SCIENCE THE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRNE SYSTEM
BY: CELYNE BORJA, SOFIA AYALA AND CAROLINA ANALUISA.
The nervous system as well as the endocrine system are a fundamental part of the human body and we must know how to take care of them since, although the nervous and endocrine systems provide beneficial qualities for our body, if we do not know how to respect it, it can bring bad conditions for our body . In this magazine we inform you about the characteristics and ways of caring for a fundamental part of our nervous system, which is the spinal cord.
The objective of this work was to make an important use of our nervous and endocrine system since they are fundamental parts of our body since without them the world we know and the way we do it would not exist. Using the global context, scientific and technical innovation we could realize that thanks to evolution, medicine has made the health of our most important system have good health.
The nervous system collects information and responds to it by sending electrical messages. This information may come from outside or inside the body. The brain is the center of the nervous system.
The endocrine system makes chemical messages. These messages help to regulate conditions inside the body. They also influence growth and development.
The three main areas of the brain are the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brain system. The largest part of the brain is the cerebellum is were you think and problemsolve, and where most of your memories are stored. It controls voluntary movements and allows you to sense touch, light, sound, odors, taste, pain, heat and cold.
The second largest part of your body. This allows the brain to keep track of your body´s position and coordinate movements. The brain stem connects your brain stem. It controls involuntary processes, such as blood pressure, body temperature , heart rate and involuntary breathing.
The spinal cord is made of bundles of nerves. A nerve is a collection of nerve celll extention bundled together with blood vessels and connective tissue.
Nerves are everywhere in your body. The spinal cord is surrounded by protective bones called vertebrae.
Special cells in your skin and muscles carry sensory information to the spinal cord.
The spinal cord carries these impulses to the brain.
The brain interprets these impulses as warmth, Paint, or other sensations and sends information back to the spinal cord. Different cells in the spinal cord then send impulses to the rest of the
Cervical Segments Being the anterior most segments of the spinal cord that run across seven cervical vertebrae, it is located along the neck region. The upper portion forms as many as eight pairs of cervical nerves which are named with the vertebra they emerge from, viz. C1, C2, C3, C4, ? C8. However, the C8 pair of cervical nerve emerges from the lower end of the C7 vertebral segment while all of other pairs emerge from the upper end of the respective vertebra.
Thoracic Segments Running along the series of twelve T vertebrae in the thoracic region, they constitute 12 pairs of thoracic nerves each of which leaving the vertebral column below the associated vertebral division.
Coccygeal Segments The lower most portion of the neural tube that gives rise to one pair of coccygeal nerves and leaves the vertebrae through sacral hiatus. However, here you will find that three segments of the region fuse together to form a single unit.
Lumbar Segments It is one of the parts of spinal cord that is protected by five lumbar vertebrae, it gives rise to five pairs of nervous extensions each of which emerges below the associated vertebra.
Sacral Segments The same is the case with this region, i.e. five sacral nerve pairs leave your backbone just beneath each bony segment and are named as S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5.
Causes of spinal cord disorders include injuries, infections, a blocked blood supply, and compression by a fractured bone or a tumor. Typically, muscles are weak or paralyzed, sensation is abnormal or lost, and controlling bladder and bowel function may be difficult. Doctors base the diagnosis on symptoms and results of a physical examination and imaging tests, such as magnetic resonance imaging. The condition causing the spinal cord disorder is corrected if possible.
The spinal cord is the main pathway of communication between the brain and the rest of the body. It is a long, fragile, tubelike structure that extends downward from the base of the brain. The cord is protected by the back bones (vertebrae) of the spine (spinal column). The vertebrae are separated and cushioned by disks made of cartilage.
The transmission of a nerve impulse along a neuron from one end to the other occurs as a result of electrical changes across the membrane of the neuron. The membrane of an unstimulated neuron is polarized—that is, there is a difference in electrical charge between the outside and inside of the membrane. The inside is negative with respect to the outside.
The main contribution to the resting membrane potential (is the difference in permeability of the resting membrane to potassium ions versus sodium ions. The resting membrane is much more permeable to potassium ions than to sodium ions resulting in slightly more net potassium ion diffusion causing the slight difference in polarity right along the membrane of the axon.
1.
A quarter of its length is composed of cartilage.
2.
The most common cause of physical disabilities is an injury or disorder of the spine.
3.
Because the force of gravity compresses the cartilage, we are taller in the morning than at night (about two centimeters)
4.
The astronauts, when returning to the earth, are between 3 and 5 centimeters higher due to the absence of gravity.
5.
One of the main functions of the spine is to protect the spinal cord.
6.
The first vertebra, which supports the skull, is called "atlas" as the character in Greek mythology that carried the world.
7.
At birth we have 33 vertebrae, as adults we have 26 since some are fused.
8.
Humans, like the giraffes, have seven cervical (neck) vertebrae.
9.
The spine is connected with more than one hundred muscles, more than 100 joints and more than 200 ligaments.
10. The most common cause of spinal cord injuries are car accidents.
The nervous system is important because it is the one that connects the human being with the environment and allows him to interact in it; besides that the nervous system is the one that gives the ability to move, whether involuntary, such as blinking or breathing or voluntary as moving the hand, and allows the reaction to both internal and external stimuli, sending signals to the brain for a quick response . On the other hand the endocrine system or also called gland system of internal secretion is the set of organs and tissues of the body, which secrete a type of substances called hormones, which are released into the bloodstream and regulate some of the functions of the body.
The body is what identifies us as humans, it is through the body that we know the world we inhabit, with the body we move, we talk, we relate to other people; in Arendtian terms, the body allows us to travel through an infinity of actions, whose consequences we can not predict or calculate. The body is a very sacred part that identifies us as people and we should always know how to respect it, love it and take care of it since without it our life would not be the same.
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