2011 State of America's Children-Education by Ben Dawson

Education Key Facts ....................................................................................................................................... H-2 How America Ranks Among Industrialized Countries in Education ............................................... H-3 Annual Expenditures Per Student, 2007 (graph)............................................................................ H-3 The Four Americas ......................................................................................................................... H-4 Earnings by Educational Attainment, 2009..................................................................................... H-5 Expected Lifetime Earnings by Education Level ............................................................................ H-5 Racial Isolation of Black and Latino Students in the Public Schools, 1968-2006........................... H-6 Change in Black Segregation in the South, 1954-2005 ................................................................. H-6 Reading and Math Performance of 4th, 8th and 12th Graders, by Race ....................................... H-7 Reading and Math Performance of 4th Graders, 2009 .................................................................. H-8 Reading and Math Performance of 8th Graders, 2009 .................................................................. H-9 Public School Education, Selected Indicators .............................................................................. H-10 Graduation Rates, by Race, 2007-2008........................................................................................H-11 Spending on Prisoners vs. Spending on Public School Students, 2007 ...................................... H-12 School Discipline, 2006 ................................................................................................................ H-13 Violence and Risk Behaviors of High School Students, 2007 ...................................................... H-14 A New Look at America’s “Dropout Factories”.............................................................................. H-15 Dropouts, 2009 ............................................................................................................................. H-16 Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act ............................................................... H-17 Children Receiving Services Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), by Age, 2008 ................................................................................................................................ H-18 Enrollment in Classes for Students with Mental Retardation, by Race, 2006 (graph).................. H-19 Enrollment in Classes for Students with Emotional Disturbances, by Race, 2006 (graph) .......... H-19 Enrollment in Classes for Students with Learning Disabilities, by Race, 2006 (graph)................ H-19 Enrollment in Classes for Students with Mental Retardation, 2006 ............................................. H-20 Enrollment in Classes for Students with Emotional Disturbances, 2006...................................... H-21 Enrollment in Classes for Students with Learning Disabilities, 2006............................................ H-22 Enrollment in Programs for the Gifted and Talented, 2006........................................................... H-23 High School Teachers with Undergraduate Major in Subject Matter Taught, 2007-2008 ............. H-24 Demographics of Public School Teachers Grade 9-12................................................................. H-24 College Graduation Rates Among Young Adults, 1957-2009 (graph) .......................................... H-25 Percent of Young Adults Who Completed Four Years of College or More, by Race/Ethnicity and Sex, 1957 to 2009 .................................................................................... H-26

Education

merican education, which used to be the envy of the world, is in dire straits. The United States ranks 24th among 30 developed countries on overall educational achievement for 15-year-olds. Many public school students, kindergarten through 12th grade, are struggling; minority children and poor children struggle the most. Too often they fall behind in school and drop out, increasing their risk of entering the cradle to prison pipeline. Staying in school and receiving a quality education are the best deterrents to juvenile delinquency and the surest route towards responsible, productive adulthood. • American schools are resegregating: 78 percent of Hispanic students and 73 percent of Black students are in predominantly minority schools. • More than 60 percent of fourth, eighth and 12th grade public school students are reading or doing math below grade level. Seventy-nine percent or more of Black and Hispanic students in these grades are reading or doing math below grade level. • Black, Hispanic, and American Indian students are underrepresented in gifted and talented programs, but Black children are in special education classes for children with mental retardation and emotional disturbances at much higher rates than other children. • Black students are more than three times as likely as White or Asian/Pacific Islander and more than twice as likely as Hispanic students to be suspended from school. • Thirty-five percent of Black and 29 percent of Hispanic high school students attend the more than 1,600 “dropout factories” across our country, where less than 60 percent or fewer of the freshman class will graduate in four years with a regular diploma. • Black high school students have the lowest averaged freshman graduation rate (61.5%) of any group, with Hispanic students’ graduation rate only slightly higher; Asian/Pacific Islander students have the highest graduation rate (91.4%). • The Black/White gap in college completion persists, and the Hispanic/White college completion gap is even greater. College graduates’ lifetime earnings are more than one and a half times those of high school graduates and more than twice the earnings of high school dropouts. • The U.S. spends almost two and a half times as much per prisoner as per public school pupil. Almost half of the states spend more than three times as much per prisoner as per public school pupil. • In a study of education systems in 60 countries, the United States ranked 31st in math achievement and 23rd in science achievement for 15-year-old students. • Almost one in five high school students admitted carrying a weapon in 2007; one-third of those students brought the weapon to school. One in 20 admitted carrying a gun. More than one-third had been in a physical fight. • One in 18 high school students reported staying home from school because they felt unsafe at school or going to or from school. H-2

Children’s Defense Fund

How America Ranks Among Industrialized Countries in Education Science PISA Score

China Finland China (Hong Kong) Singapore Japan Korea New Zealand Canada Estonia Australia Netherlands Taiwan Germany Liechtenstein Switzerland United Kingdom Slovenia China(Macao) Poland Ireland Belgium Hungary United States Czech Republic Norway Denmark France Iceland Sweden Austria Latvia Portugal

574.6 554.1 549.0 541.7 539.4 538.0 532.0 528.7 527.8 527.3 522.2 520.4 520.4 519.9 516.6 513.7 511.8 511.1 508.1 508.0 506.6 502.6 502.0 500.5 499.9 499.3 498.2 495.6 495.1 494.3 493.9 492.9

Reading

Rank

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

PISA Score

China (Shanghai) Korea Finland China (Hong Kong) Singapore Canada New Zealand Japan Australia Netherlands Belgium Norway Estonia Switzerland Poland Iceland United States Liechtenstein Sweden Germany Ireland France Taiwan Denmark United Kingdom Hungary Portugal China (Macao) Italy Latvia Slovenia Greece

555.8 539.3 535.9 533.2 525.9 524.2 520.9 519.9 514.9 508.4 505.9 503.2 501.0 500.5 500.5 500.3 499.8 499.3 497.4 497.3 495.6 495.6 495.2 494.9 494.2 494.2 489.3 486.6 486.1 484.0 483.1 482.8

Math

Rank

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

PISA Score

China (Shanghai) Singapore China (Hong Kong) Korea Taiwan Finland Liechtenstein Switzerland Japan Canada Netherlands China (Macao) New Zealand Belgium Australia Germany Estonia Iceland Denmark Slovenia Norway France Slovak Republic Austria Poland Sweden Czech Republic United Kingdom Hungary Luxembourg United States Ireland

600.1 562.0 554.5 546.2 543.2 540.5 536.0 534.0 529.0 526.8 525.8 525.3 519.3 515.3 514.3 512.8 512.1 506.7 503.3 501.5 498.0 496.8 496.7 495.9 494.8 494.2 492.8 492.4 490.2 489.1 487.4 487.1

Rank

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Note:The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is an internationally standardised assessment that was jointly developed by participating economies and administered to15-year-olds in schools. Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, International Data Explorer, PISA IDE, at http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/idepisa/report.aspx.

Cumulative Expenditures by Educational Institutions Per Student Across the Duration of Primary and Secondary Studies, 2007

200,000

150,000

100,000

50,000

xe m Sw bou itz rg er la n Un No d ite rwa y d St at Ic es el De and nm ar Un k ite Au d str Ki ia ng do Ire m la Sw nd ed en Ita Au ly st ra Be lia lg iu Fr m an Ca ce na da Ja Ge pan rm an y Ne Sp th ain er la Sl nds ov en Fi ia nl an Ko d P rea Ne ort w ug Ze al al an Cz d Ru ec I sr h a ss ia Rep el n Fe ubl de ic ra ti Es on to Hu nia ng a Sl ov Po ry ak la Re nd pu b M lic ex ic o Ch ile Br az il

Cumulative expenditures in equivalent USD

250,000

Source: OECD (2010), Education at a Glance 2010: OECD Indicators, Table B1.3a. Cumulative expenditure by educational institutions per student for all services over the theoretical duration of primary and secondary studies (2007), at http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932310282.

State of Americaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ChildrenÂŽ 2011

H-3

The Four Americas How 15-year-old Minority Youth Compare to Other Youth Around the World

American 15 year olds rank 17th among industrialized countries in Reading. • Asian students rank 2nd, just behind China and ahead of Korea. • White students rank 7th, just behind Singapore and ahead of Canada. • Hispanic students rank 43rd, just behind Lithuania and ahead of Turkey. • Black students rank 49th, just behind Serbia and ahead of Bulgaria. American 15 year olds rank 31st among industrialized countries in Math. • Asian students rank 13th, just behind Macao and ahead of New Zealand. • White students rank 16th, just behind Belgium and ahead of Australia. • Hispanic students rank 43rd, just behind Croatia and ahead of Dubai. • Black students rank 52nd, just behind Uruguay and ahead of Chile. American 15 year olds rank 23rd among industrialized countries in Science. • Asian students rank 7th, just behind Korea and ahead of New Zealand. • White students rank 9th, just behind New Zealand and ahead of Canada. • Hispanic students rank 44th, just behind Dubai and ahead of Israel. • Black students rank 52nd, just behind Bulgaria and Uruguay and ahead of Romania.

