Level of preparedness, resilience capacity, and capacity training needs on disaster risk management by Trung tâm Giáo dục và Phát triển

S U R V E Y

LEVEL OF PREPAREDNESS, RESILIENCE CAPACITY, AND CAPACITY TRAINING NEEDS ON DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES AND COOPERATIVES

Hai Phong, 2015

Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 2. METHODS AND CONTENTS OF THE SURVEY .................................................................. 2 2.1. Objectives, subjects and areas of the survey........................................................................ 2 2.2. Methods and tools for implementation ................................................................................ 6 3. BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................ 8 3.1. The general situation of natural disasters and climate change in Hai Phong....................... 8 3.2. Local authoritiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; current policies, programs and measures created to minimize disaster risks and respond to climate change ......................................................................................... 10 3.3. Agencies and organizations involved in disaster risk management and climate change in the city....................................................................................................................................... 11 4. SURVEY RESULTS OF ENTERPRISES/COOPERATIVES (E/Cs) .................................... 14 4.1. General information about the enterprises/cooperatives participating in the survey and interviews .................................................................................................................................. 14 4.2. Level of preparedness and awareness of the E/Cs regarding natural disasters and climate change ....................................................................................................................................... 17 4.3. The real situation of disaster risk management and climate change responses for E/Cs ... 25 4.4. Public - Private Partnership in DRM and CCA ................................................................. 32 4.5. Training needs .................................................................................................................... 40 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMMENDATIONS ................................................................ 45 5.1. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 45 5.2. Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 47 ANNEX......................................................................................................................................... 52

ABBREVIATIONS ACE

Alliance for Cooperative Enterprises

ARD

Agriculture and rural development

Climate change

CCA

Climate change adaption

CBDRM

Community-based disaster risk management

CCR

Climate change response

CED

Center for Education and Development

DFAT

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade

Disaster prevention

DPP

Disaster preparedness plan

DRM

Disaster risk management

DRR

Disaster risk reduction

E/Cs

Enterprises/cooperatives

FSC

Flood and storm control

HRCD

“Hai Phong City’s Resilience to Climate Change and Disaster Risks” project

NDR

Natural disaster risk

NRE

Natural resource and environment

People’s committee

SAR

Search and rescue

SME

Small and medium-sized enterprises

World Vision

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Analysis of climate change impacts on peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s livelihood, activities, and the outcomes......................................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 2: Organizational structure of Hai Phong City CFSC & SAR .................................... 12 Figure 3: Organizational structure of the City Steering Committee for the implementation of CCR action plan...................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 4: Operating years of 183 out of 192 E/Cs ..................................................................... 15 Figure 5: Sizes of labor force of 163 out of 192 E/Cs classified by sectors ............................. 15 Figure 6: Main operating sectors of 61 E/Cs participating in in-depth interviews ............... 16 Figure 7: Sizes of E/Cs classified by operating sectors ............................................................. 16 Figure 8: No. of operating years of E/Cs interviewed .............................................................. 17 Figure 9: Positions of E/Cs representatives participating in in-depth interviews ................. 17 Figure 10: Total of average loss per year of 61 E/Cs due to natural disasters (billion VND) ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 11: Proportion of participating E/Cs suffering annual loss in the past 3 years ......... 19 Figure 12: Types of disasters frequently encountered by E/Cs ............................................... 20 Figure 13: Awareness on impacts of CC of 192 E/Cs ............................................................... 20 Figure 14: Likelihood of occurrence and impacts of natural disasters on E/Cs interviewed ....................................................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 15: Types of disasters impacting on each sector ........................................................... 21 Figure 16: Remarks of CC impacts on production & business of 61 E/Cs............................. 22 Figure 17: Subjective reasons causing damages to E/Cs .......................................................... 25 Figure 18: Assessment of the need for cooperation in disaster response among E/Cs .......... 26 Figure 19: Proportion of E/Cs participating in natural disaster prevention in the locality . 26 Figure 20: Proportion of E/Cs which have access to the Law on Disaster Prevention ......... 27 Figure 21: Number of E/Cs having implemented activities of the Law on Disaster Prevention .................................................................................................................................... 28 Figure 22: Proportion of E/Cs having implemented specific activities of the Law on Disaster Prevention .................................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 23: Information sources for the development of Disaster Prevention Plan of E/Cs .. 29 Figure 24: The likelihood of disasters and the resilience capacity of E/Cs ............................ 30 Figure 25: Post-disaster activities of the 61 E/Cs interviewed ................................................. 30 Figure 26: Contingent budgets for disaster prevention of the E/Cs........................................ 31

Figure 27: E/Cs’ self-assessment of the level of preparedness for disaster prevention ......... 31 Figure 28: Proportion of E/Cs having access to local strategies, plans ................................... 33 Figure 29: Understanding of E/Cs about public – private partnership .................................. 34 Figure 30: The possibility to coordinate the E/Cs’ activities with agencies ........................... 35 Figure 31: E/Cs’ need for support from government agencies ................................................ 36 Figure 32: The agencies’ remarks on the types of disasters and extreme weather (number of agencies) ....................................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 33: Proportion of the agencies assessing the implementation of DRM and CC activities of the City .................................................................................................................... 39 Figure 34: Proportion of agencies assessing E/Cs’ patterns of participation in local disaster prevention and CCA tasks ......................................................................................................... 40 Figure 35: Training needs on disaster prevention of 192 E/Cs ............................................... 40 Figure 36: Training needs of 61 E/Cs......................................................................................... 41 Figure 37: Training methods preferred by 192 E/Cs ............................................................... 42 Figure 38: Forms of support for access to information of E/Cs’ interests ............................. 42 Figure 39: Trainees trained by the units ................................................................................... 43 Figure 40: Training fields implemented by the units ............................................................... 43 Figure 41: Training contents found necessary by the units for the training courses ............ 44

LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Impact factors of climate change (CC) ......................................................................... 4 Table 2: Temperature and rainfall over 12 months in Hai Phong ............................................ 8 Table 3: Number of enterprises/cooperatives (E/Cs) approached in the districts ................. 14 Table 4: Direct loss due to natural disasters of interviewed E/Cs........................................... 18 Table 5: Indirect loss due to natural disasters of interviewed E/Cs ....................................... 18 Table 6: E/Csâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; interruption of production (out of 61 E/Cs) over time ................................... 19 Table 7: The services needed to maintain production & business activities in disaster situations ...................................................................................................................................... 23 Table 8: Activities needed when natural disasters occur according to E/Cs ......................... 24 Table 9: No. of E/Cs comments on the services needed when disaster strikes ....................... 24 Table 10: No. of E/Cs surveyed reveal their DRM activities ................................................... 27

1. INTRODUCTION Located in the tropical Asian monsoon belt, adjacent to the South China Sea and with a coastline stretching over 125km, Hai Phong city is greatly influenced by monsoons, attracting 31% of the storms in Vietnam every year. Hai Phong is also one of the provinces/cities in Vietnam heavily affected by climate change (CC). Hai Phong City is growing at a very fast pace, with a number of enterprises, mostly small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), playing an important role in the creation of job opportunities and the socio-economic development of the city. However, so far there has hardly been any SME involvement in disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaption (CCA) strategies. Similarly, the local authorities have also hardly paid much attention to this area. The project ‘Hai Phong City’s Resilience to Climate Change and Disaster Risks’(HRCD) is funded by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Australia (DFAT) and World Vision International. The length of the project is 3.5 years (from March 2014 to September 2017) and is implemented by World Vision International in Vietnam, in collaboration with the local authorities and agencies concerned in Hai Phong City. The project will focus on creating DRR and CCA strategies for SMEs and communities in selected areas of Hai Phong City to use in the future. The plans created will help improve awareness of disaster risk and climate change, strengthen the capacity of the locality to respond to natural disaster risks, improve livelihoods, as well as work to close gaps and reduce the risks to both inhabitants’ livelihoods and SME sector. The project is expected to achieve two main outcomes: i) develop public and private collaborative partnerships in DDR and CCA; and ii) promote community-based DRR and CCA. The Center for Education and Development (CED) is the consultant for the Alliance of Cooperatives and Enterprises (ACEs) and World Vision International in Vietnam (WV), responsible for implementing the initial activities required to help achieve the first outcome. Specifically, CED will conduct surveys, in order to assess the needs required to support program development and help raise awareness and teach skills to enable the enterprises to execute DRR and CCA strategies. The HRCD project focuses on supporting cooperatives and SMEs in the three districts of Ngo Quyen, Tien Lang and Cat Hai. In addition to these three districts, as proposed by ACE, the HRCD project will also review and consider expanding support to vulnerable cooperatives and SMEs in the districts of Hai An, Duong Kinh, Hong Bang, Le Chan, Vinh Bao Son, Thuy Nguyen, Kien Thuy and An Duong.

2. METHODS AND CONTENTS OF THE SURVEY 2.1. Objectives, subjects and areas of the survey i) Objectives of the survey The survey aims to identify the status of the tasks in response to disaster risks as well as the CCA of SMEs and cooperatives in Hai Phong City. The survey results will be used as the basis for identifying activities to boost the resilience capacity of the local communities in areas vulnerable to natural disasters and the impacts of climate change. The content of the survey focuses on: ▪

Identifying the level of risk for the enterprises/cooperatives (E/Cs) based in Hai Phong City;

▪

Assessing the level of preparedness for responses to natural disasters and CCA of the enterprises/cooperatives;

▪

Assessing knowledge, attitudes and practices currently conducted at the enterprises/cooperatives, relating to the preparedness and response to natural disasters and CCA;

▪

Understanding the areas related to community support and cooperation between public and private sectors, thereby identifying the potential of developing initiatives to promote cooperation between these two sectors;

▪

Assessing and identifying training needs of the E/Cs related to strengthening the resilience capacity to natural disasters and adaption to the impacts of climate change

▪

Identifying the contents, program and activities that would help support the cooperatives and SMEs.

ii) Basis for selection of contents and scope of the survey Concept of disaster risks According to Article 3 of the Law on Disaster Prevention (IDP)1, the term and concept of disasters are defined as follows:

1 Disasters refers to the unusual natural phenomena that may cause damage to humans, properties, the environment, living conditions and socio-economic activities, and includes occurrences such as storms, tropical depressions, tornados, lightning, heavy rains, floods, flash floods, landslides or land subsidence due to flooding or water currents, sea level rise, salinity intrusion, extreme heat, drought, damaging cold, hail, frost, earthquakes, tsunamis and other types of natural disasters.

2 Disaster risk is the potential damage that natural disasters may cause to humans, properties, the environment, living conditions and socio-economic activities.

