Foundation of free society(Malayalam Translated)

1

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

Hcp kzX{¥ kaqlØns‚ ASnØd

2

Foundations of Free Society First published in Great Britain in 2013 by The Institute of Economic Affairs 2 Lord North Street Westminster London sw1p 3lb in association with Profile Books Ltd The mission of the Institute of Economic Affairs is to improve public understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society, with particular reference to the role of markets in solving economic and social problems.

Copyright © The Institute of Economic Affairs 2013 The moral right of the author has been asserted.

All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the publisher of this book.

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 978 0 255 36687 8 eISBN 978 0 255 36691 5 Translated to Malayalam by Centre for Public Policy Research ‘Anitha’, 1st floor,S.A. Road, Elamkulam Kochi, Kerala, India- 682 020 Ph : +91 484 6469117 / 4043895 cppr@cppr.in www.cppr.in Follow us: www.facebook.com/cpprindia www.twitter.com/CPPRIndia www.linkedin.com/company/centre-for-public-policy-research Download Mobile App at Google Play Store CPPR India This book translation is made possible with the support grant from Atlas Network, Washington D C, USA

3

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

D≈S°w

{KŸImc≥ Aen k¬ams‚ AhXmcnI IrX⁄X kwt£]w

1. BapJw

13

Cu ]pkvXIØns‚ Dt±iyw F¥mWo ]pkvXIØns‚ LS\?

2. kzmX{¥yØns‚ [m¿ΩnIhpw kmºØnIhpw Bb KpW^e߃ 16

3.

Hcp kzX{¥ kaqlw kzmX{¥yØn\mbp≈ [m¿ΩnIhmZw kzmX{¥yØn\mbp≈ kmºØnIhmZw

16 20 28

Hcp kzX{¥ kaqlØns‚ ÿm]\߃ tÉn√mØ kaqlw k¿°m¿ F¥psIm≠v \nb{¥Whnt[bambncn°Ww k¿°mcns\ \nb-{¥n-°m-\p≈ am¿§-߃ \nba {Iao-I-cWw

40 40 43 56 62

4. kaXzhpw AkaXzhpw Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØnse kaXzw hnhn-[-Xcw ka-Xz-߃ A¥-c-^-e-ß-fnse kaXzw kaXzhpw \oXnbpw kaXzhmZØns‚ IqSpX¬ A]IS߃ 4

67 68 76 82 87

5.

kzX{¥ kwcw`hpw hmWnPyhpw kzX{¥ hn]Wn kºZvhyhÿ Fßs\ [\nIcmhmw hn]Wn {]h¿Øn°p∂sXßs\ A¥mcmjv{S hym]mcw

91 91 95 101 107

6.

kzØpw \oXnbpw kzImcy kzØv \nbahmgvN a\pjymhImiw

111 111 117 129

7. Bfl{]tNmZnXamb kaqlw Iev]\Iƒ C√m-sX-bp≈ {Iaw klnjvWpX \nkzm¿∞Xm kn≤m¥Øns‚ {]iv\߃

133 133 137 149

8.

kzImcyh¬°cWhpw BtKmfh¬°cWhpw IpSntb‰hpw kmt¶XnI hnZybpw Hcp kzX{¥kaql krjvSn kzØhImiw {]hr-Øn-bnk¿°m¿ C√mØ a\p-jy-tk-h-\-߃ BtKmfh¬°cWhpw hmWnPyhpw kam[m\Øns‚ {]m[m\yw

156 156 157 159 169 177 182

9.

hmZKXn Npcp°ØnkzmX{¥yØn\m-bp≈ hmZw \nb{¥nX k¿°m¿ Akm-am\y kaXzw Hcp kzX{¥ kºZvhyhÿ \oXnbpw \nb-a-hm-gvNbpw Bfl{]tNmZnXamb kaqlw kzmX{¥yØns‚ temIw

184 184 185 185 186 187 188 188

hntij {KŸkqNn sF.C.F˛ sb Ipdn®v

5

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

{KŸImc≥ Cutam¨ _Sve¿ (Eamonn Butler) BUw kvanØv C≥Ãn‰yq´n (Adam Smith Institute) s‚ UbdIvSdpw, {]kn≤\mb \bcq]oIcW hnZKv≤\pamWv. At±lØn\v kmºØnI imkv{Xw, XXzimkv{Xw, a\ximkv{Xw F∂nhbn¬ _ncpZhpw, 1978 ˛¬ bqWn-th-gvkn‰n Hm^v sk‚v B≥{Uq-kn¬ (University of St.Andrews) \n∂v Phdbpw D≠v. bp.-sI. (U.K) bnte°v aSßnh∂v Adam Smith Institute ÿm]n°m≥ klmbn°p∂ Xn\v apºv Fgp]XpIfn¬ At±lw Atacn°bnse P\{]Xn\n[nk`bv°v th≠n {]h¿Øn°pIbpw anjnKWnse ln¬kvtU¬ tImtfPn¬ XXzimkv{Xw ]Tn∏n°pIbpw sNbvXncp∂p. 2012˛At±lsØ FUn≥_d _nkn\ v kvIqƒ Unen‰v _ncpZw \¬In BZcn®p. Ct∏mƒ At±lw au≠v ]tedn¬ skmssk‰n (Mount Pelerin Society) bpsS sk{I´dnbmbn {]h¿Øn®v hcp∂p. Cutam¨ (Eemonn), an¬´≥ {^oUvam≥ (Milton Frdeman), F^v.-F. lmb°v (F.A. Hayak), epUvhnKv thm¨ ankkv (Ludvig Von Mises) F∂o A{KKWycmb kmºØnIimkv{X⁄∑msc]‰nbp≈ ]pkvXIßfpsS {KŸI¿Øm hpw Hmkv{Snb≥ kvIqƒ Hm^v C°tWmanIvknse {][m\ {KŸI¿ØmhpamWv. IEAbv°v th≠n At±lw BUw kvanØns\ ]‰nbpw, epUvhnKv thm¨ ankkns\ ]‰nbpw s]mXpXm¬]cysØ ]‰nbpw ASnÿm\{KŸßƒ FgpXnbn´p≠v.

IqenbptSbpw hne\nb{¥WØns‚bpw Ncn{Xw F∂ ]pkvXIØns‚ bpw _p≤namµysØ Ipdn®p≈ ]pkvXIßfpsS Hcp ]cºcbpsS kl{KŸI¿ØmhmWv. At±lØns‚ kao]ImesØ {]ikvXamb ]pkvXIßfmb The Best book on the market, The Rotten State of Britain, The Alternative Manifesto F∂nh hfscb[nIw P\{i≤ BI¿jn®h bmWv. IqSmsX At±lw A®Sn {]t£]W am[yaßfn¬ \ndkm∂n[yamWv. 6

AhXmcnI kmºØnI cmjv{Sob {]Xnk‘nIfm¬ ]et∏mgpw kzmX{¥yw B{Ian°s∏Smdp≠v . `oIcamb amµyØn\nSbn¬ F√m {][m\ kºZvLS\Ifpw XocphIƒ Iq´n hmWnPysØ ]cnanXs∏SpØn. A{i≤ amb Cu {]hrØn kmºØnI _p≤nap´pIsf Iq´pIbpw `ua cmjv{Sob kwL¿jßsf h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. D¬]XnjvWp°fmb ÿnXn kaXzhmZn `cWIqSßfpsS Bho¿`mhw ë`qanbpsS ]IpXntbmfw hcp∂ {]tZiß fnepw ]uc,cmjv { Sob, kmºØnI kzmX{¥yØns‚ ASn®a¿Øentebv°v \bn®p. kao]ImeØmbn, 9/11 Zpc¥hpw Atacn°≥ {]XnIcWhpw A[nI kpc£bv°mbn kzmX{¥ysØ_enIgn°p∂ XcØnep≈ \b߃°v XpS°wh®p. AXpt]mseXs∂ 2008˛¬ Atacn°≥ aÆn¬Xs∂ cq]wsIm≠ BtKmf kmºØnI {]Xnk‘nsbXpS¿∂v h¿≤nXamb \nb{¥Wßfpw, {IaoIcWßfpw kpc£m\S]SnIfpw h∂p. kzX{¥ ItºmfØns‚ {InbmflI hn\miw F∂ kn≤m¥w B{ibn°p∂Xn\v ]Icw A‰vem‚n°ns‚ Ccphiap≈ k¿°mdpIƒ XI¿∂psIm≠ncn °p∂ hyhkmbßsf c£n°m≥ \nIpXnZmbIs‚ kºØns‚ hensbmcp ]¶pw D]tbmKn®p. kzmX{¥yØn\v `ojWnIƒ s]cpIp∂p. Im¬\q‰m≠v apºv, tkmhnb‰v bqWnb≥ •mkvt\mÃv kzoIcn®Xpw _¿en≥ aXnens‚ hogvNbpw temIw BtLmjn®p. F∂m¬ bqtdm∏nse ]pØ≥ tZiobXbptSbpw a[y]q¿∆ tZißfnse cmjv{Sobamb Dev]XnjvWpXzØns‚ cq]Ønepw ]pXnb sh√phnfnIƒ Db¿∂ph∂ncn°p∂p. {i≤n®ns√¶n¬ c≠v {]hWXIfpw kzmX{¥ysØ Ipdbv°pw. bqtdm∏n¬ XmcXtay\ A[nIw cmjv{Sob kzmX{¥yw ˛ {]h¿Ø\k÷amb P\m[n]Xyw \ne\n¬°p∂p ˛ F¶nepw tZiobXbnte°pw, hwiob bmYmÿnXnIXXzØnte°vt]mepw D≈ 7

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

Xncn®pt]m°v kw`hn°p∂p. Itºmfhpw P\m[n]Xyhpw \√ coXnbnC√mØ a[y]q¿∆tZißfn¬ aX]camb Dev]XnjvWpXzw AXv`pXIca√.

CØcw {]iv\߃ Ds≠¶nepw 21˛mw \q‰m≠nse hy‡nIƒ ap≥ \q‰m≠nse AhcpsS ]q¿∆nItc°mƒ ]eXeßfnepw IqSpX¬ kzX{¥cmWv. hnhckmt¶XnIhnZybnse hnπhw F√mXcØnep≈ AXncpItfbpw Ipd®psIm≠ph∂ncn°p∂p. DZmlcWØn\v ssN\bn¬ {][m\s∏´ FgpØp Imc\pw kmaqly hnaÀiI\pamb eo sNßv s]ßns‚ (Li Cheng Peng) knl shbnt_m tªmKv (Siha Weibo blog) \v Bdv Zie£w Bcm[Icp≠v. IqSmsX Ad_v hk¥w kabØv kmaqlyam[ya߃ hnimeamb cmjv{Sob kmaqly ]ptcmKXn ssIhcn°m≥ klmbn®p. hnhcw i‡nbmsW¶n¬ hnhckmt¶XnIhnZy hy‡nsb i‡ns∏SpØnbn´p≠v. `qanimkv{X]camb AXn¿ØnIƒ \ne\n¬°p∂p s≠¶nepw Ah Xo¿Øpw A{]k‡ßfmbnsIm≠ncn°p∂p.

Cu ]›mØeØn¬ Cutam¨ _SvedpsS GI hnjb {]_‘w Xo¿Øpw katbmNnXamWv. kzmX{¥ysØ ]‰nbp≈ \qX\ ASnÿm\{KŸßfpsS Iq´Øntebv°v kzX{¥kaqlØns‚ ASnØdIƒ Hcp kzmKXm¿lamb Iq´ntN¿°¬ BWv. k¶o¿Æhpw hfsc A[nIw kzm[o\ i‡nbp≈ Xpamb Bib߃ efnXamb `mjbneqsS AhXcn∏n°p∂XnemWv _SvedpsS A]q¿∆amb kn≤n. At±lØns‚ Bibßsf DZmlcn°p ∂Xpw ssk≤m¥nIamb hmZapJßsf ]n¥pWbv°p∂Xpamb bYm¿∞ temIØnse DZmlcW߃sIm≠v Xs‚ hna¿iIcpsSbpw FXncmfnI fpsSbpw hmZßsf At±lw hnPbIcambn Xf¿Øp∂p.

Cu Occasional Paper AXpsIm≠pXs∂ kzX{¥kaqlØns‚ XXzßsf a\ nem°phm≥ B{Kln°p∂h¿°v Hcp anI® BapJ ]T\ amWv. CXv Cu XXz߃ tI´ptIƒhn t]mep an√mØ cmPyßfnkzmX{¥yw t{]m¬kmln∏n°m≥ {ian°p∂h¿°pw, ]mcºcy kzmX{¥y߃ l\n°s∏Sp∂ cmPyßfn¬ kzmX{¥yw kwc£n°p∂ h¿°pamWv {]tXyIn®pw {]tbmP\s∏SpI. Aen k¬am≥ ^u-¿ B‚ v FIvkn-I-yq-´ohv Ub-d-IvS¿ t]mfnkn dnsk¿®v C≥Ãn-‰-yq´v Hm^v am¿°‰v C°-tWman C…m-am-_m-Zv, ]m°n-ÿm≥ sk]vXw-_¿ 2013 8

F√mw IEA bpsS {]kn-≤o-Ic- W - ß - ƒ BsW-¶n-epw, Cu GI hnjb ]pkvXI-Øn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p∂ Bi-bß - ƒ Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ am{X-am-Wv. C≥Ãn‰-yq-´n-s‚tbm (kwL-Sn-X-amb Bi-b-ßtfm ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Itfm C√m-Ø) amt\- P nMv {SÃn- I - f p- s Stbm A°m- U - a nIv AssUz- k dn Iu¨knAwK-ß-fp-sStbm ko\n-b¿ Ãm^p-I-fp-sStbm A√. seIvt®-gvkns‚ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃ t]mse-bp≈ Nne-sXmgn®v, F√m GI hnjb ]pkvXI-ßfpw, Cu cwKØv {]K-¤-cmb k¿∆-I-em-ime A[-ym-]-Itcm Kth-j-Itcm, Npcp-ßn-bXv c≠-p-t]¿ kqjva-ambn Ah-tem-I\w sNøp-∂p.

9

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

IrX-⁄X {]n≥kn-∏nƒ Hm^v F {^o skmssk‰n F∂ Xs‚ ]pkvX-I-Øn\n∂pw [mcmfw Bi-b-߃ ]I¿Øp-hm≥ Fgp-Øp-Im-cs\ A\p-h-Zn® ss\P¬ Bjvt^m¿Un\v (Nigel Ashford) {]tX-yI \µn. F®v. _n. BIvSs‚ Zv tamd¬kv Hm^v am¿°-‰vkv (H.B. Acton - The Morale of Markets), sP. Fkv. an√ns‚ (J.S. Mill) Hm¨ en_¿´n (On Liberty), amUvk≥ ]nco-kns‚ (Madson Pirie) {^oUw 101 (Freedom 101), dn®m¿Uv sh√nw-Kvkns‚ (Richard Wellings) ssKUv ‰p en_¿´n (A beginess guide to Liberty), G¨Ãv s_∂ns‚ (Earnest Benn) ssh {^oUw h¿Ivkv (Why freedom works), tSmw ]ma-dns‚ (Tom Palmer) Zv samdm-en‰n Hm^v Im∏n-‰-enkw (The Morality of Capitalism) F∂o ]pkvX-I-ßfpw hf-sc-b-[nIw klm-b-I-am-bn-cp-∂p.

10

kwt£]w

1.

kzmX{¥yw A`nhr≤nsb krjvSn°p∂p. AXv \qX\mhnjvImcw, \hoIcWw, am\h]mShw F∂nhsb kzX{¥am°n, apºn√mXncp∂ kºØns\ krjvSn°p∂p. kzmX{¥ysØ kzoIcn® kaql߃ [\nIcmbn amdn. A√mØh¿ Zcn{Zcmbpw XpS¿∂p.

2.

kzmX{¥yw Ipdhp≈ cmPyßfnse {]amWnIƒ sNøp∂t]mse a‰p≈hsc NqjWw sNbv X √ kzX{¥kaqlØnse P\߃ [\nIcmIp∂Xv. a‰p≈hsc IqSpX¬ Zcn{Zcm°n Ah¿°v IqSpX[\nIcmhm≥ Ignbn√. a‰p≈h¿°v th≠sX√mw \¬Inbpw a‰p≈ hcpsS PohnXw sa®s∏SpØnbpw am{Xta Ah¿°v [\nIcmhm≥ Ignbq.

3.

Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØnse Zcn{ZcmWv kmºØnIamb Ne\mfl IXbpsS apJy KpWt`m‡m°ƒ. ]cX{¥kaqlßtf°mƒ kzX{¥kaqlß fmWv kmºØnIambn IqSpX¬ kaXzap≈Xv. `qcn`mKw kzX{¥kaql ßfnse Zcn{Z¿, Ipd®v sIm√w apºphsc Ah¿°v kz]v\w ImWm≥ t]mepw km[n°mØXpw, ]cX{¥ kaqlØnse `cWh¿§{]amWnIƒ°v am{Xw e`n®ncp∂Xpw Bb B¿`mS߃ BkzZn°p∂p.

4.

BtKmfhmWnPyw kwc`I¿°v ]pXnb Itºmf߃ sImSp°p∂ tXmsSm∏w Ign™ Ccp]Xv h¿jØn\p≈n¬ \qdv tImSnbne[nIw P\ßsf ISpØ Zmcn{ZyØn¬\n∂v c£s∏SpØnbn´p≠v. kzmX{¥yw a\pjyNcn{XØn¬ G‰hpw lnXIchpw Dev]mZ\£ahpamb i‡nIfnH∂mWv.

5.

kºØpw hcpam\hpw kaXzh¬°cn°m\p≈ k¿°mcpIfpsS {ia߃ hn]coX^eap≠m °p∂hbmWv. Ah ITn\{]bXv\Øn \pw ]cn{iaØn\pw D≈ {]tNmZ\ßsf \in∏n°pIbpw apgph≥ kaqlØns‚ Dev]mZ\£aX h¿≤n∏n°p∂ aqe[\ \n¿ΩmWsØ 11

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

\ncp¬kmls∏SpØpIbpw sNøp∂p.

12

6.

Hcp kzX{¥kaqlw Bfl{]tNmZnXamb kaqlamWv. kam[m\]c amb klIcWw t{]m’mln∏n°p∂ \nba߃ ]men®psIm≠p≈ hy‡nKX {]h¿Ø\ßfneqsSbmWv AXv cq]s∏´v hcp∂Xv . cmjv { Sob A[nImcnIfm¬ ASnt®ev]n°s∏´hb√.

7.

k¿°mcn\v hfsc ]cnanXamb ]t¶ D≈q. Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØn\v \oXnbpw \ymbhpw \ne\n¿ØpIbpw Dd∏m°pIbpw sNøp∂Xphgn ]uc∑m¿°v A]ISw hcp∂Xv XSbm\mWv AXv \nesIm≈p∂Xv. AXv `uXnIamb kaXzw ASnt®ev]n°p∂pan√, Nne BfpIƒ AlnXIcamIp∂Xpw, \nµyambXpw Bbn IcpXp∂Xn\m¬ {]hrØnIsf \ntcm[n°p∂pan√. t\Xm°ƒ°v AhcpsS kz¥w lnXØn\mbn P\ßsf sIm≈bSn°mt\m, kplrØp°ƒ°v A\¿lamb tkh\߃ sImSp°mt\m, i{Xp°ƒs°Xnsc AhcpsS A[nImcw Zpcp]tbmKn°mt\m Ignbn√.

8.

kzX{¥kaqlØnse k¿°m¿ \nbahyhÿbm¬ ]cnanXs∏´ XmWv. AhcpsS \nba߃ F√mh¿°pw Hcpt]mse _m[IamWv. F√m Imcyßfnepw IrXyamb \nba\S]Sn thWw. \oXn]q¿∆Iamb hnNmcW bp≠mhWw. hnNmcWbn√msX Zo¿Lamb XShp≠mIcpXv. Ip‰w sXfn bp∂hsc Ip‰w Btcm]n°s∏´hsc \nc]cm[nbmbn ]cnKWn°Ww. Htc Ip‰Øn\v H∂ntesd XhW hnNmcW sNbvXv _p≤nap´n°cpXv.

9.

a‰p≈hcpsS PohnXcoXnItfmSpw BibßtfmSpw klnjvWpX ImWn°p∂Xphgn kaql Øn\v \∑ D≠mhp∂p. kXyw ]et∏mgpw {]ISa√. AXv Bib kwhmZßfneqsS Db¿∂v hcp∂p. \ap°v sk≥k¿am¿ sX‰mb Bibßsf am{Xta HXp°pIbp≈p F∂v hnizkn°m\mhn√. Ah¿ Nnet∏mƒ `mhnbn¬ kaqlØn\v henb kw`mh\Iƒ \evImhp∂ Bib ßsfbpw {]h¿Ø\coXnItfbpw HXp°nsb∂vhcmw.

10.

hm¿Ømhn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy GIm[n]Xy k¿°mcpIƒ°v AhcpsS {]hrØnIsf temIØn¬\n∂v aqSnhbv°m≥ _p≤nap´p≠m°p∂p.

X¬^eambn IqSpX¬ IqSpX¬ cmPy߃ hmWnPyhpw k©mchpw t{]m¬kmln∏n°pIbpw ]pXnb Bib߃ {]Ncn°p Ibpw sNøp∂p.

IqSpX¬ P\߃ kmºØnI kmaqly kzmX{¥yØns‚ ta∑Iƒ a\ nem°pIbpw AXv AhImis∏SpIbpw sNøp∂p.

1. BapJw Cu ]pkvXIØns‚ Dt±iyw Cu ]pkv X Iw Hcp kzX{¥kaqlsØ \n¿hNn°p∂ ASnÿm\ XXzßsf]‰n kqNn∏n°p∂p. kzX{¥cmsW∂v kzbw Nn¥n°p∂ cmPyßfn¬t]mepw ip≤amb hy‡n, cmjv{Sob kmºØnI kzmX{¥yw hfsc A]q¿∆ambXn\memWv CXv BhiyamIp∂Xv. Xo¿®bmbpw hfsc kzX{¥amb cmPyhpw Xosc kzX{¥a√mØ cmPyhpw XΩn¬ hfsc hyXymkaps≠¶nepw F√m cmPyßfnepw IqSpXtem Ipd™tXm Bb Afhn¬ P\ßfpsS cmjv{Sob kmºØnI PohnX߃ DtZymKÿcmtem cmjv { Sob°mcmtem ]cnanXs∏SpØpItbm \nb{¥n°s∏SpItbm sNøs∏Sp∂p. CØcw \nb{¥Wßfpw ]cnanXnIfpw hfsc°meambn \nehnep≈Xpw \ΩpsS ssZ\wZn\ PohnXsØ ]cnanXs∏SpØpIbpw sNøp∂Xn\m¬ AXv \ΩpsS kwkvImcØns‚ Hcp `mKwXs∂ Bbn Xo¿∂p. P\߃ Ahsb PohnXØns‚ kzm`mhnIhpw Hgn®pIqSm≥ ]‰mØXpamb Hcp `mKambn IcpXp∂p.

CXns‚ ]cnWnX^esas¥∂m¬ kzX{¥kaqlØn¬ Pohn°p∂p F∂v hnizkn°p∂ temI P\kwJybpsS knwl`mKØn\pw bYm¿∞ kzmX{¥yØns‚ A¿∞wt]mepw Nn¥n°m\mhp∂n√˛ Hcp kzX{¥kaqlw Fßs\bmWv , Fßs\ {]h¿Øn°p∂p F∂v a\ nem°p∂h¿ AXnepw hncfw.

F∂ncp∂mepw an° P\ßfpw kzmX{¥yw B{Kln°p∂p. Ah¿°v FÆsaØmØ s]¿an‰pIƒ e`n°msXXs∂ hmWnPyØn¬ G¿s∏Sm≥ IgnbWw. Ah¿°v AhcpsS hoSpIƒ, IrjnbnS߃, ]WnimeIƒ F∂nhbpsS Imemh[n kpc£nXamIWw, cmjv { Sob°m¿ Ah

13

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

Zqscsbdn™v \in∏n°msX AhcpsS IpSpw_߃°v F¥mWv G‰hpw \√Xv F∂v DtZymKÿ¿ B⁄m]n°p∂Xnt\°mƒ Ah¿°v Xocpam\n°Ww. Ahsc ieyw sNømXncn°m≥ t]meokn\pw, DtZymKÿ¿°pw ssI°qen sImSp°msXXs∂ Ah¿°v XßfpsS PohnXhpambn apt∂m´v t]mIWw. kmaqly kmºØnI kzmX{¥yØns‚ ASnÿm\XØz߃ \n¿∆Nnt°≠Xns‚ BhiyIX CXmWv. kzmX{¥yw F¥msW∂pw AsXßs\ {]h¿Øn°p∂p F∂pap≈Xns‚ IrXyamb ho£WsØ ASnÿm\am°nbmWv P\߃°v Hcp kzX{¥kaqlsØ ]SpØpb¿Øm≥ km[n°p∂Xv.

Cu ]pkvXIw Fßs\ cq]s∏´ncn°p∂p A≤ymbw 2. Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØns‚ kmºØnIt\´ßƒ am{Xa√ kzmX{¥yØns‚ [m¿ΩnI hmZhpwIqSn hniZoIcn°p∂p. Hcp kzX{¥kaqlhpw kzX{¥kºZvLS\bpw hfsc BgØneq∂nb aqeyßsf ASnÿm\s∏SpØnbp≈XmWv? (a‰p≈ [m¿ΩnIhyhÿIsf sh√phnfn°p∂Xn\p ]Icw Ahsb ]n¥pWbv°p∂Xpw, i‡ns∏SpØp∂Xpw h¿≤n∏n°p∂Xpamb aqeyßsf) kzmX{¥yw F√mh¿°pap≈XmWv. A≤ymbw 3. i‡cmb `cWm[nImcnIƒ Fs¥√mw sNøWw F∂v ]dbmsXXs∂ Hcp kzX{¥ kaqlw F{]Imcw P\ßfpsS Bhiyßsf kpKaambn \nh¿Øn®psImSp°p∂p F∂v hniZoIcn°p∂p. \n›b ambpw AXv F¥psIm≠v k¿°mdns‚ ]¶pw A[nImcßfpw ]cnanXamIWsa∂pw Hcp kzX{¥kaqlw Fßs\ ImWs∏Sp∂p F∂pw Fßs\ {]h¿Øn°pw F∂pw hniZoIcn°p∂p.

A≤ymbw 4. kzmX{¥yhpw kaXzhpw XΩnep≈ hy‡amb kΩ¿±sØ N¿® sNøp∂p. IqSpX¬ kzmX{¥yw hmkvXhØn¬ {][m\ Imcyßfnse√mw IqSpX¬ kaXzw {]Zm\w sNøp∂p. F∂m¬ ]cnWnX^eØns‚ kaXzw kaqlØnt∑¬ ASnt®ev]n°m\p≈ {ia߃ Zqchym]Iamb \miw D≠m°pIbpw kzmX{¥yØns‚ XXzßsf A´nadn°pIbpw sNøp∂p.

A≤ymbw 5. Itºmf߃ tÉns‚ \nb{¥WØn¬\n∂v amdnbm¬ Fßs\ A`nhr≤n krjvSn°pIbpw ]cØpIbpw sNøp∂p F∂v 14

BapJw

hniZoIcn°p∂XneqsS Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØns‚ kmºØnI N´°qSv {]Xn]mZn°p∂p. Cu {]{Inb kpKaambn \SØm≥ \Ωƒ ]ment°≠ \nbaßsfbpw am\hklIcWw t{]m’mln∏n°p∂XnkzX{¥hym]mcØns‚ \n¿ÆmbI]¶ns\bpw hniZoIcn°p∂p.

A≤ymbw 6. kzØnt‚bpw \oXnbptSbpw XØzßsf ]cntim[n°p∂ Cu A≤ymbw _e{]tbmKhpw NqjWhpw G‰hpw eLqIcn°Wsa¶nHcp kzX{¥kaqlØnse \nba߃ s]mXphmbn km[mcW P\ßsft∏mseXs∂ A[nImcÿm\Øncn°p∂h¿°pw Hcpt]mse _m[Iambncn°Wsa∂v hniZoIcn°p∂p. {]mYanI am\pjnI AhImißsf Hcp kzX¥kaqlw Fßs\ _lpam\n°p∂p F∂pw hniZoIcn°p∂p.

A≤ymbw 7. A[nImcnIfpsS B⁄Ifn√msX Hcp kzX{¥kaqlw Fßs\ {]h¿Øn°p∂p F∂v IqSpX¬ hniZoIcn°p∂p. \∂mbn {]h¿Øn°p∂Xpw F∂m¬ kzX{¥hpw Bb kaqlw ÿm]n°m≥ DXIp∂ [m¿ΩnIhpw s]cpam‰]cambXpw Bb \nbaßsf]‰n {]Xn]mZn°p∂p. CXv klnjvWpXbpsS BhiyIXsb Du∂pIbpw, \nkzm¿∞Xbn¬ A[njvTnXamb kaqlØns‚ {]iv\ßsf hniZoIcn°pIbpw sNøp∂p.

A≤ymbw 8. H∂pan√mØ Ahÿbn¬\n∂v Fßs\ Hcp kzX{¥kaqlw sI´n∏Sp°mw F∂v ]cntim[n°p∂p. CXv ssZ\wZn\PohnXØnsa®s∏´ t{]m¬kml\Øns‚ {]m[m\ytØbpw, apIfn¬\n∂v Xocpam\߃ ASnt®ev ] n°p∂Xnse aqVXbpw ImWn°p∂p. k¿°mcn√msXXs∂ AXymhiytkh\߃t]mepw {]Zm\w sNøp∂sXßs\ F∂v ImWn°p∂p. IqSmsX CXv kzX{¥ hym]mcØnt‚bpw kam[m\Ønt‚bpw {]m[m\yw Du∂n∏dbp∂p.

15

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

2. kzmX{¥yØns‚ [m¿ΩnI kmºØnI \∑Iƒ kzX{¥kaqlw kzmX{¥yw sIm≠¿∞am°p∂Xv F¥v? kzmX{¥yw F∂Xv XShnem°s∏SmØXv , ASn®a¿Øs∏SmØXv F∂Xnt\°mƒ A¿∞hØmWv . CXpsIm≠v A¿∞am°p∂Xv A[nImcnIƒ Dƒs∏sSbp≈ a‰p≈h¿ ASnt®ev]n°p∂ Zp lamb \nßfpsS Cjv S {]Imcw \nb{¥Wßfn√msX {]h¿Øn°m\pw, kwkmcn°m\pw, Nn¥n°m\pap≈ AhImiw D≠mhpI F∂mWv. CXv, \nßfpsS kzImcy, IpSpw_ kmaqlyPohnXØn¬ am{Xa√ \nßfpsS cmjv{Sob\ne]mSpIfnepw a‰p≈hcpambp≈ kmºØnI CS]mSpIfnepw _m[IamWv. Cu aqeyßsf Db¿Øn]nSn°m≥ {ian°p∂XmWv Hcp kzX{¥kaqlw.

Ncn{XØnepw C∂pw kzmX{¥yw kºØv D≠m°p∂Xnepw AXv ]uc∑mcpsS CSbn¬ ]S¿Øp∂Xnepw hfsc hnPbIcamsW∂v sXfnbn®n´p≠v. a\pjyh¿§Øns‚ G‰hpw {InbmflIhpw krjvSn ]chpamb i‡nIfnsem∂msW∂v sXfnbn®n´p≠v . CXv temI saºmSpap≈ P\ßfpsS {]tXyIn®v G‰hpw Zcn{ZcmbhcpsS PohnXßsf sa®s∏SpØnbn´p≠v. kzmX{¥ywsIm≠v A¿∞am°p∂Xv \nßfpsS lnXa\pkcn®v {]h¿Øn°p∂Xn¬ \n∂v \nßsf hgnapS°m≥ Hcp XS hpw \nb{¥W hpw D≠mIn√ F∂mWv. AXmbXv a‰p≈hcm¬ kΩ¿±w sNepØs∏t´m, \n¿t±in°s∏t´m, `ojWns∏SpØntbm, `b∂nt´m, \n¿_‘n°s∏t´m, ASnt®ev]n°s∏t´m, ssIISØs∏t´m Ir{Xnaw ImWn°s∏t´m A√ F∂v. CXns‚ A¿∞w B{Ian°s∏SmsXbpw NXn°s∏SmsXbpw, 16

kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ [m¿ΩnI kmº-ØnI \∑-Iƒ

Ih¿®s∏SmsXbpw A]mbs∏SpØmsXbpw \nßfpsS PohnXw apt∂m´v \bn°m≥ km[n°pI F∂mWv. CsX¥psIms≠∂m¬ Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØn¬ kzmX{¥yw F√mh¿°pw Hcpt]mse _m[IamWv. \Ωnem¿°pw as‰mcmƒ°v A¿lamb kzmX{¥yw \ntj[n°p∂ hn[ØnAhcpsS Imcyßfn¬ ssIISØpItbm, Ahsc XS s∏SpØpItbm, A]mbs∏SpØpItbm sNøm≥ AhImian√. kzmX{¥yw as‰mcmsf A]mbs∏SpØmØ Ahÿhsctb \ne\n¬°p∂p≈q. \nßfpsS apjvSn Npg‰m\p≈ kzmX{¥yw Fs‚ aq°v XpSßp∂nSØv Ahkm\n°p∂p. as‰mcmsf `ojWn s∏SpØns∏SpØp tºmtgm, \n¿_‘n°ptºmtgm Ih¿®sNøptºmtgm, sImes∏SpØp tºmtgm \n߃ kzmX{¥yw hn\ntbmKn°pIb√ sNøp∂Xv adn®v ]oUn∏n°s∏SmXncn°m\p≈ AhcpsS kzmX{¥ysØ l\n°pIbmWv. CXv ìA]ISclnXî XXzw F∂v Adnbs∏Sp∂p. a‰p≈h¿°v A]ISw hcpØp∂n√ F¶n¬ \n߃°v th≠sX√mw \n߃°v sNømw.

AXpt]mseXs∂ HcmfpsS B{IaWsØ {]Xntcm[n°p∂Xphgn \n߃ AhcpsS kzmX{¥ysØ XS s∏SpØp∂n√. kzmX{¥yhpw A]ISclnX XXzhpw \nßsftbm \n߃°v th≠s∏´hsctbm A]mbs∏SpØp ∂Xn¬ \n∂v a‰p≈hsc XSbm≥ \n߃°v Ignbp∂p. a‰p≈ ]uc∑msc kwc£n°pI F∂Xv t]meoknt‚bpw a‰p \nba]meIcptSbpw I¿Øhyw Bbn ]et∏mgpw IW°m°p∂p. F¶nepw A]cnNnXcpƒ s∏sS Bscsb¶nepw A]mbs∏SpØp∂Xv XSbm≥ \n߃ \SØp∂ CSs]SepIƒ \oXoIcn°mhp∂XmWv. Fßs\bmbmepw A]ISclnXXXzw a‰p≈h¿°v kw`hn°p∂ A]ISØn\v am{Xta _m[Iamhp≈p. \nßfpsS icocsØbpw kzØns\bpw F¥pw sNøphm≥ \n߃°v A\phmZap≠v. F∂m¬ Cu {]{Inbbn¬ \n߃ a‰p≈hcpsS kzmX{¥ysØ ewLn°cpXv .

DZmlcWØn\v a‰mtcbpw A]mbs∏SpØmØhn[Øn¬ \n߃°v \nßfpsS kzØv apgph≥ Zm\w sNømw, A]ISIcamb Imcy߃ sNbvXv \n߃°v A]mbkm[yX D≠mImw, \nßfpsS icocsØ apdns∏SpØmw. a‰p≈h¿ \nßsf Cu kzbw A]ISs∏SpØp∂Xn¬\n∂v ]n¥ncn∏n °m≥ {ian°psa¶nepw AXmWv \nßfpsS a\]q¿∆amb CjvSsa¶nAh¿°v \nßsf imcocnIambn XSbm≥ Ignbn√.

17

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

kzmX{¥yhpw k¿°mcns‚ ]¶pw a‰p≈hcpsS \∑°v th≠nbmsW¶n¬t]mepw a‰p≈hcpsS ImcyßfnCSs]Sm\p≈ kzmX{¥yw C√ F∂Xv hfsc ITn\ambn tXm∂mw. ]s£ \Ωnem¿°pw a‰p≈hcpsS \∑ F¥nemWv F∂v hy‡ambn Adnbm≥ km[n°n√. Hmtcm hy‡nbpw kzbw BWv AhcpsS \∑bpsS hn[nI¿Ømhv. a‰mtc°mfpw Ah¿°v AhcpsS aqey߃, kmlNcy߃, Bhiy߃, `b߃, {]Xo£Iƒ, e£y߃, A`nemj߃ F∂nhsb ]‰n IqSpX¬ hy‡amb [mcW D≠mbncn°pw. AhcmWv AhcpsS {]hrØnIfptSbpw e£yßfptSbpw G‰hpw \√ hn[nI¿Øm°ƒ. a‰p≈hsc]‰n hn[n Iev]n°p∂Xn¬ ]pdta \n∂p≈h¿ ]£]mX at\m`mhap≈hcmImw. a‰p≈hcpsS kzmX{¥yØn¬ ssIISØm≥ P\ßsf \Ωƒ A\phZn®m¬ Ah¿ t_m[]q¿∆amtbm At_m[]q¿∆ amtbm a‰p≈hcpsSXnt\°mƒ kz¥w \∑°pXIpwhn[w {]h¿Øn°mw.

CXp sIm≠mWv a‰p≈hsc \nb{¥n°p∂ I¿Øhyw t]meokn\pw \oXn\ymbhyhÿbv°pw \evInbncn°p∂Xv. Ah¿ ˛ Hcp kzX{¥ kaqlØnse¶nepw ˛ IqSpX¬ \njv]£aXnIfmbncn°pw. \Ωƒ Bcmbncp∂mepw \Ωƒ kzX{¥cmbncn°ptºmƒ BWv \ΩpsS hy‡nKXe£y߃ G‰hpw `wKnbmbn \n¿∆ln°s∏Sp∂Xv. a‰p≈hcpsS IS∂pIb‰Øn¬\n∂v \ΩpsS kzmX{¥ysØ kwc£n°pIbpw kwc£Ww C√mØ cwKtØ°v AXv hym]n∏n°pIbpw, ]q¿Æa√mØ cwKØv AXv ]q¿ØoIcn°pIbpamWv k¿°mcns‚ ]¶v. P\߃ Hcp k¿°mtcm, Ah¿°v taep≈ Hcp A[nImctØtbm krjvSn°m\mbn H∂n°ptºmƒ AhcpsS kzmX{¥ysØ ]cnanXs∏SpØm\√ adn®v AXns\ kwc£n°m\pw hym]n∏n°m\pamWv AhcpsS Dt±iyw. hfsc km[mcWambn k¿°mcpIƒ C{]Imcw A√ krjvSn°s∏Sp∂Xv F¶nepw A[nImcw a‰p≈h¿°v hym]n∏n°msX kz¥w t\´ßƒ°mbn D]tbmKn°m≥ B{Kln°p∂ HcpIq´w P\ßfm¬ s]mXpP\Ønt∑Ah¿ ASnt®ev]n°s∏SpIbmWv. CØcw IS∂m{IaWw an°hmdpw \yq\]£sØ NqjWw sNbv X v t\´ap≠m°p∂ `qcn]£Øns‚ ]q¿ÆkΩXtØmsSbmWv \S°p∂Xv. F∂m¬ kzmX{¥yw FÆsØ ASnÿm\s∏SpØnb√. AXv apgph≥ P\Xbv ° pw Hcpt]mse _m[IamIptºmƒ am{Xta A¿∞hØmIp∂p≈p.

18

kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ [m¿ΩnI kmº-ØnI \∑-Iƒ

s]mXpXm¬]cyw D≈n¬ D≈ k¿°mcpIƒt]mepw, A]mbclnX XXzsØ a\ nem°mØXn\mtem, AhcpsS CSs]SepIƒ D≠m°p∂ A]ISsØ ImWm™nt´m kzmX{¥ysØ Ipdbv°p∂p. DZmlcWØn\v k¿°m¿ \nb{¥Ww, s]mXpP\hntcm[w krjvSn°pw F∂ t]cn¬ Nne Nn¥Itfm, hm°pItfm Nn{Xßtfm kwkmcn°p∂Xn¬\nt∂m {]t£]Ww sNøp∂Xn¬\nt∂m hne°mw. F∂m¬ Cu {]hrØnbneqsS Ah¿ {]K¬`aXnIfmb FgpØpImtcbpw, IemImc∑mtcbpw Ne®n{XImc∑mtcbpw, ]{X{]h¿ØItcbpw a‰pw AhcpsS Nn¥n°m\pw, {]ISn∏n°m\pap≈ kzmX{¥ysØ \nb{¥n°pI hgnbpw AhcpsS HutZymKnIPohnXw XInSw adn°pI hgnbpw AhcpsS A[zm\Øns‚bpw _p≤ni‡nbptSbpw krjvSn]cXbptSbpw t\´ßƒ \ntj[n°pI hgnbpw A]mbs∏SpØp∂p. IqSmsX Hcn°¬ tÉns‚ \nb{¥Ww AwKoIcn°s∏´pIgn™m¬ k¿°mcns\Xnscbp≈ F√m hna¿i\ßsfbpw \ntcm[n°p∂Xnte°pw, Ah¿ `ojWnbmbn IcpXp∂ GsXmcp Nn¥sbbpw ASn®a¿Øp∂Xnte°v AXv hym]n∏n°m≥ A[nImch¿§Øn\v hfsc Ffp∏amIp∂p. km[mcWamb Hcp Ifhv \nIpXnZmbIsc kz¥w kzØv A\p`hn°p ∂Xn¬\n∂v hne°p∂Xp t]mseXs∂bmWv k¿°m¿ NpaØp∂ Ichpw F∂Xv AhKWn®v KpWImw£nbmb k¿°m¿ hcpam\w k¥penXam°m\mbn Icw NpaØmw. km[mcW Ifhv t]mse CØcw ]nSns®Sp°ens‚ `ojWn P\ßsf kºmZn°p∂Xn¬\n∂pw \nt£]n °p∂Xn¬\n∂pw ]n¥ncn∏n°pIbpw AXv apgph≥ P\XbptSbpw A`nhr≤nbv°pw, kpc£bv°pw hn\miIcamWv. AØcw k¿°mcpIƒ s]mXpXm¬]cyØn\mbmWv {]h¿Øn°p∂Xv F∂v hmZn°pambncn°mw F∂m¬ s]mXpXm¬]cyw F¥msW∂v B¿ Xocpam\n°pw? hyXykv X P\߃°v hyXykv X hpw ]ckv ] cw a¬kcn°p∂Xpamb Xm¬]cy߃ D≠v . AØcw a¬kcn°p∂ Xm¬]cyßsf k¥penXam°pI F∂Xv Akm[yamb ImcyamWv. F∂mHutZymKnI A[nImc߃ D]tbmKn®v hnZqcÿcmb A[nImcnIƒ Ah¿°vth≠n sNøp∂Xnt\°mƒ kz¥w Xmev]cy߃ Adnbphm\pw AXn\mbn {]h¿Øn°m\pw IqSpX¬ sIev]p≈h¿ hy‡nIfmWv. _e{]tbmKw Hcp hn]ØmWv. A{IanIsf \nb{¥n°pI F∂Xv t]mep≈ 19

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

_e{]tbmKw Bhiyamb hn]ØmsW¶n¬t]mepw \mw _e{]tbmKw G‰hpw Ipdbv°m≥ {ian°Ww. kzmX{¥y Øns‚ h‡m°fmb ]ecpw F√m a\pjy¿°pw Pohn°m\p≈, kzØv ssIhiw hbv ° m\p≈ F∂nht]mep≈ kzm`mhnI kzmX{¥yw Ds≠∂v hmZn°p∂p. Ch k¿°mcns‚ \ΩpsS taep≈ A[nImcØn\v ]cn[nIƒ \n›bn°p∂p. \mw as‰mcmsf \sΩ Ih¿® sNømt\m \nb{¥n°mt\m kΩXn°mdn√, ]ns∂¥n\v k¿°mcns\ AXv sNøm≥ kΩXn°Ww? a\pjyNcn{XØns‚ `qcn`mKØnepw P\߃ kzX{¥cmbn´n√. k¿°mcpIƒ hy‡nIfpsS kzta[bm D≈ Xocpam\Øns‚ ^eambn D≠m°nbX√ adn®v _ew {]tbmKn°m≥ Xømdp≈hcmASnt®ev]n°s∏´XmWv. F∂m¬ GsX¶nepw A[nImcØn\ma\∏q¿∆w \n¿t±in°s∏´ PohnXw \bn°p∂ Hcp hy‡nbpw Hcp ]q¿Æhy‡nb√. P\߃ kz¥w Cjv S {]Imcw Xncs™Sp∏v \SØptºmtg Ah¿ [m¿ΩIambn ]q¿Æamhp∂p≈q. Ah¿°v th≠n a‰p≈hcmWv sXcs™Sp °p∂sX¶n¬ Ah¿°v [m¿ΩnIaqeyw Xosc IpdhmWv. At∏mƒ Ah¿ ]q¿Æa\pjy\√ adn®v Xosc \n mc\mWv.

kzmX{¥yØn\mbp≈ [m¿ΩnIhmZw kz¥w IpSpw_Øn\pw, th≠s∏´h¿°pw, X\n°pw th≠n kz¥w IgnhpIfpw {]mK¬`yhpw Ah¿°v icn F∂v tXm∂p∂hn[ØnD]tbmKn°p∂Xphgn ]q¿Æa\pjycmhm≥ P\ßsf kzmX{¥yw {]m]vXcm°p∂p. Hcp kzX{¥kaqlsa∂v H‰s∏´, kzm¿∞cmb HcpIq´w hy‡nIf√ adn®v ]q¿Ækmaqlya\pjycpsS Hcp Iq´mbv a bmWv . a\pjyh¿§sØ apgph\mbpw klmbn°m\p≈ CXns‚ Ignhv kzX{¥kaqlØns‚ [m¿ΩnIhiw ASnbpd∏n°p∂p. kzmX{¥yØns‚ B≤ymflnIhpw kmwkvImcnIhpw Bb thcpIƒ t\mt_¬ tPXmhmb kmºØnIhnZKv≤≥ Aa¿Xy sk≥ (Amertya Sen) ]d™Xpt]mse kzmX{¥yw Hcp hnizhnimeamb BibamWv 1. AXn\v Gjy apX¬ ]Sn™mdv hscbpw C…mw apX¬ _p≤aXw hscbpw F√m kwkvImcØnepw aXØnepw i‡amb thcpIƒ D≠v. C¥ybnse AtimI N{Ih¿Øn Ccp]Xn¬]cw \q‰m≠pIƒ°papºv kzmX{¥yØn\pw cmjv{Sob klnjvWpXbv°pw th≠n Blzm\w sNbvXp. bqtdm∏nse

20

kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ [m¿ΩnI kmº-ØnI \∑-Iƒ

aX hnaXsc aXt{Zml hnNmcW th´bmSptºmgpw ]Xn\mdmw \q‰m≠nse apKƒN{Ih¿Ønbmb AIv _ ¿ klnjv W pXsb]‰n alØmb A\pam\߃ \SØnbncp∂p. C…mw aXw AXns‚ G‰hpw ]gb D¬]Øn apX¬ Xs∂ kmºØnIkzmX{¥yØn\pw kwcw`Øn\pw A\pIqeambncp∂p. Ah ]Sn™md≥ cmPyßfn¬ {]Nmcw t\Sp∂Xn\v apºpXs∂ ]et∏mgpw S¿°njv N{Ih¿Ønam¿ bqtdm]y≥ GIm[n]XnItf°mƒ klnjvWpXbp≈hcmbncp∂p. kzmX{¥yw as‰mc¿∞Øn¬ temIØnse F√m aXßfpw al\ob kwkvImcßfpambpw tbmPn∏p≈XmWv. AXv {]tXyIn®v Hcp ]Sn™md≥ Bibtam, `uXnIambtXm, i‡amb kmaqlyaqeyßsf ASnÿm\s∏SpØnbp≈ Hcp kaqlØns\XncmbtXm A√. s]mXphmb am\ZWvUßsfbpw˛A{IasØbpw NXntbbpw NqjWtØbpw A[nImc Zp¿hn\ntbmKtØbpw \ntcm[n°p∂ \nba ßtfbpw ˛ P\߃°v ]ckv]cw klIcn°m\pw klh¿Øn°m\pw km[n°p∂ Hcp s]mcpØ ap≈ kmaqly{IasØ krjv S n°m≥ klmbn°p∂ \nbaßtfbpw kzta[bm AwKoIcn°mØ P\ßsf Hcp kzX{¥kaqlw Xo¿®bmbpw B{ibn°p∂p. Cu hnimeamb N´°qSnkzmX{¥yw P\ßsf kz¥w aqeyßsf \n›bn°m\pw kz¥w kwkv°mcsØ \ne\n¿Øm\pw, kz¥w aXmNmc߃ A\pjvTn°m\pw A\phZn°p∂p. Hcp A[nImcØns‚ Nn´Ifpw, aqeyßfpw, kwkv°mchpw AwKoIcn°m≥ Ah¿ \n¿_‘nXc√. hnizmkØns‚bpw klIcWØns‚bpw kwkv°mcw Hcp kzX{¥kaqlw {]h¿Øn°p∂Xv IcpØns‚bpw A[nImc Øns‚bpw ASnÿm\Øne√ adn®v hnizmkØns‚bpw klIcWØns‚bpw ASnÿm\ØnemWv . Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØn¬ kºØv hcp∂Xv kzta[bm D≈ ssIam‰ØneqsSbmWv . P\߃ D]Imc{]Zamb hkvXp°ƒ Dev]mZn∏n®v AXv a‰p≈hcpambn hn]W\w sNøp∂XneqsS bmWv. X߃t°m, IpSpw_Ønt\m, NßmXnIƒt°m, t\´ßfpw IpØ ImhImihpw t\Sp∂Xnt\m, Icw CuSm°p∂Xnt\m A{IanImcnIfmb 1. Aa¿Xy sk≥ bqWn-th-gvk¬ {SqØv; lyq-sa≥ ssd‰vkv B‚ v shtÃ-ss\-knMv C√-yq-j≥ lm¿hm¿Uv C‚¿\m-j-W¬ dnhyp; 20(3), 1998, ]n]n 40-˛43 1

Amartya Sen, Universal truths: human rights and the Westernizing illusion, Harvard International Review, 20(3), 1998, pp. 40ñ43.

