2011 State of America's Children-Early Childhood Development by Ben Dawson

Early Childhood Key Facts .................................................................................................................................................... G-2 Trends in Child Poverty Rate, 1969-2009 (graph)....................................................................................... G-3 Children Living in Poverty, by Age and Race, 2009 (graph) ........................................................................ G-3 Labor Force Participation of Women with Children Under Age Six, Selected Years ................................... G-4 Parental Labor Force Participation, 2009.................................................................................................... G-5 Child Care Assistance, 2010 ....................................................................................................................... G-6 Child Care vs. College Costs, 2009 ............................................................................................................ G-7 Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit, 2008............................................................................................... G-8 Child Care and Development Fund, FY 2008.............................................................................................. G-9 Head Start Enrollment, 2009 ..................................................................................................................... G-10 Head Start Enrollment, by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2009 ..................................................................... G-11 Infants and Toddlers Under Three Receiving Early Intervention Services Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part C, by Age and State, 2008 ................................................... G-12 Prekindergarten Enrollment of 3- and 4-year-olds, 2008-2009 ................................................................. G-13 States that Require Kindergarten and Have Adopted Common Core K-12 Standards, 2010 ................... G-14 Annual Salaries of Early Childhood Educators, 2009................................................................................ G-15 Number of Ongoing Training Hours Required for Child Center Staff Roles in 2008 (Reported in hours) ................................................................................................................................... G-16 Infant and Toddler Child-Staff Ratios and Group Sizes, 2008 ................................................................... G-17 Child-Staff Ratios in Licensed Centers...................................................................................................... G-18 Licensing of Small Family Child Care Homes, 2008 ................................................................................. G-19 Initial Training Requirements (Selected) for Small Family Child Care Homes and Annual Training Requirements, 2008..................................................................................... G-20

Early Childhood

rom birth to age five children learn social, emotional, behavioral and cognitive competencies that set the foundation for academic success. Unfortunately, factors such as poverty and the “lottery of geography” create barriers to young children’s healthy development. Every 42 seconds a baby is born without health insurance; every minute a baby is born at low birthweight. Cognitive disparities emerge between children from families with low and higher incomes as early as nine months and more often than not, these children are unable to catch up by the time they enter kindergarten. The resulting achievement gap increases over time and can propel children into the cradle to prison pipeline. • More than 24 percent of children under age five are poor; 41.9 percent of Black and 35.0 percent of Hispanic children under five are poor. • Almost 70 percent of mothers with children under six are in the workforce. • The annual cost of center-based child care for a four-year-old is more than the annual in-state tuition at a public four-year college in 33 states and the District of Columbia. • In 18 states, a family must have an income that is below 175 percent of the poverty level ($32,043 for a family of four) to receive a public child care subsidy. • Center-based care varies dramatically in quality. In 15 states the infant/toddler child to staff ratio is 5 to 1 or higher. More than half the states do not offer an infant/ toddler credential or qualifications that show specialized knowledge, skills and professional achievement for this group of children. • Only 10 states require by statute that all school districts offer full-day kindergarten; 44 states and District of Columbia require half-day programs; six states do not require local districts to offer any type of kindergarten program. However, 41 states and the District of Columbia have adopted common core standards that begin assessing student performance in kindergarten despite the unequal coverage across states. • Only 13.8 percent of three-year-olds and 38.9 percent of four-year-olds were in statefunded pre-kindergarten programs, Head Start or special education in 2008-2009.

G-2

Children’s Defense Fund

Our youngest children are most at risk of being poor. Young children of color continue to suffer disproportionately from poverty and extreme poverty.

Trends in Child Poverty Rate, 1969–2009

23.8% 20.7%

Children under 6 Children under 18

0 1969

1973

1977

1981

1985

1989

1993

1997

2001

2005

2009

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Table 6. People With Income Below Specified Ratios of Their Poverty Thresholds by Selected Characterstics: 2009

Children Living in Poverty, by Age and Race, 2009 50

Under 18 Under 5

Percent in poverty

41.9% 40 35.7% 33.1%

35.0%

30 24.5% 20.7% 20 14.7%

14.0% 14.3%%

11.9% 10

All children

White, non-Hispanic

Black

Hispanic*

Asian

Children Living in Extreme Poverty, by Age and Race, 2009 21.6%

Percent in extreme poverty by race

Percent Poor

Under 18 20

Under 5 17.9% 15.8%

14.1% 11.5%

9.3%

8.4% 6.9%

6.3% 5.0%

All children

White, non-Hispanic

Black

Hispanic*

Asian

* Persons of Hispanic origin can be of any race. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

State of America’s Children® 2011

G-3

For 10 years, 60 percent or more of women with young children have been in the labor force.

Labor Force Participation of Women with Children Under Age Six, Selected Years All Women Number 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

– – – – – – 6,538,000 8,215,000 9,397,000 10,322,000 10,316,000 10,199,000 9,474,000 9,460,000 9,375,000 10,424,000 10,430,000 10,894,000 10,452,000 10,497,000

– Data not available Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

G-4

Children’s Defense Fund

Percent – – – – – – 46.8% 53.5 58.2 64.4 65.3 64.9 64.3 63.0 62.5 62.6 63.0 63.5 63.6 63.6

Married Women Number Percent 1,399,000 2,012,000 2,474,000 3,117,000 3,914,000 4,518,000 5,227,000 6,406,000 7,247,000 7,246,000 7,341,000 7,317,000 7,057,000 7,051,000 6,980,000 7,309,000 7,366,000 7,664,000 7,285,000 7,231,000

11.9% 16.2 18.6 23.2 30.3 36.7 45.1 53.4 58.9 61.8 62.8 62.5 61.1 60.0 59.6 59.8 60.3 61.5 61.6 61.6

Nationally more than 60 percent of children under six and more than 70 percent of school-age children live with parents in the labor force.

