡–Óº, ãÖß Í×À–ÀèÍ–âÍ‹Ç–Ö‹ÞÃ–Åá– ÖèÍ–Å¯Ã–Ë¯–Í¡–ãÓŠÌ–Üà–ØàÌ.

Still need to check number of calories - 2,100 or 210?

Still need to check number of calories – 2,100 or 210?

I.1 ÜèÈÉà–ÀàÌ–âÀêÈÁºÌÁÜÃÂ×àÓËîÀ Incidence of poverty

ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÜèÈ–Éà–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–æÈ‹–×èÈ–ãËÀ–âÎèÌ–âÎé–âÆèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß– âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯ Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ–ÔïŠ–ÖîŠÓ–âÅ´Ì–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ. ÓèÌ–æÈ‹–Àá–ÌíÈ–Åß–âÑàß–âÁÈ–Ë¯–ËîÀ–ÔŠàÃ–Äß–ãÄ‹Ã–ÁÜÃ– Îß–âËÈ. Åê–ãÈÃ–âÁ´Ó–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ãÓŠÌ–ÜèÈ–Éà–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–Ë¯–ÅïÃ–À×Šà, ãÖß Åê–ÁÞ×–âÁ´Ó–ãÓŠÌ–ÀàÌ–Èá– ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÔïŠ–ÖîŠÓ–âÅ´Ì–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ãÓŠÌ–Ù‹ÜÇ–À×Šà.

This map depicts the poverty rates at the village level measured as a percentage of the population living below the poverty line. It clearly identifies the poor areas of the country. The darker the red on the map the higher the poverty rate, and the darker the green the smaller is the percentage of the population living below the poverty line.

åÌ–Âß–Ìß–Ë¯–ÜèÈ–Éà–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–åÌ–ÆàÈ–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Îß–âÓêÌ 34.7%, ÜèÈ–Éà– Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–åÌ Öß–ÈèÍ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–Óê–ÔŠàÃ–À‹×–àÃ–Á×àÃ. ÀàÌ–ÅíÓ–ËÞÍ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–ÀèÍ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ë¯–ÍÜŠÌ–ÅïÃ–æÈ‹– Åß–âÙê–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÑàÀ A (ãÏÌ–Ë¯ A.3) Åß–ãÈÃ–ÔŠàÃ–Äß–ãÄ‹Ã–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–âÀéÈ–ÏíÌ–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ– ËîÀ–Ë¯–ÅîÓ–åÅŠ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–åÌ–âÁÈ Ñï–ÈÜÇ. ÜèÈ–Éà–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ–ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–Ñï–ÈÜÇ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹, Çà×–æÎ–ÉàÓ–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–ÉéÈ–ÀèÍ–Îß–âËÈ Ø×ÞÈ–ÌàÓ. ÜèÈ–Éà–Öß–ÈèÍ–Éœ–À×Šà–ãÓŠÌ Åà–ÓàÈ–ÑíÍ–åÌ–ÚïŠ– Í‹àÌ–Å×ŠÌ–ÛàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–ÅïÃ ÁºÌ–æÎ. ÜèÈ–Éà–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–Éá–ÅîÈ, åÌ–ËàÃ–Ë¯–ÀíÃ–ÀèÌ–Á‹àÓ, ãÓŠÌ–ÑíÍ–åÌ–âÁÈ–ÆàÌ–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß ÜÜ‹Ó–Á‹àÃ ãÖß åÌ–âÓìÜÃ–åØÇŠ, âËéÃ–Ñï–ÑÞÃ–Íç–Öé–â×Ì (ÍàÃ–Ëê– Ç‹ÜÌ–×Šà–Óê–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹–ÀàÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá Ëê–Èê ãÖß ÈêÌ–Ë¯–Üî–ÈíÓ–ÅíÓ–ÍïÌ–Ë³Ã–ØÇ‹à–Åê–ËÜÃ–ÈêÌ–Èá ãÖß Üà–ÀàÈ–Èê), ãÖß åÌ–ÑàÀ–åÉ‹–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê Çà×–æÎ–ÉàÓ–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–Îß–âËÈ–æË.

While the national poverty rate was an estimated 34.7%, the poverty rates at the village level vary widely. A comparison of this map with the elevation map presented in Section A (Map A.3) clearly shows the highest incidences of poverty are concentrated in the mountainous areas. The highest poverty rates are found in the mountainous parts of the south, along the border with Vietnam while somewhat lower rates can be found in most villages of the northern uplands. The lowest poverty rates, on the other hand, are found in urbanised areas in and around the largest towns, on the Bolaven plateau (possibly reflecting the good agricultural conditions there, with fertile brown basalt soils and

ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–æÈ‹–åØ‹–ÖàÇ–Öß–ÜÞÈ–ÁÜÃ–Áß–ÙàÈ–ÀàÌ–Áß–ØÇàÇ–Éí×–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ÀèÍ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯. Éí×– ÔŠàÃ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã Û×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÔŠàÃ–Öß–ÜÞÈ–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–Åê–ÁÞ×–Çà×–ÉàÓ–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ ãÖß Ü‹ÜÓ–Á‹àÃ ãÖß åÌ–ÁÜÃ âÓìÜÃ–Û×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ. ÌÜÀ–ÄàÀ–Ì¸, ÙïŠ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–Åê– ÁÞ×–Ù±Ã–ÔìÈ–ÜÜÀ–åÌ–âÌºÜ–Ë¯–Åê–ãÈÃ ãÖß Åê–ÌŸ–ÚàÀ–À‹ÞÃ, ÛèÀ–ÚàÇ–ãÓŠÌ–Éœ–À×Šà–ÝŠÜÓ–Ñï–ÁÜÃ–ÌŸ–Üï (ÜèÌ–Ë¯–ËèÍ–ÀèÍ–ÑàÀ–Ëá–ÜéÈ–ÁÜÃ–ØíÌ–ËàÃ–ÛèÀ Ë¯–âÆ²ÜÓ–É¡–åÅŠ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–Û×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ ãÖß Éí×–âÓìÜÃ– Üî–ÈíÓ–æÆ). ÑºÌ–Ë¯–âÖ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–âÀêÈ–ÁºÌ ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–Éœ–ãÓŠÌ–ÊìÀ–Ü‹ÜÓ–äÈÇ–ÑºÌ– Ë¯–Ñï–ÈÜÇ–ÀèÍ–ÜèÈ–Éà–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–Ë¯–ÅïÃ–ÛàÇ. ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–æÀ‹–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ ÎíÀ–Àß–Éé–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÏíÌ–Îß–äØÇÈ–ÄàÀ– ãÏÌ–ÈêÌ–Ë¯–ÖÞÍ, åÌ–ÂíÍ–ÝÜÍ–Îê–Åà–ÓàÈ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ÌŸ–ÆíÌ–Öß–Îß–ËàÌ ãÖß ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–ÂíÓ–Óß–Ìà–ÂíÓ–Ë¯– âÝèÈ–ÁºÌ–äÈÇ–ËàÃ–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ, ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–âÆ¯Ã–ãÓŠÌ–ËéÈ–ËàÃ–ÜèÌ–Åß–âÑàß–âÑ²Ü–Û‡È–ÏŠÜÌ ÜèÈ–Éà–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ. ÜêÀ–Îß–ÀàÌ–Ù±Ã, ÛàÇ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–åÌ–ÆàÌ–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß ÔïŠ–Ü‹ÜÓ–Á‹àÃ–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Éí×–âÓìÜÃ åÌ–ãÁ×Ã ËàÃ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Ë¯–Óê–Ñï–ÈÜÇ–Îß–ÀíÈ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ÔŠàÃ–Äß–ãÄ‹Ã–À¡–Âì–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Ì‹ÜÇ–Åê–ÁÞ×. âÖ³à–Ì¸ ãÓŠÌ–Åß âÑàß–ÜèÌ–Ë¯–âÈ¨Ì–Åá–ÖèÍ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–Ï¿Ã–Åà–Öê, ãÖß Éí×–ÔŠàÃ–âÓìÜÃ–ÅêÃ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ– ãÁ×Ã Û×Ã–ÌŸ–Ëà. ãÖß åÌ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–äÑÌ–Åß–Ø×èÌ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–ÆÞÃ–Á×àÃ.

