CASE STUDy SERIES#12
DIGITIZING HUMANITARIAN ACT: The Role of Technology in Supporting Refugees
Authors Lodang Kusumo Jati Nabeel Khawarizmy Muna Nitya Saputri Rizal Editor Dirgayuza Setiawan, M.Sc Viyasa Rahyaputra Designer and Layouter Anaq Duanaiko
case studies: Digitizing Humanitarian Act: The Role of Technology in Supporting Refugees
A. Summary The world has shi ed into a more integrated and connected one, with information being globally spread within seconds and a swipe of a finger. Using such power, more people are supposedly better equipped with resources, including refugees. Refugees o en go through perilous journeys in their hopes of reaching safe havens. Most of the time, they remain clueless and bewildered by the whole traumatic journey. It turns out, digital tools are practically available and accessible for these refugees, and these tools – in the form of mobile applications – more or less aid them necessarily. From this, we are witnessing once again the digital prowess, with many positive opportunities, especially related to humanitarian issues, are widely opened and created. Through the lenses of Aziz, a fictional character, a narrative which covers the roles played by technology in managing humanitarian crisis will be presented. The whole writing will then be concluded with several hurdles faced by this effort, and what best can be done.
1 case study: Digitizing Humanitarian Act: The Role of Technology in Supporting Refugees
B. Introduction The technological revolution has brought many improvements towards people’s lives. Starting from prolonging human life by curing diseases, driving economic growth and promoting government transparency to helping individuals find love, digital technology has become an integral part of human civilization. However, the question that needs to be addressed on this matter is whether technological innovations, especially digital ones, are capable of aiding the refugee crisis. Does digital technology play a pivotal role in helping war-torn citizens seek refuge and live in another country?
This case study will examine how digital technology could assist humanitarian action, especially on helping refugees in their journey of seeking asylum. The topic is highly relevant because around 60% of refugees owns a smartphone and utilizes it for their journey, according to Lars Stenger from Jesuit Refugee Service Yogyakarta, a humanitarian service institute.ⁱ
We will use a micro perspective to point out the practicality in utilizing digital technology during the asylum-seeking process, by narrating it through an individual experience. The narrative is seen to be an important part to discuss the whole journey of a refugee seeking refuge using the digital tools, as well as to unravel better the hurdles a refugee faces along the
way to their haven. The narrative is still based on careful consideration and research findings from prior studies, so this is still an academic writing wrapped in narrative delivery. The narrative will focus on a fictional character named Aziz, who is attempting to escape his war-torn country and seeking asylum in another
2 case studies: Digitizing Humanitarian Act: The Role of Technology in Supporting Refugees
continent. We will describe Aziz’s journey as a refugee and how he is using digital technology along the way, starting from pre-departure, departure, arrival and living as an alien in a host country.
This narrative will be divided into five parts. It will start with a brief explanation on the nature of digital innovation in helping the refugees. Then, the story will continue with Aziz’s journey and how digital technology could assist him during each process. The narrative will then conclude by examining the prospective opportunities and challenges that might arise from the utilization of digital technology by refugees. It should be noted that not every refugee goes through the same stages in their journey. However, the four stages mentioned (pre-departure, departure, arrival, and living/integration with the host society) are what we think as the ideal stages of a refugee’s journey in escaping their home country and seeking asylum somewhere else.
C. The Nature of Digital Innovation in Assisting Refugees The rising tides of innovation in technology that is designed for refugees started with the case of Alan Kurdi. Alanis, a Syrian boy who was found dead on Turkish shores because his boat capsized when he attempted to cross the Mediterranean Sea from Turkey to Greece in August 2015. A month a er the picture of his body circulated on the Internet, the CEO of TechCrunch, Mike Butcher, initiated the first hackathon and conference called Techfugees that invited tech leaders and developers to help solve the refugee crisis.ⁱⁱ Since then, the conference has been held in major cities such as New York, Beirut, Paris, Melbourne, and San Francisco.ⁱⁱⁱ Numerous technology innovations such as InfoAid, Migreat, and Trace the Face are some of the ripple effects of this event.