Parental Labor Force Participation, 2009 Mothers* in the labor force by age of youngest child (percent) Under age 6 Ages 6–17

Children with mothers in the labor force (percent) Under age 6 Ages 6–17

Children with all parents** in the labor force (percent) Under age 6 Ages 6–17

Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

69.2% 65.5 66.4 70.3 66.0 68.2 75.9 74.5 74.2 70.8 69.0 72.0 62.1 71.2 71.1 78.4 74.5 70.4 71.9 72.5 73.4 75.0 71.6 78.1 74.0 74.6 71.4 77.4 66.9 75.9 69.4 64.6 68.3 69.1 79.8 74.9 64.8 69.5 73.1 78.2 73.9 76.8 69.7 64.9 58.4 74.0 69.7 65.4 63.4 78.2 66.0

77.1% 78.2 75.1 77.8 74.6 79.0 81.0 84.0 77.1 79.1 78.1 83.2 77.5 79.2 80.6 86.4 82.7 73.9 76.4 81.8 84.0 81.2 79.2 84.8 77.2 80.2 81.5 85.2 79.0 84.4 79.1 77.8 77.5 79.0 88.2 80.0 75.5 78.4 79.2 78.7 80.1 85.0 77.3 75.4 74.3 86.2 78.9 77.2 71.4 84.1 81.4

61.2% 52.0 52.1 62.6 54.8 58.5 67.3 63.8 66.5 61.1 60.1 62.1 53.6 60.6 60.0 70.0 63.2 60.6 61.6 62.2 64.9 65.4 61.5 68.1 62.7 63.1 58.6 68.9 55.1 66.1 60.3 54.1 57.9 60.1 71.5 63.5 55.8 59.9 61.7 67.0 62.6 68.8 60.8 55.0 47.2 67.4 59.9 55.5 51.8 68.5 59.4

68.1% 64.7 62.7 68.5 63.5 67.2 72.9 74.5 66.9 70.1 69.0 71.6 65.3 69.5 70.7 77.8 71.7 66.0 69.0 72.1 75.0 72.9 70.0 74.8 68.5 70.4 68.4 76.5 66.9 73.7 69.4 65.9 67.5 69.5 79.4 70.0 63.7 66.9 69.3 70.7 70.8 75.7 68.1 64.7 60.7 77.8 69.2 65.2 61.0 74.0 69.2

65.4% 57.8 59.3 66.8 60.9 62.0 70.4 69.0 71.2 67.5 64.8 69.4 57.2 65.9 64.9 75.4 68.5 63.5 66.4 68.4 70.3 68.5 66.1 72.2 68.1 68.5 64.4 73.5 62.5 69.6 64.8 61.7 61.9 65.8 76.1 68.0 61.7 63.7 66.7 70.7 68.0 72.7 66.0 59.5 49.6 71.7 64.9 60.0 57.1 72.9 66.4

70.5% 69.0 67.5 71.1 67.9 70.3 76.1 78.2 71.1 73.8 72.7 76.8 69.1 72.8 73.8 81.7 76.1 67.7 72.1 75.9 78.2 75.3 72.6 77.8 71.1 73.6 72.4 79.1 72.8 77.4 72.1 71.2 70.0 73.2 83.0 73.6 68.9 70.2 72.2 73.3 74.4 79.2 71.7 68.1 63.2 82.0 72.3 69.1 63.3 78.2 76.2

United States

69.9

78.3

59.4

68.2

64.4

71.7

* Mothers ages 20-64 only. ** This includes children living with both parents, living with their father only and living with their mother only Sources: U.S Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2009 American Community Survey, Tables B23003 and B23008. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

G-5

Eligibility for public child care subsidies is limited in 18 states to children in families with incomes below 175 percent of the poverty level ($32,043 for a family of three).

Child Care Assistance, 2010 Income Limits for a Family of Three As annual dollar amount Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

$ 23,808 46,248 30,216 28,345 45,228 23,803 – 54,108 61,556 36,624 45,775 27,465 35,200 47,124 23,184 36,624 23,256 26,556 33,876 27,468 37,896 45,775 29,990 39,207 23,880 32,994 34,999 23,520 27,468 21,972 43,248 45,775 36,620 36,620 36,620 37,476 29,556 27,468 35,100 33,874 36,620 32,958 27,465 38,150 31,044 27,465 – 44,524 31,992 36,600 27,468 – 45,780 36,624 27,468 33,876 48,175

As percent of poverty 130% 253 165 155 247 130 – 296 336 200 250 150 192 257 127 200 127 145 185 150 207 250 164 214 130 180 191 128 150 120 236 250 200 200 200 205 161 150 192 185 200 180 150 208 170 150 – 243 175 200 150 – 250 200 150 185 263

As percent of state median income 47% 69 54 62 70 37 – 85 75 55 84 49 61 66 46 56 40 45 58 53 73 81 37 50 38 47 79 42 52 37 75 61 45 82 56 69 52 46 73 60 58 47 53 70 60 52 – 85 58 59 40 – 67 56 58 54 79

Note: The income eligibility limits shown in the table represent the maximum income families can have when they apply for child care assistance. States with an income eligibility range are those that have different income limits for different regions of the state. Source: Karen Schulman and Helen Blank, “State Child Care Assistance Policies 2010: New Federal Funds Help States Weather the Storm,” National Women’s Law Center, Table 1A, (September 2010) at http://www.nwlc.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/statechildcareassistancepoliciesreport2010.pdf.

