2011 State of America's Children-Child Welfare by Ben Dawson

Child Welfare Key Facts ..................................................................................................................................................... I-2 Who Are the Children Who Are Abused and Neglected? ............................................................................. I-3 Child Maltreatment, 2009 ............................................................................................................................. I-4 National Estimates of Children Served Following an Investigation of Child Abuse or Neglect..................... I-5 Trends in Foster Care and Adoption, FYs 2002 – 2009 ............................................................................... I-5 Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking .................................................................................................................... I-6 Who’s in Foster Care.................................................................................................................................... I-7 Children in Foster Care, FYs 2004-2009...................................................................................................... I-8 Number of Children Entering, Exiting and In Foster Care, FY 2009............................................................. I-9 Children in Foster Care, by Age, FY 2009.................................................................................................. I-10 Children in Foster Care, by Race/Ethnicity, FY 2009 ..................................................................................I-11 Overrepresentation of Black Children in Foster Care, FY 2009 ................................................................. I-12 Placement Stability, 2009 ........................................................................................................................... I-13 Exits of Children from Foster Care, 2009 ................................................................................................... I-14 Youth Who Exit Foster Care to Emancipation, 2009 .................................................................................. I-15 Adoptions from Foster Care, Selected Years, FYs 1995 – 2009................................................................ I-16 Children in Public Foster Care Waiting to be Adopted, FYs 2004 – 2009 .................................................. I-17 Children Living with Grandparents or Other Relatives, 2009 ..................................................................... I-18

Child Welfare

hild abuse and neglect and the mental health, substance abuse and other problems often associated with it, can push children into the cradle to prison pipeline. Prevention services and treatment to help children exposed to trauma heal are often lacking. Parents don’t get the mental health and substance abuse treatment they need. Children in foster care frequently move from home to home, disrupting any sense of stability and their education. Some move from foster care to the juvenile justice system. • A child is abused or neglected every 42 seconds; almost 80 percent of them are victims of neglect. Infants are the most likely to suffer from maltreatment. Forty percent of child victims receive no post-investigation services and many more receive far fewer services than they need. Nearly 40 percent are served at home and 20.8 percent are placed in foster care. • 1,161 children enter foster care each day and remain there on average more than two years. Every two minutes a child enters foster care. • About two-thirds of the children who exit from foster care in a year exit to a family member. An estimated 115,000 children in foster care are waiting to be adopted. • While the number of children and Black children in foster care is declining, Black children are still overrepresented. Thirty percent of the children in foster care are Black, double the percent of the child population who are Black. • Foster care often promotes instability. In every state but one, more than half the children in care for two or more years experience at least three placements. • More than 29,000 youth aged out of foster care at 18 or older in 2009; in most states more than 60 percent of these youth entered foster care when they older were than 12.

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Children’s Defense Fund

Who Are the Children Who Are Abused and Neglected? • Infants and toddlers are the most likely to be victims of abuse and neglect. One-third of all victims are three or younger. • Of all maltreated victims 78.6 percent are victims of neglect; 2.4 percent of medical neglect; 17.8 percent of physical abuse; 9.6 percent of sexual abuse; 7.1 percent of psychological abuse, and 9.8 percent are victims of other or unknown types of maltreatment. • Nearly half of all abused and neglected children are White; more than one-fifth are African American; and one-fifth are Hispanic. • Boys and girls are almost equally likely to be victims of abuse or neglect, with girls just slightly more likely. • More than half of the child victims are reported to child protection agencies by teachers, police officers and other social services or medical professionals. • Forty percent of child victims receive no services after the investigation. • Three-quarters of child victims have no history of prior victimization. • Approximately one in five child victims in 2009 was maltreated by someone other than his/her parents. Sources: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children, Youth, and Families, Child Maltreatment: 2009 (December 2010). Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

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A child is abused or neglected every 42 seconds; almost eight out of ten are victims of neglect. Children three or younger are the most likely victims of maltreatment.

Child Maltreatment, 2009* Type of maltreatment** (percent distribution) Victims of maltreatment Number Rate*** Neglect Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

8,123 3,544 3,803 9,926 73,962 11,341 9,090 2,015 3,279 45,841 23,249 2,007 1,571 27,446 22,330 11,636 1,329 16,187 9,063 3,809 15,310 34,639 29,976 4,668 7,369 5,226 1,521 4,871 4,443 924 8,725 4,915 77,620 22,371 n/r 31,270 7,157 n/r 3,913 2,804 12,381 1,443 8,822 66,359 12,704 696 5,951 6,070 4,978 4,654 707

7.2 19.3 2.2 14.0 7.8 9.2 11.3 9.7 28.8 11.3 9.0 6.9 3.7 8.6 14.0 16.3 1.9 16.0 8.1 14.0 11.3 24.2 12.8 3.7 9.6 3.7 6.9 10.8 6.5 3.2 4.3 9.6 17.5 9.8 n/r 11.5 7.8 n/r 1.4 12.4 11.5 7.2 5.9 9.6 14.6 5.5 3.2 3.9 12.9 3.6 5.4

37.3% 89.3 72.0 65.7 82.9 78.4 97.0 42.5 67.5 52.7 69.1 15.4 74.9 74.0 87.5 92.2 17.5 95.3 82.8 75.3 72.7 103.6 90.1 75.2 65.2 53.5 84.1 97.4 75.8 80.4 79.1 83.4 107.0 87.4 n/r 47.7 89.0 n/r 3.9 93.1 72.4 93.6 59.0 81.8 21.0 4.0 63.1 82.7 56.2 55.4 70.7

682,038

9.6

78.6

Medical neglect

Other, unknown, or missing

Physical abuse

Sexual abuse

Psychological maltreatment

— 1.9% — 7.8 — 1.6 3.9 1.1 4.1 2.3 4.7 1.7 1.1 2.3 2.2 1.1 3.2 — — — — — 2.9 1.4 4.2 2.8 1.6 0.0 1.8 3.2 2.4 2.6 6.2 1.9 n/r 1.5 2.5 n/r 2.9 1.4 3.8 — 2.9 3.3 0.3 2.0 2.7 — 1.2 1.5 1.3