favourable climatic conditions), and in the southern part of Xayaboury province along the border with Thailand. This map gives further details of the spatial distribution of poverty within such areas. For example in Luangprabang province the map shows green areas along the Mekong River and in and around Luangprabang town. Furthermore, the village poverty map reveals a stretch of green in the orange and red areas, marking the lower Nam Ou valley (which coincides with the first section of the main road connecting Luangprabang and Oudomxay towns). These areas with a relatively low incidence of poverty are surrounded by mountainous areas with much higher poverty rates. Villages near the rivers often benefit from the flat land, the year round availability of irrigation water and from the transportation provided by the river, all of which tend to reduce poverty rates. In addition, many urban areas in and around the district and provincial towns

åÌ–ÑàÀ–âÙìÜ–ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ, Óê–ÜéÈ–Ëé–ÑíÌ–ÁÜÃ–Éà–ÙŠàÃ–ÁÜÃ–ØíÌ–ËàÃ–ãÓŠÌ–âØèÌ–Åß–âÑàß–åÌ–ÍàÃ– Åß–ÊàÌ–Ëê (ÅíÓ–ËÞÍ–ÀèÍ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ A.3). Éí×–ÔŠàÃ, Óê–Åê–ÁÞ×–Ù±Ã–ÁÜÃ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–ÔìÈ–ÜÜÀ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–Ìß– ÂÜÌ–Û×–Ã×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ ãÖß Û×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ, âÆ¨Ì–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–Óê–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–À‹×–àÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Ù‹ÜÇ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ Û×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ ãÖß æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê ãÖß æÀ–æÎ–ÝÜÈ–Îà–ÀÖàÇ–åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–æÆ–Çß–Íï–Öê. âÖ³à–Ì¸–æÎ–ÉàÓ– âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ–åØÇŠ–Ë¯–âÆ²ÜÓ É¡–ÀèÍ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ. ÜèÌ–Ì¸–ÍàÃ–Ëê–ãÓŠÌ–Á§–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–Ù±Ã–ÁÜÃ–ÏíÌ–Àß–ËíÍ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–Øà– ÁÜÃ–Éß–ÛàÈ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ ÜèÈ–Éà–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ. âÆ¨Ì–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ, âÅ´Ì–Åê–ÁÞ×–Ë¯–ÔìÈ–ÜÜÀ–ÄàÀ–åÄ–ÀàÃ–ÁÜÃ– ãÁ×Ã–Øí×–ÑèÌ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–Øà–ÛèÀ ÚàÇ–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–Îß–âËÈ–Ø×ÞÈ–ÌàÓ–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÀàÌ–âÈêÌ–ËàÃ–ÁÜÃ–âÅ´Ì– ËàÃ–ÄàÀ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–Æá–âÙìÜ–Øà âÓìÜÃ–×ÞÃ–æÆ ãÖß ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–Ø×ÞÈ–ÌàÓ, âÖ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–ËŠà– ãÝÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Â‹à–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–âÑ²Ü–Å‹àÃ ÏíÌ–Îß–äØÇÈ–åØ‹–ãÀŠ Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Ë¯–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Åß–ÊàÌ–Ë¯–Ì´Ì. âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ–ÄàÀ–âÓìÜÃ–Üî–ÈíÓ–æÆ–Øà–ËŠà–âÝìÜ ãÓŠ–ÌŸ ÁÜÃ–åÌ–ÎàÀ–ãÍŠÃ ãÓŠÌ–âØèÌ–æÈ‹–ÔŠàÃ–Äß–ãÄ‹Ã, ãÖŠÌ–æÎ–ËàÃ–ËéÈ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ–ÅŠÞÃ–åÉ‹–ÄàÀ–Üî–ÈíÓ–æÆ åÌ–ÅàÇ Ë¯–Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ–Æ²–ÉàÓ–Öá–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ.

of the northern mountainous provinces appear clearly as green patches. This is particularly obvious for Phongsaly town, but also for instance for Muang Sing town in northern Luangnamtha province, and Phonsavanh town in Xiengkhuang province. In the northern part of the country, the influence of the road network is particularly visible in some places (compare with Map A.3). For example, there is a green stretch of villages between Vientiane and Luangprabang, and to a lesser extent between Luangprabang and Xayaboury, and further on to Paklay in Xayaboury province. This corresponds to the path of the highway connecting the towns and may be an indication of the impact of market access on poverty rates. Similarly, the greenish stretch running from the centre of Huaphanh

åÌ–ÑàÀ–æÉ‹, ÌÜÀ–ÄàÀ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Åê–ÁÞ×–Çà×–æÎ–ÉàÓ–ÝŠÜÓ–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ, ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–ÀèÍ–ÜèÈ–Éà–Â×àÓ– ËîÀ–Ë¯ Éœ–À×Šà–æÈ‹–ÔìÈ–Çà×–ÜÜÀ–ÉàÓ–ØíÌ–ËàÃ–Ë¯–âÆ²ÜÓ–É¡–âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ–åØÇŠ–âÖÀ–Ë¯ 13 æÉ‹ åÌ–ÖŠÜÃ–ãÓŠ– ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ ÉéÈ–ÀèÍ–ÛèÀ–Æà× ãÖß ÀàÌ–Á‹àÓ–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–âÁ¿à–ÅïŠ–Îß–âËÈ–Ø×ÞÈ–ÌàÓ, âÎèÌ–âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ–ÏŠàÌ– ÜèÌ–Ù±Ã–ÁÜÃ ÀàÌ–âÈêÌ–ËàÃ–ãÉŠ–ËàÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ - Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÏŠàÌ–ãÁ×Ã–Íç–Öé–Âá–æÆ, ÜèÌ–Ë¯–âÝèÈ– åØ‹–âÎèÌ–ÆŠÜÃ–ËàÃ Ë¯–Åá–ÂèÌ–Åá–ÖèÍ–ÀàÌ–Â‹à–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÅÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ.

province towards the border with Vietnam marks the path of the road from Xamneua town to Viengxay and the border with Vietnam, indicating the potential of border trade to benefit the local populace. The road from Oudomxay town to the Mekong River harbour in Pak Beng is clearly visible, running southwest from Oudomxay in a fairly straight line towards the Mekong River. In the south, besides the green areas along the Mekong River valley, villages with lower poverty rates stretch along the road connecting the National Road No. 13S in the Mekong River valley with Laksao and the border crossing to Vietnam, a transit route running west-east through Borikhamxay province, which serves as an important channel for trade between the two countries.

158

ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ Ë¯–ÔïŠ–ÀÜ‹Ã–âÅ´ÌÂ×àÓËîÀ–ÄíÌ I.1

ÜèÈÉà–ÀàÌ–âÀêÈÁºÌÁÜÃÂ×àÓËîÀ

Incidence of poverty Incidence of poverty

100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÅŠ×Ì–Ý‹ÜÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌÖß–âÓìÜÃ Ë¯–ÔïŠ–ÀÜ‹Ã–âÅ´ÌÂ×àÓËîÀ–ÄíÌ Incidence of poverty . !

Lao Text Percentage of population below the poverty line

Saravane

. Sekong !

< 10 %

. !

Pakxe

10 % - 20 % 20 % - 30 %

. !