G-6

Children’s Defense Fund

In 33 States and the District of Columbia the annual cost of center-based child care for a 4-year old is more than the annual in-state tuition at a public four-year college.

Child Care vs. College Costs, 2009 Yearly cost for 4-year-old in center-based care Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

$ 5,668 8,268 6,888 4,854 8,234 8,816 10,220 7,280 8,458 6,252 5,676 7,452 5,159 7,810 7,245 7,062 6,880 5,509 4,992 7,606 8,088 13,158 7,549 10,250 4,056 4,628 6,911 6,760 7,132 8,327 9,440 5,931 10,847 7,260 6,341 7,616 5,077 7,500 8,632 9,270 4,756 n/a 4,515 6,454 5,820 7,904 6,656 8,350 5,520 9,039 6,763

Annual in-state tuition at public 4-year college $ 5,538 5,008 5,580 5,762 5,254 5,683 7,891 8,288 3,140 3,309 4,270 5,391 4,612 9,847 6,923 6,435 5,746 6,828 4,085 8,018 7,249 8,201 9,078 8,292 4,942 6,904 5,462 5,878 3,348 10,193 10,375 4,413 5,103 4,373 5,780 8,067 5,011 6,286 10,132 7,648 8,976 5,755 5,680 6,030 4,262 11,316 7,448 5,704 4,703 6,554 3,057

Ratio 1.02 1.65 1.23 0.84 1.57 1.55 1.30 0.88 2.69 1.89 1.33 1.38 1.12 0.79 1.05 1.10 1.20 0.81 1.22 0.95 1.12 1.60 0.83 1.24 0.82 0.67 1.27 1.15 2.13 0.82 0.91 1.34 2.13 1.66 1.10 0.94 1.01 1.19 0.85 1.21 0.53 0.79 1.07 1.37 0.70 0.89 1.46 1.17 1.38 2.21

Sources: National Association of Child Care Resource and Referral Agencies, Parents and the High Cost of Child Care 2010 Update, (August 2010), at http://www.naccrra.org/docs/Cost_Report_073010-final.pdf; and U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics: 2000 (April 2010), Table 335. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

G-7

Families received more than $3 million in help through the federal Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit in 2008.

Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit, 2008

Number of filers

Amount claimed (in $1,000s)

105,303 14,027 109,510 52,503 689,872 104,304 81,212 23,996 14,495 417,115 230,136 29,552 29,090 271,763 118,718 84,500 65,507 72,860 93,650 27,198 174,001 147,220 170,488 147,491 62,334 125,700 17,157 54,466 53,632 30,496 230,619 28,674 488,561 220,004 18,442 174,417 62,849 67,007 226,583 19,918 102,842 25,244 123,937 512,835 35,909 13,855 191,534 118,198 17,919 106,754 10,885

$54,991 7,725 56,898 26,606 394,308 53,570 42,618 13,252 8,919 226,677 122,070 13,592 13,781 152,016 58,451 39,887 32,413 34,770 49,732 13,891 103,022 75,354 81,681 67,052 34,414 61,249 7,406 26,274 31,040 15,568 135,532 13,756 297,446 110,428 8,926 85,338 30,957 31,394 118,202 10,623 55,405 12,707 64,294 290,891 17,599 7,029 105,099 61,378 8,046 47,689 5,304

6,415,282

$3,437,270

Source: U.S. Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, Historical Table 2, SOI Bulletin, at http://www.irs.gov/taxstats/article/0,,id=171535,00.html. Calculations by Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Defense Fund.

G-8

Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Defense Fund

1.6 million children – only one out of six eligible children – were assisted under the Child Care and Development Fund each month in 2008.

Child Care and Development Fund, FY 2008 Monthly Average Number Receiving Assistance Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Families

Children

16,800 2,100 19,400 6,600 67,300 10,900 6,100 3,700 1,400 67,100 29,000 6,700 4,300 37,400 19,000 8,600 11,400 17,500 28,100 2,100 14,300 16,900 36,500 14,000 13,500 21,100 2,800 6,200 3,800 5,300 24,600 12,300 69,600 35,600 2,600 27,600 14,500 12,300 54,200 3,600 12,100 3,200 22,300 65,200 6,500 2,400 14,900 29,000 5,100 15,700 2,700

31,900 3,500 32,100 9,600 105,400 18,900 9,400 6,000 2,000 101,000 54,000 10,400 7,900 68,300 36,100 15,300 21,500 31,200 45,300 3,100 24,400 23,100 70,900 24,800 25,400 35,900 4,500 11,100 6,300 7,700 35,800 20,400 116,400 74,000 4,100 48,200 24,700 22,700 93,400 6,000 21,300 5,100 42,700 120,500 12,500 3,500 23,900 48,400 8,300 28,000 4,400

935,900

1,611,300

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Child Care, Table 1 Child Care and Development Fund Average Monthly Adjusted Number of Families and Children Served (FFY 2008), at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ccb/data/ccdf_data/ 08acf800/table1.htm. See original source for additional notes. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

G-9

Just over one million low-income children were enrolled in the Head Start programs during 2009.