48.7% 12.7 25.8 19.2 11.5 15.1 6.9 18.0 15.7 10.5 13.2 9.6 20.8 22.5 12.1 13.2 22.0 10.0 28.0 17.5 25.7 13.8 23.6 20.5 19.0 33.1 13.7 11.8 29.6 12.0 18.7 14.9 11.4 10.7 n/r 37.5 19.0 n/r 34.0 14.5 34.3 12.5 15.3 21.4 13.1 52.3 27.9 24.7 30.4 22.2 8.1

23.1% 2.9 9.1 23.4 7.4 9.9 4.5 7.7 3.2 4.7 5.0 3.8 5.9 16.3 17.7 5.0 35.4 4.5 7.8 7.1 12.4 2.8 4.2 16.9 14.7 28.5 6.2 8.1 8.3 16.1 10.3 4.9 3.6 8.2 n/r 19.4 7.8 n/r 64.2 4.3 6.5 4.9 31.2 9.5 17.8 52.9 15.8 7.4 4.9 29.9 12.6

0.4% 20.3 0.6 1.2 17.5 4.6 4.6 32.9 1.2 1.4 20.8 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.7 10.5 0.4 0.9 46.1 0.4 0.2 28.1 0.8 11.0 5.4 22.8 0.5 3.1 1.8 0.2 18.2 1.0 0.3 n/r 6.5 20.0 n/r 1.1 0.1 1.0 3.1 2.4 1.0 51.5 1.4 1.2 — 32.4 1.2 13.0

— — — 0.0% 0.1 0.7 — 9.0 30.0 56.2 — 94.9 8.6 — — 5.6 23.0 — 0.4 — — 0.0 32.2 — 0.4 — 0.3 — — — — — 30.0 0.8 n/r

2.4

17.8

9.6

7.1

9.8

0.0 n/r — 1.7 0.3 — — 0.0 22.0 — — — 12.1 — 3.8

* The methodology for this analysis was modified by using unique counts of children, rather than duplicate counts. Unique counts identify and count a child once, regardless of the number of reports that received a CPS response, and the duplicate counts identify a child each time that he or she was a subject of a report that received a CPS response. ** May add to more than 100 percent in a state because some children experience more than one type of maltreatment. *** Number of victims per 1,000 children. Note: Because of differences in definitions of child abuse and neglect, comparisons of data between states should not be made. — category not reported by state. n/r — no data reported by state. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth, and Families, Children’s Bureau, Child Maltreatment 2009 (December 2010), Table 3–13 “Reported Maltreatment Types of Victims, 2009” (unique counts). Available at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/pubs/cm09/cm09.pdf#page=31, page 46. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

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Children’s Defense Fund

Consistent with recent years, about 40 percent of children abused or neglected in 2009 received no services following the investigation of their maltreatment.

National Estimates of Children Served Following an Investigation of Child Abuse or Neglect

All child victims

Year

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

910,000 905,000 892,000 900,000 905,000 794,000 772,000 763,000

Served Number Percent

535,000 525,000 528,000 542,000 533,000 497,000 489,000 457,000

58.8% 58.0 59.2 60.2 58.9 62.6 63.3 59.9

Served in home Number Percent

363,000 358,000 359,000 346,000 338,000 333,000 331,000 298,000

39.9% 39.6 40.2 38.4 37.4 41.9 42.9 39.1

Removed to foster care Number Percent

172,000 167,000 170,000 196,000 195,000 164,000 161,000 159,000

18.9% 18.5 19.0 21.8 21.5 20.7 20.9 20.8

Not served Number Percent

375,000 380,000 364,000 358,000 372,000 297,000 283,000 306,000

41.2% 42.0 40.8 39.8 41.1 37.4 36.7 40.1

Source: U.S. Congress, Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, “The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA): Background, Programs, and Funding” (November 4, 2009), Table D-1;and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth, and Families, Children’s Bureau, Child Maltreatment 2009 (April 2010), pp. x. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

The number of children in foster care has decreased 20 percent since 2005 and exits from care have exceeded entries from care for the past three years.

Trends in Foster Care and Adoption, FYs 2002–2009 Year

In care on September 30

Entries

Exits

Waiting to be adopted

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

523,000 510,000 508,000 511,000 505,000 489,000 460,000 424,000

295,000 289,000 298,000 307,000 305,000 293,000 274,000 255,000

278,000 278,000 281,000 287,000 295,000 295,000 288,000 276,000

134,000 131,000 130,000 131,000 135,000 134,000 127,000 115,000

Adopted

51,000 50,000 51,000 52,000 51,000 53,000 55,000 57,000

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children’s Bureau, AFCARS Data, “Trends in Foster Care and Adoption – FY2002-FY2009,” at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/stats_research/afcars/trends02-09.pdf.

State of America’s Children® 2011

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Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking Domestic minor sex trafficking is the commercial sexual exploitation of children under age 18 within U.S. borders. It includes child sex slavery, prostitution of children, commercial sexual exploitation of children, and rape of children. An estimated 100,000 youth are victimized through prostitution in America each year. Too often the child victims, rather than the perpetrators, are the ones reported, arrested and prosecuted.