30 % - 40 %

Attapeu

40 % - 50 % 50 % - 60 % 60 % - 70 % 14°0'0"N

70 % - 80 % 80 % - 90 % > 90 %

100

200 km

159

I.2 Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ Density of poverty

ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ÜèÌ–ÀŠÜÌ–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ–âÀéÈ–ÁºÌ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ ãÖß æÈ‹–Àá–ÌíÈ–âÎèÌ–âÎê–âÆèÌ–ÁÜÃ– ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ–ÔïŠ–ÖîŠÓ–âÅ´Ì–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ. ×é–Ëê–Ü²Ìƒ âÑ²Ü–âÍªÃ–ÀàÌ–Áß–ØÇàÇ–ÁÜÃ– Â×àÓ–ËîÀ ãÓŠÌ–âÑ²Ü–ÀàÌ–À×È–ÅÜÍ–Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–Æ²Ã–æÈ‹–Àá–ÌíÈ–À¡–Âì–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–ËîÀ–Ë¯–æÈ‹– Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ–åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Åß–âÑàß. âÖ³à–Ì¸–Æ¸–åØ‹–âØèÌ–Áß–ÙàÈ–ÀàÌ–Áß–ØÇàÇ–ÁÜÃ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Éí×–ÄéÃ– ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–ËîÀ. ÀàÌ–âÝèÈ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–Äá–Ì×Ì–ÁÜÃ–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Ë¯–Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ–ÔïŠ–ÖîŠÓ–âÅ´Ì–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ– Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ ÔŠàÃ–Äß–ãÄ‹Ã–ÍŠÜÌ–Ë¯–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Ïï‹–ËîÀ–Å×ŠÌ–åØŠ–Ç–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ. ãÉŠ–Öß–ÄîÈ–åÌ–ãÏÌ– Ë¯–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–Óê 100 ÂíÌ–Ë¯–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–ÖîŠÓ–âÅ´Ì–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ. ÔŠàÃ–âÎèÌ–Éà Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ, ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–ÍÜÀ–âÖ²ÜÃ–Ë¯–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÍŠÜÌ–Ë¯–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Ïï‹–ËîÀ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–ÅíÓ–ËÞÍ–ÀèÍ–âÖ²ÜÃ– Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÍÜÀ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ÜèÌ–ÀŠÜÌ (ãÏÌ–Ë¯ 1.1), âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–ËèÃ–ÅÜÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ãÓŠÌ ÑºÌ–ÊàÌ–Âì–ÀèÌ– ÔŠàÃ–ãÌŠ–ÌÜÌ–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÂàÈ–Âß–âÌ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ. Åß–ÊàÌ–Ë¯–Æ²Ã–æÈ‹–Àá–ÌíÈ–×Šà–âÎèÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–Óê– Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–åÌ–âÓ²Ü–ÀÜŠÌ–Óà–âÊéÃ–Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Äá–Ì×Ì–Ïï‹–ËîÀ–Ù‹ÜÇ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ ãÖß ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–Óê–Äá–Ì×Ì–Ïï‹–ËîÀ–Ù‹ÜÇ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ÜèÌ–ÀÜŠÌ–Óà–ÝÜÈ–Îß–Äî–ÍèÌ–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ– ×Šà–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Äá–Ì×Ì–Ïï‹–Ë¯–ËîÀ–ÅïÃ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ.

The previous map shows the incidence of poverty, defined as the percentage of the population living below the poverty line. Another way to look at the spatial distribution of poverty is to examine the poverty density, defined as the number of poor people living in a given area. This depicts the spatial distribution of the absolute number of poor people. Mapping out the number of people living below the poverty line shows clearly where most of the poor live. Each dot on the map represents 100 people living below the poverty line. Interestingly, this map tells a very different story about where the poor live to that told by the previous map (Map I.1), even though both maps are based on exactly the same poverty estimates. What were identified as poor areas before are now the areas with the fewest poor people, while most of the areas identified on the other map as the least poor now appear as regions with the highest number of poor people. The reasons behind this apparent paradox can be found by comparing the

âØÈ–ÏíÌ–âÖ³à–Ì¸–âÎèÌ–Á§–ÁèÈ–ãÇŠÃ–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–äÈÇ–ÀàÌ–ÅíÓ–ËÞÍ–ÅÜÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–Âì Â×àÓ–Ùà ãÙ‹Ì ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß ÀàÌ–Áß–ØÇàÇ–Éí×–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Æ²Ã–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Åß– ãÈÃ ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÑàÀ B (ãÏÌ–Ë¯ B.1, B.2). ÉàÓ–Ëá–Óß–Èà–ãÖ‹×–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–Ë¯–Ù‹ÜÇ–ãÓŠÌ–Âì–ÀèÌ– ÀèÍ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Ë¯–Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì ÁÜÃ ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–ÅïÃ ãÖß åÌ–â×–Öà–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–Ì´Ì–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–ÁÜÃ– Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–Ë¯–ÅîÈ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÂíÌ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–ÙÜ‹Ç. åÌ–Åß–ÑàÍ–ÀàÌ–Ì¸–ÓèÌ–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–âÀéÈ–Óê–Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì– ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ÅïÃ âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–Óê–âØÈ–ÀàÌ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ ËîÀ–ÁÜ‹Ì–Á‹àÃ–ÙÜ‹Ç ãÖß åÌ–ËàÃ–Î¸Ì–ÀèÍ– ÀèÌ. ÓèÌ–ÚàÇ–Â×àÓ–×Šà–ÂíÌ–ËîÀ–Å×ŠÌ–åØŠ–Ç–ãÓŠÌ–Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–Óê–ÂíÌ–ËîÀ–ÙÜ‹Ç–À×Šà. âÊêÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, ÀàÌ–âÀêÈ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ÅïÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Ì´Ì–ÓèÌ–Óà–Ñ‹ÜÓ–ÀèÌ–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–Ùà– ãÙ‹Ì–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–Ë¯–ÁÜ‹Ì–Á‹àÃ–ÅïÃ, äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß–ãÖ‹×–ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÑàÀ–ÅŠ×Ì–âÁÈ–Ñï–ÈÜÇ–ÁÜÃ– ãÁ×Ã–Üî–ÈíÓ–æÆ, ãÖß ÍàÃ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–Í¡–Ù‹à–âÆ²Ü–Âì–âÁÈ–Ë¯–âÖàß–ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ–âÅ´Ì–ËàÃ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ No 9 Æ²Ã–âÆ²ÜÓ–É¡–ÀèÍ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–Åß–Øè×Ì–Ìß–âÁÈ ãÖß Öà×–Íà×–âËéÃ–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–ÉéÈ–ÀèÍ Îß–âËÈ–Ø×ÞÈ– ÌàÓ. âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–ÉàÓ, äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ–ãÖ‹×, ÅŠ×Ì–ÛàÇ–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Ë¯–ËîÀ–ãÓŠÌ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ– Íç–Öé–â×Ì–Ë¯–Éœ–âÎèÌ–Åß–ÊàÌ–Ë¯–Ë¯–Óê–ÂíÌ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–âÆ¨Ì âÖàß–ÖÞÍ–ÉàÓ–ãÓŠ–ÌŸ–ÁÜÃ,åÌ ãÖß Ü‹ÜÓ–Á‹àÃ–Ìß–ÂÜÌ–ØÖ×Ã ×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ ãÖß ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÆàÌ–âÓìÜÃ–Ü²Ìƒ ÁÜÃ–Îß–âËÈ.

two poverty maps with the population density and population distribution maps presented in Section B (Maps B.1 B.2). Generally less poor areas largely correspond to areas with high population densities, whereas the poorest areas are typically sparsely populated. This situation results in high poverty densities despite comparatively low incidences of poverty, and vice versa, meaning that most of the poor live in less poor areas. Nevertheless, high incidences of poverty do coincide with relatively high densities of poverty, particularly in mountainous parts of Oudomxay, and, somewhat surprisingly, along National Road No 9 that connects Savannakhet town with Lao Bao on the border with Vietnam. Overall, however, most poor people live in the more densely populated lowland areas along the Mekong corridor, in and around Vientiane City and other urban areas of the country. This has implications related to the wider context of accessibility (compare with e.g. Map A.5). On the one hand – from the perspective of the poor – poor