Head Start Enrollment, 2009 Total

Funded Enrollment* Early Head Start Head Start Head Start Preschool Migrant

Total

Actual Enrollment** Early Head Start Head Start Head Start Preschool Migrant

16,475 2,997 19,363 9,615 101,039 10,662 7,035 2,059 3,245 39,213 23,610 2,673 3,987 39,225 14,167 7,749 9,057 16,344 19,909 3,873 10,387 13,018 35,855 14,340 25,601 16,793 4,600 5,443 3,116 1,632 12,550 8,907 49,092 20,369 3,353 37,268 16,590 14,129 35,130 1,764 10,943 4,522 16,414 74,903 6,274 1,522 13,800 16,094 7,588 15,763 1,997

647 305 1,133 640 7,474 798 407 173 291 2,799 1,357 377 406 2,732 908 1,077 1,822 1,094 912 580 867 846 2,018 1,105 971 1,344 455 882 276 204 728 909 3,870 1,487 421 1,458 1,136 749 2,328 381 598 635 880 3,943 423 274 1,138 1,657 394 1,159 311

15,592 2,692 17,478 8,575 87,619 9,164 6,628 1,886 2,954 32,718 21,890 2,296 2,784 36,023 13,259 6,672 7,235 15,105 18,917 3,293 9,520 12,099 32,402 12,256 24,630 15,449 4,145 4,496 2,840 1,428 11,631 7,998 44,607 17,681 2,932 35,810 15,454 10,747 32,376 1,383 9,983 3,887 15,534 62,985 5,449 1,248 12,316 10,867 7,194 14,074 1,686

236 0 752 400 5,946 700 0 0 0 3,696 363 0 797 470 0 0 0 145 80 0 0 73 1,435 979 0 0 0 65 0 0 191 0 615 1,201 0 0 0 2,633 426 0 362 0 0 7,975 402 0 346 3,570 0 530 0

18,984 3,520 21,269 11,640 123,309 13,083 8,587 2,505 4,306 45,858 28,088 3,311 4,593 48,675 17,600 9,347 11,703 19,351 22,712 4,812 12,134 15,739 42,370 17,058 28,237 21,443 5,379 6,502 4,380 2,056 14,488 10,431 56,368 23,522 3,914 47,843 19,926 15,899 41,271 2,433 12,464 5,388 19,718 87,158 7,417 1,916 16,072 19,464 8,767 18,739 2,448

880 407 1,699 1,011 12,100 1,334 653 292 395 4,040 1,742 663 654 4,203 1,574 1,587 3,118 1,626 1,216 937 1,341 1,358 3,039 1,697 1,149 2,255 693 1,331 437 374 1,045 1,377 5,481 2,023 624 2,622 1,885 1,025 3,448 739 839 950 1,236 6,164 707 416 1,674 2,850 595 1,729 462

17,920 3,113 18,818 10,183 105,042 11,071 7,934 2,213 3,911 38,627 25,983 2,648 3,158 43,865 16,026 7,760 8,585 17,572 21,408 3,875 10,793 14,304 37,855 14,382 27,088 19,188 4,686 5,105 3,943 1,682 13,267 9,054 50,243 20,317 3,290 45,221 18,041 12,155 37,404 1,694 11,343 4,438 18,482 72,950 6,305 1,500 14,116 13,094 8,172 16,446 1,986

184 0 752 446 6,167 678 0 0 0 3,191 363 0 781 607 0 0 0 153 88 0 0 77 1,476 979 0 0 0 66 0 0 176 0 644 1,182 0 0 0 2,719 419 0 282 0 0 8,044 405 0 282 3,520 0 564 0

United States

891,312

61,148

795,776

34,388

1,056,789

93,287

929,257

34,245

* The number of funded Head Start slots for the year. ** The number of children enrolled at any point during the year. Source: Center for Law and Social Policy (CLASP), CLASP DataFinder, at http://www.clasp.org/data. Data are from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2009 Program Information Report.

G-10

Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Defense Fund

Less than three percent of those eligible for Early Head Start and less than 50 percent of those eligible for Head Start were enrolled.

Head Start Enrollment, by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2009 Percent of Enrollment Total actual enrollment Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

White

Black

Hispanic*

Asian, Pacific Islander 0% 5 0 0 6 1 1 1 0 1 0 62 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 3 0 1 0 1 2 2 3 0 4 1 1 1 1 3 2 3 0 1 0 0 3 1 1 4 0 3 1

0% 57 24 1 4 3 1 0 6 1 0 1 9 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 3 1 3 8 1 0 41 6 8 0 0 23 2 3 38 1 25 6 0 1 0 50 0 1 9 1 1 11 0 6 16

22% 19 58 44 39 50 26 10 1 32 22 11 59 23 57 69 53 72 16 85 21 37 46 50 14 53 51 60 54 84 22 39 33 26 49 47 40 60 47 58 11 37 48 60 56 86 34 33 85 51 58

69% 3 3 38 10 7 32 46 83 53 70 6 1 45 26 13 21 17 79 5 62 18 36 20 82 35 1 13 28 4 38 2 26 51 4 39 16 6 34 9 80 5 40 18 2 3 49 7 7 24 2