• In 2008, 643 female and 206 male children were reported to the FBI as having been • • •

• •

arrested for prostitution and commercialized vice.1 Since 2003, the Innocence Lost Initiative2 has recovered over 1,600 child victims of sex trafficking. 3 Children as young as seven have been forced into sex trafficking due to fears about sexually transmitted disease among customers.4 A 2001 report by the University of Pennsylvania estimated that about 293,000 American youth are at risk of commercial sexual exploitation.5 Most of these children have run away from home or been abandoned by their parents, and turn to the sex trade as a means of survival. Fifty-five percent of girls who have been away or been forced to live on the street are engaged in formal prostitution, 75 percent of which was controlled by a pimp.6 About 20 percent of children involved in the sex trade are trafficked nationally by organized crime syndicates. These children are often required to pay the costs of their transportation, shelter, and false identity papers.7 The majority of trafficked children both use and sell illegal drugs.8 The risk of a child 10-17 being sexually exploited for commercial purposes is higher than the risk that she or he will die in an accident or be raped or sexually assaulted.9

1 “Trafficking in Persons Report, 10th Edition.” (2010). Washington, DC: U.S. State Department.

http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/142979.pdf 2 The Innocence Lost Initiative is a coalition of federal and state law enforcement authorities and victim assistance providers

focused on eliminating child prostitution. 3 “Innocence Lost.” (2011). Washington, DC: Federal Bureau of Investigation.

http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/cac/innocencelost 4 Miko, Francis T. (2006). “Trafficking in Persons: The U.S. and International Response.“ Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.

http://www.usembassy.it/pdf/other/RL30545.pdf 5 Richard J. Estes and Neil Alan Weiner. (2002). “Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the U.S, Canada and Mexico:

Executive Summary of the U.S. National Study.” Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania. http://www.sp2.upenn.edu/restes/CSEC_Files/Exec_Sum_020220.pdf 6 Ibid. 7 Ibid. 8 Ibid. 9 Ibid.

I-6

Children’s Defense Fund

Black children are only 15 percent of the child population but 30 percent of children in foster care. About two-thirds of the children who leave foster care exit to a family member; 20 percent are adopted.

Who is in Foster Care? Number of Children in Foster Care: 423,773 Percent in foster care 2009

Percent in U.S. child population 2009

Race and ethnicity White, non-Hispanic Black Hispanic American Indian, Alaska Native Asian Two or more races

40% 30 20

55% 15 23

2 1 5

1 4 3

Age Under age 1 1-5 years 6-10 years 11-15 years 16-18 years 19 + years

6 30 20 24 20 2

Type of placement Non-relative foster home Relative foster home Institution Group home Pre-adoptive home Trial home visit Runaway Supervised independent living

48 24 10 6 4 5 2 1

Exit from foster care during year Reunification Adoption Emancipation Living with relative Guardianship Transfer to another agency Runaway

51 20 11 8 7 2 1

Note: Race/ethnicity, age, and placement are estimates of children in foster care on September 30, 2009; exit data reflect outcomes for children exiting foster care during FY 2009. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children’s Bureau, “The AFCARS Report: Preliminary FY 2009 Estimates as of July 2010,” at <http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/ stats_research/afcars/tar/report17.htm>. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

I-7

The number of children in foster care has declined each year since 2005. More than half of the children in foster care live in just nine states.*

Children in Foster Care, FYs 2004–2009 Number in foster care on September 30 of each year Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California* Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida* Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois* Indiana* Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan* Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York* North Carolina North Dakota Ohio* Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania* Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas* Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

FY 2004

FY 2005

FY 2006

FY 2007

FY 2008

FY 2009

5,934 1,825 9,194 3,124 82,641 8,196 6,459 849 2,641 28,864 14,216 2,939 1,565 19,931 9,778 5,384 6,060 6,998 4,397 2,589 11,111 12,562 21,173 6,540 2,989 11,778 2,030 6,292 4,037 1,236 12,282 2,157 33,445 10,077 1,314 18,004 11,821 10,048 21,944 2,414 4,635 1,582 9,590 24,529 2,108 1,432 6,869 9,368 3,990 7,812 1,184

6,913 1,660 9,685 3,238 80,247 8,213 6,249 962 2,519 29,312 13,965 2,743 1,818 19,419 11,243 6,794 5,833 7,220 4,833 2,339 10,867 12,197 20,498 6,989 3,269 11,433 2,222 6,231 4,656 1,178 11,205 2,316 30,458 10,698 1,370 17,446 11,334 11,020 21,691 2,509 4,757 1,704 9,017 28,883 2,285 1,436 7,022 10,068 4,629 8,076 1,244

7,157 1,919 9,767 3,434 76,405 8,139 6,359 1,074 2,378 29,229 13,175 2,357 1,850 18,815 11,401 8,922 6,237 7,695 5,213 2,076 9,051 11,499 20,142 6,813 3,126 10,207 1,909 6,187 5,068 1,148 10,740 2,357 29,973 11,115 1,331 15,741 11,736 10,661 21,135 2,998 4,920 1,648 8,618 30,848 2,427 1,379 7,672 10,457 4,018 7,459 1,304

7,262 2,107 9,569 3,616 73,998 7,777 5,764 1,157 2,197 26,788 12,197 1,940 1,870 17,864 11,372 8,005 6,631 7,207 5,333 1,971 8,415 10,497 20,830 6,711 3,328 10,233 1,737 5,875 5,070 1,102 9,056 2,423 30,072 10,827 1,263 14,532 11,785 9,562 20,999 2,768 5,147 1,566 7,751 30,137 2,765 1,309 7,718 11,107 4,432 7,541 1,231

6,876 2,168 10,425 3,522 67,703 7,921 5,373 938 2,217 22,187 9,984 1,622 1,723 17,843 12,386 6,743 6,306 7,182 5,065 1,864 7,613 10,427 20,171 6,028 3,292 10,128 1,600 5,591 5,023 1,029 8,510 2,221 29,493 9,841 1,222 13,703 10,595 8,988 19,218 2,407 4,999 1,482 7,219 28,154 2,714 1,200 7,099 11,247 4,412 7,403 1,154

6,894 2,166 10,175 3,657 60,198 7,927 4,761 814 2,111 19,156 8,020 1,455 1,446 17,080 12,437 6,564 5,691 6,872 4,786 1,646 7,052 9,650 17,723 5,410 3,320 9,912 1,639 5,343 4,779 930 7,809 2,009 27,992 9,547 1,224 12,197 8,712 8,650 16,878 2,112 4,938 1,484 6,723 26,686 2,759 1,062 5,927 9,922 4,237 6,785 1,155

499,937

503,913

497,289

482,414

454,231

418,422

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, “Foster Care FY2002 - FY2009 Entries, Exits, and Numbers of Children In Care on the Last Day of Each Federal Fiscal Year,” at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/stats_research/ afcars/statistics/entryexit2009.pdf. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund. * States where more than half of children in foster care live.