3 Prevention and response to natural disasters is a systematic process involving activities of disaster preparedness, response and recovery.

https://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/IDRL/Law%20on%20Natural%20Disaster%20Prevention%20a nd%20Control_No%20%2033_IFW.pdf

By these definitions, the impacts of climate change as mentioned in other documents such as the rise of temperature or sea level, drought, and extreme climate phenomena are all understood to be disasters. Therefore, when it comes to the survey used in this report, for example, the level of preparedness for natural disasters, the meaning has already covered the impacts of climate change. The impacts of climate change to humans, production and business activities The vulnerability of humans to the impacts of climate change depends on the following four factors: (i) the nature and magnitude of climate change; (ii) the degree of dependence of humans on climate-sensitive resources (including natural, physical, financial, human, and social resources); (iii) the degree of sensitivity of these resources to the effects of climate change, and (iv) the adaptive capacity of humans to the changes of the climate-sensitive resources Expression

Ứng phó

Đánh giá

Change the quality, productivity, ...

Causes

- Direct impacts: storms, floods, inundation, landslides, .. - indirect impacts: diseases, ...

Results

Loss of output value Area affected Level / frequency regularly

Change of production area, capital, other material capital, ...

Landslide, salinity, alum, .... Wind, collapse collapsed, the roof of the workshop

Loss of land area

Change of Livelihood

Change of plants and animals

- Area of conversion - Comparison of livelihood outcomes

Change the way, behavior

Change of farming techniques, time of training

Compare the results of the livelihoods

Expression

Assessment

Figure 1: Analysis of climate change impacts on people’s livelihood, activities, and the outcomes

Source: Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs, 2013, Survey of climate change impacts on the lives, livelihoods and access to basic social services of the ethnic minorities The impact factors of climate change on production, business sectors, and the community 3

According to the documents and guidance from the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE), sectors, regions and subjects vulnerable to the impacts of climate change are listed in the table below. Table 1: Impact factors of climate change (CC)2

Impact factors

Sensitive areas

Increas e in temper ature

- Mountainous region: Northeast; Northwest and North Central - Northern Delta

Vulnerable sectors/subjects

Vulnerable communities

- Agriculture and food security

- Poor farmers

- Fisheries

- Ethnic minorities, the elderly, children, and women

- Natural ecosystems, biodiversity - Water resources - Energy (production and consumption) - Public health

Sea level rise

- Coastal strip, especially the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most affected by storms, sea level rise, floods (Mekong and Red River Deltas, coastal Central) - Islands

- Agriculture and food security - Fisheries - Marine and coastal ecosystems

- Coastal population, especially farmers - The elderly, women, and children

- Water resources (surface and groundwater) - Energy - Tourism - Technical infrastructure, industrial zone - Public health - Place of residence

Floods, flash floods and landslid es

Storms and

- Coastal Strip (including plains, delta and wetlands: the northern coastal plains, the Mekong Delta, the coastal Central)

- Agriculture and food security

- Coastal population

- Fisheries

- Mountainous population, especially the ethnic minorities

- Mountains: Northwest, Northeast, North Central and the Central Highlands

- Place of residence

- Coastal strip, especially the Central,

- Agriculture and food security

- Transport - Water resources - Technical infrastructure

- The elderly, women, and children

- Health and life - Trade and tourism

- Fisheries

MoNRE, 2008, National target program for response to CC, Table 2.1, Page 16

- Coastal population, especially fishermen

tropical depress ions

Red River, Mekong River, Deltas - Islands

- Transport

- The elderly, women, and children

- Energy - Other marine and coastal activities - Technical infrastructure - Place of residence - Health and life - Trade and tourism

Drought

- The central, especially Southern Central - Plain and Northern midlands - Mekong Delta

- Agriculture and food security - Water resources - Energy (hydropower) - Waterway traffic

- Farmers, especially ethnic minorities in Southern Central and Central Highlands

- Health and life

- the elderly, women, and children

- Agriculture and food security

- Farmers, especially in the Northern and Central mountains

- The Central Highlands

Other extrem e climati c pheno mena

- Coastal Strip in the Central

- Health and life

- The mountains and Northern Midlands

- The elderly, women, and children

(*)

Notes: (*) Extreme climatic phenomena can include: heat-waves (or a large number of hot days), cold spells (or a large number of freezing cold or damaging cold days), torrential rains, storms, tornados, etc. According to this classification table, Hai Phong is seen as an area sensitive to climate change, with many local professions and communities vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Cooperation in the form of public-private partnership (PPP) The collaborative relationships or partnership programs between public and private sectors are the models that can mobilize and strengthen the capacity of government agencies and enterprises to be able to meet the growing requirements for investment in disaster risk management (DRM) and climate change. Government policy would support and encourage enterprise participation, as well as creating a favorable environment for strengthening partnerships between the public and private sectors. Partnerships between these two sectors in DRM would enhance the knowledge and skills of the enterprises, helping them to actively prevent and respond to natural disasters as well as providing potential opportunities for further cooperation and partnerships in this area. Therefore, this partnership would benefit all organizations and stakeholders, both internally and externally. Through analyzing similar partnerships in other countries around the world, the following factors were found to create successful models of co-operation: 5

1. Building trust and the foundations for the organizations to be able to participate in DRM activities. 2. Developing small scale initial activities in the locality, with plans to maintain sustainability and replication. 3. Capacity strengthening activities and skills integrated to maximize local ownership for these models. 4. Building capacity to adapt to disasters by strengthening the resilience capacity for enterprises and maintaining livelihood activities for communities in disasters. 5. Building the partnership in value chains. 6. Formulating plans or creative ideas based on the available resources and agencies. This partnership normally includes formal and informal cooperation initiatives to utilize and maximize resources, skills and experience to build a community resilient to disasters. Based on the concepts and background information mentioned above, the survey team established the criteria for selecting the enterprises/cooperatives in of high risk areas of Hai Phong City who would participate in the survey and any further assessment. Criteria for selecting enterprises/cooperatives and agencies concerned: -

Business types: cooperative; cooperative Alliance; microenterprises; small and medium sized enterprises; professional associations, and institutes.

Business sectors: manufacturing/industry, trade/services, mineral exploitation, agriculture/forestry/fisheries (including mechanic, construction, industry, commercial Services, commercial business, market management, handicrafts, credit, transportation, public utilities).

Surveyed areas: Enterprises selected for interviews must be ones previously damaged by disasters of different levels and be from one of the following areas: -

Ngo Quyen District: May Chai Ward; Van My Ward

Tien Lang District: Communes of Dong Hung, Tien Hung, Vinh Huong

Cat Hai district: Van Phong Commune; Hoang Chau Commune; Cat Hai Township

The districts of Hai An, Le Chan, Hong Bang, Duong Kinh, Do Son, Vinh Bao, Thuy Nguyen, Kien Thuy and An Duong

Only enterprises/cooperatives based in the project areas and operating in the sectors mentioned above were selected for survey and interviews. The survey team focused on the current awareness, knowledge, attitudes and practice of the enterprisesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; responses to disaster risk and climate change adaption as well as identifying their information needs and capability for capacity building. 2.2. Methods and tools for implementation The survey team studied the relevant legal documents, assessment reports, reports relating to the project, and documents relating to disaster risk management at the surveyed provinces. Based on the information gathered, along with the purposes and requirements of the survey, 6

the survey team developed the report outline, inquiry sheets and selected the relevant agencies and enterprises for the survey. To be able to collect adequate and highly representative information, the survey team conducted the survey by issuing questionnaires to the members of the Alliance of Cooperative Enterprises (ACE). Based on these responses, the survey team selected the units affected by the disasters for in-depth interviews. The data from both the survey and the in-depth interviews were then combined for analysis by the team. Sources of data used were indicated for viewer’s convenience and reference. During the in-depth interviews, the team was able to gather more information while also verifying previously collected data, adding it in when applicable. Tools and methods used for implementation are described in detail below. Survey through inquiry sheets The survey was conducted from 11th to 15th November 2014. During this period, the ACE sent 500 inquiry sheets to the districts of Ngo Quyen Tien Lang, Cat Hai, Hai An, Duong Kinh Do Son, Thuy Nguyen, Vinh Bao, Le Chan, Kien Thuy Duong. After four weeks, ACE received 192 responses (38.4% of the total surveys distributed). The inquiry sheet consists of three main sections: ▪

Section 1: General information about the enterprise/cooperative;

▪

Section 2: Identification of level of risk undertaken by the enterprise/cooperative;

▪

Section 3: Mitigation activities and the preparedness of the enterprise/cooperative to respond to natural disasters and climate change.

In-depth interviews Based on the number of completed questionnaires, the survey team selected some of the E/Cs to conduct in-depth interviews with. With the help and support from ACE, these were conducted from 25th to 28th November 2014. During this time, the team interviewed seven relevant agencies and organizations and 61 E/Cs in the districts of Hong Bang, Le Chan, Ngo Quyen, Tien Lang, Kinh Duong, Vinh Bao Son, Thuy Nguyen, Kien Thuy Duong, and in Hai Phong City. These were all districts frequently affected by natural disasters, with 52 out of 61 E/Cs interviewed damaged by previous natural disasters. The content of the in-depth interviews focused on the following main issues: the impacts of climate change to the E/C; the level of impact and further prevention against disaster risks of the E/C; the level of preparedness for disasters of the E/Cs; practices being carried out at the E/Cs; identification of training needs on disaster risk prevention and CCA; the potential for public-private partnerships in disaster risk prevention and CCA. Survey team The survey team consisted of three experts (one in disaster risk management, one in CC and one with extensive knowledge of gathering information and communication in the area of development) and two program officers of the Centre for Education and Development, and two officials from Hai Phong ACE. The survey team was divided into four groups to carry out the interviews in each district within four days. Limitations of the survey

A limitation of the survey was that the questionnaires and interviews mainly focused on cooperatives (80%). Since the ACE members are mainly from cooperatives in production and services, the results did not represent all types of small and medium sized enterprises but rather a small portion of cooperatives. The E/Cs involved in the survey were mainly small-sized, and had limited financial, technical and human resources. Therefore, it may be difficult to attract them to participate in future activities or cooperation projects that would encourage the formation of public-private partnership (PPP). Thus, to gain a better understanding and be able to build and direct effective activities to promote the PPP models and initiatives, more surveys and studies of the potential to implement such projects to different-sized enterprises are required. 3. BACKGROUND 3.1. The general situation of natural disasters and climate change in Hai Phong 3 Located in the tropical Asian monsoon belt, adjacent to the South China Sea and with its coastline stretching over 125 km, Hai Phong City is influenced by the monsoons, attracting 31% of storms in Vietnam every year. Haiphong’s weather is humid subtropical weather, typical of Northern Vietnam, with four relatively distinct seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter) with summer being hot, humid and rainy and winter being cold and dry. The average temperature in summer is around 32.5 °C contrasted to 20.3 °C in winter, while the annual average temperature is 23.9 ° C. The average annual rainfall is approximately 1600 - 1800 mm with an average humidity of 85-86%. Table 2: Temperature and rainfall over 12 months in Hai Phong