8% 5 61 16 72 65 48 39 19 33 13 8 38 32 15 19 28 7 2 6 15 42 15 24 3 7 9 28 53 12 48 62 37 24 3 8 16 50 16 27 8 6 9 69 43 3 15 47 1 25 26

American Indian, Alaska Native

Other race, multi-racial or unspecified race 8% 16 14 17 42 39 39 43 11 12 7 21 30 30 15 16 24 9 3 7 14 38 14 17 2 11 8 19 9 9 38 36 34 20 9 13 19 25 18 29 9 7 10 20 30 10 14 45 7 15 23 24

* Persons of Hispanic origin can be of any race. Note: The total percentage of children is greater than 100 because the data is not disaggregated by Hispanic or non-Hispanic ethnicity, therefore the percentage of children in each group may be inflated. Source: Center for Law and Social Policy (CLASP), CLASP DataFinder, at http://www.clasp.org/data. Data are from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2009 Program Information Report.

State of Americaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ChildrenÂŽ 2011

G-11

In most states less than three percent of the population birth through two receives early intervention services under IDEA

Infants and Toddlers Under Three Receiving Early Intervention Services Under the Individual Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part C, by Age and State, 2008 Birth up to 12 months Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

1 years-old

2 years-old

Total

340 113 601 273 6,323 661 496 113 28 1,368 714 828 399 2,097 1,127 660 551 429 935 75 1,005 1,811 1,400 583 299 616 136 181 263 158 653 736 2,890 1,276 179 2,663 550 308 2,678 278 591 108 602 4,064 323 88 720 410 425 639 149

977 211 1,719 982 13,607 1,469 1,394 276 105 3,968 1,878 1,162 608 5,741 3,229 1,259 1,082 1,600 1,668 277 2,300 4,424 3,243 1,386 703 1,301 215 428 675 428 2,902 1,594 9,502 2,980 300 4,840 1,023 783 5,606 573 1,479 359 1,505 8,454 961 236 2,093 1,555 940 1,714 359

1,638 252 3,463 1,623 21,047 2,598 2,713 459 176 7,925 3,131 1,631 947 10,697 5,400 1,657 1,792 2,970 1,185 630 4,010 8,667 5,380 2,610 1,113 1,867 380 799 1,114 825 6,231 2,075 18,758 5,034 456 7,337 1,350 1,499 8,630 913 2,328 661 2,255 14,259 1,825 434 3,508 2,941 1,317 3,627 583

2,955 576 5,783 2,878 40,977 4,728 4,603 848 309 13,261 5,723 3,621 1,954 18,535 9,756 3,576 3,425 4,999 3,788 982 7,315 14,902 10,023 4,579 2,115 3,784 731 1,408 2,052 1,411 9,786 4,405 31,150 9,290 935 14,840 2,923 2,590 16,914 1,764 4,398 1,128 4,362 26,777 3,109 758 6,321 4,906 2,682 5,980 1,091

44,913

108,073

184,720

337,706

Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs, Data Analysis System (DANS), OMB #1820-0557, Infants and Toddlers Receiving Early Intervention Services in Accordance with Part C, 2008. Data updated as of August 3, 2009, at http://www.ideadata.org/arc_toc10.asp# partcCC Note: Please see the Part C Child Count Data Notes on www.IDEAdata.org for information the state submitted to clarify its data submission. *Percentage of population = Number of children birth through 2 served under IDEA Part C, divided by population birth through 2, multiplied by 100. See table C-2 for the denominator.

G-12

Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Defense Fund

In 2008–2009, 38 states had state-funded pre-kindergarten programs, but these programs served only 25.4 percent of 4-year-olds and 3.7 percent of 3-year-olds.

Pre-kindergarten Enrollment of 3- and 4-year-olds, 2008–2009 Percent of Age Group Enrolled State-funded pre-kindergarten program 3-year-olds Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

0.0% 0.0 0.0 5.9 5.4 6.0 8.2 0.0 n/a 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.2 0.0 1.3 0.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 2.9 0.0 1.1 0.0 1.9 0.0 2.9 0.6 0.0 17.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 5.3 0.0 4.8 4.8 0.0 4.1 0.0 0.8 4.7 0.0 17.3 0.0 2.4 8.5 1.0 0.0 3.7

4-year-olds

State-funded pre-kindergarten program, Head Start, or special education 3-year-olds

4-year-olds

5.5% 0.0 5.4 43.7 12.6 20.2 10.9 7.3 n/a 66.7 53.4 0.0 0.0 28.7 0.0 28.7 21.2 28.3 31.7 19.0 35.1 11.3 19.1 1.6 0.0 3.9 0.0 7.3 2.3 0.0 26.5 16.5 42.6 25.0 0.0 8.1 71.0 8.3 16.4 0.0 38.1 0.0 21.6 45.4 0.0 53.0 14.1 7.2 50.6 48.4 0.0

10.7% 12.5 8.8 21.5 13.0 14.2 18.3 7.3 n/a 8.3 9.6 9.2 7.0 29.6 9.7 11.1 12.5 20.0 18.0 13.0 12.9 13.8 13.8 10.6 24.6 13.0 15.1 12.1 5.5 8.1 26.2 13.6 14.7 7.8 16.9 17.1 14.3 14.1 16.2 9.9 15.6 14.9 9.1 13.5 7.0 29.1 8.0 11.0 19.5 12.8 16.4

23.1% 18.9 20.2 62.7 25.9 32.1 24.4 19.5 n/a 76.8 61.1 14.3 14.5 42.8 14.7 39.2 37.1 44.4 48.2 36.0 47.9 25.7 37.7 15.7 37.6 19.8 22.5 20.6 11.1 11.6 37.4 37.7 56.6 36.0 25.4 24.2 86.6 21.4 31.1 16.0 49.0 25.9 34.7 55.3 11.9 67.8 24.3 19.8 73.3 59.4 26.5

25.4

13.8

38.9

Source: National Institute for Early Education Research, The State of Preschool 2009 (May 2010), Tables 2 and 4.