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Children’s Defense Fund

In 2009 more children nationally and in 34 states exited from foster care than entered care.

Number of Children Entering, Exiting and In Foster Care, FY 2009 Number of children: Entering foster care during the year Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Exiting foster care during the year

In foster care on September 30, 2009

3,124 927 7,588 4,161 34,826 6,353 2,466 445 624 14,313 5,857 1,332 1,215 5,176 9,464 4,728 3,163 5,387 3,631 753 2,772 6,171 7,863 5,999 2,107 5,636 976 3,563 2,905 505 4,800 1,991 12,876 4,971 940 8,741 4,734 4,601 11,226 1,447 3,719 1,448 5,952 12,769 2,060 550 2,582 6,092 3,000 4,560 1,139

2,885 915 7,232 3,917 39,226 6,204 2,972 555 703 16,400 7,770 1,447 1,452 5,876 8,448 4,687 3,615 5,434 3,683 959 3,265 6,673 10,182 6,283 2,064 4,834 939 3,619 3,092 558 5,418 2,164 13,658 4,968 877 10,074 6,580 4,743 12,507 1,604 3,698 1,381 6,214 14,160 1,966 647 3,360 5,849 3,039 4,923 1,079

254,228

274,798

418,422

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children’s Burearu, “Foster Care FY 2002 FY 2009 Entries, Exits, and Numbers of Children In Care on the Last Day of Each Federal Fiscal Year,” at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/stats_research/afcars/statistics/entryexit2009.htm.

State of America’s Children® 2011

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One-third of the children in foster care are five or younger; one-third are 14 or older. Children who enter care at younger ages stay longer.

Children in Foster Care,* by Age, FY 2009 Number of children in foster care Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Percent distribution by age Under 1 4.9% 5.6 7.1 7.7 5.1 4.8 5.4 6.1 2.2 8.0 6.9 7.0 6.1 4.3 6.3 5.1 4.8 5.6 6.8 6.6 4.3 5.0 5.6 5.3 6.0 5.3 4.9 3.7 6.5 3.8 8.7 5.4 3.8 5.8 4.9 6.5 6.9 5.4 5.0 5.8 6.5 6.0 4.5 6.8 5.1 3.8 3.4 6.7 4.9 5.4 2.8

1–2

3–5

6–9

12.5% 15.5 16.7 17.1 12.1 10.2 11.7 11.1 8.9 18.5 16.0 14.9 17.2 14.2 16.9 13.7 12.8 12.9 17.8 18.0 11.5 12.1 13.3 10.9 15.2 12.7 16.9 11.2 18.9 12.5 18.6 16.9 10.9 14.9 10.4 14.8 19.1 14.9 13.2 10.2 14.5 16.1 11.3 17.4 10.8 8.6 10.3 17.8 13.7 13.5 10.7

14.5% 18.6 17.2 16.6 13.8 11.0 11.5 10.8 11.1 18.9 15.8 18.3 18.3 17.1 18.4 13.8 15.5 13.9 19.1 18.3 13.0 12.5 16.1 11.4 16.4 14.4 19.0 13.5 20.7 14.5 16.8 20.6 13.7 16.8 13.4 13.8 21.3 17.9 13.6 10.1 16.0 19.7 12.3 18.5 10.7 10.1 11.9 18.0 15.0 16.6 14.5

14.9% 21.7 17.3 17.6 15.0 11.7 12.0 15.5 12.3 16.9 16.7 17.8 19.5 16.3 18.0 13.5 17.6 14.5 18.6 16.3 14.6 14.5 15.9 12.7 16.7 15.4 19.4 14.1 20.0 15.6 15.2 23.2 15.0 17.1 13.5 14.2 21.0 17.9 13.7 11.4 16.7 18.9 12.3 19.3 12.7 11.2 14.9 18.7 15.5 15.9 13.7

10–13

14–17

18–20+

15.9% 17.0 14.2 15.6 16.6 13.1 15.4 16.6 13.7 14.7 16.0 16.2 15.4 13.2 15.2 13.9 16.4 15.1 15.0 14.7 18.2 16.6 13.9 16.4 15.3 14.9 15.6 13.2 15.2 17.2 14.5 16.8 14.1 16.2 16.7 14.3 15.6 17.0 13.5 13.8 17.8 16.9 13.2 16.8 15.8 14.8 16.4 16.1 15.2 14.9 15.2

25.7% 16.4 21.7 25.6 32.1 34.8 41.9 37.0 26.8 22.9 28.5 25.7 23.6 18.9 22.0 37.4 32.0 37.0 22.8 25.0 35.4 39.1 28.9 41.6 25.1 27.2 22.4 36.5 18.2 29.5 23.2 17.0 28.9 25.5 38.6 30.3 16.1 21.2 32.7 40.1 28.0 21.2 43.5 21.1 37.0 46.6 40.2 19.4 34.3 31.1 37.7

11.3% 4.3 6.0 0.0 5.4 14.1 1.8 2.7 24.8 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 13.5 3.2 2.6 0.6 0.8 0.1 0.9 3.0 0.1 6.3 1.5 5.3 10.1 1.7 7.7 0.4 6.4 3.1 0.0 13.2 3.8 2.4 5.9 0.0 5.8 8.3 8.7 0.4 1.1 2.6 0.0 8.0 5.0 2.8 3.3 1.2 2.4 5.3

* In foster care on September 30, 2009. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children’s Bureau, Child Welfare Outcomes Report Data, “Age of Children in Foster Care: In Foster Care on 9/30,” at http://cwoutcomes.acf.hhs.gov/data/. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

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Children’s Defense Fund

Children in foster care are disproportionately Black. Black children account for 45 percent or more of the children in foster care in about a quarter of the states and the District of Columbia.