H-4

Children’s Defense Fund

College graduates earn more than twice as much annually as those with only a high school diploma and more than two-and-a-half times the amount earned by high school dropouts. Lifetime earnings follow a similar pattern.

Earnings by Educational Attainment, 2009 Mean Earnings of Persons Who Worked Full-Time, Year-Round Highest level of education

Earnings

Amount

Increase

Some high school, no diploma High school, including GED Some college, no degree Associate (2-year) degree College degree or more

$29,785 38,745 45,200 48,886 79,105

8,960 6,455 3,686 30,219

Percent

30.1% 16.7 8.2 61.8

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2010 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Table PINC-04, Educational Attainment ñ People 18 Years Old and Over, by Total Money Earnings in 2009, Work Experience in 2009, Age, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex. Calculations by Childrenís Defense Fund.

Expected Lifetime Earnings by Education Level Compared to High School Grad

Not a high school graduate High school graduate Some college, no degree Associate degree Bachelor’s degree Bachelor’s degree or higher Master’s degree Doctoral degree Professional degree

Compared to High School Dropout

Lifetime earnings

Ratio

Amount

Ratio

$ 941,370 1,266,730 1,518,300 1,620,730 2,054,380 2,284,110 2,401,565 3,073,240 3,706,910

0.74 1.00 1.20 1.28 1.62 1.80 1.90 2.43 2.93

$ -325,360

1.00 1.35 1.61 1.72 2.18 2.43 2.55 3.26 3.94

251,570 354,000 787,650 1,017,380 1,134,835 1,806,510 2,440,180

Amount

$ 325,360 576,930 679,360 1,113,010 1,342,740 1,460,195 2,131,870 2,765,540

Source: College Board, Education Pays: The Benefits of Higher Education for Individuals and Society, 2007 (2009), Appendix A, p. 44.

State of America’s Children® 2011

H-5

American schools are resegregating 56 years after Brown v. Board of Education outlawed school segregation.

Racial Isolation of Black and Latino Students in the Public Schools, 1968–2006 Percent of Black Students in: Predominantly (>50%) minority Schools

1968 1980 1988 1991 2005 2006

77% 63 63 66 73 73

Intensely segregated (90–100%) minority schools

64% 33 32 34 38 39

Gary Orfield and Chungmei Lee, Historic Reversals, Accelerating Resegregation, and the Need for New Integration Strategies (2007), Tables 10 and 14; and Gary Orfield, Reviving the Goal of an Integrated Society: A 21st Century Challenge (January 2009), Table 23.

Percent of Latino Students in: Predominantly (>50%) minority schools

1968 1980 1984 1988 1994 2005 2006

55% 68 71 74 74 78 78

Intensely segregated (90–100%) minority schools

23% 29 31 33 34 39 40

Gary Orfield and Chungmei Lee, Historic Reversals, Accelerating Resegregation, and the Need for New Integration Strategies (2007), Tables 16 and 17; and Gary Orfield, Reviving the Goal of an Integrated Society: A 21st Century Challenge (January 2009), Table 23.

Southern schools, which became the least segregated in the nation in the 50 years following Brown, are rapidly resegregating.

Change in Black Segregation in the South, 1954–2005 Percent of Black Students in Majority White Schools 1954 1960 1964 1967 1968 1970 1972 1976 1980 1986 1988 1991 1994 1996 1998 2000 2001 2005

0.001% 0.1 2.3 13.9 23.4 33.1 36.4 37.6 37.1 42.9 43.5 39.2 36.6 34.7 32.7 31.0 30.2 27.0

(one in 100,000) (one in 1,000)

(330 in 1,000)

(435 in 1,000)

(270 in 1,000)

Source: Gary Orfield and Chungmei Lee, Historic Reversals, Accelerating Resegregation, and the Need for New Integration Strategies (2007), Table 8.

H-6

Children’s Defense Fund

More than 60 percent of all public students in fourth, eighth and 12th grades are not reading or doing math at grade level. Seventy-nine percent or more of Black and Hispanic students in these same grades are not reading or doing math at grade level.

Reading and Math Performance Percent of Public School Students Not Reading or Doing Math at Grade Level: NAEP Scores for fourth, eighth and 12th Grade Reading

Math

Fourth graders Total, all races White Black Hispanic Asian, Pacific Islander American Indian, Alaska Native

68% 59 85 84 52 78

62% 50 85 79 39 77

70 61 87 84 56 79

67 57 88 83 47 80

64 55 84 79 51

75 69 94 90 48

Eighth graders Total, all races White Black Hispanic Asian, Pacific Islander American Indian, Alaska Native 12th graders Total, all races White Black Hispanic Asian, Pacific Islander

Percent of Public School Students Reading or Doing Math at Grade Level Fourth graders Eligible for school lunch Not eligible for school lunch

83% 55

78% 46

Eighth graders Eligible for school lunch

84%

83%

Not eligible for school lunch

Sources: U.S. Department of Education, National Assessment of Educational Progress, The Nation’s Report Card: Reading 2009 (2009), Tables A-11, A-12, A-14, A-19, A-20 and A-22; U.S. Department of Education, National Assessment of Educational Progress, The Nation’s Report Card: Mathematics 2009 (2009), Tables A-11, A-12, A14, A-19, A-20 and A-22; and U.S. Department of Education, National Assessment of Educational Progress, The Nation’s Report Card: Grade 12 Reading and Mathematics 2009 (2010) National and Pilot State Results, Figure 22 and 24, Table A-6 and A-16. Calculations of children who are not proficient at specified grade levels by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

H-7

Eighty percent or more of Black fourth grade public school students are performing below grade level in reading and math in 33 states and the District of Columbia.

Reading and Math Performance of Fourth Graders, 2009 Percent of Fourth-Grade Public School Students Performing Below Grade Level Reading

Math

Asian, Pacific Black Hispanic Islander

American Indian, Alaska Native

Total

American Asian, Indian, Pacific Alaska White Black Hispanic Islander Native

Total

White

Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

72% 73 75 71 76 60 58 65 83 64 71 74 68 68 66 66 65 64 82 65 63 53 70 63 78 64 65 65 76 59 60 80 64 68 65 64 72 69 63 64 72 67 72 72 69 59 62 67 74 67 67

64% 62 63 65 61 49 48 53 25 55 60 58 64 56 62 64 60 61 72 64 50 44 64 57 65 60 63 60 66 58 49 65 55 56 63 58 67 65 58 56 62 63 66 57 64 58 53 60 74 62 66

87% 87 80 86 86 73 78 81 89 82 85 82 — 89 85 78 80 87 91 82 81 77 91 88 90 84 — 81 86 72 82 87 82 86 — 87 89 83 85 83 89 — 88 80 86 71 82 79 84 91 —

82% 73 86 84 89 82 85 76 83 69 80 73 86 84 85 80 80 78 84 — 70 80 83 87 81 74 74 80 87 70 81 86 78 83 — 70 83 87 86 86 83 71 84 82 90 — 74 86 — 84 78

— 81% 59 — 52 47 45 43 — 44 47 78 67 37 — 54 50 44 — — 41 44 58 66 — — — 60 62 55 38 61 48 48 — — — 57 39 70 — — — 48 70 — 43 65 — 64 —

— 91% 88 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 80 — — 84 — — — — 90 — 82 84 — 73 83 — — — 89 — — 83 — — 73 — 82 81

76% 62 72 64 70 55 54 64 83 60 66 63 59 62 58 59 54 63 77 55 56 43 65 46 78 59 55 62 68 44 51 74 60 57 55 55 67 63 54 61 66 58 72 62 59 49 57 57 72 55 60

66% 48 56 54 49 43 42 50 19 47 52 49 56 48 52 55 45 61 63 54 40 33 57 39 63 54 51 55 54 43 37 53 50 41 51 46 60 57 47 50 54 53 64 39 52 49 46 49 72 47 56

93% 83 81 88 87 77 86 83 91 80 85 67 — 89 87 83 82 86 92 72 79 70 91 75 92 83 — 90 88 — 81 81 81 82 — 86 86 82 83 85 86 83 93 77 85 — 84 76 80 89 —

89% 73 85 74 86 76 82 78 76 67 74 72 82 80 77 83 76 78 77 — 68 75 80 71 — 63 59 84 81 69 75 82 75 73 — 75 80 84 77 86 72 73 81 74 84 — 72 80 — 78 78

— 65% 55 — 39 49 35 34 — 27 40 65 — 27 — 34 36 31 — — 33 30 45 56 — 38 — 45 55 33 28 — 33 38 — — — 52 38 60 — — — 29 61 — 36 44 — 61 —

— 86% 87 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 73 — — 77 — — — — 86 — 70 83 — 71 85 — — — 85 — — 83 — — 79 — 79 —

United States

— Data not reported because number of students too small to calculate a reliable rate. Sources: U.S. Department of Education, National Assessment of Educational Progress, The Nation’s Report Card: Reading 2009 (2010), Tables A–11 and A–12; and U.S. Department of Education, National Assessment of Educational Progress, The Nation’s Report Card: Mathematics 2009 (2009), Tables A–11 and A–12. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

H-8

Children’s Defense Fund

More than two-thirds of eighth grade public school students are unable to read or do math at grade level. For Black, Hispanic, and American Indian/Alaska Native students, the percentages range from 79 to 88.