State of America’s Children® 2011

G-13

Only 10 states require by statute that school districts to provide full-day kindergarten; 44 states and the District of Columbia require half-day kindergarten.

States that Require Kindergarten and Have Adopted Common Core K-12 Standards, 2010 State statute requires districts to provide half-day K? Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 3 No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

State statute requires districts to provide full-day K?

Kindergarten funded at same level as 1st grade?

State has adopted common core K-12 standards?

Yes No No Yes No No No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No Yes No Yes No No No Yes No No No No No No No No Yes No No No No No No Yes No No No No No No No Yes No No

Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No n/a Yes Yes n/a 1 No Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes 2 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes n/a 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No

Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes

* The Common Core State Standards Initiative is a state-led effort to establish a shared set of clear educational standards for English language arts and mathematics that states can voluntarily adopt. http://www.corestandards.org/ Source: Education Commission of the States (2010). StateNotes: State Kindergarten Statutes: 50-State Report. Denver, CO Education Commission of the States (2005 update). StateNotes: How states fund full-day Kindergarten. Denver, CO: Author. 1 Hawaii and Rhode Island do not have school funding formulas that permit comparison of relative funding levels of grades. 2 As of fiscal year 2008, Maryland provides funding for kindergarten at a level that is equivalent to that provided for first grade (Md. Code Ann., Educ. Ă&#x; 5-202). 3 In accordance with a bill passed in 2007 defining an adequate education, every school district in New Hampshire must provide Kindergarten.

G-14

Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Defense Fund

The median salary for preschool teachers is only half that of kindergarten teachers.

Annual Salaries of Early Childhood Educators, 2009

Head Start teachers (mean)

Child care workers (median)

Preschool teachers (median)

Kindergarten teachers (median)

Elementary teachers (median)

$ 19,437 24,523 25,577 23,803 31,794 27,340 30,686 19,914 37,191 28,157 23,753 33,571 17,232 32,418 23,254 26,484 26,030 24,984 24,179 25,840 33,922 27,064 27,257 23,211 18,163 22,514 18,935 26,396 28,751 22,420 38,556 24,673 31,767 23,561 25,654 25,567 26,620 24,470 30,779 29,048 19,983 24,005 24,858 25,929 20,161 17,723 27,841 25,116 27,310 27,939 25,612

$ 17,560 23,670 19,970 16,750 23,730 22,890 23,280 20,030 24,590 19,660 18,360 19,660 17,850 22,010 18,940 19,210 18,980 18,430 18,190 21,780 21,940 24,480 21,590 20,340 16,950 19,880 17,740 18,150 19,850 20,520 22,710 18,960 24,040 18,800 17,440 22,030 17,880 21,340 20,170 22,530 17,960 18,300 17,800 18,210 18,640 22,100 21,400 22,520 18,070 23,080 20,720

$ 25,050 29,300 25,440 25,570 30,500 29,850 30,050 23,960 32,680 25,170 24,440 30,860 19,880 28,320 24,140 26,460 28,610 27,000 21,690 27,390 29,000 32,120 31,370 31,050 22,570 24,030 22,970 23,330 23,840 27,040 33,770 25,690 32,920 22,530 25,720 22,130 26,560 24,710 25,610 31,630 25,660 26,380 24,290 26,690 22,980 28,140 27,100 28,660 26,040 23,460 29,280

$ 45,570 63,970 39,480 42,760 56,660 46,560 61,870 50,670 38,930 48,690 47,150 43,730 34,940 45,380 46,570 41,920 44,360 47,860 44,500 44,680 47,190 56,640 50,500 50,580 40,640 42,510 34,800 43,200 41,570 45,060 59,210 52,160 66,450 40,860 38,890 47,530 39,310 45,220 51,220 67,720 45,580 36,190 44,980 47,460 38,550 48,140 55,320 48,050 44,620 45,590 52,320

$ 46,810 68,070 42,450 42,570 61,230 48,010 66,660 50,480 64,200 49,400 52,390 48,730 48,340 58,510 47,540 41,720 41,490 47,350 44,620 45,270 61,000 60,810 54,290 51,290 41,770 43,200 39,540 43,850 47,110 49,280 60,860 50,930 65,820 42,550 42,880 51,970 41,530 50,550 52,370 68,410 45,310 38,350 46,280 49,970 45,730 51,940 58,320 55,960 43,960 51,240 55,390

26,751

20,940

27,450

50,380

53,150

Footnotes: Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by 2080 hours; where an hourly mean wage is not published the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. * Head Start Teacher Salaries 2009 taken from Clasp Data Finder, at http://www.clasp.org/data analysis of Head Start Program Information Report (PIR) Data. U.S. totals include territories. Average includes all programs (including part-day and Migrant/Seasonal). Salary range may vary greatly. Source: US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics Query System, data extracted on March 17, 2011, at http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm.