21

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

{]amWnIƒ D]tbmKn°p∂ ]nSn®p]dn X{¥ØneqsSb√ AXv hcp∂Xv. C{]Imcamhmw a\pjyNcn{XØnepS\ofw an° cmPyßfnepw `qcn`mKw kºØpw sI´n∏SpØn´p≠mhpI. NqjWØneqsSbpw _e{]tbmKØn eqsSbpw adn®v Hcp kzX{¥kaqlw kzta[bm D≈ klIcWtØbpw ssIam‰tØbpw B{ibn°p∂p. k∂≤ klIcWhpw ssIam‰hpw k^eamIm≥ hnizmkw IqSntb Xocq.

Bcpw B¿Øn aqØ NXnb∑msc∂v hnNmcn°p∂hcpambn hym]mcw sNøn√˛ Ah¿°v thsd D]m[nbns√¶ne√msX, \n¿_‘nXcmImsX (DZmlcWØn\v k¿°mcpw Iq´cpw Dev]mZ\w \nb{¥n°ptºmƒ). Hcp kzX{¥ kaqlØn¬ P\߃°v AhcpsS I®hSw FhnsS sIm≠pt]mIm\pw kzmX{¥yap≠v. AXn\m¬ Dev]mZI¿ AhcpsS \nehnsebpw `mhn CS]mSpImtcbpw Ah¿ kXyk‘cmsW∂v hnizkn∏n °Ww. Ah¿ AhcpsS hmKvZm\߃ \ndth‰Ww As√¶n¬ Ah¿°v AhcpsS k¬t]cv \jvSamIpIbpw I®hSw Ahkm\n°pIbpw sNøpw. an°h¿°pw k¬t]cns‚bpw PohntXm]m[nbptSbpw KWyamb \jvSw Kuchap≈ Bi¶bmWv. Hcp kzX{¥kaqlw _e{]tbmKw \SØp∂ {]amWnamcm\n¿t±in°s∏Sp∂X√. CXv km[mcW P\ßfpsS kzta[bm D≈ ]ckv ] chyhlmcØneqsS kzm`mhnIambpw bmZr›nIambpw {]h¿Øn°p∂p ˛ hnizmkyXbptSbpw kXyk‘XbptSbpw kwkv ° mcØm¬ Xmßn\n¿Øs∏Sp∂p. Cu ss\k¿§nIamb klIcWsØ \bn°p∂ \nbaßfpw hyhÿIfpw A{Xam{Xw kzm`mhnI ambXn\m¬ P\߃°v AtX]‰n Nn¥nt°≠Xmtb hcp∂n√.

P\ßtfmSv A[zm\n°m\pw kXy k‘cmhm\pw Imcy{]m]vXnbp≈ hcmhm\pw ]ckv]cw klIcn°m\pw Hcp A[nImcnbpw ]dtb≠Xn√.

P\߃°v AXv \nXyhpw kzm`mhnIambn sNøp∂p.

Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØn¬ hnizmkØnt‚bpw klIcWØnt‚bpw BhiyIX hy‡nIfpw Iq´ßfpw XΩnep≈ _‘Øns‚ {]m[m\yw IcpØv \bn°p∂ kaqlØnteXnt\°mƒ hfsc IqSp∂p.

BflobaqeyßfptSbpw IpSpw_ßfptSbpw kplrØp°fptSbpw kaqlØnt‚bpw ]mcºcyØnt‚bpw ]cnkchmknIfptSbpw kam\X¬]ccptSbpw Iq´mbv a hfsc {]m[m\yap≈XmIp∂p.

22

kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ [m¿ΩnI kmº-ØnI \∑-Iƒ

AkzX{¥kaqlßfnse ]e k¿°mcpIfpw CØcw kwLS\Isf AhcpsS A[nImc Øn\v `ojWnbmbn IcpXpIbpw Ahsb Zp¿_es∏SpØmt\m, \new]cnim°mt\m, \ntcm[n°mt\m {ian®ncp∂p. km[mcWbmbn Ah¿ Ahsc Hfnhnte°v \bn°p∂Xn¬ am{Xta hnPbn®ncp∂p≈p. tkzOm\pkmcamb CØcw kwLS\Iƒ°v P\ßfn¬ D≈ {]m[m\yw k¿°m¿ A[nImcnItfmSp P\߃°v D≈ aaXtb°mƒ F{Xtbm hepXmWv. kzXm¬]cyhpw \nbaßfpw Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØn\v apIfn¬ \n∂p≈ DØchpIƒ Bhiyan√. a‰p≈hcpsS Dt±i ߃°pw {]h¿ØnIƒ°pw A\pkrXambn kz¥w Dt±ißfpw {]h¿ØnIfpw km[mcW a\pjy¿ {IaoIcn°p∂XneqsSbmWv CXv {]h¿Øn°p∂Xv. Ahsc CXn\v {]m]vXcm°p∂Xv hfsc \n mcamb s]mXphmb \nbaßfpw aqeyßfpamWv ˛ Alnwk, kXyk‘X apXembh˛Ch hyXykvX Bƒ°mcpambp≈ G‰pap´¬ XSbp∂p.

CØcw ASnÿm\ \nbaßfpw s]mXpaqeyßfpw hy‡nIsf kam[m\ambn Pohn°m≥ hfscb[nIw klmbn°p∂p. AhcpsS s]mXpXm¬]cysØ klmbn°p∂ Imcyßfn¬ klIcn°m\pw P\߃°v kzmX{¥yw \¬Ip∂p. DZmlcWØn\v Hcp kzX{¥kaqlw P\ßsf ]ckv]cw I®hSw sNøp∂Xn\pw ]ckv]cw t\´ap≠mIp∂ XcØn¬ I®hSw Dd∏n°p∂Xn\pap≈ kzmX{¥yw \¬Ip∂p. Ah¿°v t\´ap≈Xv GXmsWt∂m, AhcpsS hyXykvXXmev]cy߃ Fßs\ k¥penXs∏SpØWsat∂m, AhcpsS Xm¬]cy߃ kwc£n°m≥ F¥psNøWsat∂m, AhcpsS ]cn]mSn ]n¥pScm≥ \n¿_‘n°mt\m Hcp A[nImcØn\pw Ignbn√. Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØn¬ P\߃ kzbw \n›bn°pw AhcpsS Xm¬]cy߃ F¥msW∂pw, a‰p≈hcpambn klIcn®v B Xm¬]cy߃ Fßs\ apt∂m´v \bn°Wsa∂pw. a‰p≈h¿°v \jv S sam∂pw hcmØnStØmfw GXp XcØnep≈ I®hSØnte¿s∏Sm\pw Ah¿°v kzmX{¥yw D≠v.

Nne hna¿iI¿°v Hcp kaqlw AXns‚ s]mXphmb e£y߃ Xo¿®s∏SpØmsXbpw AXn\mbn {]h¿Øn°m≥ AhcpsS ]uc∑msc kΩXn∏n°pIbpw sNømsX Fßs\bmWv {]h¿Øn°pIbpw A`nhr≤ns∏SpIbpw sNøp∂sXßs\sb∂v t_m[ys∏Sp∂n√. Hcp 23

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

kzX{¥kaqlw AN©ehpw \njv^ehpw hy‡nXm¬]cyßfpsS ItTmcamb G‰pap´epw Bhpsa∂v Ah¿ `b°p∂p ˛ s]mXp Xm¬]cyw \ndthdn°mWm\mbn CXv ASn®a¿tØ≠Xp≠v.

CXv Hcp A_≤amWv. Hcp kzX{¥kaqlw P\ßsf kzm¿∞Xm¬]cy °mcmbn Xs∂ IW°m °p∂p. kz¥w Xm¬]cyw thKØn¬ ASn®a¿ Øm≥ km[n°mØ{X i‡amb {]tNmZ\w BsW∂pw CXv hnizkn°p∂p. DtZymKÿcpw cmjv{Sob°mcpw \n¿hNn°p∂ XcØnep≈ s]mXpXmev]cyw P\߃ kz¥w Xmev]cytØ°mƒ {]m[m\yw Ipd™Xpw AXymhiyw Ipd™Xpambn IW°m°p∂p. F{XXs∂ [¿ΩnjvTamb kaqlØnemWv \Ωƒ Pohn°p∂sX¶nepw P\߃ AhcpsS {]mYanImhiyßfmb `£Ww, hkv{Xw, ]m¿∏nSw F∂nh AhKWn®mAh¿°v A[nIImew \ne\n¬°m≥ ]‰n√ F∂XpsIm≠v kz¥w Xm¬]cy߃ bYm¿∞Øn¬ D]Imc{]Zhpw {]m[m\ s∏´XpamsW∂v \mw Hm¿Ωn°Ww. Hcp kzX{¥kaqlw kz¥w Xmev]cyßsf D]tbmK{]ZambcoXnbn\bn°p∂p. Hcp BZ¿i cmjv{Sw krjvSn°msa∂ hy¿∞tamlØn\mbn AXns\ ASn®a¿Øp∂n√. kz¥w A`nemjßsf a‰p≈hcpsS taASnt®ev ] n°cpXv F∂v am{XamWv \nbaw A\pimkn°p∂Xv . a‰p≈h¿°pw A{]Imcw {]h¿Øn°m\p≈ kzmX{¥yw am\n°p∂nStØmfwImew P\߃°v kz¥w Xmev]cy߃°mbn H‰bvt°m Iq´mtbm {]bXv\n°m\p≈ kzmX{¥yw D≠v. Ah¿°v a‰p≈hsc kz¥w e£y߃ AwKoIcn°mt\m AXn\mbn {ian°mt\m \n¿_‘n°m\mhn√. kzX{¥kaqlw a¬kcn°p∂ Xmev ] cyßfpsS Hcp ÿmbnbmb bp≤amIpsa∂ hna¿iIcpsS `bw XmcXtay\ kzX{¥ambkaqlw A`nhr≤ns∏Sp∂p F∂XpsIm≠v Aÿm\ØmIp∂p. IqSmsX an°hmdpw \nb{¥nX kaqltØ°mƒ IqSpX¬ A`nhr≤ns∏Sp∂p. a‰p≈hcpsS kzmX{¥sØ _lpam\n°p∂p F∂ \n mcamb \nbaw D]tbmKn®v Ah¿ kz¥w Xm¬]cysØ D]tbmK{]Zamb klIcWØntebv°pw Iq´mbvaIfnte°pw \bn°p∂p.

Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØn¬ hy‡nIƒ kz¥w Xmev]cy߃ t\Sp∂Xns\]‰n am{XamWv Nn¥n°p∂Xv F∂ `bhpw sX‰mbXmWv. a\pjy¿ kaqlPohnIfmWv. Ah¿°v IpSpw_tØmSpw 24

kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ [m¿ΩnI kmº-ØnI \∑-Iƒ

kplrØp°tfmSpw Ab¬]°°mtcmSpw Hcp kzm`mhnI B`napJyw D≠v, AhcpsS Xm¬]cy߃ Ah¿ {]hrØnIfn¬ IW°nseSp°p∂p. Ah¿ kplrØp°fpsS _lpam\Øn\pw k¬t]cn\pw \√ Ab¬hmkn F∂ t]cn\pw B{Kln°p∂p. AXpsIm≠v Ah¿ kz¥w Xm¬]cyßsf a‰p≈hcpambn \√ _‘w ]pe¿Øp∂Xn\mbn abs∏SpØp∂p.

AhcpsS ]cnKW\ ^ehØmWv Fs¥∂m¬ a‰p≈h¿ Xncn®pw Ahsc klmbn°m\p≈ km[yX GsdbmWv. \ap°v CXv IqSpX¬ kzX{¥kaqlßfn¬ {]mh¿ØnIam°p∂Xv ImWmw. kzImcy am\htkh hgn a‰p≈h¿°v, XnI®pw A]cnNnXcmbh¿°vt]mepw sImSp°pI F∂Xv kzX{¥ kaqlØnAkzX{¥kaqlØnteXns\°mtfsd ImWm≥ km[n°pw. AXv AhnsS [\nI¿ IqSpX¬ D≈Xn\me√ adn®v kzX{¥kaqlw ASnt®ev]n°s∏Sp∂Xnt\°mƒ kzta[bm D≈ kmaqlnI DØchmZnXz߃°mWv IqSpX¬ Du∂¬ sImSp°p∂Xv.

AwKoIcn°s∏´ \nbaßfneqsS klIcWw a‰p≈hcpambn hnPbIcambn klIcn°Wsa¶n¬ \mw HmtcmcpØcpw \ΩpsS {]h¿ØnIƒ {]hmNyambXpw hnizk\obambXpw B°Ww. P\߃ ÿncambn AhcpsS a\ v am‰pIbpw, BIkv a nIambn s]cpamdpIbpw hmKvZm\ewL\w \SØpIbpw sNbvXm¬ klIcWw Akm[yamhpw. a‰p≈hsc ieyw sNømØhn[Øn¬ hy‡nPohnXØnAh¿ Xncs™Sp°p∂ hn[Øn¬ s]cpamdm≥ kzX{¥kaqlw P\ßsf A\phZn°p∂p. F∂m¬ AXv kmaqlnI klIcWØn\v AXy¥mt]£nXamb HcpXcw ÿncX t{]m¬kmln∏n°p∂p.

DZmlcWØn\v Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØn\v kzØns‚ DSaÿX, \nb{¥Ww, ssIam‰w F∂nh kw_‘n®v \nba]camb {]amW߃ D≠v. a‰p≈ P\ßfmtem A[nImcnIfmtem Ih¿® sNøs∏SpItbm NqjWw sNøs∏SpItbm sNøpw F∂ `ban√msX AhcpsS `mhn PohnXsØ sa®s∏SpØp∂Xpw D¬]mZ\w IqSpX¬ Ffp∏hpw Nnehv Ipd™Xpw B°p∂ aqe[\ kma{KlnIfmb hoSv , ]Wnime, D]IcW߃ F∂nhbn¬ \nt£]n°p∂Xn\pw kzØv kamlcn°p∂Xn\pw P\ßsf A\phZn°p∂p. Cu \nba߃ (kzØhImi߃) k¿°m¿ D≠m°nbX√ F∂m¬ \q‰m≠pIfneqsS DSseSpØp h∂XmWv .

25

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

AhbpsS AXn¿hcºpIƒ FÆa‰ {]mhiyw FÆa‰ tImSXnIfn]cntim[n°s∏´n´p≈Xpw AXphgn klIcWw IqSpX¬ Ffp∏hpw ^ehØpw B°pIbpw P\ßsf AhcpsS a‰pffhcpambp≈ CS]mSpIfn¬ IqSpX¬ kpc£nXcm°p∂ Hcp \nba \n¿∆lW hyhÿ DSseSp°pIbpw sNbvXp. IqSpX¬ kzX{¥kaql߃ a‰p ]e \nbaßfpw am\ZWvUßfpw s]mcpØap≈ klIcWØn\v AXymhiyambn AwKoIcn®n´p≠v. [m¿ΩnI \nba߃ kmaqly ]mckv]cyw F√mh¿°pw Ffp∏am°m\pXIp∂ ]cn[nIƒ \n›bn°p∂p. IqSmsX kmaqly s]cpam‰®´ßfp≠v ˛ s]cpam‰w, acymZ, \√ hym]mcioe߃ F∂nhbpsS˛Ch Zo¿LImeamb a\pjykº¿°ßfneqsS DSseSp°p∂XmWv . CØcw ^ehØmb am\ZWv U ߃ kzX{¥ kaqlØn¬ k¿∆km[mcWsa¶nepw A{XXs∂ kzX{¥a√mØ kaqlØn¬ {]Xypev]mZn∏n°m≥ k¿°mcpIƒ°v _p≤nap´mWv. Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØnse ]uc∑m¿°v Nne ASnÿm\ ]ucmhImißfpw D≠v. AhbpsS bYm¿∞cq]w hyXykvXambncn°psa¶nepw Cu AwKoIrX am\ZWv U ßfn¬ ASnaØØn¬\n∂pap≈ kzmX{¥yw, Ip‰Øn\v A\p]mXa√mØ in£bn¬ \n∂pw ]oU\Øn¬ \n∂papa kzmX{¥yw F∂nh Dƒs∏Sp∂p. a\km£nbptSbpw hnizmkØnt‚bpw kzmX{¥yw, aXsØtbm cmjv{SobsØtbm kw_‘n® kz¥w Bibcq]oIcW Øn\p≈ kzmX{¥yw, kz¥w aXhnizmkØn\p≈ kzmX{¥yw, `ojWnbpw, `bs∏SpØepw C√msX cmjv{SobØn¬ `mK`m°mIphm\p≈ kzmX{¥yw F∂nh Dƒs∏Sp∂p. Ahbn¬ A`n{]mbkzmX{¥yhpw Dƒs∏Sp∂p ˛ kz¥w Bib߃ {]ISn∏n°m\pw, tdUntbm, sSenhnj≥, ]{X߃, C‚¿s\‰v F∂o am[yaßfpsS hm¿Ø {]kn≤s∏SpØm\pw Ah¿°v DNnXsa∂v tXm∂p∂ hn[Øn¬ A`n{]mbw ]dbm\pap≈ kzmX{¥yw. \nßfpsS B{Kla\pkcn®v Bcpambpw ktΩfn°m\pw klIcn°m\pap≈ kzmX{¥yw, a‰p≈hcm¬ {]tXyIn®v A[nImcnIfm\nco£n°s∏SpItbm ]n¥pScpItbm sNøs∏SmXncn°pI F∂ kzImcyXbpw Ahbn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂p. Npcp°Øn¬ kzX{¥kaqlw AXnse ]uc∑msc a‰p≈h¿°v A]ISan√mØ hn[Ønep≈ P\ßfpsS Bib߃, hnizmk߃, PohnXcoXnIƒ, {]hrØnIƒ F∂nhtbmSv klnjvWpX ImWn°phm\pw AXn¬ ssIISØmXncn°p∂Xn\pw {]Xo£n°pw.

26

kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ [m¿ΩnI kmº-ØnI \∑-Iƒ

\oXnbpw \nbahyhÿbpw Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØn\v \oXnhyhÿbp≠v. a‰p≈hsc D]{Zhn°p∂Xn\v FXnsc in£bp≠v imcocnI D]{Zhw am{Xa√ h©\ apXemb a‰p≈hbpw IqSmsX G‰hpw {][m\ambn Hcp kzX{¥ kaqlw \nbahyhÿsb Db¿Øn]nSn°p∂p. cmjv{Sob kwLS\IfpsS G‰hpw {][m\ {]iv\w t\Xm°sf Fßs\ Xncs™Sp°psa∂√ AXv Ffp∏amWv adn®v Ahsc Fßs\ \nb{¥n°pw F∂mWv. Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØn¬ k¿°mcns‚ ]¶pw A[nImchpw I¿i\ambn ]cnanXamWv. ]uc∑msc ssItø‰ßfn\n∂pw kwc£n°p∂Xn\pw Ip‰ßsf in£n°p∂Xn\pw th≠n Ah¿°v sImSpØncn°p∂ A[nImcw tkzObm, AXv ssIbmfp∂hcpsS lnXa\pkcn®v D]tbmKn°p∂n√ F∂v CXv Dd∏phcpØp∂p.

HutZymKnI A[nImcsØ \nb{¥n°m≥ kzX{¥kaql߃ Xncs™Sp∏v \nbaw, `cWLS\, A[nImc hn`P\w apXemb ]e X{¥ßfpw hnIkn∏n®n´p≠v. F∂m¬ ]uc∑msc `cWI¿Øm°fpsS NqjWØn¬\n∂v kwc£n°m\p≈ {][m\am¿§w \nbaw F√mh¿°pw Hcpt]mse _m[Iam°pIbmWv. CXmWv \nbahyhÿ F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv. Cu XXzØn≥Iogn¬ k¿°mcn\v DZmlcWØn\v Hcp {]tXyI tKm{XØn\v IqSpX¬ D]Imcßfpw B\pIqeyßfpw A\p`hn®p \¬Imt\m {]tXyI kwL߃°v \nIpXn NpaØmt\m Ignbn√. am{Xa√ \nba߃ P\߃°v F∂t]mseXs∂ k¿°mcn\pw _m[Iambncn°pw. \nba\n¿∆lWØnepw CtX \nbaw _m[IamWv. \oXn\ymb A[nImcw tkzOb√msX ]£]mXclnXambmWv D]tbmKn°p∂Xv F∂v Dd∏m°m≥ \nbaw F√mh¿°pw Hcpt]mse _m[I amIp∂p. ]uc∑m¿ Xpeyamb ]cnNcWØn\pw \oXnbpsS \ymbamb \S]SnIƒ°pw A¿lcmWv. CXn¬ tkzObm D≈ AdÃv Hgnhm°¬ hnNmcWbn√msX XShnenSmXncn°pI, sXfnhns‚ \nba {]Imcw \SØs∏Sp∂ \ymbamb hnNmcW, \nbanX DtZymKÿ¿ A√msX km[mcW P\ßfn¬ \n∂p≈ hn[nI¿Øm°fpsS kanXn \SØp∂ hn[n{]Jym]\w, Htc Ip‰Øn\v ho≠pw ho≠pw hnNmcW t\cnSmXncn°¬ F∂nh Dƒs∏Sp∂p. cmjv{Sob°mcptSbpw DtZymKÿcptSbpw \ymbm[n ]∑mcptSbpw taep≈ CØcw \nb{¥WßfpsS ^ew A[nImcnIfmep≈ A[nImc Zp¿hn\ntbmKw Hgnhm°pI, {]tXyIm\pIqey߃ Ipdbv ° pI, 27

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

_e{]tbmKØmep≠mIp∂ Xn∑sb Ipdbv°pI F∂XmWv. Fs¥ms°bmbmepw Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØnse k¿°mcns‚ ]¶v hy‡nIfpsS kzmX{¥yw Iq´m\pw kwc£n°m\pamWv A√msX Ipdbv°m\√.

kzmX{¥yØns‚ kmºØnIhmZw PohnX\nehmcØnse Iq‰≥ Db¿® 1750 hsc a\pjyPohnXw hfscsbm∂pw amdnbn√. an°hmdpw F√mhcpw ]pdta aÆn¬, ZpcnXam¿∂, A\n›nXamb, Imemhÿ \nb{¥nXamb Im¿jnIhrØnbn¬ G¿s∏´ncp∂p Cu Im¿jnI coXnIƒ an°hmdpw ]pcmX\ CuPn]vjy≥ `cWI¿Øm°fpsS ImeØnteXn\v kam\ambncp∂p. an° P\߃°pw Hcp tPmSn A[nI hkv{Xw t]mep≈ B¿`mS߃°p t]mepw th≠ ss]k D≠mbncp∂n√. amkw an°h¿°pw Xmßpambncp∂n√. kº∂Xbnte°v ]nd∂v hoWh¿ am{Xambncp∂p {]Xy£ [\nI¿. IqSmsX km[mcWamb kºØv D≠mhp∂Xv I¿jIkaqlsØ XßfpsS t\´ßƒ°mbn IjvSs∏SpØm\p≈ A[nImcØn¬ \nt∂m A[nImch¿§Øns‚ kplrtØm ssIbmtfm Bhp∂XneqsSbmWv. CXv an°hmdpw P\߃°pw ZpcnX]q¿Æamb PohnXambncp∂p. kmºØnI⁄\mb sUdnU¿ sat¢mkvInbpsS IW°v {]Imcw 1800HcmfpsS icmicn {]XnZn\ hcpam\w $1 \pw $5 \pw CSbnembncp∂p.

CXv C∂v an° temI Xeÿm\ßfnepw Hcp I∏v Im∏n°v XnIbn√ 2. C∂v icmicn {]XnZn\ hcpam\w $50 BWv. CXv ]ptcmKXnbnse IpØs\ bp≈ Ib‰amWv. F∂m¬ AXv Hcp icmicn am{XamWv. AXv a‰p≈hbs√¶nepw Nne cmPy߃ t\Snb A`nhr≤nsb aqSn hbv°emWv. temIØnse G‰hpw kzmX{¥yw Ipd™ cmPyßfnsem∂mb XmPn°nÿm\nse icmicn {]XnZn\ hcpam\w C∂pw $7 BWv. F∂m¬ G‰hpw kzX{¥amb 2. sUbv¿s{U a°vtem-kn. ens_¿´n B‚ v Un·n‰n FIvkvssπ≥ tamtU¨ thƒUv, tUmw Pn ]m¿a¿ (F-Un.), Zv samdm-en‰n Hm^v Im∏n-‰-en-kw, ÃpU ‚ vkv t^m¿ ens_¿´n B‚ v A‰vekv ^ut≠j≥, F¿en-Mv‰¨, hn F 2011.

2

28

Deirdre N. McCloskey, Liberty and dignity explain the modern worldí, in Tom G. Palmer (ed.), The Morality of Capitalism, Students for Liberty and Atlas Foundation, Arlington, VA, 2011.

kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ [m¿ΩnI kmº-ØnI \∑-Iƒ

bpssW‰‰Uv tÉvknteXv 100 BWv. kzmX{¥yØns‚ kZv^e߃sIm≠v Atacn°°m¿ C∂v XmPn°nÿm≥Imtc°mfpw 14 aSßpw 1800se AhcpsS Xs∂ ]q¿∆nI∑mtc°mƒ 20˛100 aSßpw [\nIcmWv. Z C°tWmanIv {^oUw Hm^v Z thƒUv dnt∏m¿´v G‰hpw kzX{¥cmPyßfmbn hnebncpØnb kzn‰vk¿em‚v, Bkvt{Xenb, Im\U, bpssW‰Uv InMvUw F∂nhbpsS icmicn {]XnZn\ hcpam\w $90˛\v apIfn¬ BWv . kzmX{¥yhpw A`nhr≤nbpw Hcpan®v \oßp∂p. 3 kzmX{¥yw Ipd™ Zcn{ZcmPyßfn¬\n∂v P\߃ IqSpX¬ kzX{¥ [\nI cmPyßfnte°v IpSntbdp∂Xn e¤pXan√. kzmX{¥yw Ipd™ 20 cmPy߃ {]Xnh¿jw BbncØn¬ 1:12 F∂ A\p]mXØn¬ BfpIƒ cmPytØ°v hcp∂Xnt\°mƒ cmPyw hn´pt]mIp∂Xv ImWp∂p.

ISIhncp≤ambn 20 kzX{¥cmPy߃ 1000¬ 3:81 F∂ A\p]mXØn{]Xnh¿jw P\߃ cmPyØv {]thin°p∂Xmbn ImWp∂p 4. IqSmsX Cu 20 ¬ G‰hpw kmºØnI kzmX¥yap≈h G‰hpw IqSnb IpSntb‰w ImWp∂p. kzmX{¥y \nc°n¬ Xmsgbp≈ cmPy߃ IpSntb‰°msc \jvSs∏Sptºmƒ tasebp≈ cmPy߃ Ahsc t\Sp∂p. as‰mc¿∞Øn¬ P\߃ AhcpsS ]mZßfm¬ kzmX{¥ysØ Xncs™Sp°p∂p. kzX{¥ cmPyßfnse IpSntb‰ `ojWn XSbm\p≈ {iaßsfbpw AkzX{¥ cmPyßfnse hntZiKa\ `ojWn XSbm\p≈ {iaßsfbpw AXnPohn®mWv Ah¿ C{]Imcw sNøp∂Xv. kzmX{¥yhpw am\htkhbpw AhcpsSXs∂ Zcn{Zsc NqjWw sNbvX√ kzX{¥cmPy߃ [\nIcm Ip∂Xv. djy≥ [m¿ΩnI XØz imkv{X⁄≥ entbWnUv \ntImt\mkv \nco£n®Xpt]mse G‰hpw Zcn{Zamb 10% P\߃°mbn Nnehgn°p∂Xv tZiob hcpam\Øns‚ ]¶v kzX{¥cmPyßfnepw AkzX{¥ 3. t{^k¿ C≥Ãn-‰-yq´v, C°-tWm-anIv {^oUw Hm^v Zv thƒUv 2012 hm¿jnI dnt∏m¿´v, t{^k¿ C≥Ãn-‰y- q-´v, hm≥I-zh - ¿, _nkn, 2012 4. K{_n-tb¬ Hm∏≥jm, {^o am¿°‰v B‚ v tkmj-y¬ sh¬s^-b¿, ssakkv sUbven, 4 HIvtSm-_¿ 2005 3 4

Fraser Institute, Economic Freedom of the World 2012 Annual Report, Fraser Institute, Vancouver, BC, 2012.

Gabriel Openshaw, Free markets and social welfare, Mises Daily, 4 October 2005, http://www.mises.org/daily/1915#_edn2.

29

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

cmPyßfnepw Hcpt]msebmWv. (bYm{Iaw 2.58% hpw 2.47%) F∂m¬ Hcp kº∂ cmPyØn¬ Zcn{Z\mbn ({]XnZn\hcpam\w $23) Pohn°p∂XmWv Hcp Zcn{ZcmPyØn¬ Zcn{Z\mbn ({]XnZn\ hcpam\w $ 2.50) Pohn°p∂Xnt\°mƒ \√Xv. 5 kzX{¥kº∂cmjv { Sßfn¬ kºØv FØn∏nSn°mhp∂XmWv .

G‰hpw Zcn{Zsc [\nIcmhp∂ Xn¬\n∂pw ÿncambn Hgnhm°s∏Sp∂n√.

AkzX{¥ cmPyßfnse icnbmb IpSpw_߃, PmXn, h¿§w, aXw, cmjv { Sob]m¿´nIƒ F∂nhbntem Dƒs∏SmØhsct]mseb√msX IqSpX¬ kzX{¥amb cmPyßfn¬ IqSpX¬ kmaqlyNe\mflIXbp≠v. temIØns‚ G‰hpw kº∂\mb ssat{Imtkm^v‰v kvYm]I\mb _ntK‰vkv At±lØns‚ tkm^v‰v shb¿ _nkn\kv XpSßnbXv Hcp Kymtc PnemWv F∂Xv {]kn≤amWv. _n¬ tK‰vkv (Bill Gates) Xs‚ kºsØ√mw \√ Dt±iy߬°mbn Zm\w sNøm≥ Dt±in°p∂p. AXv ]q¿Æambpw amXrIbmWv . kzImcy am\htkhbpw kº∂cmjv{Sßfn¬ hfsc IqSpX¬ BWv.' _m¿t¢bvkv sh¬°v \SØnb Hcp ]T\Øn¬ Atacn°bnse kº∂cn¬ 2/5 `mKhpw AhcpsS Nnehns‚ ap≥KW\ ImcpWy{]h¿Ø\߃°p≈ kw`mh\bmWv F∂p]dbp∂Xmbn Is≠Øn. 6 kzmX{¥yØn¬ hfsc ap≥]¥nbnep≈ Bkvt{Xenb, Ab¿e≠v, Im\U, \yqknem‚v, bpssW‰Uv tÉvkv F∂o A©v cmPyßfnse P\߃ BWv P\tkh\Øn\mbn kabhpw ]Whpw Nnehgn°m≥ km[yXbp≈ sX∂mWv bp sI bnse 'Nmcn‰okv FbvUv ^ut≠j≥ Is≠ØnbXv.' 7 CØcw cmPy߃s°√mw Xs∂ C{]-Imcw kºØp \evIp-∂X - n\v a‰p≈ Zcn{Z AkzX{¥ cmPyßtf°mƒ IqSpX¬ sI¬]p≠v.

5. entbm-\nUv \nt°m-t\m-hv, Zv tamd¬ temPnIv Hm^v CI-zm-en‰n A‚ v C≥-I-zm-en‰n C≥ am¿∂‰v skmssk-‰n, C≥, tSmw Pn ]mƒa¿(-C-Un.), Zv samdm-en‰n Hm^v Im∏n-‰-en-kw, ÃpU‚ vkv t^m¿ ens_¿´n B‚ v A‰vekv ^ut≠j≥, F¿en-Mv‰¨, hn F 2011.

6. _m¿t¢bvkv sh¬Øv, t•m_¿ Knhn-Mv; Zv Iƒ®¿ Hm^v ^nem≥t{Xm-∏n, e-≥, 2010 7. Nmcn-‰okv FbvUv ^ut≠j≥, thƒUv KnhnMv C≥sUIvkv 2012, Nmcn-‰okv ^ut≠j≥, shÃv amfn-Mv, 2012 5.

6.

7.

30

Leonid Nikonov, The moral logic of equality and inequality in market society, in Tom G. Palmer (ed.), The Morality of Capitalism, Students for Liberty and Atlas Foundation, Arlington, VA, 2011.

Barclays Wealth, Global Giving: The Culture of Philanthropy, London, 2010.

Charities Aid Foundation, World Giving Index 2012, Charities Aid Foundation, West Malling, 2012.

kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ [m¿ΩnI kmº-ØnI \∑-Iƒ

kzmX{¥yw hnthN\sØ XInSw adn°p∂p AkzX{¥cmjv{Sßfn¬ hnthN\w k¿∆km[mcWamWv. \n߃ icnbmb h¿§w, PmXn, aXw, enwKw, IpSpw_w F∂nhbn¬ \n∂s√¶n¬ Hcp \√ tPmen In´m\pw \√ tkh\߃ In´m\pw _p≤nap´mWv. kzX{¥kaql Ønse Dev]mZI¿°v Bcpambn hym]mcw sNøWw Bsc tPmens°Sp °Ww F∂v Xocpam\n°ptºmƒ hnthN\w \SØpI km[ya√. 8 DtZymKZmbI¿°v DZmlcWØn\v IpSntb‰°msc CjvSa√mbncn°mw {]tXyIn®v Ah¿ thsd kwkvImcØn¬\n∂pw, tKm{XØn¬\n∂pw aXØn¬\n∂pamsW¶n¬. F∂m¬ IpSntb‰ kwL߃°v ]et∏mgpw Htc tPmen°v Ipd™ Iqen AwKoIcn®psIm≠v {]XnIcn°mw ]et∏mgpw {]XnIcn °p∂p. kztZinIsf am{Xw FSpØv hnthN\w ImWn°p∂ sXmgnepSaIƒ°v a¬kcØn¬ {]XnIqeambn kzbw A\p`hs∏Spw. IpSntb‰°msc tPmen°v hbv°p∂ {]XntbmKnItf°mƒ AhcpsS Iqen Nnehv IqSpX¬ Bbncn°pw. AhcpsS em`w IpdbpItbm As√¶nhym]mcw \jvSamIØ°coXnbn¬ henb hne CuSm°pItbm th≠nhcpw.

AXv I®hSØn\v \√X√. sXmgnepSaIfpsS hmWnPyXmev]cy߃°v hnthN\w \√X√. tNmZyw : kzX{¥kaql߃ shdpw aqVamb `uXnIXbs√?

A√. kmºØnIkzmX{¥yw P\߃°v Ahkcßfpw \nhrØnIfpw \¬Ip∂p. AhcpsS ASnÿm\ Bhiy߃ Bb `£Ww, ]m¿∏nSw, hkv{Xw F∂nh sa®s∏´ coXnbn¬ \¬Ip∂p. kzX{¥hym]mcØn t‚bpw hn]WnbptSbpw DZbØn\v apºv kz]v\w t]mepw I≠n´n√mØ Ahkc߃ CXv Ah¿°v \¬Ip∂p. P\ßsf ITn\hpw A]am\Ichpamb Hcp PohnXØntebv°v X≈nhnSp∂Xn\v ]Icw CXv P\ßsf D√kn∏n°p∂p F∂v Ah¿ IcpXp∂ k©mcw, kwKoXw, Ie, kwkv I mcw a‰v kmaqly{]hrØnIƒ F∂nh BkzZn°m≥ A\phZn°p∂p. CXv Ahsc sa®s∏´ hnZym`ymkhpw icnbmb BtcmKy]cn]me\hpw Xmßm≥ {]m]vXcm°p∂p.

8. CXn-s\-°p-dn®v \s√mcp hnh-cW - Ø - n-\mbn, hmbn-bv°p-I, anƒ´¨ {^oUvams‚bpw tdmkv {^oUvam-s‚bpw Im∏n-‰¬ B‚ v {^oUw, bqWn-th-gvkn‰n Hm^v Nn°mtKm {] v, Nn°mtKm 11, 1962 8

For a good outline of this point, see Milton Friedman and Rose Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1962.

31

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

\ΩpsS `uXnIkuIcyw am{Xa√ \mw kmwkvImcnIhpw kmaqlnIhpw Bbn hneaXn°p∂p F∂v \mw bYm¿∞Øn¬ hneaXn°p∂hbnte°v FØm\p≈ Hcp D]IcWamWv kºØv. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂bmWv IqSpX¬ kº∂cmjv{Sßfn¬ IqSpX¬ ImbnItÃUnbßfpw, It®cn lmfpIfpw, Xnø‰dpIfpw, bqWnthgv k n‰nIfpw, sse{_dnIfpw, ayqknbßfpw D≈Xv. kztZi sXmgnemfn h¿§Øns‚ CSbn¬\n∂pw kzX{¥kaqlw hnthN\sØ XqsØdnbp∂p. DZmlcWØn\v , kv { XoIƒ tPmen sNøp∂Xns\Xnsc kmwkvImcnI hnthN\w D≠mhmw. CXv Ah¿°v tPmen In´m≥ _p≤nap´p≠m°p∂p. kv{XoIƒs°Xnsc hnthN\w \SØp∂ sXmgnepSaIƒ°v AXv sNømØ {]XntbmKnItf°mƒ hfsc sNdnb ss\]pWyk©bta Xncs™Sp∏n\mbn D≠mIq. as‰mcp ckIcamb DZmlcWw C¥ybnse PmXnhnthN\amWv. Db¿∂ kmt¶XnI hyhkmb ßfpsS hf¿® sslZcm_mZv t]mep≈ tI{µßfn¬ Xmgv∂ PmXob cmb C¥y≥ sXmgnemfnIfpsS tPmenkm[yX hfscb[nIw h¿≤n∏n®p.

Cu a¬kc_p≤nbp≈ hyhkmbØn¬ sXmgnepSaIƒ°v P\ßsf AhcpsS _p≤ni‡n°mbn thWw. Ah¿°v PmXntbm at‰sX¶nepw kmwkvImcnI LSIØns‚ t]cntem hnthN\w \SØm≥ Ignbn√. hnthN\ \ntcm[\ \nba߃°v Zim_vZßfmbn t\Sm≥ IgnbmØXv shdpw Nne sIm√߃sIm≠v kzbX¬]ccmb kzX{¥ hyhkmbnIƒ t\SnsbSp°p∂p. kzX{¥P\ßfpsS krjvSn]cX IqSpX¬ kzX{¥ kºZv hyhÿIƒ F¥psIm≠v IqSpX[\nIcmIp∂p F∂Xn\v ImcWw Ah¿ e`yamb F√m ]mShßtfbpw D]tbmKs∏SpØp∂p F∂XmWv. hnthN\w Ahsc XInSw adn°m≥ A[nIan√mØnStØmfw kzX{¥kaqlØnse ]uc∑m¿ AhcpsS a\ pw IgnhpIfpw sXmgnen¬ A¿∏n°m≥ kzX{¥cmWv. Ah¿ a‰p≈hcpsS PohnXw sa®s∏SpØp∂ Dev ] ∂߃ hnIkn∏n°pIbpw sa®s∏SpØpIbpw hnXcWw sNøpIbpw sNbv X m¬ Ah¿ B Dev ] ∂߃ hmßn®v Ahsc IrXm¿∞cm°p- ∂ p. AXn\mkzX{¥kaql߃ IqSpX¬ \qX\ambXpw krjvSn]chpw Bb-Xn-\mthKØn¬ ]ptcmKan°p∂XpamWv. 32

kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ [m¿ΩnI kmº-ØnI \∑-Iƒ

kmºØnIkzmX{¥yw P\ßfpsS kz¥w Xm¬]cyßsf kaql\∑bpsS Znibnte°v Xncn®p hnSp∂p. a‰p≈h¿°v th≠Xpw Ah¿ hnesImSp°m≥ Xømdp≈Xpamb km[\߃ Dev]mZn∏n°p ∂Xphgn \n߃ [\w kºmZn°p∂p. Ah¿ ho≠pw IqSpX¬ hmßm\mbn \nßfnte°v Xncn®p hcphm\pw AhcpsS kplrØp°tfmSv \nßsf{X ka¿∞\msW∂v ]dbphm\pw \n߃ B{Kln°p∂p. AXv Dev ] mZIcpsS {i≤ Ahcn¬\n∂pw amdn D]t`m‡m°fnte°v tI{µoIcn°p∂p. kzX¥kaqlßfnse hfsc {]kn≤cmb an° I®hS°mcpw AhcpsS D]t`m‡m°fn¬\n∂v IqSpX¬ em`w ]ngns™SpØ√ adn®v AhcpsS Bhiyßfpw B{Klßfpw \ndth‰nsImSpØmWv hnPbw ssIhcn®sX∂v ]dbp∂p. '\mb \mbsb Xn∂p∂p' F∂ Im¿´qWn¬ \n∂v hfsc hyXykvXamWv kzX{¥kaqlØnse bmYm¿∞yw. kzX{¥ P\߃ XΩnep≈ kzta[bm D≈ hym]mc hn\nabØns\ ASnÿm\s∏SpØn D≈ Hcp henb klIcW kwhn[m\amWv Hcp bYm¿∞ kzX{¥ kºZvLS\ adn®v _e{]tbmKØne√. aqe[\Øns‚ krjvSn \hoIcWhpw, D]t`m‡r tkh\hpw t{]m¬kmln∏n°p∂Xv IqSmsX kzX{¥kºZv LS\Iƒ Dev]mZ\£aXbp≈ aqe[\w sI´n∏Sp°p∂Xn eqsS kº∂amIp∂p. he D]tbmKn®v ao≥ ]nSn°p∂XmWv ssIøp] tbmKn°p∂Xnepw Ffp∏w. F∂m¬ CX¿∞am°p∂Xv hebp≠m°p∂ kabw ao≥ ]nSn°mØXn\m¬ Ipdhv ao\pItf ]nSn°p∂p≈q F∂mWv. C∂sØ D]t`mKw Ipd®v \n߃°v aqe[\w kamlcn®v `mhn Dev]mZ\w IqSpX¬ Imcy£aam°mw.

CXmWv apXemfnØØns‚ ASnÿm\w. P\߃ AhcpsS PohnXw IqSpX¬ Ffp∏am°p∂Xpw sXmgn¬ IqSpX¬ Dev]mZ\£aXbp≈Xpw B°p∂ hoSpIƒ, hyhkmbimeIƒ, b{¥ D]IcW߃ F∂o aqe[\w kamlcn °p∂p. (CXn\m¬ sXmgnens‚ Dev]mZ\£aX hfsc Gdp∂p. ssIIe∏ sIm≠pgp∂Xpw {SmIv‰¿ D]tbmKn®v Irjn sNøp∂Xpw XΩnep≈ A≤zm\Ønse hyXymkw Nn¥n®pt\m°p) IqSmsX Cu {]{Inb DØtcmØcw h¿≤n°p∂XmWv. Hmtcm Iq´ntN¿°epw kmt¶XnI hnZybpsS A`nhr≤nbpw Dev]mZ\w IqSpIbpw A≤zm\w IpdbpIbpw sNøp∂p.