Reading and Math Performance of Eighth Graders, 2009 Percent of Eighth-Grade Public School Students Performing Below Grade Level Reading

Math

Asian, Pacific Black Hispanic Islander

American Indian, Alaska Native

Total

American Asian, Indian, Pacific Alaska White Black Hispanic Islander Native

Total

White

76% 73 73 73 78 68 57 69 86 68 73 78 67 67 68 68 67 67 80 65 64 57 69 62 81 66 62 65 78 61 58 78 67 71 66 63 74 67 60 72 76 63 72 73 67 59 68 64 78 66 66

69% 64 61 67 63 59 49 59 — 60 65 65 63 58 64 66 61 65 72 65 52 51 64 56 69 62 60 61 69 60 49 62 56 61 65 58 71 63 54 66 66 60 66 58 63 59 60 59 78 61 64

91% 88 79 92 89 85 89 84 90 85 85 80 — 90 85 88 86 85 90 78 84 83 91 90 92 86 — 88 90 — 83 84 87 88 — 87 84 — 84 91 90 — 89 87 — — 86 87 82 91 —

77% 75 85 81 87 84 81 79 79 73 80 76 89 82 85 82 84 70 — — 75 83 74 84 — 75 — 81 87 73 80 86 84 81 — 84 86 86 88 89 70 — 79 83 87 — 78 83 — 85 77

— 79% 44 — 65 57 36 62 — 36 39 81 — 40 — — 64 — — — 40 50 — 70 — — — — 72 — 36 — 51 54 — — — 52 40 65 — — — 47 67 — 52 58 — 66 —

— 89% 87 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 75 — — — — — — 74 — — 80 — — — — 88 — 84 78 — 75 72 — — — 84 — — 90 — — 75 — — —

80% 67 71 73 77 60 60 68 89 71 73 75 62 67 64 66 61 73 80 65 60 48 69 53 85 65 56 65 75 57 56 80 66 64 57 64 76 63 60 72 70 58 75 64 65 57 64 61 81 61 65

71% 56 58 66 61 49 51 57 — 61 61 69 57 56 59 63 55 71 71 64 44 41 63 47 75 61 53 59 64 56 46 61 56 51 54 59 71 59 55 65 57 54 70 46 60 56 56 54 80 55 62

94% 83 77 92 90 84 90 87 92 87 89 79 — 91 86 91 85 92 93 86 85 77 95 87 95 89 — 90 90 — 83 87 87 88 — 89 90 88 87 92 88 — 90 83 — — 86 84 89 89 —

90% 77 84 85 89 82 86 78 82 78 82 74 85 83 81 85 78 78 — — 74 79 83 79 — 63 73 90 87 78 78 88 85 76 — 84 88 85 82 92 84 87 81 75 89 — 77 87 — 80 85

— 69% 48 — 54 45 39 31 — 45 51 75 — 40 — — — — — — 24 34 41 65 — — — — 67 38 23 — 37 35 — — 62 50 40 60 — — — 33 73 — 45 47 — 60 —

— 85% 88 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 79 — — 84 — — — — 90 — 86 84 — 81 75 — — — 83 — — 82 — — 77 — — —

United States

— Data not reported; number of students too small to calculate a reliable rate. Sources: U.S. Department of Education, National Assessment of Educational Progress, The Nation’s Report Card: Reading 2009 (2010), Tables A–19 and A–20; and U.S. Department of Education, National Assessment of Educational Progress, The Nation’s Report Card: Mathematics 2009 (2009), Tables A–19 and A–20. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011

H-9

Alaska, New York and the District of Columbia rank in the top five for public school per pupil expenditures but have graduation rates below the national average.

Public School Education, Selected Indicators Pupil/ teacher ratio Fall 2008

Averaged freshman graduation rate* 2007–2008

Expenditures per pupil 2007–2008 Dollars Rank

15.6 16.5 19.9 12.9 20.8 16.8 11.7 15.1 12.9 14.1 13.9 15.9 18.2 15.6 16.7 13.6 13.1 15.4 16.6 12.1 14.3 13.6 17.5 15.7 14.7 13.5 14.8 14.4 19.7 12.6 12.0 14.5 12.6 13.6 11.6 16.1 13.9 19.1 13.7 12.8 14.4 13.7 15.0 14.5 23.7 10.7 17.3 19.1 14.0 14.7 12.5

69.0% 69.1 70.7 76.4 71.2 75.4 82.2 72.1 56.0 66.9 65.4 76.0 80.1 80.4 74.1 86.4 79.1 74.4 63.5 79.1 80.4 81.5 76.3 86.4 63.9 82.4 82.0 83.8 51.3 83.4 84.6 66.8 70.8 72.8 83.8 79.0 78.0 76.7 82.7 76.4 — 84.4 74.9 73.1 74.3 89.3 77.0 71.9 77.3 89.6 76.0

$ 9,197 14,641 7,727 8,677 9,706 9,152 14,610 12,153 16,353 9,084 9,718 11,800 6,951 10,353 8,867 9,520 9,883 8,740 10,006 11,761 13,235 13,667 10,075 10,048 7,890 9,532 9,786 10,565 8,187 11,951 17,620 9,291 16,794 7,798 9,324 10,340 7,683 9,565 11,741 14,459 9,060 8,535 7,820 8,350 5,978 14,421 10,664 9,058 10,059 10,791 13,856

United States

15.3

74.9

$10,297

34 4 48 41 28 35 5 11 3 36 27 13 50 19 39 31 25 40 24 14 10 9 21 23 45 30 26 18 44 12 1 33 2 47 32 20 49 29 15 6 37 42 46 43 51 7 17 38 22 16 8

* Percent of 9th graders who graduate within four years with a regular diploma. Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2010, Table 70, accessed March 16th, 2011; U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Public School Graduates and Dropouts from the Common Core of Data: School Year 2007-08 (NCES 2010-341), Table 1; and U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2010, Table 191, accessed March 16th, 2011. Ranks calculated by Children’s Defense Fund.

H-10

Children’s Defense Fund

The averaged graduation rate for Black students is 20 percentage points below White students and 30 percentage points below that for Asian/Pacific Islander students. Graduation rates for Hispanic students and American Indian/Alaska Native students are only slightly higher than those for Black students.

Graduation Rates, by Race, 2007–2008 Averaged Freshman Graduation Rates of Public Secondary Schools

Total

White

69.0% 69.1 70.7 76.4 71.2 75.4 82.2 72.1 56.0 66.9 65.4 76.0 80.1 80.4 74.1 86.4 79.1 74.4 63.5 79.1 80.4 81.5 76.3 86.4 63.9 82.4 82.0 83.8 51.3 83.4 84.6 66.8 70.8 72.8 83.8 79.0 78.0 76.7 82.7 76.4 NA 84.4 74.9 73.1 74.3 89.3 77.0 71.9 77.3 89.6 76.0

73.9% 70.3 73.6 77.7 80.1 82.9 87.5 NA 88.9 70.1 70.7 72.7 81.7 87.7 75.9 88.0 82.4 74.2 71.9 NA 84.9 84.4 81.6 90.3 67.0 85.2 84.7 88.6 NA 83.3 88.3 74.7 82.7 77.3 87.8 84.4 79.0 77.1 86.9 79.0 NA 88.3 77.3 81.6 77.9 81.1 80.8 73.6 77.3 94.0 78.5

United States

74.9

81.0

Hispanic

Asian, Pacific Islander

60.6% 51.8 76.9 70.2 57.4 65.1 71.1 NA 58.8 55.7 57.4 69.6 78.2 61.5 52.6 71.9 64.7 67.8 53.3 NA 73.0 69.6 59.2 66.6 60.5 68.0 64.6 57.0 NA 100.0 72.9 71.4 54.7 61.9 95.1 55.5 72.4 65.8 64.5 74.7 NA 88.4 67.4 65.7 54.4 91.2 65.3 58.2 72.3 63.1 61.8

