STUDIO RE 2009 10 06 review 01 CELIA HO SIN SZE
REINTERPRETATION of HONG KONG HOUSING TYPOLOGIES TYPOLOGY / noun the systematic classification of the types of something according to their common characteristics.
In the 50 years of housing development in Hong Kong, various typologies such as “slab type” and “ tower type” are recorded. However, from the photo next page or from our daily experience, it’s difficult to distinguish variety of typologies within the region. Only one type - the cruciform tower - can be found. The monotonic phenomenon drives my research on housing typologies.
十
/ CRUCIFORM TOWER
ONLY?
STUDIO RE 2009 10 06 review 01 CELIA HO SIN SZE
Hong Kong housing comprises PUBLIC HOUSING and PRIVATE HOUSING. PUBLIC HOUSING are mainly built by the Hong Kong Housing Authority and the Hong Kong Housing Society. PRIVATE HOUSING refers to housing estate developed by a private developer.
Domestic Households by Type of Quarters Type of Quarters
Total Households
Private residential flats
1 109 653
Public rental flats
690 788
HA subsidized sale flats
347 582
Staff quarters
21 018
Simple stone structures/Traditional village houses
19 281
Temporary housing
17 186
HS subsidized sale flats
14 857
Non-domestic quarters
5 281
Marine vessels
900
Total
2 226 546
source: 2006 Population By-census Office, Census and Statistics Department
Distribution of Population by Type of Housing Type of Housing
1998
2003
2008
Public Permanent Housing
49.4%
49.5%
47.8%
- Rental Flats
- 37.5%
- 30.9%
- 29.4%
- Subsidized Sale Flats
- 11.9%
- 18.6%
- 18.4%
Private Permanent Housing
48.5%
49.6%
51.6%
Public Temporary Housing
0.3%
-
-
Private Temporary Housing
1.8%
0.9%
0.6%
source: Housing in Figures 2008, Hong Kong Housing Authority
STUDIO RE 2009 10 06 review 01 CELIA HO SIN SZE
PUBLIC HOUSING
PUBLIC HOUSING
HK HOUSING
PRIVATE HOUSING
PRIVATE HOUSING
Evolution of Public Housing > to ONE Typology/ Prototype/ TOWER > MONOTONIC IN HK HOUSING
?
TIMELINE
EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
YEAR 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
1950 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
1960 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
1970 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
1980 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
1990
SLAB
SINGLE/ TWIN TOWER
H
CRUCIFORM
LINEAR
Y
HARMONY
CONCORD
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2000
milestones in development
SINGLE/ TWIN TOWER
1965 The resettlement blocks became high-rise buildings. Facilities gradually ameliorated. In Mark IV, V and VI buildings, a balcony and toilet were provided inside each flat. The population in public housing estates reached one million.
1964 The Temporary Housing Scheme was launched.
1961 The Government Low-cost Housing Programme was introduced.
1958 North Point Estate, the first low-cost housing estate built by the Hong Kong Housing Authority, was completed.
1954 Eight permanent six-storey buildings - the Mark I - were completed to resettle the victims of the Shek Kip Mei Fire.
1953 A fire swept through the Shek Kip Mei Squatter area in Kowloon, rendering more than 50 000 people homeless overnight.
1949 Masses of refugees surged into the territory as a consequence of the Civil War on the mainland. The number of squatters increased drastically
.
EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
1973 Development of new towns gained momentum to match with the building of large housing estates. Redevelopment of the Mark I and Mark II estates began, starting at Shek Kip Mei.
1972 The Government announced the Ten-year Housing Programme.
CRUCIFORM
LINEAR
Y
1985 The Extended Redevelopment Programme to clear sub-standard blocks built in the 60's began.
1982 The government announced that the Ten-year Housing Programme would be extended for another five years to 1987.
HARMONY
1988 The Housing Authority was reorganized. It became financially autonomous and its Chairman was to be a non-official person.
1987 The Long Term Housing Strategy (1987-2001) was introduced.
CONCORD
1997 The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government announced a ten-year housing plan.
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
1980
1994 The Mark I and Mark II redevelopment and re-housing programme was completed.
1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
1970
1981 The population in Housing Authority estates reached 2 million.
1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
1960
1971 Wah Fu Estate was completed. It was the first public housing estate in Hong Kong where the "New Town" concept was applied in its planning.