Source: World Climate Guide, http://www.worldclimateguide.co.uk/climateguides/vietnam/haiphong.php According to a survey report from the Institute for Marine Resources and Environment (MRE), over the last 50 years, sea levels in Hai Phong have risen approximately 20cm. Reports also note that, in the last 10 years, the average temperature in the winter months has been consistently higher than the average in recent years and is still rising, while the average annual rainfall is decreasing. The impact of rising sea levels has increased coastal erosion, floods and tornadoes, which is having a negative effect on coastal resources as well as the production and livelihoods of the local communities, an example being fishery as it is considered one of the industries extremely sensitive to natural disasters and CC. The numerous cold spells in the early 2000s, and more recently in 2008, left thousands of hectares of aquaculture ponds and hatcheries damaged costing hundreds of billions VND. The 3

Compiled from the sources of references

abnormal fluctuation in seawater temperature leads to the degradation of coastal ecosystems, reducing aquatic resources. Storm surges and floods also change salinity levels, causing water pollution which leads to pond destruction and disease, causing losses to the industry. In 2002 and 2005, storms wiped out most of the aquaculture farms outside the dikeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s established crops. Similarly, the tides in late 2005, 2006, 2008, caused the loss of hundreds of hectares of aquaculture farms along the river, as well as causing a rise in disease and pollution in other aquatic farming areas. Hai Phong is a city prone to natural disasters such as storms, storm surges, high tidal waves, floods, saline intrusion, drought, hail and cold weather. Every year, there are approximately three to five storms during the period of June to early August. Information from the localities show that there have been significant changes in the frequency, magnitude and tendencies of natural disasters in recent years, changes that are having a negative impact on the environment and the livelihoods of local people in Hai Phong. Observations recorded at Hon Dau gauge station (Do Son, Hai Phong) have demonstrated dramatic changes in temperature, rainfall, cold regions, sea level, and extreme weather, signifying the occurrence of climate change. Furthermore, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE) acknowledged that the sea level has risen by 20 cm during the last 50 years. Rising sea levels increase erosion and flooding, causing severe damages to the local population as well as the natural resources along the coastal areas. From 2011 to 2013, many storms directly hit Hai Phong with the intensity level of 12, the wind shear level of 13, 14, accompanied with heavy rain. Of these storms, the eighth storm in 2012 was considered one of the most destructive in the last 10 years, in terms of lives lost and properties damaged in the Hai Phong area. The most affected districts included Cat Hai, Kien Thuy and Cat Ba Island. The storm killed five people and wounded nine, mostly aquaculture workers and sailors working on boats in the Cat Hai district. Throughout the whole city, 3600 houses and farms were unroofed or destroyed, 47 boats and vehicles sank, 849 power poles were broken, 2000 ancient trees uprooted, dozens of containers washed into the sea, hundreds of aquaculture, livestock, and poultry farms damaged, and 9000 hectares of mature rice paddies and crops sank in deep water. Storm No. 8 also damaged 500 meters of dike pads and 200 meters of unfinished embankment. The total losses were estimated to be over 1,000 billion VND4. In 2013, Storm No. 6 (Mangkhut) did not directly hit Hai Phong and caused no damage to properties, but killed three people. Also in 2013, there were two other major storms (Jebid and Bebinca) which caused huge damage to properties in and around the city. Cat Ba Island, Cat Hai and Do Son were the districts most affected by these two storms where some houses collapsed, power lines were broken, roads eroded, aquaculture farms destroyed, and fairway buoys of Ben Beo (Cat Ba) ruptured. Storm Bebinca alone damaged more than 2300 hectares of aquatic farms and 40 hectares of crops due to broken embankments and flooding5. According to the Hai Phong Office of Flood and Storm Control (FSC) and Search and Rescue (SAR), when heavy rain occurs, the city area is often one of the main areas to flood, especially in the area along the Da Do irrigation system when rainfall exceeds over 300 millimeters in a day (Da Do River is nearly 50 km in length and flows through five districts of the city of Hai Phong). At high tide, together with upstream floods, the districts of An Lao, Kien Thuy and Do Son become commonly waterlogged areas. Additionally, Thuy Nguyen district, with its dense river network, is also identified as a frequently waterlogged location6. 9

3.2. Local authoritiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; current policies, programs and measures created to minimize disaster risks and respond to climate change In the past years, in response to the increasing impacts of CC in the locality, Hai Phong has proactively coordinated and implemented many programs and projects aimed at strengthening its capacity to combat climate change and minimize disaster risks. Some of the programs and projects implemented include structured and non-structured measures that focus on strengthening the forecasting system, as well as those that help identify and map areas at high risk of flooding, sea level rise, saltwater intrusion, soil erosion; construction of sea dike system, development and protection of mangroves; treatment of solid waste and promotion of environmental protection; raising awareness on climate change to mobilize the various groups of residents to get involved in the response. On 14th August 2013, Hai Phong City People's Committee issued the Action Plan (No. 5935/ SPPC) of the Program for Community-based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) for the period of 2013-2015. To help flood and storm control and disaster mitigation, every year DARD develops action plans, generates preventative measures and information to help with recover, and organizes informational advertising prior to the flooding seasons. On 1st January 2014, Hai Phong City People's Committee issued Decision No. 65 / QD-TTg which included an action plan to respond to climate change and rising sea levels in Hai Phong. This was issued in order to address the content of Resolution No. 08/NQ-CP of the Government dated 23rd January 2004 and Action Program 24 of the Standing Committee of the Party Committee for proactively responding to CC. Through these plans and other programs and projects, Hai Phong is striving to be proactive in its goal of climate change adaptation and disaster prevention by 2020, ensuring the future safety of people's lives and properties whilst also reducing greenhouse emissions, curbing increasing levels of environmental pollution, and maintaining ecological balance in order to help create a green and environmentally friendly economy. Some of the focuses are: â?&#x2013; Raising awareness of proactive responses to climate change The issues of climate change and how it should be responded to will be integrated into educational and publicized programs to raise the awareness of staff, public servants, officials, the armed forces, students and pupils at all levels, as well as enterprises and wider communities in the city. Additionally, Hai Phong will promote socialization of propaganda on climate change, enhance the research and application of indigenous knowledge to disaster prevention and response to climate change, and provide guidance as to how to access information for the sectors, units, and residential communities to effectively adapt to climate change. The survey activities of climate change impacts will be specifically carried out, the proposed zoning of functions based on ecological features, potential resources and impacts of climate change, which serve as a basis for integrating climate change and sea level rise into the city socio-economic development planning. Accordingly, the relevant agencies will soon complete the study, survey of the impact of climate change and sea level rise for the two districts of Cat Hai and Bach Long Vy, update advanced technology in civil construction, protection works such as dikes, embankments, soil erosion control. All of the departments and the local agencies will complete the review; update and implement the action plan to respond to climate change from now until 2015; and complete the implementation of the project entitled "Building an action plan to respond to climate change and sea level rise in Hai Phong City until 2025". At the same 10

time, management of planning and investment for programs, projects and schemes related to climate change adaptation will be strengthened. ❖ Upgrade infrastructure to proactively respond to climate change and rising sea levels Under the direction of the Hai Phong’s People's Committee (PC), the city will be required to reinforce and upgrade the capacity of flood and storm controls (to storm level of 12, the flood frequency of 0.8%) for 18 river dike systems by 2020. It will also be necessary to renovate and upgrade the sea dike system of Bach Dang, Trang Cat (sea dikes No.1, 2 and 3) and Cat Hai sea dike; improving capacity for storm control up to the level of 12, tidal frequency of 0.5% and providing against the risk of sea level rise. New construction of some dike sections to close Cam river dikes and Lach Tray, the dike encircling Yen Vu Island to prevent flooding for inner urban areas, riparian, and coastal alluvial grounds serving urban development and shipbuilding ports. The construction of port infrastructure and public infrastructure connecting to seaports such as fairways, breakwaters of waves and sand, road systems, water and power systems connecting the port is all necessary to construct assuring it is built on a foundation with elevation to be level as regulated to enhance adaptability to CC and rising sea levels. In the action plan, the city’s People's Committee also requires to enhance information & communication systems for providing forecasts, warnings to ships and maintaining regular dredging of fairways when the sea levels rise. Quick and timely clearance of transport routes to the port in order to minimize the damage when there is a big storm due to climate change. Taking measures for flood control for residential, large urban areas, industrial parks, marine terminals, construction of water storage, construction of works for flood and salinity control and drainage ... Along with that, international cooperation and integration of CCA, exchanges of information, experience on international cooperation on training, technology transfer and technical assistance and financial support in this area should be promoted. Exploitation and use of new energy sources and renewable energy in total primary commercial energy such as wind power, solar energy should be expanded. Advanced technology for waste treatment should be used; modern technologies of waste disposal for urban and rural areas should be applied. 3.3. Agencies and organizations involved in disaster risk management and climate change in the city i) City committee for Flood and Storm control and Search and Rescue Hai Phong City’s Committee for Flood and Storm Control and Search and Rescue (The City CFSC&SAR) was established under Decree No. 168/HĐBT on May 19, 1990 of the Government and Decision No. 1499/ QĐ-UB on July 16, 2001 of the People's Committee of Hai Phong City. The city’s CFSC&SAR shall assist the City PC in directly leading FSC&SAR work, responding to oil spills, and earthquake and tsunami prevention in the city under the current state regulations. Organizational structure of Hai Phong City Committee for Flood & Storm Control and Search & Rescue (CFSC & SAR)

Head of Committee 11 Vice Chairman of MPC

Figure 2: Organizational structure of Hai Phong City CFSC & SAR

ii) The City Steering Committee for Implementation of CCR Action Plan The Steering Committee for the Implementation of the CCA Action Plan of Hai Phong City was established under decision No. 65, 8th January, 2014 and issued by the Municipal People's Committee on the issuance of the CCR action plan of Hai Phong city until 2025 Head of Committee 12 Vice Chairman of MPC

Deputy Head

Direction, execution, statute Reporting, advising Figure 3: Organizational structure of the City Steering Committee for the implementation of CCR action plan

Duties of the members of the steering committee for implementation of the CCR action plan: The Steering Committee is responsible for advising and assisting the MPC in the direction, coordination and supervision of the CCR plan including solving tasks, programs and projects related to the action plan in the city. More specifically, this involves the following responsibilities: â&#x2013;Ş

Develop annual and 5-year programs and action plans specifying the objectives, tasks and measures for implementation of the program of the CCR action plan in the city.