3 case study: Digitizing Humanitarian Act: The Role of Technology in Supporting Refugees
Before explaining the nature and characteristics of these innovations, it is imperative to understand the current condition of the global refugee crisis. By understanding the nature of the refugee crisis, the technology will be able to envision its utilities to tackle this problem. There are at least two conditions that envision the dawn of technology for refugees. First, it is the massive influx of refugees. By 2015, the number of refugees and internally displaced have reached an all-time high of 65 million people with children representing half of it.ⁱᵛ The number is the highest that has ever been recorded in history. More than half of this number comes from
just three countries; Syria, Afghanistan, and Somalia.ᵛ These countries are notorious for sectarian conflicts and unstable governments. Contrary to the mainstream belief that Europe contributes the most in providing shelter, most refugees are accepted the most in Turkey, Pakistan, Lebanon, Kenya and the Democratic Republic of Congo.ᵛⁱ
Figure 1: Source and Number of Refugees by 2015ᵛⁱⁱ
4 case studies: Digitizing Humanitarian Act: The Role of Technology in Supporting Refugees
Second, it is the dangerous journey that the refugee will encounter. According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), there are 3,770 migrants who were reported to have died trying to cross the Mediterranean Sea in 2015. ᵛⁱⁱⁱ The deadliest roads can be found when refugees try to cross from North Africa to Italy and in the Aegean crossing from Turkey to Greece where more than 800 died.ⁱˣ In 2015, the deadliest month for migrants was April, where 800 people capsized in the sea off Libya.ˣ The main reason for this incident was overcrowded boats because refugees have less information about other routes or are too financially weak to pursue other methods of travel.
Figure 2: Migrant Deaths in the Mediterranean by Monthsˣⁱ
5 case study: Digitizing Humanitarian Act: The Role of Technology in Supporting Refugees
These natures of the refugee crisis are the driving forces for innovators and tech enthusiast to build technology that could tackle this problem. Therefore, the primary goals of refugee applications are to reduce the number of global refugees and decrease the risk of the journey by providing accessible information about safe havens and safest routes to reach it. These visions are then integrated with the characteristics of digital technology. There are at least three characteristics or traits in digital technology that are essential for supporting refugees.ˣⁱⁱ First, the technology has to be embedded with ease of access for every phase of refugee journey. The technology that aims to support refugees has to be adamant during the most extreme environments and at the same time still be accessible. For instance, the technology has to be integrated with Geographic Information System (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) with less or minimum connectivity disruptions. This is crucial for refugees’ departure from the war-torn country to a safe haven. Digital technology has to be able to provide refugees with undisrupted connection during this journey. Ease of access also
means providing instant connection and information for basic needs such as healthcare and food once refugees reach their destination. Also, this characteristic also removes language barriers by providing translation or learning platforms.
Second, the technologies have to be able to curate legal systems. Refugees have to undergo various legal procedures, such as filling in registration forms and attend interviews, once they enter a certain host country. The process can be very long and frustrating when refugees have barely any idea of the country’s legal system. Therefore, piling information about legal systems in various countries and compiling it in a single digital app can be very helpful for the refugee crisis. Besides,
6 case studies: Digitizing Humanitarian Act: The Role of Technology in Supporting Refugees
when refugees are incapable of showing their identity papers because it is lost or destroyed during the departure, they have to apply for a refugee ID from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) before applying to host countries.ˣⁱⁱⁱ Refugees who are clueless about this procedure could easily be tricked into illegal entry by smugglers. Digital technology also wants to prevent these incidents.