Å¯Ã–âÖ³à–Ì¸–ÓèÌ–æÈ‹–Ñí×–ÑèÌ–âÊéÃ–âÌºÜ–åÌ–Ë¯–À×‹àÃ–Á×àÃ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–Øà–æÈ‹ (ÅíÓ–ËÞÍ–ÀèÍ–Éí×– ÔŠàÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ A.5). Ë¯–ÔïŠ–âËéÃ–ÐàÀ–Ù²Ã - ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–âÍ¯Ã–ËèÈ–Åß–Ìß–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ - Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ–Ë¯–ËîÀ– Ïï‹–Ë¯–Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ–åÌ ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ ãÖß Åß–ÊàÌ–Ë¯–Æ²Ã–Í¡–Óê–ÂíÌ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–ÛàÇ–ÍèÌ–Èà–Îß–Æà–ÆíÌ– âÖ³à–Ì¸–ÉàÓ–Ëá–Óß–Èà–ãÖ‹×–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ËàÃ–À‹à×–æÎ–Øà–ÁÜÈ–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ–æÈ‹–ÙÜ‹Ç–À×Šà–Ïï‹–Ë¯–Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê– ×éÈ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Åß–ÊàÌ–Ë¯–Ë¯–Óê–ÂíÌ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–ÛàÇ ãÖß ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ âÆ¨Ì–Éß–ÛàÈ, åØ‹–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ– È‹àÌ–ÀàÌ–ÅëÀ–Åà ãÖß Åà–Ëà–Öß–Ìß–ÅîÀ ãÖß ãÛŠÃ–Á§–ÓïÌ. Üé–êÀ–Îß–ÀàÌ–Ù±Ã - ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–âÍ¯Ã–ËèÈ– Åß–Ìß–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–åØ‹–ÀàÌ–Íç–Öé–ÀàÌ - Ïï‹–Ë¯–ËîÀ–Ë¯–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–åÌ ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–Ë¯–Ù‹ÜÇ–ÀŠ×–à ãÖß æÈ‹–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà–ÛàÇ–À×Šà ãÖß Óê–ÛàÇ–ÂíÌ–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–ÓèÌ âÎèÌ–ÀàÌ–ÃŠàÇ–Ë¯–Äß–âÁ¿à–âÊéÃ–ÍîÀ– ÂíÌ–âÖ³à–Ì¸. ãÉŠ–ÓèÌ–âÎèÌ–ÀàÌ–ÇàÀ–Ë¯–Äß–À‹à×–æÎ–Øà–ÍîÀ–ÂíÌ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–ËîÀ ãÖß À¡–Í¡–Óê–ÛàÇ–ÂíÌ. ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–Øà–ÂíÌ–ËîÀ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Éí×–âÖÀ–Åß–âÑàß–Ë¯–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–ËîÀ–ØŠàÃ–æÀ– ÆÜÀ–ÛêÀ ãÓŠÌ–Æ¸Ì–âÎìÜÃ–ÂŠà–åÆ‹–ÄŠàÇ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–Øà–ÍîÀ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–ËîÀ–Äá–Ì×Ì–Éí×–âÖÀ–ÈÞ×– ÀèÌ–Ë¯–Üà–åÅ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–Óê–Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà.

people living in poor and sparsely populated areas usually have less access to services such as markets, medical and educational services, and sources of information, typically available in more densely populated and urban areas. On the other hand – from a service provider perspective, so to speak – it is much easier to reach the poor in the less poor, more developed, and more densely populated areas than it is in the poor and sparsely populated areas. To reach the same number of poor people in poor remote areas is significantly more expensive than reaching this number in highly populated areas. An important implication of this map is that if all poverty alleviation efforts are concentrated in the areas where the poverty rate is the highest, including the southeast, most of the poor will be excluded from the benefits of these programs.

ÀàÌ–ÅèÌ–Ìé–ÊàÌ–Ë¯–Åá–ÂèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ãÏÌ–Ëê–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ Ê‹à–Ñß–Çà–ÇàÓ–Û‡È–ÏÜŠÌ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ËèÃ–ÚíÈ È×‹Ç– ÀàÌ–âÄàß–ÄíÃ åÅ–åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–Ë¯–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ, Ö×Ó–ËèÃ–ÑàÀ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ–ÅÞÃ– æÉ‹, Å×ŠÌ–ÛàÇ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–ËîÀ Äß–æÈ‹–ÊìÀ–ãÇÀ–ÜÜÀ–ÄàÀ–ÏíÌ–Îß–äØÇÈ–ÁÜÃ–äÂÃ–ÀàÌ–âÖ³à–Ì¸.

160

Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ I.2

Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ

Density of poverty Density of poverty

100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

MYANMAR . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–ËîÀ–ÇàÀ Density of poverty . !

1 –âÓèÈ = 100 ÂíÌ–Ë¯ÔïŠ–À‹ÜÃ–âÅ´ÌÂ×àÓËîÀ–ÄíÌ 1 dot = 100 people below poverty

Saravane

. ! . !

Sekong

Pakxe

Attapeu

14°0'0"N

. !

C 0

100

200 km

161

I.3 ÈèÈ–Åß–Ìê–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Í¡–Åß–âÙé–ÑàÍ (Éí×–âÖÀ–Ë¯–É‹ÜÃ–ÂïÌ–ÁÜÃ Gini) Index of inequality (Gini coefficient) Àà–Ì×èÈ–ãËÀ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–æÈ‹–ãÓŠÌ–ãÌ–åÅŠ–ÍîÀ–ÂíÌ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–Èá–ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ–ÔïŠ–ÖîŠÓ–âÅ´Ì–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ãÉŠ–Àà– Ì×èÈ–ãËÀ Â×àÓ–Í¡–ÅíÓ–ÈïÌ–ãÓŠÌ–âÍªÃ–ÀàÌ–Áß–ØÇàÇ–Éí×–ÁÜÃ–Åß–Ø×èÈ–Èê–ÀàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ËèÃ– ÚíÈ, ËîÀ ãÖß Í¡–ËîÀ. Éí×–âÖÀ–Ë¯–É‹ÜÃ–ÂïÌ–ÁÜÃ Gini ãÓŠÌ–Ù±Ã–ÁÜÃ–Àà–Ì×èÈ–ãËÀ–ÉàÓ–ÎíÀ–Àß–Éé–æÈ‹–Ìá–åÆ‹–âÑ²Ü–×èÈ– ãËÀ–Â×àÓ–Í¡ Åß–âÙê–ÑàÍ ãÖß ÀàÌ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ 0 (âÓ²Ü–ËîÀƒ ÂíÌ–Óê–ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–ÄŠàÇ ãÖß ÖàÇ–ÝèÍ–Âì–ÀèÌ) ãÖß 1 (âÓ²Ü–ÂíÌ–Ù±Ã–Óê–ËîÀƒ Å¯Ã). È¨Ã–Ì´Ì, Éí×–âÖÀ–Ë¯–É‹ÜÃ–ÂïÌ–ÁÜÃ Gini ÅïÃ–À×Šà–ãÌß–Ìá–Â×àÓ–âÎèÌ–ÄéÃ–ÁÜÃ Â×àÓ–Í¡–Åß–ÑàÍ–Ë¯–ÅïÃ–ÁºÌ. Åá–ÖèÍ–Îß–âËÈ–Ë¯–Àœ–ÖèÃ–ÑèÈ–Ëß–Ìà– ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–Éí×–âÖÀ–Ë¯–É‹ÜÃ–ÂïÌ–ÁÜÃ Gini æÈ‹ ÄèÈ–ÔïŠ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ 0.3 ãÖß 0.6. ÜéÃ–ÉàÓ–ÀàÌ–×é–âÂàß– ÁÜÃ–Ñ×À–âÝíà–ÀÞñ×–ÀèÍ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Ì‹ÜÇ–Éí×–âÖÀ–Ë¯–É‹ÜÃ–ÂïÌ ÁÜÃ Gini ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ–ãÓŠÌ 0.33, æÈ‹–Æ¸–åØ‹– âØèÌ–Â×àÓ–Í¡–Åß–âÙê–ÑàÍ–ÔïŠ–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÁÜ‹Ì–Á‹àÃ–Éœ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–ÄŠàÇ É¡–ÍîÀ–ÂíÌ–Ù±Ã. â×´Ì–âÅÇ–ãÉŠ–×Šà, Éí×–âÖÀ–Ë¯–É‹ÜÃ–ÂïÌ–ÁÜÃ Gini Åá–ÖèÍ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–ãÓŠÌ 0.29, âÖ²ÜÌ–ÖíÃ–Éœ À×Šà–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–åÌ–âÓìÜÃ, âÆ¯Ã–ãÓŠÌ 0.31.