â&#x2013;Ş

Direct relevant departments and agencies according to assigned functions, duties and powers, to develop and report to the Municipal People's Committee for issuance of mechanisms and policies related to the management and implementation of the program of CCR action plan in the city. 13

▪

Direct and organize the implementation of international cooperation activities, fund raising and the implementation of the CC projects’ international topics and CCR activities in the city.

▪

Develop mechanisms for coordination and cooperation between the departments and agencies and District PC, party agencies, Fatherland Front and mass organizations to promote the involvement of the whole political system in the implementation of the CCR action plan in Hai Phong city in the new period.

4. SURVEY RESULTS OF ENTERPRISES/COOPERATIVES (E/Cs) 4.1. General information about the enterprises/cooperatives participating in the survey and interviews In November, the survey team received feedback from 192 E/Cs (46 enterprises, 146 cooperatives) from eleven districts. Among them, the team selected 57 E/Cs and randomly added four other E/Cs (a total of 15 enterprises, 46 cooperatives) for in-depth interviews. Below are the E/Cs interviewed and assessed in each district of the city. Table 3: Number of enterprises/cooperatives (E/Cs) approached in the districts

Districts

No. of E/Cs completed inquiry sheets 15

No. of E/Cs in-depth interviews completed 11

Do Son

Hai An

Le Chan

Ngo Quyen

Hong Bang

An Duong

Cat Hai

Kien Thuy

Tien Lang

Thuy Nguyen

Vinh Bao

Total

192

Duong Kinh

From the 192 E/Cs selected to be involved in the study, the majority (183 E/Cs) responded with completed inquiry sheets leaving only nine E/Cs as non-respondents. The participating 183 E/Cs have had various years of operation as illustrated by the below chart:

Figure 4: Operating years of 183 out of 192 E/Cs

Regarding the size of labor force7, 163 of 192 E/Cs revealed the number of their employees (29 E/Cs did not answer this question). The E/Cs assessed were mainly small and medium sized organisations. The size of the labor force within 163 E/Cs are demonstrated in the following chart:

Figure 5: Sizes of labor force of 163 out of 192 E/Cs classified by sectors

From the 61 E/Cs interviewed, the majority of these operate in agriculture and fishery production sectors (26 out of the 61); 50% of which are located in the two districts of Ngo Quyen (5) and Tien Lang (8); 11 out of the 17 E/Cs operating in trade, services and transportation sectors are also located in the two districts of Ngo Quyen (6) and Tien Lang (5); 7 E/Cs interviewed operate in the public utility sector8 and are located in the two districts of Duong Kinh and Kien Thuy9 (Figure 6).

Figure 6: Main operating sectors of 61 E/Cs participating in in-depth interviews

The three main operating sectors of the E/Cs participating in in-depth interviews include agriculture and fisheries; trade and services; industry and construction and mainly focused on small & medium-sized and micro E/Cs. 53 of the participating E/Cs revealed their number of employees during the in-depth interviews, while eight E/Cs did not answer this question (Figure 7).

Figure 7: Sizes of E/Cs classified by operating sectors

According to the in-depth interviews, the number of E/Cs operating for 11-15 years accounts for the highest percentage (39%), E/Cs operating for 16-20 years accounts for 24%, over 20 years accounts for 22%, and less than 5 years accounts for only 7%. Thus, the majority of the enterprises have experienced natural disasters and the impact of natural disasters to some extent in recent years.

Figure 8: No. of operating years of E/Cs interviewed

In-depth interviews were carried out mainly with managers 35/61 (accounting for 83%) from the levels of Vice chairman of the Cooperative, Deputy Director or higher. The remaining 10/61 (17%) of respondents were officials and staffs of E/Cs.

Figure 9: Positions of E/Cs representatives participating in in-depth interviews

4.2. Level of preparedness and awareness of the E/Cs regarding natural disasters and climate change 4.2.1. Level of impacts of natural disasters and climate change in recent years In Hai Phong, there occur from 3 to 5 storms, tropical depressions on average each year. Their intensity may vary, but once occur, they usually leave very severe consequences, obstructing traffic and access to social services at low impact, hampering production, damaging tools and means of production at higher impact, more specifically is the risk of destroying crops, infrastructure, and even human lives. As for the extreme weather events, although the intensity and severity of damage may be lower than storms and tropical depressions, but with unpredictable and prolonged features such as heat, drought, freezing and damaging cold spells, 17

flooding or landslides, the degree of impact is also very harmful for production and business activities. Survey data from 192 E/Cs has showed that 171 of the 192 E/Cs doing the questionnaires (accounting for 89%) have been either directly or indirectly affected by natural disasters. Below are the degrees of direct and indirect loss of these E/Cs. Table 4: Direct loss due to natural disasters of interviewed E/Cs

Degree of losses Factories Equipment & facilities Goods & products

Insignificant 63 62 54

Significant 19 19 62

Serious 5 11 32

Severe 2 1 5

142 out of the 192 E/Cs (74%) commented that natural disasters and extreme weather events in the context of climate change have indirectly affected their production and business activities. Table 5: Indirect loss due to natural disasters of interviewed E/Cs

Degree of losses Loss of material supply Suppliers Workers laid off Financial fines due to delayed processes

Insignificant 45 43 57 41

Significant 54 32 18 15

Serious 10 2 6 4

Severe 0 0 1 0

The statistics of average total losses due to natural disasters of 61 E/Cs interviewed in three consecutive years showed the following results:

Figure 10: Total of average loss per year of 61 E/Cs due to natural disasters (billion VND)

The proportion of the average annual cost that 61 E/Cs have to spend for overcoming the consequences of natural disasters: loss of100 million accounting for the highest of32% of the E/Cs; from 100 to 500 million is 29%; the lowest was 18% with the losses ranging from 500 18

million to 1 billion; however, the proportion of E/C suffering an average annual loss for 3 years at over 1 billion indicates the severity of natural disasters in the context of climate change: 21% of E/C (Figure 11 ).

Figure 11: Proportion of participating E/Cs suffering annual loss in the past 3 years

The results of the interviews also showed that one of the impacts of natural disasters and extreme weather events can be the eventual loss to the E/C due to increased cost for investments, recovery, and declined consumption. More specifically, many of 61 participating E/Cs had to temporarily stop their operations due to infrastructure damages, machinery malfunction, loss of supply, or loss of workers. Table 6: E/Csâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; interruption of production (out of 61 E/Cs) over time

Time Loss

<15 days

15days-1 1-3 month months

Indirect loss

>3 months

No. of E/Cs

47 out of 61 E/Cs

Factories

Equipment & facilities

Unsold goods & products

Indirect loss

44 out of 61 E/Cs

Loss of material supply

Workers laid off

4.2.2. Awareness of E/Cs on disaster risks and climate change Results of the inquiry sheets from 192 E/Cs indicated that storms were considered the most damaging disasters, followed by cold spells, floods, heat waves and drought (Figure 12).

Figure 12: Types of disasters frequently encountered by E/Cs

Most of the E/Cs interviewed also considered storms and tropical depressions as the two of the most frequently occurring types of natural disaster and that have great impact and consequences to the city. A lower proportion stated temperature rise, extreme climate events, floods, landslides, rising sea levels and drought as other impacting factors (Figure 13).

Figure 13: Awareness on impacts of CC of 192 E/Cs

According to the E/Cs, proactive arrangement and organization of human resources, action planning, timely capture of information, linking and coordination in implementation of tasks related to preparedness, response and rescue in flood and storm or disaster seasons are very crucial. However, prior to that, they should have sufficient information, experience as well as relative judgment on movement and potential impacts of climate change and natural disasters on their types or areas of operation. Results of the interviews with 61 E/Cs were based on the likelihood of occurrence and impacts on human, properties and business activities. Participants rated storms and tropical depressions as the most likely to occur, and which also have the greatest impacts on business 20

and production activities, causing property damage and human loss of the enterprises (Figure 14). Following storms and tropical depressions, in terms of likelihood of occurrence and impact on properties and business & production activities, E/Cs stated flooding and extreme weather events

Figure 14: Likelihood of occurrence and impacts of natural disasters on E/Cs interviewed

The summary results of the in-depth interviews regarding the likelihood of natural disasters and extreme weather events to occur and impact on the areas of operation also lead to exact judgments. Storms and tropical depressions are still the highest risks, especially for the construction sector (Figure 15). According to the reflection of the E/Cs, the sector that is sensitive to natural disasters, extreme weather events, and especially sea level rise, is handicraft. This is due to the characteristics of a smaller size and labor fluctuation involved in this type of production.

Figure 15: Types of disasters impacting on each sector

Acronyms: IP: Industrial production; AA: Agriculture and aquaculture; Hc: Handicrafts; Cs: construction; TST: Trade, services and transport; PU: public utilities. Natural disasters and extreme weather events in the context of climate change generally cause impacts and consequences for E/Cs such as: increased production costs (cost of repair, recovery; cost of reinvestment in input materials); declined product consumption (demand reduced due to increased product value; and due to difficult access to markets). This is especially true for E/Cs operating in agriculture, aquaculture/fisheries and construction sectors.