Third, the ‘refugee applications’ are moving towards an all-in-one app. Tech developers have begun to combine assistance for all stages of a refugee’s journey into a single app, from traveling to the destination and avoiding hazardous trails, to surviving the first few months and settling down in the new country. The app will provide information on how to survive during the trail, find a basic necessity, build social cohesion, and pinpoint essential places for refugees.
On the field, the usage of refugee apps by refugees themselves differ from one app to another. Apps such as RefAid is used by more than 400 large aid organizations,ˣⁱᵛ and Ankommen has been downloaded 160,000 times.ˣᵛ Meanwhile, other apps and portals such as Gherbtna, Crisis Info Hub, Tarjemlu, Refugees Welcome, and Refugeeinfo.eu have yet to reach that amount of usage, even though these apps are more popular than the others.ˣᵛⁱ ˣᵛⁱⁱ ˣᵛⁱⁱⁱ When compared to the staggering amount of refugees that migrate every year, these statistics show that only a small percentage of refugees have utilized mobile apps. Nevertheless, the potential for increased refugee app usage is there since almost all Syrian households tend to own smartphones and that 86 percent of Syrian youth have access to a smartphone. ˣⁱˣ
7 case study: Digitizing Humanitarian Act: The Role of Technology in Supporting Refugees
D. The Departure of Aziz as a Refugee Ever since a bomb struck his city, Aziz, a 21-year-old man decided to leave his country and become a refugee. The only family that he had was his older brother and younger sister, and they both lived in different cities. Once Aziz heard that his town was about to be attacked by opposition forces, he decided to pack his bag and leave. He only brought several clothes, food and water, and a basic smartphone.
As Aziz le his city, anxiety came to him because had no idea about his siblings’ condition and current whereabouts. He tried to call them several times but to no avail. To make things worse, he was struggling to navigate along the journey. Luckily, Aziz could turn to his smartphone for solutions. He could find an app called InfoAid, which could show up-to-date information for refugees who were on traveling through Southeastern Europe and covered all countries on the Balkan route. The information provided was mostly about the situation at countries’ borders, weather reports for the Turkish Sea, ferry strikes, transportation, security, information for children traveling alone, and many more topics.ˣˣ Aziz then decided to choose the route suggested by this app to avoid possible extortion, violence, or criminal activities that he might encounter throughout the road.
8 case studies: Digitizing Humanitarian Act: The Role of Technology in Supporting Refugees
If Aziz could not connect to the Internet due to network coverage at a certain point of his journey, he can find information about MeshPoint that were planted at certain transit camps for the refugees who were en route. MeshPoint is a device that could relay Internet access for up to 150 users and is capable of withstanding extreme conditions.ˣˣⁱ Their small sizes make it easy to be carried and transferred. MeshPoint was created during the Syrian refugee crisis when thousands of refugees passed through Eastern Croatia, and these devices were planted on the transit camps in the area to provide Internet access.
When Aziz still could not contact his family, he asked one of the volunteers in the camp for a possible alternative to reach them. The volunteer recommended Aziz to use Trace the Face. This website is maintained by the International Committee of Red Cross (ICRC), and it allows refugees to post a photo and search their family by narrowing down on criteria.ˣˣⁱⁱ Through Trace the Face, Aziz could put his photo on the web for relatives to find and try to search his family members’ photos.
While in a transit camp, Aziz could use WhatsApp to contact his colleagues from the same city. He found Amir, Naresh, and Azwar who were now in a camp on the outskirts of the host country that they intended to enter. Aziz’s friends told him of the safest route that would eventually connect him with the group of refugees on the outskirts camp. He noted all the information and planned his next journey, while also sharing the information about the possible route to the transit camp to his other friends back in his city through WhatsApp. Here, WhatsApp is handy for the exchange of information among refugees.ˣˣⁱⁱⁱ
9 case study: Digitizing Humanitarian Act: The Role of Technology in Supporting Refugees
E. Arrival and Survival in a Host Country When Aziz eventually reached a destination country, he had a lot of work to be done since he would begin a new phase of his life there. Upon his initial arrival, he was concerned with issues such as getting in touch with other refugees, accommodation, finance, feeding himself and finding a job. But first, Aziz needed to register himself on a refugee database through some apps, because this could help governments and NGOs to monitor refugees’ activities via an online database.