While poverty measures focus on those living below the poverty line, inequality measures look at the welfare distribution of an entire population, poor and non-poor. The Gini coefficient is one of the most commonly used measures of inequality and varies between 0 (when everyone has the same expenditure or income) and 1 (when one person has everything). Thus, a higher Gini coefficient implies more inequality. For most developing countries, Gini coefficients range between 0.3 and 0.6. According to our small-area estimation analysis, the national Gini coefficient is 0.33, indicating a relatively low degree of inequality in per capita expenditure. As expected, the Gini coefficient for rural areas is 0.29, slightly lower than that of urban areas, which is 0.31. Like other measures of inequality, the Gini coefficient tends to be smaller

âÆ¨Ì–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–ÀèÍ–Àà–Ì×èÈ–ãËÀ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Í¡–Åß–âÙê–ÑàÍ–Ü²Ì, Éí×–âÖÀ–Ë¯–É‹ÜÃ–ÂïÌ–ÁÜÃ Gini ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ËŠà ÜŠÞÃ–Ì‹ÜÇ–À×Šà–Åá–ÖèÍ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Ë¯–Ì‹ÜÇ–À×Šà, âÆ¨Ì–×Šà–ãÁ×Ã Ûì âÓìÜÃ. Åá–ÖèÍ–Îß–âËÈ–À¡–Âì– ËèÃ–ÚíÈ–ãÓŠÌ åØÇŠ–À×Šà. âÖ³à–Ì¸–ãÓŠÌ–âÑàß–×Šà–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–åÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Ë¯–Ì‹ÜÇ À×Šà–ãÓŠÌ–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹–Ë¯– Â‹àÇ–Âì–ÀèÌ–ÀèÍ ãÉŠ–Öß–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ Ë³×–æÎ–ÛàÇ–À×Šà, ãÉŠ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Ë³×–Îß–âËÈ. ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–æÈ‹– Åß–ãÈÃ–Öß–ÈèÍ Â×àÓ–Í¡–Åß–âÙê–ÑàÍ–åÌ ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–ÄŠàÇ–É¡–ÍîÀ–ÂíÌ–Àà–Ì×èÈ–ãËÀ–äÈÇ–Éí×–âÖÀ–Ë¯–É‹ÜÃ– ÂïÌ–ÁÜÃ Gini åÌ Öß–ÈèÍ–âÓìÜÃ. ÑºÌ–Ë¯ Ë¯–Óê Â×àÓ–Í¡–Åß–âÙê–ÑàÍ–Ù‹ÜÇ–ÅîÈ (ãÓŠÌ–Åê–ÁÞ×–ÅíÈ–åÅ) Ö×Ó–ËèÃ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–âÁÈ–ÅïÃ åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–ÜèÈ–Éß–Îì, Û×Ã–Ñß–ÍàÃ ãÖß ÆÞÃ–Á×àÃ, Öß–ÈèÍ–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ– åÆ‹–ÄŠàÇ–Ë¯–Í¡–Óê–Â×àÓ Åß–âÙê–ÑàÍ–ãÓŠÌ–ÑíÍ–ÔïŠ–åÌ âÓìÜÃ–Æ²Ã–Ö×Ó–âÜíà–ËèÃ–ãÁ×Ã Ûì Éí×–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ü‹ÜÓ–Á‹àÃ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ. Öß–ÈèÍ–Â×àÓ–Í¡–Åß–âÚê–ÑàÍ ÁÜ‹Ì–Á‹àÃ ÅïÃ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–âÓìÜÃ–âÖ³à–Ì´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–ÇÜ‹Ì– ×Šà–ÏíÌ–Åß–Ë‹ÜÌ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ Åß–Øè×È–Èê–ÀàÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ ãÖß–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–ãÓŠÌ Äß–ÑíÍ–âØèÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ Öß–ÈèÍ–Í‹àÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–âØÈ–ÀàÌ–ÁÜÃ– Â×àÓ–ËîÀ (ãÏÌ–Ë¯ I.1) ãÖß Åß–âÖŠÇ É¡–ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–ÄŠàÇ–É¡–ÍîÀ–ÂíÌ–Ù±Ã (ãÏÌ–Ë¯ I.4). ÌÜÀ–ÄàÀ–Ì´Ì Â×àÓ–Í¡–Åß–âÙê–ÑàÍ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ ÅïÃ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÅïÃ–ÁÜÃ–âÓìÜÃ–Âá–âÀêÈ ãÖß âÓìÜÃ–×ÞÃ–ËÜÃ åÌ–ãÁ×Ã–Íç–Öé–Âá–æÆ, ãÖß åÌ–âÓìÜÃ–Àß–ÖëÓ ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–âÆ–ÀÜÃ. Ì´Ì–ÓèÌ–À¡–Í¡–âÎèÌ–âÖ²ÜÃ–Ë¯–Ù‹à–ãÎÀ–åÄ–Ë¯–Óê–ÆŠÜÃ–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÁÜÃ–Åß–Ø×èÈ–Èê–ÀàÌ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Éí×– âÓìÜÃ ãÖß Ü‹ÜÓ–Á‹àÃ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ âÑàß–×Šà–åÌ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–Óê–ÍàÃ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ–Ë¯–Ý¨Ã–Ë¯–ÅîÈ– åÌ–Îß–âËÈ, ÌÜÀ–Ì´Ì Óê–Æà×–ÜíÍ–Ñß–ÇíÍ–âÁ¿à–Óà ãÖß Ïï‹–Ü²Ìƒ Ë¯–Óê–ÖàÇ–ÝèÍ–ÅïÃ–À×Šà–åÌ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ– ÙÜ‹Ç–Ù²Ã. âÊêÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ À¡–ÉàÓ, âØÈ–ÏíÌ Åá–ÖèÍ–Â×àÓ–Í¡–Åß–âÙê–ÑàÍ–Ë¯–ÅïÃ–À×Šà–åÌ–âÁÈ–Ë¯–Óê–ÑºÌ– Ë¯–ÅïÃ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Íç–Öé–Âá–æÆ ãÖß âÆ–ÀÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Äß–ãÄ‹Ã–ãÓŠÌ–Ù‹ÜÇ. âØÈ–ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Í¡–Åß– âÙê–ÑàÍ–Ë¯–ÅïÃ–À×Šà–Ì´Ì–ÜàÈ–Äß–æÈ‹–ÊìÀ Üß–Ëé–ÍàÇ–ÇÜ‹Ì–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÔïŠ–ãÍÍ–Îß–ÅíÓ–ÁÜÃ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–ÉŠàÃƒ ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ. âÊêÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÁÜÃ ÅÜÃ–âÓìÜÃ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–Íç–Öé–Âá–æÆ–ãÓŠÌ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–Ë¯–Îß– ÀÜÍ–È‹×Ç–ÆíÌ–ÆàÈ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–Ë¯–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ ãÖß ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ãÓŠÌ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–Îß–ÅíÓ (ãÏÌ–Ë¯ F.4).ãÉŠ–×Šà–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–åÌ–âÓìÜÃ–Àà–ÖëÓ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–âÆ–ÀÜÃ ãÓŠÌ ÆíÌ–âÏ³à–Âì–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ, ãÖß ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÅŠ×Ì–åØÇŠ–ÁÜÃ–ãÁ×Ã–ãÓŠÌ–Óà–ÄàÀ–ÀîŠÓ–ÆíÌ–âÏ³à ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ (ãÏÌ–Ë¯ F.4). ãÏÌ–Ë¯– Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ (ãÏÌ–Ë¯1.1) æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÑºÌ–Ë¯ âÖ³à–Ì¸–Óê ÅÜÃ–ÅàÓ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê– ÜèÈ–Éà–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–Ë¯–ÅïÃ–ÔŠàÃ–Í¡–âÎèÌ–ÎíÀ–Àß–Éé, ãÖß ÅÜÃ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÜèÈ–Éà Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–Éœ.