62.2% 90.7 66.7 77.9 61.2 56.7 65.8 NA 54.2 63.9 55.4 71.3 68.7 69.6 66.6 70.2 62.2 75.6 72.3 NA 75.9 64.7 63.8 62.3 65.9 83.6 69.5 67.2 NA 48.1 76.4 62.3 53.1 63.7 63.7 65.6 73.0 71.0 67.8 70.1 NA 71.0 72.3 65.9 50.6 100.0 70.5 60.3 87.8 75.0 65.5

87.3% 76.6 98.5 100.0 91.1 92.1 99.0 NA 74.4 91.4 92.9 77.3 91.5 100.0 100.0 93.2 93.4 100.0 86.1 NA 100.0 89.1 94.8 87.9 88.3 100.0 100.0 97.8 NA 99.2 100.0 100.0 84.2 86.9 85.9 95.3 100.0 91.2 100.0 74.4 NA 97.4 94.3 98.6 73.5 81.8 99.1 84.4 100.0 97.5 98.5

82.3% 51.9 56.3 86.9 65.3 62.0 65.8 NA 100.0 70.3 72.1 80.3 65.8 95.8 69.8 63.6 63.9 51.0 65.2 NA 73.4 66.8 66.6 55.6 58.0 93.2 63.3 55.1 NA 60.0 100.0 61.0 55.5 60.7 47.0 74.1 76.4 62.8 63.8 78.0 NA 51.3 71.9 80.1 57.6 83.9 55.2 50.6 70.0 73.9 38.5

61.5

63.5

91.4

64.2

Black

American Indian, Alaska Native

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Public School Graduates and Dropouts From the Common Core of Data: School Year 2007-08 (NCES 2010-341), tables 2 and 3. Data from “NCES Common Core of Data State Dropout and Completion Data File,” School Year 2007-08, Version 1a, at http://dashboard.ed.gov/

State of America’s Children® 2011 H-11

The U.S. spends almost two and a half times as much per prisoner as per public school pupil.

Spending on Prisoners vs. Spending on Public School Students, 2007

Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia* Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois** Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Expenditure per prisoner

Expenditure per pupil

$ 13,518 63,979 22,984 18,788 37,709 22,429 45,004 47,266

1.61 5.19 3.13 2.24 4.21 2.71 3.29 4.02

20,534 26,926 26,928 19,037 10,422 52,077 44,342 78,580 29,843 24,307 12,832 17,838 32,018 20,208 17,496 27,005 37,839 38,079 38,483 30,357 35,695 15,940 17,379 26,124 30,701 55,452 17,133 25,659 15,691 17,140 29,044 30,948 21,017 35,267 37,364 33,175 36,306

$ 8,398 12,324 7,338 8,391 8,952 8,286 13,659 11,760 15,511 8,567 9,102 11,060 6,648 9,596 9,080 8,791 9,243 7,940 8,937 11,644 11,975 12,857 9,922 9,589 7,459 8,848 9,191 10,068 7,806 11,037 16,163 8,849 15,546 7,878 8,671 9,940 7,430 8,958 10,905 13,453 8,566 8,064 7,129 7,850 5,706 13,629 10,214 8,524 9,727 10,367 13,266

22,722

9,683

2.35

18,994 19,700 41,107 22,199

Ratio

2.22 2.16 3.72 3.34 2.26 3.06 2.91 2.40 1.17 4.47 3.70 6.11 3.01 2.53 1.72 2.02 3.48 2.01 2.24 2.45 2.34 4.30 2.48 3.85 4.12 1.60 2.34 2.92 2.82 4.12 2.00 3.18 2.20 2.18 5.09 2.27 2.06 4.14 3.84 3.20 2.74

* The District of Columbia does not have a prison system. ** Illinois did not provide data. Sources: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Justice Expenditure and Employment Abstracts, 2007 (September 2010), Table cjee0710, Detail of direct expenditure for correctional activities of State governments by character and object, fiscal 2007, at <http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=2315>; U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prison Inmates at Midyear 2007 (June 2008), Appendix Table 2; and U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2009 (April 2010), Table 185. Calculations by Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Defense Fund.

H-12

Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Defense Fund

Black students are more than three times as likely as White or Asian/Pacific Islander students and more than twice as likely as Hispanic students to be suspended.

School Discipline, 2006 Number of Suspensions per 100 Public School Students

Total, all races

American Indian, Alaska Native

Asian, Pacific Islander

Hispanic

Black

White

10.113 5.895 5.892 7.313 7.507 6.031 6.838 10.938 0.360 10.459 8.831 5.473 3.585 6.439 7.377 2.963 5.091 6.565 10.349 4.565 7.087 5.563 8.205 3.731 10.216 7.286 4.475 3.702 7.400 5.567 5.670 5.265 3.799 10.763 2.173 6.246 4.887 4.942 6.786 8.380 11.882 2.686 7.240 5.563 3.197 3.994 7.233 5.947 10.206 4.970 2.850

4.835 8.209 9.973 4.684 12.238 8.652 5.218 — — 7.170 3.742 5.996 8.607 2.906 6.063 5.181 5.807 3.791 6.791 6.365 8.543 4.976 6.754 10.016 12.689 6.999 9.597 6.712 6.612 — 3.654 8.282 4.473 14.883 8.047 3.724 3.992 7.169 3.425 11.771 9.571 6.841 3.415 3.053 6.859 — 4.039 11.305 8.201 13.506 6.416

3.188 4.609 2.609 3.492 3.268 3.242 2.386 3.312 — 2.871 2.110 5.528 1.649 1.664 1.791 1.605 2.921 1.514 2.618 2.935 2.156 2.520 2.202 2.463 3.000 2.888 2.333 1.913 3.859 2.235 1.433 2.526 0.690 2.661 — 2.055 1.778 2.091 2.669 7.162 2.873 2.988 2.694 1.625 4.210 — 2.065 3.689 2.369 2.119 —

4.289 5.944 6.359 4.879 7.876 8.138 11.407 9.216 — 7.702 5.424 5.655 5.105 5.971 7.383 3.190 6.559 3.982 4.716 5.732 12.907 11.952 7.422 5.350 4.259 5.366 3.501 5.047 8.482 12.104 6.897 5.388 2.790 7.206 3.139 5.970 5.309 5.479 8.694 12.576 6.500 4.310 5.351 5.730 6.662 4.121 5.598 7.158 11.208 7.528 3.102

18.272 10.014 11.805 15.892 17.093 13.153 17.182 20.058 0.400 19.334 15.007 7.008 3.486 14.478 17.266 11.432 14.614 13.324 14.643 8.956 8.176 10.277 17.782 14.432 14.757 20.153 4.919 12.584 15.476 8.733 12.371 6.988 7.285 20.027 5.003 14.602 12.056 8.807 18.903 14.617 19.220 7.122 12.847 12.674 7.759 5.838 13.939 11.979 21.493 19.721 3.168

5.801 4.564 4.462 5.011 5.962 4.544 4.019 6.384 — 7.863 4.798 4.879 3.278 3.758 5.957 2.432 3.824 5.809 7.063 4.453 5.760 4.230 6.091 2.427 5.548 4.573 3.737 2.564 5.139 5.365 3.668 3.951 3.350 6.480 1.478 4.558 3.910 4.780 4.165 6.664 6.892 1.934 5.538 2.887 2.432 3.989 4.723 5.255 9.683 2.714 2.721

6.864

7.931

2.712

6.777

14.982

4.760

— Number too small to calculate a stable rate. Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, 2006 Civil Rights Data Collection, projections. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011 H-13

In 2007 almost one in five high school students admitted carrying a weapon; one-third of them brought a weapon to school. One in 18 high school students reported staying home from school because they felt unsafe at school or going to or from school.

Violence and Risk Behaviors of High School Students, 2007 Total

Race/Ethnicity White Black Hispanic

18.0%

18.2%

17.2%

18.5%

20.1%

Carried a gun

5.2

4.3

6.2

5.2

5.5

4.6

5.0

Carried a weapon to school

5.9

5.3

6.0

7.3

6.0

5.8

5.5

6.0

Threatened or injured with a weapon on school property

7.8

6.9

9.7

8.7

9.2

8.4

6.8

6.3

35.5

31.7

44.7

40.4

40.9

36.2

34.8

28.0

4.2

3.0

5.3

6.3

5.6

3.7

3.5

3.3

In a physical fight on school property

12.4

10.2

17.6

15.5

17.0

11.7

11.0

8.6

Did not go to school because felt unsafe at school or on way to/from school

5.5

4.0

6.6

9.6

6.6

5.4

4.7

4.8

Carried a weapon

In a physical fight Injured in a physical fight

Grade 9

18.8% 16.7%

15.5%

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Surveillance Summaries, “Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance – United States, 2007,” MMWR, Vol. 57, No. SS-4 (June 6, 2008), Tables 7, 9, 13, 15 and 17.