The benefits that these online databases provide depend on the countries’ policies respectively. At this time, UNHCR’s ProGres is the biggest and oldest online database on refugees. ProGres was developed during the Kosovo crisis in the 1990s. Today, ProGres contains data on over 11 million refugees or about 11% of all displaced persons globally. Also, ProGres also contains biometric data, including fingerprints and iris scans, which are used to determine aid distribution for refugees. The result of using biometric verification has been successful. When introduced in Kenyan refugee camps of Kakuma and Dadaab in 2013, the UN World Food Program was able to eliminate $1.4m in waste and fraud.ˣˣⁱᵛ
Figure 3: Evolution in the Number of First-time Asylum Applications in the EU (The 1998-2015 Figures are Annual, the 2016 Figures Are Monthly)ˣˣᵛ
10 case studies: Digitizing Humanitarian Act: The Role of Technology in Supporting Refugees
As the main destination region for refugees, the European Union has developed an integrated online database system, named Eurodac. What triggered this was the increasing number of refugees along with unequal distribution, where several European countries are overloaded with refugees, and some barely receive any.ˣˣᵛⁱ Therefore, they need to monitor the distribution of refugees through a sophisticated online database system before they make any further policies. This database system is similar to UNHCR’s ProGres because it also has a similar feature to record refugees’ fingerprints.
Figure 4: Refugee Origins & Destinationsˣˣᵛⁱⁱ
11 case study: Digitizing Humanitarian Act: The Role of Technology in Supporting Refugees
According to The Guardian, Germany is the top country destination for refugees. Approximately, there are 1.1 million refugees who have arrived and lived in Germany in 2016. As the favorite country for refugees, they have developed various digital applications to help refugees like Aziz. If he chose Germany as a destination country, he could use smartphone applications to assist his arrival there, such as the Ankommen app. Ankommen means “arrival” in German.ˣˣᵛⁱⁱⁱ This free application provides immediate help for refugees that have just arrived in Germany and could even still be used when the network is offline.ˣˣⁱˣ Under its slogan “Become part of society and join in,” this app’s main function is to help refugees like Aziz to interact and integrate with the German society, especially to overcome linguistic and cultural challenges.
If Aziz arrived in Dresden, a city in eastern Germany, he could download the Welcome to Dresden app. This app is similar to Ankommen, but with more specific features to connect refugees like Aziz with the Dresden community. The Welcome to Dresden app provides information for refugees on how to apply for asylum with the authorities, receive health insurance and navigate their way around the city. The Welcome to Dresden app is a special app because it is available in other languages such as English, German, French, Arabic, and Russia. It also provides information on various issues, such as emergency assistance, language centers, asylum registration procedures, and even information on where they can get food. In this case, the aim of Welcome to Dresden is to help refugees integrate with the Dresden community and to provide accessible information to refugees who might be unfamiliar with German customs, laws, and values.