Figure 16: Remarks of CC impacts on production & business of 61 E/Cs

56 out of 61 (91.80%) E/Cs involved in the in-depth interviews thought that CC and natural disasters have increased production costs, due to increased costs of fertilizers, crop varieties and animal breeds; and other input services. These costs directly affect the profit and income of the enterprises/cooperatives. In particular, the increased cost of agricultural production was due to the increased demand of irrigation for drainage and drought prevention, factory reinforcement and working hours. The E/Cs recognized that, despite the increased investment, the productivity and efficiency of production process have not increased. For E/Cs operating in industry, services and construction sectors, increased production costs due to natural disasters and CC have been explained not only due to increased working time, labor costs, equipment procurement and maintenance, and means of production, but also due to potential risks of spending huge costs for damages caused by storms to production infrastructure. The E/Cs are aware that they have to be always proactive, flexible and be able to prepare for and respond to abnormal and unpredictable climate and weather events as well as other types of disasters. 46 out of 61 (75.41%) E/Cs answered that CC was and is affecting the input materials. The E/Cs reported that, in rainy/stormy days, if storage and preservation conditions are not good enough, it is very likely that raw materials such as crop seedlings and animal breeds, fertilizers, cement and chemicals will be damaged or degraded. For many production & business sectors, the input materials used may vary and require E/Cs to have proper plans/measures for preservation and utilization. 22

With 125 km of coastline, Hai Phong has a lot of E/Cs from various areas operating in agriculture and fishery sectors. Climate change with prolonged heavy rains, unseasonal rains, droughts, and saline intrusions has created many difficulties and challenges for the fishery, aquaculture and seafood processing leading to the scarcity of raw materials and accordingly contributing to the increase in production costs of E/Cs. The E/Cs listed several reasons: storms hinder fishing; unseasonal rains and saline-contaminated water change the nature and environment of aquaculture; prolonged droughts lead to increased demand for ice and electricity, and if the supply is not sufficient, the seafood can be affected. The E/Cs reported that when they have difficulties with materials, supply and production process, they forcibly have to raise the product price. In addition to that, 37 out of 61 E/Cs said that natural disasters and CC often affects transportation of goods due to degraded roads and increased oil prices, while a further 44 out of 61 (72.15%) respondents answered that CC has affected product consumption (due to high costs). 37 out of 61 E/Cs involved in in-depth interviews confirmed that climate change has affected the water resource they are currently using. 4.2.3. Services required to maintain production & business activities in disaster situations Results of the survey with 192 E/Cs show that 122 E/Cs are dependent on the road traffic, mainly the inner roads of the province and districts; 34 of these respondents using highways, national and provincial roads. Meanwhile, the percentage of E/Cs using air traffic and railway traffic is the lowest with only 5 out of 192 listing this option. One of the most important elements of daily life and production is water. The types of natural disasters such as storms and floods under the impacts of climate change often cause pollution of surface water and flooding to cultivation areas. Moreover, the phenomenon of flood tide and sea level rise have become more significant; prolonged droughts not only deplete freshwater sources but also lead to salt water going far into the mainland, which accordingly makes water sources for drinking and production decreased and especially changes the aquacultural environment. Other services required by enterprises for their production & business activities (including electricity, telecommunications and water drainage) were also surveyed from the E/Cs. (Table 7) Table 7: The services needed to maintain production & business activities in disaster situations

Services

Traffic

Power

No. of E/Cs

Percentage (%)

156

81%

Road traffic

Railway traffic

River/sea traffic

11%

Air traffic

Computer,

145

76%

office 23

equipment

Telecommunications

Clean water

Drainage

Machine operation

44%

Others

Phone, fax

125

65%

Internet

108

56%

ATM, E-banking

Others

Tap water

189

98%

Production

130

68%

Others

Domestic Wastewater

143

74%

Wastewater from production

103

54%

Others

4.2.4. Mitigation measures and level of preparedness of E/Cs against natural disaster and CC Results of the 192 surveys showed the necessity of a number of activities in disaster situations: Road maintenance and obstacle clearance (133/192); post-disaster recovery plans (127/192); protection of necessary devices and data (126/192) and task assignment in emergency cases (119/192) (Table 8). Table 8: Activities needed when natural disasters occur according to E/Cs

No. of E/Cs

Activities help maintain roads & facilities conditions

Necessary

Not necessary

Existing

Road maintenance & obstacle clearance

133

Guidance on the uses of backup roads

Protection of necessary devices & data

126

Task assignment in emergency case

119

Post-disaster recovery plans

127

Maintaining backup production measures

Removal of factories for continued production

When there is a disaster, from responses obtained from the 192 E/C, it is evident that it is particularly necessary to maintain a number of services such as electricity, emergency communications, and water supply and drainage systems (Table 9). Table 9: No. of E/Cs comments on the services needed when disaster strikes

No. of ECs Services provided

Necessary

Not necessary

Existing

Emergency phone numbers

142

Power/backup power (generators)

157

The backup communication systems (alternative)

Backup traffic (transport) systems (alternative)

Protection of water supply and sewerage system

116

Report the situations to the agency responsible

103

The data above suggests that despite being located in a disaster area and having been affected by disasters, the level of preparedness and resilience of the enterprises in response to natural disasters is still low. For example, the majority of enterprises depend on road traffic systems (156/192) with a smaller amount dependent on waterway traffic (22/192), but only 19 have guidance on adopting backup transport in case of disaster. Only 29 out of the 192 E/Cs plan for road maintenance and removal of obstacles when disaster occurs, although all 192 E/Cs agreed that planning for alternative back transport in case of disaster is necessary or very necessary however only 10 E/Cs have enacted this plan. Similarly all E/Cs considered it important (selection of either necessary or very necessary) to have other services and utilities to maintain the continuity of business in case of disaster, but the proportion of the enterprises with a backup plan is very low (below 20%). 4.3. The real situation of disaster risk management and climate change responses for E/Cs The survey results mentioned above have showed the current limitations of DRM in the sector of E/Cs. Results referencing the 192 participating E/Cs have pointed out the causes of these limitations, causing damage to the businesses so far, shown in Figure 17.

Figure 17: Subjective reasons causing damages to E/Cs

Only 9 out of 192 of the E/Cs answered they had not yet paid proper attention to, and had not been fully aware of DRM. The remaining majority was either aware of DRM, but did not have a plan; or already had a plan but did not have the sufficient capacity and funds for the 25

implementation leading to limitations in disaster preparedness (97/192). T 121 out of the 192 E/Cs reasoned that they did pay attention but did not plan for the implementation. All participants believed mutual support among E/Cs is very important, and E/Cs should cooperate in disaster preparedness, response, rescue and recovery (Figure 18).

Figure 18: Assessment of the need for cooperation in disaster response among E/Cs

Of the 61 E/Cs participating in the in-depth interviews on this issue, 35 units confirmed that they had participated in many activities of local authorities related to FSC and CC response ; 14 units had not been involved in any activity and 12 units did not answer. When participating in natural disaster preparedness together with local authorities, E/Cs mainly collaborated to carry out some of the following main activities: i) Participating in disaster preparedness; ii) Participating in rescue; iii) Participating in disaster recovery; and iv) Participating in relief and assistance after disaster.

Figure 19: Proportion of E/Cs participating in natural disaster prevention in the locality

The law on Disaster Prevention takes effect on May 1st 2014, but only 11 out of the 61 E/Cs (18%) have access to the law; the remaining did not know about the law or did not respond (Figure 21).

Figure 20: Proportion of E/Cs which have access to the Law on Disaster Prevention

4.3.2. The real situation of the implementation of DRM and CC response by E/Cs In the feedback from the 192 E/Cs answering the survey about their activities and plans to cope with natural disasters and climate change with 11 activities listed, many E/Cs asserted that they had been carrying out many DRM activities such as: Discussing with employees about the action plan in case of emergency (120 units); Developing emergency response plans for E/Cs (105 units); Developing plans with necessary instructions for the sections and employees (100 units) (Table 10). Table 10: No. of E/Cs surveyed reveal their DRM activities

No of E/Cs Have

Have but not yet done

Not yet have a plan

Canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be done

13.1. Sending employees to training courses on DRM and CCA

13.2. Discussing with employees about action plans in case of emergency

120

13.3. Developing plans with necessary instructions for the sections and employees on the steps of preparedness and response before, in and after disasters

100

13.4. Buying flood insurance

110

13.5. List of backup equipment and

63 27

Activities

supplies for use in storms and floods (gasoline, batteries, etc ) 13.6. Developing emergency response plans for E/Cs (when in storms, floods)

105

13.7. Developing emergency recovery plan for E/Cs (after storms, floods)

13.8. Rehearsals for handling situations

13.9. Buying power generators

13.10. Equipment for fire prevention, fire fighting and safety

13.11. Others (clearly indicated): The impacts and the negative consequences of natural disasters and climate change are not new today. Every year, E/Cs often face risks and suffer a lot of consequences on revenue. Therefore, although there have not been many units who have access to the Law on DRM, when comparing the DRM activities of 61 E/Cs to the ones under the guidance of the Law on DRM, there have been more than 19 E/Cs implementing more than 80% of the content regulated in the Law; 17 E/Cs implemented from 50% to 80%; 21 E/Cs implemented less than 50% and 4 E/Cs did not answer (Figure 21).

Figure 21: Number of E/Cs having implemented activities of the Law on Disaster Prevention

Out of the nine activities often implemented, there are four activities being implemented more than the others by many enterprises, including: Proactively implementing environmental sanitation (15%); Abiding by the guidance of the agencies, authorities in disaster prevention (15%); Executing orders for the urgent mobilization of people, materials and supplies (14%) and proactively building and protecting the works (12%). However, the other two important activities which are: Applying the national technical standards/regulations on safety to disaster risk and Participating in the information and education programs, have not attracted as much 28

attention from the E/Cs (6% and 7% respectively). This shows a lack of proactiveness of E/Cs in raising awareness as well as management and technical capacity in DRM (Figure 22).

Figure 22: Proportion of E/Cs having implemented specific activities of the Law on Disaster Prevention

On the other hand, these activities, for E/Cs, including those who have had access to the Law on Disaster Prevention, were mainly developed based on the experience of E/Cs (54/61) and on the information from the agencies for flood and storm control (42/61) and finally on the technical staff or external experts (11/61) (Figure 23).

Figure 23: Information sources for the development of Disaster Prevention Plan of E/Cs

When comparing the average score of 61 E/Cs on the likelihood of disasters with the resilience capacity based on the internal forces deprived from their own actions and on the external forces deprived from support, coordination from the relevant agencies and local authorities, it 29

shows that, although the analysis above indicated that E/Cs have had many activities to prepare themselves for disasters, or the local authorities have also had contingency plans, preparedness for disasters, but the assessment of internal and external forces to the storm and tropical depression showed a low level. The E/Cs explained that this was because their disaster preparedness and response plans or the local authoritiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; plans are ineffective, and when storms or tropical depressions occurred, they were still heavily damaged.

Figure 24: The likelihood of disasters and the resilience capacity of E/Cs

After a disaster, it is necessary to carry out statistical activities, to assess the extent of damage; to reinforce and repair the infrastructure, equipment and factories; to support workers; to support community and to give loans for production recovery.

Figure 25: Post-disaster activities of the 61 E/Cs interviewed

The chart demonstrating the aggregated results of activities carried out by 61 E/Cs after each disaster shows a concerned management situation. No activity was done by more than 20% of the E/Cs, especially for the two activities: Assessing the extent of damages and supporting the affected communities. This leads to the concerns about the actual capacity and resources of 30

the E/Cs in the implementation, coordination, collaboration in management and recovery of disaster risks. The results of the in-depth interviews with 61 E/Cs on the budget allocations showed that up to 53% of the interviewees did not have contingent budgets for disaster risk prevention. Among the 47% of E/Cs with budget allocations, the majority are with less than 50 million a year (Figure 26).