33

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

P\߃°v X´nsbSp°s∏Spw F∂ `ban√msX hoSv , ]Wnime, bt{¥m]IcW߃ a‰p aqe[\kma{KnIƒ F∂nh kz¥am°p∂Xn\p≈ Ignhv \¬Ip∂p F∂XpsIm≠pam{XamWv Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØn\v Dev]mZ\£aXbp≈ aqe[\w kamlcn°m\pw Dev]mZ\£aXbpw A`nhr≤nbpw h¿≤n∏n®psImt≠bncn°phm\pw Ignbp∂Xv . CXv P\ßsf X´n∏dnbn¬\n∂v kwc£n °p∂p. IqSmsX CXn\v kZmNmchpw \nba]chpw Bb N´ßƒ kzØpSaÿmhImisØ kw_‘n®p≠v AXv Ifhns‚ km[yX Ipdbv°p∂p.

Cu \nbahpw kwkvImchpw hgnbp≈ kzØhImikwc£Ww Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØnepw kºZv hyhÿbnepw hfsc {][m\amWv . sIm≈°mcm¬ sIm≈bSn°s∏Spw AhcpsS sImbvØv F∂v hnizmkw Ds≠¶n¬ Hcp Irjn°mc\pw hnØphnX®v, ]dn®v \´v, IrjnsNbvXv hnfIsf kwc£n°n√. AXpt]mseXs∂ AhcpsS hcpam\Øns‚ knwl`mKhpw \nIpXnbmbn FSp°psa¶n¬ an° P\߃ BhiyØn¬IqSpX¬ ]Wn sNøm≥ XømdmIn√. hne°b‰w F∂ I≈\nIpXnbneqsS NXn°s∏Sm\msW¶n¬ IpSpw_߃ kºmZn°n√. {]Xn^ean√msX AhcpsS BkvXnIƒ tZikm¬°cn°psa∂ps≠¶nkwcw`I¿ AhcpsS kwcw`ßfn¬ \nt£]n°m≥ X¬]ccmhn√. th≠s∏´ {]amWnIƒ°v th≠n hn]Wnsb hnjan∏n°p∂ B\pIqey߃ a‰p≈h¿ ]pXnb kwcw` ߃ hf¿Øm\p≈ km[yX Ipdbv°p∂p.

I≈∑mcmepw k¿°mcn\mepw D≈ Cu NqjWw F{XtØmfw IqSp XemtWm A{Xbpw IqSpXembncn°pw tPmen, kºmZyw, ]ptcmKXn F∂nhtbmSp≈ hnapJXbpw. ]Xn\memw \q‰m≠nse C…manI ]WvUnX\pw \oXn⁄\pamb C_≥ Jm¬Zq≥ Cu hnjbw hfsc \∂mbn a\ nem°n. At±lw FgpXn P\ßfpsS kzØnt∑ep≈ B{IaWw kzØv t\Sm\pw kºmZn°m\pw D≈ t{]cWbn√mXm°psa∂v AdnbWw. P\߃ ]ns∂ kzØpkºmZ\Øns‚ BXy¥nIamb Dt±iyhpw hn[nbpw AXv Ahcn¬\n∂v FSpØpam‰s∏SpI F∂XmWv F∂ A`n{]mb°mcmIp∂p. kzØv kºmZn°m\p≈ t{]cWbn√mXmbm¬ kºmZn°m\p≈ Hcp {iahpw ]ns∂ \S°n√ ˛ kzØhImiØnt∑ep≈ IS∂pIb‰w 34

kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ [m¿ΩnI kmº-ØnI \∑-Iƒ

F{XtØmfamsW∂p≈Xv \n›bn°pw P\ßfpsS kzØv kºmZ\Øn\p≈ {iaßfnse DZmko\X.9 kzØpw ]ptcmKXnbpw F∂m¬ kzØhImiØnse kpc£nXXzw \nßfptSbpw IpSpw_ Ønt‚bpw `mhnbnte°v Hcp AhImihmZw Xcp∂p. DZmlcWØn\v \n߃°v kz¥ambn Hcp hoSps≠¶n¬ ˛ an° cmPyßfnepw an° P\߃°pw Ignbn√mØXv ˛ \n߃°v \nßfpsS PohnXw \SØn s°m≠pt]mIm≥ kpc£nXamb Hcp ÿeap≠v. kº∂{]amWnamcpsS \nc¥c Zbmhmbv ] n\v ImØp\nev ° msX \nßfptSXmb aqe[\w kamlcn°p∂Xnt\m hyhkmbw XpSßp∂Xnt\m th≠n hmbv]sbSp °m\p≈ Hcp BkvXn \n߃°p≠v. CXv \n߃°v tPmen Dt]£n®v ]pXnbXv t\SpI, ]pXnb I®hSØn\v kmºØnI klmbw \¬IpI XpSßnb ]pXnb ]co£W߃ \SØm≥ th≠ kmºØnI `{ZX \¬Ip∂p. kpc£nX kzØhImiw sshZKv ≤ ytØbpw hmWnPytØbpw h¿≤n∏n°p∂p. CXv a\pjycpsS Dev]mZ\£aX Iq´pIbpw AXphgn a\pjykºØv h¿≤n°pIbpw sNøp∂p. kz¥w `£Ww kzbw Dev]mZn∏n°pI, C‘\Øn \p≈ hndIv tiJcn°pI, kzbw hkv{Xw \n¿Ωn°pI, Krl\n¿ΩmWw kybw sNøpI, A{Iaßfn¬ \n∂v kzbc£ tXSpI F∂nhsb√mw kzbw sNbv X m¬ \ΩpsS PohnXw hfsc ]cnXm]IcamIpw. \Ωnem¿°pw Chsb√mw sNøp∂Xn\p≈ Imcy{]m]vXn D≠mhWsa∂n√. IqSmsX \ap°v Chsb√mw Imcy£aambpw Ffp∏Ønepw sNøm\p≈ D]IcW߃ th≠nhcpw. P\ßfpsS kzØhImiw kwc£n°s∏´m¬ Chsb√mw \Ωƒ kzbw sNtø≠Xmbn hcn√. P\߃°v {]tXyI D]IcW߃ hnIkn∏ns®SpØv Hcp {]hrØn Imcy£aambn sNbvXv B Dev]∂ßfn¬ _m°nbp≈h \ap°v hn¬°mw.

Irjn°mc\v Ie∏bnepw {SmIvSdnepw, Krl \n¿ΩmXmhn\v GWnbnepw a¨sh´nbnepw, hkv{X\n¿ΩmXmhn\v Xdnbnepw, Xø¬b{¥ßfnepw \nt£]n°mw. Np‰p]mSpap≈ kzbw ]cym]v X amb ]cnioe\w kn≤n°mØh¿ {]Xo£n°mhp∂Xnepw F{Xtbm anI® coXnbn9. C_v≥ J¬Zpw. apJm-±n-am-lv, B≥ C≥s{Sm-U-£≥ ‰p lnkv‰dn, 1377 9.

Ibn Khaldun, Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History, 1377.

35

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

AhcpsS sXmgnen¬ Imcy{]m]vXnbpw \n¿∆lWm[nImchpw t\Sm≥ Ah¿°v Ignbpw. Cu sXmgn¬ hn`P\Øns‚ ^eambn \msa√mhcpw IqSpX¬ KpWta∑bp≈ Dev]∂ßfpw, Ipd™ Nnehpw IqSpXkºpjvSamb PohnXhpw BkzZn°p∂p.

F∂m¬ ho≠pw CsX√mw km[yamhWsa¶n¬ P\߃ aqe[\ kamlcWØn\pw hym]mcw \SØp∂Xn\pw kpc£nXhpw Ah¿ NXn°s∏Sn√, Ih¿® sNøs∏Sn√ F∂ hnizmkap≈hcpw Bbncn°Ww. CXcam¿§w `bm\IamWv. C_≥ Jm¬Zp≥ XpS¿∂t]mse; P\߃ PohnXhrØn°mbn I®hSw \SØmXncn°ptºmƒ, em`Icamb F√m {]hrØnIfpw \n¿Øptºmƒ, k`yXbpsS hym]mcw CSnbp∂p F√mw A]Nbn°p∂p. P\߃ \ne\n¬]n\mbn F√mbnShpw NnXdp∂p.

AhcpsS {]kv X pX k¿°mcns‚ A[nImc ]cn[n°v ]pdØp≈ ÿeßfnte°v t]mepw. CXv C∂v ImWp∂ AkzX{¥cmPyßfn¬\n∂v kzX{¥cmPy ßfnte°p≈ IpSntb‰ØneqsS hfsc hy‡amWv. BcptSbpw Nnehne√msX kºØns‚ krjvSn Nne Bƒ°m¿ hnNmcn°p∂p Hcphs‚ kºØv as‰mcphs‚ Nnehnte D≠mhq F∂v . CXv Aßs\b√. Hcp kzX{¥kºZv hyhÿ bYm¿∞Øn¬ kzØv krjvSn°pIbpw Ct∏mgp≈ hkvXphns‚ aqeyw h¿≤n∏n°pIbpw sNøp∂p. aqeyw hkvXp°fpsS `uXnIKpWa√. AXv hkvXp°sf ]‰nbp≈ P\ßfpsS Nn¥bmWv . hnev ] \°m¿ CS]mSpImcpsS [\Øn\v hkvXp°tf°mƒ aqeyw Iev]n°p∂XpsIm≠v hkvXp°ƒ hnev°p∂p.

CS]mSpIm¿ hmßn°p∂ hkv X p°ƒ°v [\tØ°mƒ aqeyw Iev ] n°p∂XpsIm≠v Imiv Nnehm°p∂p. Ah¿ Ifn®paSpØ hkvXp°ƒ Ah¿°v th≠hbpambn ssIam‰w sNøp tºmƒ Ah¿°v t\´w D≠mIp∂p F∂ [mcWbn¬ kvIqƒ Ip´nIƒt]mepw Ifn∏m´ßƒ amdp∂p. AhcpsS ssIam‰w aqeyw krjvSn®n´p≠v. CØcw I®hSwsIm≠v B¿°pw tZmjw hcp∂n√. Xo¿®bmbpw Ah¿°v \jvSs∏Sp∂p F∂v tXm∂nbm¬ CcpIq´cpw B I®hSØn\v kΩXn°n√.

AXpt]mseXs∂ Hcmƒ H∂pan√mØnSØv hnØp]mIpIbpw hnfIƒ hf¿ØpIbpw as‰mcmƒ B Dev]∂Øn\v hne sImSp°m≥ XømdmIpIbpw

36

kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ [m¿ΩnI kmº-ØnI \∑-Iƒ

sNøptºmƒ Ah¿ \njv^eamb H∂n\v ]pXnb aqeyw krjvSn°pIbmWv. Hcmtfbpw Ih¿® sNømsXXs∂ kºØv krjvSn°s∏SWw. IqSmsX Hcp kwcw`Is‚ jqtkm, Imtdm, hkv{Xßtfm, P\߃ hmßn°m≥ Xømdp≈ at‰sX¶nepw ]pXnb I≠p]nSpØtam \n¿Ωn°m≥ D≈ hyhkmbime \n¿Ωn°pIbpw AXneqsS [\kºmZ\w \SØpIbpw sNbvXm¬ BcmWv Ih¿® sNøs∏Sp∂Xv? Ah¿ hfscb[nIw kºØv kamlcn®n cn°mw ]s£ Ah¿ Bcn¬\n∂pw H∂pw tamjvSn®n´n√. adn®v ap≥]v H∂pan√mXncp∂nSØv aqeyw krjvSn®v, hnXcWw sNbvXn´p≠v.10 Hcp kzX{¥kaqlw ssa{Xo apXemfnØa√ apXemfnØØn¬ kº∂hmWnPyXm¬]cyw ]mhßsf NqjWw sNøp∂psh∂pw cmjv{Sob°m¿ XßfpsS I®hSkplrØp°ƒ°v IpØImhImiw, B\pIqey߃, klmb[\w, k_vknUn F∂nh \¬In s]mXpP\ßfn¬\n∂v kºØv X´nsbSp°p∂psh∂pw hmZn°p∂p. ]s£ bYm¿∞ kzX{¥kaqlw NqjWhpw ssa{XnapXemfnØhpw Akm[yam°p∂p. I®hSw AhcpsS \ne\n¬]n\mbn CS]mSpImsc B{ibn°p∂p. Ah¿ \√ tkh\w {]Zm\w sNbvXns√¶n¬ CS]mSpIm¿ Ahsc XyPn®v a‰p ZmXm°sf Is≠Øpw. IqSmsX Hcp kzX{¥ kaqlØn¬ k¿°mdpIƒ°v IpØImhImiw krjvSn°mt\m, {]tXyI Iº\nIsf kwc£n°mt\m ]pXnb I®hSw hf¿Øp∂Xn¬\n∂v P\ßsf XSbmt\m D≈ A[nImcan√mØXn\m¬ {]_eamb ZmXm°ƒ D≠mbncn°pw. Hcp bYm¿∞ kzX{¥kaqlw a¬kcw krjvSn°p∂p.

AXv D]t`m‡m°sf Dev]mZIcpsS ta¬ A[nImcapffhcm°p∂p.

P\߃°v th≠ aqeym\pkrXamb Dev]∂߃ Dev]mZn∏n°mØ Dev]mZI¿ I®hScwKØv \n∂v ]pdØmIpw. henb aqe[\\nt£]w Bhiyap≈ Im¿ \n¿ΩmWw t]mep≈ cwKßfnse Nne ÿm]\߃ henbtXmXn¬ hf¿® {]m]n°pw. F∂m¬ Ah¿°v At∏mgpw Ahtc°mƒ t`Zs∏´ coXnbn¬ {]h¿Øn°m\mhpsa∂v Nn¥n°p∂ h≥ \nt£]Icn¬ \n∂v bYm¿∞hpw {]_ehpamb a¬kcw t\cntS≠n hcpw.

10. bp sI hy-hk - mbn Bbn-cp∂ k¿ GWÃv s_∂ns‚ ssh {^oUw h¿Ivkv F∂ ]pkvXI - Ø - n¬ Cu Bibw \∂mbn scam¿in-®n-´p GWÃv s_≥ enan-‰U - v, e-≥, 1964 10. This point is well made by UK businessman Sir Ernest Benn in Why Freedom Works, Sir Ernest Benn Ltd, London, 1964.

37

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

A[nImcnIƒ a¬kcw ASn®a¿ØpIbpw ]pXnb a¬kcm¿∞nIƒ hcp∂Xn¬ \n∂pw \ncp¬kmls∏SpØpIbpw XS s∏SpØpIbpw sNøptºmgmWv {]iv\߃ XpSßp∂Xv. Xo¿®bmbpw kXyk‘amb kpXmcyamb a¬kcw \ne\n¿Øm≥ _p≤nap´mWv . C∂v temIØnse an° kzX{¥kaqlßfnepw cmjv{Sob°m¿ \nbahpw \nb{¥Whpw ASnt®ev]n°p∂p ˛ ]et∏mgpw t_m[]q¿∆a√msX ˛ CXv a¬kcw Ipdbv°pIbpw D]t`m‡mhn\v Dev]mZIcpsS taep≈ A[nImcw Ipdbv°pIbpw sNøp∂p. Dev]mZI¿ an°hmdpw CXp \S∏n¬ hcpØm≥ KqVmtemN\ sNømdp≠v .

DZmlcWØn\v hyhÿm]nX ÿm]\߃, Dev]∂ßfpsS KpW\nehmcsØbpw Dev]mZ\ am\ZWvUßsfbpw kw_‘n°p∂ F¥v Fßs\ Dev]mZn∏n°Wsa∂v hy‡am°p∂ \nba߃ sIm≠phcm≥ cmjv{Sob°mcn¬ kΩ¿±w sNepØpw. CØcw \nba߃ s]mXp P\sØ tamiw Dev]∂ßfn¬ \n∂v c£n°m≥ BhiyamsW∂v Ah¿ hmZnt®°mw.

F∂m¬ icnbmb ^ew N´ßfn¬ ]dbmØ ]pXnb Dev]∂߃ ]pXnb coXnbn¬ D≠m°p∂ ]pXnbXpw sNdpXpamb hnXcW°mcn¬ \n∂v AhcpsS I®hSsØ c£n°pI F∂mWv. As√¶n¬ ho≠pw kztZin hyhkmbßsf kwc£n°Ww F∂ hmZØn¬ hntZia¬kcØm`ojWn t\cnSp∂tXm ]m∏cØw t\cnSp∂tXm Bb hyhkmbßsf c£n°m\mbn s]mXpkºØv D]tbmKn°m≥ cmjv{Sob°m¿ CSs]Smw. Ah¿ kztZin hyhkmbsØ c£n°m\mbn hntZi Cd°paXn \ntcm[nt®°mw. CXv B hyhkmbßfn¬ tPmensNøp∂h¿°v Xm¬°menI Bizmkw \¬Intb°mw. F∂m¬ CXv \nIpXnZmbIcpsS bpw hne\nehmcw Ipd™ hkvXp°ƒ°v Ah¿ sImSpt°≠p∂Xn t\°mƒ IqSpX¬ sImSpt°≠nhcp∂Xpw Ipd™ Xncs™Sp∏v D]m[nIfpw D≈ s]mXpP\Øns‚ NnehnemWv. Hcp kaqlw F{XtØmfw kzmX{¥yØn¬\n∂v AI∂pt]mhp∂pthm, ]Icw kmºØnI kzmX{¥yw A[nImcnIƒ°v sImSp°p∂pthm A{Xbpw A[nIw km[yXbp≠v Dev]mZIcpw cmjv{Sob°mcpw kz¥w t\´Øn\mbn P\ßsf NqjWw sNøm≥. AØcw ssa{Xo apXemfnØØns‚ AhinjvS߃ F√mbnSØpw ImWmw. F∂m¬ {]iv\w AkzX{¥ kºZv LS\Ifn¬ IqSpX¬ tamiamWv. A[nImcw t\Sp∂h¿ AXv Ahsc 38

kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ [m¿ΩnI kmº-ØnI \∑-Iƒ

Xs∂tbm AhcpsS IpSpw_°mtcbpw Iq´pImtcbpw ]cnt]mjn∏n °m\mbn D]tbmKn°pw F∂v Hcp ap≥[mcW ]et∏mgpw D≠v. A{]Imcw sNbvXns√¶n¬ AXv AhcpsS Zu¿_eyambn t]mepw IW°m°mdp≠v.

F∂m¬ Hcp bYm¿∞ kzX{¥kaqlØn¬ A[nImcnIƒ°v \nba \n¿ΩmW A[nImchpw s]mXpkºØpw D]tbmKn®v CjvSP\߃°v {]tXyI kmºØnI t\´ßƒ A\phZn°m≥ A\phmZan√. A[nImcw F{]Imcw hn\ntbmKn°Wsa∂Xn\pw s]mXpkºØv F{]Imcw Nnehgn°Wsa∂ Xn\pw I¿°iamb \nba߃ D≠v. Dev]mZI¿°v cmjv{Sob°msc kwc£Whpw, klmb[\hpw In´p∂Xn\mbn kzm[o\n °m≥ Ignbn√, AØcw klmb߃ A\phZn°m\p≈ A[nImcw C√ F∂Xn\m¬. a¬kc_p≤nbp≈ apXemfnØa√, kzmX{¥Øns‚ A`mhamWv ÿm]\ ߃°pw cmjv{Sob Im¿°pw km[mcW P\ßsf NqjWw sNøm\p≈ A[nImcw \¬Ip∂Xv. kzmX{¥yØns‚ hnPbw kmºØnI kzmX{¥hpw hym]mchpw A]q¿∆amtb ]q¿Æ kzX{¥amIq, Ign™ 30 h¿jß fntesdbmbn Ah¿ Ccp\qdv tImSn P\ßsf ISpØ Zmcn{ZØn¬ \n∂v IcIb‰n. Ac\q‰m≠ns‚ {iaØn\v tijhpw djy, ssN\, sX°v Ing°≥ Gjy F∂nhnSßfnse i‡hpw tI{µoIrXhpamb k¿°mcpIƒ°v km[n°mØXmWnXv. F∂m¬ aXnepIfpw hym]mc XS ßfpw \oßp∂tXmsS IqSpX¬ IqSpX¬ cmPy߃ BtKmf hym]mc hyhÿbn¬ tNcpIbpw kºØv ]c°pIbpw sNbvXp. CXv {]tXyIn®pw A¥mcmjv{SXeØn¬ kzX{¥ hym]mcw kzoIcn®n´p≈ Zcn{Z cmjv{S ßfnse Zcn{ZP\ßfnte°mWv CXv ]c∂ncn°p∂Xv. kzmX{¥yØn t\°mƒ B]¬°ca√mØXpw Dev]mZ\£aXbp≈Xpamb Hcp XXzw `qanbn¬ D≠mIptam?

39

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

3.Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØns‚ \nbaÿm]\߃ kvt‰‰n√mØ kaqlw kzmX{¥yhpw kwkvImchpw Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØn¬ P\ßfpsS PohnXØns‚ `oaamb `mKhpw Pohn°p∂Xv k¿°mcpIfpsS ]cn]q¿Æamb A`mhØnemWv. k¿°m¿ Ddßptºmƒ kºZvLS\ hfcp∂p. CXv shdpsamcp ]gb `mcXob Xamib√. AXnt\°mƒ A¿∞hØmWv. hmkvXhØn¬ P\ßfpsS {]m[m\ {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ k¿°mcn\v Hcp ]¶pan√. kzX{¥kaqlØnse P\߃ H‰s∏´ hy‡nIf√, adn®v Ah¿ kaqlPohnIfmWv. Ah¿ a‰p≈hcpambp≈ NßmØw t\Sp∂p. a‰p≈hcpambn tbmPn®p t]mhm≥ {ian°p∂p. a‰p≈hcpambn ]ehn[Ønepw klIcn°p∂p. Ah¿ aX]camb kwLS\IfpsS kPoh{]h¿ØIcm bncn°mw. ¢_pIfnepw skmssk‰nIfnepw Ah¿ kwKoXw, hmb\, ]mNIw, ao≥]nSpØw, Ifn°¬, IfnIƒ ImW¬, tiJcWw F∂nßs\ F¥pamIs´ Htcm Imcy߃ BkzZn°p∂hcmbpw CS]gIp∂p. Ah¿ bphm°tfm hr≤tcm kvIqƒ NßmXnItfm ]pXnb c£mI¿Øm°tfm As√¶n¬ Htc _elo\Xbp≈ BfpItfm Bb kam\ a\kvIcpambn klIcn°pIbpw kwL߃ D≠m°pIbpw sNøp∂p. Bhiy°m¿°pw `h\clnXcpambh¿°pw th≠n Ah¿ kq∏v In®WpIfpw tlmÃepIfpw \SØntb°mw. CXns\bmWv kwkvImcap≈ kaqlw F∂p hnfn°p∂Xv. IqSpX¬ kzX{¥amb kaqlØn¬ {]h¿Ø\ßfnepw Ne\ßfnepw P\߃ IqSpX¬ kzmX{¥yw BkzZn°p∂tXmsSm∏w AhcpsS ]uc∑m¿ _lp`qcn]£wt]cpw km[mcW aqeyßsf, kwkv I mcßsf, ]mcºcyßsf _lpam\n°pIbpw ]¶phbv ° pIbpw sNøp∂p.

40

Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØns‚ \nbaÿm]\߃

kzX{¥cmb hy‡nIƒ Nnet∏mƒ ]gb coXnIsf sh√phnfnt®°psa ¶nepw Aßs\bmWv, IqSpX¬ ta∑bp≈ XcØn¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂ sXßs\sb∂v I≠p]nSn°p∂Xpw A`nhr≤ns∏Sp∂Xpw. F∂mkzmX{¥yw kwkvImcØns‚ FXncmfnb√. Hcp {]tXyI kwkvImcw ]¶phbv°mØ IpSntb‰°m¿ t]mepw \n›bambpw ˛ IpSntbdnb cmPyØns‚ kwkvImcsØ _lpam\n°Ww. F¶n¬ am{Xta Ah¿ AhnsS kzoIcn°s∏Sp∂p≈p. Ah¿°hnsS Hcp tPmen kpc£nX am°Wsa¶n¬ AhnSsØ `mj ]Tnt°≠Xv AXymhiyamWv. Ah¿ IpSntbdp∂ cmPysØ ]mcºcyßfpw [m¿anI XØzßfpw XpS°Øna\ nem°phm\pw Dƒs°m≈phm\pw Igns™∂v hcn√. F¶nepw sX‰n ≤cn°s∏SmXncn°phm\pw ]ptcmKXn ssIhcn°phm\pw F{Xbpw thKw Ah¿ AXn\v XømdmhWw. AhtcmSv C°mcWØm¬ kPohambn hnthN\w Im´psa∂√ CXpsIm≠v Dt±in°p∂Xv. Hcp kzX{¥kaql Øn¬ F√mhtcbpw Xpeycmbn´mWv IW°m°s∏Sp∂Xv. F∂m¬ kztZinItfm a‰msc¶neptam Ah¿°v tbmPn°mØ AhcpsS coXnIsf _lpam\n°mØ As√¶n¬ icnbmb coXnbn¬ Bibhn\nabw \SØm≥ IgnbmØhcpsS kulrZw Imw£n°mdn√. a\pjy¿ Iq´mbva Imw£n°p∂p. CXv Ahkc߃ e`yam°p∂Xn\mhmw As√¶n¬ AhcpsS kz¥w Xm¬]cy߃ ]cnt]mjn∏n°p∂Xn\mImw AXpsIm≠v \n߃ shdpsamcp Imgv®°mc\mbn h¿Øn°pIbm sW¶n¬ henb \jvSw kw`hn°pw. Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØnse P\߃ a‰p≈hcpsS F√m aqeyßfpw ]¶phbv°Wsa∂n√. F∂m¬ efnXamb am\pjnIXØzØn¬ Ah¿ Ahsb klnjvWpXtbmsS ImWphm≥ {ian°pw. Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØnse Nn¥n°phm\pw kwkmcn°phm\pw {]h¿Øn°phm\p ap≈ P\ßfpsS kzmX{¥yw AXymhiyambpw AhnsS \ne\n¬°p∂ kwkvImctØbpw [m¿anIXtbbpw BNmcßtfbpw am\n°pw. k¿°mcns‚ Bhiyw B¿°v? s]mXpXm¬]cy߃, kl{]h¿Ø\w, IS∏mSpIƒ, hnizmkw, B{ibXzw F∂o A\u]NmcnI irwJeIƒ \ΩpsS PohnX \nehmcsØ Db¿Øp∂p. F∂m¬ CsX√mw {]mh¿ØnIam°m≥ k¿°mcns‚ Bhiyan√. bmsXmcp A[nImcÿm]\ßfptSbpw CSs]SepIƒ C√msX \Ωƒ 41

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

]ckv]cw klIcn°p∂p. hyXykvX {Kq∏pIfn¬ AwKßfmbn tbmPn®p {]h¿Øn°p∂XneqsS ]ptcmKXn t\Sp∂p. k¿°mcns‚ {]h¿Ø\amWv F∂v X¿°clnXambn AwKoIcn®n´p≈ \nbacwKØv t]mepw \Ωƒ \ΩpsS Imcy߃ \Ωƒ°p≈n¬ Xs∂ Xocpam\n°p∂p. Hcp kzX{¥ kaqlØnse IcmdpIƒ tÉv cq]Iev]\ sNøpItbm ASnt®¬∏n°pI tbm sNøp∂n√. adn®v _‘s∏´ I£nIfmWv \n_‘\Ifpw a‰pw Xømdm °p∂Xv am{Xa√ CXh¿ kzta[bm kzoIcn°pIbpw kΩXn°pIbpw sNøp∂p. Cßs\ DSºSnIfn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂h¿ Ah¿°nSbnD≠mIp∂ X¿°ßfpw {]iv\߃ \nehnep≈ \nbakwhn[m\ßfn e√msX kzX{¥ a≤yÿXbn¬ Xo¿°m≥ ]ckv]cw kΩXn°p∂p. hfsc ImeXmakw FSp°p∂Xpw NnethdnbXpw \oXnt_m[w Ipd™Xpamb k¿°mcns‚ tImSXnIsf°mƒ kzImcy _Z¬ kwhn[m\sØbmWv Ah¿ CjvSs∏Sp∂Xv. P\߃ kam\ kz`mh°mcmsW¶n¬ A\z]NmcnIhpw klIcW hpap≈ kmaqlnI _‘߃ krjvSns®Sp°m≥ CXv klmbn°p∂p. `qcn]£w P\ßfpw Htc tKm{XØntem aXØntem Dƒs∏´hcmsW¶nAh¿ Htc aqey߃ ]ckv]cw ]¶phbv°pIbpw ]ckv]c hnizmk tØmsS DSºSnIfn¬ G¿s∏SpIbpw sNøpw. km{amPyØz`cW IqSßfpw ]cºcmKXamb AXn¿ØnIsf ]p\¿\n¿Wbn°pIbpw hyXykv X ßfmb hwiob kwLßsf Hcpan®p sIm≠phcpIbpw sNbvX bp≤m\¥c A¥mcmjv{S ktΩf\ßfpw AXns\ klmbn®n√. kao]ImeØv ]e cmPyßfpw Iodnapdn°s∏´p. kndnb, en_nb, e_\≥, CdmJv t]mep≈ cmPy߃ Hcp \q‰m≠n\p apºv \ne\n∂ncp∂n√. Ah cmjv{Sob°mcm¬ \n¿Ωn°s∏´hbmWv P\ßfpsSb√. B{^n°bnepw C¥y≥ D]`qJWvUßfntebpw hyXykvXßfmb tKm{X°msc As√¶nhwißsf Htc tImf\n `cWØn≥ Iogn¬ Hcpan®p sIm≠ph∂v {_n´ojpImcpw AtX A_≤w ImWn®p. kz¥w ]uc∑mcpsS Poh\pw kzØn\pw t]mepw kwc£Ww \¬Im≥ IgnbmØ k¿°mcpIƒ D≈ [mcmfw Zp¿_e cmjv{S߃ D≠mbXnAXnibs∏Sm\n√. Hcp kzX{¥ kaqlhpw kºØv hyhÿbpw hf¿∂v htc≠Xv Cu i‡amb ImcWØmemWv. Hcp {]mhiyw XI¿∂mFfp∏Øn¬ ]p\¿krjvSn°mhp∂X√ klIcW kwkvImcw. \ΩpsS klIcWw ASnÿm\s∏SpØm≥ th≠ ]ckv]c _lpam\Ønt‚bpw 42

Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØns‚ \nbaÿm]\߃

hnizmkØnt‚bpw sI´pd∏pIfn√. hnhn[ kwL߃°v ]q¿Æambn klIcn°p∂ns√¶nepw AhcpsS klh¿ØnXzØn\v DXIp∂ DSºSnIƒ D≠m°mw F∂mWv ]camh[n {]Xo£n°p∂Xv. F∂ms]mXphmb B\pIqey߃ e`yamhp∂ XcØn¬ Hcp kzX{¥kaql Øns‚ LSI߃ ÿm]n°m≥ IgnbpIbmsW¶n¬ ]ckv]c t£aw e£yam°ns°m≠v BfpIƒ°nSbn¬ klh¿ØnXzhpw klIcW hpw D≠m°nsbSp°¬ hfsc Ffp∏ambncn°pw.

F¥psIm≠v k¿°m¿ \nb{¥Whnt[bambncn°Ww? k¿°m¿ F¥psNøWw? \ΩpsS PohnXØnse F√mImcyßfpw k¿°m¿ \nb{¥n°Wsa∂v hnizkn°p∂ P\߃ C∂v C√. \Ωƒ F√mhcpw hnizkn°p∂Xv k¿°mcns‚ ]¶v GsX¶nepw XcØn¬ \nb{¥Whnt[bambncn°Ww F∂mWv. s]mXphmb Xocpam\߃ FSp°m\pw Iq´mb {]h¿ØnIƒ sNøm\pw \ap°v Hcp k¿°m¿ BhiyamWv F∂v `qcn`mKw P\ßfpw AwKoIcn°p∂p. F∂m¬ \ap°v kzbw \∂mbn sNøm≥ Ignbp∂ Imcyßfn¬ k¿°m¿ CSs]Sm\pw ]mSn√. A[nImcw Zp¿hn\ntbmKw sNømXncn°m≥ \ΩpsS t\Xm°∑mcpsS ta¬ Hcp \nb{¥Ww D≠mbncn°Wsa∂v Nn¥mi‡nbp≈ P\w A`n{]mbs∏Sp∂p. k¿°mcns‚ hen∏w A{X Kuchtadnb {]iv\a√. F∂m¬ Ah¿ F¥v, Fßs\ Xocpam\n°p∂p, Fßs\ {]mh¿ØnIam°p∂p F∂XmWv {]iv\w. Hcp kzX{¥ kaqlhpw AXns‚ kºZv hyhÿbpw hnizmkØnA[njv T nXambXn\m¬ AhcpsS k¿°m¿ h©I∑mcn¬ \n∂pw I≈∑mcn¬ \n∂pw Ahsc kwc£n°psa∂pw kzX{¥kaqlØnse ]uc∑m¿ kzm`mhnIambpw {]Xo£n°p∂p. F∂m¬ Hcp _kv Sn°‰v FSp°mØXns‚ t]cn¬ P\߃°v Poh]cy¥w XSthm As√¶nC‚¿s\‰v sjbdnßv ssk‰pIfn¬\n∂v \nbahncp≤ambn kwKoXw Uu¨temUv sNøp∂Xns‚ t]cn¬ F√m hoSpIfnepw clky IymadIƒ ÿm]n°Wsat∂m \Ωƒ B{Kln°p∂n√. {]iv\߃°\pkrXambn cn°Ww k¿°mcns‚ \S]SnIƒ. k¿°m¿ \nb{¥Whnt[bambncn°Ww F∂p ]dbp∂Xns‚ as‰mcp ImcWw Hcp {]tXyI hkvXp hym]mcw sNøtWm th≠tbm F∂Xv Hcp

43

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

hy‡nbpsS kzta[bm D≈ Xocpam\amWv. F∂m¬ k¿°mcns‚ Xocpam\߃ ˛ AXmbXv Hcp {]tXyI hkvXphns‚ hn¬]\ hne°p∂Xv \S∏m°m≥ A[nImcw D]tbmKnt°≠Xmbn hcpw. Nne thfIfn¬ CXv AXymhiyamsW¶nepw A[nImcØns‚ Zpcp]tbmKw ˛ hn\miIcamb H∂mWv. \Ωƒ cmjv{Sob]cambn Hcp Xocpam\w FSp°ptºmƒ \Ωƒ AXn\n∂p≠mIp∂ t\´sØbpw A[nImcØns‚ _e{]tbmKØneqsS bp≠mIp∂ hn\miIcamb A\¥c^eßsfbpw Xpe\w sNøWw. lm\nIcamb tIm´ßsf°pdn®v Nn¥n°msX t\´sØ am{Xw ssI°em°phm\mbn \Ωƒ [rXns∏ScpXv. A`nhr≤n t\Sphm≥ kmºØnIhpw kmaqlnIhpamb PohnXØnkzmX{¥yw AXymhiyamWv. sNdpInS t\´tIm´ßfneqsSbpw {ItaWbp≈ {]{InbIfneqsSbpamWv Ah ]ptcmKan°p∂Xv. FÆa‰ I≠p]nSpØ °m¿ hyXykvXßfmb ]e ]pXnb Bibßfpw {]mh¿ØnIam°m≥ {ian°p∂p≠v. DZmlcWØn\v, ]pXnb Dev]∂߃ As√¶n¬ Hcp ]pXnb ]T\coXn. {]mh¿ØnIam°m≥ IgnbmØ Bibßsf DSs\ Xs∂ Dt]£n°p∂p. F∂m¬ P\ßfpsS PohnXsØ sa®s∏SpØm≥ D]Icn°p∂ Bibßsf a‰p≈h¿ ]I¿ØpIbpw hym]n∏n°pIbpw sNøp∂p. ]t£, k¿°m¿ \nb{¥WØnep≈ kmaqlnIhpw kmºØnI hpamb ÿm]\߃ ]pXp I≠p]nSpØ°mcpsS km[yXIsf \ntj[n °p∂p. \n¿hnLv\ambXpw F∂m¬ {ItaWbp≈Xpamb t\´tIm´{]{In bsb CXv kmh[m\Ønem°p∂p.

AXn\p ]pdsa, k¿°m¿ CSs]Sptºmƒ AXv km[mcWbmbn henb tXmXnep≈Xmbncn°pw. Ah¿ {]iv\ßfn¬ Xocpam\w FSp°p∂Xv apgph≥ P\߃°pw th≠nbmbncn°pw, DZmlcWØn\v, Fs¥ms° Dev]∂߃ \n¿Ωnbv°s∏SWw As√¶n¬ F¥v ]T\coXn kzoIcn°Ww Fs∂ms°. CXv \hoIcWsØbpw ]ptcmKXnsbbpw hfsc aµKXnbn em°p∂p. k¿°m¿ CØcw sX‰p sNøptºmƒ, Xo¿®bmbpw AsXmcp henb Zpc¥Øntebv°mhpw sIms≠Ønbv°pI. F¥psIm≠v Hcp k¿°m¿ D≠mbncn°Ww Nne Imcy߃ sNøp∂Xn\mbn k¿°m¿ D≠mbncn°Wsa∂Xn\v X°Xmb ImcW߃ D≠v. \Ωƒ Fßs\ s]cpamdWw, tdmUns‚ GXp 44

Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØns‚ \nbaÿm]\߃

hiØpIqsS h≠n HmSn°Ww F∂p Xocpam\n°¬ As√¶n¬ \ΩpsS IcmdpIsf \Ωƒ am\n°p∂p F∂p Dd∏phcpج XpSßnb Imcyßfn¬ Xocpam\߃ FSp°phm\pw \nba߃ \S∏nem°phm\pw \aps°mcp A[nImctI{µw Bhiyambn hcmw.

CXpIqSmsX, F√mh¿°pw A`nImayambXpw {]mh¿ØnIam°mt\m th≠hn[Øn¬ {]mh¿ØnIam°mt\m _p≤nap´p≈ Nne ]≤XnIƒ D≠mtb°mw. ChbmWv s]mXpImcy߃ F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv. {]Xntcm[hpw t]meokpw \√ DZmlcWßfmhmw. sa®s∏´ kpc£ F√mh¿°pw e`n°ptºmƒ ]ns∂ F¥n\pth≠nbmWv Bsc¶nepw tkhn°m≥ kzbw k∂≤\mIp∂Xv? as‰mcp DZmlcWw At\Iw hnIkzc cmPyßfnse \Kcßfnse A¥co£sØ izmkw ap´n°p∂ hmbp aen\oIcWw. NqSmIp∂Xn\v ]pI krjv S nbv ° mØ C‘\߃ D]tbmKn°p∂Xpw, cmkXzcIamb b{¥ßƒ LSn∏n°p∂Xpw, ^mIvSdnIfnse NnΩn\nIfn¬ amen\y߃ XSbp∂ Acn∏Iƒ ÿm]n°p∂Xpw Cu {]iv\w Ipdbv°p∂Xn\pw PohnXw IqSpX¬ sa®s∏SpØp∂Xn\pw klmbIambncn°pw. ]s£ AhcpsS XymKØns‚ ^ew a‰p≈hcpw ]¶n´v ip≤hmbp BkzZn°pw F∂Xn\m¬ CØcw Imcy߃ kz¥w Nnehn¬ {]mh¿ØnIam°m≥ kzta[bm Bcpw Xømdmhn√. AXpsIm≠v CØcw {]iv\߃ \Ωƒ cmjv{Sob]cambn Xocpam\nt°≠Xpw AhcpsS aen\oIcWw Ipdbv°m≥ \n¿_‘n°pIbpw t]meokn\pw kpc£bv°pw ]Ww Is≠Øp∂Xn\mbn F√mhcn¬ \n∂pw \nIpXn ]ncn°pIbpw sNtø≠XmWv. At∏mƒ hn]Wn°p \¬Im≥ IgnbmØ, KpW{]Zamb Imcy߃ \Ωƒ t\Sp∂p. kzmX{¥yhmZnIƒ F∂p \Ωƒ hym]Iambn hnfnbv°mhp∂ Nne kzmX{¥y h‡m°ƒ \aps°mcp k¿°mcns‚ Bhiyta C√msb∂v hmZn°pw.

Ah¿ ]dbp∂Xv, klIcWØn\pw F√mh¿°pw B\pIqey߃ e`yam°p∂Xn\pw am¿§ßƒ Is≠Øp∂Xn¬ Hcp kzX{¥kaqlw Atßb‰w anI®XmsW∂mWv . B\pIqeyßfpsS Zpcp]tbmKw \ncp’mls∏SpØm≥ ka¿∞amb hgnIƒ Is≠ØpIbpw B\pIqey߃ ]Ww apS°p∂h¿°v am{Xambn ]cnanXs∏SpØp∂Xpw DZmlcWamWv . IcmdpIƒ \S∏n¬ hcpØp∂Xn\pw As√¶nB{IaWßfn¬ \n∂pw kzØp°ƒ tamjvSn°s∏Sp∂Xn¬ \n∂pw \ΩpsS PohnXsØ c£n°p∂Xn\pw \ap°v k¿°mcns‚ BhiyIX Ds≠∂v 45

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

Ah¿ hnizkn°p∂pt]mepw C√. Ah¿°pXs∂ th≠ coXnbnhy‡nIƒt°m Iq´mbvaIƒt°m AXp \√Xpt]mse sNøm≥ Ignbpsa∂v Ah¿ Nn¥n°p∂p. kzX{¥ kaqlØns‚ Xs∂ a‰p h‡m°ƒ imkv{Xobamb \hoIcW hmZnIƒ- ˛- \Ωsf kwc£n°phm\pw DSºSnIƒ \S∏nem°phm\pw s]mXpImcy߃ e`yam°phm\pw Ipd™ ]£w Nne cmjv{Sob]camb Xocpam\߃ FSp°epw Nne k¿°m¿ A[nImcßfpw AXymhiyam sW∂pw F∂m¬ CØcw {]h¿Ø\ßfnte°v am{Xambn AXv ]cnanXs∏SpØWsa∂pw hmZn°p∂p. F∂mepw kzX{¥yhmZnIƒ°v Ct∏mgpw, \n߃ k¿°mcn\v Hcn©v hn´p sImSpØm¬ Ah¿ Hcp ssaFSp°pw Fs∂mcp `bw D≠v. C∂v an°hmdpw temIØnse F√m k¿°mcpIfpw AhcpsS ]¶v Is≠Ønbn´p≠v˛ s]mXpP\ßfpsS Nnehn¬ CØcw AXv {]mYanI {]h¿Ø\߃°p]cnbmbn apt∂m´p t]mIp∂p.

hy‡n]chpw kmºØnIhpamb kzmX{¥ysØ ]‰nbp≈ ImgvN∏mSpIƒ k¿°mcns‚ A[nImcw As√¶n¬ I¿Øhyw F{XtØmfw hym]n∏nbv° Wsa∂v Xocpam\n°p∂Xv Hcp efnXamb CSXv heXv Imcya√. Xocpam\ ߃ FSp°p∂Xv hy‡nItfm As√¶n¬ Iq´amtbm F∂ ImcyØnam{Xa√ P\߃ hntbmPn°p∂Xv, F∂m¬ \ΩpsS hy‡n]cambXpw kmºØnIambXpw Bb Xocpam\ßsf AXv kzm[o\n°Wtam F∂Xnepw IqSnbmWv. tNmZyw: {]Xntcm[w t]mep≈ Imcy߃ \n›bambpw k¿°m¿ Xs∂ e`yamt°≠Xpt≠m?

C√. bp≤w sNøWtam th≠tbm F∂Xpt]mep≈ Nne Imcyßfn\aps°mcp Iq´mb Xocpam\w FSpt°≠Xv Xo¿®bmbpw AXymhiyamWv, F∂m¬ hfsc Ipd®v Imcy߃ am{Xta D≈q kzImcyambn e`yam°m≥ IgnbmØXv. hml\߃, I∏epIƒ, hnam\߃, a‰p]IcW߃ F∂nh \n¿Ωn°p∂Xpw ]´mf IymºpIƒ ]Wnbp∂Xpw Ah ]cn]men°p∂Xpw, Blmchpw ssk\y hn\ymk Imcy߃ e`yam°p∂Xpw t]mep≈ AhcpsS {]Xntcm[Imcyßfn¬

46

Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØns‚ \nbaÿm]\߃

]e cmPyßfpw kzImcy Iº\nIfpambn [mcWbn¬ FØmdp≠v.