12 case studies: Digitizing Humanitarian Act: The Role of Technology in Supporting Refugees
For other concerns such as accommodation, an option that Aziz had was to live in a shelter, flat, rent-house, or in a refugee camp. By accessing the Internet, Aziz could find that he had many other options, such as using the Refugee Welcome service. This online service allows the refugee to share flats or live with one of the citizens by connecting refugees who are looking for a place to live with the local communities that are willing to rent their room or house. Online services like this have a good prospect in the future, according to a survey conducted by the polling institute Emnid in April 2016, where they found that a quarter of Germans would open their doors to refugees.ˣˣˣ Although this app was developed in Germany, it has successfully connected 958 refugees with local communities to share flats or rent houses. It is also popular in other European countries besides Germany, such as Austria, Greece, Poland, Spain, Italy, Sweden, and even in Australia.ˣˣˣⁱ
13 case study: Digitizing Humanitarian Act: The Role of Technology in Supporting Refugees
F. Settling Down and Integrating with Society In most cases, returning to their original countries is not a viable option for refugees, because of the continuous domestic instability or the irreparable destruction of their homes. As a refugee who has arrived in a host country and had to find ways to survive in his initial arrival, in the long run Aziz would have to settle down and live there permanently. He had to integrate with the society, since failure to do so can cause problems, such as triggering social stigmatizations, suspicious feelings or even hatred between refugees and the local society. Just like in the previous phases of Aziz’ journey, digital technology could help refugees for longterm integration in a host country.
In trying to settle down permanently, Aziz had to ensure basic services, language improvement, receiving education and training, and finding work. These are all essentials for starting a new life in a new environment. To ensure basic social services, he could access the web app called Services Advisor that connects refugees with service providers offering education, health, shelter, employment and other services.ˣˣˣⁱⁱ Another app like Welcome to Dresden assists refugees to understand and navigate the bureaucracy of registering for asylum. There is even an online system called Asyl Online built by Germany’s federal office that enables a refugee to apply for asylum in just a few minutes, compared to the standard process of two days.ˣˣˣⁱⁱⁱ These innovations could help Aziz to start a new life in the host country.
14 case studies: Digitizing Humanitarian Act: The Role of Technology in Supporting Refugees
To improve language fluency, Aziz could download apps such as Duolingo and WhatsGerman on his smartphone that provides not only translation services but also free basic language courses.ˣˣˣⁱᵛ He could also find apps that offer education courses and digital learning materials at zero cost, such as EduApp4Syria. This app is designed to build literacy skills in Arabic and improve the psychosocial wellbeing of children Syrian refugees.ˣˣˣᵛ If Aziz wanted to gain a diploma or learn a new skill to create work opportunities, he could access Kiron, a digital service for refugees that gives them access to higher education learning. Another promising opportunity for refugees is the ReDI School of Digital Integration, where refugees could be taught on how to code through distance learning, which could help land a programming job.ˣˣˣᵛⁱ Coding is a universal language that they could continue to apply wherever they go and is valuable since the demand for programmers is high.
Finding work was another necessity for Aziz, as he needed to generate a flow of income to live sustainably. Digital portals such as careers4refugees.de and online platforms such as Workeer help matching refugees who are looking for work with companies’ employers, and the job offers which can be accessed through mobile devices.ˣˣˣᵛⁱⁱ Another so ware called RefugeesWork offers job vacancy information for freelance programmers.ˣˣˣᵛⁱⁱⁱ Aziz could also run small businesses through his smartphones such as mobile money services and mobile phone repair. His smartphone can also be used for international remittance to receive humanitarian assistance. The use of online money transfer systems could be preferrable since using mobile money for these types of transactions is 21 percent cheaper than through global money transfer operators.ˣˣˣⁱˣ
15 case study: Digitizing Humanitarian Act: The Role of Technology in Supporting Refugees
Overall, these digital apps and online platforms could significantly assist Aziz in settling down in a host country and living permanently. Digital technology can help reduce the costs for education and job training. Through smartphones and computers, services can be accessed to allow distance-learning and better options for refugees like Aziz. The wide range of digital so ware to choose from means that despite the limitations of being a refugee, digital technology gives them new opportunities to seek refuge and live permanently in a host country. The impact of tech innovations for supporting refugee integration can be grouped into three general aims: 1) helping new comers navigate local services, 2) getting them into work or training, and 3) providing access to community-based housing and services.ˣˡ
G. Conclusion Using the example of Aziz as a refugee throughout this narrative, we have discussed the ways that digital technology could help refugees escape their wartorn country and seek a better home overseas. There are almost an app for every phase of a refugee's journey, from departing their country to long-term integration in a new society. The services that mobile apps are to provide assistance and solutionsto Aziz. Thus, it can be said that digital technology has a large role in assisting refugees.