Figure 26: Contingent budgets for disaster prevention of the E/Cs

In addition, when the E/Cs self-assessed their detailed activities related to disaster preparedness and response plan based on 12 criteria to see whether these activities meet the requirements or not, the majority of the E/Cs still required a lot of improvement. Accordingly, up to 64% of the E/Cs met only 5 to 8 criteria, meaning that these E/Cs still need to do much work in order to have the capacity to cope with disasters. 17% of the E/Cs met less than 4 criteria, meaning that they have hardly had any actions and should immediately start the planning before it is too late. Only 19%were in the range of fulfilling 9 to12 criteria meaning that they are moving in the right direction.

Figure 27: E/Csâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; self-assessment of the level of preparedness for disaster prevention

Notes: 12 questions put into the inquiry sheets for in-depth interviews by the survey team 1. Is it likely that the E/Csâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; business or production can be interrupted by natural disasters? 31

2. Identify which sections of the E/Cs must continue their operations when natural disasters occur? 3. Is it necessary to plan for the production and business of E/Cs not to be interrupted by natural disasters? 4. Have a response plan to natural disasters to ensure safety for workers in the enterprise and that they can take care of themselves until the rescue? 5. Able to communicate with employees of E/Cs when disasters occur during working hours or after working hours? 6. Will the head office of E/Cs withstand the impacts of natural disasters? 7. Have properties and facilities of E/Cs been protected so that they will not be damaged when disaster strikes? 8. Have the records and important data of the E/C been protected so that they will not be lost by natural disasters? 9. Are E/Cs able to operate without providers or the essential services? 10. Are E/Cs able to operate when disaster happens and the employees cannot come to work? 11. Have E/Cs worked with the communities near their head offices to promote the preparation, planning as well as to give support to the communities in disaster recovery? 12. Have E/Cs consulted insurance companies to determine and purchase basic insurance to help the E/Cs operate normally after disaster? 4.4. Public - Private Partnership in DRM and CCA So far in many countries around the world and even in Vietnam, the government or the public sector remains the main partner in the field of DRM and CCA activities. The cooperation and partnership between the public and private sectors in the field of DRM aim at improving the knowledge and skills of enterprises, help enterprises prepare and respond actively to disaster risks and possibly bring the opportunities for cooperation in this field, and to mobilize the enterprisesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; resources for supporting the local authorities to implement activities related to disaster prevention and DRR tasks. However, for communities in general and E/Cs in particular, concepts, objectives and activities towards public-private partnership in the field of DRM are not really familiar. 4.4.1. Awareness and current practices of E/Cs on public-private partnership Reflecting on the issue of providing information to E/Cs, 35 out of the 61 units said annually, the local authorities at all levels have FSC plans integrated with climate change. However, there are also a considerable number of E/Cs which have no access to a specific plan or consider local plans only as a source of information but not as effective as expected (17 out of 61 E/Cs). Among the 61 E/Cs who were asked about their understanding of response strategies, plans and measures for enterprises, 9 units did not respond or provide specific information. This may stem from two causes: (1) the communication and implementation of the authorities at all levels were not really effective; (2) E/Cs did not proactively access the information and participate.

Figure 28: Proportion of E/Cs having access to local strategies, plans

To provide evidence for this judgment, the aggregation of the results of the survey and indepth interviews with 61 E/Cs shows that the activities of the local authorities at all levels to mitigate the damage caused by natural disasters and to adapt to climate change can be divided into 3 groups: i) Develop FSC plans integrated with climate change; ii) Provide E/Cs with information on the situation of disasters and iii) Coordinate with E/Cs in rescue and recovery after disasters. According to the results of the interviews, there were 54 out of 61 E/Cs which indicated that there is a need for cooperation and support from enterprises focusing primarily on the following: (1) Provide quick and accurate forecasts, communication on natural disasters, weather and climate. (2) Update and provide specific guidance of related documents and policies. (3) Training on skills and knowledge related to management, and techniques related to disaster preparedness, rescue and recovery. (4) Provide financial assistance for E/Cs to actively invest in technical measures, preparedness, response and recovery. (5) Support manpower and equipment; coordinate and implement measures for preparedness, response, rescue and recovery. It is evident that appropriate and sufficient consciousness and awareness are very important because it determines the behaviors and effectiveness. In the context of economic difficulties and disasters as well as extreme weather events, E/Cs need to adopt a more proactive approach to external resources as the situation is increasingly complex due to the impacts of climate change and the need to gradually integrate into the strategy, objectives, action plans, in addition to maximizing internal resources. To the question "Have the local authorities had strategies, plans and measures for enterprises yet?", in Ngo Quyen District particularly, 7 out of the 12 units said that the local authorities have had no plans, or specific measures for CCA and for disaster prevention; one unit answered 33

that the authorities have supported enterprises with disaster prevention measures, four units did not answer. In Tien Lang district with 16 E/Cs participating in the survey, 3 out of 13 units responding to this question said that the local authorities have not yet implemented. These results show additional evidence that the organization, communication, implementation and coordination in coping with climate change and natural disasters between the local authorities at commune/ward and district levels with E/Cs have not been really effective and remained limited. 50 out of the 61 E/Cs did not know anything about the public-private partnership. Even 51 out of the 61 E/Cs confirmed no activity related to this program and 52 out of the 61 units expressed desires to be involved in the implementation (Figure 29).

Figure 29: Understanding of E/Cs about public â&#x20AC;&#x201C; private partnership

However, in specific activities, many E/Cs still have regular activities in coordination with the agencies concerned in disaster prevention and CCA. These activities generally follow three stages: coordination in information and communication before natural disasters; coordination in man power in emergency rescue, and arrangement of manpower and material resources for recovery. More specifically, the E/Cs identified the possibilities of collaboration with government agencies to contribute or support the community and society through activities such as: Commitments to not raise the commodity prices after disasters (47/61); Training and drills in disaster prevention for enterprises; Investment in and implementation of the works for disaster response and CCA (Figure 30).

Figure 30: The possibility to coordinate the E/Csâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; activities with agencies

Actively participating in the coordination of implementation of activities to prevent and minimize the consequences of natural disasters and climate change, the E/Cs wished to receive the support and encouragement from the government agencies (Figure 31): (1) Entitled to the policies for exemption of enterprise income tax for the contributions to disaster prevention (52/61). (2) Support of the dissemination of the law related to Disaster Prevention and CC (52/61). (3) Giving preferential treatment to and encouraging enterprises to participate in CCA projects (49/61). (4) Support to enterprises investing in production and business in areas frequently affected by natural disasters in accordance with the law on investment (47/61). (5) Giving preferential treatment to and encouraging enterprises to buy business insurance, disaster risk insurance (44/61).

Figure 31: E/Csâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; need for support from government agencies

To meet the objectives of the national and local action plans, in addition to research and integrating the DRM-related activities and solutions into the programs, goals, strategies of socio-economic development in general and sectorial development in particular, there is a need to actively develop the sets of documents, systems of information and knowledge to raise awareness and enhance the DRM capabilities for various groups within the community. Awareness and participation of the community have a decisive role in effectively responding to disasters. It is also necessary to provide them with information and tools to enhance the initiative. 4.4.2. Awareness and practices of agencies and organizations concerned in the city During the survey, the research team conducted interviews with representatives of seven agencies, such as: Haiphong Center for Agricultural and Fishery Extension, Haiphong Alliance of Cooperatives & Enterprises, Labor Union of Haiphong City, Haiphong SME Association, Department of Sea and Islands, Haiphong Red Cross and Haiphong Agency for Dykes, and Flood and Storm Control. i) Awareness of agencies on the impacts of natural disasters and climate change in the City and action plans on disaster risk mitigation and CCA for E/Cs 5 out of the 6 units interviewed said they were aware of the situations of damage caused by natural disasters and climate change through reports from local agencies, newspapers, the City office of Committee for Flood and Storm Control, and the district labor union. Most of the relevant agencies agreed that all types of natural disasters and extreme weather events have negative impacts on socio-economic activities of Haiphong.

Figure 32: The agenciesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; remarks on the types of disasters and extreme weather (number of agencies)

According to the relevant agencies interviewed, the elements of natural disasters and climate extremes mentioned above have greatly influenced the socio-economic development of the city. Specifically, natural disasters disrupt production and business due to: failures of machinery, warehouses, office buildings, and equipment; interruption in the supply of water, electricity and communication. Besides this, extreme storms and tropical depressions also were the cause of the collapse of sea dikes and other construction works, and influenced directly to aquacultural households, and other economic sectors. Floods, inundation, heat waves, freezing and damaging cold spells, thunderstorm, and tornados have affected agriculture and caused reduction or loss of yield due to diseases and the death of livestock and crops which causes great damages to production and business activities. Prolonged heat waves have increased the demand of electricity for enterprises as well as farmers leading to overloading at power stations. The constant power blackouts have affected the production, business activities and life of the people. Rising sea levels have also increased the saline intrusion into inland, affecting water resources for agriculture and aquaculture. Local policies and plans for response According to the units interviewed, in face of the situations mentioned above, local authorities have developed policies and actions to help enterprises and communities with disaster risk mitigation and CCA. Following up the disaster prevention and CCA plans issued by the CPC, the authorities at all levels developed disaster prevention and CCA plans, including measures for human safety, for protection of assets and facilities in the seas. In addition, the local authorities have also developed policies on plantation of protection forests, supporting infrastructure for the centralized production areas, supporting advanced science and technology to respond to climate change, information on saving energy to reduce the impacts of disaster risks and climate change to business households, production units and households. ii) Level of interest of E/Cs 37

4 out of the 7 units understood the situation of damages caused by natural disasters for E/Cs through the media: newspapers, TV, internet. Both the Department of Dykes, Flood and Storm Control and the Department of Sea and Islands provide information about the damage of E/Cs through reports from grassroots levels. Activities to support E/Cs ▪

Before disaster: 6 out of the 7 units had activities to support E/Cs before natural disasters, for instance, giving advice and technology transfer; organizing training workshops, guidance and propagation on disaster risks and climate change, proposals to relevant agencies, encouraging E/Cs to develop FSC and CCA plans.

▪

During disaster: 57.14% of the agencies had activities to support E/Cs in disaster: coordinating with E/Cs to respond to emergency situations; City Department of Dykes, Flood and Storm Control instructed the districts and the relevant departments to support E/Cs in dealing with problems when disaster occurs.