X]m¬ kwhn[m\w, sSent^m¨ kwhn[m\߃, sdbn¬thbpsS {]h¿Ø\w, sh≈w, Kymkpw Id‚pw, tdmUpIfpw Bip]{XnIfpw PbnepIfpw \n¿Ωn°¬ F¥n\v Ão¬ Dev]mZ\hpw Im¿ \n¿ΩmWhpw t]mepw k¿°mcpIƒ°v am{Xta e`yam°phm\pw sNøphm\pw Ignbq F∂p≈ \ΩpsS Nn¥°v A{X ]g°an√. Ct∏mƒ kzImcy ÿm]\߃ CsX√mw sNøp∂p≠v . am{Xhpa√, a’cm[nIyw \ne\n¬°p∂Xn\m¬ Ah¿°v KpWta∑ IqSnb Dev]∂߃ e`yamt°≠n hcp∂p. \mep hyXykvX ImgvN∏mSpIƒ \Ωƒ Xncn®dntb≠Xv: $ BZysØ Iq´sc hy‡nhmZnIƒ F∂p hnfn°mw. Ah¿ apdpsI ]nSn®ncn°p∂ hnizmkw hy‡nIƒ°v AhcpsS kzImcyambXpw kmºØnIhpamb Imcyßfn¬ Xocpam\߃ FSp°phm\p≈ ]cn]q¿Æ kzmX{¥yw D≠mbncn°Wsa∂mWv. $ CXn\p t\sc hn]coX°m¿, Ah¿ hmZn°p∂Xv kzImcyambpw kmºØnI]chpamb Imcyßfn¬ Hcp Iq´mb \nb{¥Ww thWsa∂mWv. $ aq∂masØ Iq´¿ kmºØnI Imcyßfn¬ hy‡n]camb Xocpam\ ßfpw F∂m¬ P\ßfpsS kzImcy Imcyßfn¬ A[nImcnIfpsS Iq´mb Xocpam\߃ thWsa∂pw hmZn°p∂hcmWv. Ahsc \ap°v bmYmÿnXnI¿ (hyXykvXßfmb kwkvImcßfn¬ CXns‚ A¿∞w hyXykvXambncn°psa¶nepw) F∂p hnfn°mw. kmºØnI kzmX{¥yhpw F∂m¬ kmaqlnI \nb{¥Whpw Iq´n°e¿∂ Cu Ahÿ an°hmdpw Gjy≥ cmPyßfnse Hcp s]mXp e£WamWv. $ Ahkm\sØ Iq´¿, kmºØnIamb PohnXØn¬ Hcp Iq´mb \nb{¥Whpw AtXkabw hy‡nIƒ°v AhcpsS kzImcy PohnXØn¬ kzmX{¥yw thWsa∂pw hmZn°p∂hcmWv. Ahkm\Iq´¿°v {]tXyIn®pw Hcp \√ t]cnSp∂Xv CØncn hnjaw ]nSn® ImcyamWv. bpssW‰Uv tÉn¬ Ch¿ hnfn°s∏Sp∂Xv en_d¬kv F∂mWv, F∂m¬ CXv B hm°ns‚ A¿∞sØ sX‰n≤cn∏n°p∂ coXnbnep≈ 47

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

D]tbmKamWv. an°hmdpw a‰p cmPyßfnepw en_d¬ F∂ hm°p sIm≠¿∞am°p∂Xv ¢mkn°¬ en_d¬kv F∂mWv ˛ k¿°mcns‚ Nne \nba N´°qSpIƒ AXymhiyamWv F∂m¬ an°hmdpw F√m kzImcyhpw kmºØnIhp amb Xocpam\߃ ssIs°m≈phm\p≈ A[nImcw hy‡nIfn¬ A[njvTnXambncn°Ww F∂XmWv Bibw. ^eØn¬, Cu Bibw, kzImcy kzmX{¥yØn¬ hnizkn°pIbpw F∂m¬ kmºØnI PohnXØn¬ IqSpX¬ \nb{¥Ww k¿°mcn\p thWsa∂v B{Kln°p Ibpw sNøp∂XmWv. {]Xy-£-Øn¬, Atacn°≥ cmjv{Sob°mcpw _p≤nPohnIfpw Cu Bi-bsØ tamjvSns®SpØncn-°p-I-bmWv. bYm¿∞Øn¬ kmaqlyhpw kmºØnIhpw Bb {]iv \ ßfpsS \ndam¿∂ Imgv N ∏mSns‚ IrXyXbn√mØ hniZoIcWßfmWv Cu H‰hm°nep≈ hniZoIcW߃. ChnsS Hmtcm Iq´¿ °nSbn¬t]mepw sshhn[yßfm¿∂ ImgvN∏mSpIfpw Bibßfpw D≠v. (DZmlcWØn\v, hy‡nXz hmZnIfpsS ImgvN∏mSpIƒ As√¶n¬ Bib߃, ]q¿Æambpw kzmX{¥yw thWsa∂v hmZn°p∂ kzmX{¥yhmZnIfn¬ \n∂pw, \nb{¥Whnt[bamb A[nImcw k¿°mcpIƒ°mhmsa∂v hmZn°p∂ imkv{Xob kzX{¥hmZnIfnte°v hsc k©cn°p∂p. AtX kabw A[nImchmZnIfpsS ImgvN∏mSv, ]q¿Æamb \nb{¥WØn\pth≠n hmZn°p∂ ka{Km[n]XyhmZnIfn¬ \n∂pw kzImcy Xocpam\߃ FSp°p∂Xn¬ \nb{¥Ww thWsa∂v Nn¥n°p∂ ÿnXnKWnX]cambn hmZn°p∂hcnte°v \ofp∂p).

F∂ncp∂mepw kaqlsØ°pdn®v hyXykvXßfmb ImgvN∏mSpIƒ D≈ P\ßsf Hcp IpS°ogn¬ sIm≠phcp∂ cmjv{Sob ho£Wßsf efnXamb CSXv ˛ heXv t{iWnbneqsS IrXyambn hniZoIcn°m≥ Ignbn√ F∂ t_m[aps≠¶n¬ AXv D]tbmK{]Zambncn°pw. kmºØnIhpw kzImcyhpw F∂o c≠p hyXykvX LSI߃°pw DS\ofw F{Xam{Xw kzmX{¥yw thWsa∂mWv P\߃ B{Kln°p∂Xv F∂v a\ nem°nbm¬ AXv IqSpX¬ {]tbmP\Icambncn°pw. hy-‡n-K-X- sXc-s™-Sp-°¬ F¥p-sIm≠-v kmº-Øn-Ihpw hy-‡n-]c- h - p-amb c≠-p Pohn-XØ - nepw kzm-X{- ¥yw sXc-s™Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v i‡-amb Imc-W-߃ D≠-v. Hcp XpS-°-Øn-\m-bn, hnZq-cÿ- a mb k¿°mcn\v Adn- b m- h p- ∂ - X n- t \- ° mƒ \∂mbn P\- ß ƒ°v 48

Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØns‚ \nbaÿm]\߃

Ah-cp-sS kz¥w Bh-i-y-߃ Adn-bmw. kz¥w {]Xo-£-Iƒ, `bm-i-¶-Iƒ, kz-]\ v ß - ƒ, A`n-em-jß - ƒ, Bh-iy- ߃, B{Kl߃, e£yw F∂n-hs- b°pdn-s®√mw Ah¿ t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-Wv. Ah¿ Ah-cpsS kz¥w Np‰p-]m-Sp-Isf- ° p- d n- ® pw Ah¿°p hne- s ∏- ´ - h cpw klmbw tXSp- ∂ - h - c p- a mb kplr-Øp-°f- p-sSbpw IpSpw-_mw-Kß - f- p-sSbpw a‰p kaq-Zm-bw-Kß - f- p-sSbpw Np‰p-]m-Sp-Is- f-°p-dn®pw t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-Wv. Xpd-∂p-In-S° - p∂ Ah-kc- ß - sf-°p-dn®pw hy-X-y-kvX-ß-fmb {]h¿Øn-Iƒ aqe-ap≠mIp∂ {]iv\-ß-sf°p-dn®pw Ah¿°v \∂mbn Adn-bmw. AXp-sIm-≠p Xs∂ Ah-cpsS kz¥w Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn®pw `mhn-sb-°p-dn®pw Xocp-am-\-߃ FSp-°p-hm-\p≈ anI® ÿnXnbnemWv Ah¿.

AhnsS Hcp [m¿Ω-nI-amb hiw IqSn-bp≠-v. B¿°p th≠nbmtWm Xocpam-\-߃ FSp-°p-tºmƒ B P\-߃ ]q¿Æ-ambpw a\p-jy Pohn-I-fm-bncn-°n-√, adn®v shdpw ASn-aI - f- m-bn-cn-bv°pw. am{X-hp-a√ F¥p kw`-hn-®mepw AXn¬ Hcp DØ-c-hm-Zn-X-z-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿ Ah-cpsS hnP-b-Øn\nt∂m sX‰p-I-fn¬ \nt∂m Hcn-bv°epw H∂pw ]Tn-bv°p-∂n-√. A[n-Imcn-I-fpsS sX‰mb \b-ß-fpsS Zqjyhi-߃ Ah¿ A\p-`-hn-bvt°≠-n hcpsa∂v am{X-a√ AXp ho-≠pw kw`-hn-bv°m-Xn-cn-bv°m≥ Ah¿s°m∂pw sNøm\pw Ign-bn-√. AXpsIm≠v {ian°m\pw Xm¬]cyan√.F∂m¬ GXv hy-‡n-Iƒ, Ah-cpsS hnP-bØns‚ {]tbm-P\ - ß - ƒ Bk-zZ- n-bv°p-∂pthm As√-¶n¬ Ah-cpsS sX‰ns‚ ^e-߃ A\p-`-hn-bv°p-∂p-thm, Ah¿ hnPbn°p∂Xv Bh¿Øn-bv°p-hm\pw A√m-Ø-Xns\ Hgn-hm-°p-hm\pw i‡-amb {]tNm-Z\w t\Sn-bn-cn-bv°pw. \m\m-Xzw ]ptcm-KXn h¿≤n-∏n-bv°p∂p \m\m-X-z-Ønepw t\´-߃ At\-Iap-≠v. kz¥w Xocp-am-\-߃ FSp-°m≥ kzm-X-{¥-y-ap≈ Bfp-Iƒ hn`n-∂-ß-fmb coXn-I-fn-eqsS {]h¿Øn-bv°pw.

Ah-cpsS kz¥w Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ°v A\p-Iq-ea- m-sW∂v Ah¿°p tXm∂p∂ Hcp {]hrØn sXc-s™-Sp-°p-hm≥ Ah¿°p Ign-bpw. Cw•ojv XX-z-Nn¥-I-\mb tPm¨ Ãph¿´v an¬ (John Stuart Mill) 1859 se At±-l-Øns‚ {]_-‘a- mb Hm¨ en_¿´n-bn¬ (On Liberty) D≤-cn-®n-cn-bv°p-∂Xp t]mse˛ FIvkv]n-cn-sa‚vkv C≥ enhnMv - (Experiments in Living) hy-X-y-kvX -ß-fmb Pohn-X-co-Xn-Iƒ Ah¿°p {ian-®p-t\m-°mw. AXn¬ NneXv hnPb-I-c-am-bn-cn°pw, NneXv A√m-bn-cn-°pw. ]t£ \ap°v Ah-cn¬ \n∂pw 49

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

F√mw ]Tn-°m≥ Ign-bpw, Aßs\, F¥mWv hnP-b-I-c-ambn {]mh¿ØnI-am-Ip-∂Xv AXns\ IqSp-X¬ sNbvXpw A√m-Ø-Xns\Ipd-®p-sIm-≠pw \ΩpsS kz¥w ]ptcm-K-Xnsb Xz-cn-X-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

CXn\p hn]-co-X-am-bn, A[n-Im-chmZn-I-fpsS Hcp kaq-l-Øn¬, Iq´-ambn tN¿s∂-Sp-°p∂ Xocp-am-\-ß-fm-b-Xn-\m¬ AhnsS Imc-y-߃ sNøp-hm≥ Hscm‰ coXntbm As√-¶n¬ am¿§tam D-≠m-bn-cn-bv°p-I-bp-≈q. GsX-¶nep-samcp A_-≤-ap≠m-bm¬ AsX-√m-t]¿°pw alm-hn-]Ømbn Xocp-∂p.

F∂m¬ HutZ-ym-KnI kao-]\w hnP-bI - c- a- m-Ip-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬ t]mepw, AXnt\-°mƒ hfsc anI® cnXn-bn¬ t\´-ap≠m-tb°m-hp∂ a‰p Imc-yß - ƒ H∂p {ian®p t\m°m≥ \Ωƒ°v A\p-hm-Z-ap≠m-bn-cn-°p-I-bn-√. Xocp-am-\-saSp-°e - p-Iƒ hfsc kmh-[m-\Ø - nepw I¿i-\h - p-am-bn-cn°pw. Cß-s\-bp≈ Hcp temIØv \ΩpsS ]ptcm-KXn hfsc kmh-[m-\-Ønepw an°-t∏mgpw thZ-\m-P-\-I-hp-am-bn-cn-°pw.

Hcp kz-X{¥ kº-Zvh-y-h-ÿ-bn¬, Dev]m-Z-I¿°v Ah-cpsS D]-t`m-‡m-°fn¬ \n∂p≈ {]Xn-Ic- W - ß - ƒ XpS¿®-bmbn e`n-®p-sIm≠n-cn-bv°pw. F√m Znh-k-Øn-s‚bpw Hmtcm \nan-jhpw D]t`m‡m°ƒa‰p-≈-h-cn¬ \n∂pw ap≥K-W-\-bp≈ Dev]-∂-߃ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p. hmßp∂ Hmtcm Dev]∂ßfp-sSbpw hne, hni-zm-k-yX, hep-∏w, BIr-Xn, If¿ a‰p KpW-\ne-hm-cß - ƒ F∂n-hs- b√mw Ah¿ \nc-¥cw ho£n-bv°p-∂p. AØcw \m\mX-z-ß-fmb CjvS-ßfpw ap≥K-W-\-Ifpw sRmSn-bn-S-sIm≠-v Dev]m-Z-I-cnFØp-∂p. Aßs\ F¥v hn¬°-s∏Spw F¥v hn¬°-s∏-Sn-√m-sb∂v Ah¿ a\- n-em-°p-∂p. Ah-cpsS FXn-cm-fn-Ifpw CXp Xs∂-bmWv sNøp-∂s- X∂v a\- n¬ D≈-Xp-sIm≠-v hnX-c-W-°m¿ DS-s\-Øs∂ P\-߃°m-h-i-y-ap≈Xv IqSp-X¬ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-Ibpw A√m-Ø-Xns‚ Dev]m-Z\w Ipd-bv°pIbpw sNøp-hm-\p≈ \S-]S- n-Iƒ FSp-°p-∂p. am{X-hp-a√ - , D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v IqSp-X¬ CjvS-am-Ip-sa∂ {]Xo-£-bn¬ ]pXn-bXpw hy-X-y-kvX-ß-fp-amb Dev]∂ - ß - ƒ hn]-Wn-bn-se-Øn-°m-\p≈ ]co-£W - ß - ƒ sN-øp-hm≥ Ah¿ t{]cn-X-cm-hp-Ibpw sNøpw. ho-≠pw, CXn\p hn]-co-X-amWv F¥v Dev]m-Zn-∏n°-W-sa∂v A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Xocp-am-\ßsfSp-°p∂ Hcp kº-Zv hy-h-ÿ-bn¬. Ah¿ apgp-h≥ kºZv hy-h-ÿbpw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂tXm As√-¶n¬ AXns‚ Hcp `mKw am{Xtam F∂Xv Hcp hnjb-a√, ]Xn-hp-t]mse F¥v, F{X, Fßs\ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°50

Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØns‚ \nbaÿm]\߃

W-sa-∂-Xns\ Ipdn-®p≈ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°-¬ Ct∏mgpw hfsc kmh-[m-\Ønepw hne-£W-hp-amb Hcp {]hr-Øn-bm-Ip∂p F∂-XmWv {]iv\w. ]camh[n, D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v Ah-cpsS sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ AhImiw {]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv CS-bv°n-sS-bp≈ Nne h¿j-ßf- n¬ am{Xam-Wv, Ce-£≥ ka-b-Øv. ]t£ Ah¿ At∏mgpw Hcp {]tX-yI Dev]-∂Ønt\m KpW-ta-∑bvt°m thm´p sNøp∂n-√. Aßs\ Hcp bYm¿∞ Ahkcw Ah¿°p e`n-bv°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ IqSn, {]Xn-tcm-[w, ]T\w, BtcmKy ]cn-]m-e\ - w, Pe-tk-N\ - w, Irjn, {KmaoW KXm-KXw F∂n-hb - n-se√mw Dƒs∏Sp∂ \b-ß-ƒ°v samØ-am-bn-´mhpw Ah¿ thm´p sNøp-I. hn]Wn kºZv hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ hnX-c-W-°m¿°v D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ \¬Ip∂ ÿnc-am-bXpw {]tbm-P-\-I-c-hp-amb {]Xn-I-c-W-߃ t]mse∂vA[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v D-≠mhn-√. AhnsS \ho-I-c-W-Øn\p th≠-n A[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sS-ta¬ Hcp kΩ¿±hp-an-√, D]-t`m-‡m-°-ƒ°v Ah¿°v th-≠Xv e`n-bv°p-∂p-an-√.

CS-s]-Se - p-IfpsS \ncmimP\Iamb ^e߃ C∂v cmP-ys- Ø samØw Dev]m-Z\ - s- Øbpw \nb-{¥nbv°p∂tXm As√-¶n\nb-{¥n-°m≥ {ian-bv°p-∂tXm Bb cmPyßfn√. IqSpX¬ km[mcWambn ImWp∂Xv k¿°m-¿ Nne {]tXyI taJ-e-I-sf \nb{¥n°p∂XmWv. {]tXy-In®pw AhiytaJeIfmbn IW°m°p∂ Btcm-K-y-]-cn-]m-e-\w, hnZ-ym-`-ym-kw, Irjn , t]meokv hn`mKw F∂nh As√-¶n¬ k_vkn-UnI-fn-eq-sSbpw hne \nb-{¥-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw _nkn-\-kp-I-fpsS ta\nb-{¥WW-߃ sIm≠p-h∂pw Dev]m-Z\ - sØ Iq´phm≥ {ian-bv°p-Itbm sNøp-∂-Xpw. GXm\pw Nne taJ-e-Iƒ k¿°m-cp-IfpsS \n-b-{¥-W-Øn¬ \S-Øn-bv°p∂p-s≠- ¶nepw aµ-K-Xn-bnepw hne-£-W-hp-ambn Xocp-am-\-߃ FSp-°p∂-Xns‚ {]iv\-߃ At∏mgpw \ne-\n¬°p∂p, {]tX-y-In®pw G‰hpw Kpcp-Xc- a- mb {]m[m-\y- a- p≈ taJ-eI - f- n¬. DZm-lc- W - Ø - n-\v, `£-yh - k - vXp-°fpsS Dev]m-Z\w k¿°m¿ am{Xw Gs‰SpØv \S-ØpI-bm-sW-¶n¬, P\-߃°v Bh-iy- a- p≈ A{Xbpw Afhv Dev]m-Zn-∏n-bv°p∂Xn¬ k¿°m¿ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXv cmP-y-h-ym-]-I-amb £maamWv. AXp-t]m-seØs∂, D¬]mZ\w \nb{¥n°m\pff k¿°m-cns‚ {- i - a- ߃ kwPmXam°p∂Xv hnX-cW - hpw Bh-iy- hpw XΩnepff s]mcp-Øt°SpIƒ BWv. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, cmjv{So-b-°m¿ hne \nb-{¥-W-Øn-eqsS Btcm 51

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

K - y- ] - c- n-]m-e\w As√-¶n¬ ]eni \nc°v F∂nh t]mep≈ Nne Ahiykm[\-߃t°m As√-¶n¬ tkh-\-߃t°m hne Ipd-bv°m≥ {ian-°pw.

At∏mƒ Dev]m-Z-I¿°v Ah¿ hnX-cWw sNøp∂ km[-\-ß-fn¬ \nt∂m tkh-\-ß-fn¬ \nt∂m hfsc Ipd™ hcp-am\w am{Xta e`n-°p-I-bp-≈q.

CXv Ah-cpsS Dev]m-ZI {iahpambn \nc°p∂X√. AXp-sIm≠-v Ah¿ B km[-\ß - f- psS Dev]m-Z\w Ipd-bv°p-Itbm B taJesb apgp-h\ - mbpw AhKWn°p-Itbm sNøpw. £ma-am-bn-cnbv°pw CXns‚ A\-¥-c-^-ew. \nbaw Ir{Xn-a-ambn hne-°pd-hp-Iƒ ASn-t®¬∏n-°p-tºmƒ, Dev]m-ZI - ¿ Dev]m-Z\w Ipd-bv°pw, F∂mD]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ AXv IqSp-X¬ hmßp-hm≥ B{K-ln-°pw. HutZ-ym-Kn-Ia- mbn `£-y-h-kvXp-°ƒ°v hne hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cn°mw, ]t£ AhnsS Ae-amcn-bn¬ H∂pw D-≠mhn-√, hfsc Xmgv∂ ]eni \nc-°p-Iƒ Bbn-cnbv°mw ]t£ hmbv]-Iƒ e`n-bv°pI Akm-[-y-am-bn-cn°pw, Btcm-K-y-]-cn-]m-e\w kuP-\-y-am-bn-cn°mw ]t£ AXp e`n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ \n߃°v \o-≠ Iyqhn¬ ImØp \n¬t°≠-n hcpw. k¿°m¿ Nne {]tX-yI km[-\-߃t°m As√-¶n¬ tkh-\-߃t°m k_vknUn sImSpØv Ah-bpsS Dev]m-Z\w t{]m’m-ln-∏n-bv°p-tºmgpw AhnsS CtX {]iv\ß - ƒ DS-se-Sp-°p-∂p. DZm-lc- W - Ø - n-\v, bqtdm-]y- ≥ bqWnb≥, Ah-cpsS Irjn taJ-esb kwc-£n°p-∂X - n-\mbn Zo¿L-Ime k_vknUn-Iƒ A\p-hZ- n-®n-cp-∂p. i‡-am-bXpw XpS¿®-bmbpw `£-yh - k - vXp-°f- psS hnX-cWw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Dt±-i-yw. F∂m¬ kX-y-Øn¬ Imc-y£-aX - b - n-√mØ bqtdm-]y- ≥ Irjn-°msc A¥m-cmjv{S FXn-cm-fn-If- n¬ \n∂pw kwc-£n-bv°p-Ib - m-bn-cp∂p e£yw (cmjv{So-b] - c- a- mbn kzm-[o-\i - ‡ - n-bp≈ Cu Iq´-cpsS ]n¥pW e`n-bv°m≥ IqSn th-≠n-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu {]hrØn). k_vkn-Un-Iƒ Hcp ae-tbmfw Bh-i-y-an-√mØ shÆ-bp-sSbpw Hcp XSmI-tØmfw hn¬°-s∏ - S- mØ ho™p-If- p-sSbpw A[nI Dev]m-Z\ - Ø - n\v hgnsbm-cp-°n. ]t£ CXn-s\-sbm-s°-°mfpw A[nIw shfn-s∏-SmØ a‰p A\-¥-c-^-e߃ IqSn Ahn-sS-bp≠-v. bqtdm-∏nse Irjn taJ-e-bn¬ \¬Inb k_vknUn-bn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ t\´-ap-≠m-°n-b-h¿ Ahn-SsØ henb `qhp-Sa-If- m-bn-cp-∂p, A√msX ]mh-s∏´ I¿j-Ic- √ - . I¿j-I¿ Ah¿ Hcn-°epw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-®n-´n-√mØ `£-yh - k - vXp-°ƒ°p th≠-n k_vknUn Ah-Im-is- ∏Sm≥ XpS-ßn-b-tXmsS Agn-an-Xnbpw hym-]-I-am-bn. temI-sa-ºmSpw \n∂pw 52

Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØns‚ \nbaÿm]\߃

CØcw kam\-amb FÆ-a‰ IY-Iƒ tIƒ°mw, Xo¿®-bmbpw Ncn-{X-Øn\n∂p-t]m-epw. {]apJ kvtIm´njv kmº-ØnI imkv{X-⁄\ - mb BZw kvanØv (Adam Smith) 1776 se At±-lØ - ns‚ Zv sh¬Øv Hm^v t\j≥ (The Wealth of Nation) F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬, Ah-cpsS a’-y-_-‘-\-tØ-°mƒ Ah-bpsS k_vkn-Un-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn aØn t_m´p-Iƒ k÷-am°n shbv°m-dp≠-v F∂v Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p≠v.2 GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ Hcp Dev]m-Z-\-Øn\v k_vknUn \¬Ip-tºmƒ hn`h߃ B taJ-e-bn¬ am{Xw BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw anI® cnXn-bnhn\n-tbm-Kn-bv°m≥ Ign-bp∂ a¡p≈n-S-tØb°v ka-bw, ]cn-{i-aw, aqe[\w F∂nh H∂pw In´msX hcn-Ibpw sNøp∂p. DZm-lc- W - Ø - n-\v, k¿°mcp-Iƒ ASp-ØI - m-eØ - mbn sNbvXp-hc- p-∂X - v, hy-‡n-If- n¬ \n∂pw hy-hk - mbn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ]Ww FSpØv IqSp-X¬ Nne-hp-Iƒ hcp∂ Im‰v, tkmfm¿ ]h¿ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v k_vknUn \¬Ip-I-bm-Wv. ]t£ Cu ]Ww hfsc-b-[nIw Nnehp Ipd™ ]e ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°pw \nt£-]n-bv°p-hm≥ Ignbp-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXv \ΩpsS kmº-ØnI hf¿®sb aµ-KX - n-bn-em-°p-Ibpw s]mXp-P-\-ß-fpsS Zo¿L-Ime A`n-hr-≤nsb C√m-Xm-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

Ipd®p t]cpsS Xocp-am-\-߃ A[n-Im-cn-It- f-°mƒ hy-‡n-Iƒ°v Xocp-am-\s- a-Sp-°m-\p≈ ap≥K-W\ \¬IW-sa∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xns‚ as‰mcp ImcWw A[n-Imc i‡n-bp≈ Ipd®p t]cptSXn-t\°mƒ At\Iw sXc-s™-Sp∏pIƒ \SØp∂Xv At\Iw hy‡n-I-f-mWv F∂XmWv. Xo¿®-bm-bpw, F√m-h¿°pw th≠-n A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ FSp-°p∂ Xocp-am-\ß - ƒ \S-∏n-em-°W - s- a-¶n¬ Ah¿°v A[n-Im-ci - ‡ - nbpsS Bh-iy- I - X A\n-hm-cy- a- m-Wv. ]t£ Cu A[n-Im-cn-Ifpw a\p-jy PohnI-fm-Wv. Ah-cpsS A[n-Im-c-i-‡n, Ah-cpsS kz¥w Xmev]-c-y-ß-sf-bpw, AXp-t]mse Ah-cpsS IpSw-_-Øn-s‚tbm As√-¶n¬ kplr-Øp-°-fpsStbm As√-¶n¬ Ab¬°m-cp-sStbm As√-¶n¬ h¿§-Øn-s‚tbm As√¶n¬ cmjv{Sob ]m¿´n-I-fp-sStbm Xmev]-c-y-ßsfbpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-bvt°≠-n hcp∂ {]tem-`-\sØ sNdp-°m≥ A[nIw t]¿°pw Ign-bn√. DS-º-Sn-Ifpw IpØ-I-h-Im-i-ßfpw Ah-cpsS kl-Im-cn-Iƒ°v \¬I-s∏-Sp-∂p. s]mXp Bh-i-y-߃°v Nne-h-gn-bvt°-≠ XpIbpsS 2. BZw kvanØv, Zv sh¬Øv Hm^v t\j≥, 1776j ]pkvXIw 4, A[-ymbw 5 2.

Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776, Book IV, ch. V.

53

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

A\pNnXamb ]¶v cmjv{So-b° - m-cp-sSkz¥w {]tZißfnte°v t]mIp-∂p. t]meo-kn-sebpw \oXn-\y- mb hIp-∏p-Ifpw t]mep≈ k¿°m¿ tPmen-If- ntbmK-yX D≈-hsc ]pd¥≈n Ah¿°p th≠s∏-´-h¿ t\Sp-∂p.

F∂m¬ cmjv{So-b]-ca- mbn hfsc Ipd®p Xncp-am-\ß - fpw hy-‡n-Iƒ Xs∂ IqSp-X¬ Xocp-am-\ß - fpw FSp-°p-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬ AhnsS CØ-cØ - n-ep≈ Agn-a-Xn-bpsS km[-yX hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cn-bv°pw. kΩ¿±ØneqsS em`w t\Sm≥ {ian-bv°msX kΩ¿±X{¥w ]camh[n Ipd°pI F∂ k¿°mcns‚ {]Ya I¿Ø-hyØn-te°v {i≤ ]Xn-∏n°m≥ Ign-bpw.

Nne-t∏m-sgms° Cu sIm≈-em-`s- a-Sp-°¬ hfsc \nKq-Va- mbn ImWm-dp≠v.

B[p-\nI kmºØnIimkv{XØns‚ ]nXm-hmb BZw kvanØv Fgp-Xn; P\-ß-fpsS t]m°-‰p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ]Ww hen-s®-Sp-°p-∂Xp t]mse s]s´∂v k¿°m-cn\p ]Tn-s®-Sp-°m≥ ]‰nb as‰mcp Iebpw C√.3. DZml-cW - Ø - n-\v, k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v IS-sa-SpØv Hmtcm ]≤-Xn-If- n¬ Nne-hm-°m≥ Ign-bp-Ibpw AXv Ah¿°v sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-I-fn¬ hnPbw \¬Ip-Ibpw Ah-cpsS A\p-bm-bn-Isf kº-∂cpw B°p-∂p, AtX kabw CXns‚ _m[-yX - I - ƒ ASn-t®¬∏n-bv°p-∂Xv km[m-cW - ° - m-cmb a‰p-≈h - c- n-te-bv°pw.

ASpØ Xe-ap-d-bn-tebv°v t]mepw Cu _m[-yX ASn-t®¬∏n-bv°p-hm≥ Ah¿°p Ign-bpw. Hcp]t£ Ah¿ ]nSn®p \n¬°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø{X ISs°-Wn-bn¬ s]Sp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ shdpsX ]Ww A®-Sn®v hn\n-a-b-aq-eyw Ipd™ Id≥kn-bm-bn´v sImSp-°m-\p-≈h¿°v sImSpØp Xn¿°m≥ Ah¿°p Ign- b pw. ]t£ CØcw I≈- Ø - c - ß ƒ {]X- y - £ - a mtbm ]tcm-£a- mtbm kº-Øp≠m-°p-hm-\p≈ P\-ßf- psS XrjvWsb \ncp’ml-s∏-Sp-Øpw. ]pXnb hy-h-km-b-߃ Bcw-`n-bv°p∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw Dev]mZ-\-£-a-X-bp≈ aqe-[-\-߃ kz-cq-]n-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw Ah¿ ]nt∂m-´pam-dpw. CXv B apgp-h≥ kaq-l-sØbpw hn\m-i-I-c-ambn _m[n-°pw.

Hcp bYm¿∞ kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Ønse k¿°mdns\, A{Xbv°v Kpcp-X-camb Ah- ÿ - b n- e - √ msX IS- s a- S p- ° p- h m≥ A\p- h - Z n- b v ° p- I - b n- √ , AXpt]mepw ]cnanXambncn°pw. CØcw k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v Id≥kn-bpsS-ta¬ IpØ-I-h-Im-itam ]W-Øn\v Bh-i-y-ap-≈-t∏mƒ A®-Sn-s®-Sp-°phm-\p≈ A[n-Im-ctam D≠-m-bn-cn-°n-√. Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Ønse \nIp-Xn-Iƒ hfsc Ipdhpw hnimeamb ASnÿm\Øn¬ Npa-Øp-∂-Xp3. sF_n-Uv, ]pkvXIw 5, A[-ymbw 2, `mKw 2, B¿´n-°nƒ 1&2 A\p-_‘w 3.

54

Ibid., Book V, ch. II, Part II, Appendix to Articles I & II.

Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØns‚ \nbaÿm]\߃

am-bn-cn-°pw. cmjv{Sob FXn-cm-fn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw kº-∂-sc∂ \yq-\-]-£ß-fn¬ \n∂pw A[nIw \nIpXn CuSm-°m-dn-√. \nIp-Xn-Iƒ efn-Xhpw hy-‡hpw AS-bv°m≥ Ffp-∏hpw ap≥Iq´n Adn-bm-hp-∂h - b - p-am-bn-cn-°pw. \nIpXn Zmb-I-cn¬ \n∂pw In´p∂ XpI IpØs\ Iq´p-∂-Xn¬ Xmev]c-y-ap≈ s]mXp-˛-k-z-Im-cy GP≥kn-Iƒ°v Ahsc NqjWw sNøm≥ Ign-bn-√. ss]Xr-I-hm-Zn-I-fpsS hmZ-apJw s]mXp-P-\-߃ Ip´n-I-sf-t∏m-se-bm-Wv, Ah¿ kzbw Xocpam-\-߃ FSp°p-hm-≥ Ai-‡-cmWv , AXp-sIm≠-p am{X-amWv F√m Xocp-am-\-ßfpw Ah¿s°-Sp-t°≠-n hcp-∂Xv F∂mWv `cn-°p∂ {]am-Wn-h¿§-߃°n-Sbn-¬ s]mXp-th-bp≈ ImgvN-∏m-Sv. CXv kzbw JWvUn-bv°p-∂-Xm-Wv; CXv Ah¿°v A[nImcw \¬Inb P\-ß-fpsS Ign-hns\ Xcw-Xm-gvØp-∂-XmWv. am{X-hp-a-√, Hcp icn-bmb k¿°m-cns\ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-hm≥ th-≠{X Iq´mb kma-Y-∞yw P\-߃°p≠-v, F∂m¬ Ah-cp-sS kz¥w PohnXw \√ cnXn-bn¬ sIm≠-pt- ]m-Ip-hm-≥ th≠-{X hy-‡n-]c- a- mb kma¿∞yw C√msb∂p ka¿∞n-bv°p-∂-Xn¬ Hcp bp‡n-bp-an-√.

Hc¬∏w sa®-s∏´ coXn-bn¬ P\-߃ {]-h¿Øn-°p-bm-sW-¶n¬ AsXmcp apgp-h≥ kaq-l-Øns‚bpw t£aØn\v DXIpsa∂Xn\v Hcp-]mSv DZml-c-W-߃ D≠-v. ]t£ CXn¬ IqSp-Xepw \nb-a-Øns‚ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ Bh-i-y-an-√mØ [m¿Ωn-I-amb {]iv\-ß-fm-Wv. a‰p-≈-h¿°p klmb-I-Ic-amIp∂ [m¿Ωn-amb Imc-y-߃ sNøp-hm≥ Bfp-Isf \Ωƒ t{]cn-∏n-°ptºmƒ, Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Ønse k¿°m-cn\v Ahsc Aßs\ B°phm≥ Ign-bn-√. a‰p-≈h - ¿°v D]-{Z-hamhp∂ coXn-bn-ep≈ {]h¿Ø-\ß - sf XS-bpI F∂Xp am{X-amWv C-hnsS k¿°m-cns\ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cnbv°p-∂Xv, a‰p-≈h - ¿°v {]tbm-P\ - I - c- amw hn[w {]h¿Øn-°m≥ P\-ßsf \n¿_-‘n-°p-hm≥ A√. {]Xn-tcm[w t]mep≈ s]mXp ]≤-Xn-I-fn¬ P\ßsfs°m≠v kw`m-h-\- sNøn°m≥ Hcp s]mXp-˛-ImcyhmZ-w \ne-\n¬°p∂p≠v, ]t£ AØcw tIkp-Iƒ hfsc hnc-f-am-Wv. tNmZyw : Xo¿®-bmbpw \ap-s°-√m-t]¿°pw k¿°m-cn-t\mSv DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw Dt≠m ?

C√. Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Øn¬ k¿°m-cn\v \Ω-tfm-SmWv DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw D≈-Xv. ]e ÿe-ß-fnepw kzm-[o\ i‡n-{]tbmKØn-eq-sS-bmWv 55

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

k¿°m-cp-Iƒ cq]n-Ic- n-bv°s- ∏-Sp-∂Xpw A[n-Im-cØ - n¬ XpS-cp-∂X - pw.

CsXm∂pw \nb-am-\p-kr-X-amb k¿°m-cp-I-f-√. Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-lØnse k¿°m¿ , Ah¿°p \nbp-‡-am-bn-´p≈ Imc-y-ß-fn¬ Iq´mtbm ({]-Xn-tcm[w t]mep-≈-h) As√-¶n¬ ]£m-]m-X-c-ln-X-amtbm Xocp-am\-߃ FSp-°p-hmt\m As√-¶n¬ {]mh¿Ø-nI-am-°p-hmt\m P\-ßfm¬ cq]n-Ic- n-°s- ∏-Sp∂ Hcp GP≥kn-bmWv. Ah-cpsS I¿Ø-hyw ]uc∑msc tkhn-bv°p-I F∂-X√msX as‰m∂√. k¿°m-cn\m¬ \¬Is∏Sp∂ tkh-\ß - ƒ Fßs\ e`-ya- m-°p∂p F∂Xp-t]m-ep≈ {]iv\-ß-fn¬ an°-hmdpw AXn-i-b-I-c-amb \n¿hn-Im-c-XbmWv P\-߃ {]I-Sn-∏n-bv°p-∂Xv F∂ Imcyw Hcp kX-y-am-Wv. ]t£ km[m-cW - b - mbn AsX¥p sIm≠∂m¬ ]cm-Xn-s∏-Sp∂Xp sIm-≠v AhcpsS kabw shdpsX \jvSa- m-hp-sa∂pw Hcp am‰-ßfpw D≠-mI - m≥ t]mIp∂n-√m-sb∂pw Ah¿°p hy-‡-ambn Adn-bm-hp-∂Xp sIm-≠m-Wv. P\-߃ CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xp-sIm≠-v kX-y-Øn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw ]ptcm-KXn D≠-m-hp-sa∂p I≠-m¬ IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Iƒ AXn\p Xøm-dm-hpw.

k¿°m-cns\ \nb-{¥n-bv°p-hm-\p≈ am¿§-߃ P\m-[n-]-Xyw hnc-f-amb tIkp-I-fn¬ Iq´mb Xocp-am\w Hgn-hm-°-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bm-ØXn-\m¬, AXns‚ ^ew samØw P\-ka- q-ls- Øbpw _m[n-°p-sa-∂p-≈Xp sIm-≠v, Hcp kz-X{¥ kaqlw F√m P\-ß-fp-sSbpw A`n-{]mbw tXSp-∂p. as‰m-c¿∞-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬, AhnsS Nne Xc-Øn-ep≈ P\m-[n-]-Xyw \nehn-ep≠-v.

F√m Xocp-am-\ß - fpw apgph≥ P\-ßf- m¬ FSp-°W - s- a-∂n-√, AXv Atßb‰w t¢i-I-c-am-bXpw kabw A[n-I-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. km[m-cW \nebn¬ F√m P\-ßfpw Ah¿°p-th≠-n Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°m≥ P\{]Xn\n-[n-Isf sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p. Cu P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ shdpw {]Xn-\n-[nI-f√ - , Ah¿°p thm´p-sIm-Sp-Øh - c- psS Bi-bß - ƒ Zmk-ya- t\m`mhtØmsS {]Xn-^-en-∏n-t°≠h-c√, Ah¿ Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Xo¿∏v Cu {]{InbbnsIm≠-p-h-cp-∂p.

P\m-[n-]-XyØn\v P\{]oWnX cmjv{Sobhpambn Hcp kma-y-hp-an-√. Nne-t∏msg-¶nepw s]mXp-P\ - ß - f- n¬ `qcn-]£hpw hni-zk - n-°p-∂Xv aX-]c- hpw As√56

Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØns‚ \nbaÿm]\߃

¶n¬ hwio-b-]-c-hp-amb \yq\]£-߃ _en-I-gn-°-s∏tS≠h-cm-sW-∂mWv, F∂m¬ Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Ønse k¿°mcn\v Cßs\ sNøm≥ Ign-bn-√. CXv \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv a‰p-≈-h¿°v lm\n-I-c-am-bXv XS-bp-∂-Xn\m-Wv. Hcp ]gb sNm√v P\m-[n-]-X-ysØ hni-Zo-I-cn-bv°p-∂Xv, c-≠p sN∂mbv°fpw Hcp sNΩ-cn-bmSpw AØm-g-Øn-\p-th≠-n F¥mWv th-≠ sX∂v Xocp-am-\n-°p∂p F∂m-Wv. ]t£ Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-lØ - n¬ `qcn`mK-Øns‚ A[n-Im-c-߃ \yq-\-]-£-ßsf kwc-£n-bv°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n \nb-{¥-W-hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂p.

G‰hpw henb {]iv\w k¿°m-cp-Isf Fßs\ sXc-s™-Sp-°m-sa-∂√ - , ]t£ Ahsc Fßs\ \nb-{¥n-°W - s- a-∂X - m-Wv. Ah¿ shdpw a\p-jy- c- mWv, Ah¿°p In´n-bn-cn-°p∂ A[n-ImcØn\v Ahsc Agn-aX - n-°m-cm-°p∂p. kzm-X{- ¥yw kwc-£n-°s- ∏-SW - s- a-¶n¬, t\Xm-°sf ]Z-hn-bn¬ \n∂pw \o°phm-\p≈ Fs¥-¶nepw Nne hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ D≠-m-bn-cn-t°-≠Xv AX-ym-h-i-y-amWv. Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Ønse Ce-£≥ t\Xm-°sf sXc-s™-Sp-°phm≥ th≠-n am{X-a-√, Ahsc Hgn-hm-°p-hm\pw IqSn-bp-≈-Xm-Wv. Nne A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ hmZn-°p-∂Xv hy-X-ykvX k¿°m-cp-Iƒ, Hcp-]t£ ASnÿm-\] - c- a- mbn hy-Xy- kvX \b-߃ D≈-h¿, thms´-Sp-∏n-eqsS amdn amdn hcptºmƒ AXv Aÿn-cX krjvSn°p∂p F∂m-Wv. ]t£ Hcp kz-X{¥ kaql-Øn¬ k¿°m-cpIfpsS A[n-Imcw \nb-{¥n-X-am-bn-cn-bv°p-∂-Xn-\mGXp Xc-Øn-ep≈ Aÿn-c-X-bpsS hym-]vXnbpw Ipd-bp-∂p. \nbahncp≤ k¿°m-cp-Itf°mƒ \nb-am-\p-kr-X- k¿°m-cp-Ifn¬ hn\miIcamb Aÿnc-Xb - psS km[-yX - I - ƒ IqSpIb√ Ipd-bpIbmWv sNøp∂Xv. kmbp[ tk\I-fpsS _e-Øn¬ \nb-am-\p-kr-X-a-√mØ Hcp k¿°m-cn\v Zo¿L-Imew A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ XpS-cmw, F∂m¬ CXn-\p≈ bYm¿∞ _Z¬ am¿§-߃ Imem-Ime-ß-fn¬ kam-[m-\-]-c-amb Ce-£≥ As√-¶n¬ h√-t∏m-gp-ap≈ c‡-cq-£n-X-amb hnπ-h-߃F∂nhbmWv. kz-X{¥ kaq-l-ß-fnCe-£\p ap≥K-W-\-bp-≠v, CXv _e-{]-tbm-Khpw A{I-ahpw \nb-{¥n-°p∂p, kaql-Øn¬ am‰-ßfpw ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw thK-Øn-em-°p-∂p.

Ce-£-\p-Iƒ \nb-am-\p-kr-X-ambn kzo-I-cn-bv°-s∏-S-W-sa-¶n¬ AXn\v GXm\pw \n_-‘-\-Iƒ A\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, AhnsS ]m¿´nIfn¬ bYm¿∞- Xncs™Sp∏v D≠-m-h-Ww. Htc Hcp ÿm¿\m¿∞ntb AhnsS thm´p tXSn D≈q-sh-¶n¬, CsXmcp kzX-{¥- Xncs™Sp∏√, 57

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Øn¬ AhnsS hy-X-y-kvX-ß-fmb ImgvN∏mSpIƒ D≠-m-hpw. CXv kqNn-∏n-bv°p-∂-sX-s¥-∂m¬ ]e ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒ°pw Ah-c-h-cpsS Bi-b-߃ {]I-Sn-∏n-bv°p-hm\pw {]kn≤oIcn°m\pw Ign-b-Ww, am{X-hp-a√ a‰p ÿm\m¿∞n-I-sfbpw ]m¿´n-I-sfbpw bmsXmcp XS- hpw IqSmsX hna¿in-bv°p-hm\pw Ign-bW - w. P\-߃°v Ah¿°njvS-s∏´ ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒ°v bmsXmcp Xc-Øn-ep-ap≈ {]XnImc`bhpw C√msX thm´p tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw Ign-bW - w; AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ thm´p sNøp∂ coXn cl- k - y - a m- b n- c n- b v ° - W w. F∂m¬ Nne cmP- y - ß - f nCe-£≥{]Nm-cW - ß - ƒ°v ]Ww Nne-hg- n-bv°p-∂X - n\v Nne \nb-{¥-Wß - ƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠-v-. kº-∂c- mb ÿm\m¿∞n-Ifpw ]m¿´n-Ifpw IqSp-Xt\´-߃ D-≠m-°p-∂n-√m-sb∂v Dd∏p hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\p th-≠n-bm-Wn-Xv. ASpØ Ce-£≥ Ft∏mƒ \S-Ø-W-sa∂p Xncp-am-\n-°m≥ `c-W-Øn-enc-n°p∂ k¿°m-cns\ A\p-h-Zn-°msX ]e cmP-y-ßfpw Ce-£-\p-Iƒ °n-S-bn¬ Hcp \n›nX Imem-h[n G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠--v. s]mXp Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°an°-hmdpw F√m kz-X-{¥-a-√mØ cmP-y-ß-fn-sebpw k¿°m-cp-Iƒ A[nIm-cØ - n¬ hcp-∂Xv kzm-[o\ i‡n-If- psS ]n≥_-eØ - m-em-Wv. Nne¿ AXn]ecpw ]n∂oSv \nb- a - k m- [ p- X - b psS shfn- ® - Ø n¬ A[n- I mcw hn´p sImSp°psa¶n-epw, Nne¿ i‡nbneqsS ]nS®p\n¬°pw.F∂m¬ Nne¿ Ah¿°v \nbakm[pX \¬Im≥ ]e hgnIfpw I≠ph®n´p≠v .

DZmlcWØn\v kwkv I m- c nI ss]Xr- I - Ø ns‚bpw aX- Ø ns‚bpw ]cn]q¿Æamb c£mI¿XrXzw Gs¡SpØpsIm≠v. CXn\p hn]-co-Xa- mbn Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Øn¬ k¿°m¿ \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv hfsc \nb-{¥nX e£-y-tØm-sSbpw P\-ß-fpsS kΩ-X-Øm-ep-am-Wv. F∂n-cp-∂mepw k¿°m-cp-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw Ah-cpsS I¿Ø-h-y-amb lm\nI-ca- m-bXv XS-bp-∂X - n¬ \n∂pw, hy-‡n-Iƒ°v sNøp-hm≥ Ign-bm-ØXv Iq´mbva-tbmsS sNøp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw hy-Xn-N-en®p t]mIm-dp≠-v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, Ah¿ ]e-t∏mgpw s]mXp Imcy߃ hnX-cWw sNøp-∂-Xn¬ IpØ-Ibmb coXn Ah-ew-_n-°m-dp-≠-v. F¥v As√-¶n¬ GXv s]mXp Imcyw hnXcWw sNø-Ws- a∂v Iq´mb Xocp-am-\a- mWv FSpt°-≠sX-¶nepw At∏mgpw AØcw km[-\ß - ƒ samØ-amtbm `mKn-Ia- mtbm kz-Im-cy GP≥kn-Iƒ°v hnX-cWw sNøm≥ Ign-bp∂p≠-v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, [¿Ω-ÿm-]-\-߃°v 58

Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØns‚ \nbaÿm]\߃

]mh-s∏-´h - ¿°pw tcmKn-Iƒ°pw ]cn-Nc- Ww \¬Im≥ Ign-bpw. a‰p-≈h - ¿°,v lm\n-Ic- a- m-bXv XS-bpI F∂ hy-hÿ - b - n¬, A¥-co£ aen-\n-Ic- Ww t]mep≈-h- F{X-am{Xw lm\n-I-c-amWv F∂v IW-°m-°pI hfsc {]bm-k-ap-≈Xm-Wv, am{X-hp-a√ CXn¬ k¿°m-cns‚ CS-s]-S¬ kX-ya- mbpw ]q¿Æ-ambpw \oXoIcn°mhp∂X√.