However, there are still issues and limitations in the use of digital technology to help humanitarian acts. Among the issues is that network coverage is o en hard to find for refugees, especially when they are in the middle of crossing land and sea where network coverage is limited. Without Internet connectivity many digital services cannot be accessed. Second, despite the abundance of refugee-targeted
16 case studies: Digitizing Humanitarian Act: The Role of Technology in Supporting Refugees
apps on the market, there seems to be too many apps that provide the same service and tasks. The third is the non-technological barriers to integration such as community disacceptance towards refugees. This is a major problem that technology, to some extent, could not solve, especially when a host country's society is too unwilling to accept refugees. Lastly, there is a lack of apps created by the government to assist refugees, which is unfortunate since government can directly participate in the protection of refugee, which also becomes their direct responsibility.
To address these issues, both the government and the private sector needs to be more contributive towards the refugee crisis. The government of destination countries needs to increase the availability of mobile network coverage and communication infrastructures, especially for rural refugees or those that are living in outskirts camps. Then with the help of the private sector and stakeholders, they could make connectivity aordable for refugees. Coordination between the private sector (startups, tech enthusiasts and app developers) and the government is also needed to ensure that there are no unnecessary refugee apps in the market. This can be done by app developers merging their applications and with the government giving oicial support for the most promising ones. Basically, airmative action from only one sector would not be able to fully utilize the potentials that digital technology have towards resolving the refugee crisis, since both the government and private sectors have their important roles to play.
17 case study: Digitizing Humanitarian Act: The Role of Technology in Supporting Refugees
References: ⁱStenger, L. Presentation on “Jesuit Refugee Service Indonesia." 8 May 2017. Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia. ⁱⁱBenton, M. and Glennie, A. (2016) Digital Humanitarianism: How Tech Entrepreneurs Are Supporting Refugee Integration. Transatlantic Council on Migraton. New York: Migration Policy Institute. ⁱⁱⁱBenton, M. and Glennie, A. (2016) Digital Humanitarianism: How Tech Entrepreneurs Are Supporting Refugee Integration. Transatlantic Council on Migration. New York: Migration Policy Institute. ⁱᵛInternational Crisis Group. (2015) What's Driving the Global Refugee Crisis? [online] Available at: https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/what-sdriving-global-refugee-crisis. Accessed 4 May 2016. ᵛInternational Crisis Group. (2015) What's Driving the Global Refugee Crisis? [online] Available at: https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/what-sdriving-global-refugee-crisis. Accessed 4 May 2016. ᵛⁱInternational Crisis Group. (2015) What's Driving the Global Refugee Crisis? [online] Available at:<https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/what-sdriving-global-refugee-crisis. Accessed 4 May 2016. ᵛⁱⁱInternational Crisis Group. (2015) What's Driving the Global Refugee Crisis? [online] Available at:<https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/what-sdriving-global-refugee-crisis> ᵛⁱⁱⁱBBC. (2016). Migrant Crisis: Migration to Europe Explained in Seven Charts. [online] Available at: <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe34131911> ⁱˣBBC. (2016). Migrant Crisis: Migration to Europe Explained in Seven Charts. [online] Available at: <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34131911> ˣBBC. (2016). Migrant Crisis: Migration to Europe Explained in Seven Charts. [online] Available at: <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34131911> ˣⁱBBC. (2016). Migrant Crisis: Migration to Europe Explained in Seven Charts. [online] Available at: <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34131911> ˣⁱⁱBenton, M. and Glennie, A. (2016) Digital Humanitarianism: How Tech Entrepreneurs Are Supporting Refugee Integration. Transatlantic Council on Migration. New York: Migration Policy Institute.