for smaller areas, such as provinces or districts, than for the nation as a whole. This is because households in smaller areas are likely to be more similar to each other than to households across the entire country. This map shows the level of inequality in per capita expenditure as measured by the Gini coefficient at the district level. The areas with the least inequality (shaded in the lightest green) include highland areas in Attapeu, Luangprabang and Xiengkhuang provinces, while the highest levels of expenditure inequalities are found in districts that include both provincial or district towns, as well as in the surrounding rural areas; the comparatively high levels of inequalities in those districts are therefore largely a reflection of the urban-rural welfare differences seen in the village level maps of poverty incidence (Map I.1) and average per capita expenditure (Map I.4). Apart from this, inequality is relatively high in the upland districts of Khamkeut and Viengthong in Borikhamxay province, as well as in the Kalum district of Sekong province. It is not surprising that there is a welfare gap between urban areas and the surrounding rural villages because urban areas have some of the richest households in the country, besides recent immigrants and others whose income is barely higher than that in rural areas. However, the reasons for the comparatively high inequalities in the upland areas of Borikhamxay and Sekong provinces are less obvious. The ethnical mix of villages may yield reasons for the higher inequalities. While the population of the two districts of Borikhamxay province is ethnically rather heterogeneous with most villages being ethnically mixed (Map F.4), the villages in the Kalum district of Sekong province are ethnically rather homogenous, and the majority of the district’s population is from a single ethno-linguistic group (Map F.4). As can be seen in the village poverty map (Map I.1) these areas have a few villages with unusually high poverty rates, as well as a couple of villages with rather low poverty rates.

ÓèÌ–À¡–âÎèÌ–Å¯Ã–Ë¯–Ù‹à–ÅíÌ–åÄ–Âì–ÀèÌ–âÑ²Ü–Äß–ÝèÍ–Ýï‹–Ë¯–×Šà–ÛàÇ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌ–Ìß–ÍíÈ–Ë¯–Óê–Ïï‹–Ë¯–Ý¨Ã–Óê– ãÖß Óê–Öß–ÈèÍ ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Í¡–Åß–âÙê–ÑàÍ–Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ–Éœ. âÊéÃ–ãÓŠÌ–×Šà–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–âÖ³à–Ì¸–Óê–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–Àß–Åé–Àá– Ë¯–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÎïÀ–ÐèÃ Ë¯–Öß–ÜÞÈ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì ãÖß Óê–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ÌŸ–ÆíÌ–Öß–Îß–ËàÌ ãÖß âÎê–âÆèÌ–Å×ŠÌ– ÛàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ ãÓŠÌ–ÁºÌ–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Àß–Åé–Àá, ãÖß Ç‹ÜÌ–Óê–ËŠà–ãÝÃ–ËàÃ–Àß–Åé–Àá–ÁÜÃ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯– ÈêÌ–Æ²Ã–Óê–ÝŠÜÃ–ÆíÌ–Öß–Îß–ËàÌ Óê–Â×àÓ–ÅÜÈ–ÂÜŠÃ–ÔŠàÃ ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÌ–È¨Ã–Ì´Ì ÓèÌ–Ä²Ã–æÈ‹–ÊìÀ–ÂàÈ–Âß– âÌ–×Šà–åØ‹–Óê–ÀàÌ–âÎêÈ–äÜ–ÀàÈ–åÌ ÀàÌ–Â‹à–À‹×–àÃ–Á×àÃ–À×Šà–âÀ³à (äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß–ãÓŠÌ–ÀàÌ–âÆ²ÜÓ– âÁ¿à–æÀ‹–ÆàÇ–ãÈÌ–æË) Äß–Óê–ÏíÌ–ÜèÌ–åØÇŠ É¡–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–Í¡–Åß–âÙê–ÑàÍ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–ÔïŠ–Ë¯–Ì´Ì. åÌ–Àç–Öß–Ìê–Ì¸–ÜàÈ–Äß–Í¡–âÎèÌ–Â×àÓ–ÄêÃ–ÙàÇ Â×àÓ–×Šà–Å×ŠÌ–åØÇŠ–ÁÜÃ ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ–Åà–ÓàÈ–ÝèÍ–ÏíÌ– Îß–äØÇÈ–ÔŠàÃ–Åß–âÚê–ÑàÍ–ÀèÌ–ÄàÀ–äÜ–ÀàÈ Ë¯–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ.

It is also interesting to note that many of the better-off rural areas have rather low levels of inequality. Although these areas tend to be characterised by intensive irrigated agriculture with a large percentage of the population depending on agriculture, and since the agricultural potential of the irrigated farm land is relatively uniform, one could also have expected that the wider commercial opportunities (particularly those related to the proximity to the Thai border) would result in greater inequalities among the population there. The fact that this appears not to be the case implies that the majority of the population manages to benefit rather equally from the opportunities presented.

162

ÈèÈ–Åß–ÌêÂ×àÓ–Í¡–âË³à–ËÞÓ–, (Gini coefficient) I.3

ÈèÈ–Åß–Ìê–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Í¡–Åß–âÙé–ÑàÍ (Éí×–âÖÀ–Ë¯–É‹ÜÃ–ÂïÌ–ÁÜÃ Gini)

Index of inequality (Gini (Gini coefﬁcient) Index of inequality coefficient)

100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÈèÈ–Åß–ÌêÂ×àÓ–Í¡–âË³à–ËÞÓ– –åÌ–Á´Ì–âÓìÜÃ District level inequality . !

Éí×–âÖÀ–Ë¯–É‹ÜÃ–ÂïÌ–ÁÜÃ Gini Gini coefficient

Saravane

. Sekong !

< 0.26

. !

Pakxe

0.26 - 0.28 0.28 - 0.30

. !