Children in Foster Care, by Race/Ethnicity, FY 2009

Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Number of children in foster care

White

46.6% 24.8 37.0 57.6 21.5 44.1 32.0 32.3 0.6 46.5 40.7 10.7 70.1 35.0 58.1 63.5 65.2 73.7 46.9 82.8 21.0 46.3 40.8 42.5 41.9 65.8 48.8 54.7 39.9 79.9 24.3 23.8 18.4 45.5 55.2 50.1 36.1 55.5 38.8 48.1 44.5 29.5 60.5 28.7 63.1 96.5 46.0 49.6 85.1 43.6 74.2

Black 43.1% 3.7 10.0 25.9 23.4 13.6 28.0 54.5 86.7 36.2 47.4 1.3 2.1 56.7 27.9 15.1 20.6 15.3 48.0 2.4 69.7 16.4 44.9 18.3 52.8 29.0 1.2 18.9 25.2 2.7 49.1 3.4 48.3 39.7 3.7 37.8 17.6 0.9 45.0 15.5 44.7 2.8 28.5 24.8 4.9 1.8 37.7 9.4 5.2 36.2 4.8

Percent distribution by race/ ethnicity Native American Hawaiian, Indian/ Other Two Alaska Pacific or more Hispanic Native Asian Islander races Unknown 3.9% 4.6 42.2 6.7 47.5 36.9 32.1 7.9 6.9 12.7 7.1 4.5 13.0 5.6 7.7 8.3 8.9 4.3 1.6 4.6 3.4 26.9 5.6 9.6 2.1 2.8 5.5 12.5 24.7 8.7 15.6 58.6 21.8 8.1 5.5 3.1 15.1 12.0 10.1 23.8 3.9 6.6 5.6 40.9 23.7 0.8 9.3 15.5 1.8 8.9 12.3

0.1% 55.5 3.7 0.1 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 7.7 0.1 0.1 2.0 1.0 0.1 0.3 1.1 0.1 0.2 0.8 15.4 0.1 0.3 35.5 7.6 1.0 0.3 0.1 9.7 0.2 1.2 25.1 0.1 8.7 1.3 0.2 0.9 0.1 52.8 0.2 0.2 3.8 0.0 0.0 10.9 0.0 4.0 1.8

0.1% 0.4 0.1 0.3 1.8 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.2 10.2 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 2.0 0.1 1.9 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.7 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.2 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 2.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.8 0.1 0.8 0.1

0.0% 1.4 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 20.6 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0

3.9% 7.8 3.7 9.3 4.5 3.8 6.3 4.5 2.8 3.6 4.3 50.2 6.1 0.1 5.8 2.2 3.3 4.2 1.6 5.3 3.2 4.6 7.4 8.9 1.7 0.9 6.8 2.2 7.3 2.9 2.2 3.8 2.7 4.5 8.9 4.9 22.4 22.1 0.7 7.0 6.3 8.1 2.6 4.0 2.6 0.0 5.8 11.3 7.1 4.5 1.2

2.2% 0.5 2.9 0.2 0.3 0.2 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 2.0 0.0 2.2 0.3 7.4 0.3 2.2 1.6 3.6 1.8 3.6 0.3 3.2 1.2 0.9 2.1 3.4 0.1 5.0 8.3 0.3 8.1 0.6 0.1 1.6 0.0 7.7 4.8 2.2 0.4 0.0 2.4 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.8 1.4 0.4 0.9 5.6

* In Foster Care on September 30, 2009 Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration of Children and Families, Children’s Bureau, Child Welfare Outcomes Report Data, 2009 Race and Ethnicity of Children in Foster Care, available at http://cwoutcomes.acf.hhs.gov/data/. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

I-11

In 21 states, the percent of Black children in foster care is more than twice their proportion in the general child population.

Overrepresentation of Black Children in Foster Care, FY 2009 Black children as a percent of Number of children Total Black Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

1,128,864 183,546 1,732,019 709,968 9,435,682 1,227,763 807,985 206,993 114,036 4,057,773 2,583,792 290,361 419,190 3,177,377 1,589,365 713,155 704,951 1,014,323 1,123,386 271,176 1,351,935 1,433,002 2,349,892 1,260,797 767,742 1,431,338 219,828 451,641 681,033 289,071 2,045,848 510,238 4,424,083 2,277,967 143,971 2,714,341 918,849 872,811 2,775,132 226,825 1,080,732 199,616 1,493,252 6,895,969 868,824 126,275 1,847,182 1,569,592 386,449 1,310,250 132,025

342,322 9,985 96,390 137,298 647,685 66,997 103,817 51,501 74,129 877,281 845,665 13,724 7,615 556,475 181,052 31,058 54,418 98,717 425,858 6,650 444,146 138,706 401,986 89,815 333,446 203,097 3,449 28,475 63,692 7,161 345,066 21,657 898,042 548,973 2,871 405,986 90,643 25,589 397,320 20,111 352,136 4,153 309,559 863,664 16,904 2,233 414,029 78,341 19,283 117,931 3,265

All children 30.3% 5.4 5.6 19.3 6.9 5.5 12.8 24.9 65.0 21.6 32.7 4.7 1.8 17.5 11.4 4.4 7.7 9.7 37.9 2.5 32.9 9.7 17.1 7.1 43.4 14.2 1.6 6.3 9.4 2.5 16.9 4.2 20.3 24.1 2.0 15.0 9.9 2.9 14.3 8.9 32.6 2.1 20.7 12.5 1.9 1.8 22.4 5.0 5.0 9.0 2.5

Children in foster care 43.1% 3.7 10.0 25.9 23.4 13.6 28.0 54.5 86.7 36.2 47.4 1.3 2.1 56.7 27.9 15.1 20.6 15.3 48.0 2.4 69.7 16.4 44.9 18.3 52.8 29.0 1.2 18.9 25.2 2.7 49.1 3.4 48.3 39.7 3.7 37.8 17.6 0.9 45.0 15.5 44.7 2.8 28.5 24.8 4.9 1.8 37.7 9.4 5.2 36.2 4.8

Ratio of Black children in foster care to Black children in population 1.4 0.7 1.8 1.3 3.4 2.5 2.2 2.2 1.3 1.7 1.4 0.3 1.2 3.2 2.4 3.5 2.7 1.6 1.3 1.0 2.1 1.7 2.6 2.6 1.2 2.0 0.8 3.0 2.7 1.1 2.9 0.8 2.4 1.6 1.9 2.5 1.8 0.3 3.1 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.4 2.0 2.5 1.0 1.7 1.9 1.0 4.0 1.9

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, State by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, at http://www.census.gov/popest/datasets.html; and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration of Children and Families, Children’s Bureau, Child Welfare Outcomes Report Data, “2009 Race and Ethnicity of Children in Foster Care,” available at http://cwoutcomes.acf.hhs.gov/data/. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

I-12

Children’s Defense Fund

In the majority of states and the District of Columbia, at least one-third of children in foster care between one and two years experience three or more placements.