1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
YEAR 1950 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
1990
SLAB
H
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2000
total population in HK
2,993,000
2,010,000
4,045,000
EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
SINGLE/ TWIN TOWER
increase in population in 10 yrs
1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 H
CRUCIFORM
LINEAR
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
1980
49%
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
1990
SLAB
CONCORD
7,008,000
6,665,000
1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
1970
5,752,000
1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
1960
5,183,000
YEAR 1950 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2000
35%
28%
Y
16%
HARMONY
11% 5%
EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
YEAR 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
1950 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
1960 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
1970 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
1980 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
1990
H
CRUCIFORM
LINEAR
Y
HARMONY
CONCORD
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2000
SLAB
SINGLE/ TWIN TOWER flat production by HA 1988-2008
EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC HOUSING TYPOLOGIES no. of household no. of storeys
YEAR
number of household per floor & storeys per block
1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
1950 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
1960 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
1970 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
1980 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
1990
SLAB
SINGLE/ TWIN TOWER
H
CRUCIFORM
LINEAR
Y
HARMONY
CONCORD
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2000
EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
YEAR
number of typologies per estate
1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
1950 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
1960 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
1970 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
1980 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
1990
SLAB
SINGLE/ TWIN TOWER
H
CRUCIFORM
LINEAR
Y
HARMONY
CONCORD
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2000
EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC HOUSING TYPOLOGIES total population in HK number of typologies per estate
increase in population in 10 yrs
milestones in development
SINGLE/ TWIN TOWER
49%
4,045,000 CRUCIFORM
35%
1973 Development of new towns gained momentum to match with the building of large housing estates. Redevelopment of the Mark I and Mark II estates began, starting at Shek Kip Mei.
1972 The Government announced the Ten-year Housing Programme.
1971 Wah Fu Estate was completed. It was the first public housing estate in Hong Kong where the "New Town" concept was applied in its planning.
LINEAR
Y
28%
1985 The Extended Redevelopment Programme to clear sub-standard blocks built in the 60's began.
1982 The government announced that the Ten-year Housing Programme would be extended for another five years to 1987.
HARMONY
1988 The Housing Authority was reorganized. It became financially autonomous and its Chairman was to be a non-official person.
1987 The Long Term Housing Strategy (1987-2001) was introduced.
11%
CONCORD
1997 The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government announced a ten-year housing plan.
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
1990
SLAB
7,008,000
1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
1980
1994 The Mark I and Mark II redevelopment and re-housing programme was completed.
5,752,000
1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
1970
1981 The population in Housing Authority estates reached 2 million.
H
5,183,000
1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
1960
6,665,000
1965 The resettlement blocks became high-rise buildings. Facilities gradually ameliorated. In Mark IV, V and VI buildings, a balcony and toilet were provided inside each flat. The population in public housing estates reached one million.
1964 The Temporary Housing Scheme was launched.
1961 The Government Low-cost Housing Programme was introduced.
2,993,000
1958 North Point Estate, the first low-cost housing estate built by the Hong Kong Housing Authority, was completed.
1954 Eight permanent six-storey buildings - the Mark I - were completed to resettle the victims of the Shek Kip Mei Fire.
1953 A fire swept through the Shek Kip Mei Squatter area in Kowloon, rendering more than 50 000 people homeless overnight.
.
number of household per floor & storeys per block
1949 Masses of refugees surged into the territory as a consequence of the Civil War on the mainland. The number of squatters increased drastically
2,010,000
no. of household no. of storeys
YEAR 1950 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2000
flat production by HA 1988-2008
16%
5%
EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
.
number of typologies per estate
increase in population in 10 yrs
milestones in development
PRIVATE HOUSING
total population in HK
SINGLE/ TWIN TOWER
49%
4,045,000
1965 The resettlement blocks became high-rise buildings. Facilities gradually ameliorated. In Mark IV, V and VI buildings, a balcony and toilet were provided inside each flat. The population in public housing estates reached one million.
1964 The Temporary Housing Scheme was launched.
35%
1973 Development of new towns gained momentum to match with the building of large housing estates. Redevelopment of the Mark I and Mark II estates began, starting at Shek Kip Mei.
1972 The Government announced the Ten-year Housing Programme.
CRUCIFORM
LINEAR
Y
28%
1985 The Extended Redevelopment Programme to clear sub-standard blocks built in the 60's began.
1982 The government announced that the Ten-year Housing Programme would be extended for another five years to 1987.
HARMONY
11%
CONCORD
1997 The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government announced a ten-year housing plan.
SLAB per floor & PUBLIC storeys per block HOUSING household
7,008,000
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
1980
1994 The Mark I and Mark II redevelopment and re-housing programme was completed.
5,752,000
H
1988 The Housing Authority was reorganized. It became financially autonomous and its Chairman was to be a non-official person.
1987 The Long Term Housing Strategy (1987-2001) was introduced.
1970
1981 The population in Housing Authority estates reached 2 million.
1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
1960
1971 Wah Fu Estate was completed. It was the first public housing estate in Hong Kong where the "New Town" concept was applied in its planning.
1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
1950
1961 The Government Low-cost Housing Programme was introduced.
2,993,000
1958 North Point Estate, the first low-cost housing estate built by the Hong Kong Housing Authority, was completed.
1954 Eight permanent six-storey buildings - the Mark I - were completed to resettle the victims of the Shek Kip Mei Fire.
1953 A fire swept through the Shek Kip Mei Squatter area in Kowloon, rendering more than 50 000 people homeless overnight.
1949 Masses of refugees surged into the territory as a consequence of the Civil War on the mainland. The number of squatters increased drastically
no. of storeys
no. of household
2,010,000
YEAR 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
1990 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2000
flat production by HA 1988-2008
CONVERGENCE > MONOTONIC
RESEARCH FOR DIVERGENCE UNDER THE HYPOTHESIS :
MORE TYPES PER ESTATE BETTER LIVING
5%
?