0.30 - 0.32

Attapeu

14°0'0"N

> 0.32

C 0

100

200 km

163

I.4 –ÀàÌÅßâÖŠÇÀàÌåÆ‹ÄàñÇÉ¡–ÍîÀÂíÌ

Average per capita expenditure ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–ÀàÌ–Åß–âÖŠÇ–ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–ÄŠàÇ–É¡–ÍîÀ–ÂíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ãÉŠ–Öß–Í‹àÌ. À¡–Âì–ÈèÈ–Åß– Ìê–ÁÜÃ Â×àÓ–Í¡–Åß–âÙê–ÑàÍ, Àà–Ì×èÈ–ãËÀ–Ì¸–æÈ‹–Âá–ÌìÃ–âÊêÃ–Åß–Øè×È–ÑàÍ–ËàÃ–âÅÈ–Êß–ÀéÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÑíÌ– Öß–âÓìÜÃ ËèÃ–ÚíÈ, ËîÀ ãÖß Ý¨Ã–Óê, Í¡–Âì–ÀèÍ–Àà–Ì×èÈ–ãËÀ–Ü²Ì, Ë¯–æÈ‹–ãÌŠ–åÅŠ–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–ÍîÀ–ÂíÌ–Ïï‹–Ë¯–Èá– ÖíÃ–Æê–×éÈ–ÔïŠ–ÖîŠÓ–âÅ´Ì–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ. Ñ×À–âÝíà–Âà–È×Šà–ÀàÌ–Åß–âÖŠÇ–ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–ÄŠàÇ–É¡–ÍîÀ–ÂíÌ–âÑ¯Ó–ÁºÌ, ÜèÈ–Éà–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–Äß–Éœ–ÖíÃ. âÊêÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ À¡–ÉàÓ, ÓèÌ–À¡–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–Îß–ÛàÈ–åÄ–âÊéÃ–Â×àÓ–Â‹àÇ–ÀèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸–ÀèÍ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–ÜèÈ–Éà– ÀàÌ–âÀêÈ–ÁºÌ–ÁÜÃ Â×àÓ–ËîÀ, Ûì åÌ–ÊÜ‹Ç–Âá–Ü²Ì, Â×àÓ–æÀ‹–ÂÞÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–ãÓŠÌ– ÁºÌ–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Åß–âÖŠÇ–ÀàÌ åÆ‹–ÄŠàÇ–É¡–ÍîÀ–ÂíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ. äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß–ãÖ‹× ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÍèÌ–Èà–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ– Ë¯–ËîÀ, Â×àÓ–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–Öß–ØŠ×–àÃ ËèÃ–ÅÜÃ–ãÓŠÌ–Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ–æÀ‹–ÀèÌ. Ì¸–æÈ‹–ãÌß–Ìá–×Šà ÜèÈ–Éà–ÀàÌ– âÀêÈ–ÁºÌ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ–åÌ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÀàÌ–Ñí×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÌ–Ù‹ÜÇ–Ù²Ã–ÀèÍ–Öß–ÈèÍ–Åß–âÖŠÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ– åÆ‹–ÄŠàÇ–É¡–ÍîÀ–ÂíÌ–åÌ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ ãÖß Öß–ÈèÍ–Â×àÓ Í¡–Åß–âÚê–ÑàÍ–åÌ–ÚïŠ–Í‹àÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Óê–ÍíÈ–ÍàÈ–Ì‹ÜÇƒ åÌ–ÀàÌ–Àá–ÌíÈ–ÜèÈ–Éà–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–ËîÀ. ÓèÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Â×àÓ–âÆ²Ü–Ú´Ì–ÔŠàÃ–åØÇŠ–Û×Ã–åÌ ÅÅÎ Öà× ãÖß Îß–âËÈ–Ü²Ìƒ Ì´Ì–À¡–Âì–ÖàÇ–ÝèÍ– Ë¯–âÑ¯Ó–ÁºÌ, Æ‹ÜÃ–Ø×ŠàÃ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–Ïï‹–ËîÀ ãÖß Ïï‹–Ý¨Ã ãÓŠÌ–âÑ¸Ó–ÁºÌ. Á§–ÓïÌ–Ë¯–æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–Ë¯–Ì¸– æÈ‹–ÔìÌ–ÔèÌ–×Šà ËèÈ–Åß–Ìß–åÌ–ÍàÃ–Öß–ÈèÍ. ãÉŠ–Â×àÓ–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–Öß–Ø×ŠàÃ–Â×àÓ–Í¡–Åß–âÙê–ÑàÍ ãÖß ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–ÄŠàÇ–É¡–ÍîÀ–ÂíÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Í¡–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÀŠÞ×–ÑèÌ–ÀèÌ–ãÍÍ–Ëá–Óß–Èà–äÈÇ–ÀíÃ. Óê–ÛàÇ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Ë¯–Óê–ÖàÇ– ÝèÍ–Éœ–À¡–Óê–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÅïÃ ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Í¡–Åß–âÙê–ÑàÍ–Âì–ÀèÌ. åÌ–Â×àÓ–ÄéÃ, åÌ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Óê–Öß–ÈèÍ–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ– ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Í¡–Åß–âÚê–ÑàÍ Óê–ËŠà–ÜŠÞÃ–ÀàÇ–âÎèÌ–Éí×–âÓìÜÃ–Æ²Ã–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÁÜ‹Ì–Á‹àÃ–ËîÀ–É¡–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–ÄŠàÇ– É¡–ÍîÀ–ÂíÌ–Ë¯–Éœ150 Ö‹àÌ–ÀêÍ/Îê. ÌÜÀ–ÄàÀ–Ì¸, ÑºÌ–Ë¯–Ë¯–Óê–ÖàÇ–ÝèÍ–Éœ–Óê–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–Öß–ÈèÍ–Â×àÓ–À‹×– àÃ–ÁÜÃ–Â×àÓ–Í¡–Åß–âÚê–ÑàÍ, åÌ–Âß–Ìß Ë¯–âÓìÜÃ–Ë¯–Óê–ÖàÇ–ÝèÍ–ÅïÃ–âÍªÃ–Âì–×Šà–âÁ¿à–Óà–Øà–ÄîÈ–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ– ÀèÍ–Éí×–âÖÀ–Ë¯–É‹ÜÃ–ÂïÌ–ÁÜÃ Gini Îß–ÓàÌ 0.3 (ãÏÌ–Ë¯1.3).

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This map shows the village average per capita expenditure. As with the index of inequality, this measure takes into account the economic well-being of the whole population, poor and rich, unlike the measures of poverty, which focus on only those below the poverty line. We expect that as the average per capita expenditure rises, the poverty rate will fall. Nonetheless, it is surprising how similar this map is to the map of poverty incidence, or in other words, how closely the poverty rate depends on the average per capita expenditure of the village. Particularly among the poorer villages, the relationship between the two is quite close. This suggests that the incidence of poverty in a village is to some extent a function of the average level of per capita expenditure in the village and that the degree of inequality within a village plays a minor role in determining the poverty rate. It is widely believed in the Lao PDR and other countries that as incomes rise, the gap between the poor and rich widens. The data presented here confirm that view to some degree. But the relationship between inequality and per capita expenditure is not a simple positive relationship. Many low-income areas also have a high level of inequality. In fact, the districts with the highest levels of inequality tend to be the relatively poor districts with per capita expenditure below 150 million kip/year. Furthermore, low-income areas have a wider range of levels of inequality, while high-income districts seem to converge toward a Gini coefficient of around 0.3 (Map I.3).

Åß–âÖŠÇÖàÇ–ÄŠàÇ–É¡–ÂíÌ I.4

ÀàÌÅßâÖŠÇÀàÌåÆ‹ÄàñÇÉ¡–ÍîÀÂíÌ

Average Average per capita expenditure per capita expenditure 100°0'0"E

102°0'0"E

106°0'0"E

A V . !

22°0'0"N

104°0'0"E

Phongsaly

M MY YA AN NM MA AR R . !

Luang Namtha ! .

HANOI

Muang Xay ! .

Xamneua

. !

20°0'0"N

. Huay Xay !

. Luang Prabang !

. !

Phonsavan

Xayabury ! .

Phonhong ! .

Pakxanh

18°0'0"N

. !

. ! VIENTIANE

. !

Thakhek

D . Savannakhet !

16°0'0"N

ÂŠà–ÎßÓàÌÅß–âÖÇ–ÖàÇ–ÄŠàÇÉ¡–ÂíÌ–åÌ–Îê 2005 Estimated average per capita expenditure for 2005

. !

–åÌ–Øí×ÙŠ×Ç 1,000 ÀêÍ in 1,000 kip

Saravane

. Sekong !

< 75,000

. !

Pakxe

75,000 - 100,000 100,000 - 125,000

. !