H-14

Children’s Defense Fund

A New Look at America’s “Dropout Factories” In 2004, Johns Hopkins University researchers identified 2,000 schools in the United States as “dropout factories” – high schools where 60 percent or fewer of the students in any given ninth grade class will graduate in four years. Although they represented a relatively small percentage (18%) of all high schools in the country, these “dropout factories” were responsible for turning out over half of the nation’s dropouts. The students attending these failing schools were overwhelmingly minority and overwhelmingly poor. In fact, researchers found that, at the time, almost half of all Black high school students and 39 percent of all Latino high school students in America attended a “dropout factory,” while only 11 percent of White students did so. Today, thanks in large part to the John Hopkins researchers’ unrelenting spotlight on these low-performing high schools, the number of “dropout factories” has been reduced, as has the proportion of minority children who attend them. However, there is still much work to be done to turn all of these high schools that manufacture failure into ones that program students for success. Currently, • 2.1 million students, about 13 percent of all high school students in America, are enrolled in America’s 1,634 Dropout Factories. • 35 percent of all Black high school students in the nation, 29 percent of all Hispanic high school students, and only 8 percent of all White high school students attend Dropout Factories. • Dropout Factories are still responsible for producing half the nation’s dropouts. • 849 Dropout Factories are located in cities, 367 in suburbs, and 295 in rural areas. • There is at least one Dropout Factory in every state. Seventy percent are found in just 12 states: Pennsylvania, New York, Mississippi, Ohio, South Carolina, North Carolina, Florida, Texas, Louisiana, Michigan, Georgia, and California. • Between 2008 and 2009, nationally there was a reduction, by 112, in the total number of Dropout Factories. However, over the same period, nine states added three or more, and New York and Georgia each added 10. President Obama has set a goal that, by 2020, America will once again lead the world in college completion. To reach that goal, our nation will first need to do a better job of keeping high school students in school through graduation and preparing them adequately for success in college, without remediation. We must push forward and accelerate our successes to bring the number of Dropout Factories to zero. Sources: “Locating the Dropout Crisis: Which High Schools Produce the Nation’s Dropouts? Where are they Located? Who Attends Them?” Robert Balfanz and Nettie Legers, 2004: Center for Research on the Education of Students Placed at Risk (CRESPAR); “Building a Grad Nation: Progress and Challenge in Ending the High School Dropout Epidemic,” Robert Balfanz, John Bridgeland, Laura Moore, and Joanna Fox, 2010: America’s Promise Alliance, Civic Enterprises, Everyone Graduates Center. “Building a Grad Nation: 2010-2011 Annual Update,” 2011.

State of America’s Children® 2011 H-15

Nevada and Louisiana have the highest dropout rates among 16- to 19-year-olds; Minnesota and New Hampshire have the lowest. Almost two-thirds of teen dropouts do not have a job.

Dropouts, 2009 Persons Ages 16–19 Who Are Not Enrolled in School and Do Not Have a High School Credential

Number of dropouts Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

19,382 2,551 27,017 11,145 112,937 20,124 9,100 2,928 2,841 67,497 44,884 4,775 6,125 44,137 26,772 8,965 8,305 16,986 20,456 2,943 15,609 15,991 34,067 10,959 14,079 24,139 5,096 5,389 15,663 2,072 15,805 10,984 61,388 38,766 1,956 32,753 17,488 12,199 37,346 4,320 17,681 2,840 17,932 105,456 8,449 1,737 16,794 22,519 8,539 12,869 2,479 1,053,234

Percent of all 16- to 19-year-olds 7.2% 5.5 7.5 7.0 5.2 7.5 4.4 5.8 7.4 7.1 7.5 7.4 6.2 5.9 7.3 5.1 5.1 7.0 7.8 3.9 4.7 4.2 5.7 3.7 7.4 7.2 8.6 5.2 11.0 2.6 3.4 9.1 5.5 7.3 4.7 5.0 8.3 5.9 5.1 6.7 6.6 5.5 5.1 7.3 4.8 4.5 3.6 6.1 8.8 3.9 7.8 6.0

Percent in the labor force (labor force participation rate)

Percent with a job (employmentpopulation ratio)

Percent of the labor force that is unemployed (unemployment rate)

51.5% 45.6 46.3 53.2 50.5 62.3 63.9 63.6 33.2 45.3 42.7 30.2 63.5 46.5 59.0 63.2 64.3 43.1 48.9 49.3 49.7 53.9 43.7 56.8 40.3 54.3 37.5 66.0 59.4 82.4 48.1 49.9 39.9 48.8 43.7 51.2 53.1 67.2 43.2 59.6 45.0 41.1 53.4 53.6 65.3 35.0 44.7 50.4 40.2 57.1 55.4

25.3% 32.9 27.0 28.3 31.9 41.2 41.7 — — 22.7 20.4 23.9 42.0 25.1 35.0 45.9 40.0 16.6 30.0 30.2 30.3 33.1 16.9 37.1 20.5 30.9 16.2 41.0 34.0 45.3 31.0 25.3 25.6 24.3 37.3 27.5 36.9 37.6 26.7 29.6 25.8 37.3 25.9 35.9 32.3 — 25.5 32.9 15.5 38.4 25.5

50.9% 27.7 41.6 46.8 36.8 33.9 34.6 76.7 — 50.0 52.3 — 33.8 45.9 40.6 27.3 37.8 61.5 38.6 38.7 38.9 38.6 61.4 34.7 49.3 43.2 56.7 37.9 42.7 45.0 35.7 49.4 35.7 50.1 — 46.3 30.5 44.0 38.3 50.3 42.7 — 51.4 33.0 50.6 41.6 42.9 34.8 61.4 32.7 54.0

49.8

29.0

41.8

Sample too small to calculate a reliable number or rate. Source: U.S.Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2009 American Community Survey, Table 14005. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

H-16

Children’s Defense Fund

Many states and local school districts with high poverty rates receive less Title I funding per pupil than wealthier districts because of formulas that favor school districts with large numbers of students.

Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act Number of pupils served, 2007–2008 Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Total allocations, 2009 (in 1,000s)

400,838 69,920 584,110 320,015 4,571,485 213,792 223,263 122,574 78,108 1,637,345 815,047 110,834 188,337 1,383,148 820,671 275,136 303,616 544,230 531,838 143,690 158,155 464,659 1,610,785 313,734 339,471 369,610 114,199 103,518 82,970 78,572 692,273 195,603 1,777,301 504,978 50,539 1,193,471 382,025 206,999 1,255,637 118,996 535,894 54,762 701,532 3,001,541 109,129 51,870 321,442 531,769 101,948 527,152 37,800

$ 242,060 46,044 300,152 170,408 1,800,558 166,968 115,601 42,313 49,535 702,690 506,877 44,783 53,409 640,580 269,669 80,164 115,985 235,930 315,407 54,832 194,194 248,911 566,379 144,364 201,042 238,468 47,250 73,880 93,546 40,758 291,371 119,878 1,264,435 378,758 36,283 555,749 164,244 148,129 589,777 53,545 213,873 45,102 278,045 1,437,805 72,333 34,913 251,482 215,768 94,877 217,408 34,981

29,326,331

14,301,514

Percent of pupils who are eligible, 2008–2009 21.9% 13.5 19.6 22.3 18.5 13.8 14.6 29.1 12.5 17.0 18.5 11.8 14.6 17.5 15.9 12.5 14.9 20.9 26.3 14.8 11.0 15.7 18.2 11.6 27.2 18.8 17.4 13.5 14.3 9.8 14.9 23.3 20.8 19.4 12.0 17.3 19.8 16.8 17.3 17.9 20.7 15.2 19.7 22.8 10.1 12.2 12.9 14.2 23.0 13.9 11.6

Grant per eligible pupil, 2008–2009 $ 1,344 2,108 1,363 1,477 1,310 1,531 1,833 2,082 2,336 1,364 1,586 1,731 1,225 1,850 1,515 1,267 1,574 1,508 1,373 1,763 1,866 1,847 1,727 1,532 1,318 1,337 1,663 1,652 1,472 2,252 1,769 1,387 2,034 1,261 2,822 1,640 1,274 1,342 1,796 1,807 1,356 2,004 1,380 1,352 1,298 2,885 1,591 1,298 1,423 1,825 3,149

Sources: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey, 2007-2008, Table 3; U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2009 (March 2010), Table 379; and Rural School and Community Trust, analysis of data from the Congressional Research Service. Calculations by Childrenís Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011 H-17

More than 6.8 million children and youths with disabilities, ages birth through 21, receive special education and related services under IDEA.