Placement Stability, 2009 Number of Placements by Time in Care Children with two or fewer placements: In care less In care at least In care than 12 12 but less 24 months months than 24 months or longer Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

69.8% 82.6 87.0 74.8 82.8 83.3 86.7 82.1 78.0 84.9 74.3 87.1 88.2 83.0 89.1 88.0 78.5 86.6 78.9 86.0 84.6 74.0 85.8 86.8 78.2 91.0 87.1 84.2 82.9 86.0 87.4 88.5 89.1 92.8 85.2 74.0 73.7 87.4 87.0 88.4 77.6 87.1 79.8 82.5 77.2 72.2 86.1 86.7 86.7 86.7 82.9

49.8% 54.8 65.5 44.0 61.7 64.3 66.1 59.8 55.2 60.8 52.7 67.1 61.9 68.7 66.0 61.3 52.3 60.1 54.3 69.3 76.8 48.7 72.6 58.3 56.6 92.7 63.9 55.4 57.2 63.1 72.4 55.1 72.4 75.7 54.6 70.3 47.2 63.6 64.7 62.0 40.8 55.7 54.8 55.1 41.2 43.9 66.0 66.2 66.2 64.7 59.1

27.6% 23.9 29.2 16.8 33.8 33.8 30.8 28.1 21.5 30.5 27.2 40.5 35.3 35.6 36.7 26.6 28.8 29.6 28.3 26.1 32.1 23.3 46.5 28.2 26.4 91.0 34.9 26.0 26.3 42.9 45.7 25.3 43.9 44.6 38.6 37.3 25.3 33.4 43.4 34.7 17.8 19.0 35.8 22.2 17.0 18.5 36.4 45.2 36.2 40.7 38.5

Children with three or more placements: In care less In care at least In care than 12 12 but less 24 months months than 24 months or longer 19.4% 17.4 11.8 24.4 16.9 11.1 13.3 17.7 20.7 14.7 23.7 10.2 11.8 17.0 10.9 12.0 21.0 13.4 20.3 13.3 9.3 25.9 14.2 13.2 17.7 9.0 12.9 15.8 16.3 13.1 12.6 11.5 10.2 7.2 14.8 10.0 25.4 12.6 13.0 11.6 22.4 12.9 19.7 17.5 21.4 27.8 13.5 12.7 13.3 13.3 13.7

45.8% 45.2 34.5 55.8 38.2 34.9 33.9 40.2 44.8 39.0 47.1 32.4 38.1 31.3 34.0 38.7 45.5 39.9 45.7 30.8 19.5 51.3 27.4 41.7 42.9 7.3 36.1 44.6 42.4 36.9 27.6 44.9 27.5 24.3 45.4 29.4 52.8 36.4 35.3 38.0 59.2 44.3 45.2 44.9 58.8 56.1 33.8 33.8 33.8 35.3 39.6

69.7% 76.1 70.8 83.1 66.1 65.9 66.1 71.9 78.0 69.3 72.7 59.5 64.7 64.4 63.3 73.4 69.8 70.4 71.7 73.9 66.9 76.7 53.5 71.8 73.6 9.0 65.1 74.0 73.6 57.1 54.3 74.7 56.1 55.4 61.4 62.6 74.6 66.6 56.6 65.3 82.2 81.0 64.2 77.8 83.0 81.5 63.5 54.7 63.8 59.3 61.5

* In care on September 30, 2009. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children’s Bureau,” Child Welfare Outcomes Report Data, Table 6.1 “Number of Placements by Time in Care,” at http://cwoutcomes.acf.hhs.gov/data/. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

I-13

The median length of time a child spends in foster care before exiting is over a year; more than half of the children exit through reunification with family.

Exits of Children from Foster Care, 2009 Number of children who exited foster care

Median length of stay (months)

Adoption

Guardianship

Reunification

Other, missing data

2,822 851 7,233 3,891 36,643 5,971 2,932 555 703 16,064 7,483 1,403 1,446 5,108 8,382 4,457 3,615 5,183 3,660 928 2,692 6,553 9,010 6,237 1,952 4,983 912 3,588 3,089 561 5,320 2,149 12,808 4,970 821 8,218 6,465 4,745 12,271 1,493 3,669 1,374 6,218 13,942 1,962 644 3,304 5,504 2,928 4,772 1,030

13.3 23.0 11.0 3.3 14.8 8.4 17.3 16.9 26.6 12.4 13.6 8.7 11.3 33.0 9.7 14.4 16.9 9.4 11.7 20.5 27.4 11.6 20.9 5.3 12.7 14.2 12.3 14.7 12.3 14.9 13.8 6.4 15.2 17.2 9.5 11.1 18.7 16.6 12.7 12.8 7.2 5.5 10.4 17.6 11.0 18.5 18.9 13.9 11.8 11.2 8.1

8.0% 37.1 22.9 15.1 19.4 15.9 22.3 22.5 15.2 21.7 17.4 19.1 23.3 27.6 17.7 20.1 22.8 15.6 15.8 33.2 24.1 11.9 22.6 10.5 14.8 20.2 20.2 15.0 17.2 25.8 26.1 23.1 18.1 29.2 11.1 16.0 23.1 23.2 18.2 18.7 14.3 12.1 16.1 35.2 24.2 23.8 20.0 30.9 17.9 14.5 6.6

0.0% 3.8 9.1 3.3 6.6 4.8 8.9 14.4 12.2 24.0 7.6 8.0 6.1 10.0 8.5 6.8 7.1 0.2 0.9 8.3 6.4 7.2 4.1 8.6 4.7 11.1 5.0 8.0 3.9 2.1 5.5 1.5 0.0 12.4 0.0 9.4 7.6 6.1 8.4 5.5 0.9 5.4 2.3 2.3 8.8 2.8 0.0 25.0 5.2 5.0 4.8