Nne Xocp-am-\-߃ FSp-t°≠-Xv Iq´m-bva-bn-eqsS BsW-¶n¬, F¥v \nb-a-{]-Imcw Bbn-cn-bv°Ww B Xncp-am-\-߃ D-≠mtI-≠Xv? amXrIm]cambn GI-I-WvT-am-bn-cn-°-Ww; F√m-hcpw B Xocpam\saSp°-en¬ ]s¶-Sp-°W - w, F√m-hcpw AwKo-Ic- n°mØ Hcp {]hrØnbpw \S∏m -°p∂n√. F∂m¬ A`n-{]mb sFIyw t\Sn-sbSp-°p-∂Xv hfsc {]bm-kI-ca- m-Wv. XpS-°Ø - n¬, Hmtcm hy-‡nbv°pw Hmtcm {]ta-bß - fpw ]Tn-bv°phm\pw thm´p sNøp-hm\pw kabw Bh-i-y-am-b-Xn-\m¬ CXv hfsc ImeXm-akw FSp-°p∂ Hcp {]{In-bb - m-hpw. AXp-sIm-≠mWv \Ωƒ ]I-ca- mbn P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Isf sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. GsX-¶n-ep-samcp DS-º-Sn-bnFØp-∂Xv hfsc sshj-ayw ]nSn® Hcp Imc-y-a-mWv, Fs¥-∂m¬ GsX¶n-ep-samcp hy-‡n°pw B samØw ]≤-Xnbpw d±m-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw. BbXp-sIm≠v, Iq´mb Xncp-am-\-߃ P\Iob sXcs™Sp∏p-I-fn-eq-sStbm lnX-]-cn-tim-[-\-bn-eq-sStbm As√-¶n¬ \nb-a-k-`-bnse thms´-Sp-∏n-eqsStbm FSp-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXv s]mXpth `qcn-]-£m-`n-{]mbw Bbncn-bv°pw. CsXmcp sNdnb (50 iX-am-\w+1) `qcn-]-£tam As√-¶n¬ tbm K-y-amb (2-/3) `qcn-]-£tam BImw. AXv Xocp-am-\-߃ FSp-°p-∂-Xnse _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ Ipd-°p-∂p, AtX-k-abw sNdn-sbmcp {]amWn h¿§-ß-fptSX-√msX `qcn-]-£-Øm¬ Xncp-am-\-߃ FSp-°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂ Dd∏pw \¬Ip-∂p. 4 thm´¿am-cpsS kz¥w Xmev]-cyw Hcp tdma≥ N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS IY-bp≠v-, ]m´p a’-c-Ønse ss^\hnP-bnsb {]J-ym-]n-°m≥ At±-l-tØmSv Bh-i-y-s∏-´p. At±lw Hcm-fpsS ]m´p tI´n´v at‰ Bƒ°v kΩm\w \¬In. CXn-\¿∞w c-≠m-a-tØXpw 4. CXn-s‚bpw C\n hcp∂ Bi-b-Øn-s‚bpw hni-Z-amb kw{K-l-Øn-\mbn hmbnbv°pI Cutdm¨, _Sve-dpsS ]ªnIv tNmbvkv[ Hcp {]Ya {KŸw, C≥Ãn-‰-yq´v Hm^v C°-tWm-anIvkv A^-tb-gvkv, e-≥ 2012 4.

For a more detailed summary of this and the following points, see Eamonn Butler, Public Choice a Primer, Institute of Economic Affairs, London, 2012.

59

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

tami-am-Im≥ km[-y-X-bn√ F∂m-Wv. C∂v, Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Ønepw Hcp kz-X{¥ kºZv hy-hÿ - b - nepw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂X - n¬ Ft∏m-sgms° \Ωƒ Akw-Xr-]vXc- m-tWm, k¿°m-cns‚ {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ Ah \n›-ba- mbpw sa®s∏-Sp-ØWw F∂v Nn¥n-°p-hm-\p≈ {]h-WX C∂v P\-ßf- n¬ ImWp-∂p≠v.

DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, {]Xn-tcm[w As√-¶n¬ t£aw t]mep≈ taJ-e-I-fnse s]mXp km[-\-߃ Bh-i-y-Øn\v hnX-cWw sNøp-∂-Xn¬ hn]Wn hogvN hcp-Øn-bm¬ AXn\p _Z-embn k¿°m¿ Ah Xo¿®-bmbpw e`-y-am-°n-bncn-°-Ww. As√-¶n¬ Hcp ^mIvSdn A¥-co£ aen-\o-I-c-W-Øn\v Imc-Wam-hp-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬ AXp \n¿Ø-em-t°≠- \S-]S- n-Iƒ k¿°m¿ ssIsIm ≠-n-cn-°-Ww. ]t£ CXv Bcpw Bh-i-y-Øn\v ]n¥p-S-cp-∂n-√.

-]-e-t∏mgpw hn]-Wn-Iƒ \ΩpsS Bh-i-y-߃°-\p-k-cn®v {]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬ \Ωƒ hn]Wn ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp∂p F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ \Ωƒ AhnsS Hm¿t°-≠ Imcyw k¿°mcpw ]cm-P-b-s∏-Smw F∂m-Wv. XmcXtay\ kz-X{¥ kaq-lß - f- n¬ t]mepw k¿°m-cp-Iƒ hkvXp\n-jvTa- m-bt- Xm, ]cn-an-Xa- m-tbm, ]£-]m-Xc- l - n-Xa- m-bt- Xm, P\-ßf- m¬ D¿÷nX-amb i‡n-Itfm A√. ASn apX¬ apSn hsc k¿°m-cn-¬ kz¥w Xmev]c-y-߃ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p≠-v.

P\- ß ƒ Xncs™Sp∏ns\ ImWp- ∂ Xv s]mXp Xmev]- c - y ߃ a\ nem°m\pw Ah \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Hcp Xncn-®-dn-hm-bn-´m-Wv. ]t£ Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Øn¬ AhnsS hy-X-ykvX Xmev]-c-y-߃ D≠-v, Ah XΩn¬ G‰p-ap-´pw. Ipd™ \nIp-Xn-Iƒ aXn-sb∂v B{K-ln-°p∂ thm´¿am¿ s]mXp Nne-hp-Iƒ A[nIw thW-sa∂p B{K-ln-bv°p∂ a‰p≈-h-cpambn kwL¿j-Øn-se-Øpw. ]pXnb Hcp tZiob ]mX hcp-∂-XnKpW-ap-≈h - ¿ hoSp-Iƒ \jvSs- ∏-Sp-sa∂p hym-Ip-es- ∏-Sp-∂h - sc FXn¿°pw.

Ce-£\ - p-Iƒ s]mXp Xmev]c- y- ß - sf ÿm]n°p∂n√. Ah ]ckv]cw a’cn°p∂ Xmev]c- y- ß - sf k¥p-en-Xa- m-°p-∂tX D≈q. Cu kwL¿j-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp Iq´mb Xocp-am\w FSp-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. cmjv{So-b-°m-cpsS kz¥w Xmev]-c-y-߃ thm´¿am¿°v Ah-cpsS kz¥w Xmev]-c-y-߃ D≈-Xp-t]mse cmjv{So°m¿°pw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Xmev]c- y- ß - ƒ D≠-v. ]ecpw A[n-Im-csØ ImWp∂Xv kº-∂c- mIp-∂X - n\pw As√-¶n¬ Ah-cpsS i{Xp-°sf C√mbva sNøp∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Hcp am¿§-am-bn-´m-Wv. Ah-cpsS HutZ-ym-KnI ]Zhn CØcw Nqj60

Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØns‚ \nbaÿm]\߃

W-߃°v D]-tbm-Ks- ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-s√¶n¬ Ah¿ Zp¿_-ec- m-sW∂p t]mepw Ah¿ IcpXnt]mIpw. IqSp-X¬ kzm-X-{¥-y-ap≈ kaq-l-ß-fn¬ t]mepw Agn-aXn Hcp henb {]iv\w Xs∂-bm-Wv. Hcp ]t£, cmjv{So-b° - m¿ icn°pw P\-ßsf tkhn-°W - s- a∂v B{K-ln°p∂p-s≠-¶n¬ t]mepw AXn\v BZyah¿°v A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ Ib-dn-∏-‰-Ww. Ah¿ sXc-s™-Sp-°s- ∏-SW - s- a-¶n¬ AXn-\m-hi - y- a- mb thm´p-Iƒ Ah¿°p t\S-Ww. ]t£ CXp-sIm-≠v, hnim-e-amb s]mXn-P-\m-`n-{]mbw Ah¿ {]Xn^-en-∏n-°p-sa-∂v A¿∞-am-Ip-∂n-√. ImcWw Ah¿ Pbn-bv°m≥ th-≠ IqSpX¬ thm´p-Ifpw t\Sn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv sNdpXpw {]m-Xn-\n-[-y-hp-an-√mØ \yq-\]-£ß-fn¬ \n∂m-hmw. Ah-cpsS kz¥w hy-h-km-b-߃°v k_vknUn e`-ya- m-°p-∂Xp t]mse-bp≈ km[-Ia- mb \b-߃ \S∏n¬ hcpØpI F∂ hy‡amb e£yw Ah¿°v t\Sn-tb-Sp-°m≥ i‡-amb kz¥w Xmev]-c-yß- f p≈ sNdnb {Kq∏p- I ƒ cmjv { So- b {]{Inbbn¬ {]_eÿm\w hln°p∂p. sNdp kwLhpw Db¿∂ t{]c-Wm-i-‡nbpw Bb-Xn-\mAh¿°v Ffp-∏-Øn¬ kwL-Sn-Xcm-Ip-hm\pw {]Nm-cW {]h¿Ø-\߃°pw kzm-[o\w sNep-Øp-hm\pw IqSp-X¬ ]cn-{i-an-°p-hm≥ Ig-nbpw.

F∂m¬ D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ As√-¶n¬ \nIp-Xn-Zm-b-I¿ t]mep≈ {]tX-yI Bi-bß - s- fm∂pw A[n-Ia- n-√msX IqSp-X¬ hnim-ea- mb {Kq∏p-Iƒ°v kwLSn-X-cm-Ip-∂Xv _p≤n-ap-´p≈ Imc-y-am-Wv. am-{X-hp-a√ Ah¿ IqSp-X¬ D’ml-`-cn-Xcpw Bbn-cn-°n-√, ImcWw B hy-h-kmb k_vkn-Un- t]mep≈ \bß-fpsS Nne-hns‚ _m[-yX Ah-cpsS CS-bnepw sNdnb tXmXn-em-sW-¶nt]mepw hym-]n®p InS-°p-∂p.

GIo-I-c-Whpw temKvtdm-fnMpw \q\]£Imgv®∏mSns‚ B[n]Xyw Xmev]c- I£nIƒ Ah-cpsS thm´nwKv i‡n H∂n®p tN¿°p-hm-\mbn Hcp [mcW D-≠m-°p-tºmƒ h¿≤n°p∂p. ]e {Kq∏p-If- psS Hcp Iq´mbva,Hcp ÿm\m¿∞nsb _lnjv°cn°psa∂vv `ojWns∏SpØptºmƒ B ÿm\m¿∞n-°p-ta¬ kzm-[o\w sNep-Øm≥ Ah¿°v a¡mtc°mƒ IqSp-X¬ km[n-°pw. {]tX-yI Xmev]-c-y-߃°p-th≠-n kam-\-amb Zqjn® {]h¿Øn-Iƒ \nb-ak-`b - nepw kw`-hn-°p-∂p. Ah-cpsS kz¥w Pn√-If- n¬ s]mXp JP-\m-hn\n∂pw ]Ww Nne-h-gn®v ]≤-Xn-Iƒ sIm≠-p hcp-∂-Xn-\mbn AX-ym-{K-l-s∏Sp∂ cmjv{So-b° - m¿ CtX at\m-`m-ha- p≈ a‰p Pn√-°m-cp-ambn thm´p hn¬°p61

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

hm-\p≈ [mc-WI - f- n-se-Ømw. temKvtdm-fnMv F∂-dn-bs- ∏-Sp∂, \o Fs‚ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°p thm´p sNø-q; Rm≥ \n\°p thm´p Xcmw F∂p≈ Cu G¿∏mSns‚ A\-¥-c-^ew Cß-s\-bp≈ {]ta-b-߃ hnP-bn-°p-Ibpw a‰p-≈h - ¿ B{K-ln-°p-∂X - nepw A∏pdw B k¿°m¿ hf-cp-Ibpw sNøpw.

Cu \nb-a-߃ {]m_-e-y-Øn¬ hcp-tºmƒ IqSp-X¬ kz¥w Xmev]-c-y-߃ DS-se-Sp-°p-I-bpw sNøpw. Ahsc tkhn-°m≥ \ntbm-Kn-bv°-s∏´ DtZ-ymK-ÿ¿°pw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Xmev]c- y- ß - ƒ D≠-mh - pw. Ah-cpsS \nebpw iºf-hp-sa√mw Ahn-SsØ henb DtZ-ym-K-ÿ-hr-µsØ B{i-bn-®m-hpw. Adn™p-sImt≠m Adn-bm-sXtbm henb DtZ-ym-K-ÿ-h-rµsØ ka¿∞n-°p-∂Xn-\mbn Ah¿ DtZ-ym-Kÿ \S-]-Sn-Isf IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿Æ-am-°n-tb-°mw.

Cu \S-]-Sn-{I-a-amWv km{am-Pyw sI´n-∏-Sp-°¬ (Fw]b¿ _n¬Un-Mv) F∂dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ho-≠pw, Ah¿ km[m-cW s]mXp-P-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-≈-Xnt\-°mƒ kzbw XXv]-c-cmb \yq-\-]£ßfn¬ \n∂pambn-cn°pw kzm-[o\-n°m\pff {ia߃ IqSp-X¬ t\cntS≠nhcp∂Xvv. AXp-sIm-≠v {]tX-yI Xmev]-c-y-߃°v Ah¿ hg-ßpw, AXn-\-h¿ Hcp-]t£ sII-°qenbpw hmßp-∂p-≠mhpw.

\nba{IaoIcWw Npcp°n∏d™m¬, k¿°mcpIsf sXcs™Sp°ptºmgpw, \nba߃ sIm≠phcptºmgpw AXv \S∏nem°ptºmgpw hyXykvXßfmb As√¶nNnXdnInS°p∂ Bibßfp≈ `qcn]£tØ °mƒ \yq\]£ßfpsS GtIm]n®psIm≠p≈ Bib߃°mhpw ap≥KW\. cmjv{Sob]cambn FSp°p∂ Xocpam\ßfn¬ s]mXpP\Øns‚ hnimeamb BibßfpsS {]Xn^e\w hfscb[nIw Ipdhmbncn°pw. k¿°m¿ taJe°v, IqSpXP\߃ B{Kln°p∂Xn\pw, hnthI]q¿∆ambXn\pw Hcp kzX{¥kaqlsØ \ne\n¿Øns°m≠pt]mIm≥ BhiyambXn\pw A∏pdtØ°v, Xo¿®bmbpw. kzmX{¥yw Atßb‰w C√mXmhp∂Xphsc hfcphm≥ A¥¿eo\amb Hcp {]hWXbp≠v. IqSpX¬ kzmX{¥yap≈ kaql߃ Cu {]iv\߃ \nb{¥n°phm\p≈ \nba߃ \S∏nem°nbn´p≠v. Ce£\pIƒ CXns‚ ImXemb Hcp `mKamWv. ]t£ AhnsS Hcp Zp¿_eamb \nb{¥W amWv cmjv{Sob°mcpsSbpw DtZymKÿ∑mcpsSbpw ta¬ D≈XpamWv. Ah¿ A]q¿∆amtb hcp∂p≈q, am{Xhpa√ ]et∏mgpw CXn62

Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØns‚ \nbaÿm]\߃

ap∂n´p\n¬°p∂Xv henb ]m¿´nIfmhpw. CXv am‰ßƒ aµKXnbnem°p∂p. i‡amb \nb{¥W߃ Bhiyambncn°p∂p. `cWLS\m DSºSn cmjv{Sob \S]SnIsf \nb{¥nbv°phm\p≈ Hcp s]mXphmb am¿§w F√mhcmepw AwKoIcn°s∏´ As√¶n¬ _lp`qcn]£ØmAwKoIcn°s∏´ Hcp `cWLS\ sXcs™Sp°pIbmWv. Ce£\pIƒ \SØp∂Xpw cmjv { Sob]camb Xocpam\߃ FSp°p∂Xpw Cu `cWLS\ A\pimkn°p∂ \nbaßfneqsS am{Xta BImhq. \nba߃ Fs¥ms°bmsW∂v F√mhcpw AwKoIcn°pIbmsW¶n¬, k¿°mcpIƒ°v AhcpsS kz¥w t\´ßƒ°mbn \nba߃ cq]Iev]\ sNbv X v ASnt®¬∏n°p∂Xv Akm[yambncn°pw; DZmlcWØn\v , FXn¿ÿm\m¿∞nsb \ntcm[n°pI, FXncmfnbpsS thm´¿amcnA\mhiy\nIpXn NpaØpI t]mep≈h.

A[nImc߃ hn`Pn®p \¬Ip∂XneqsSbpw cmjv{Sob \S]SnIsf IqSpX¬ \nb{¥n bv°m≥ Ignbpw. Hscm‰ hy‡ntbm Hscm‰ kwLtam F√m \nba \n¿ΩmWm[nImchpw ssIbmfp∂Xn\p]Icw A[nImcw hyXykvX ÿm]\߃°mbn hn`Pn®p \¬Ip∂XmWv Cu Bibw. Cu Hmtcm ÿm]\Øn\pw a‰p≈h¿°p sNøm≥ Ignbp∂sXms° XSbphmt\m, ]cnjvIcn°phmt\m As√¶n¬ \nb{¥n°phmt\m Ignbpw.

A°mcWw sIm≠pXs∂ CXns\ Nnet∏msgm° sN°v B‚v _me≥kkv (]cntim[n°pIbpw kaXpenXam°pIbpw sNøp∂) hyhÿsb∂v hnfn°mdp≠v. t]mfn‰v _ymtdmtbm As√¶n¬ \nbak`mkanXntbm t]mep≈ Hscm‰ kwLØn\mWv Cu F√m A[nImchpsa¶n¬ cmjv{Sob `qcn]£hpw hn`mKob {Kq∏pIfpsS Xmev]cyßfpw AhcpsS kz¥w t\´ßƒ°mbn Xo¿®bmbpw Cu A[nImc߃ Zpcp]tbmKw sNøpw. F∂m¬ DucWLS\ Cu A[nImcßsf k¿°mcns‚ c≠p k`Ifpw hyXykvX coXnIfnemWv sXcs™Sp°s∏Sp∂ sX¶n¬ kam\amb {Kq∏pIƒ°v c≠nSØpw kzm[o\w sNepØp∂Xv IqSpX¬ hnjaIcambncn°pw. Cu c≠p k`Iƒ°pw Ah¿ HmtcmcpØcpw FSp°p∂ Xocpam\߃ XSbphmt\m ]cnjvIcn°phmt\m Ignbpsa¶n¬ AXv hne-t]-i-ep-Iƒ°v hgn-sbm-cp°pw, \yq-\] - £ - ß - s- f NqjWw sNøp-∂Xv IqSp-X¬ _p≤n-ap-´p-≈X - m-hpw.

63

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

k¿°m¿ Nne {]tXyI km[\߃t°m As√¶n¬ tkh\߃t°m k_vknUn sImSpØv AhbpsS Dev]mZ\w t{]m’mln∏n°ptºmgpw AhnsS CtX {]iv\߃ DSseSp°p∂p. DZmlcWØn\v, bqtdm]y≥ bqWnb≥, AhcpsS IrjntaJesb kwc£n°p∂Xn\mbn Zo¿LIme k_vknUnIƒ A\phZn®ncp∂p. i‡ambXpw XpS¿®bmbXpamb `£yhkvXp°fpsS hnXcWw Dd∏phcpØp Ibmbncp∂p Dt±iyw. F∂mkXyØn¬ Imcy£aXbn√mØ bqtdm]y≥ Irjn°msc A¥mcmjv{S a’cßfn¬ \n∂pw kwc£n°pIbmbncp∂p e£yw. (cmjv{Sob]cambn kzm[o\i‡nbp≈ Cu Iq´cpsS ]n¥pW e`n°m≥IqSn th≠nbmbncp∂p Cu {]hrØn.) k_vknUnIƒ Hcp aetbmfw Bhiyan√mØ shÆbpsSbpw Hcp XSmItØmfw hn¬°s∏SmØ ssh\pIfpsSbpw A[nI Dev]mZ\Øn\v hgnsbmcp°n. ]t£ CXns\sbms°°mfpw A[nIw shfns∏SmØ a‰p A\¥c^e߃ IqSn AhnsS bp≠v. bqtdm∏nse IrjntaJebn\¬Inb k_vknUnIƒ G‰hpw IqSpX¬ t\´ap≠m°nbh¿ AhnSsØ henb `qhpSaIfmbncp∂p, A√msX ]mhs∏´ I¿jIc√. I¿jI¿ Ah¿ Hcn°epw D¬∏mZn∏n®n´n√mØ `£yhkvXp°ƒ°pth≠n k_vknUn AhImis∏Sm≥ XpSßnbtXmsS AgnaXnbpw k¿∆hym]Iambn. temIsaºmSp\n∂pw CØcw kam\amb FÆa‰ IYIƒ tIƒ°mw, Xo¿®bmbpw Ncn{XØn¬ \n∂pt]mepw. {]apJ kvtIm´njv kmºØnI imkv{X⁄\mb BZw kvanØv 1776˛se At±lØns‚ Zv sh¬Øv Hm^v t\j≥kv F∂ ]pkv X IØn¬, AhcpsS a’y _‘\tØ°mƒ k_vknUnIƒ IqSpX¬ t\SnsbSp°p∂Xn\mbn t_m´pIƒ k÷am°n shbv°mdp≠v F∂ Ip‰s∏SpØp∂p≠v.

GsX¶nepw XcØnep≈ Hcp Dev]mZ\Øn\v k_vknUn \¬Iptºmhn`h߃ B taJebn¬ am{Xw BI¿jn°s∏SpIbpw kabw, ]cn{iaw, aqe[\w F∂nh IqSpX¬ sa®amb coXnbn¬ D]tbmKn°mhp∂ taJeIƒ°v In´msXbpw hcpIbpw sNøp∂p. DZmlcWØn\v , k¿°mcpIƒ kao]ImeØv hy‡nIfn¬ \n∂pw hyhkmbnIfn¬ \n∂pw ]Ww FSpØv IqSpX¬ NnehpIƒ hcp∂ Im‰v, kutcm¿÷ ]≤XnIƒ°v k_vknUn \¬IpIbmWv. ]t£ Cu ]Ww hfscb[nIw NnehpIpd™ ]e ]≤XnIƒ°pw \nt£]n°phm≥ Ignbpambncp∂p. AXv \ΩpsS

64

Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØns‚ \nbaÿm]\߃

kmºØnI hf¿®sb aµKXnbnem°pIbpw s]mXpP\ßfpsS Zo¿LIme A`nhr≤nsb C√mXm°pIbpw sNøp∂p. sN°v B‚v _me≥kkv hyhÿbpsS Hcp \o≠hncmaw F∂ \nebn¬, IqSpX¬ kzX{¥amb kaqlßfnse ]e `cWLS\Ifpw samØw P\hn`mKØns‚ {]Xn\n[n F∂ \nebn¬ Hcp {]knU‚ ns\ \nban°p∂p. At±lØn\v (Aßs\ {]Xo£n°p∂p) \yq\]£ßsf {hWs∏SpØp∂ cmjv{SobIelßsfbpw \nbacq]oIcWsØbpw XSbm\pw d±m°m\pw Ignbpw.

NqjWØns\Xnscbp≈ as‰mcp \o≠hncmaamWv kzX{¥amb \oXn\ymbhIp∏v . Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØn\v CXv A\nhmcyamWv . \ymbm[n]∑m¿ cmjv{Sob]cambn Hcp _‘hpw C√mØ hcmbncn°Ww. `cWLS\mhncp≤amb \nbaßsfbpw \yq\]£ßƒs°Xnscbp≈ NqjWßsfbpw XSbm≥ Ignhp≈hcmbncn°Ww. cmjv{Sob°mcpsS {]XnImc\S]SnIsf `b°msX CsX√mw sNøphm≥ Ah¿°v IgnbWw. Nne kabßen¬ k¿°mcns‚ {]h¿Ø\߃ ]cnanXs∏SpØp ∂Xn\mbn a‰p Nne \nb{¥ Wßfpw `cWLS\ \S∏nem°mdp≠v.

AXns\mcp DZmlcWw k¥penXamb Hcp _UvP‰v. Hcp \n›nX Imebfhphsc _UvP‰v k¥penXambncn°Wsa∂pw (3 apX¬ 5 h¿jw hsc) hm¿jnI ISsaSp°enepw samØw s]mXpISØnepw _UvP‰n¬ Hcp \nb{¥Ww sIm≠phcWsa∂pw \n¿t±in°p∂p. k¿°mcns‚ IqSpXhfcphm\p≈ klPamb {]hWXsb Ipdbv ° phm\mbn tZiob hcpam\Øns‚ F{X Afhv k¿°mcpIƒ°v sNehnSmw F∂p≈Xn\pw Nne \nb{¥W߃ Nne k¿°mcpIƒ h®n´p≠v . CXpIqSmsX cmjv{Sob°m¿°v h¿jßtfmfw A[nImcØn¬ XpScm≥ IgnbmØ hn[Øn¬ Imemh[n ]cn[nbpw k¿°m¿ GP≥knIƒ AhcpsS D]bp‡X A[nIImew Zo¿Ln∏n°mXncn°m≥ k¨sk‰v t¢mkkv (I¿i\ \n_‘\Iƒ) AhnsS D≠mbncn°pw. tbmKyamb `qcn]£w \yq\]£ßsf kwc£n°p∂Xn\p≈ as‰mcp am¿§w tbmKycmb `qcn]£Øns‚ kΩXnZm\ØneqsSbmWv. DZmlcWØn\v \nbak`bnHscm‰ thm´psIm≠v `cWLS\bnse \nba߃ am‰phmt\m

65

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

]cnjvIcn°phmt\m `cWØnencn°p∂ A[nImcnIƒ°p Ignbpsa¶nkzmX{¥y Øns‚ ÿnXn hfsc A]ISIcamb Ahÿbn¬ FØnt®cpw.

AXpsIm≠v Hcp kzX{¥kaql Øn¬, aq∂n¬ c≠p `qcn]£w thm´pIƒ c≠p k`Ifnepw IqSn AtXmsSm∏w P\lnX ]cntim[\bntem, hy‡nKXamb taJebntem As√¶n¬ kwÿm\ßfntem hy‡amb `qcn]£w F∂nßs\ bp≈ Db¿∂ \nb{¥W߃ G¿s∏SpØp∂p. ]e ZqjyhißfneqsS \yq\]£ßsf Ffp∏Øn¬ NqjWw sNøp∂Xpt]mep≈ {]iv\ ßfn¬ Xocpam\߃ FSp°p∂Xn\v hfsc Db¿∂ `qcn]£w A\nhmcyamWv. DZmlcWØn\v, {]tXyI {Kq∏pIfpsS ta¬ A[nI _m[yXIƒ D≠m°nshbv°p∂ \nIpXnIƒ cq]Iev]\ sNøm≥ hfsc Ffp∏amWv. AXpsIm≠v kzX{¥kaqlØn\pth≠n hmZn°p∂ Nne h‡m°ƒ Bhiys∏Sp∂Xv \nIpXn \nba߃ Xocpam\n°p∂Xv ˛ \nIpXn \nc°pIƒ A√ adn®v Bcv F¥v \nIpXn AS°Ww ˛ GIIWv T amb A`n{]mbØneqsS BhWw, F¶n\yq\]£ßƒ kwc£n°s∏Spw, `qcn]£w F{X IqSpXemsW¶nepw.

XShnem°s∏´ s]mXpP\w Hcp Itºmf kºZv hyhÿbn¬ Hcp hym]mcn As√¶n¬ I®hS°mc≥ \nßsf NXn°pI bmsW∂v tXm∂p∂p F¶ntem As√¶n¬ \nßfpsS ]WØn\v aqeya√mØ km[\ßtfm tkh\ ßtfm \¬IpIbmsW¶ntem \n߃°v thsd FhnsS thWsa¶nepw t]mbn CS]mSpIƒ \SØm≥ \n߃ kzX{¥cmWv. F∂m¬ k¿°mcmWv \nßtfmSv NXntbm As√¶nNqjWtam sNøp∂ sX¶n¬ \n߃°v t]mIm≥ thsd HcnShpw D≠mIn√.

Hcp]t£ \n߃°v thWsa¶n¬ B cmPyw hn´pt]mImw. ]t£ `mjbpsS {]iv \ hpw a‰p ISºIfpw D≈Xn\m¬ A[nIw t]¿°pw B hgn sXcs™Sp°phm≥ Ignbn√. CXmWv _e{]tbmKØn\p≈ Hcp tNcph.

AXpsIm≠v P\ßfpsS kzmX{¥yw \ne\n¿Øp∂Xn\pw hym]n∏n°p∂Xn\pw, k¿°mcpsS I¿Øhyw {]h¿Ø\ßfpw AXns‚ F√m `mKhpw {i≤tbmSpIqSn hy‡am°pIbpw I¿i\amb \nb{¥WØn≥ Iogn¬ sIm≠phtc≠Xpw AXn{][m\amb ImcyamWv.

66

4. ka-X-zhpw Ak-a-X-zhpw kz-X{¥ kaq-lØnse kaXzw At\Iw Bfp-Ifpw k¶¬∏n-°p-∂Xv kz-X{¥ kaq-lß - ƒ hf-sc-b[ - nIw Ak-aX - z-ap-ff- X - m-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂m-Wv. F√m-Øn-\p-ap-]cn Ah P\-ßsf [\w kºm-Zn®p Iq´m≥ A\p-hZ- n-°p-∂p. Ah-cpsS hmZw A\p-kc- n®v CXv henb kmº-ØnI Ak-aXzw krjvSn-°-Ww. ]t£ Cu hmZ-߃ sX‰m-Wv. kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øn-tebpw Akz-{X-k-aq-lØn-tebpw hcp-am-\Ø - ns‚ A¥cw an°-hmdpw Xpey-amWv F∂v \Ωƒ I≠v Ign-™p. Fs¥-¶n-ep-ap-s≠-¶n¬, Xs∂ kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øn-teXv XpeyØn-t\-°mƒ Ipd®v IqSp-X-em-Wv. AXn\p ]pdta kz-X-{¥-a-√mØ kaq-l-ß-fn¬, a‰p kzm-X-{¥-y- kaq-l-ßfn¬ C√mØ, kmº-Øn-tIX-c-amb Ak-a-X-z߃ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p≠v. Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-lØ - nse F√m ]uc-∑m¿°pw IqSp-X¬ \√ tPmen-bn-tebv°v amdp∂-Xn-eq-sSbpw Ah¿°v em`w \¬Ip∂ a‰v hmWn-Py-{]-hr-Øn-I-fnG¿s∏´pw Ah-cpsS kºØv h¿≤n-∏n-bv°m≥ {ian°mw. kz-X{- ¥-a√ - mØ kaq-lß - f- n¬ CXv Ft∏mgpw km[-ya- √ - . k¿°m¿ tPmen-Iƒ `c-W] - m¿´nsb A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂-h¿t°m `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS krlr-Øp-°ƒt°m kl-bm-{Xn-I¿t°m amt{Xta e`n-°p-Ib - p-ffq. Nne {]tX-yI tPmen-Iƒ sNøp∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw kv{XoI-sfbpw hwio-ba- mb \yq-\] - £ - ß - s- fbpw As√-¶na‰p {Kq∏p-I-sfbpw \nb-atam As√-¶n¬ ap≥hn-[ntbm hne-°n-tb-°mw.

Nne {]-tX-yI h¿§-Øntebpw PmXn-bn-tebpw P\-ßsf G‰hpw Xmgv∂ Xc-Øn-ep-ff tPmen-I-fn-te°v am{X-ambn ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-tb-°mw.

I®-h-S-߃ ÿm]n-bv°p-∂-Xn\pw DS-a-bm-Ip-∂-Xn\pw IpSn-tb-‰-°msc hne-°n-tb-°mw, Npcp°n ]d-™m¬ Hcp _m¶v A°u-≠v t]mepw Ah¿°v 67

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-bn-cn-bv°n-√. tPmen In´p∂-h-cpsS CS-bn¬ t]mepw Ak-a-Xzw \ne-\n¬°pw. DZm-l-cW- Ø n- \ v , tkmhn- b ‰v tamkv t Im- b n¬, sdUv kv I z- b - d nse PnbpFw Un∏m¿´vsa‚v tÃm¿ aqeyw IqSp-Xe - p≈ ]Whpambn hcp∂ hnt\mZ k©mcn-Iƒ°pw apXn¿∂ ]m¿´n t\Xm-°ƒ°pw am{X-ambn \nP-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn°p-∂p. c-≠m-aXp ]d™ hy-‡n-Iƒ°p am{Xta kn¬ entam-kn≥ (hne IqSnb BUw-_c Im¿) HmSn-°p-hmt\m ˛ Ah¿°p XS w IqSmsX IS∂p-t]m-Ip-hm-\mbn KXm-KXw \n¿Øn-s°m-Sp-°pw ˛ As√-¶n¬ hpUvem ‚ v sl¬Øv kv]mbn¬ Hcp amkw \o≠ - Ah[n Hs° BtLm-jn-bv°phmt\m B{K-ln-°m≥ Ign-bq. A∏m¿´vsa‚p-Ifpw hos°≥Uv Umjm-Ifpw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂Xv A[n-Im-cn-I-fm-Wv. Ah¿ Ah-cpsS kplr-Øp-°ƒ°v \√ hoSp-Iƒ A\p-h-Zn®p sImSp-°p-∂p.

CsX√mw A¿°pw c£-s∏-Sm-\m-hmØ Ak-a-X-z-ß-fm-Wv. CsX√mw A\p`-hn-bv°p-∂-h¿°v thm´p sNøp-hm-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-tam As√-¶n¬ \nb-aØn-¬ am‰-߃ Bh-iy- s- ∏-´p-sIm≠-v Hcp kacw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ AhIm-itam t]mepw D-≠m-bn-cn-bv°p-I-bn-√. t\sc adn®v Hcp kz-X{¥ kaql-Ønse F√m ]uc-∑m¿°pw Ipd-™] - £w \s√mcp tPmen t\Sp-∂X - nt\m As√-¶n¬ Hcp _nkn-\kv ÿm]n-bv°p-∂-Xnt\m kºØpw hcp-am-\hpw B¿÷n-bv°p-∂X - nt\m B{K-ln°pIbpw {ian°pIbpw sNømw. Nne-t∏mƒ F√m-hcpw hnP-bn-®p-sh∂p hcn-√, F∂mepw Ahsc Bcpw XS-bp∂n√.

hnhn-[-Xcw ka-X-z-߃ Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Øn¬ ka-Xzw F∂-Xp-sIm≠-v A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv Xpe-y-amb kº-tØm, hcp-am-\-tam, PnhnX \ne-hm-ctam \e-Ip∂p F∂-√.

F√m P\-ßs- fbpw Xpe-yc- mbn ImWp∂p As√-¶n¬ ]cn-Nc- n°p∂p F∂p Dd∏p hcp-ØpI F∂-Xm-Wv. CXpXs∂ {][m-\-amb \mep \mepXcØn¬ ImWp∂p. 1 Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-lØ - nse ]uc\v [m¿Ωn-Ia- mb ka-Xzw D≠-v. A¿°v Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw 1. Cu Bi-bØ - ns‚ \s√mcp hni-Zo-Ic- Ww \nK¬ Bjvt^m¿Uns‚ {]n≥kn-∏nƒkv Hm^v F {^o skmssk‰n F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ImWmw, Pmƒ Pmƒam-gvk¨ ^ut≠j≥, tÃmIvtlmw, 2003 1.

68

A good outline of these points can be found in Nigel Ashfordís Principles for a Free Society, Jarl Hjalmarson Foundation, Stockholm, 2003.

ka-Xzhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw

Ah-cp-tS-Xmb sXc-s™-Sp-°-en\pw a‰p-≈-h-cm¬ ]cn-K-W-n°s∏Sm\pw Xpe-yamb Ah-Im-i-ap≠-v. \nb-a-Øn\p ap∂n¬ ka-X-z-ap≠-v: P\-ß-fpsS h¿§-tam, aXtam, enwK-hy- X - y- m-kt- am, kº-Øv, IpSpw_ _‘߃ CsXm∂pw ]cn-KW - \ - b - n¬ FSp-°msX \nbaw Ahsc Xpe-ya- mbn kwc-£n-bv°p-Ibpw ]cn-K-W-n°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Ah¿°v cmjv{So-b-amb ka-Xzw D≠-v: Ah¿s°-√m-w thm´p sNøp-hm\pw cmjv{So-b-]-c-amb HutZ-ym-KnI ]Z-hnIƒ°mbn a’-cn-°p-hm\pw Ign-bpw. IqSmsX Ah¿°v Ah-k-c-ß-fnka-X-z-ap≠-v: tPmen sNøp-hm-\pw, ]Tn-°p-hm\pw As√-¶n¬ Ah-cpsS hy-‡n-]-c-amb apt∂-‰-߃°p-X-Ip∂ as‰¥p Imc-y-Øn\pw tkz-—m-[n-]X-y-]-c-amb Hcp {]Xn-_-‘-ßfpw C-√. [m¿Ωn-I- ka-Xzw Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Øn¬ P\-߃ IcpXen\pw _lpam\Øn\pw Hcpt]mse A¿lcmsW∂v IcpXs∏Sp∂p. F√m-h¿°pw a‰p-≈-h¿°v lm\n-Ic- a- m-ImØ XcØn¬ Ah-cpsS kz¥w Pohn-Xs- Ø kw_‘n® sXcs™-Sp-∏pIƒ \SØphm-\p≈ Xpe-y-amb Ah-Imiw D≠v.

Cu A`n{]mbw a\p-jys\∂ X\Xmb kz-`m-hsØ \msa√mw ]¶nSp∂ s]mXp kz-`m-hs- Ø ASn-ÿm-\s∏SpØnbmWv. \Ωp-sS- hw-io-bambXpw aX-]c- hpw As√-¶n¬ enwK-]-c-ambpw D≈ hy-X-ym-k-ßsf ]cn-K-Wn-°msX \Ω-sf√mhcpw \ΩpsS kz¥w sXc-s™-Sp-°-ep-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-hm\pw a‰p-≈-h¿ \ΩpsS {]h¿Øn°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Im-isØ AwKo-I-cn-bv°-W-sa∂pw \Ωƒ B{K-ln-bv°p-∂p. Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Ønse \nbaw \nßtfmSv Fßs\ sNøWtam Aßs\ sNøq F∂-Xm-Wv. Ah-cpsS {]h¿Øn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw P\-߃ F√m-hcpw [m¿Ωn-I-ambn Xpe-yc- m-sW∂v A¿∞an√. a‰p-≈h - sc B{I-an-°p-Ibpw As√-¶n¬ sIm≈b-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂h - ¿ [m¿Ωn-Ia- mbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂h - c- √ - . Nne¿ kmaqln-Ihpw enwK-]-c-hp-amb BNmcßsf hfs®mSn°pw.]t£ Ah-cpsS Pohn-Xw aqe-y-apffXmbn XpScp∂p. Ah-cpsS \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-am-bXpw As√¶n¬ A[m¿Ωn-I-]-c-hp-amb Ip‰-߃°v B\p-]m-Xn-I-amb in£bv°pw As√-¶n¬ ]cnlmk߃°pw Ah¿ hnt[-bc- m-hp-∂p. ]t£ CXv Ahsc a\]q¿hambtXm Aan-Xa- mtbm D≈ {Iqc-XI - ƒt°m A]-am-\Ø - nt\m hnt[b-cm-°p-∂n-√.

69

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

\nb-a-Øns‚ ap∂n-ep≈ ka-Xzw Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Ønse \nbaw bmsXmcp ]£m-t`-Z-hp-an-√msX P\ßsf kwc-£n-bv°p-Ibpw in£n-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Ip¡hpambn bmsXmcp _‘-hp-an-√mØ Ah-cpsS kº-Øv, _‘-߃, PmXn, enwKw, aXw As√-¶n¬ hwio-bX XpS-ßnb hy-‡n-]-c-amb khntijXIƒ ]cnK-Wn-®v, Ip‰-°m-tcmSv hy-X-y-kvX-amb coXn-I-fn¬ t]meo-tkm, tImS-Xntbm As√-¶n¬ Pbn-entem s]cp-am-dp-I-bn-√. A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v Ahsc CjvSan√m F∂ Imc-WØ - m¬ ]uc-∑msc A\-ym-ba- mbn XS-¶e - n¬ hbv°p-hmt\m ]oU-\-Øn\p hnt[-b-\m-°p-hmt\m Ign-bn-√. Ah¿ a‰p≈h-cm¬ D]-{Zhn-bv°-s∏-´mtem As√-¶n¬ sIm≈-b-Sn-bv°-s∏-´tem F√m-h¿°pw Xpey-amb \oXn°v AhImiap≠v, AhnsS Ah¿ Bcm-sW-∂p-≈tXm As√¶n¬ Ip‰w Btcm-]n-°p-∂h - ¿ F{X {]_-ec- mtWm F∂-sXm∂pw Hcp hnjb-a√ - . temI-Ønse tImSXn sI´n-SßfpsS apI-fn¬ ImWp∂ km[m-c-W-bmbn \oXn-bpsS {]Xn-cq]ambn, Hcp ssIbn¬ {Xmkpw at‰ ssIbn¬ Hcp hmfpw ]nSn-®n-cn-bv°p-∂- inev]s- Ø-bmWv \Ωƒ ImWp-∂X - v.]

- t£ G‰hpw {][m\-amsbmcp {]tX-y-IX B inev]w IÆp-Iƒ aqSn-s°-´nb \ne-bn-em-Wv. Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Øn¬, Hmtcm tIknepw X°-Xmb hkvXp-X-Isf Hgn®v as‰-√m-Øn-t\mSpw A‘-amb \ne-]m-Sm-bn-cnbv°pw A\p-h¿Øn-bv°p-I. cmjv{So-b ka-Xzw ka-X-z-Øns‚ as‰mcp cq]w a\p-j-y-≥ F∂ kz-`m-h-hn-ti-jØn¬ \n∂pw D¤-hn-°p∂ P\-߃°p≈ cmjv{So-b- ka-Xz- a- m-Wv. F√m-hc- p-sSbpw Xmev]c-y-ßfpw A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw ]cn-K-W\m¿lambn IcpXp∂p.