Children Receiving Services Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), by Age, 2008 Part C Ages 0–2 Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States

Ages 3–5

Ages 6–11

Part B Ages 12–17

Ages 18–21

Ages 3–21

2,955 576 5,783 2,878 40,977 4,728 4,603 848 309 13,261 5,723 3,621 1,954 18,535 9,756 3,576 3,425 4,999 3,788 982 7,315 14,902 10,023 4,579 2,115 3,784 731 1,408 2,052 1,411 9,786 4,405 31,150 9,290 935 14,840 2,923 2,590 16,914 1,764 4,398 1,128 4,362 26,777 3,109 758 6,321 4,906 2,682 5,980 1,091

7,079 1,941 14,028 12,288 70,497 11,255 7,911 2,237 543 33,796 16,185 2,501 3,981 36,997 18,834 5,944 9,896 19,755 9,860 3,700 12,203 16,317 24,488 14,361 8,968 15,245 1,954 4,522 6,170 2,891 15,379 6,487 61,799 18,682 1,576 23,209 7,431 9,008 29,496 2,930 10,763 2,734 12,325 38,169 8,366 — 17,124 14,006 5,899 15,153 3,083

33,543 8,076 53,449 24,033 271,056 34,677 26,572 7,640 3,539 157,492 76,943 7,694 12,052 127,977 75,044 26,297 27,183 48,321 38,391 13,343 41,224 67,516 94,749 48,132 27,283 55,495 7,291 20,056 19,700 11,123 95,926 18,525 168,213 82,768 5,512 99,902 40,428 34,117 110,940 10,448 43,674 8,224 50,854 172,768 29,956 — 66,049 55,188 20,532 49,809 5,933

37,236 6,736 51,966 25,500 294,272 33,361 30,825 8,165 5,497 171,823 78,657 9,305 10,700 137,137 72,382 31,606 25,750 35,648 33,359 14,701 44,974 76,472 100,108 49,995 24,804 54,774 7,613 17,632 20,634 14,616 103,089 18,317 192,674 76,879 5,507 123,665 41,563 32,355 137,230 12,726 41,536 6,084 49,325 216,219 24,092 — 73,615 49,715 18,036 54,333 5,112

5,003 909 5,350 2,898 35,270 4,284 3,545 1,042 1,092 21,864 7,922 630 1,197 16,418 9,854 3,515 2,901 4,008 4,412 1,540 5,050 8,192 13,099 7,503 3,352 7,432 787 1,828 1,824 1,526 9,516 2,628 21,653 9,399 683 18,102 4,514 3,924 17,292 1,492 5,923 825 5,921 25,155 2,670 — 9,901 6,425 2,511 6,009 639

82,861 17,662 124,793 64,719 671,095 83,577 68,853 19,084 10,671 384,975 179,707 20,130 27,930 318,529 176,114 67,362 65,730 107,732 86,022 33,284 103,451 168,497 232,444 119,991 64,407 132,946 17,645 44,038 48,328 30,156 223,910 45,957 444,339 187,728 13,278 264,878 93,936 79,404 294,958 27,596 101,896 17,867 118,425 452,311 65,084 — 166,689 125,334 46,978 125,304 14,767

337,706

699,966

2,635,657

2,808,320

339,429

6,483,372

Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs, Data Analysis Systems (DANS), Tables AR 1-1 and AR 8-1. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

H-18

Children’s Defense Fund

Black students are far more likely than other students to be enrolled in special education classes for children with mental retardation and emotional disturbances. American Indian/Alaska Native and Black students are more likely to be enrolled in classes for students with learning disabilities.

Enrollment in Classes for Students with Mental Retardation, by Race, 2006 2.0

1.9%

1.5

Percent

1.1% 1.0% 1.0

0.9% 0.8% 0.6%

0.5

0 Total, All Races

Black

American Indian, Alaska Native

White

Hispanic

Asian, Pacific Islander

Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, 2006 Civil Rights Data Collection, projections. Calculations by Children's Defense Fund.

Enrollment in Classes for Students with Emotional Disturbances, by Race, 2006 1.5

1.4%

1.1%

1.0

Percent

0.9% 0.8%

0.5%

0.5

0.2%

0 Total, All Races

Black

American Indian, Alaska Native

White

Hispanic

Asian, Pacific Islander

Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, 2006 Civil Rights Data Collection, projections. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

Enrollment in Classes for Students with Learning Disabilities, by Race, 2006 7.0%

7 6.3%

5.4%

5.3%

5.5%

Percent

5 4 3 1.9%

2 1 0 Total, All Races

Black

American Indian, Alaska Native

White

Hispanic

Asian, Pacific Islander

Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, 2006 Civil Rights Data Collection, projections. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011 H-19

In all but seven of 44 states, Black students are overrepresented in special education classes for students with mental retardation, often by a ratio of 2:1 or greater. American Indian/ Alaska Native students also are overrepresented in these classes.

Enrollment in Classes for Students with Mental Retardation,* 2006 Percent Enrolled Total, all races

American Indian, Alaska Native

Asian, Pacific Islander

Hispanic

Black

White

1.051% 0.433 0.867 1.777 0.748 0.440 0.445 1.764 0.597 1.241 1.437 0.841 0.667 1.150 1.846 1.213 0.914 2.506 1.281 0.437 0.626 1.547 1.593 1.044 0.864 1.182 0.771 1.622 0.456 0.436 0.499 0.546 0.526 1.578 1.084 1.674 1.112 0.745 1.272 0.711 1.442 0.877 0.757 0.692 0.626 1.008 0.878 0.524 2.864 1.235 0.610

0.649% 0.741 1.252 1.064 0.864 0.613 — — — 0.944 — — 0.742 — 2.058 1.313 0.753 — 0.951 — — 1.195 1.445 1.715 — — 1.187 2.789 0.612 — — 0.630 0.646 2.868 1.919 1.712 1.050 1.098 — — — 1.568 — 0.735 0.654 — 0.717 0.973 — 1.651 —

— — 0.511% 0.518 0.842 0.229 0.240 — — 0.602 0.502 0.919 — 0.489 0.497 0.646 0.390 0.505 0.313 — — 0.793 0.686 0.733 — 0.498 — 0.871 0.390 — 0.235 — 0.274 0.499 — 0.371 0.392 0.490 0.414 0.649 0.501 — 0.245 0.424 0.399 — 0.491 0.330 — 0.995 —

0.378% — 0.961 1.046 0.734 0.563 0.497 1.390 — 0.895 0.863 0.732 0.764 0.866 1.350 1.292 0.749 0.933 0.429 — 0.620 3.832 1.294 1.067 0.335 0.745 0.996 1.701 0.435 0.634 0.648 0.566 0.574 0.891 — 1.932 0.792 0.607 1.516 1.289 0.493 1.489 0.355 0.598 0.667 — 0.657 0.590 1.596 1.193 0.674

1.530% — 1.447 3.399 1.135 0.888 0.703 2.953 0.664 2.358 2.201 — — 2.329 3.891 2.081 2.070 3.517 1.881 — 0.943 5.483 3.159 1.858 1.211 2.145 — 2.615 0.742 — 0.921 0.816 0.876 2.978 1.720 3.233 2.117 1.433 2.127 1.169 2.324 1.333 0.823 1.299 1.013 1.926 1.565 0.789 3.155 2.529 —

0.822% 0.324 0.688 1.387 0.629 0.352 0.394 1.205 — 0.897 0.973 0.516 0.650 0.835 1.595 1.167 0.832 2.441 0.819 0.434 0.418 0.793 1.254 0.963 0.508 1.002 0.693 1.504 0.406 0.430 0.348 0.464 0.415 0.925 0.974 1.358 1.023 0.750 1.101 0.526 0.866 0.751 0.770 0.597 0.621 1.000 0.613 0.494 2.877 1.067 0.602

United States

1.027

1.107

0.599

0.768

1.919

0.885

* According to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD): “Intellectual disability is the currently preferred term for the disability historically referred to as mental retardation.” Frequently Asked Questions on Intellectual Disability and the AAIDD Definition, at <http://www.aamr.org/Policies/faq_intellectual_disability.shtml>; accessed November 2008. — Number too small to calculate a stable rate. Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, 2006 Civil Rights Data Collection, projections. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

H-20

Children’s Defense Fund

Black children are more than three times as likely as Hispanic children and more than seven times as likely as Asian/Pacific Islander children to be in special education classes for students with emotional disturbances.