State of Americaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ChildrenÂŽ 2011

G-15

In more than a third of the states, child care center directors and teachers are required to have 10 or fewer hours of training a year.

Number of Ongoing Training Hours Required for Child Center Staff Roles in 2008 (Reported in hours) Alabama Alaska* Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa* Kansas Kentucky* Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York* North Carolina* North Dakota Ohio* Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina* South Dakota Tennessee* Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Director 24 45 every two years 12 10 0 9 1% of hours worked/year 18 18 10 10 0 NL 15 12 8 5 12 3 30 6 20 12 2% of hours worked/year 15 12 15 0 15 6 12 24 30 every two years 20 13 0 20 15 6 20 20 20 18 20 20 12 10 10 15 25 30 every two years

Teacher 12 20 12 10 0 9 1% of hours worked/year 18 18 10 10 0 NL 15 12 6 10 12 3 30 3 20 12 2% of hours worked/year 15 12 8 12 15 6 8 24 30 every two years 20 13 15 12 15 6 20 15 20 12 15 20 12 10 10 15 25 30 every two years

Assistant Teacher 12 NR 12 NR NR 9 1% of hours worked/year 18 18 NR 10 0 NL 15 NR NR 0 NR 0 30 NR 20 NR 2% of hours worked/year 15 NR NR 12 NR 0 NR NR NR NR NR NR 12 15 6 NR 15 20 NR 0 20 12 10 0 15 25 NR

These are minimum hours required by state licensing. NL= Facilty not licensed NR= Role not regulated Source: National Association of Regulatory Administration, Findings from the 2008 Child Care Licensing Study, Table 23. Number of Ongoing Training Hours required for Center Staff Roles in 2008 http://www.naralicensing.org/. NOTE: There may be some exceptions to the ongoing training hour requirements in some states under certain circumstances. For example, some states have different training requirements during the first year. See original source for details.

G-16

Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Defense Fund

In most states, the child-staff ratio in child care centers is 4:1 for 9-month old infants; in 15 states it is 5:1 or higher.

Infant and Toddler Child-Staff Ratios and Group Sizes, 2008

6 weeks Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

5:1 5:1 5:1 or 11:2 6:1 4:1 5:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 6:1 4:1 NL 4:1 4:1 4:1 3:1 5:1 6:1 4:1 3:1 3:1 or 7:2 4:1 4:1 5:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 6:1 4:1 5:1 4:1 5:1 or 12:2 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 5:1 5:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1

Maximum children per caretaker in child care centers 9 months 18 months 27 months 5:1 5:1 5:1 or 11:2 6:1 4:1 5:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 6:1 4:1 NL 4:1 4:1 4:1 3:1 5:1 6:1 4:1 3:1 3:1 or 7:2 4:1 4:1 5:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 6:1 4:1 4:1 6:1 4:1 5:1 4:1 5:1 or 12:2 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 5:1 5:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1 4:1

7:1 5:1 6:1 or 13:2 9:1 6:1 5:1 4:1 6:1 4:1 6:1 8:1 6:1 NL 5:1 5:1 4:1 5:1 6:1 8:1 4:1 or 5:1 3:1 4:1 or 9:2 4:1 7:1 9:1 4:1 4:1 6:1 8:1 5:1 6:1 6:1 5:1 6:1 4:1 7:1 6:1 4:1 5:1 6:1 6:1 5:1 6:1 9:1 4:1 4:1 5:1 7:1 4:1 4:1 5:1

8:1 6:1 8:1 9:1 6:1 7:1 4:1 8:1 4:1 11:1 10:1 8:1 NL 8:1 5:1 6:1 7:1 10:1 12:1 4:1 or 5:1 6:1 4:1 or 9:2 4:1 7:1 12:1 8:1 8:1 6:1 10:1 6:1 10:1 10:1 5:1 10:1 5:1 7:1 8:1 5:1 6:1 6:1 9:1 5:1 7:1 11:1 7:1 5:1 10:1 7:1 8:1 6:1 8:1

6 weeks NR 10 NR 12 NR 10 8 NR 8 NR 12 8 NL 12 8 NR 9 10 NR 8 6 7 12 8 10 8 NR 12 NR 12 12 NR 8 10 8 10 8 8 8 8 NR 20 8 10 8 8 NR 8 8 8 10

Maximum group size in child care centers 9 months 18 months 27 months NR 10 NR 12 NR 10 8 NR 8 NR 12 8 NL 12 8 NR 9 10 NR 8 6 7 12 8 10 8 NR 12 NR 12 12 NR 8 10 8 10 8 8 8 8 NR 20 8 10 8 8 NR 8 8 8 10

NR 10 NR 18 12 10 8 NR 8 NR 16 12 NL 15 10 NR 10 12 NR 10 or 12 9 9 12 14 10 8 NR NR NR 15 20 NR 12 12 8 14 12 8 10 12 NR 20 12 18 8 8 NR 14 12 8 12

NR 12 NR 18 12 14 8 NR 8 NR 20 NR NL 16 10 NR 14 20 NR 10 or 12 12 9 12 14 14 16 NR NR NR 18 20 NR 12 20 10 14 16 10 12 12 NR 20 14 22 14 10 NR 14 16 12 18

NL - not licensed at the state level NR - not regulated at the state level Note: There may be some exceptions to these ratio and group size requirements in some states under certain circumstances. For example, some states have different requirements for small centers, classes with mixed-age groups, or different levels of licensing. See original source for details. Source: National Association for Regulatory Administration (NARA), Findings from the 2008 Child Care Licensing Study, Tables 27 and 28, at http://www.naralicensing.org/.