▪

After Disaster: 42.86% of the units interviewed had activities to support E/Cs after disasters, for instance, supporting E/Cs to recover quickly from the consequences and to assess the damage. According to the Department of Dykes, Flood and Storm Control, based on the government regulations and situation-specific damage of the E/Cs, they would have specific support.

The relevant agencies’ remarks on the role of E/Cs in local disaster prevention and CCA For the assessment of the role of E/Cs, 5 out of the 7 units said that E/Cs had an important role in local disaster risk mitigation and CCA activities. The development of plans for disaster risk management and prevention has contributed to mitigating the effects of climate change and disaster risks in the locality. The E/Cs supported workers and communities in disaster prevention activities, specifically: ▪

Before disaster: 4 agencies interviewed said that E/Cs contributed funds to the development of the DRM and CCA plans and to the widespread dissemination of knowledge to workers and communities in the areas of operation.

▪

During disaster: 4 agencies said that E/Cs supported the community with manpower and facilities available, and were willing to participate in relief activities in emergency situations.

▪

After Disaster: 4 agencies said that E/Cs supported the community with manpower and money and necessities for recovery.

In addition, E/Cs are key resources which contribute to the City DRM Fund. However, the support of E/Cs remains limited because many E/Cs are located quite far from the places where a disaster occurs and thus direct support to disaster prevention tasks of community are still facing difficulty. iii) Disaster prevention and CCA tasks Only 2 out of the 7 units interviewed were aware of the Law on Disaster Prevention 2013. This shows that the interest of the unit representatives in the government policies is high. The agencies’ remarks on disaster prevention and CCA activities that the City has implemented 38

Figure 33: Proportion of the agencies assessing the implementation of DRM and CC activities of the City

The chart above shows that the majority of the agencies are not fully aware of policies and action plans in the local DRM and CCA. The activity best known by E/Cs is that the City has developed policies to support E/Cs to invest in production. This may be because these agencies have helped the city’s management levels with the implementation of these activities. E/C’s Programs and action plans to respond to disaster risks and climate change 57.14% of the units are participating in the implementation of the Government Scheme 1002, and they have sent their staff to ToT training courses of the initiative. With regards to the CCA plan, the City Red Cross is the only unit that has participated in the projects on planting mangroves and mitigating the impacts of climate change. Annually, this unit organizes information and training to raise community awareness on disaster prevention and CCA. In the coming time, there will be only one unit (Haiphong Alliance of Cooperatives and Enterprises) which is expected to develop training programs for disaster prevention and CCA for areas outside WV’s coverage in 2015. Assessment of E/Cs’ participation in local disaster prevention and CCA tasks. 6 out of 7 units believe that there is a need to mobilize E/Cs in disaster prevention and CCA tasks.

Figure 34: Proportion of agencies assessing E/Csâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; patterns of participation in local disaster prevention and CCA tasks

Among the units responding to this question, 5 out of 7 units believed that E/Cs need to participate in implementing DRM projects; in supporting the community in disaster response and proactively developing DP and CCA plans under the Law on Disaster Prevention. 5 out of the 7 units said that E/Cs need to proactively develop DP and CCA plans. In order for E/Cs to actively participate in these activities, 5 out of the 7 units interviewed believed that there should be communication to raise the awareness of E/Cs on harmful effects of natural disasters and risks encountered without preparedness and response measures; provision of the knowledge and skills to help them develop disaster prevention plans; and financial or material support such as communication equipment to provide enterprises for disaster prevention tasks. 4.5. Training needs 4.5.1. Training needs of E/Cs For 192 E/Cs participating in this survey, to increase the effectiveness of disaster prevention and CCA tasks, they highly appreciated the work of coaching and training. 85% of the E/Cs confirmed that there was a need for training on DRM skills; 61% of the units were ready to participate in training courses (Figure 35).

Figure 35: Training needs on disaster prevention of 192 E/Cs

More specifically, for the training and coaching needs in disaster prevention, many of the 192 E/Cs said that the training contents/topics to be included were Relevant policies and legislation (109); Law on Disaster Prevention (91); Procedures to develop DP and CCA plans (73); Risk and damage assessment(72); Procedures and tools of DRM (66); Sharing effective DRM models (64); Social responsibility of the E/Cs in disaster relief activities (52) and Methods to integrate DRM into programs and plans (52). Results of in-depth interviews with 61 E/Cs showed the units were very interested in training, especially on policy issues, management skills and techniques serving for DRM work (Figure 36).

Figure 36: Training needs of 61 E/Cs

For E/Cs, operating effectively and accelerating revenue growth are particularly important tasks. Therefore, when the needs are identified, the next step is to find a solution or means of disseminating information and knowledge to each target E/C without affecting the progress and quality of production. In reply to this issue, the 192 E/Cs highly appreciated the forms of direct training at the enterprises (123) and propagation through the media (internet-113 and TV, radio, newspapers - 107).

Figure 37: Training methods preferred by 192 E/Cs

Results of the in-depth interviews with 61 E/Cs showed that most of the units selected courses organized by the association of enterprises or alliance of cooperatives, the direct advice from experts, or all forms of information dissemination through internet (Figure 38).

Figure 38: Forms of support for access to information of E/Csâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; interests

Self-assessment by 61 E/Cs on the communication capacity 42

42 out of the 61 E/Cs had ADSL Internet connection via computer, including 42 out of the 42 units with Wi-Fi connection, 35 out of the 42 units with an internet connection using smart mobile phone over 3G (38/42) , GPRS (32/42) and Wifi (40/42). 28 out of the 61 representatives of participating E/Cs have Smart phones. 4.5.2. Training needs of the relevant agencies 5 out of 7 units interviewed had trainers on DRM and CCA. Among them, the target trainees and training themes are shown in the two figures below:

Figure 39: Trainees trained by the units

Figure 40: Training fields implemented by the units

Thus, the trainers are used to train for enterprises and used to train in DRM and CC. 6 out of the 7 units wished to attend a 5-day ToT training that will be organized by the project. The need for training and enhancing knowledge on the issue are shown in the figure below: 43

Figure 41: Training contents found necessary by the units for the training courses

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMMENDATIONS 5.1. Conclusions -

The E/Cs in this survey are mainly small-sized and micro enterprises in the fields of agriculture and fisheries; Trade and services: Industry and construction: The number of E/Cs operating from 11 to 15 years accounts for 39% which is the highest percentage, from 16 to 20 years is 24% of participants; over 20 years is 22% and less than 5 years is 7%. Thus, most of the E/Cs in the province have experienced disasters and damage to some extent. Participants interviewed are mostly managers (83%) with the positions of the vice chairman of cooperatives and deputy director or higher. This initially demonstrated the interests of the E/Cs to this topic.

Most of the E/Cs in the survey area have been affected by natural disasters, and suffered severe economic damages: 89% of the E/Cs involved in the survey have been affected and suffered damages directly or indirectly by disasters. 52 of 61 E/Cs participating in interviews have been affected by natural disasters and suffered damages. Many E/Cs have had to halt operations due to damaged infrastructure, machinery failures, loss of input supply, or workersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; absence due to the disaster.

The E/Cs are aware of the types of disasters that can affect them: storm and tropical depression are disasters likely to cause the greatest impacts on business and production activities, damage of properties and even people , followed by floods and extreme climate.

The E/Cs identified and assessed the impacts of natural disasters and climate change on the production and business: 56 out of the 61 E/Cs (91.80%) believed that natural disasters and impacts of climate change have increased the costs of production: fertilizers; crop varieties and animal breeds; the inputs to the service stages, and thus have affected the income and profits of E/Cs. 46 out of the 61 units (75.41%) responded that climate change has also affected the input materials. In addition, natural disasters have affected the transport and circulation of goods and product consumption.

The aquaculture and seafood processing, construction, and handicraft are sectors at highest risk of being affected by natural disasters: Storms have hindered fishing; unseasonal rains and saline intrusions have changed the nature and environment of aquaculture; prolonged droughts have led to increased demand for ice, and if the electricity system is unstable, seafood can be spoiled.

The E/Cs in the survey areas have experienced natural disasters, have a lot of experience to cope with natural disasters, and have clear awareness on types of disasters and the impacts of natural disasters and climate change. However, so far, the E/Cs have not actively looked for information and cooperated with the other E/Cs for exchange of information and techniques related to DRM but still relied on their own experiences. Response plans of the E/Cs are mainly developed based on the experience of the E/Cs (54/61), on information from the agency of Flood and Storm Control (42/61) and on the technical staff and experts from outside (11/61). Although the Law on Disaster Prevention has taken effect since May 1, 2014, so far very few E/Cs have obtained this information. Only 2 out of the 7 representatives of agencies / organizations have known 45

this law. This also demonstrates that the communication and dissemination of the law in this field have not been effective yet. -

Awareness of the E/Cs have not turned into concrete and practical actions, therefore, the preparedness and response of E/Cs are still very limited and accordingly they have had no plans to respond effectively. Up to 161 out of the 192 E/Cs said they have not had proper attention to or complete awareness on the DRM work, therefore, their activities for preparedness and response have been implemented ineffectively. Others said that they have a lack of capacity and capital to invest in DRM work (81/192) and 60 out of the 192 E/Cs said that they are interested but have no plan in reality.

While the E/Cs have been conducting activities and had awareness on the importance of natural disaster preparedness and response, but the current level of disaster preparedness of the E/Cs remains very low, and they are still at risk of being heavily affected if a disaster occurs. The survey showed that most E/Cs are dependent on the transport system and public services, and that they are aware of the importance of having contingency plans in case of natural disasters to bring their business and production to normal operation immediately after the disaster is over. However, the proportion of E/Cs having contingency plans is very low. For the E/Cs that have had plans already, the plans are still general, not professionally developed or in enough detail yet.

The E/Cs so far have had almost no support from any organization or local authorities for developing response plans or for training in this field. Currently, in the city, there are plenty of programs and plans related to the field of DRM and CCA but most of them have not given sufficient attention to the business sector.

Although the city has had many programs and activities related to preventing and coping with natural disasters and climate change, E/Cs hardly knew about these plans. It can be said that the information and programs related to coping with and adapting to climate change of the city did not reach the E/Cs.

Both E/Cs and government agencies have not understood the concept of public-private partnerships yet. In fact, there has been some cooperation between public sector and private sector. However, these activities mainly focused on the disaster response and recovery, but almost no activities related to the preparedness and prevention.