69.6% 49.0 52.6 73.6 56.1 64.1 46.7 43.4 46.5 45.0 63.2 59.2 61.2 40.0 65.2 62.5 54.0 66.8 73.9 40.2 35.0 63.8 52.3 66.7 74.6 62.3 63.6 65.0 67.8 51.3 58.9 68.2 66.0 46.7 66.5 59.6 59.3 59.0 58.4 60.3 74.0 60.7 70.2 50.2 51.9 57.0 44.9 37.2 71.6 67.8 82.4

22.4% 10.1 15.4 8.0 17.9 15.2 22.1 19.6 26.0 9.3 11.8 13.7 9.4 22.4 8.7 10.7 16.0 17.4 9.4 18.3 34.5 17.1 21.1 14.1 5.9 6.5 11.1 12.0 11.1 20.7 9.6 7.3 15.9 11.7 22.4 15.0 10.0 11.7 15.0 15.5 10.8 21.8 11.4 12.2 15.2 16.4 35.1 6.8 5.4 12.6 6.2

276,266

13.7

Percent distribution by type of exit

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children's Bureau, Child Welfare Outcomes Report Data, “Overview Foster Care Information: Exited Care” and Table 3.1 “Exits of Children From Foster Care,” at http://cwoutcomes.acf.hhs.gov/data/; and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children’s Bureau, “The AFCARS Report: Preliminary FY 2009 Estimates as of July 2010,” at <http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/stats_research/afcars/tar/report17.pdf>. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

I-14

Children’s Defense Fund

Over 29,000 youth emancipated from foster care in 2009. These youth are at increased risk of not graduating from high school, not enrolling in college and being unemployed, incarcerated or homeless.

Youth Who Exit Foster Care to Emancipation, 2009

Number Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

280 46 700 292 5,137 590 452 103 167 1,472 708 138 108 1,094 137 474 476 865 293 157 778 1,070 1,143 680 76 52 51 330 263 69 370 106 1,397 492 92 1,033 485 255 942 151 359 72 587 1,522 193 88 943 263 72 472 37

Percent of youth who exited foster care through emancipation 9.9% 5.4 9.7 7.5 14.0 9.9 15.4 18.6 23.8 9.2 9.5 9.8 7.5 21.4 1.6 10.6 13.2 16.7 8.0 16.9 28.9 16.3 12.7 10.9 3.9 1.0 5.6 9.2 8.5 12.3 7.0 4.9 10.9 9.9 11.2 12.6 7.5 5.4 7.7 10.1 9.8 5.2 9.4 10.9 9.8 13.7 28.5 4.8 2.5 9.9 3.6

Of the youth who emancipated out of foster, the percent who: Entered care at age 12 or younger 37.9% 34.8 17.0 18.2 38.8 20.7 36.3 15.5 46.7 25.4 26.7 29.7 16.7 54.7 13.1 24.1 17.0 14.8 39.6 44.6 44.9 25.1 30.5 28.1 27.6 21.2 43.1 11.8 19.4 29.0 22.7 22.6 38.8 23.4 15.2 20.6 39.8 43.1 23.2 35.1 31.8 40.3 10.2 41.4 13.0 17.0 22.0 51.7 20.8 28.6 8.1

Entered care older than 12 62.1% 63.0 83.0 81.8 61.2 79.3 63.7 84.5 53.3 74.5 73.3 70.3 83.3 45.3 86.9 75.9 83.0 85.2 60.4 55.4 55.1 74.9 69.3 71.9 72.4 78.8 56.9 88.2 80.6 71.0 73.0 77.4 61.1 76.4 84.8 79.4 60.2 56.9 76.8 64.9 68.2 59.7 89.8 58.6 87.0 83.0 78.0 48.3 79.2 71.4 91.9

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children’s Bureau, Child Welfare Outcomes Report Data, “Overview Foster Care Information: Exited Care” and Table 3.4, at http://cwoutcomes.acf.hhs.gov/data/. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

I-15

The number of children adopted from foster care almost doubled between 1995 and 2000, but increased by less than seven thousand children (13%) between 2000 and 2009.

Adoptions from Foster Care, Selected Years, FYs 1995–2009 FY 1995 Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

FY 2000

FY 2005

FY 2009

128 103 215 84 3,094 338 198 38 86 904 383 42 46 1,759 520 227 333 197 292 85 324 1,073 1,717 232 109 538 104 208 155 51 616 141 4,579 289 42 1,202 226 427 1,018 216 231 42 458 804 283 62 320 645 139 360 10

202 202 853 325 8,818 711 499 103 319 1,629 1,091 280 140 5,664 1,160 729 468 398 476 379 552 861 2,804 614 288 1,265 238 293 231 97 832 347 4,234 1,337 108 2,044 1,096 831 1,712 260 378 94 431 2,045 303 117 448 1,141 352 736 61

324 204 1,012 316 7,490 954 740 78 310 3,019 1,127 452 149 1,837 1,010 947 649 876 469 316 620 832 2,883 732 242 1,309 244 352 412 124 1,377 289 3,407 1,203 152 2,044 1,013 1,030 2,065 217 382 113 1,114 3,181 346 166 510 1,305 368 906 61

629 329 1,653 601 7,438 1,070 768 125 103 3,711 1,389 279 353 1,429 1,488 967 836 842 578 323 734 790 3,200 660 306 1,096 192 588 525 135 1,347 437 2,398 1,725 137 1,453 1,564 1,101 2,243 272 513 167 1,001 4,976 502 156 663 2,091 541 769 71

25,693

50,596

51,278

57,264

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau, “Adoptions of Children with Public Welfare Agency Involvement by State FY 2002 – FY 2009,” at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/stats_research/afcars/adoptchild09.pdf. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

I-16

Children’s Defense Fund

While the number of children waiting in foster care to be adopted has declined nationally and in all but a handful of states, the number is still way too high.