State of Americaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ChildrenÂŽ 2011

G-17

Most states exceed the recommended maximum child-staff ratios for pre-school age children in licensed centers.

Child-Staff Ratios in Licensed Centers 1 3-year-olds Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Maximum Recommended Level

4-year-olds

5-year-olds

8:1 10:1 13:1 12:1 12:1 10:1 10:1 10:1 8:1 15:1 15:1 12:1 NL 10:1 10:1 8:1 12:1 12:1 14:1 8:1 or 10:1 10:1 10:1 10:1 10:1 14.1 10.1 8:1 10:1 13:1 8:1 10:1 12:1 7:1 15:1 7:1 12:1 12:1 10:1 10:1 9:1 13:1 10:1 9:1 15:1 12:1 10:1 10:1 10:1 10:1 10:1

18:1 10:1 15:1 15:1 12:1 12:1 10:1 12:1 10:1 20:1 18:1 16:1 NL 10:1 12:1 12:1 12:1 14:1 16:1 8:1 or 10:1 10:1 10:1 12:1 10:1 16:1 10:1 10:1 12:1 13:1 12:1 12:1 12:1 8:1 20:1 10:1 14:1 15:1 10:1 10:1 10:1 18:1 10:1 13:1 18:1 15:1 12:1 10:1 12:1 13:1 12:1

21:1 14:1 20:1 18:1 14:1 15:1 10:1 15:1 15.1 25:1 20:1 20:1 NL 20:1 15:1 15:1 14:1 15:1 20:1 13:1 15:1 15:1 12:1 10:1 20:1 16:1 10:1 12:1 13:1 15:1 15:1 15:1 9:1 25:1 12:1 14:1 15:1 15:1 10:1 12:1 21:1 10:1 16:1 22:1 20:1 12:1 15:1 12:1 17:1 12:1

7:1

8:1 to 10:1

8:1 to 10:1 2

NL – not licensed at the state level NR – not regulated at the state level 1 There may be some exceptions to these ratio and group size requirements in some states under certain circumstances. For example, some states have different requirements for small centers, classes with mixed-age groups, or different levels of licensing. See original source for details. 2 Maximum Recommended Level: As recommended in the accreditation guidelines developed by the National Association for the Education of Young Children and in the National Health and Safety Performance Standards developed by the American Public Health Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics. Source: National Association for Regulatory Administration, Findings from the 2008 Child Care Licensing Study, Table 27, Center Child-Staff Ratio Requirements in 2008 at <http://www.naralicensing.org/>.

G-18

Children’s Defense Fund

In nearly half the states, small family child care homes are not required to be licensed until five or more children are in the home.

Licensing of Small Family Child Care Homes, 2008

Number of children for licensing to be required

Visit before licensing

1 5 6 6 3 3 1 1 1 3 4 4 7 5 7 7 1 5 Voluntary Licensing Only 4 1 1 1 4 7 6 3 5 6 3 Voluntary Licensing Only 5 3 4 6 8 1 4 5 6 1 12 5 1 6 4 7 1 4 5 4

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes

Source: Leaving Children to Chance: NACCRRA's Ranking of State Standards and Oversight of Small Family Child Care Homes: 2010 Update http://www.naccrra.org/publications/naccrrapublications/publications/Lvng%20Children%202% 20Chance_alpha_rank_031510.pdf

State of Americaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ChildrenÂŽ 2011

G-19

In 35 states a high school diploma is not required for family providers in small family child care homes.

Initial Training Requirements (Selected) for Small Family Child Care Homes and Annual Training Requirements, 2008

Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho IlliNois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

High school diploma required

Number of pre-service (initial) training hours

Number of annual training hours required

CPR training

First-aid training

Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes No No No No No No Yes No No No No Yes No No No No No No Yes No No No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No No No No No Yes

32 10 60 12 15 26 6 14 9 40 8 8 — 8 0 0 2 14 — 12 32 11 14 8 0 0 8 12 0 17 — 0 15 8 8 — 12 15 0 36 0 — 7 0 10 0 — 12 0 40 6

20 16 12 10 4 19 0 12 15 10 4 4 — 15 0 — 0 13 — 16 6 7 16 8 0 12 12 12 15 9 — 6 15 12 9 — 12 4 6 16 15 — 14 0 20 9 — 10 8 15 15

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No Yes No No Yes No No No

Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No Yes No No Yes No No No

— Information was not provided in the original report. Source: Leaving Children to Chance: NACCRRA's Ranking of State Standards and Oversight of Small Family Child Care Homes, 2010, at http://www.naccrra.org/publications/naccrra-publications/publications/854-0000_Lvng%20Children%202%20Chance_rev_031510.pdf; and NACCRRA, Initial Training Requirements, Annual Training Requirements, and Areas of Training Required in Initial Training, FCC Providers, at http://www.naccrra.org/randd/data/ FamilyProviderTraining.php

G-20

Children’s Defense Fund