18 case studies: Digitizing Humanitarian Act: The Role of Technology in Supporting Refugees
ˣⁱⁱⁱStenger, L. Presentation on “Jesuit Refugee Service Indonesia." 8 May 2017. Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia. ˣⁱᵛTracy, P. (2017). Refugee app used by more than 400 aid organizations was created in a single weekend. [online] The Daily Dot. Available at : https://www.dailydot.com/debug /refaid-humanitarian-apprefugees/. Accessed 4May 2017. ˣᵛLopez, O. (2016). These are the apps refugees are using to find their way to Europe. [ o n l i n e ] M a s h a b l e A s i a . A va i l a b l e a t : http://mashable.com/2016/07/07/refugees-apps-gherbtnaankommen/#4cW1X4rOhmqQ. Accessed 4 May 2017. ˣᵛⁱGSMA. Refugees and Connectivity – Apps for Refugees. [online] Available at: https://www.gsma.com/refugee-connectivity/apps-for-refugees/. Accessed 4May 2017. ˣᵛⁱⁱGraham, L. (2015) How smartphones are helping refugees in Europe. [online] CNBC. Available at: http://www.cnbc.com/2015/09/11/howsmartphones-are-helping-refugees-in-europe.html. Accessed 4 May 2017. ˣᵛⁱⁱⁱCogan, A. (2016) How technology is affecting the refugee crisis. [online] Mercy Corps. Available at: https://www.mercycorps.org/articles/afghanistangreece-iraq-syria/how-technology-affecting-refugee-crisis. Accessed 4 May 2017. ˣⁱˣRam, A. (2015) Smartphones Bring Solace and Aid to Desperate Refugees. [online] Wired. Available at: https://www.wired.com/2015/12/smartphonesyrian-refugee-crisis/. Accessed 4May 2017. ˣˣInfoAid. InfoAid – Information for refugees on the Balkan Route. [online] Available at: http://appsforrefugees.com/infoaid/#. Accessed 4May 2017. ˣˣⁱMeshPoint Project. Relief Wifi Hotspot for Disaster and Outdoor Areas. [online] Available at: http://www.meshpoint.me/. Accessed 4 May 2017. ˣ ˣ ⁱ ⁱ I C R C . Tra ce - T h e Fa ce . [ o n l i n e ] Ava i l a b l e at : https://familylinks.icrc.org/europe/en/Pages/Home.aspx. Accessed 4 May 2017. ˣˣⁱⁱⁱManjoo, F. (2016) For Millions of Immigrants, a Common Language: WhatsApp. [online] New York Times. Available at : https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/21/technology/for-millions-ofimmigrants-a-common-language-whatsapp.html?_r=0. Accessed 4 May 2017.