Children in Public Foster Care Waiting to be Adopted, FYs 2004–2009

FY2004

FY2005

FY2006

FY2007

FY2008

FY 2009

1,599 649 2,124 949 16,299 1,684 986 218 837 7,690 2,507 1,019 310 3,432 2,550 1,139 1,926 1,969 1,179 851 2,202 3,006 6,486 1,795 914 3,227 713 920 1,573 239 5,110 634 10,650 3,074 277 4,814 4,471 3,302 3,996 331 1,769 480 1,776 9,957 437 267 1,611 2,317 976 1,341 171

2,128 520 2,478 1,191 16,700 1,785 953 274 620 7,379 2,370 980 373 3,408 3,194 1,265 1,811 2,125 1,162 787 1,954 2,925 7,061 1,579 858 3,532 646 916 1,701 272 4,845 711 9,238 3,137 344 4,350 3,504 3,441 3,679 407 1,819 472 1,717 10,947 436 265 1,823 2,167 1,312 1,364 200

1,658 698 2,644 945 21,202 2,099 963 302 667 7,480 2,305 808 555 5,746 3,345 1,419 2,005 2,091 1,079 679 1,626 2,705 6,164 1,638 903 2,722 606 972 1,786 252 4,725 860 8,040 3,116 321 4,087 3,657 2,776 3,559 405 1,771 507 1,788 12,542 475 251 1,783 2,361 1,204 1,237 209

1,824 766 2,492 780 20,830 1,762 1,162 311 560 7,927 2,162 733 593 5,598 3,211 1,299 1,812 2,153 1,137 614 1,660 2,868 6,115 1,674 898 2,836 597 805 1,936 325 3,262 963 7,659 3,095 337 3,762 4,022 2,527 3,408 400 1,779 452 1,622 13,552 574 257 1,834 2,837 1,278 1,284 151

1,692 807 2,153 872 17,847 1,878 1,430 304 493 7,942 2,244 555 576 4,608 2,931 1,158 1,960 2,101 1,069 619 1,506 2,846 5,674 1,393 996 2,606 521 881 2,200 297 3,009 907 7,014 2,903 288 3,477 3,766 2,206 3,037 415 1,803 423 1,477 13,414 553 225 1,769 3,025 1,300 1,329 98

1,582 751 2,691 850 15,634 1,647 1,354 239 486 6,349 1,791 401 498 2,728 3,136 1,003 1,852 2,048 1,093 571 1,220 2,837 4,902 1,227 975 2,335 537 831 2,095 272 2,688 878 6,890 2,722 315 3,382 3,429 1,840 3,016 333 1,807 380 1,326 12,844 565 231 1,612 2,865 1,220 1,255 73

128,753

129,125

133,738

132,495

124,597

113,606

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children’s Bureau, “Children in Public Foster Care on September 30th of Each Year Who are Waiting to be Adopted FY2002–FY2009,” at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/stats_research/afcars/waiting2009.pdf.

State of America’s Children® 2011

I-17

Some children are being raised by grandparents or other relatives when their parents are unable to do so. More than 2.8 million grandchildren live with grandparents who are responsible for them. One-third of them have no parent living with them.

Children Living with Grandparents or Other Relatives, 2009

Living in households headed by: Grandparent Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Other Relative

Grandchildren living with grandparents responsible for them: No parent of grandchild present Total

Number

Percent

110,977 12,532 144,835 58,192 735,450 61,202 48,152 14,852 13,397 315,514 213,418 40,584 18,862 213,258 105,558 26,755 31,443 88,582 121,196 11,521 106,405 73,562 134,355 42,631 105,511 92,581 13,540 19,563 50,791 13,669 114,430 51,013 304,458 155,146 5,309 158,704 67,976 49,809 172,803 13,236 96,450 12,506 138,120 610,289 46,812 4,365 119,711 82,908 38,366 57,033 7,303

26,954 3,482 50,610 11,772 367,117 26,556 11,862 4,487 6,169 97,802 73,132 11,314 6,117 74,899 21,877 7,098 11,160 19,953 29,973 3,143 34,245 22,430 35,082 14,487 22,131 24,177 3,678 4,932 21,094 2,603 42,586 11,144 106,983 48,977 1,117 40,364 16,136 14,646 41,379 4,799 25,705 3,710 32,339 194,691 16,885 1,138 39,017 28,925 6,741 19,260 1,603

71,625 6,925 77,722 39,302 313,542 33,170 23,508 9,075 5,802 171,592 130,841 10,509 11,156 113,181 66,730 14,120 18,083 63,493 75,238 5,572 51,916 30,637 68,951 21,194 69,008 50,460 8,829 11,119 28,337 6,247 50,741 29,365 140,185 99,144 3,048 90,061 43,479 27,189 85,003 4,835 56,740 8,207 80,695 356,410 18,381 1,928 62,220 43,781 23,603 29,199 5,027

26,980 2,241 22,396 15,335 75,160 13,047 8,444 2,469 1,691 58,614 48,057 2,788 3,652 33,817 21,124 4,650 7,081 28,348 29,128 2,564 15,109 8,630 20,963 6,623 22,358 19,245 4,195 4,531 7,135 1,909 16,147 9,593 39,526 40,564 1,030 33,999 17,062 8,319 32,900 1,554 22,721 2,818 29,230 103,547 4,489 1,115 21,890 16,690 9,916 9,563 2,399

37.7% 32.4 28.8 39.0 24.0 39.3 35.9 27.2 29.1 34.2 36.7 26.5 32.7 29.9 31.7 32.9 39.2 44.6 38.7 46.0 29.1 28.2 30.4 31.2 32.4 38.1 47.5 40.8 25.2 30.6 31.8 32.7 28.2 40.9 33.8 37.8 39.2 30.6 38.7 32.1 40.0 34.3 36.2 29.1 24.4 57.8 35.2 38.1 42.0 32.8 47.7

5,345,635

1,748,481

2,867,125

943,356

32.9

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2009 American Community Survey, Tables B09006 and B10002. Calculations by Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Defense Fund.

I-18

Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Defense Fund