AXp-sIm≠-v Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Ønse F√m-h¿°pw Xncs™Sp∏nepw As√-¶n¬ P\-ln-X] - c- n-tim-[\ - b - ntem thm´p tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p≈ AhImiw D≠-v. B¿°pw H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ thm´pw D≠-m-In-√. ÿm\m¿∞nIfpw sXc-s™-SpØ cmjv{Sn-b°mcpw F√m-h-cp-sSbpw Xmev]-c-y-ßsf am\n-°p-∂p-sh∂v CXv Dd-∏m-°p-∂p. hfsc ]cn-an-X-amb A]hmZßfp≠v. Ip-´n-Iƒ°v Ahcpw a‰p-≈-hcpw Fßs\ `cn-°-s∏-S-W-sas∂ms° D≈ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ hy-‡-amb A`n{]mbw {]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ th-≠{X Imc-y{]m]vXn C√m-sb∂v hni-zk - n-bv°p-∂Xp 70

ka-Xzhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw

sIm≠-v Ahsc thm´p tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°m-dn-√. AXp-t]mse ISpØ am\-knI sshI-e-y-߃ D≈ Bfp-I-sfbpw thm´p sNøp-∂-Xn\n∂pw Hgn-hm-°n-bn-´p≠-v. ]t£, C°m-c-W-߃ Nq≠-n-°m´n A[n-Im-cØn¬ Ccn-bv°p-∂h - ¿ Ah-cpsS FXn-cm-fn-Isf thm´p sNøp-∂X - n¬ \n∂pw Hgn-hm-°p-∂Xv XS-bp-∂-Xn\p th≠-n, AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ sshI-e-y-߃ D≈-hsc Xo¿®-bmbpw kz-X-{¥ambn ]cn-tim-[n®v hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww. in£n°-s∏´ Ip¡hmfnIsf thm´p sNøp-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-Wtam th-≠tbm F∂ Imc-y-Øn¬ hy-X-y-kvX-ß-fmb A`n-{]m-b-ß-fp≠-v. Nne cmP-yß - f- n¬, Pbn-en¬ Ign-bp∂ Bfp-Iƒ°v thm´-hI - miw \jvSs- ∏-Sm-dp≠v. \nbaw ewLn-°p-∂-h¿°v AXv \S-∏n-em-°p-hm-\p≈ {]{In-b-I-fn¬ ]s¶Sp-°m≥- Ah-Im-i-an√ F∂-XmWv Nq≠-n-°m-´p∂ Imc-Ww. a‰p Nne cmP-yß - f- n¬ G‰hpw Kpcp-Xc- a- mb Ip‰-Ir- X - y- ß - f- n¬ G¿s∏´v Pbn-en¬ Ignbp-∂-h¿°v am{Xta thm´-h-Imiw \ntj-[n-°p-∂p-≈q. thsd Nne cmP-y-ßfn¬ \ap°v s]mXphmb a\p-j-y-X-z-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn®v Ip¡hmfnIfpw thm´-h-Im-i-Øn\v ]q¿Æ-ambpw tbmK-y-cm-Wv. cmjv{So-b ka-Xz- Ø - ns‚ ASn-ÿm\ XX-zß - ƒ e£-ya- m-°p-∂Xv kv{XoIfpw ]pcp-j-∑msc t]mse thm´-h-Im-i-Øn\v A¿l-cm-°p-I-bmWv ˛ F¶nepw, B\p]mXnI-ambn kz-X{¥amb kaq-l-ß-fn¬ t]mepw Cu Ah-Imiw AwKoIcn°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn´v Hcp \q‰m≠-n-tesd Bbn-t´bp-≈q. 1893 \yq-kn-em≥UmWv BZ-yambn {]mb-]q¿Øn-bmb kv{XoIƒ°v thm´-h-Imiw \¬In-b-Xv. 1962 hsc BZn-hm-kn-I-fmb kv{XnIsf thm´p tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw hne-°n-bn-cp∂p F¶nepw 1902 ¬ Hmkvt{S-en-bbpw AXp \S-∏n-em-°n. H∂mw temIalm-bp≤w Ign-™b - pS≥ Xs∂ an°-hmdpw bqtdm]y≥ cmP-y-߃ kv{XoIsf thm´p sNøm≥ A\p-h-Zn®p XpS-ßn. F¶nepw {^m≥knepw kzn-‰vk¿em≥Unepw Cu Ah-Imiw 1944 epw 1971 epw BWv {]m_-ey- Ø - n¬ h∂-Xv. thm´-h-Im-i-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ GsX-¶nepw hn[-Øn-ep≈ Hgn-hm-°-ep-Iƒ I¿i-\-ambpw \nb-{¥n-bvt°-≠Xm-Wv. Akz-X-{¥- cmP-y-ß-fn¬ A[n-Im-cnIƒ°v, FXn-cm-fn-Isf Pbn-e-e-S®pw As√-¶n¬ am\-knI sshI-e-y-߃ Ds≠-∂v hcp-Øn-Øo¿Øpw AXp-as√-¶n¬ a‰p ]e Imc-Wß - ƒ ]d™pw Ah¿°v thm´p \ntj-[n-°p-hm≥ hfsc Ffp-∏a- m-Wv. CXv A[n-Imc Zp¿hn\n-tbm-K-am-Wv. 71

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

{]mtbm-Kn-Iam-Ip-∂n-St- Øm-fw, Hmtcm hy-‡n-bp-sSbpw thm´v Xpe-ya- mbn IW°m-°Ww. DZm-lc- W - Ø - n-\v, Hmtcm{]Xn-\n-[n-Isf sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂ Hmtcm \ntbm-PI Pn√-Ifnepw I¿i-\-ambpw GItZiwXpey thm´¿am¿ D-≠m-bncn-°-Ww. henb Pn√-Iƒ Bbm¬ Hmtcm thm´¿am¿°pw B sXc-s™Sp∏p ^e-Øn¬ hfsc sNdnb ]t¶ D-≈q. hy-Xy- kvX hnkvXm-cß - f- n¬ Pn√Iƒ krjv S n°p∂Xns‚ Htc Hcp ImcWw `qan- i m- k v { X- ] - c - a mb bmYm¿∞y߃ Bbncn°Ww. \ntbm-PI aWvU-e-ß-fpsS AXn-cp-Iƒ \n›-bn-°p-∂Xv Hcp kz-X{¥ kanXn Bbn-cn-°Ww, Aß-s\-bm-hp-tºmƒ `c-W-h¿K°m¿°vv AXn-eqsS t\´-߃ sImøm≥ km[n-°p-I-bn-√. thm´p sNøp-hm-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-tØm-sSm∏w Xs∂ F√m-h¿°pw HutZ-ymKnI ]Z-hn-bn-tebv°v a’-cn-bv°p-hm\pw XpS-cp-hm-\p-ap≈ Xpey Ah-Imihpw D≠-v. \nb-a-k-`-bn¬ Hcp {]tX-yI hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ C\-Øntem, h¿§Øntem As√- ¶ n¬ aX- Ø ntem Dƒs∏´ Bfp- I ƒ°p- t h- ≠ n ÿm\߃ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´n-√. sXc-s™-Sp∏v kwhn[m\w Cu kaX-zsØ \n›-b-ambpw kwc-£n-°-Ww. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, {]tX-y-In®pw `c-WØn-en-c-n°p∂ cmjv{Sob A[n-Im-cn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw , bmsXmcp `oj-WnbpsS bpw As√-¶n¬ Bi¶s∏Sp-Ø-en-s‚bpw `b-an-√msX, B¿°p-th-W-sa¶nepw sXc-s™-Sp∏n¬ a’-cn-bv°p-hm-\p≈ kwc-£W - w Dd∏vhcpØWw. sXc- s ™- S p∏v BibßfpsS Hcp a’camWv . BibßfpsSbpw A`n{]mbßfptSbpw kzmX{¥yw ASn®a¿Øs∏´m¬ Hcp kzX{¥ sXcs™-Sp∏v km[ya√. Nne Akz-X-{¥- cmP-y-ß-fn¬ k¿°m-cns\ hna¿in°p-∂Xpw tNmZyw sNøp-∂Xpw Hcp {Inan-\¬ Ip‰-am-Wv; F∂m¬ IqSp-Xkzm-X-{¥-y-ap≈ kaqlßfn¬-ß-fn¬ CØcw hna¿i-\-߃ ssZ\wZn\ cmjv{Sob hmK-zm-Z-ß-fpsS XnI®pw km[m-cWamb Hcp `mK-am-Wv. Ah-k-c-ß-fn-ep≈ ka-Xzw Ah-k-c-ß-fn-ep≈ ka-Xzw sIm-≠p-t±-in-°p-∂Xv hy-‡n-Iƒ°v Ah-cpsS hnZ-ym-`-ym-kw, tPmen Pohn-X-Ønse a‰p Imc-y-߃ F∂nhbnse Ah-cpsS A`n-em-j-߃ {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m≥ bmsXmcphn[ tkzOm]camb XS- ßfpw Ah¿°v t\cn-tS≠-n hc-cp-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, GsX-¶nepw kv°qfn¬ {]th-i\w e`n-°p-∂-Xnt\m As√-¶n¬ Hcp kvt]m¿Svkv SoanCSw e`n-bv°p-∂-Xnt\m Ah-cpsS h¿§tam PmXntbm Hcp XS- -am-I-cpXv. Ah-cpsS cmjv{So-btam enwKtam Hcp tPmen t\Sm≥ Ah¿°v XS- -am72

ka-Xzhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw

I-cp-Xv. hy-X-ykvX ]cn-X:-ÿn-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ Bsc-sb-¶nepw hnhmlw Ign-bv°m≥ Ah-cpsS Zmcn-{Z-ytam kmaqlnI \netbm XS- -am-I-cp-Xv. Fß-s\-bm-bm-epw, th-≠{X tbmK-yX C√mØ Hcmsf kv°qfpI-tfm sXmgnep-S-aItfm As√-¶n¬ a‰msc-¶neptam- \n¿_-‘-ambn FSp-°Ww F∂v CXp-sIm≠-¿∞-am-°p-∂n-√. Hcp kv°qƒ Nne-t∏mƒ \n›nX tbmK-yX - bp≈ ]co-£b - n¬ Pbn-®h - ¿°p am{X-ambn {]th-i\w ]cn-an-Xs- ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°mw, Hcp sXmgn-ep-Sa {]amWßfpw A\p-`-h-⁄m-\hpw Bh-i-y-s∏-t´-bv°mw, Hcp kz-X-{¥-bmb kv{Xo, Hcmƒ Ahsf Abm-fpsS lrZ-b-Øn¬ sIm ≠-p \S-∂-Xp-sIm≠-p am{Xw Abmsf hnhmlw Ign-°-W-sa-∂n-√. Ah-kc-ß-fn-ep≈ ka-Xzw sIm≠-p-t±-in-°p-∂Xv Bcp-sSbpw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fntkz-—m-]-c-amb XS- -߃ D≠-m-°phm\pw Ah¿°p sNøm≥ CjvS-s∏SmØ Imc-y-߃ _e-{]-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS Ah-sc-s°m≠-v sNøn-bv°m\pw ]mSn-s√-∂-XpamWv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, apd{]Imcapff hnhm-l-߃ Nne kwkvIm-cß - f- n¬ km[m-cW - a- m-Wv. Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-lØ - n¬, Cc-p Iq´¿°pw kΩ-X-am-sW-¶n¬ AXv XnI®pw kzo-Im-c-yamWv. ]t£ Ah-cpsS B{K-l߃s°-Xn-cmbn P\-߃°v Ahsc \n¿_-‘n®p hnhmlw Ign-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bn-√, Hcp ]t£ Ah-cpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp-∂p-s≠-¶nt]mepw. Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-lØ - n¬, hnhm-l{- ]m-ba- mb Hcmƒ°v Abmƒ°njvSs- ∏´ Hcmsf sXc-s™-Sp-°p-hm-≥ th≠-{X {]mbw Ds≠-∂v IW°m°p∂p. a‰p DS-ºS- n-Iƒ t]mse-Øs- ∂, hnhmlw Ign-bv°p∂ c≠-pt- ]-cn¬ Bscsb-¶nepw _e-am-bn´mWv AXn-tebv°v sIm≠p-h∂ - n´p-≈s- X-¶n¬ B hnhmlw Akm[phmWv. Ah-cpsS PohnXw sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ P\-߃°v kmaq-ln-I-amb XS- ß - ƒ H∂pw Cs√-¶n-epw,-Ah - nsS Xo¿®-bmbpw {]Ir-Xn-ZØ - a- mb Aka-Xz- ß - f- p≠-v. _[n-c\ - mbn P\n-°p∂ Hcmƒ°v Hcp kwKoXkwhn[mbIt\m As√-¶n¬ Hcp kwKoX kwL{]amWntbm BIm≥ Ign-bn√ (_otYm-h\v (Beethoven) ]n∂o-Sp≈ Pohn-X-Øn¬ Ign-s™-¶n-epw). ssI ImepIfn√mØ Hcmƒ°v ]¿∆-X-\n-c-I-fn¬ Ibdm≥ B{K-ln-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. Ip´nIƒ°v Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ hy-X-y-kvX-amb Ahkc߃ In´p∂Xv Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_Ø - nse Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ A\p-kc- n-®m-bn-cn-°pw. Hcp Ip´nbpsS amXm-]n-Xm°ƒ Ah\v ]pkvX-I-߃ hmßn \¬In Ahs\ ]Tn-Ø-Im-c-y-ß-fn¬ klm-bn-t®-bv°mw, AtX-k-abw as‰mcp Ip´n-bpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ Ahs\ AhKWnt®-°mw.

73

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

tNmZyw : ]mhs∏´ P\-߃ entam-kn≥ hmßm≥ kz-X-{¥c-√; Aß-s\bmtWm? AsX; Ah¿ kz-X-{¥-cm-Wv. Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Øn¬, BUw-_c km[-\ß - ƒ hmßm≥ F√m-hcpw kz-X{- ¥-cm-Wv, hfsc Ipd-®p-t]¿°p am{Xta AXp Xmßm≥ Ign-bp-sa-¶n-epw.CsXmcp {]m]vXn-bpsS As√¶n¬ Ign-hns‚ tNmZ-yamWv, A√msX kzm-X-{¥-y-Øn-s‚-b-√. ]mh-s∏´ Bfp-Iƒ°v hen-sbmcp Im¿ hmßp-hm-\p≈ {]m]vXn D-≠m-bn-cn-bv°pI-bn-√. ]t£ Hcmfpw As√-¶n¬ A[n-Im-cn-Ifpw Ahsc XS-bn-√.

ITn-\m-≤z- m\w sNbXv ]Ww kºm-Znt®m, AXv an®w-]n-Snt®m As√-¶nhmbv]-sb-SptØm B¿°pw BUw-_c PohnXw BkzZnbv°mw.

Hm¿Øn-cn-bvt°≠- Hcp Imc-yw, temIØnse G¡hpw kº-∂hpw IqSpX¬ kz-X{- ¥-hp-amb kaq-lß-fn-se Zcn-{Z-cmb IpSpw-_ß - ƒ°p t]mepw, Iqd®p Zi- I - ß ƒ°p apºv BUw- _ - c - a mbn Icp- X n- b n- c p∂ Km¿lnImhiyØn\pff Xmt]m¿÷w, shfn- ® w, hnZ- y p- X v — - ‡ n, XpS¿®bmbsh≈w F∂nh e`-ya- m-Ip-∂p≠-.v- t\-sc-ad- n-®v, kz-X{- ¥-a√ - mØ kaq-lß-fn¬, Hcp h-enb hotSm As√-¶n¬ IqSp-X¬ ^e-`q-bn-jvSamb Irjn `qantbm, A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Zm\-ambn \¬In-bn-s√-¶n¬, P\߃°v kz]v\w ImWp-hm≥ IqSn Ign-bn-√.

Iq´n-I-fpsS Pohn-X-Øns‚ XpS°w hy-X-ykvXamsW-¶n¬ IqSn-bpw, Ah¿ {]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-tºmgpw tPmen-I-fn¬ {]th-in-°p-tºmgpw Ahsc√mhcpw Htc Ah-ÿ-bn¬ As√-¶n¬ Htc Ign-hp-≈-h-cmbn amdp-∂p-sh∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-hm≥ kv°qfp-Iƒ {ian-bv°-W-sa-∂mWv ]Sn-™m-d≥ cmP-yß-fnse Nne BfpIƒ hmZn-bv°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn, kv°qfp-Iƒ IpdhpIƒ ]cn-lcnbv°p∂ hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-Øn-tebv°v IqSp-X¬ hn`h߃ tI{µo-Ic- nbv°p-Ibpw IqSp-X¬ ka¿∞-cmb Ip´n-If- psS Ign-hns\ IqSpX¬ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n®v FSp-°p-∂X - n\p ]Icw Ah-cpsS Ign-hns\ Xmtgbv°v sIm-≠p-h-cnIbpw sNøp-∂-p. ]t£ kX-y-Øn¬, {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-]-c-amb hyX-ym-k-ßsf ]cn-lmcw ImWp-hm≥ \Ωp°v Ign-bn√ ˛ am{X-a-√, kmaq-lnI-amb hyXym-k-ßsf ]cn-l-cn-bv°p-hm-\p≈ Htc Hcp am¿§w Ip´n-Isf Ah¿ ]nd∂p hogp-tºmƒ Xs∂ Ah-cpsS amXm-]n-Xm°-fn¬ \n∂pw FSpØp-sIm≠-p t]mbn Ahsc Htc coXn-bn¬ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°pI F∂-Xm74

ka-Xzhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw

Wv. CsXmcp `bm-\-Ihpw Akp-J-I-c-hp-amb Hcp Bi-b-am-bn-cn-bv°pw. amXrIm-]-c-amb hnth-N\w amXrIm-]-c-amb hnthN\ \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fn-eqsS {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb hy-X-ym-kßsf ]cn-l-cn-bv°p-hm\pw ap≥hn-[n-Isf C√mbva sNøp-hm\pw Nne cmP-yß - ƒ {ian-®n-´p≠-v-. Nne Ah-kc- ߃ Ah¿°p FØn-∏n-Sn-bv°m≥ Ignbm-ØX - m-sW∂v k¶¬∏n-bv°p∂ \yq-\] - £ - ß - fntebv°v efn-Xa- mbn sNs∂Øp-hm\pw, DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, Db¿∂ \ne-hm-c-ap≈ k¿∆-I-em-im-e-I-fnAt]-£n-bv°p-∂Xv k¶-ev]n-bv°p-hm≥ t]mepw Ign-bmØ Zcn-{Z-cmb ka¿∞cmbIp´n-Iƒ°v, Ahsc AXn\p {ian-bv°p-hm-\mbn t{]m’m-l\w \¬Ip-hm\pw D≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ CXn¬ Dƒs∏-´n-´p≠--v. Ah¿ CØcw {Kq-∏p-Iƒ°p e`-ya- m-Ip∂ Ah-kc- ß - ƒ h¿≤n-∏n-bv°p-∂n-St- Ømfw CØcw FØn-s∏-S-ep-Ifpw t{]m’m-l-\hpw Bt£-]-߃°v AXo-X-am-Wv. ]t£ amXrIm-]-c-amb hnth-N\w \yq-\-]£ {Kq∏p-Iƒ°v ap≥K-W\ \¬Ip∂ cq]-Ønepw Bhmw, kv°qfp-I-fntem sXmgn-en-S-ß-fntem hensbmcp `mKw \yq-\-]£ DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Isf FSp-°p-hm≥ \n¿_-‘n-bv°p∂-XcØn¬ Ah¿°v Hcp kwh-cWw G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. H-c-f-hp-hsc CXv {]mh¿Øn-Ia- m-Imw; 1960 apX¬ Ctßm´v amXrIm-]c- a- mb hnth-N\w bpssW‰Uv tÉvknse IdpØ h¿§-°m¿°v kv°qfp-I-fnepw sXmgn¬ ÿm]-\ß-fnepw Ah-cpsS Ign-hp-Iƒ sXfn-bn-bv°m≥ Ah-k-c-߃ \¬Ip-Ibpw, AXv shf-f°mcpsS IdpØ h¿§-°m¿s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ ap≥hn[nIsf Ipd-bv°p-hm\pw klm-bn-®n-´p≠-v. ]t£ amXrIm-]-c-amb hnth-N\w Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-lØ - n\v tbmP-ya- mb H∂-√. CXv ap≥hn-[n-Is- f C√mbva sNøpIbpw AXn-eqsS kzm-X-{¥-ysØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-sh¶nepw AtX kabw Ahsc F√m-hs- cbpw Xpe-yambn ImWp-∂X - n\p ]Icw Nne {]tX-yI kwLßsf am{Xw {]oXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

Ign™ Ime-ßf- n-¬ \yq-\] - £ - ß - ƒs°-Xnsc D-≠mb tZmj-Ic- amb As√¶n¬ amXrIm-]c- a- √ - mØ hnth-N\ - Ø - ns‚ Imc-Wß - ƒ Im´n- Nne Bfp-Iƒ ap≥K-W\ - b - p-sSbpw kwh-cW - ß - f- p-sSbpw Bh-iy- Ø - n-\mbn hmZn-bv°p-∂p. ]t£ Ign-™-sXms° Ign-™p; C∂v Ipd®p Bfp-Iƒ°p-am-{X-ambn amXrIm-]-c-amb hnth-N-\-߃ km[y-am-Ip-tºmƒ, ap≥]v AtX \yq-\-]-£Øn¬s∏´ Bfp-Iƒ°v FXnsc sNbvX A\-ym-b-߃°v ]cn-lm-c-am-hn√. CØcw Bi-b-߃, AtX kv°qfp-I-fntem As√-¶n¬ sXmgn75

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

ÿm]-\-ß-fntem {]th-i\w e`n°m≥ Db¿∂ \ne-hm-c-Øn-te°v FØnt®-tc≠- `qcn-]-£-tØm-Sp≈ A\o-Xn-bm-bn ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. \yq-\-]-£°m¿ Hcp ]pXnb {]tX-yI ]Zn-h-bp-≈-h-cmbn ImW-s∏-t´-bv°mw, CXv B B-i-b-Øn-s\-Xn-scbpw AXns‚ B\p-Iq-e-y-߃ t\Sp∂ \yq-\-]-£ßƒs°-Xn-sc-bp-ap≈ hntZ-z-j-Øn-tebv°pw A{I-a-Øn-tebv°p t]mepw sIms-≠Øn-t®-°mw. {]Xn-Iq-e-amb hnth-N\w Xo¿®-bmbpw, F√m-bvt∏mgpw hnth-N\w \yq-\-]-£-ßsf klm-bnbv-°phm≥ am{Xw Dt±-in-®p-sIm≠-p≈ - X - √ - . IqSp-X¬ kµ¿`-ßf- n-epw, hnth-N\w F∂Xv \yq-\-]-£-ß-ƒ°p e`n-°mØ Ah-Im-iw, hnti-jm-[n-Im-c-߃, ap≥K-W\ XpS-ßn-bh `qcn-]-£-߃°p th≠-n Ah¿ Xs∂ kΩ-Xn-Zm\-Øn-eqsS t\SnsbSp°p∂ Hcp Ah-ÿW - v. a- t- e-jy- bpw Z£nWm{^n°bpw CXn\p hy-‡a- mb DZm-lc- W - ß - f- m-Wv, ]t£ temIw apgp-h≥ IqSp-Xe - mbn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂ Imcy߃, \yq-\] - £ P\-߃s°-Xn-scbp≈ h¿§-]c- a- mbpw aX-]c- a- mbpw `mjm-]c- a- mbpw enwK-]c- a- mb ap≥K-W\ - b - p-sSbpw As√-¶ncmjv{So-b-]-c-amb ImgvN-∏-mSp-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ D≈ \nb-a-]c-amb hnth-N-\-ß-fm-Wv. IqSmsX, CØcw hnth-N-\-߃°v Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Øn¬ Hcp kYm\-hp-an-√; AhnsS \nb-a-Øn\p ap∂n¬ F√m P\-hn-`m-K-ßfpw Xpe-y-cmWv, Hcp hn`m-K-Øn\pw Ah-cpsS kz¥w {]tX-yI B\pIqey-߃°mbn kΩXn-Zm\w \S-Øm≥ Ign-bn-√. an°-t∏mgpw CØcw hnth-N-\-߃ \yq-\-\£ P\-ß-tfm-Sp≈ AXn-{I-a-ß-fmbn amdmdp≠v. `qcn-]-£°m¿ Bk-z-Zn-bv°p∂- F√m Ah-Im-iß - fpw \ntj[n°p∂Xns‚ ^e-ambn \yq-\] - £ - ° - m¿°v Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ km[-y-X-Iƒ C√m-Xm-°p∂p. Ah¿ A[:-ÿnX t{iWn-bn-ep-≈h - c- mbn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p, XnI®pw A]cn-jvIr-Xc- mbn t]mepw. Aßs\ Ah-cpsS a\p-jy- X - zw A]-lc- n-bv°s- ∏´m¬, Ah¿ A\p-`-hn-bv°p∂ Ah-KW\-Iƒ°pw ]oU-\-߃°pw Hcp ]cn[nbpw C√m-Xm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.

A\-¥c- ^ - e - ß - f- nse ka-Xzw ka-X-z-sØ-°p-dn®v Bfp-Iƒ kwkm-cn-bv°p-tºmƒ, [m¿ΩnI XX-z-ß-fnA[n-jvTnXamb Xpeyamb ]cn-N-c-W-ß-sf-°p-dnt®m Xpey \oXn-sb-°p-dn-

76

ka-Xzhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw

t®m, cmjvv{Sob ka-Xz- s- Ø-°p-dnt®m Ah-kc- ß - f- n-ep≈ ka-Xz- s- Ø-°p-dnt®m Bcpw kqNn-∏n-bv°p-∂n-√. Ah¿ A¿∞am°p∂Xv kº-Øv, hcp-am-\-w Pohn-X\ - n-eh - m-cw XpS-ßnb `uXn-Ia- mb Imc-yß - f- n-ep≈ ka-Xzw am{X-amWv. CØcw ^eßfpsS kaXzØn\mbn ]W-°m-cn¬ \n∂pw ]mh-s∏-´h - c- ntebv°v Xpe-ya- mbn ]p\¿hn-Xc- Ww sNø-Ws- a-∂mWv Nne¿ hmZn-bv°p-∂X - v. hcp-am-\-Ønse Ak-a-X-z-Øns‚ ÿnXn-hn-hc IW°v A\-¥-c-^-e-ß-fnse ka-X-z-sØ-°p-dn®v hmZn-bv°p-∂-h¿, {]apJ C‰m-enb≥ ÿnXn-hn-h-c-imkv{X hnZ-Kv[\pw kmaq-l-y-im-kv{X-⁄-\p-amb sImdmtUm Kn\nbpsS t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Kn\n tImF-^n-j-y‚ v (Kn\n KpWIw) F∂ ÿnXn-hn-h-c-W-w Nq≠-n-°m-´p-∂p. hcp-am-\-߃ t]mep≈ am\Z-WvUß - ƒ h®p≈ Ak-aX - z- Ø - ns‚ Hcp kqNn-Ib - m-Wn-Xv. Hcp Kn\n tImF^n-j-y‚n¬ 0 A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv AhnsS ka-Xzw ]q¿Æ-ambpw Ds-≠∂pw, Hcp tIm F^n-jy- ‚v 1 A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv ]q¿Æ-amb Ak-aX - z- h - p-amWv (F√m hcp-am-\hpw Hcm-fpsS ssIhiw D-≠m-bn-cn-bv°p-tºmƒ). temI _m¶pw bp Fkv sk≥{S¬ C‚-en-P‚ v GP≥knbpw t]mep≈ ]e ÿm]-\ß - fpw hy-Xy- kvX cmP-yß - f- nse Kn\n tImF-^n-jy- ‚ v IW-°m-°m≥ {ian-bv°p-Ibpw AXn-eqsS Ah-cpsS Ak-a-X-z-Øns‚ Ah-ÿ-IfpsS ASnÿm\ØnXcwwXncn°p∂p. CØcw ]Z-hn-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-bv°p-∂Xv IqSp-X¬ hnI-knX cmP-yß - f- n-sebpw tIm F-^n-jy‚ vkv 0.25 apX¬ 0.5 hsc-bmWv ˛AXn-\¿∞w Db¿∂ Xe-Øn-ep≈ ka-Xzw Ds-≠∂m-W.v B{^n-°≥ cmP-yß - f- n-emWv G‰hpw Db¿∂ Af-hn¬ Ak-a-Xzw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv, AXn¬ G‰hpw ap∂n´p \n¬°p-∂Xv tIm F^n-j-y‚ v 0.7 HmSp-IqSn kuØm-{^n-bv°-bm-Wv. CØcw A\p-am-\-ß-fn¬ \Ωƒ ktµ-l-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cn-bv°-Ww, Db¿∂ tIm F^n-j-y‚ v D≈ cmP-y-ß-fn¬ hcp-am-\w ka-Xzw \n¿_-‘-]q¿∆-w kaXzh¬°-cn-bv°Ww F∂ kqN\ D≈-Xp-sIm≠-v IqSp-X-epw. BZ-y-ambn, ]cn-an-X-amb cmP-y-ß-fn¬ am{Xta hcp-am-\sØ Ipdn-®p≈ hni-z-k-\ob-amb IW-°p-Iƒ D-≠m-hp-I-bp-≈, CXv Kn\n tImF-^n-jy‚ns‚ IW°p-Iƒ Ahn-i-z-k-\o-b-am-°p-∂p ( AXp-sIm≠-p Xs∂-bm-bn-cnbv°mw ]e ÿm]-\ßfpsSbpw A\p-am-\߃ hy-X-ykvXßfm-hp-∂-Xv). c≠-m-a-Xm-bn, hcp- a m- \ - Ø n- e p≈ henb hy- X - y m- k - ß ƒ, bYm¿∞- Ø n¬ icn- b mb Zni-bn-ep≈ kmaq-lnI {]h-W-X-Isf {]Xn-^-en-∏n-t®-°mw. Ah ]pXnb kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Z-y-I-fn-eqsS thK-Øn-ep≈ hf¿®sbtbm As√-¶n77

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

{Km-a-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ CXp-h-scbpw FØn-s∏-SmØ A`n-hr≤n \K-c-ß-fnh¿≤n-bv°p-I-bm-sWt∂m kqNn-∏n-t®°mw. D]-Po-h-\-Øn-\mbn IjvS-s∏Sp∂ I¿j-Ic- p-tS-Xn-s\m∏w \K-cß - f- nse sFSn Poh-\° - m-cpsS hcp-am\w Ipd-®p-sIm≠-v CØcw Db¿∂p-h-cp∂ A`n-hr-≤nsb \ncq-’m-l-s∏-SpØp∂Xv H´pw \√X√. adn®v F√m XS- -ßfpw \o°n (kz-X{¥ k©m-cØn-\p≈ \nb-{¥-W-߃ t]mep-≈h) ]mh-s∏-´-h¿°pw hnI-k-\-Øns‚ {]-tbm-P-\-߃ e`-y-am-Ip∂ Xc-Øn-em-h-Ww. Cu ÿnXn-hn-hc IW-°ns‚ as‰mcp {]iv\w, P\-߃ AS-bv°p∂ \nIpXn-sbbpw k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂pw Ah¿°v In´p∂ B\p-Iq-ey- ß - s- fbpw (t£a\n[n, s]≥j≥, kuP-\y Btcm-K-y-]-cn-]m-e\w Aßs\bpffh) Ah-KWn-®p-sIm≠-v shdpw hcp-am-\sØbmWv Ah¿ Xmc-Xa- yw sNøp-∂X - v. bpssW‰Uv InMvU-Ønse sNdn-sbmcp hy-X-ym-k-amb Xc-Øn-ep≈ am\-ZWvUw t\m°mw, G‰hpw Db¿∂ Xe-Øn-ep≈ 10 iX-am\w hcp-am-\-°m-cpsS hcpam\w G‰hpw Xmtg-X-´n-ep≈ 10 iX-am-\-°m-tc-°mƒ 30 Cc´n IqSpX-em-bn-cn-bv°pw.CXv henb AkaXzsØ kqNn∏n°p∂p.F¶n-epw, \nIpXn-Iƒ AS-®-Xn\p tijhpw ]e Xc-Øn-ep≈ k¿°m¿ B\p-Iq-e-y-߃ e`n-®X - n\p tijhpw CXns‚ kqNnI anX-am-Wv. Bfp-Iƒ Ct∏mgpw ]p\¿hnX-cWw \ym-bo-Ic- n-°p-hm-\mbn BZ-ysØ IW-°p-If- mWv Nq≠-n° - m-Wn-°p∂-Xv, F∂m¬ CXv ÿnXn-hn-hc IW-°p-Isf Zpcp]-tbm-Kn-°emWv. ka-Xzw hcp-am-\-Øns‚tbm kºØns‚tbm? kaq-lØ - nse ]¶m-fn-ØØ - n\v P\-߃°v Xpe-ya- mb {]Xn-^ew In´-Ws- a∂ Bi-bsØ hnfn-bv°p-∂Xv ka-Xz- h - mZw (C-Km-en-t‰-dn-b\ - n-kw) F∂m-Wv. ]t£ Cu hm°n\v Hcp icn-bmb A¿∞w \¬Ip-∂Xv hfsc {ia-I-c-amb H∂mWv, AXns‚ ImcWw `mKn-I-ambpw AXns‚ Xs∂ sshcp-≤-y-߃ sIm ≠-p Xs∂-bm-Wv. hcp-am-\-Ønse ka-X-z-amtWm kz-Øn-ep≈ ka-X-z-amtWm th--≠sX∂v hy-‡-amb Hcp Imgv-N-∏mtSm A`n-{]m-btam {]I-Sn-∏n-bv°p-hm≥ ka-X-z-hm-Zn-Iƒ°v Ign-bn-√. hcp-am\w Xpe-y-am-h-W-sa-∂mWv Ah¿ ]d-bp∂-sX-¶n¬, kz-Øn¬ hen-sbmcp A¥cw Gsd-°psd Ct∏mgpw Xo¿®bmbpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂ps≠∂p≈ hkvXpX Ah¿°v AwKo-I-cnt°≠-n hcpw. Hcmƒ Abm-fpsS hcp-am\w an®w ]nSn®pw hnthI _p≤n-tbmsS \nt£-]n®pw IqSp-X¬ aqe-[\ - tam kºtØm hmcn Iq´n-sb∂p hcmw, thsdmcmƒ AtX Xpe-y-amb hcp-am\w NqXp-I-fn-bn-eq-sStbm As√-¶n¬ At∏m78

ka-Xzhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw

gp≈ kwXr-]vXn°p th≠-n Nne-h-gnt®m \in-∏n-t®-°mw. Gsd XmaknbmsX Ah-cpsS kºØv hfsc hy-X-ym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°mw. am{X-hp-a√, F√m tPmen-Iƒ°pw Xpey thX-\a- mWv \¬Ip-∂s- X-¶n¬ Ffp∏-ambXpw kpJ-I-c-hp-amb tPmen-Iƒ°v henb tXmXn-ep≈ Bh-iyw D≠m-hp-Ibpw ITn-\-am-bXpw Akp-J-I-c-hp-amb tPmen-Iƒ sNøp-hm≥ Xme]-cy- a- p-≈h - c- psS h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ Zu¿√-`y- w D-≠m-hp-Ibpw sNøpw. Ah-cpsS Ae-k-\mb kl-{]-h¿Ø-I\v Ah-cpsS AtX thX\w e`n-bv°p-tºmƒ Hcmƒ Fßs\ ITn-\-amb tPmen-Iƒ sNøp-hm≥ k∂-≤\m-hpw? `uXn-Ia- mb hcp-am-\t- Ø-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ {]m[m-\yw Hcp tPmen-°p≠v kmºØnI hnZ-KvZ¿ am\-knI hcp-am\w (ssk-t°m-fP - n-°¬ C≥Iw) F∂p hnfn°p∂ Imc- y - ß fpw ChnsS D≠- v ˛ DZm- l - c - W - Ø n- \ v , Ah- c p- a mbn tbmPn®p{]h¿Øn-°p∂ kl-{]-h¿Ø-I¿ D≠-m-bn-cn°pI As√-¶nHcp cmP-y-Øns‚ lrZ-yamb `mKØv tPmen sNøp-hm≥ Ign-bpI As√-¶nA\p-tbm-Py- a- m-bXpw F√m kuI-cy- ß - f- p-ap≈ \K-cØ - ns‚ Hcp `mKØv tPmen sNøp-hm≥ Ah-kcw e`n-bv°pI F∂n-h-sb-√mw. FsXms° CjvS-s∏Sp-∂h - ¿°v CØcw KpW-߃ Ah BkzZn°p∂h¿°v hfsc hneaXn®XmWv, F∂m¬ CØcw Imc-y-߃ Hcn-°epw Xpe-y-am-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. adp-h-i-Øv, kº-Øn-ep≈ ka-X-z-amWv th≠-sX∂v ka-X-z-hm-Zn-Iƒ Bhi-y-s∏-Sp-∂-psh-¶n¬, Bfp-I-fpsS sshZ-Kv[-yhpw {]Xn-`bpw A\p-k-cn®pw sXmgn-ep-Sa- bv°v Ah-cn-ep≈ Bh-iy- Ø - ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - nepw Ah-cpsS hcp-am-\-Øn¬ hen-sbmcp A¥cw At∏mgpw D-≠m-Ipw. Nne Bfp-Iƒ Ah-cpsS hcp-am-\-Øn¬ an®w ]nSn®v kºØv Iq´p-tºmƒ Nne¿ AXp Nne-hg- n®p Ipd-bv°p-∂p, Ah-cpsS kºØv \in-bv°p-∂p. At∏mƒ ]ns∂ F¥p sNøpw? 1950 Ifn¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw P\-{]oXn t\Snb lmhv F tKm (Have A Go) F∂ bp sI tdUntbm Iznkv tjmbpsS Ah-Xm-c-I-\m-bncp∂ hn¬s{^Uv ]n°nƒkv (Wilfred Pickles)a’-cm¿∞n-I-tfmSv Ah-sc°p-dn®pw Ah-cpsS A`n-em-jß - s- f-°p-dn®pw tNmZn-®pIm≠vXpSßpw. Hcmƒ ]d™p. Fs‚ B{Klw Cu temI-Ønse F√m kºØpw t\Sn AXv F√mh¿°pw Xpe-y-ambn ]IpØp \¬I-W-sa-∂-Xm-Wv. AhnsS IqSn-bn-cp∂ F√m-hcpw Abm-fpsS DZm-c-Nn-Ø-amb hm°p-Iƒ tI´v l¿jm-c-h-tØmsS Abmsf A`n-\µ - n-®p. Rm≥ Fs‚ ]¶p apgp-h≥ Nne-hg- n®p Ign-bp-tºmƒ \Ωƒ ho≠-pw Aßs\ sNøpw. \n¿`m-K-y-h-im¬ B a’-cm¿∞nbpsS 79

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

XpS¿∂p≈ Cu hm°p-Iƒ F√mw \in-∏n-®p. amdn-s°m≠-n-cn-bv°p∂ Cu temIØv kzØv Xpe-y-ambn ]¶n-Sp-∂Xv hfsc {ia-I-c-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠-p Xs∂ Xpe-y-amb ^e-߃, hcp-am-\-Øntem kz-Øntem, Ak-zm-`m-hn-Ihpw \ne-\n¬°m-Ø-Xp-am-Wv. GsX-¶nepw H∂ns\ Xpe-yam°phm≥, Xpe-ya- mbn \ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥ kzm-X{- ¥-yØ - n\pw kº-Øn\pw tahen-bt- Xm-Xn-ep≈ ssItb‰w Bh-iy- a- mbn hcpw. Nnecn¬ \n∂pw _e-ambn kz-Øp-°ƒ ]nSn-s®-SpØv a‰p-≈-h¿°v \¬tI≠-n hcp-∂p. Xpe-yX Hcp ]cn[n hsc-sb-¶nepw \ne\n¿Øm≥ Cu {]hrØn Bh¿Øn®p sImt≠-bn-cn-°-Ww. Nne kz-Øp-°ƒ hn`-Pn°p-hmt\m ]p\¿hn-X-cWw sNøp-hmt\m Akm[-yam-Wv. k¶o¿ÆambXpw, {]h¿Øn-®p-sIm≠-nc- n°p-∂Xpw em`-Ic- h - p-amb Hcp hyhkmbime, thW-sa-¶n¬ CSn®p \ncØn CjvSnItbm b{¥-߃ s]mfn-s®-Sp-°p-Itbm Hs° sNømw, ]t£ AXp-sIm≠-v H∂pw D-≠m-Ip∂n-√msb∂p am{X-hp-a√ ]Ww Xpe-ya- mbn ]p\¿hn-Xc- Ww sNøp-∂X - n\v AXp hnev°p-hm\pw Ign-bn√ ˛ Xpe-y-amb kzØv D≈ Hcp temIØv Hcp hy-‡nbv°pw AXp hmßp-hm-\p≈ hn`hßfpw D≠-m-hn-√.

CØcw ]p\¿hn-X-cW \b-߃ \n¿_‘]q¿hhpw ^e-{]-Z-a-√m-ØXpw Bbn-cn-bv°pw. Ah Bfp-Iƒ°v Ah-cpsS kz¥w A≤-zm-\Ø - n-\p≈ {]Xn^ew \ncm- I - c n- ° p∂p F∂p- a m- { X- a √ Ah- c psS tPmen- sNøm\pw kºmZn°m\pff {]tNmZ\w \in-∏n°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]p\¿hn-X-cWw sNøp-∂-Xn\p ]Icw Ah¿ kz-Øp-°ƒ \in∏n°pw. CXv \S-∏n-em-°p-∂Xn\v cmjv{So-b-amb hen-sbmcp i‡nbpw Bh-i-y-ambn hcp-∂p, Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Øn\v CØ-c-samcp i‡n XnI®pw tbmPn®X√. ]p\¿hn-X-cWØns‚ {]{Inb as‰mcp {]iv\w ]p\¿hn-Xc- W \S-]S- n-IfpsS `mKamtI≠Xv BcmWv F∂ Xocp-am\w FSp-°p-∂-Xn-em-Wv. km[m-c-W-bm-bn, kº-∂-cm-P-y-ßfnse kaX-zh - m-Zn-Iƒ Ah-cpsS \n¿t±i߃ Ah-cpsS kz-¥w- cm-Py- sØ P\ßfntem As√- ¶ n¬ kam- \ - a mb cmP- y - ß - f psS Hcp Iq´Øntem am{Xw ]cnanXs∏SpØp∂p. AsX-¥p-sIm-s≠-∂ - m¬, hcp-am-\tam As√-¶n¬ kztØm a‰p cmP-y-ß-fp-ambn ]¶p-sh-bv°pI F∂-Xp-sIm≠-v kqNn-∏n-bv°p-∂Xv (CXv {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-sW-¶n¬ t]mepw) kº-∂-cm-P-y-ß-fnse P\-ß-fpsS

80

ka-Xzhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw

Pohn-X-\n-e-hm-c-Øn¬ Hcp henb XmgvN D≠-m-Ip-sa-∂m-Wv. CXv kam-[m-\]-c-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°m-hp∂ Hcp \ba√.

AtX kabw Zcn-{Z-cm-Py- ß - f- nse ka-Xz- h - m-Zn-Iƒ°v ka-Xz- s- Ø-°p-dn®v s]mXphmbpw Hcp BtKmf Img-N-∏m-Smhpw D≠-m-bn-cn-°p-I. Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xv, kº-∂-cm-P-y-ß-fnse kz-Øp-°ƒ a‰p cmP-y-ß-fp-ambn ]¶p-sh-°p-tºmƒ, Ah-cpsS Zcn-{Z-cmb P\-ka- q-lØ - n¬ hfsc henb am‰-߃ krjvSnbv°pw F∂m-Wv. F∂m¬ kº-∂c- m-Py- ß - ƒ CXv AwKo-Ic- n-°m-Øm-St- Ømfw Imew CXp Akm-[-yamb Hcp kz]v\amWv. am{X-hp-a√, kX-y-Øn¬ CØcw ]p\¿hn-X-c-W-߃ Zcn-{Zsc F°m-etØbv°pw kº-∂-cmbn \ne-\n¿Øp-∂n-√. kzØv F∂p-]-d-bp-∂Xv Hcp (kotdm-˛kw sKbnw) Ifn-b√ - . Hcmsf Zcn-{Z-\m°n sImt≠- as‰m-cmƒ°v kº∂-\m-Im≥ Ignbq F∂-Xp-t]m-se-bp≈ Hcp ÿnc-amb Dd-hn-S-sam∂pw kº-Øn-\n-√. \ho-IcWØneqsSbpw, ]pXp kwcw-`-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw,h-ym-]m-c-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw aqe-[\ kam-l-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw Hs°-bmWv kºØv krjvSn-bv°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. HcmfpsS ssIhapff Dev]m-Z-\-]-c-amb aqe-[-\sØ \in-∏n-®p-sIm≠-v AXn√mØ as‰m-cmƒ°v t\´-sam∂pw D-≠mIp-∂n-√. Zcn-{Z-cm-P-y-ß-fnse P\-ßsf Ah-cpsS kz¥w aqe-[-\߃ kz-cq-]n-bv°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw Ahsc XS-bp∂ bp≤w, tamjWw t]mep≈ XS- -߃ \o°pI F∂XmWv Hcp anI® Bi-bw.

Fs¥m-s°-bmWv ]p\¿hn-X-cWw sNtø-≠Xv, Bcn¬ \n∂pw Bcn-te°v F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ tNmZ-y-߃ hy-‡-am-°p-∂Xv Hcp ]p\¿hn-X-cW \bw As√-¶n¬ \nbaw Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°Ww F∂ Imc-yØ - n¬ Hcp Xocpam\w Hcn-bv°epw D≠-m-Im≥ CS-bn√ F∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv. ]p\¿hn-X-cW \S-]Sn-Iƒ {]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ F√m-h-cmepw AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp hy-‡a- mb ]≤Xn D-≠m-hW - w. Hcp Xocpam\w C√m-Øn-St- Ømfw Imew, CXp \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Htc-sbmcp hgn _e-{]-tbmKw am-{X-am-Wv. `uXn-I-amb ka-X-z-Øn\p th≠-n- _e-{]-tbm-K-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ Iog-SßPohn-X\ - n-eh - mcw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ A≤-zm-\n-bv°p-∂h - c- psS ]cn-{i-asØ C√m-Xm-°p-∂p. \ho-Ic- W - ß - f- n-eq-sS-tbm, ]pXp kwcw`ßfn-eq-sStbm As√¶n¬ ITn-\m-≤-zm-\-Øn-eq-sStbm \n߃ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p∂ \nß-fpsS `uXnI-amb B\p-Iq-e-y-߃ \nß-fn¬ \n∂pw X´n-sb-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-sW-¶nB t\´-߃°p-th≠-n F¥n\p Hcp-h≥ ITn-\m-≤-zm\w sNøWw? CXn81

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

t\-°mfpw AKm-[-amb \jvShpw a\p-j-y-X-z-Øn\v ChnsS kw`-hn-bv°p-∂p. kwcw-`-߃ krjvSn-]-c-am-Wv. P\-߃ anI® km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-hm\pw F√m-h-cp-sSbpw Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\p D]I-cn-°p∂ ]pXnb Dev]-∂-ßfpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Z-y-Ifpw hn]-Wn-bnFØn-bv°p-∂X - n\pw ITn-\a- mbn {]b-Xv\n-°p-∂p. AØcw kwcw-`ß - t- fbpw krjvSn-It- fbpw ASn-®a- ¿Øp-∂X - n-eqsS temI-P\ - X - b - psS `uXn-Ia- mb PohnX-\n-e-hmcw XpS¿®-bmbn Db¿Øns°m≠p hcp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°p t\sc hmXn¬ sIm´n-b-S-°p-IbmWv ka-X-z-hm-Zn-Iƒ sN-øp-∂Xv.

ka-X-zhpw \oXnbpw \oXnbpsS c≠¿∞߃ kz-Øn-s‚tbm As√-¶n¬ hcp-am-\-Øn-s‚tbm ]p\¿hn-X-c-WsØ A\pIq-en-°p∂ Ipsd Bfp-Iƒ hmZn-°p-∂-Xv, Ipd-®m-fp-Iƒ a‰p-≈-h-tc-°mƒ kº-∂c- m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv ˛ AXnepw Nne¿ G‰hpw Xmsg-bp≈ Zcn-{Z-t\-°mƒ Atß-b‰w kº-∂\ - m-bn-cn-bv°p∂ Ah-ÿ˛ A\ymbw Bb Hs∂-∂m-Wv. Cu kmaq-ln-I-amb A\o-Xn, Bfp-I-fpsS kºØv Ah¿°v kaq-l-tØmSp≈ aqe-ysØ Bh-i-y-ambpw {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂n√ F∂ kX-y-Øn¬ IqSn tN¿∂p-\n¬°p-∂p.

Cu hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-߃ PÃnkv (\o-Xn) F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿∞sØ A]lcn°p∂p. F¥mbmepw \msa√mw \√Xmbpw A`nejWobambpw IcpXp∂Xpw a\pjysc∂\ne°v \ap°v e`nt°≠Xpambn AwKoIcn°p∂Xv AXn\v ]q¿Æambpw hyXykvXamb kaXzØnt‚bpw Bb Hcp A¿∞w \¬Ip∂p. \oXn F∂ hm°ns‚ bYm¿∞-amb A¿∞w \Ωƒ ]c-kv]cw F¥v s]cpam‰w {]Xo-£n-bv°p∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp-h≥ Hcp DS-ºSn ewLn-°p-Itbm As√-¶n¬ tamjvSn°p-Itbm sNbvXm¬ \Ωƒ ]dbpw AXv A\oXn-bmsW-∂v, ImcWw AØcw s]cp-am-‰-߃ \ncp-]-{Z-h- XX-z-{]-Im-chpw \nba-]c- a- mbpw [m¿Ωn-I] - c- h - p-amb N´-ßf- m¬ hne-°s- ∏-´h - b - m-Wv. as‰m-c¿∞Øn¬ ]d-™m¬ \oXnbpsS A¿∞w, ]ckv-]-c-\oXn (IΩ-yq-t´-‰ohv PÃokv) F∂p hnfn°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv a\p-j-y-h¿§w Fßs\ s]cp-am-dp∂p F∂Xns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°nbmWv. P\-߃ a\-]q¿∆-ambn Cßs\ {]h¿Øn°p-tºm-ƒ am{XamWv CXv _m[-Ia- m-Ip-∂X - v. GsX-¶nepw Hcmƒ°v ]I¿®-

82

ka-Xzhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw

∏\n ]nSn-s]-Sp-Itbm As√-¶n¬ imco-cn-Ia- mb sshI-ey- ß - ƒ Ds-≠¶ntem AsXmcp Zu¿`m-K-y-am-Wv. A√msX A\oXn A√, ImcWw AhnsS Bcpw A\ymb-ambn {]h¿Øn°p-∂n-√. \oXn F∂ hm°ns‚ c≠-m-asØ D]-tbm-Kw, Nne ka-b-ß-fn¬ CXns\ hnX-cWw sNøm-hp∂ \oXn (Un-kv{Sn-_-yu-´ohv PÃo-kv) F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.