19 case study: Digitizing Humanitarian Act: The Role of Technology in Supporting Refugees
ˣˣⁱᵛThe Economist. (2017). Phones are now indispensable for refugees. [online] Available at: http://www.economist.com/news/international /21716637-technology-has-made-migrating-europe-easier-over-timeit-will-also-make-migration. Accessed 4 May 2017. ˣˣᵛEuropean Comission. (2016). The EU and The Refugee Crisis. [online] Available at: http://publications.europa.eu/webpub/com/factsheets/refugeecrisis/en/. Accessed 4 May 2017. ˣˣᵛⁱEuropean Comission. (2016). The EU and The Refugee Crisis. [online] Available at: http://publications.europa.eu/webpub/com/factsheets/refugeecrisis/en/. Accessed 4 May 2017. ˣˣᵛⁱⁱBangarth, Stepahine. (2015). Canada's Complicated History of Refugee R e c e p t i o n . [ o n l i n e ] A v a i l a b l e a t : http://activehistory.ca/2015/09/canadas-complicated-history-ofrefugee-reception/. Accessed 4 May 2017 ˣˣᵛⁱⁱⁱThe Guardian. (2016). Germany expects up to 300,000 refugees in 2016, official s a y s . [ o n l i n e ] A va i l a b l e at : https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/28/germany-300000refugees-2016-bamf. Accessed 5 May 2017. ˣˣⁱˣColdewey, Devin. (2016). Ankommen! German App for Migrants Teaches Critical I n f o , L a n g u a g e S k i l l s . [ o n l i n e ] N B C N e w s . A va i l a b l e a t : h tt p : / / w w w. n b c n e w s .co m / sto r y l i n e /e u ro p e s - b o rd e rcrisis/ankommen-german-app-migrants-teaches-critical-infolanguage-skills-n495881. Accessed 4 May 2017. ˣˣˣOsborne, Louise. (2015). Smartphone app launched to help asylum seekers in Dresden. [online] The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/17/smartphone-applaunched-help-asylum-seekers-dresden-germany. Accessed 9 May 2017. ˣˣˣⁱRefugees Welcome. [online] Available at : http://www.refugeeswelcome.net/#details. Accessed 9 May 2017. ˣˣˣⁱⁱD'Armours, J. (2016).Technology can help refugees, but connectivity remains a c h a l l e n g e . ( o n l i n e ) . A va i l a b l e at : http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/technology-can-help-refugeesconnectivity-remains-challenge-1741988862. Accessed 4 May 2017. ˣˣˣⁱⁱⁱThe Economist. (2017). Phones are now indispensible for refugees. [online] A v a i l a b l e at:http://www.economist.com/news/international/21716637technology-has-made-migrating-europe-easier-over-time-it-will-alsomake-migration. Accessed 4 May 2017.
20 case studies: Digitizing Humanitarian Act: The Role of Technology in Supporting Refugees
ˣˣˣⁱᵛBenton, M. and Glennie, A. (2016) Digital Humanitarianism: How Tech Entrepreneurs Are Supporting Refugee Integration. Transatlantic Council on Migraton. New York: Migration Policy Institute. ˣˣˣᵛPR Newswire. (2017). EduApp4Syria Competition Launches Unique Literacy Learning Apps That Can Reach Millions of War-Affected Syrian Children. [online] Available at : http://www.prne wswire.com/ne ws releases/eduapp4syria-competition-launches-unique-literacylearning-apps-that-can-reach-millions-of-war-affected-syrianchildren-300425923.html. (Accessed 4th May 2017). ˣˣˣᵛⁱBearne, S. (2016) The gloval tech community tackles the refugee crisis. [online] The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/medianetwork/2016/feb/19/global-tech-community-tackles-refugee-crisisberlin. Accessed 4May 2017. ˣˣˣᵛⁱⁱGSMA. (2017). The Importance of Mobile for Refugees. UK AID & The UK Government. ˣˣˣᵛⁱⁱⁱBenton, M. and Glennie, A. (2016) Digital Humanitarianism: How Tech Entrepreneurs Are Supporting Refugee Integration. Transatlantic Council on Migraton. New York: Migration Policy Institute. ˣˣˣⁱˣBenton, M. and Glennie, A. (2016) Digital Humanitarianism: How Tech Entrepreneurs Are Supporting Refugee Integration. Transatlantic Council on Migraton. New York: Migration Policy Institute. ˣˡBenton, M. and Glennie, A. (2016) Digital Humanitarianism: How Tech Entrepreneurs Are Supporting Refugee Integration. Transatlantic Council on Migraton. New York: Migration Policy Institute.
21 case study: Digitizing Humanitarian Act: The Role of Technology in Supporting Refugees
Center for Digital Society Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Universitas Gadjah Mada Room BC 201-202, BC Building 2nd Floor, Jalan Socio Yustisia 1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia Phone : (0274) 563362, Ext. 116 Email : cfds.ďŹ sipol@ugm.ac.id Website : cfds.ďŹ sipol.ugm.ac.id