Awareness and practice of public-private partnerships were very limited in both public and private sectors: government agencies still considered the business sector as objects to call for financial and technical supports, or supports in kind such as materials and equipment for disaster response and search and rescue rather than those to be supported or partners in disaster prevention and response. Besides this, enterprises were still passive and did not see it as an activity related to their benefits.

Enterprises and organizations surveyed confirmed their interests in the contents and activities of the project. Through the survey, the companies were aware of the meaning and benefits of proactive planning and thus became very interested in the project activities and expressed commitments to participate. 81% of the E/Cs surveyed had training needs in various themes and 61% of the E/Cs were willing to participate in training at any time. In addition, some E/Cs had an internet connection and their internet use was frequent. 46

5.2. Recommendations Based on the survey results and comments from the E/Cs in the survey area, the survey team has a number of recommendations for the project as follows: -

Supporting capacity building activities for E/Cs in the project area: Specifically, a group of trainers specialized in DRM and CCA planning should be developed and trained. The trainers need to be provided with both skills and knowledge related to planning as well as disaster risks and climate change for E/Cs. Trainers selected to attend the training should be those who have training experience with E/Cs to ensure the delivery of the knowledge to E/Cs is good quality. These trainers should be trained and fostered through practical training in E/Cs and requires refresher courses to supplement the knowledge and skills so that they can communicate and integrate the content related to social responsibility (SR) or cooperation in forms of public-private partnerships into the training.

Training for E/Cs should be held in the districts and use the facts of enterprises: The survey showed that almost all E/Cs have not had the plan to prevent and respond to disasters and climate change impacts. For the E/Cs which have plans, the plan did not meet requirements and not have sufficiently necessary details to be able to respond effectively in disaster situations. Therefore, training for enterprises should focus on specific planning steps and have conditions for trainees from the E/C to practice based on actual information.

There should be activities to support E/Cs after training: The survey showed that, although the E/Cs were clearly aware of the causes of disasters, it also assessed the extent of impacts of natural disasters on the E/Cs and found planning for disaster prevention and response very important, in reality, they have not allocated time and resources to implement yet. Therefore, after the training, the project should select some E/C representatives of fisheries, construction, handicrafts which are the most vulnerable sectors to help them develop the plans with specific details. The plan and practices at these E/Cs will be very specific examples for other E/Cs to follow and replicate.

Communication and information should be promoted: The survey showed that the communication about the importance of disaster prevention did not have sufficient attention. All of the units interviewed were aware and conscious of the risks and the impacts of natural disasters on business and production activities of the E/Cs as well as on the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy and society. But so far this awareness has not turned into concrete and practical actions. Thus, the communication activities of the project need to be promoted. The communication should focus on specific examples from the E/Cs and on the importance of preparedness and prevention instead of just on the response and recovery as it is currently. These forms of communication need to be diverse to ensure that the information reaches the enterprises and the enterprises will take action immediately. There should be communication activities to raise awareness for E/Cs in social responsibility, cooperation and community support in disaster prevention for their own benefits. The communication should focus on providing information and raising awareness about the public-private partnership for both E/Cs and other relevant agencies. 47

The project should have activities to promote cooperation, sharing of information, knowledge and skills among the E/Cs of the same sectors: The activities will also help E/Cs share and exchange practical experience and have more powerful voice in order to have necessary supports and cooperation from local authorities in all stages from prevention to recovery of natural disasters.

There should be forums for dialogue between the enterprises on the cooperation in the form of public-private partnerships: forums can be organized to provide information about this type of cooperation, the need to strengthen public-private partnership, the basic principles, relevant documents and policies today. And finally, these activities can potentially exploit the public-private partnership in the field of DRM and CCA in Haiphong.

It is necessary to support the development of an action plan for cooperation in the form of public-private partnerships in Haiphong city: Based on the forums, comments and discussions from the forums, the project can coordinate with other agencies or other projects in the same fields in the project area to develop an action plan for the city. Based on the resources of the project, the project may select to support a number of activities which are possible for replication.

Further recommendations aim at promoting and encouraging co-operation in the form of public-private partnerships in the City Below is the information based on data from the agencies and departments that the survey team has collected. The project may use them as reference to organize forums or dialogue with enterprises to promote this task in Haiphong city based on the programs or orientations listed below. The current documents have created favorable conditions for the supports and implementation of activities in the form of public-private partnerships. Below are some specific suggestions for programs and fields which can be exploited in the form of public-private partnerships to ensure that the impacts and sustainability of the project are achieved. E/Cs should also actively explore and make use of opportunities and potential for cooperation in this field. Public-private partnership in non-structural measures -

Integrated in education, communication to raise awareness for staff and public servants, the armed forces, students at all levels, business units, residential communities in the city (the programs under the Scheme 1002, or other programs related to CCA).

Behavior change communication on DRM and CCA, to strengthen the research and application of indigenous knowledge to cope with natural disasters and climate change.

Provide guidance of access to the information to the sectors, units, and residential communities to adapt effectively to climate change.

Update and disseminate the information on advanced technologies in civil construction, protection works such as dikes and embankments for soil erosion control.

Develop action plans to cope with climate change and sea level rise in Haiphong city until 2025.

Promote environmental protection activities through SR initiatives of E/Cs. 48

Organize communication activities for the community before the rainy and stormy seasons (possibly based on the supply chain of E/Cs).

Public-private partnership in structural measures Currently, the draft decree on investment in the form of public-private partnerships is being urgently completed and is expected to be approved at the beginning of 2015. The draft decree consists of 11 chapters and 84 articles. This Decree specifies the fields, principles, forms, conditions, and procedures to implement investment projects in the form of public-private partnerships; management mechanisms, use of the government contribution, incentives, support and investment guarantees for the project; rights, obligations and allocation of risks between the parties to the contract or project; government management of the investment in the form of public-private partnerships and the accountability of stakeholders in project implementation. This Decree applies to investors, business projects, government agencies that have authority to sign and implement the project contract, agencies, organizations and individuals involved in the implementation of investment projects in the form of public-private partnerships. It is expected to have provisions for small-scale PPP projects. The following is the upcoming plans of the relevant agencies that E/Cs in the related field may participate if they are interested to invest in these fields in the City. The World Vision project can help disseminate the related information to attract the participation of enterprises in these projects in the City -

Renovating and upgrading the sea dyke system of Bach Dang, Trang Cat, sea dyke 1, sea dyke 2, sea dyke 3 and Cat Hai. Improving the prevention, preparedness and response capacity to storms of level 12, tides with frequency of 0.5% and the risks of sea level rise

Constructing new dykes to close the Cam river dyke and the Lach Tray one, and the levees of Yen Vu island against flooding for urban areas and plains in riparian coastal zones where are being exploited for urban development, shipbuilding industry, and ports;

Constructing port infrastructures and public infrastructures connected to ports such as fairways, breakwaters, dykes for sand movement or erosion, road systems, water and electricity systems connected to the port. These elements must be built at a foundation evaluation in accordance with the standards to improve the adaptability to climate change and sea level rise;

Undertaking measures against flooding for large urban residential areas, industrial areas, ports; Conduct the construction of water storage areas, flood and salinity control works

Expanding the utilization of new and renewable energy sources such as wind power, solar energy;

Building and developing advanced technologies for waste treatment

Developing forecasting systems; identifying and mapping high-risk areas of saline intrusion, sea level rise, and soil erosion to serve for land use planning;

Developing and protecting the mangroves

Several typical E/C

VICTRADING COMPANY CO.,LTD VIC Trading Co., Ltd. owning the brand Golden Pig operates in the field of animal feed with four factories located in the province of Hai Phong, Nghe An, Quy Nhon and Dong Thap. Assessing the impacts of climate change and disaster risks, the company representative, Ms. Tran Thi My Dung - General Deputy Director said that “storm and tropical depression have not only caused heavy rains and flooding, damaged goods and materials, affecting the prices of raw materials, but also interrupted the traffic, caused difficult access to markets. Besides the workers cannot go to work if a big storm occurs and the market demand is decreased due to possible deaths of livestock...” VIC Trading Co., Ltd. is one of the few large-scale enterprises but suffers less damage caused by natural disasters. Over the last 3 years, from 2011 to 2014, the company has lost around 30 million VND each year. Based on the experience of the company and the lessons learned from other enterprises, the company has built an annual flood and storm prevention plan and had measures to respond to and to mitigate the impacts of natural disasters, specifically: ❖ Activities before disaster -

Establish emergency response teams for the enterprise to participate in rescue when required

Develop the FSC plan and the budget

Annual reinforcement of the factories

Support the means for labor safety

❖ Activities during disaster -

Follow the happenings of disaster events through media and internet

Permanent and emergency response

Maintain communication

❖ Activities after disaster -

Statistics of actual damages

Carry out procedures for insurance compensation

Support the affected workers in cash

Support the affected communities in cash

Although the Company has not been significantly damaged by natural disasters over the years, Ms. Tran Thi My Dung still thought that the company’s prevention and response tasks were not professionally conducted. The company still needs to be more proactive in preventing and responding to disaster risks and climate change, and even the workers also 50

need to be more aware when disasters occur. To be able to perform well in the DRM, the company wants to have access to quick and accurate weather forecasts, to participate in training and instructions on how to make a DRM plan; to foster DRM-related knowledge for workers; to be assured of essential services such as electricity, water, transport, telecommunications to maintain the continuity of production and business; to be equipped with knowledge, to be supported with policies. And the company can play a role as a bridge among the enterprises; between the enterprises and the community in the tasks of disaster risk response and preparedness.

TAN THANH AQUACULTURE COOPERATIVE Tan Thanh Aquaculture Cooperative is located in Duong Kinh District, Hai Phong city. From 2011 to 2013, Tan Thanh was one of the cooperatives heavily affected among the 61 E/Cs participating in the in-depth interviews. In the last 3 years, Tan Thanh has suffered a loss of 80 billion VND. According to the representative of the Tan Thanh Cooperative, Mr. Le Duc Tung - vice chairman of the cooperative, storms, tropical depressions and other types of natural disasters have affected aquaculture a lot. The distinct characteristic of the aquaculture sector is water farming so the water element is very important for fish breeding. Drought, flood or water salinity can kill the breeds or cause disease, leading to a decrease in productivity and product quality. On the other hand, natural disasters make the embankment and dyke systems eroded accordingly affecting the flow regulation. Under the circumstances, every year, the cooperative develops flood and storm control and response plans. The local authorities have also greatly assisted in the preparedness, response and relief. However, due to poor preparation and ineffective planning, the cooperative was still heavily damaged. Mr. Le Duc Tung also expected to receive more support from all levels in terms of knowledge and experience related to DRM, and wished to directly support the construction of canals and sluice-gates.

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