CXv hy-‡n-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ s]cp-am-‰sØ Ipdn-®√ - , adn®v Ah-cpsS CS-bnDff hkvXp°fpsS hnX-cWsØ Ipdn-®m-Wv. F∂ncp∂mepwHcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Øn¬ D≠mbnhcp∂ k-º-Øns‚tbm hcp-am-\-Øn-s‚tbm hnXcWw F√mhcpw \nb-a-]-c-am-bXpw [m¿Ωn-I-]-c-am-bXpw Bb N´-߃ A\pkcn°p∂ kz¥w CjvS{- ]-Im-ca- p≈ kmº-ØnI CS-]m-Sp-If- n¬ IqSnbm-Wv. CsXm-cn-°epw A\o-Xn-bm-hm≥ hgn-bn-√, ImcWw Bcpw Xs∂ A\oXn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂n-√. Hcp {]tX-yI {]Xn-^ew B-cpw-Xs∂ e£-y-an-Sp-∂n√, AXv Pohn-X-Øns‚ Hcp hkvXpXbmWv. kaq-l-Ønep≈ aqeyw kmaq-lnI \oXn F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ D]-tbmKw, kaqlw Hcp Xc-Øn-ep≈ hy-‡n-bm-sW∂pw AXmWv kz-Øn-s‚bpw hcp-am-\Ø - n-s‚bpw amXrI \n›bn-°p-∂-sX∂pw Hcp sX‰mb [mcW ]c-Øp-∂p. F∂m¬ kaq-l-Øn\v AXn-t‚-Xp-am-{X-amb Hcp Xmev]-c-y-ßfpw C√. hy-‡n-I-ƒ°v am{Xta Xocpam-\-߃ FSp-°p-hm\pw AXn-\-\p-k-cn®v {]h¿Øn-°p-hm\pw Ign-bq. kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb \b]camb hnjbß-fn¬ hy-‡n-Iƒ i‡-ambn hntbm-Pn°pIbpw sNøpw. kmaq-lnI \oXn F∂ Bibw hfsct∏sc BI¿jn°p∂Xns‚ ImcWw ]cnWX^esØ∏‰n hfsc Ahy‡amWv, IqSmsX Cu hntbmPn∏pIsf {i≤n°msX t]mIpIbpw sNøp∂p F∂XmWv. kmaq-ln-I-\oXnbp‡ambn, {]Xn-^-e-ßfpsS hnX-c-W-߃ Fß-s\-bmbn-cn-°Ww F∂v \Ωƒ I-≠p-]n-Sn-°p-hm≥ {i-an-°-ptºmƒ CXn-te-°p≈ ]q¿Æ-amb AwKo-Im-c-Øn¬ FØn-s∏-Sp-∂-Xns‚ Akm-≤-yX IqSp-Xhy-‡-am-Ip-∂p. ]q¿Æ-amb hcp-am\ ka-Xzw A√ icnbmb e£yw F∂v an°-hmdpw Bfp-Ifpw kΩ-Xn°p-∂p, ImcWw At∏mƒ hy-‡n-Iƒ°v Ah¿ Ae-ka- m-bmepw \ncp-Øc- h - m-Z] - c- h - p-ambmepw a‰p-≈h - ¿°p In´p∂ AtX thX\w e`n-°p-∂p. hy-‡-ambn ]d-™m¬ ]cn-{i-a-Øn\pw t\-´-߃ D-≠m°p-∂X - n\pw A\p-kc- n-®m-bn-cn-°Ww thX\w \n›-bn-t°-≠Xv. AXp-sIm83

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

≠v s]mXp-hmb Hcp A`n-{]-mb-Øn¬ ]q¿Æ ka-Xzw sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xnt\°mfpw \√Xv Bfp-Iƒ°v Ah-cpsS kaq-l-Ønep≈ aqeyw A\p-kcn-®m-bn-cn-bv°Ww {]Xn-^-e-߃ \¬I-s∏-tS≠Xv. ]t£ At∏mƒ Hcp hy-‡n°v kaq-l-Øn¬ D≈ aqeyw BcmWv \n›-bnt°≠-Xv? kaqlw Hcp hy-‡n-b-√, AXn\p AXn-t‚-Xmb kz¥w aqe-y-hpan-√. kz¥w aqe-yan√mØ H∂n\v aqeyw Nm¿Øns°mSp°m≥ P\-߃°v Ign-bn-√. hy-‡n-Iƒ°p am{Xta aqe-y-߃ D≈q, ]t£ Ah ]cs° hy-Xy-kvXam-bXpw, ]et∏mgpw G¡vap´p∂Xpw Bbn-cn-°pw. Hcp Iq´w P\߃ Nne-t∏mƒ Hcp t_mIvk-dpsS {]I-S\sØ Bbn-cnbv°pw hne-a-Xn°p-∂-Xv, AtX-k-abw a‰p Nne¿ Hcp hb-en≥ Iem-Im-cs‚ {]I-S-\sØbm-bn-cn°pw hne-a-Xn-°p-∂-Xv, hyXykvX P\ßfpsS BkzmZ\w XmcXayw sNøm≥ ]¡mØXn\m¬ GXmWv kaq-lØ - n\v IqSp-X¬ aqeyw D≈-Xv F∂p ]d-bpI Akm-[-y-am-Wv. Hcp t\gvkv-, Cd®n hnev]-\-°m-c-≥, Hcp J\n-sØmgn-em-fn-, Hcp \ym-bm-[n-]-≥,Hcp Bg°S¬ ap߬ hnZ-Kv[≥, Hcp \nIpXn DtZymKÿ≥, Hcp Poh c£m acp-∂ns‚ D]⁄mXmhv, Hcp IW°v s{]m^k-¿ ChcpsSsb√mw kaq-l-Ønep≈ aqeyw \mw Fßs\ \n›-bn-°p-w? tbmK-y-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ hnX-cWw ka-Xz- h - m-Zn-If- psS as‰mcp \n¿t±iw tbmK-yX - I - f- psS ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ {]Xn^-e-߃ hnX-cWw sNø-W-sa-∂m-Wv. ]t£ At∏mgpw, hy-X-y-kvX-cmb P\ß-fpsS B\p]mXnIamb tbmK-y-X- \n›-bn°m\p-w Ahsc Fßs\ IrXm¿∞s∏SpØWsa∂Xn\pw \njv]£-amb Hcp am¿§hpw C√, hyXykvX KpW-߃ F{XtØmfw kvXpXy¿lamsW∂Xns\ ]¡n hy-X-y-kvXcmb Bfp-Iƒ°v h-y-Xvy-kvX-ß-fmb Imgv-N-∏mSpIfm-bn-cn°pw D-≠m-hp-I. F¶n¬ t]mepw, F{X-tØmfw tbmK-yX - I - ƒ Dƒs∏-´n-´p-s≠ - ∂v Xocp-am-\n°p∂-Xn¬ {]mtbmKnI _p≤nap´pIƒ D≠-v. Hcmƒ h¿j-ßf- mbn Fs¥-¶nepw H∂n-\p-th≠-n A≤-zm-\n-°p-Ibpw AXn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXmB {]bXv\w IW-°n-se-SpØv Abmƒ°v {]Xn-^ew sImSp-°W - t- am, AtX kabw as‰mcmƒ e - £ - °W°n\v P\߃°v- aqeyw t\Sn-Øc- p-tºmƒ AXv `mK-y-Øm¬ kw`-hn-®-Xm-sW∂p IcpXn Abmsf in£m¿l-\m-°-Wtam? \njv^eamb A≤zm\sØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-bv°p-hm≥ \Ω-sfm-cn-°epw B{Kln-°p-∂n-√; \Ωƒ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Dev]-∂-ßfpsS aqeyw Db-cp-tºmgpw AXv Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂X - n\p th-≠ A≤-zm-\hpw a‰pw Ipd-bv°p-tºm-gp-amWv 84

ka-Xzhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw

kmº-ØnI ]ptcm-KXn bmYm¿∞-ya- m-Ip-∂X - v. P\-߃°v Ah-cpsS hy-‡n]-c-amb A≤-zm-\-߃t°m Xym-K-߃t°m {]Xn-^ew \e-Ip-tºmƒ AXv, shdpw Xym-Kß - sf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-bv°p-∂p, a¡pffh¿°v Dff tkh\a√.

Hcp kmº-ØnI hy-h-ÿbv°pw Cß-s\-sbmcp XX-z-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn°phm≥ Ign-bn-√. hn]-Wn-^e߃ Hcp Dev]m-Z-Is‚ [m¿Ωn-Itam hy-‡n-]-ctam Bb tbmK-yX - t- btbm As√-¶n¬ Hcp Dev]∂ - tam tkh-\tam hn]-Wn-bn¬ FØnbv°m≥ FSpØ ka-b-tØtbm ]cn-{i-a-tØtbm {]Xn^en°p∂n√. Hcp Dev]∂w Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ FSpØ h¿j-ß-tfmf-ap≈ ]cn-{i-atam \nt£]tam As√-¶n¬ AsXmcp `mKy]co-£-W-Øns‚ ^etam F∂-sXm∂pw ChnsS {]iv\a- √ - . F∂m¬ hn]-Wn-bnse {]Xn-^ew Bfp-Iƒ a‰p-≈h - ¿°p {]Zm\w sNøp∂ Bk-zm-Z-\-Øn-s‚bpw aqe-y-Øn-s‚bpw {]Xn-^-e-\-am-Wv. Dev]m-ZI - ¿ hn]-Wn-bn¬ FØn-bv°p∂ De-]∂ - ß - ƒ°pw tkh-\ß - ƒ°pw D]-tbm-‡m°ƒ aqeyw Iev]n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm--≠mWv Ah¿ Ahbv°p hne \¬Ip-∂X - v. At∏mƒ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Bfp-Iƒ kaq-lØ - n-ep≈ a‰v AwK߃°v Iev]n-bv°p-∂ aqeyØns\ B{i-bn-®mWv hn]-Wn-bnse {]Xn-^ew IW-°m-°s- ∏-Sp-∂s- X∂v kmcw. Dev]m-ZI - cpsS C√m-bvabpw AhcpsSIgnhpw, Hcp tkh\w Bh-i-y-ambn hcp∂ D]-t`m-‡m-°-fpsS FÆw, AXp hmßp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Bh-i-y-IX As√-¶n¬ {]m[m-\yw CsX√mw Ah {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂p.

Bh-i-y-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ hnX-cWw ka-X-z-hm-Zn-I-fpsS as‰mcp \n¿t±iw Bh-i-y-IX A\p-k-cn®v hn`-h-߃ hnX-cWw sNø-Ws- a-∂X - m-Wv. F¥mWv Bh-iy- s- a∂v Bcp Xocp-am-\nbv°pw?

Bh-iy- ß - ƒ C√mØ Bfp-If- n¬ \n∂pw Bh-iy- a- p-≈h - sc th¿Xn-cns®Sp°p-hm≥ hy-‡a- mb Hcp am¿§hpw ChnsS C√. P\-ßf- psS kml-Nc- y- ß - ƒ hfsc hn`n-∂ß - f- m-Wv, AhcpsS kºØpw hcpam\hpw hy-Xy-kvXß - f- mWv, ]t£ CXv hepXmbn hyXnNen°pw. kpJ-Ic- a- m-bXpw A√m-ØX - p-amb Krlß-fn¬ Ah¿ Pnhn-bv°mw, imco-cn-I-ambpw am\-kn-I-]-c-ambpw hy-X-y-kvXß-fmb Ign-hp-Iƒ Ah¿°p-≠mhmw, hnhn-[-Xcw tPmen-I-fn¬ hy-X-y-kvX -cmb Bfp-Iƒs°m∏w Ah¿ tPmen sNømw. CjvS-s∏´ Hcp tPmenbpw tbmPn®p {]h¿Øn-bv°p∂ kl-{]-h¿Ø-Icpw D-≠m-bn-cn°p-∂Xp t]mep≈ CØcw kmº-Øn-tI-Xc B\p-Iq-e-y-߃°v A-°ßfn¬ aqey85

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

anSpI Akm-[-y-am-Wv. P\߃ Bh-i-y-°m-cm-tWm A√tbm F∂Xv Xocpam\nt°≠- Imc-y-am-Wv, ]ecpw CXns\ hy-Xy- k - vXß - f- mb coXn-bn¬ Bbncn°pw Xocpam\n°p∂Xv. Bh-i-y-I-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]p\¿hn-X-cWw sNø-W-sa-¶n¬ Nne cmjv{Sob A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v F¥mWv Bh-i-y-IX F∂p Xncp-am-\n-°p-∂Xn\pw AXn-\\ - p-kc- n®v {]-h¿Øn-°p-∂X - n\pw D≈ A[n-Imcw \¬-In-bmam{Xta Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q. ]t£ Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Øn¬ CØcw A[nIm-c-߃ Ah¿°p \¬Ip-∂Xv kzo-Im-c-y-am-bn-c-n°p-I-bn-√. AX-h-cpsS Pohn-XØ - n-\p-ta-ep≈ ]cam[n-Im-ca- mbn amdpw. A-h¿°v kz-X{¥ P\-Xbmbn XpS-cm≥ Ign-bn-√. Ah¿ B A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS ASn-a-Ifmbn amdpw.

Bh-i-y-I-X-bpsS \ne-\n¬∏v a‰p-≈-h-cn-¬ Hcp _m[-y-Xtbm I¿Ø-hy t_m[tam krjvSn-bv°p-∂n-√. InUv\n tcmK-_m-[n-X\ - mb Hcmƒ°v Hcp-]t£ ]pXn-sbmcp InUv\n Bh-i-y-ambn ht∂-°mw. ]t£ AsXm-cn-°epw Dff Xnsemcp InUv\n Zm\w sNøp-hm-\p≈ [m¿Ωn-I_ - m-[y- X GsXm-cm-fn-te°pw ASn-t®¬∏n°p-∂n-√. ASpØ _‘p-°ƒ Nne-t∏mƒ [m¿Ωn-I-am-btXm Ip`pw-_] - c- a- m-btXm Bb ISa F∂p- I-cpXn Zm\w sNbvtX-°mw, Nne-t∏mƒ A]-cn-Nn-X¿ t]mepw klm-\p-`q-Xn-bp-sSbpw Icp-Wb - p-sSbpw t]cn¬ Zm\w sNbvtX-°mw. ]t£ AX-h-cpsS kz¥w CjvS-am-Wv. CØcw {]h¿ØnIsf \Ωƒ A\ptamZns®∂v hcmw, ]t£ Hcp kz-X{¥ kaqlØn\v, a‰p-≈-hsc klm-bn-°p-hm-\mbn XymKw sNøm≥ hy-‡n-Isf \n¿_-‘nbv°p-hm≥ Ign-bn-√.

Hcp kz-X{¥ kºZvhy-hÿ -hkvXp°ƒ hnX-cWw sNøp-∂-Xv \n¿_‘Øns‚ t]cne√ adn®v hn]Wn kº- Z v h - y - h ÿ Dev ] m- Z n- ∏ n- ° p∂ hkvXp°ƒ°pw tkh-\ß - ƒ°pw AXp hmßp-∂h - ¿ \¬Ip∂ aqe-yØ - n\-\p-k-cn-®mWv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, P\-߃ Irjn-bn¬ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ a’-y-tØ-°mƒ ssPh-am-b-h-bmWv CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-¶n¬ As√-¶nhffnsNcp∏nt\°mƒ jqkp-Iƒ BWn-jvSs- ∏-Sp-∂s- X-¶n¬ At∏mƒ Ahbm-bn-cn°pw IqSp-X¬ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°s- ∏-Sp-I. IqSmsX hn`-hß - ƒ hnX-cWw sNøp-∂Xpw P\-߃ a‰p-≈h - ¿°v \¬Ip∂ temtIm]Imc{]Zamb kΩm\-ßfneqsS {]I-Sn-∏n-bv°p∂ aqe-yß - sf ASn-ÿm-\a- m-°n-bm-Wv. CØcw Xocp-am- \-߃ hy-‡n-If- n-emWv A[n-jvTn-Xa- m-bn-cn-°p-∂X - v. tÉn\p am{Xta GsXms° Imcy߃ klmbw A¿ln°p∂p F∂v Adn-bm≥ Ignbq 86

ka-Xzhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw

F∂ Bibw Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Øn¬ \nckn°s∏Sp∂p.

ka-X-z-hm-Z-Øns‚ IqSp-X¬ A]-I-S-߃ ka-X-z-hm-ZØns‚ kmaq-ly \oXn-bnt∑epff A]-I-S-I-c-amb ^ew Fs¥∂m¬ AXv bYm¿∞-am-b ]ckv]c\oXn F∂ Bi-bsØ aqSnhbv°p∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ \ne-]n¬∏n\v AX-y-¥m-t]-£n-Xamb \nbaØn\p ap∂nse ka-Xzw t]mep≈ ASn-ÿm\ XX-z-߃°v Cu ]pXnb {]Xn`mkØn\m¬ {]m[m\yan√mXmIpIbpw aqeyNypXn kw`hn°pIbpw sNøp∂p. ]p\¿hn-X-c-W-Øn-eqsS Hcn-bv°epw ka-X-zØn-ep≈ ]cn-]m-e\w km[-y-am-Ip-∂n-√, F√m-h-scbpw Htc t]mse ]cn-]men-bv°p-∂X - n\p ]I-cw, \Ωƒ, Hmtcm ZmXm°fn¬\n∂pw hy-Xy- k - vXß - f- mb XpIIƒ ]ncn-bv°p-Ibpw Hmtcm KpW-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°pw hy-X-y-kvX-ß-fmb XpI-Iƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂p. `uXn-I-amb B{K-l-߃ \ne-\n¬°p∂p bYm¿∞ \oXn {]iv\-߃°p ]cn-lmcw ImWp-tºmƒ, kmaq-lnI \oXn Ahsb krjvSn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. Hcn-bv°¬ Hcp k¿°m¿, tbm K-yX - b - p-tStbm As√-¶n¬ Bh-iy- I - X - b - p-sStbm As√-¶n¬ kaq-lØ - n-epff aqeyØns‚tbm ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hcp-am\w ]p\¿hn-X-cWw sNøp-hm≥ {ian-®m¬, ]e hy-XykvX kwLßfptSbpw Ah-cpsS {]Xn-^-e-߃ Iq´-p∂Xn\mbpff kzm-[o\w t\cntS≠nhcpw. Ah-cpsS Bh-i-y-ß-fnXncp-am\w F-Sp-°p-hm≥ hy-‡-amb Hcp am¿§-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ GI-]-£ob-amb Xocpam-\-ßfnte°v FØpw. BXy¥nIambn {Iqcamb A[n-Imcw Imc-y-߃ Xocp-am-\n-°p-w. CXv Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Øn\v tbmP-y-am-b-X-√. am{X-a-√, hy-‡n-Iƒ Ah-cp-sSbpw Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fp-sSbpw em`-Øn\p t h≠n Cu hy-h-ÿsb Zpcp-]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-hm-\p≈ am¿§-߃ tXSpw. CXmWv bYm¿∞-Øn¬ tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b\ - n¬ kw`-hn-®X - v. AhnsS P\-kw-J-y-bn¬ `qcn-]-£-w t]c pwAh-cpsS PohnX\nehmcw Db¿Øp∂ Xn\pth≠n ]e \nb-a-hn-cp≤ {]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw G¿s∏´p. \n¿_-‘amb `uXnI ka-Xzw as‰mcp hn[-Øn¬ \nbam\ph¿Øn-I-fmb P\-ßsf Ip¡hmfnIfm°n am‰pw.

87

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

kº-∂cpsS ]¶v hcp-am-\-Ønepw kz-Øn-ep-ap≈ Ak-a-XzØn\v \√ hi-ß-fp-ap≠-v.

IqSp-X¬ kºm-Zn-°p-hm\pw kº-∂-\m-hm\pw D≈ P\-ß-fpsS B{Klw Hcp i‡n-bmb t{]m’m-l-\-am-Wv. anI® tPmen-Iƒ tXSp-hm-\pw, a‰p-≈h-cpsS PohnX \ne-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ anI® Dev]-∂-߃ I≠-p]n-Sn-°p-hm\pw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-hm\pw hnX-cWw sNøp-hm\pw Cu B-{Kl߃ A-hsc t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂p. CØcw ]pXnb Dev]-∂-߃ hn]-Wn-bn]co-£n-°p-∂Xn¬ kº-∂-cmb Bfp-Iƒ°v hen-b-sbmcp ]-¶p-≠v-. an°-hmdpw ]pXnb Dev]-∂-ß-sf√mw hn]-Wn-bn¬ FØp-∂Xv BUw-_c hkvXp°fmbn-´m-bn-cnbv°pw ˛ Hcp P\-Iob hn]-Wn-bn¬ AwKo-Imcw As√¶n¬ hn]Wn km[-yX C√m-ØX - n-\m¬ AØcw Dev]∂ - ß - ƒ hfsc Db¿∂ Nne-hn¬ hfsc Ipd®p am{Xta Dev]m-Zn-bv°p-∂p≠-mh - q. AXp-sIm≠-p Xs∂ AØcw Dev]∂ - ß - ƒ BZyw hmßp-∂Xpw AXns‚ KpW-\n-eh - mcw D]-tbmKn-®-dn-bp-∂Xpw ]W-°m-cmb Bfp-I-fm-bn-cn-°pw. B Bfp-I-fpsS {]XnI-cW - a- mWv, AØcw Dev]∂ - ß - f- psS Bh-iy- I - XbpsS hym-]vXnbpw FhnsS Fßs\ B Dev]-∂-߃ IqSp-X¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-ØWw F∂Xpw Dev]m-ZIsc Adn-bn-°p∂Xv. CXv, KpW-\n-e-hmcw Ipd™ Dev]-∂-ßsf IqSpX¬ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°msX hn]-Wnbn¬ \n∂pw ]n≥h-en°p-∂-Xn\pw P\-Iob hnW-]W - n- bn-te°v sa®-s∏´ Dev]∂ - ß - ƒ FØn-°p-∂X - n\pw Dev]m-ZI - sc klm-bn-°p-∂p. CØ-c-Øn¬ ]W-°m-cpsS A\p-`hw F√m-h¿°pw D]t`m‡r KpW-߃ e`n-°p-∂-Xn-te°v hgn-sX-fn-°p-∂p. kzØpw Db¿∂ hcpam-\h - p-ap≈ Bfp-Iƒ°v a‰p {][m-\s- ∏´ kmaq-lnI I¿Øhyßfpw D≠v. sshhn[ysØ hn]p-en-I-cn-°p-∂Xpw ]ptcm-K-Xn-bnte-°p≈ \S-]S- n-{I-aßsf ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n°p-Ibpw sNøm-\p-XI - p∂ ]pXnb Dev]-∂-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw \¬In ]co-£-W-߃ \S-Øp-hm-\p≈ hn`h-߃ As√-¶n¬ am¿§-߃ Ah¿°p-≠v. k¿°m-cp-Iƒ Ah-KW - n-°p∂p F∂v Ah¿°p tXm∂p∂ Ie, hnZ-ym-`y- m-kw, a‰p Kth-jW ]≤-Xn-Iƒ F∂nh-s°√mw Ah¿°v ]Ww apS-°m-\m-Ipw. ASn-®-a¿Øn `cn-°p∂ A[nIm-ch - ¿§-߃s°-Xnsc, Ah¿°p `oj-Wn-bmbn amdm-hp∂ ]pXnb cmjv{Sob Bi-bß - ƒ°v cq]w sImSpØv Ahsc sh√phnfn°p-hm-\p≈ kmº-ØnI t{kmX pw Ah¿°p≠v \Ωƒ Hcp kz-X{¥kaq-lsØ \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibm-sW-¶n¬ CsX√mw hfsc {]m[m-\-y-ap≈ ]cnKW\Ifm-Wv.

88

ka-Xzhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw

aqe-[-\-Øns‚ hn\miw Dev]m-Z\ - £ - aXbpff hn`-hß - ƒ ssIIm-cyw sNøp-∂X - n¬ F√m-hcpw Hcpt]mse Ign-hp-≈-h-c-√. kwcw`Icmbn Pohn-X-hrØn sNøp∂h¿ AØcw Ign-hp-Iƒ D≈-h-cm-bn-cn-°-Ww. Ah-cpsS kwcw-`-Øn¬ \n∂pw em`w D-≠m-°Wsa-¶n¬, A]-I-S-km-[-y-X-Iƒ As√-¶n¬ \jvS-km-[-y-X-Iƒ Fßs\ ssIIm-cyw sNø-W-sa∂pw anI-®Xpw hne Ipd-™-Xp-amb Dev]∂-߃ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Dev]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bp≈ hn`-h-߃ Fßs\ D]-tbm-Ks- ∏-Sp-ØW - s- a∂pw Ah¿ Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠Xv Bh-iy- a- m-Wv. ]t£ ]p\¿hn-X-cWw CØcw Dev]m-Z-\-]-c-amb hn`-h-ßsf Ign-hp-≈-h-cpsS ssII-fn¬ \n∂pw FSp-°p-Ibpw AXp Np‰p-ap≈ a‰p-≈-h¿°p IqSn hnX-cWw sNøp-∂p. CXn-eqsS aqe-[-\hpw aqe-[\ krjvSnbpw \jvS-amhp-∂p. ]t£ aqe-[\w BWv Hcp kºZv hy-h-ÿsb Dev]m-Z\ £a-X-bp≈-Xm-°p-∂-Xv. A[nIw hn`h߃ D]tbmKn®v hfsc°pd®v am{Xw D¬]mZn∏n®m¬ Hcp kaqlØnse Zo¿LIme]ptcmKXn Ipdbpw.

Ak-aX - z- hpw kmº-ØnI ]ptcm-KX - nbntebv°v \bn°p-∂p≠-v. Db¿∂ t\´ßƒ Hcp Im¥nI i‡n-t]m-se-bmWv {]h¿Øn°p-∂-Xv. Ah, G‰hpw Db¿∂ aqeyw t\Sm≥ km[-yX D≈n-S-tØ°v P\-ß-sfbpw hn`-h-ß-sf bpw BI¿jn-°p-∂p, Ipd™ Dev]m-Z\ - t- i-jnbpw IqSp-X¬ aqe-yß - ƒ D]tbm-Knt°≠-n hcp-∂n-SØp \n∂pw AI∂p \n¬°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. AXpsIm≠-v P\-ßfpw hn`-h-ßfpw `mhn-bn¬ Ah¿°p IpSp-X¬ hcp-am\w D-≠m-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-S-tØ°v BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. CsXmcp XpS¿®bmb ]cn-h¿Ø-\m-flI - a- mb hf¿®-bpsS {]{In-bb - m-Wv. A[n-Ia- m-fp-Ifpw CjvSs- ∏-SmØ Ak-aX - zw Bfp-Is- fbpw hn`-hß - s- fbpw Ah-bpsS G‰hpw Db¿∂ Dev]m-Z\ Xe-Øn-te°pw F√m-bn-SØpw A`n-h-r≤n h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂-Xn\pw Ahsc BI¿jn-°p-∂X - n\v hgn- sX-fn°p-∂p. \Ωƒ ka-Xz- Ø - n\p th-≠n ]p\¿hn-Xc- Ww sNøp-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬, \Ωƒ B BI¿jW i‡nsb XS-bp-Ibpw Ahbv°v D≠-m-°m-am-bn-cp∂ `mhn-bnse aqe-y-sØbpw Dev]mZ-\s- Øbpw hf¿®-sbbpw \jvSs- ∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw BWv sNøp-∂X - v. hf¿∂ph-cp∂ Hcp kº-Zvhy- h - ÿ - sb B{i-bn®p Ign-bp∂ ]mh-s∏-´h - c- mWv CXns‚ Zp-cnXw apgp-h≥ A\p-`-hn-t°≠-n h-cp-∂Xv, At∏mƒ Fßs\ CXns\ kmaq-lnI \oXn F∂p hnfn-°m≥ Ignbpw?

89

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

\nIpXnbpw t£ahpw kz-Øntem As√-¶n¬ hcp-am-\-Øntem ]q¿Æ-amb ka-Xzw Akm-[-y-am-bncnbv°pw, F∂n-cp-∂mepw kº-∂-cpsS ta¬ Db¿∂ \nc-°n-ep≈ ]ptcmK-a\ \nIp-Xn-Iƒ NpaØn GI-tZiw AXn-\S- p-tØ°v FØm≥ Nne k¿°mcp-Iƒ {ian-bv°m-dp≠-v. ]t£ CØcw \nIp-Xn-Iƒ hfsc hn\m-i-I-c-amWv. kwcw-`-߃°pw ]cn-{i-a-߃°pw D≈ {]Xn-^-e-߃ sh´n-Ip-d°p∂- X n- e qsS, CØcw KpW- I - c - a mb {]h¿Øn- I - s fbpw sXmgnkm[-y-X-I-sfbpw A-h¿ krjvSn-°p∂ hnI-k-\-sØbpw \ncp’m-l-s∏Sp-Øp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. XnI®pw Kuc-h-ta-dnb Imcyw Fs¥-∂p-sh-®m¬, ]e-t∏mgpw CØcw \nIpXn-Iƒ Npa-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv kºmZyØnepw aqe-[-\-ß-fp-sSbpw taem-Wv. kºmZyØep≈ \nIpXn Npa-ج, apgp-h≥ kaq-lØ - ns‚bpw A`n-hr≤n Db¿Øp∂ hyh-kmb kwcw-`ß - f- n¬ IqSp-X¬ \nt£-]n-°p-∂X - n¬ \n∂pw P\-ßsf ]n¥n-cn-∏n°p-∂p. aqe-[-\-Øn≥ta-eq≈ \nIpXn Npa-ج, Dev]m-Z\ - £ - a- X - b - p≈ hkvXp-hI - I - ƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂X - n-\m-hi - y- a- mb hn`-hß - ƒ hfsc Ipd-bv°p-Ibpw AXphgn apgp-h≥ kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw `mhn-bnse A`n-hr≤n Ipd-bv°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Øn¬ hmWn-P-yhpw {Ib-hn-{I-b-ßfpw XnI®pw BXva{]tNmZnXamWvv. Dev]m-ZI - ¿ ]W-ap≠m-°p-∂X - v, a‰p-≈h - ¿°v Bh-iy- a- p≈Xpw Ah¿ ]Ww apS-°m≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂-Xp-amb Dev]-∂-ßfpw tkh\-ßfpw krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS am{X-am-Wv. kº-∂-cmbn amdp∂ Bfp-Iƒ Bscbpw sIm≈-bS- n-°p-∂n-√. Ah-cmcpw \nb-ah - n-cp-≤a- mb Hcp {]-h¿Ønbnepw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-h-c-√. Ak-a-Xzw Ipd-bp-sa-∂-Xn\m¬ Ahsc sIm≈b-Sn-°p-hm≥ \Ωƒ Bscbpw A\p-hZ- n-°n-√ F∂m¬, ]ns∂ F¥n\v \Ωƒ k¿°m-cp-Isf AXn-\-\p-h-Zn°Ww?

90

5.kzX{¥ kwcw`hpw hym]mchpw kzX{¥ hn]Wn kºZvhyhÿ Hcp kzX{¥ kaqlØns‚ kºZvhyhÿ kzX{¥ hn]WnhyhÿbmWv. CXv kzta[bm D≈ hkvXp°fptSbpw tkh\ßfpsSbpw hn\nabØneqsSbmWv {]h¿Øn°p∂Xv. Nnet∏mƒ t\cn´v ]t£ km[mcWambpw [\sa∂ am[yaØneqsS hy‡nIƒ°v Fßs\, Ft∏mƒ, FhnsS, B¿s°m∏amWv Ah¿ tPmensNøp∂Xv, Nnehv \SØp∂Xv, \nt£]n°p∂Xv, kºmZn°p∂Xv, hym]mcw \SØp∂Xv F∂sX√mw Xncs™Sp°m\p≈ kzmX{¥yw D≠v. Bcpw AØcw CS]mSpIfnte°v \n¿_‘nXc√. klIcWw h¿≤n∏n°m\p≈ \nba߃ a‰p≈h¿°v AXp≠m°p∂ ^eßsf∏‰n Nn¥n°msX P\߃°v AhcpsS lnXa\pkcn®v F¥pw sNømhp∂ F√mh¿°pw kzX{¥amb \nbaclnXamb H∂√ kzX{¥ hn]Wn kºZvLS\. tZmjclnX XØzw At∏mgpw \ne\n¬°p∂p. kzØns‚ ssIhis∏SpØepw, DSaÿmhImihpw ssIam‰hpw, AhcpsS sXmgnent∑¬ P\߃°p≈ AhImihpw, DSºSnIfpsS \n¿∆lWXbpw F√mw ASßp∂ Hcp \nba N´°qSp≠v . Cu N´ßƒ hy‡nIfpsS s]cpam‰w am{Xa√ adn®v ]¶pI®hSw, Iº\nIƒ, ImcpWykwL߃ apXemb kwL߃°pw _m[IamWv. P\ßfpsS kzØpw kzmX{¥yhpw kwc£n°p∂Xpw AhcpsS IcmdpIƒ \S∏m°p∂Xpamb \nba߃ ]men°pI F∂XmWv k¿°mcns‚ ]¶v.

B ]¶v Fßs\bmbmepw ]cnanXamWv. Cu \nba߃ hmWnPysØ \n¿t±in°m\p≈X√ ]t£ AXns\ kpKaam°pI F∂XmWv Ah Hcp 91

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

Xobp≈ Xo°pSt]msebmWv. IqSmsX Itºmf kºZvhyhÿbpsS Du¿÷w A[nIw \nbaßfpw \nb{¥Wßfpw sIm≠v AXns\ tXm¬∏n°m-Xn-cn-°pI F∂p≈ Imcy-amWv. hnizmkw, ss[cyw, kpc£ F∂nhsb ASnÿm\am°n D`bt\´ßƒ°mbn Ah¿ sXcs™Sp°p∂ hn[Øn¬ klIcn°m≥, kzØv , hn\nabw DSºSn F∂nhbpsS ASnÿm\ \nba߃ P\ßsf A\phZn°p∂p. CXv IqSpXkmºØnI klIcWw t{]m’mln∏n°p∂p IqSmsX AXn\n∂pSseSp°p∂ ]e kXv^eßfpw h¿≤n∏n°p∂p. kzta[bm D≈ hn\nabØns‚ t\´ßƒ hmWnPyØneqsS hnev]\°m¿ am{Xta t\´ap≠m°p∂p≈q F∂v `mhn°m≥ Ffp∏amWv. Ahkm\w Ah¿ I®hSØn¬ \n∂v A[nIw ]Ww t\SpIbpw {KmlI¿ Ipd®v ]Wap≈hcmbn XocpIbpw sNøp∂p. CXv Nne BfpIsf hnev]\°m¿ a‰p≈hsc ]‰n Nn¥n°msX AhcpsS kz¥w em`Øn¬ am{Xw Xm¬]cyap≈ Zpcm{KlnIfmbn Nn¥n°m≥ t{]cn∏n°p∂p.

CXv sX‰n≤mcWbmWv F¥mWv ]WØns‚ {]k‡n? ]Ww kz¿Æambpw sh≈nbpambncp∂ ImeØv Ahbv ° v B`cWßfp≠m°mhp∂ temlØns‚ D]tbmKsa¶nepw D≠mbncp∂p. ]s£ ISemkpsIm≠p ≠m°nbXpw a‰ptemlßfmep≠m°nbXpamb ]WØn\v a‰p tbmKßfn√ Xs∂. AXns‚ GI D]tbmKw a‰p {Zhy߃°pw tkh\߃°pw ]Icambn Chsb ssIam‰w sNømsa∂XmWv. as‰m¿∞Øn¬ ]Ww hn\nabØns‚ am[yaamWv . Hcp {KmlI≥ {ZhyØnt\m tkh\Ønt\m Bbn AXv ssIam‰w sNøp∂p. hnev]\°mc≥ AXv a‰p {Zhy߃°pw tkh\߃°pambn as‰mcmƒ°v ssIam‰w sNøp∂p. CcpIq´cpw I®hSØn\p kzbw em`ap≠m°nbXmbn IcpXp∂p. Ah¿ as‰mcpXcØn¬ AXns\ AwKoIcn°n√. hym]mcw F{]Imcw aqeyw krjvSn°p∂p?

Hcmfpw Hcp km[\w AXnt\°mƒ hne Ipd™ as‰mcp km[\hpambn ssIam‰w sNømØnStØmfw Imew Fßs\bmWv c≠pt]¿°pw em`ap≠mhp∂Xv ? CXn\v ImcWw aqeyw `wKnt]mse ImWp∂hs‚ IÆnemWv. AXv `mcw, hep∏w F∂nht]mse Hcp imkv{Xob KpWa√.

92

kzX{¥ kwc-w`hpw hym]m-chpw

CXv Hmtcm hy‡nbpw B {ZhysØ ]‰n Nn¥n°p∂XmWv. ag \n_nUamb Hcp cmPysØ P\߃ Hcp •mkv sh≈sØ henb hne Iev]n°pam bncn°n√ F∂m¬ Hcp acp`qanbn¬ AXv hfsc AaqeyamWv. Hcp {]tXyI hkv{Xm[mcWw Iuamc°m¿°v Hgn®pIqSm\mhmØXpw AhcpsS amXm]nXm°ƒ°v ]cnlmkyambXpambn tXm∂mw.

CXv IrXyambn, ssIam‰ØneqsS Ah¿ HmtcmcpØ¿°pw t\Smhp∂ hkvXp°ƒ aqeys∏SpØp∂Xn¬ a\pjy¿ hyXykvXamWv F∂XpsIm≠mWv. Hcp D]t`m‡mhv hn]Wnbnse I®hS°mc\n¬ \n∂v tImgn hmßptºmƒ ssIamdp∂ ]WØnt\°mƒ tImgnbnd®n°v aqeyw ImWp∂p. I®hS°mc≥ B ]Ww D]tbmKn®p sdm´n t]mep≈ a‰p hkvXp°ƒ hmßn-°p-tºmƒ CXpXs∂ kw`hn°p∂p. I®hS°mc≥ sdm´n°v AXp≠m°p∂bmƒ tNmZn°p∂ hnetb°mƒ aqeyw ImWp∂p. aqhcpw t\´ap≠m°nbn´p≠v F∂Xn\memWv F√mhcpw kzta[bm AØcw ssIam‰ßƒ°v kΩXn°p∂Xv. kXyØn¬ tImgnbnd®n, ]Ww, sdm´n F∂nh ssIam‰w sNøp∂XneqsS Ah¿°p e`n°p∂ t\´ßƒ°\pkcn®v AhbpsS aqeyhpw IqSp∂p. kzX{¥ hn]Wn kºZvhyhÿbpsS N´°qSmbn Xocp∂ DSºSn, kXyk‘X, kzØv, F∂nhbpsS \nba߃ GX\pkcn®mtWm Ah¿ I®hSw sNøp∂Xv AXnt∑¬ F√mhcpw kΩXn°pI am{XamWv th≠Xv. CXpIqSmsX Hmtcm CS]mSntebpw Iq´mfnIƒ ]q¿Æambpw kzm¿∞_p≤nbp≈ hcmWv. Hmtcm ssIam‰ßƒ a‰pffhsc klmbn°m≥ A√ Ah¿°v t\´ap≠m°m\mWv sNøp∂Xv. F∂mepw Cu \nba߃ A\pkcn°p∂XneqsS HmtcmØcpw AdnbmsXXs∂ a‰p≈hsc klmbn°p∂p ˛ BUwkvanØv ]dbp∂Xpt]mse ""AZriy lkvXw'' hgn ImWn°p∂Xpt]mse. kzm¿∞Xmev]cyØm¬ am{Xw {]tNmZnXamsW¶nepw Ah¿ kkt¥mjw ]ckv]cw klIcn°p∂p. ]WØns‚ am[yaØneqsS \mw HmtcmcpØ¿°pw Ct∏mƒ hym]mcw \SØmw. \ΩpsS Xs∂ ItºmfØnep≈hcmbn am{Xa√, \mw Hcn°epw kµ¿in°m\nSbn√mØXpw, `mj AdnbmØXpw, kwkv I mchpw cmjv{Sobhpw \Ωƒ AwKoIcn°mØXpamb cmPyßfnse P\ßfmbpw FÆa‰ Cu ssZ\wZn\ CS]mSpIfn¬ Ccp`mKhpw t\´ap≠m°p∂p.

P\߃ klIcn°p∂p. aqeyw krjvSn°s∏Sp∂p. P\߃ 93

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

]ptcmKan°p∂p. a\pjyXzw A`nhr≤ns∏Sp∂p.

Zcn{Z¿ G‰hpw IqSpX¬ t\´ap≠m°p∂p F√mbnSØpw ]c°s∏´ Cu kzmX{¥ ssIam‰kwhn[m\w hfsc kzm`mhnIhpw KpWIchpamWv. kzX{¥hn]Wnsb Hcp XXzimkv{XØns‚ t]cn¬ XnckvIcn°p∂ cmjv{Sßfn¬ t]mepw CXv \nbahncp≤ambn \ne\nev°pItbm s]mdp°s∏SpItbm sNøp∂p. ]e cmPyßfpw Gjybnse ]eXS°w AhcpsS ]uc∑m¿°v hfscIpd®v kzmX{¥yta hy‡n]camb Imcyßfnepw kmaqlnI{]iv\ßfnepw \¬Ip∂p≈q. F∂ncp∂mepw Ah¿°v KWyamb kmºØnI kzmX{¥yw \¬Ip∂p. {]mcw`ImesØ C…manI temIØnepw AXns‚ XpS¿∂p≈ ]c∏nepw Xo¿®bmbpw hym]mchpw hmWnPyhpw {][m\s∏´ LSIßfmWv . temIhmWnPy]mXIfpsS Xpd°¬ Akmam\y kºØv \thm∞m\ bqtdm∏n¬ krjvSn®p. AXv ]n∂oSv Ie, kwkvImcw, hnZym`ymkw F∂nhbnHcp h¿≤\ D≠m°n. Atacn°≥ cmPy߃ AhcpsS bqtdm∏pambp ≈Xpw ]n∂oSv ssN\bpambp≈Xpw Bb hym]mc_‘ßfneqsS A`nhr≤ns∏´p. ]s£ [\nIc√ Cu a\pjy A`nhr≤nbpsS thentb‰Øn\m¬ G‰hpw IqSpX¬ t{]m¬kmln∏n°s∏´Xv kmºØnI kzmX{¥yw ]c∂t∏mƒ Zcn{ZcpsS PohnX\nehmcamWv G‰hpw Db¿∂Xv. Atacn°≥ kmºØnI imkv{X⁄\mb an¬´¨ {^oUvam≥ (Milton Freedman) ]dbp∂t]mse Km¿lnIambn HgpIp∂ Pew `mh\mXoXamb Hcp BUw_cambncp∂p cmPIob tdman¬; ]s£ Hcp tdma≥ sk\‰¿°v AXns‚ Hcmhiyhpw D≠mbncp∂n√. ImcWw At±lØn\v HmSp∂ the°mcp≠mbncp∂p ]Icw cmPIob tdmanse ]mh߃ amen\yØn¬ Pohn®p F∂m\ho\ tdmanse ]mh߃ NqSpw XWp∏pamb HgpIp∂ Pew F∂ BUw_cØns‚ alnabdnbmØhcmWv. Cu {]Xn`mkw kv]jvSambn ImWmw, C¥y, ssN\sbt]mep≈ cmPyßfnse ASpØpImeØp≠mb A¥¿t±iob hym]mcØns‚ Xpd°enepw ItºmfXXzßfpsS hym]\Ønepw shdpw aq∂p Zim_vZßfn¬ Hcp ]s£ \qdvtImSn P\ßsf ISpØ Zmcn{ZØn¬ \n∂v IcIb‰nbn´p≠mhmw 94

kzX{¥ kwc-w`hpw hym]m-chpw

CXns‚ ^eambn e£ßƒ°v Ct∏mƒ a[yh¿§amIm\pw, hml\ KXmKXw, samss_¬ t^m¨, sSenhnj≥ XpSßnb BUw_c߃ BkzZn°m\pw F√m Imehpw aÆn¬ ]WnsbSp°p∂Xn\v ]Icw XWp∏p≈ DWßnb kuIcyap≈ Hm^okpIfnepw hyhkmbimeIfnepw sXmgnseSp°m\pw B{Kln°mw.

Fßs\ [\nIcmImw? Dev]mZI¿ CS]mSpImsc tkhnbv°Ww Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØn¬ D]t`m‡mhn\v Xncs™Sp°m\p≈ A[nImcw D≠v. k¿°mcn\mtem kplrØp°fmtem \SØs∏Sp∂ IpØIIsft∏mep≈ Dev ] mZIcn¬ \n∂v hmßn°Wsa∂v Hcp \n¿_‘hpan√. ZmXm°ƒ hne XmgvØm\mbn Hcpant®°mw F∂mAØcØnse Hcpa \ne\n¬°m≥ {]bmkamWv. GXpkabhpw AXnsemcmƒ D]t`m‡m°sf BI¿jn°m\mbn hneIpd®v NXnsNømw. AtX kabw a‰p ZmXm°ƒ°v hn]Wnbn¬ {]thin°m\pw hne Db¿Øn]nSn°m≥ {ian°p∂hcpambn a¬kcn°pIbpw sNømw.