120,000 - 150,000

Attapeu

150,000 - 200,000

14°0'0"N

> 200,000

C 0

100

200 km

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ANNEXE 1:

ÅßÑàÍÖ×ÓÈ‹àÌ–ÑïÓ–ÅàÈ Abbreviations & Acronyms List of Abbreviations (to be checked and completed in the end) CDE CDR DOS FIPD GIS GoL GPS GWh IFPRI IMR LECS LNFC LNMCS MAF MMR MPI NASA NCCR N-S NGD NGPES NS NSC PDR PMO SDC SNSF SR TLA U5MR UNDP UXO WREA

Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern, Switzerland Crude Death Rate Department of Statistics of the Ministry of Planning and Investment Forest Inventory and Planning Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Geographic Information System Government of Lao PDR Global Positioning System Giga Watt hours: 1 Giga Watt hour equals to 1 billion Watt hours International Food Policy Research Institute Infant Mortality Rate Lao Expenditure and Consumption Survey Lao Front for National Construction Lao National Mekong Committee Secretariat Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Maternal Mortality Rate Ministry of Planning and Investment American National Aeronautics and Space Administration Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research North-South National Geographic Department National Growth and Poverty Eradication Strategy Not Stated National Statistics Centre Peoples’ Democratic Republic Prime Minister’s Office Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation Swiss National Science Foundation Special Region Technical Language Associates Under 5 Mortality Rate United Nations Development Programme Unexploded ordonance Water Resources and Environmental Administration

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ANNEXE 2:

ÅßÑàÍÖ×ÓÈ‹àÌ–ÑïÓ–ÅàÈ Data sources of spatial information displayed on maps Administrative and political boundaries Provided by the National Geographic Department of Lao PDR (NGD) Airports and airfields Own compilation based on the in 2007 published flight schedules of several international as well as national airlines of Lao PDR Districts identified as poor (map A.8) Lao National Growth and Poverty Eradication Strategy (NGPES), 2003 Land Cover 2002(map A.4) Department of Forestry (DOF), Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) of Lao PDR, 2002 National Biodiversity Conservation Areas (NBCA) Department of Forestry (DOF), Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) of Lao PDR Province and district capitals Provided by the National Geographic Department of Lao PDR (NGD) Roads Own cartographic generalization based on data provided by the National Geographic Department (NGD) and the Ministry of Communication, Transport, Post and Construction (MCTPC) Satellite imagery (map A.1) Based on mosaicked Landsat-7 imagery which was compiled by Earth Satellite Corporation in the NaturalVue 2000 product. Topography and shaded relief Based on the elevation data generated by the Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) of the U.S. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) and the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Village points Based on GPS survey carried out by the Lao National Statistical Centre (NSC) during the Population and Housing Census 2005 Village polygons Own compilation based on village level accessibility models (see map A.2) Water bodies Own cartographic generalization based on the data provided by the National Geographic Department (NGD)

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ANNEXE 3:

ÅßÑàÍÖ×ÓÈ‹àÌ–ÑïÓ–ÅàÈ Endnotes SECTION A

1 2 3 4 5 6

âÜ¸Ì–×Šà–ÆîÈ–ÑàÍ–ÊŠàÇ–ËàÃ–Üà–ÀàÈ–Ë¯–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÉíÍ–ãÉŠÃ–Åê–ãÍÍ–ØÖàÀ ÛàÇ–âÑ²Ü–Åß–ãÈÃ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–Åß–âÙê–ÑàÍ–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–åÈ–Ù²Ã–åØ‹–Óê–ÖèÀ–Åß–Ìß–É¡–âÌ²ÜÃ (âÜ¸Ì–×Šà ãÏÌ–Ë¯ ÆîÈ–ÑàÍ–ÊŠàÇ–ËàÃ–Üà–ÀàÈ–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÈèÈ–ÎèÍ–Åê–ãÍÍ–ØÖàÀ–ÛàÇ). Also called aerial mosaic, photomosaic. an assembly of aerial photographs matched in such a way as to show a continuous photographic representation of an area (mosaic map).

SECTION B ãÏÌ–Ë¯ choropleth ãÓŠÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯–Åß–ãÈÃ–âÊéÃ–Øí×–Á§–âÁÈ–ÑºÌ Ë¯ƒËàÅê–âÎèÌ–âÃíà Ûì Ë¯–ÄèÈ–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ–ÉàÓ–ÅèÈ–ÅŠ×Ì–×èÈ–ãËÀ–ÁÜÃ–Éí×–ãÎ–Åß–Êé–Éé Ë¯–Åß–ãÈÃ–åÌ–ãÏÌ–Ë¯ âÆ¨Ì Â×àÓ–Ùà–ãÙ‹Ì–ÑíÌ–Öß–âÓìÜÃ Ûì ÖàÇ–ÝèÍ–Åß–âÖ¨Ç–É¡–Øí×–ÂíÌ. ÓèÌ–ÇíÀ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×é–Ëê–ÀàÌ–ÃŠàÇƒ åÌ–Å‹àÃ–Óß–äÌ–ÑàÍ åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÀàÌ ×èÈ–ãËÀ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–æÎ ÉàÓ–ÑºÌ–Ë¯–ÑïÓ–ÅèÌ–ÊàÌ–Îß–âËÈ–Âì–ãÌ×–åÈ. A choropleth map (Greek χωρα + πληθαίν:, ("area/region" + "multiply")) is a thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map, such as population density or per capita income. It provides an easy way to visualize how a measurement varies across a geographic area. ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌâÎèÌÀàÌÅíÓËÞÍÖßØ×ŠàÃ ÅÜÃÉí×âÖÀâÆ¨ÌÌèÀÝÞÌ 50 ÂíÌÉ¡Âï 1 ÂíÌ = 50:1

ÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌâÎèÌÀàÌÅíÓËÞÍÖßØ×ŠàÃ ÅÜÃÉí×âÖÀâÆ¨ÌÌèÀÝÞÌ 50 ÂíÌÉ¡Âï 1 ÂíÌ = 50:1

SECTION F Reconciliation or fusion of differing systems of belief, as in philosophy or religion, especially when success is partial or the result is heterogeneous.

SECTION H ÜàâÄèÌÈ‹à 21 ãÓŠÌäÂÃÀàÌÁÜÃÜíÃÀàÌÅßØßÎßÆàÆàÈ Æ±ÃÀŠÞ×ÑèÌâÊéÃÀàÌÑèÈËßÌàÂ×àÓÇìÌÇíÃ. ÓêÄáÌ×Ì 179 ÖèÈÊßÍàÌ ãÓŠÌâØèÌÈêË¯ÄßÎßÉéÍèÈÉà ÓâÜÀÀßÅàÌÈ¨ÃÀŠà×Ì¸ ÔïŠåÌÀÜÃÎßÆîÓåØÇŠÆ±ÃÄèÈÁºÌË¯ÎßâËÈÍðàÆêÌ åÌ×èÌËê 14 âÈìÜÌÓéÊîÌà Îê 1992. Agenda 21 is a UN programme related to sustainable development. The full text of Agenda 21 was revealed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the Earth Summit), held in Rio de Janeiro on June 14, 1992, where 179 governments voted to adopt the programme.

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ÅßÑàÍÖ×ÓÈ‹àÌ–ÑïÓ–ÅàÈ References Government of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Committee for Planning and Cooperation, Department of Statistics, 2004. The Household of Lao PDR. Social and Economic Indicators: Lao Expenditure and Consumption Survey 2002/03 (LECS 3). Vientiane Capita, Lao PDR. Government of Lao Peoples’s Demcoratic Republic, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forestry, 2005. Report on the assessment of forest cover and land use during 1992-2002. Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. Government of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Ministry of Education, Gender and Ethnic Minority Education Unit, and UNESCO Bangkok, 2007: Gender and Ethnicity in the Context of Equality and Access in Lao Education. Vientiane Capital and Bangkok Government of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Steering Committee for Census of Population and Housing, 2006. Results from the Population and Housing Census 2005. Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. Government of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Steering Committee for Census of Population and Housing, 2005. Population and Housing Census 2005, Preliminary Report. Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. Epprecht M., Minot, N., Dewiba R., Heinimann, A., and P. Messerli, 2008. “Poverty �� and inequality in Lao PDR: Spatial patterns and geographic determinants”, Research Report, Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) NorthSouth, University of Berne. Berne.

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