Enrollment in Classes for Students with Emotional Disturbances, 2006 Percent Enrolled Total, all races

American Indian, Alaska Native

Asian, Pacific Islander

Hispanic

Black

White

0.215% 0.404 0.731 0.174 0.325 0.910 0.794 0.709 0.559 1.111 1.354 1.118 0.506 1.101 1.317 0.855 0.733 0.883 0.437 1.361 0.749 1.137 1.121 1.993 0.302 0.872 0.679 0.734 0.484 1.163 0.694 0.685 1.288 0.770 1.044 0.931 0.809 0.790 1.183 1.207 0.698 1.055 0.316 0.747 0.507 1.956 0.795 0.448 0.760 1.732 1.011

— 0.510% 0.640 — 0.858 1.785 1.555 — — 0.982 — — — 0.772 1.272 — 0.956 — — — — 1.608 1.280 5.677 — — 0.809 2.411 0.627 — — 0.742 1.970 1.204 1.526 — 0.671 1.254 — 3.264 — — — 1.053 0.863 — 1.052 0.821 — 5.691 2.308

— 0.151% 0.216 — 0.091 0.259 0.160 — — 0.091 0.183 1.051 — 0.247 0.219 — — — — — 0.082 0.347 0.213 0.410 — — — — 0.140 0.133 0.117 — 0.191 — — 0.113 — 0.204 0.201 — — — — 0.150 0.209 — 0.167 0.119 — 0.325 —

0.085% 0.202 0.382 0.068 0.174 0.637 0.992 0.397 — 0.600 0.358 1.299 0.193 0.542 0.396 0.603 0.319 0.277 — — 0.556 1.569 0.673 1.451 — 0.332 — 0.319 0.164 0.580 0.557 0.587 1.384 0.168 — 0.855 0.241 0.365 1.036 1.195 0.168 1.291 0.082 0.484 0.391 — 0.454 0.215 — 0.995 0.895

0.226% 0.773 1.568 0.162 0.809 1.804 1.238 0.917 0.624 1.805 1.721 1.268 — 1.888 2.122 2.324 1.318 1.933 0.607 1.595 1.039 2.432 1.482 5.084 0.271 1.468 — 1.825 0.969 0.936 1.341 1.147 2.692 1.367 2.241 1.742 1.111 1.683 2.059 2.148 0.987 0.590 0.293 1.183 1.520 1.926 1.126 1.050 1.689 2.844 2.550

0.221% 0.372 0.994 0.194 0.514 0.964 0.695 0.667 — 1.083 1.306 1.392 0.560 1.058 1.288 0.799 0.749 0.769 0.314 1.368 0.630 0.976 1.091 1.729 0.341 0.779 0.661 0.668 0.674 1.211 0.614 0.810 0.889 0.557 0.977 0.777 0.903 0.868 1.036 1.113 0.534

United States

0.845

1.114

0.203

0.460

1.426

0.857

0.342 0.967 0.515 1.994 0.737 0.471 0.719 1.632 0.962

State of America’s Children® 2011 H-21

About 1 in 20 public school students is in a special education class for students with learning disabilities.

Enrollment in Classes for Students with Learning Disabilities, 2006 Percent Enrolled

Total, all races 5.357% 3.692 5.434 4.779 4.613 3.898 3.719 8.007 1.393 6.484 3.334 5.046 4.199 6.674 6.122 7.848 5.659 2.309 4.097 5.420 3.887 6.684 5.502 3.969 5.477 5.118 5.831 5.449 6.116 6.629 6.899 6.001 6.148 4.343 5.313 5.516 7.326 5.102 7.905 7.397 6.487 5.370 4.245 5.068 5.429 4.725 5.039 4.474 5.848 4.847 5.357

United States

5.353

American Indian, Alaska Native 4.113% 5.844 9.013 4.836 5.868 5.662 4.566 — — 6.524 2.946 5.443 8.558 6.857 6.063 8.792 6.994 — 4.757 6.506 3.745 7.127 7.563 6.405 6.250 4.287 8.102 8.249 10.851 6.346 5.592 7.237 7.700 4.805 8.934 6.550 7.163 7.522 6.245 11.474 5.701 9.508 3.610 5.225 10.114 — 5.760 7.476 10.582 7.671 9.116

Asian, Pacific Islander 1.228% 1.105 1.662 1.323 1.473 1.449 0.988 2.024 — 1.885 1.088 5.032 1.474 1.919 1.594 3.288 2.631 0.488 0.637 2.138 0.992 2.446 1.409 2.969 1.017 1.514 2.640 2.462 2.291 1.836 1.686 3.098 1.854 1.786 — 1.564 2.214 1.619 2.121 3.435 1.645 3.071 0.952 1.213 2.948 — 2.193 2.337 — 3.317 —

Hispanic 3.724% 2.381 5.719 3.775 5.064 4.579 4.419 8.576 1.780 6.458 3.384 6.424 4.760 6.431 4.487 7.166 5.168 1.872 2.173 3.992 5.307 7.574 6.073 5.594 2.594 3.431 6.006 4.978 5.704 7.030 7.392 6.105 6.598 4.216 6.475 5.716 5.950 4.965 9.345 9.273 4.176 5.564 2.477 5.230 7.281 — 6.231 5.727 6.166 4.688 6.732

Black 7.135% 2.254 6.588 5.441 7.901 5.267 4.479 10.556 1.369 6.605 3.329 5.381 4.835 7.850 6.515 10.378 7.296 2.101 5.383 4.531 4.237 7.509 6.371 5.793 6.558 6.120 6.114 5.413 9.419 5.047 8.962 7.816 7.432 4.733 4.846 5.786 9.684 6.342 9.410 8.637 7.173 4.998 3.302 6.910 7.658 3.970 5.964 6.739 6.497 6.366 5.873

6.995

1.906

5.503

6.322

White 4.484% 3.182 4.820 4.765 4.239 3.570 3.571 6.752 1.040 6.663 3.468 4.765 4.067 6.638 6.283 7.843 5.632 2.367 3.121 5.505 3.692 6.756 5.374 3.675 4.466 5.053 5.516 5.545 6.110 6.757 6.770 5.350 6.068 4.234 4.970 5.529 7.322 5.242 7.692 6.958 6.271 4.811 4.744 4.469 5.092 4.793 4.690 4.170 5.843 4.670 5.133 5.261

— Number too small to calculate a stable rate Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, 2006 Civil Rights Data Collection, projections. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

H-22

Children’s Defense Fund

Black, Hispanic and American Indian/Alaska Native children are less likely than Asian/Pacific Islander or White students to be in gifted and talented programs.

Enrollment in Programs for the Gifted and Talented, 2006 Percent Enrolled

Total, all races

American Indian, Alaska Native

Asian, Pacific Islander

Hispanic

Black

5.469% 4.109 6.319 9.548 8.279 6.835 3.793 5.616 — 4.747 9.269 6.240 4.194 5.839 7.888 8.204 3.022 14.605 3.361 3.221 16.083 0.682 3.422 8.763 6.112 3.553 5.161 11.404 1.935 2.572 6.978 3.979 2.903 10.757 2.818 7.288 13.694 6.938 4.518 1.412 10.987 2.666 1.687 7.563 5.018 0.846 12.615 3.872 2.200 6.423 2.157

6.147% 1.090 3.688 8.181 5.845 4.337 4.315 3.665 — 5.008 9.594 4.797 0.989 5.132 3.930 2.919 1.796 7.172 2.657 3.112 12.580 0.543 1.203 4.612 3.693 2.391 2.115 3.120 1.090 2.058 4.762 2.070 1.522 6.205 3.333 5.437 11.845 3.900 1.894 0.297 8.159 1.421 1.366 7.093 2.657 0.000 13.289 1.393 2.910 3.172 0.978

10.221% 4.961 14.232 10.311 16.067 10.408 7.328 13.155 — 9.303 19.277 5.785 6.095 13.314 14.128 12.204 5.394 21.305 11.747 5.616 37.771 1.674 8.065 16.486 13.450 9.097 8.226 18.197 3.078 5.934 13.855 12.035 5.541 17.275 5.432 14.024 21.454 11.121 9.727 2.262 19.287 4.232 4.204 15.961 11.990 1.350 26.392 5.770 10.934 6.113 6.719

2.923% 2.536 3.545 5.763 4.784 3.785 1.790 3.539 — 4.410 3.112 3.935 1.328 3.122 3.895 3.149 0.830 5.739 3.285 2.252 14.667 0.474 1.381 5.398 4.528 1.330 3.871 3.947 0.796 0.852 3.453 2.426 1.475 3.150 1.373 3.274 6.762 1.967 1.712 0.969 4.614 0.666 0.606 5.468 4.137 1.333 7.456 1.690 0.943 3.528 0.920

2.776% 2.544 3.431 7.279 4.259 4.963 2.309 3.630 — 1.964 4.080 2.942 2.024 4.152 4.098 3.853 0.960 6.959 1.562 1.106 6.960 0.718 1.863 6.678 2.900 1.452 2.249 4.811 0.860 1.077 3.493 2.814 2.433 4.261 1.720 4.713 7.419 3.453 2.394 1.237 5.074 0.916 0.676 4.354 4.589 0.467 5.174 1.446 1.598 3.686 2.009

6.675

5.225

13.051

4.184

3.564

White 7.091% 5.769 9.056 10.703 11.903 8.205 4.308 6.759 — 6.087 14.056 9.742 4.716 6.983 8.675 8.771 3.569 15.792 4.758 3.251 21.107 0.640 3.801 8.773 9.599 4.013 5.663 13.268 2.953 2.588 8.413 7.144 3.287 15.447 2.789 7.843 16.221 7.982 4.981 1.504 15.945 2.924 2.047 10.817 4.948 0.843 15.616 4.392 2.174 7.133 2.265 8.009

— Data not reported. Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, 2006 Civil Rights Data Collection, projections. Calculations by Children’s Defense Fund.

