Analysis of Governance Response to Ecosystem Change: Western Region, Ghana FEBRUARY 24, 2016 CECHR SYMPOSIUM GLENN PAGE G.Z.PAGE@DUNDEE.AC.UK
Source: The Gulf of Guinea Large Marine Ecosystem, McGlade et al. 2002
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Source: Department of Geog. & Regional Planning, UCC, Cape Coast, Ghana
The GOAL
Assemble the preconditions for a formally constituted Coastal and Fisheries Governance Program that can serve as a national model
Three Phases
1. Consultation, gather info, prepare baseline 2. Wide range of activities designed to build capacity and assemble preconditions for more effective and efficient coastal and fisheries governance 3. Consolidation of experience, gaining commitment to formalize a coastal governance program for WR – and secure resources required for long term implementation
Ecosystem Governance Defined • How a resource or an environment is used; • How problems and opportunities are evaluated and analyzed; • What behavior is deemed acceptable or forbidden; and,
• What rules and sanctions are applied to direct how natural resources are allocated and used across multiple scales.
Principle Sources or Mechanisms of Governance Market
Civil Society
Government
Economic Mechanisms
Legal/Political Mechanisms
Social Mechanisms
Human Uses of Ecosystems
Why Care about Coastline? Current and Future Development
Where people live
Ecological Goods & Services
No Definitive Problem
No Clear Solution or End Point
No Clear Solution or End Point Source: FAO Fishstat and Marine Fisheries Research Division, Tema
Now
5 Years Ago 10 Years Ago
Relative time to fishing ground
Homeport
Relative time to fishing ground
No Clear Solution or End Point
Problems are Intertwined
Overfishing Expanding and Population Food Insecurity
Climate Change
Oil and Gas Development
Problems are Intertwined
Major Issues in the Seascape Landscape Ineffective Threats to Enforcement Biodiversity
Competition Loss in Among Environmental Fleets goods and Services
Understand Where the Power Lies
Governance Baseline Led to New Awareness • Power that resides in women in the fishing villages • Role Traditional Authorities • Power of Faith-based Leaders • Governance Response to Mining • Lack of Reliable Fisheries Data • Lack of Reliable Maps • Ecotourism Potential (Sea Turtles) • Haphazard Coastal Management • The Transformational Power of Oil
• Need for Collaboration and Learning • Demand for Diversified Livelihoods • What works at the National Government and at Regional and Districts Scale • The disconnect to Gulf of Guinea LME • Innovative communications work • Social Capital of Fishers • Importance of Biodiversity
Primary LEARNING: The Current Governance System Bypasses Regional and District Government
International Aid
National
Office of the President
National policy is articulated by the Executive and expressed through policy guidelines prepared by the Traditional National Development Planning Commission Authorities National Development Planning Commission
Ministry A
Ministry B
Ministry of Local Gov’t
Ministry D
Regional Roles and responsibilities are limited to those of coordination
Western Region
District
MTD Plans District A
District B
Communities
Broad, but in several instances dormant, responsibilities for the planning and regulation of development, the provision of social services, revenue generation
Local level planning and management
A Potential Structure of a Nested Marine and Coastal Governance System
National
Office of the President
An inter- ministerial marine and coastal management commission chaired by the office of the vice president or president sets national marine and coastal policy and defines performance standards at the region and district scales
Marine / Costal Management Commission
Ministry A
Ministry B
Ministry D
Ministry C
Regional Spatial Plan & Coastal Marine Strategy
National Costal Marine Management Task Force for Western Region
The Western region spatial development framework (WRSDF) guides planning and decision-making and incorporates a Marine and Coastal Management Strategy for the Western Region
District Marine/Coastal Mgmt. Plan Spatial Development Framework
District A
District B
Local Marine/Coastal Management Plans
Communities
Future medium-term development plans contain a marine and coastal management chapter whose content and implementation is guided by District level Marine and Coastal Councils
local level governance addresses community development and community-based fisheries management
QUESTIONS?
THANK YOU!
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Source: Department of Geog. & Regional Planning, UCC, Cape Coast, Ghana
Drivers of Ecosystem Change Across Scales Global National Regional Sub-Regional
Local
Adapted from: Mahon, R., L. Fanning and P. McConney. 2014. Assessing and facilitating emerging regional ocean governance arrangements in the Wider Caribbean Region. Ocean Yearbook Volume 28. Accepted.
Framework for Ecosystem Governance Knowledge Base Changes in Ecosystems • Ecosystems Goods and Services • Ecosystem Resilience • Human Activities • Human Well being
Part 1: Looking Back • Timeline of Key Issues • Trends in Key Variables • Governance by Era • Case Studies of Governance Processes and Outcomes
Response To Change
NOW
Part 2: Looking Forward • Trend Projection and Climate Change • Selection of Issues • Goals and Objectives • Selection of Partners • Selection of Variables to be Monitored
Strengths and weaknesses of the existing governance system
Focus on BOTH Process and Outcomes 1. The Policy/Management Cycle, modeled on the learning cycle designed to emphasize • Differences in the nature of each phase • Essential actions associated with each phase • Learning and adaptation over time 2. The Orders of Outcomes that disaggregate the ultimate goal of sustainable forms of development into a sequence of more tangible targets to prioritize action
Governance Baseline Defined What was Possible • Marine Description • Definition of Area of Focus • Issues Surrounding Climate Change, Flooding, Erosion • Issues Surrounding Wetlands, Biodiversity • Issues Surrounding Settlements, Water Sanitation • Issues Surrounding Genders & Livelihoods • Issues Surrounding Fisheries • Issues Surrounding Industry, Tourism, Large-Scale Development Development
• Issues Surrounding Legal and Institutional Processes • Developing Useful Maps • ICM Tool kit • Extensive Communications – 52 Episode Radio Soap Opera • Building and Supporting Collaborative Structures • Drafting of Policy Briefs • Securing Formal Commitment • Documenting Lessons Learned
Outputs to Impacts From the Governance Baseline • • • • • • • • •
Hđ?“”n Mpoano, Our Coast Our Future Year 1, 2, 3, 4 Workplans & Indicators for Donor Year 2 Self-Assessment Briefing Book for Mid-term Evaluation Mid-Term Evaluation Results Proposal to Government Issue/Policy Briefs Lessons Learned (Voices from Ghanaians) Long-Term Funding on Fisheries Governance Reform as a Model for the Nation