State of America’s Children® 2011 H-23

Just over two-thirds of U.S. high school math teachers majored in math.

High School Teachers with Undergraduate Major in Subject Matter Taught, 2007–2008 Teaching Field

Arts, music Health, physical education Natural sciences Social sciences English, language arts Foreign languages Vocational, technical Math Special Education

Percent with Undergraduate Major in Field

90.3% 88.5 83.5 82.8 81.7 79.9 73.6 67.3 4.4

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2009 (April 2010), Table 70.

Demographics of Public School Teachers, Grades 9–12 Sex Female Male

58.0% 42.0

Race/ethnicity White Black Hispanic Asian, Pacific Islander Two or more races American Indian, Alaska Native

83.5 6.9 6.6 1.5 0.9 0.5

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2009 (April 2010), Table 70.

H-24

Children’s Defense Fund

Although the college graduation rates for Black and Hispanic young adults has increased over the past 40 years, the rates are still far behind White graduation rates.

College Graduation Rates Among Young Adults,* 1957–2009 35 31.3%

Percent ages 25–29 who completed 4 years of college or more

30 White

20 19.0%

Black

12.2%

10 Hispanic

0 1957

1962

1967

1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2001

2005

2009

* People 25 to 29 years old. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Table A-2, Percent of People 25 Years Old and Over Who Have Completed High School or College, by Race, Hispanic Origin and Sex: Selected Years 1940 to 2009, at <http://www.census.gov/ population /socdemo/ education/cps2009/tabA-2.xls>.

State of America’s Children® 2011 H-25

White men ages 25 to 29 are almost twice as likely as Black men and almost two-and-a-half times more likely than Hispanic men to complete four or more years of college. White women are more than one-and-a-half times as likely as Black woman and more than two-and-a-half times as likely as Hispanic women to complete four or more years of college.

Percent of Young Adults* Who Completed Four or More Years of College by Race/Ethnicity and Sex, 1957 to 2009

1957 1959 1962 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

All Races (of any race) Total Male Female

White Total Male

10.4% 11.1 13.1 12.8 12.4 14.0 14.6 14.7 16.0 16.4 16.9 19.0 19.0 20.7 21.9 23.7 24.0 23.3 23.1 22.5 21.3 21.7 22.5 21.9 22.2 22.4 22.0 22.5 23.4 23.2 23.2 23.6 23.7 23.3 24.7 27.1 27.8 27.3 28.2 29.1 28.4 29.3 28.4 28.7 28.8 28.4 29.6 30.8 30.6

11.1% 11.9 14.3 13.6 13.0 14.7 15.5 15.6 17.0 17.3 17.9 19.9 19.9 22.0 22.8 24.6 25.3 24.5 24.3 23.7 22.4 22.7 23.4 23.1 23.2 23.5 23.0 23.5 24.4 24.2 24.6 25.0 24.7 24.2 26.0 28.1 28.9 28.4 29.3 29.6 28.5 29.7 28.3 28.9 28.9 28.3 29.8 31.1 31.3

13.5% 14.8 17.2 16.6 15.6 16.8 17.2 18.0 19.4 20.0 20.1 22.0 21.6 23.9 25.1 27.5 27.0 26.0 25.6 24.0 23.1 23.3 23.9 23.2 23.1 22.9 22.3 23.2 23.9 23.7 23.0 23.2 23.4 22.5 24.5 26.1 26.3 25.6 26.8 27.9 25.5 26.9 26.0 26.1 25.5 25.3 26.3 26.8 26.6

7.5% 7.6 9.2 9.2 9.5 11.3 12.1 11.6 12.8 12.9 13.8 16.0 16.4 17.6 18.7 20.1 21.1 20.6 20.5 21.0 19.6 20.2 21.1 20.7 21.3 21.9 21.7 21.9 22.9 22.8 23.4 24.0 23.9 24.0 24.9 28.2 29.3 29.0 29.5 30.1 31.3 31.8 30.9 31.4 32.2 31.6 33.0 34.9 34.8

14.5% 15.9 18.7 17.5 16.4 17.9 18.3 19.1 20.6 21.3 21.3 23.1 22.8 25.3 26.3 28.7 28.5 27.6 27.1 25.5 24.3 24.5 25.0 24.3 24.2 24.1 23.3 24.0 24.8 24.2 24.1 24.2 24.4 23.6 25.4 27.2 27.2 26.5 27.6 27.8 25.1 26.5 25.3 25.8 25.3 25.0 25.8 26.7 27.0

Female

Total

Black Male Female

7.8% 8.1 10.0 9.9 9.8 11.8 12.7 12.3 13.4 13.3 14.6 16.7 17.0 18.8 19.4 20.6 22.1 21.4 21.5 22.0 20.5 20.9 21.8 21.9 22.2 22.9 22.8 22.9 24.0 24.3 25.0 25.7 25.1 24.8 26.6 29.1 30.7 30.4 30.9 31.3 32.1 33.1 31.5 32.1 32.7 31.7 34.0 35.9 36.0

4.1% 4.6 4.2 5.5 6.8 5.9 5.4 5.3 6.7 7.3 6.4 8.3 8.1 7.9 10.7 13.0 12.6 11.8 12.4 11.6 11.6 12.6 12.9 11.6 11.5 11.8 11.4 12.2 12.7 13.4 11.0 11.3 13.2 13.7 15.3 14.6 14.4 15.8 15.0 17.5 16.8 17.5 17.2 16.9 17.4 18.6 18.9 20.6 19.0

3.3% 5.6 5.7 7.5 7.3 5.4 4.2 5.3 8.1 6.7 6.4 7.1 7.1 8.8 11.4 12.0 12.8 10.7 13.3 10.5 12.1 11.8 13.1 12.9 10.3 10.1 11.6 12.6 12.0 15.1 11.5 12.0 12.6 11.7 17.2 12.4 12.1 14.2 13.1 18.1 15.6 17.4 17.5 13.4 14.1 14.9 17.9 18.7 15.2

5.0% 3.7 3.0 3.9 6.8 6.4 6.3 5.3 5.5 8.0 6.5 9.4 8.8 7.2 10.1 13.6 12.4 12.6 11.7 12.5 11.1 13.2 12.8 10.5 12.6 13.3 11.1 11.9 13.3 11.9 10.6 10.6 13.8 15.4 13.6 16.4 16.4 17.0 16.5 17.0 17.9 17.7 17.0 19.7 20.1 21.6 19.9 22.3 22.4

Total n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 5.7% 8.8 7.4 6.7 9.6 7.3 7.7 7.5 9.7 10.4 10.6 11.1 9.0 8.7 11.4 10.1 8.1 9.2 9.5 8.3 8.0 8.9 10.0 11.0 10.4 8.9 9.7 10.5 8.9 10.0 10.9 11.2 9.5 11.6 12.4 12.2

Hispanic Male Female n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 7.2% 10.0 10.3 7.2 9.6 7.9 8.4 8.6 10.7 9.6 9.6 10.9 8.9 9.2 12.1 9.6 7.3 8.1 8.8 7.1 6.6 7.8 10.2 9.6 9.5 7.5 8.3 8.2 8.3 8.4 9.6 10.2 6.9 8.6 10.0 11.0

n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 4.6% 7.3 4.8 6.4 9.7 6.8 6.9 6.5 8.7 11.1 11.6 11.2 9.1 8.2 10.6 10.6 9.1 10.4 10.3 9.8 9.8 10.1 9.8 10.1 11.3 10.4 11.0 13.3 9.7 12.0 12.4 12.4 12.8 15.4 15.5 13.8

* People 25 to 29 years old Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Table A-2, Percent of People 25 Years Old and Over Who Have Completed High School or College, by Race, Hispanic Origin and Sex: Selected Years 1940 to 2009, at <http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/ education/cps2009/tabA-2.xls>.

H-26

Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Defense Fund