Hcp bYm¿∞ a¬kc_p≤nbp≈ kzX{¥ Itºmf kºZvhyhÿbnDev]mZI¿°v D]t`m‡m°sf NqjWw sNøm\p≈ A[nImcan√. Ah¿ D]t`m‡m°ƒ°v th≠ hkvXp°ƒ th≠ KpWØnepw BI¿jIamb hnebnepw Dev]mZn®ns√¶n¬ Ah¿°v I®hSw \jvSs∏Spw. hy‡nIƒ CØcw kwÿm]nX kaqlßfpsS XShpImc√. adn®v Dev]mZI¿ s]mXpP\Øns‚ amdp∂ Bhiy߃°\pkcn®v {]XnIcn°p∂Xn eqsSbmWv \ne\n¬°p∂Xv. Hcp Iº\n hepXmImw F¶n¬ AXv a’csØ t\cntS≠Xp≠v. Hcp henb ÿm]\w an°hmdpw hyXykvX Dev]∂߃ \n¿Ωn°pIbpw hyXykvX _nkn\ pIfn¬ G¿s∏SpIbpw sNøp∂p. ]s£ Ah a‰p henb Iº\nIfn¬ \n∂v {]_eamb a’cw t\cnSpI am{Xa√ sNøp∂Xv. Ah sNdpÿm]\ßfn¬ \n∂v hn]WnbpsS {]tXyI `mK߃°mbp≈ a’chpw t\cnSp∂p. A\mhØv NnehpIƒ Ipd™ sNdnb Iº\nIƒ°v Hcp ]t£ henb Iº\nbpsS Nne Dev]∂߃ sa®s∏´Xmbpw hne Ipdhnepw Dev]mZn°phm≥ km[n°pw. ]pXnbXpw \ho\hpamb Iº\nIƒ henb Iº\nIfpsS Dev]∂ßsf ImemlcWs∏SpØp∂ hn[Ønep≈

95

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

]pXnb Dev]∂߃ krjvSn°mw. ÿm]\߃ henb kºZvhyhÿsb ]n¥pS¿∂Xn\m¬ apXemfnØw henb henb Iº\nIƒ°v P∑w sImSp°pIbpw X¬^eambn GIm[n]Xyhpw krjvSn°p∂p F∂Xv AXn\m¬ anYybmWv. hep∏Øn\v AXnt‚Xmb hnesImSp°Ww˛henb ÿm]\߃ \SØns°m≠p t]mIm≥ _p≤nap´mWv. hfsc ]Xps° {]h¿Øn°p∂hbpamWv. AºXv sIm√w apºp≈ ]Sn™md≥ amKkn\pIƒ ]cntim[n°p∂Xv . hn⁄m\{]ZamWv. A∂v ]ckys∏SpØnbncp∂ Iº\nIfn¬ ]eXpw C∂n√. Ahsb√mw sNdpXmbn XpSßnb IqSpX¬ \ho\hpw NnehpIpd™Xpamb {]XntbmKnIfm¬ ]n∂nem°s∏´p. kmºØnI i‡nbn¬ Hcp \nb{¥Whpan√ AXn\m¬ Iº\nIƒt°m AhbpsS \SØn∏pIm¿t°m kmºØnIi‡nta¬ XeapdIƒ°XoXamb \nb{¥Wan√. s]mXpP\sØ tkhn°pIbpw D]t`m‡m°sf BI¿jn°pIbpw sNøp∂nStØmfw hy‡nIƒ°v Hcp kzX{¥kºZv h yhÿbnkº∂cmImw. Xo¿®bmbpw IqSpX¬ kzX{¥amb kaqlßfn¬ ""From shirt sleeves to shirt sleeves in the generation'' F∂Xv Hcp km[mcW {]Xn`mkamWv. P\߃ AhcpsS IpSpw_Øn\mbn [\w kºmZn°m≥ Iº\nIƒ D≠m°p∂p. F∂m¬ AhcpsS t]cIp´nIƒ hym]mcØnte°v hcptºmtg°pw a‰v Iº\nIƒ Ahsc ]n∂nem°m≥ XpSßnbncn°pw. cmjv{Sob kmºØnI A[nImcßfnte°p≈ {]thi\w {]amWnIƒ \nb{¥n°pIbpw AXv AhcpsSbpw IpSpw_ßfptSbpw IønXs∂bmsW∂v Dd∏phcpØpIbpw sNøp∂ kwhn[m\tØ°mƒ F{Xtbm \oXnbp‡amWv Hcp kzX{¥ kºZv hyhÿbn¬ Ignhpw \n›bZm¿Vyhpw D≈ B¿°pw Ah¿ a‰p≈hsc tkhn°psa∂ps≠¶nkºØv sI´n∏SpØm≥ B{Kln°mw. kº∂\mIm\p≈ Ahkcw Hcp {]tXyI tKm{X°m¿t°m, aX°m¿t°m, A[nImcnIfpsS kplrØp°ƒ, IpSpw_°m¿, ]m¿´n°m¿ F∂nh¿°v am{Xambn ]cnanXs∏SpØnbn´n√.

Xo¿®bmbpw kzX{¥kaqlßfn¬, hyXykv X amb A\p`hßfpw Bibßfpambn h∂v P\߃ hmßn°m\m{Kln°p∂ ]pXnb hkv X p°fpw Bibßfpw D≠m°p∂ IpSntb‰°mcmWv G‰hpw A`nhr≤ns∏´Xv. 96

kzX{¥ kwc-w`hpw hym]m-chpw

tNmZyw : a’cw, em`w, ]ckyw F∂nh hy¿∞at√?

A√. em`amWv P\ßsf {]h¿Øn°m≥ t{]cn∏n°p∂Xpw a‰p≈ P\ßfpw CjvStØmsS hmßn°m≥ sXcs™Sp°p∂ hkvXp°fpw tkh\ßfpw krjv S n°m\pw Ahkc߃ At\zjn°m\pw t{]cn∏n°p∂Xpw Akwkv I rX hkv X phnt\°mƒ P\߃ hneIev]n°p∂ hkvXp°fpw tkh\ßfpw \n¿Ωn°m≥ hn`h߃ D]tbmKn°p∂p. F∂v em`w kqNn∏n°p∂p. ]ckyw {][m\amWv. Fs¥∂m¬ AXv ]pXnb Dev]∂ßsf°pdn®pw D≈ Dev]∂ßfpsS ]ptcmKXnsb°pdn®pw P\ßsf Adnbn°p∂p. a¬kcw P\߃°v hnhn[ Dev]∂ßfn¬ \n∂pw Xncs™Sp°m \p≈ Ahkcw \evIpIbpw, hnXcW°msc IqSpX¬ t`Zs∏´ Dev]∂߃ Ipdhv hnebv°v \evIm\pw I≠p]nSpØ߃ \SØm\pw t{]cn∏n°p∂p. a¬kcans√¶n¬ D]t`m‡m°ƒ A[nImc lo\cmhpw. GIm[n]Xnbmb hnXcW°mc≥ Xcp∂Xv kzoIcn °mt\m As√¶n¬ AXn√msX Pohn°mt\m \n¿_‘nXcmIpw. Hcp i‡amb k¿°mdn\v AXns‚ kplrØp°ƒ°v klmb߃ sNøm≥ Ignbpsa¶n¬ I®hS°m¿ AXv AhcpsS t\´Øn\mbn D]tbmKn°m≥ {ian°pw. Ah¿ a¬kc \ntcm[\tam As√¶n]q¿Æ GIm[n]Xyw \¬Ip∂ N´ßƒ°v th≠n {ian°pw. s]mXpP\ßsf \nehmcw Ipd™ hkv X p°fn¬ \n∂v CXv kwc£n°psa∂v hmZn°psa¶nepw AhcpsS bYm¿∞ e£yw hn]Wnsb hcpXnbnem°pI F∂XmWv. F∂m¬ CXv Ah¿°v kzX{¥kaqlØn\v tbmPn°mØ \nb{¥Wi‡nbp≈ A[nImcw \¬Ipw. k¿°mcpIƒ°v hn]WnIsf hfs®mSn°mt\m IpØI krjvSn°mt\m D≈ A[nImcw ]mSn√ adn®v Ah¿ kzmX{¥yhpw a¬kchpw h¿≤n∏n°pIbmWv sNtø≠Xv. kwcw`IXzw kzX{¥kaqlØnse hnPbw Ft∏mgpw ITn\m[zm\w sIm≠p am{Xa√ AXv klmbIamsW¶nepw a‰p≈h¿°p Bhiyap≈Xpw Ah¿ hmßn°phm≥ Xømdp≈Xpamb hkvXp°fpw tkh\ßfpw \n߃ {]Zm\w sNøWw CXn¬ Hcp A]ISw D≠mImw. P\߃ F¥v ]pXnb 97

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

Dev]∂amtWm Bhiys∏SpI F∂v Duln°p∂Xn¬ ZmXm°ƒ, sXmgnemfnIƒ, hnXcW°m¿, F∂nh¿ Dƒs∏Sp∂ Hcp D¬∏mZ\irwJe sI´n∏Sp°p∂Xn¬ XmcXtay\ hfscIpd®v t]sc CØcw A]ISkm≤yXItfbpw I¿Øhyßsfbpw Gs‰Sp°m≥ Xømdmhq.

CØcw kwcw`IcpsS icnbmb kw`mh\ BhiyßfpsS icnbmb A\pam\w, Dev]mZ\ hyhÿ irwJe, ]cn{iaw F∂nhbpsS ÿm]\w F∂nhbmWv. Ah¿ henb A]ISkm[yXIƒ IqSmsX P\w AhcpsS Dev]∂w taSn®m¬ Ah¿ hfsctbsd IrXm¿∞cmIpw. CXv Dev]mZ\£aXtbbpw I≠p]nSpØßtfbpw t{]m’mln∏n°pIbpw ]gb kwcw`I¿ ssIhcn® t]mse kºØv Ah¿°pw In´psa∂ {]Xo£bn¬ ]pXnb t`Zs∏´ Dev]∂߃ {]{InbIfpw krjv S n°p∂Xn\mbn P\ßsf t{]cn∏n°p∂p. Cu \nc¥camb ]ptcmKa\hpw \hoIcWhpw D]t`m‡m°ƒ°pw AXphgn apgph≥ kaqlØn\pw t\´ap≠m°n sImSp°p∂p. k¿°mcns‚ GsXmcp t£a]≤Xntb°mfpw \∂mbn kºØv ]cØpIbpw A`nhr≤n h¿≤n∏n°pIbpw sNøp∂p P\ßfpsS A[zm\w Ipdbv°pIbpw PohnXw sa®s∏SpØpIbpw sNøp∂ I≠p]nSpØ߃.

Ah¿°v kzbw Dev]mZn∏n°mt\m Is≠Ømt\m IgnbmØ hkvXp°fpw tkh\ßfpw D]t`m‡m°ƒ°v D]Icn°pw. hfsc A[nIw sshZKvZyhpw {]mhoWyhpw BhiyamWv. DZmlcWØn\v Hcp ^e{]Zamb acp∂v Dev]mZn∏n°p∂Xn\pw hnXcWw sNøp∂Xn\pw {]Kev`cmb acp∂v Iº\nIƒ°p≈Xpt]msebp≈ ckX{¥w, Pohimkv{Xw, \n¿ΩmWw F∂nhbnse {]mK¤yw hy‡nIƒ°p≠mhm≥ km[yXbn√. {]mtZinI Huj[ hnZKv≤¿°v AhcpsS tiJcØnep≈ 500˛¬]cw acp∂pIfpsS D]tbmKw, ^e{]m]vXnk ]m¿iz^e߃ F∂nhsb°pdn®p≈ {]tXyI {]mK¤yw t\Smw. D]t`m‡m°ƒ°v CØcw hntijs∏´ Adnhv kºmZn°m≥ _p≤nap´mbncn°pw hntijn®v Ah¿°v ssZ\wZn\ PohnXØnemhiyap≈ `£Ww, ]m\obw, hkv{Xw, jqkv F∂o F√m hkvXp°sf∏‰nbpw hnZKv≤cmhWsa¶n¬. kwcw`I¿ kºØv kamlcn°mw. ]t£ Ah¿ AXv a‰p≈hcpsS Nnehn¬ A√ \¬Ip∂Xv. Ah¿ kºmZn°p∂ ]Ww D]t`m‡m°ƒ kzta[bm \¬Ip∂XmWv . Ah¿ [\nIcmIp∂Xv a‰p≈hsc 98

kzX{¥ kwc-w`hpw hym]m-chpw

klmbn®n´mWv , hnjan∏n®nt´m NqjWw sNbv X nt´m A√ Ah¿ s]mXpP\sØ tkhn°p∂nStØmfta Ah¿ kºØv ssIhiw shbv°p∂p≈q. kºmZn®p sIm≠ncn°m≥ Ah¿ D]t`m‡m°sf a\ nem°pIbpw AhcpsS Bhiyßsf ap≥Iq´n AdnbpIbpw thWw. AXn\m¬ Ah¿ Ft∏mgpw Hcp ]q¿ØoIcn°s∏SmØ Dev]mZ\tbmKyamb kmlNcyw t\SnsIm≠ncn°pIbpw AXv km[yam°phm≥ ]cn{ian°pIbpw sNøp∂p. CXv D]t`m‡m°sf Xr]vXns∏SpØm≥ {ian°p∂ Hcp \nc¥c{]{InbbmWv. em`hpw A\pam\hpw em`km[yX hepXpw sNdpXpamb Dev]mZIsc A]IS km[yX t\cnSm\pw, I≠p]nSpØ߃ \SØm\pw, kwLSn∏n°m\pw, tPmen sNøm\pw, a‰p≈hsc tkhn°m\pw t{]cn∏n°p∂p. kzX{¥ kºZvhyhÿbpsS ]e hna¿iIcpw em`sØ XmgvØnsI´p∂p F∂m¬ bYm¿∞Øn¬ \msa√mhcpw emt`—p°fmWv. \Ωƒ IqSpX¬ hneaXn°p∂ H∂v t\Sm\mbn H∂v XymKw sNøp∂p. DZmlcWØn\v, \mw kabhpw ]cn{iahpw Hcp hoSv hr-Øn-bm°p-∂X - n-\mbn sNh-gn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ hrØn-bm-°p-∂X - n\p sNe-hm-°nb ]cn-{i-a-tØ-°mƒ, hrØn-bmb hoSn-\mWv \mw IqSp-X¬ hne I¬]n-°p∂-Xv. Ch XΩnep≈ aqeyhyXymkw \ΩpsS em`amWv. CXv Hcp kmºØnI em`a√ ]t£ thsdmc¿∞Øn¬ CXv Hcp kwcw`I≥ kma{KnIƒ taSn®v tNcphIfpsS Nnehnt\°mƒ IqSpX¬ aqeyØn\v hn‰pt]mIp∂ Dev]∂w krjvSn°p∂Xn\v XpeyamWv. \mw kmaqlyhpw am\htkh\]camb ]≤XnIfn¬ hym]rXcmhptºmgpw ˛ kv I qfns‚ `cWkanXnbn{]h¿Øn°p∂Xpt]mep≈h ˛ \mw \ΩpsS e£y߃ t\Sp∂Xn\mWv {]h¿Øn°p∂Xv. B e£y߃ B {]tZisØ F√m Ip´nIƒ°pw hnZym`ymkw In´pI F∂XmsW¶n¬ t]mepw AXpw Hcp kmºØntIXc em`amWv. F∂m¬ kmºØnIem`w am{XamWv hna¿iI¿ shdp°p∂Xpw ImWp∂Xpw. CXv Abp‡nIchpw A\pNnXhpamWv. A\pam\߃ hna¿in°s∏Sptºmgpw CXv hmkvXhamWv. bYm¿∞ØnDulI®hSw kmºØnI hn]Wnbn¬ am{Xw HXpßp∂X√. \msa√mw A\pam\n°p∂hcmWv . Irjn°m¿ hnØphnX°p∂Xv hn]W\w sNømhp∂ Hcp hnfbp≠m°m\mWv. \mw kvIqfn¬ t]mIp∂Xv `mhn bn¬ \ap°v tPmen e`yam°p∂ tbmKyXIƒ t\Sm\p≈ {]Xo£bnemWv. 99

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

CsX√mw A\pam\Ønep≈ DZya߃ BWv. kmºØnI cwKØv A\pam\߃°v hfsc {]m[m\yap≠v. AhcpsS kpc£nXamb bm{Xsb ]‰nbp≈ A\pam\߃ C≥jqd≥kv Iº\nIfpw \jvS]cnlmcNpaXesbSp°p∂hcpw \SØp∂n√sb¶nI∏epIƒ Hcn°epw bm{X sNøn√. A[nIw \qX\ Dev ] mZ\hpw hnXcW°cmdpIƒ, hyhkmbimeIfpsS \n¿ΩmWhpw ]cn]me\hpw t]mep≈ hepXpw Zo¿LImetØ°p≈Xpamb DSºSnIsf B{ibn®ncn°p∂p. hy‡nIfmb Dev]mZI¿°v \ymbambpw samØw A]ISkm[yXbpw t\cnSm≥ ]‰n√. AXn\m¬ Ah¿ kz¥w kwcw`ßfn]¶mfnIfmhm≥ a‰p≈hsc £Wn°p∂p. CXv as‰mcpXcØnep≈ DulI®hSamWv HmlcnItºmfØn¬ DulI®hS°m¿ em`ap≠m°m≥ Bbn sjbdpIƒ hmßpIbpw hn¬°pIbpw sNøp∂p. ]s£ A{]Imcw sNøm≥ Ah¿ hym]mcw sNøp∂ Iº\nIsf]‰nbpw AhcpsS `mhn km[yXIsf°pdn®v hy‡amb [mcWthWw. B sshZKv≤yw D]Imc{]Zamb hnhc߃ hn]Wnbntes°Øn°pIbpw hneIsf AXns‚ icnbmb \nebnte°v B hnhcßfpsS A`mhØnep≈Xnt\ °mƒ thKØn¬ FØn°m≥ klmbn°pIbpw apgph≥ hn]Wntbbpw IpSqX¬ Imcytijnbp≈Xpw {]XnIcWmflIhpw BIpIbpw sNøp∂p. em`ap≠m°m°pI F∂Xv Zpcm{Klap≠mhpI F∂Xn\v kam\a√.

P\߃ em`Øn\mbn {ian°p∂Xv kz¥w Xmev]cyØnemWv Zpcm{KlØne√. Hcfhphsc kzm¿∞ Xm¬]cy߃ BhiyamWv. \ap°v HmtcmØ¿°pw \ne\n¬°m\pw, apdnhpIƒ hcmsX \ΩpsS icocsØ ]cnt]mjn∏n°m\pw. ]s£ Zpcm{Klw Hcp [m¿ΩnIhiamWv CX¿∞am°p∂Xv. Hcmƒ a‰p≈hsc \in∏n°p∂ hn[Øn¬ kzm¿∞ Xm¬]cyap≈h\msW∂mWv. Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØn¬ Dev]mZI¿°v AhcpsS kzm¿∞Xm¬]cy߃ Xr]v X ns∏SpØm≥ a‰p≈hsc klmbn°p∂XneqsStbm ]‰q.

I®hShpw _‘ßfpw I®hSw hfsc {][m\s∏´XmsW¶nepw AXv am{Xa√ PohnXw. G‰hpw {]bXv \ imenbmb hyhkmbn°pt]mepw IpSpw_hpw, ImbnIhpw kam\X¬]ccpsS NßmØw apXemb Xm¬]cy߃ D≠v.

IpSpw__‘߃ hfsc ZrVamb C‰en t]mep≈ apXemfnØ cmPyßsf 100

kzX{¥ kwc-w`hpw hym]m-chpw

t\m°nbm¬ aXn IpSpw_hpw Itºmf kºZvhyhÿbpw Fßs\ klh¿Øn °p∂p F∂v a\ nem°m≥. hyhkmbØn¬ hym]rX\mWv F∂Xv P\ßtfmSv {Iqcambn s]cpamdp∂Xn\pw , a‰p≈hsc D]{Zhn°p∂Xn\pap≈ \oXnIcWa√. G‰hpw {]tbmP\Iamb _‘ßfn¬ an°hbpw bYm¿∞Øn¬ tPmenÿesØ I®hS kl{]h¿ØIcpambmWv . Hcp kzX{¥kºZv h yhÿ kmaqlnI _‘߃ a‰pXcØnepw h¿≤n∏n°p∂p. aX]cambXpw kmaqlyambXpw Bb kwLS\Iƒ, am\htkh e£y߃ apXemb Xm¬]cy߃°v hn\ntbmKn°m\p≈ kabhpw kºØpw CXv P\߃°v \¬Ip∂p.

hn]Wn {]h¿Øn°p∂sXßs\? hnebpsS hm¿Øm{]t£]W imkv{Xw an° hn]WnIfpw [\Øns‚ am[yaØneqsS {]h¿Øn°p∂p. t\cnSp≈ hn\nabw ˛ am‰w I®hSw, HØv amdpI F∂nh ˛ ]Wan√msX Xs∂ \S°mw. ]s£ ]Ww kuIcy{]ZamWv. Hcp hnev]\°mc\v hkvXp°tfm tkh\tam CXn\v ]Icambn \¬Imw. As√-¶n¬ a‰p hkvXp°tfm tkh\tam CXn\v ]Icambn \¬Imw. As√-¶n¬ a‰p hkvXp°ƒt°m tkh\߃t°m Bbn AXv ssIam‰w sNøp∂Xn\v ap≥]mbn G‰hpw \√ aqeyØn\mbn Xnc®n\SØmw. hni°p∂ _m¿_¿am¿ XeapSn sh´m\m{Kln°p∂ sdm´n \n¿ΩmXm°sf tXSn\St°≠ Bhiyan√ I®hSØn\v hne km[mcWbmbn ]WØnemWv {]ISn∏n°p∂Xv. hne aqeyØn\v am\Zfia√ ImcWw aqeyw _‘s∏´ hy‡nIfpsS a\ nemWv IqSmsX hyXykvX Bƒ°m¿ Htc hkvXphn\v hyXykvX aqeyamWv sImSp°pI. P\߃°v B Dev ] ∂Øns‚ Bhiyw, AXns‚ £maw F∂nhsb ]‰n hne ImWn®pXcp∂p. CXv P\߃ Hcp hkvXp as‰m∂n\mbn ssIam‰w sNøm≥ Xømdp≈ hne\nehmcsØ {]Xn^en°p∂p. £maØns‚ kqNnI F∂ \nebn¬ hnesb tXm¬]n°m\mhn√. Bhiyw FhnsSbmWv A[nIw F∂v Xpd∂pImWn°pI am{Xa√ Db¿∂ hneIƒ ZmXm°sf B Bhiyw \ndth‰m≥ t{]cn∏n°p∂p. Db¿∂ hne ImWptºmƒ Dev]mZI¿ {]_eamb em`w t\Sm\mbn hn]Wnbn¬ {]thin°pIbpw sXmgn¬ aqe[\w apXembh hn`h߃ Xmgv∂ \neIƒ AtXkabw Bhiyw IpdhmsW∂pw hn`h߃ at‰sX¶nepw ÿeØv ^e{]Zambn D]tbmKn°mw F∂v a\- nem°p∂p.

101

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

C{]Imcw kzX{¥kºZv hyhÿbn¬ hne Hcp {][m\ ]¶v hln°p∂p. hn`h߃ G‰hpw Bhiyap≈ ÿeßfnte°v FØn°p∂Xnepw AhbpsS B[nIyap≈nSØv \n∂pw am‰p∂Xnepw. Ah Zp¿hybw Ipdbv°pIbpw sNøp∂p. G‰hpw Db¿∂ em`ap≠m°m≥ ZmXm°ƒ G‰hpw NnehpIpd™ hn`h߃ Is≠ØWw. CXv hn`h߃ kwc£n°m\pw G‰hpw ^e{]Zambn D]tbmKn°m\pw klmbn°p∂p.

Cu {]Xn`mkw temIsaºmSpap≈ kºZvLS\Ifnse hn]WnIfn¬ \n∂v hn]WnIfnte°v ]c°p∂p. DZmlcWØn\v, Sn∂n\v Hcp ]pXnb D]tbmKw Is≠Øn F∂v hnNmcn°pI, \n¿ΩmXm°ƒ IqSpX¬ Sn≥ Bhiys∏Spw Ah¿ ap≥]tØXnt\°mfpw IqSpX¬ hne \¬Im≥ Xømdpambncn°pw.

Db¿∂ hne D¬]m- Z - I sc AXp IqSpX¬ Dev]mZn∏n°m\pw samØI®hS°msc AXv hnXcWw sNøm\pw t{]cn∏n°p∂p.

AtXmsSm∏w Xs∂ Sn∂ns‚ D]t`m‡m°ƒ henb hne sImSp°m Xncn°m≥ a‰p {]Xn-hn-[n-Iƒ At\z-jn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. CXv Cu ]Icw hkvXp°ƒ Dev]mZn∏n°m≥ Dev]mZIscbpw Cu _Zens‚ _ZIs≠Øm≥ D]t`m‡m°sfbpw t{]cn∏n°p∂p.

C{]-Imcw £ma-Øn-s\-∏‰- n-bpff hnhcw kº-Zvhy-hÿ apgp-h\pw FØn°p∂p. t\mt_¬ kmº-ØnI⁄\mb F^v.-F. lmsbIv (F.A. Hayek) CXns\ Itºm-f-Øns‚ ""hnkvXrX-amb hm¿Øm-{]-t£-]W kwhn-[m\w'' F∂v hnfn®p. CXv Fhn-sS-bmWv an®-ap-≈Xv F∂p Fhn-sS-bmWv Ipd-hp≈Xv F∂pw \nc-¥cw ImWn-°p-Ibpw ]cn-{i-ahpw hn`-h-ßfpw FhnsSbmWv tI{µo-I-cn-t°-≠Xv F∂v P\-ß-tfmSv ]d-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. hn]-Wn-Iƒ°v Ip‰-a-‰-Xm-Im≥ Ign-bn-√ \n߃ Hcp kmº-ØnI imkv{X ]mT-]p-kvXIw hmbn-®m¬ \n߃°v Itºm-fß - ƒ kam-\a- mb D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v Htc D¬]-∂ß - ƒ hn¬°p∂ Ipsd-b-[nIw kam\ hnXc-W-°m¿ XΩn-ep≈ amXr-Im-a-’-csØ B{i-bn°p∂p F∂ [mcW e`n-°mw. Ah Aßs\b√ Ch Xo¿Øpw ssk≤mWnIamb kw{K-lß - f- m-Wv. hmkvXh - Ø - n¬ a\p-jycpw hkvXp-°fpw hyXykvX-ambXn\m-emWv Itºm-f-߃ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv, F∂m-se, {]-h¿Øn°m≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-ap≈q.

F√m-hcpw Htc aqey-߃ ]¶n-´m¬ Bcpw Hcn-°epw H∂pw hn]W\w sNøp-

102

kzX{¥ kwc-w`hpw hym]m-chpw

I-bn-√. Ccp hn`m-Khpw hkvXp-°sf Htc t]mse hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂X - n\mAh ssI am‰w sNøp-∂-Xn¬ Imcy-an-√.\mw aqey-Øn¬ hntbm-Pn-°p-∂-Xn\m-emWv ssIam‰w \S-°p-∂-Xv. IqSmsX Hmtcm ZmXm-°fpw D¬]-∂-߃ Htc hnebv°v \¬Ip-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬ D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v Xnc-s™-Sp-°m≥ sshhn[yap≠m-hn-√. Hcp ZmXm-hn\pw a’csØ Pbn-°m\pw Db¿∂ em`w t\Sm\pw km[n-°n-√. ]t£ Db¿∂ em`-amWv kwc-`-Isc a’cw Pbn-°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Ah¿ CXv sNøp-∂Xv D¬]-∂-ß-fpsS hne Ipd®pw D¬]m-Z-\sØ Ignhp-‰-Xm-°nbpw BWv. ]t£ AXn-t\-°mƒ {][m-\-am-bn Ah¿ kz¥w D¬]∂w IqSp-X¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw CXv sNøp-∂p. Ah¿ Ah-cpsS D¬]-∂-ßsf \ho-I-cn-°p-Ibpw th¿Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Ah¿ D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v Ah¿°v ]cn-Nn-Xa- mb ]gb hkvXp-°s- f-°mƒ \√Xpw ]pXn-bXv Bbh \¬Ip-∂p. {Km-lI - ¿ a‰p-≈h - b - n¬ \n∂pw Ah-cpsS D¬]∂-߃ IqSp-X¬ C„-s∏-Spw F∂ {]Xo-£b - n¬ Ah¿ Cu am‰-߃ IqSpX-¬ {]I-S-am-°p-∂p.

CXv kzX-{¥-hn-]Wnsb A¤p-X-]q¿∆-ambn Ne-\m-fl-Ihpam°p-∂p.- kw`-cWØn-s‚bpw Bh-iy-Øn-s‚bpw ]mT-]p-kvXI tcJm-Nn{Xw t]mse ÿnchpw XWp-Øp-d-™Xpw Nen-°m-ØXpw A√ ZmXm-°ƒ IqSp-Xƒ BI¿j-amb D¬]-∂ß - ƒ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ \nc-¥cw \ho-Ic- n®p sIm≠ncn-°p-Ibpw D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ \nc-¥cw ]ptcm-Ka- \ - ß - sf At\z-jn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. tI{µoIrX Bkq-{X-W-Øns‚ Akw-`m-hyX kº-Zvhy-h-ÿsb hgn Im´p-Ibpw P\-߃°v th≠ hkvXp-°ƒ D¬]mZn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøm-\p≈ k¿°m-cns‚ {ia-߃ Itºmf hyh-ÿ-bpsS Ne-\m-fl-I-X-bp-ambn HØp t]mIn-√. k¿°m-¿ IpØIƒ°v \ho-Ic- W - Ø - n-\m-bp≈ kΩ¿±w C√ Xs∂. s]mXp P\-Øn\v F¥mWv th≠-sX∂pw Ah¿ F¥n-\mWv hne I¬]n-°p-∂Xv F∂pw Adn-bm≥ k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿ¿°v Bhn-√. A-h¿ h√-t∏mgpw A`n-{]mb k¿t∆-Iƒ \S-Øn-tb°mw. F∂m¬ Ah {Kml-Ic- psS hmßXmev]c- y-߃ D¬]m-ZI - ¿°v Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-ßs- f-∏‰n \nan-jm-\p-kc- Ww hnhcw \¬Ip-∂p. CXv Ahsc s]s´-∂p-Xs∂ hn]-Wn°v A\p-kr-Xa- mbn

103

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

I®-h-S-Øn-s‚ Znisb am‰n-°p-∂-Xn\v t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂p. hnP-bn-°m-\mbv kwcw-`-I¿ Ah-cpsS D]-t`m-‡m-°sf a\- n-em-°-Ww. Ah¿°v k¿°m-cp-Iƒ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ sNøp-∂-Xp- t]mse D¬]-∂-ßfpsS Hcp Iq´-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ A`n-{]mbw e`n-°m-\mbn h¿j-߃ ImØncn-°m-\m-hn-√. Ah¿ D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v F¥mWv th≠-sX∂pw Nnehv, hn`-h-ß-fp-tSbpw LS-I-ß-fp-tSbpw e`yX, hne F∂nhsb°p-dn®v t_m[hm≥am¿ Bbn-cn-°-Ww. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Hcp hkvXp GP‚v {]mtZinI hkvXp hn]Wnbn¬ Fs¥√mw \S-°p∂p F∂-dn-tb≠Xp≠v. {]_-e-amb {Kml-I¿ GXp Xc-Øn-ep≈ hoSp-I-fn¬ Xev]-c-cm-Wv F∂Xv amkw tXmdpw A√ Znhkw tXmdpw A√ aWn-°q-dn¬ t]mepw Adn-bWw. Hcp tI{µ A[n-Im-cn°pw C{X thK-Øn¬ amdp∂ hnh-cß - ƒ, Ah amdp-∂X - n\p ap≥]v {]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xnt\ t]ms´, tiJ-cn-°m≥ t]mepw Bhn-√.

Nne Bfp-Iƒ kzX{¥ kº-Zvhy-hÿ tI{µ Bkq-{Xn-X-a-√m-Ø-Xn-\mASp°pw Nn´bpw C√m-ØXpw bp‡n-lo-\-am-bn-cn°pw F∂v hnNm-cn-°p∂p. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Itºm-f-߃ hfsc Nn´-bp-≈-Xm-Wv.- kz-Øn-s‚bpw ssIam-‰-Øn-s‚bpw AwKo-IrX \nb-a-߃ A\p-k-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mP\-߃°v kl-cn-°m\pw ssIam‰w sNøp-hm\pw km[n-°p-∂p. IqSmsX a‰p-≈-h-cpsS {]h¿Øn-Iƒ hfsc IrXy-ambn ap≥Iq´n Adn-bp-hm\pw Ign-bp-∂p.- hn-]-WnIƒ IqSp-X¬ bp‡n kl-hp-am-Wv. kz¥w cq]tcJD≠m-°p-Ib - pw a‰p-≈h - c- psS am‰w hcp∂ cq]tcJI-fp-ambn HØp t]mIp∂ e£-I-W-°n\v P\-ß-fpsS {]mtZ-inI sshZ-Kv≤yhpw Adnhpw Ch¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.- Hcp tI{µo-IrX \nb-{¥nX kº-ZvL-S-\-bn-tesd Bkq{XWw Hcp kzX{¥ kº-ZvL-S-\-bn¬ Bh-iy-ambn hcp-∂p. CXv k¿°m¿ \ne-bv°-√msX hy‡n-KX \nebv°v sNøm-hp∂ H∂mbn amdp-∂p. tNmZyw : kzX{¥ hn]-Wn-Iƒ ]cn-ÿn-Xnsb kwc-£n-°p∂Xn¬ ]cm-Pb-s∏-´n-´nt√?

C√. hn]-Wn-Iƒ ]cm-Pb - s- ∏-´n-´n-√. ]e ]mcn-ÿnXnI Dev]∂ - ß - ƒ°pw Hcp hn]Wn C√. hkvXp-°ƒ Ipdhpw hne \evIm-Øh - sc Hgn-hm°m≥ Ign-bp-tºmgpw hn]Wn \√ hÆw {]h¿Øn°pw, hkvXp-°ƒ [mcmfhpw hne \evIm-Ø-hsc Hgn-hm-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-t∏mgpw A√.

Fß-s\-bn-cp-∂mepw ]mc-ÿn-XnI Dev]∂ - ß - ƒ°pw hn]Wn Ds≠∂v 104

kzX{¥ kwc-w`hpw hym]m-chpw

P\-߃ a\- n-em°n hcp-∂p. IS-ense a’y kºØv \mi-tØmfw sImbvsX-Sp-°msX Nne cmjv{S-߃ DZm-lc- W - Ø - n\v \ne \n¿Øm-hp∂ ]cn-[n-Iƒ \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw apgp-h\n¬ `mKn-Ia- mbn sImbvsX-Sp-°m≥ s]¿an-‰p-Iƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu s]¿an-‰p-Iƒ hn]-W\w sNømhp-∂-Xm-Wv AXn\v Hcp hn]Wn s]s´∂v Db¿∂phcp-∂p. tiJcw Db¿Øn \n¿ØnsIm≠p Xs∂ Imcy-{]m]vXn ]ptcm-K-an°p-∂p. kzX{¥ kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bpsS ^e-ambn P\-߃ [\n-I-cm-Ip-tºmƒ Ah¿°v ]cn-Xÿ - nXn IqSp-X¬ kwc-£n-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂p. ssN\ Ah-cpsS hyh-kmbßfn¬ \n∂v ISpØ aen-\o-Ic- Ww A\p-`h - n-°p∂p. F∂m¬ AhnSpsØ P\-߃ ASn-ÿm\ kmº-ØnI hf¿®bv°v ip≤-hmbp F∂ BUw-_c- t- Ø-°mƒ hne Iev]n-°p-∂p. Ah¿ [\nI-cm-hp-tºmƒ Ah¿°p- ap-tºbp≈ at‰-sXmcp cmPy-tØbpw t]mse am\-Z-WvU-߃ amdp-Ibpw Ah¿°v IqSp-X¬ hrØn-bp≈ hyh-kmb {]n-{InbIƒ aen-\o-I-cWw Ipd-hp-≈Xv Xmßphm≥ km[n°pw. k¿°m¿ Nnehv hln-°p∂ kwc-`-߃ Ah-chcpsS cmjv{S-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ Dev]m-Z\ {]{In-bbpw Ah¿°v ^e{]-Za- b kz¥-am-°m\pw \ne-\n¿Øm\pw Ign-bp-sa∂v hniz-kn°p∂ k¿°mcp-Iƒ C∂v C√ Xs∂. temI-Ønse an° kºZv hyh-ÿIfpw Hcp an{inX kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-I-fm-Wv. Ah-bn¬ k¿°m-cns‚ DS-a-ÿ-X-bn¬ Nne hyhkm-b-߃ am{Xsa D≈q. a‰p-≈-h-bpsS ]cn-W-X-^-e-ßsf Bkq-{X-WØn-eq-sSbpw \nb-{¥-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw, k-lm-b [\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw \nIp-Xnbn-eq-sSbpw k¿°m¿ Hm-l-cn-I-fn-eq-sSbpw \bn-°m\pw ssIImcyw sNøm\pw {ian-°p∂p.

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m≠v an° cmPyßfpw {]tXyI Xc-Øn¬ X{¥-]-c-amb ]e hyh-km-bß - fpw tZi-h¬°-cn-°p-∂Xp I≠p. ]e cmPy-ßfpw CØcw hyhkm-b-߃, hm¿Øm-hn-\n-abw, K-Xm-K-Xw, _m¶n-ßv,- s]mXp]-tbm-K-߃, J\\w, apX-em-bh Ct∏mgpw kz¥-am-°p-Ibpw \nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. \n¿`m-Ky-hi - m¬ CØcw hyh-km-bß-fpsS k¿°m¿ DS-aÿ - X ]e-t∏mgpw k¿°m-cns‚ IpØ-I-bn-te°v \bn-°p-∂p.- A-Øcw IpØ-IIƒ ]et∏mgpw B¿°pw ^e-{]-Z-ambn \nb-{¥n-°m≥ ]‰m-Ø{X hep-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.105

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

Hcp IpØI s]mXp-hmtWm kzIm-cy-amtWm F∂Xv Imcy-am-°msX Ah A\n-hm-cy-ambpw No¿Øpw aSn-bp-≈Xpw Bbn Db¿∂ Nne-hn¬ tami-amb tkh\w \¬Ipw. Ch-bpsS X{¥-{]m-[m\yw k¿°m¿ DS-aÿ - X - b - v°p≈ Hcp Imc-Wa- √ - .- an° [\nI cmPy-ß-fn-tebpw _m¶pIƒ kzIm-cy-amWv. Xo¿®-bmbpw Ahsb k¿°m¿ DS-a-ÿXbnem-°p-∂Xv B _m¶p-I-sfbpw Ahsb B{i-bn°p∂ IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-sfbpw I®-hS ÿm-]-\-ß-tfbpw \in-∏n°pw. k¿°m-cns‚ ZmXm-°-fmbn h¿Øn-°p-∂-tXm As√-¶n¬ t\cn´v D]-t`m‡m-°-fpambn CS-s∏-Sp-∂-h-tcm Bb hmWn-Py-ÿm-]-\-߃ Ct∏mƒ tem-IØ - nse an°-hmdpw hm¿Ømhn\n-abw , KXm-KXw, s]m-Xp-]t- bm-Kß - ƒ F∂nh {]Zm\w sN-øp-∂p. kzImcyaqe-[-\hpw ssh-Z-Kv≤yhpw sIm≠p hcm≥ Ign-bp∂ a’c_p≤n-bp≈ ÿm]-\ß - f- m¬ CØcw {][m\ tkh\-߃ t`Z-s∏´ \ne-bn¬ sIm-Sp-°m≥ ]‰ps-a-∂Xv AwKo-I-cn®psIm≠v an° cmPy-ßfpw k¿°m¿ DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep≈ Iº-\n-Isf kzImcyh¬°cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. k¿°m-cp-Iƒ hyh-km-b-ß-fp-sS DS-a-bm-bn-cn-°msX Xs∂ Ahsb \nb{¥n-°m-sa-∂v ]Tn®p Ign-™n-´p-≠v. Ah-cX - n¬ Hm-lc- n-bp-Sa- I - f- m-Ip-Ibpw Ah-cp-sS Ah-Im-i-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v Iº-\n-Iƒ F¥p sN-øp∂p kan-Xn-Ifn¬ Bsc \nb-an-°p-∂p F∂-sX√mw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂p. Nne-t∏mƒ Ah¿ Ah-¿°v Xs∂ kph¿Æ Hm-l-cn-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂p. Ch {][m\ hnj-b-ßfn¬ Ah¿°v Ah-km\ hm°v \¬Ip-∂p.

CØcw \nIr-jvS-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ°v kzX{¥y kaq-l-Øn¬ Xnc-kv°cn-°-s∏Spw . CXv k¿°m-cp-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-te°pw s]mXpPt\m-]-tbm-K-Øn\mbn Xocp-am-\ß - ƒ FSp-°p-∂X - n-te°pw \bn-°p-∂p. CXv ÿm]-\ß - ƒ taSn-°msX Xs∂ k¿°m-cns\ Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°m≥ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p.

Ah-c-h-cp-sS kºm-Zyhpw s]≥j\pw em`-I-c-amb Iº-\n-I-fn¬ \nt£]n-®n-´p≈ km[m-cW P\-ß-fpƒs]-sSbp≈hcpsS kzØv Ih¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-Ib - m-Wv. Agn-aX - n-°p≈ Ah-kc- ß - ƒ A\-h[ - n-bm-Wv. B{in-X¿°v BZm-bI - c- a- mb IΩn‰n ÿm]-\ß - ƒ sIm-Sp-°pw. hyh-kmb ime-Iƒ CjvSs∏´ ÿe-ß-fn¬ ÿm]n°mw. IqSmsX ^e-߃ ]n¥m-ßp-∂-h-cp-sS t\´-߃°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v \nb-{¥-WØ - n-eq-sS kzImcy Iº\nIfp-sS \nb-{¥Ww 106

kzX{¥ kwc-w`hpw hym]m-chpw

^e-{]-Z-ambn FSp°mw. N´-߃ Iº-\n-Iƒ Fßs\ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.

Ah¿ F¥p em`n-°p-∂p. Ah¿s°{X hne \n›-bn°mw Ah¿°v FhnsS \nt£-]n°mw sXm-gn¬ krjvSn°mw, F{X sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ°v F{X sIm-Sp°mw apXm-em-bh ]cna-n-X-s∏-SpØmw. CØ-c-Øn-ep-ff kzIm-cy-hn`-h-ß-fp-sS k¿°m¿ \nb-{¥Ww hfsc km[m-c-W-am-Wv kzX-{¥ysa-∂v hn-ti-jn-∏n-°s- ∏-Sp∂ cmPy-ßf- n¬ t]mepw F∂m¬ CXv bmYm¿∞ kzX{¥y kaq-l-Øns‚ AXym-h-iy-amb ASn-Ø-d-bmb kzImcy kºØv F∂ kzmX{¥yØn\v LSI hncp≤-am-Wv.

A¥m-cmjv{S hym]mcw hym]m-chpw kwc-£W hmZhpw Htc cmPy-Øn-se hy‡n-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ kzX{¥y hmWnPy-Øn¬ \n∂p-≠mhp∂ kZv^e - ß - ƒ P\-߃ A¥m-cmjv{S AXn¿Øn-°X - o-Xa- mbn hym]mcw \S-Øp-tºmƒ krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. hym-]mcw cmjv{S-ßsf Ah¿ G‰hpw \∂mbn sN-øp-∂X - n¬ {i≤ tI{µo-Ic- n-°m\pw Ah-cp-sS tijn∏v a‰p Imcy߃ \∂mbn sN-øp∂ a‰p cmPy-ß-fn-te-°-b-°m\pw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p. tem-I-Ønse ]pjv]Irjn-bp-sS knwl`mKhpw D≠m-Ip-∂Xv sI-\n-b-bnem-Wv. Chn-sS CXv hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\p tbm-Pn® aÆpw Imem-h-ÿ-bp-amWv F∂m¬ Nnen, Bkvt{S-enb, {^m≥kv F∂nh {]ap-J-am-b hnØp-ev]m-Z-Icm-bmWv Adn-bs- ∏-Sp-∂X - v. Ah-cpsS `qanbpw Im-emh-ÿbpw Ah¿ sI´n∏-SpØ ss-h-Z-Kv≤yhpw ImcWw C¥y Xmc-X-ta\y hne Ipd™Xpw hnZym`ym-ka- p-≈X - p-amb sXm-gn¬ kaq-lØ - m¬ tkh-\ß - ƒ°pw Dev]m-Z\ - Ø - n\pw {][m\ cmPy-ambn amdn-bn-´p-≠v. Dev]m-Z\w IqSp-X¬ sa-®-s]-´Xpw Nnehv Ipd-™Xpw B°m-\p≈ Bbp-[-ßfpw D]-I-c-W-ßfpw t]m-ep≈ aqe-[\w sI-´n-∏-Sp-°m\pw ss-h-ZKv≤yw t\Sm\pw P\-ßsf A¥m-cmjv{S hym]mcw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p. hyXykvX cmPy-ß-fnse P\ß-fp-sS aqey-߃ Htc cmPy-Ønse P\-ß-fpsSXnt\-°mƒ KmV-am-bn hyXy-kvXa- m-°p-∂X - n-\m¬ ]c-kv]c t\´-Øn-\p≈ Ah-k-c-߃ hfsc A[n-I-am-Wv. a[y-Im-e-L-´Øv DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v C¥ybnepw ssN-\b - nepw kpe-`a- mbn hf¿∂n-cp∂ Nmb t]m-ep≈ Dev]∂ - ߃°v bqtdm-]y≥ bm{Xn-I¿ henb hne \¬Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. at≤y-jy≥ cmPy-ßfn¬ hne Ipd-™Xpw kpe-`h - p-amb akm-eI - ƒ°pw C∂v P\-߃ - `qan°v Np‰pw ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw k©-cn-°p-∂p. sh-\n-knse \n¿ΩmW coXnbpw, 107

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

Xmbvem‚nse kwkv°m-chpw kµ¿in-°m\pw AhbpsS kztZ-iØv \n∂v F{X hyXym-k-amWv F∂v A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-p.

Hcp kzX{¥y kaqlw F√m cmPy-ß-fn-tebpw Dev]-∂-ßsf kzmKXw sNøp-∂p. CXv hym]m-c-Øns‚ Ne\mflI t\´-ßfpw hym]mcw Fßs\ A`n-hr≤n ]c-Øp-∂p F∂pw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p. a‰p cmPy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Cd-°p-aXn \ntcm-[n®v kz¥w ZmXm-°sf kwc-£n-°p∂ kwc-£WXzamWv CX-ca- m¿§w CXv B`y-¥c ZmXm-°ƒ°v Ffp-∏a- m°n \¬Ip-∂p. F∂mCX¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv B`y-¥c D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v \√Xpw hne Ipd-™-Xpamb Dev]-∂-߃ hntZ-iØv \n∂p hcp∂Xv \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂Xm-Wv. Ah¿ kwc-£nX B`y-¥c Dev]∂ - ß - ƒ°v henb hne \¬Ip-∂p.

Ipd™ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p-Itf D≈q, tamiw Dev]-∂-ß-fp-ambn k‘n sN-ø-Ww. kwc-£W hmZw hy¿∞am-Wv Hcp cmPyw kz¥-ambn Hcp km[\w D≠m-°p-tºmƒ AXv sa-®-s∏´ \nebn¬ Nnehv Ipd®v hntZ-iØv \n¿Ωn°mw. CXv hn`-h-ßsf (]mcn-ÿnXnI hn`-h-߃ Dƒs∏sS) hy¿∞-am-°p-∂p. BUwkvanØv Nq≠n-°m´n {Ko≥ lukp-I-fp-sS klm-b-tØmsS XWpØ ag-bp≈ kvtIm-´vem‚nap¥ncn Dev]m-Zn-∏n°mw, ]s£ {^m≥knse kzm`m-hnI kqcy {]Im-i-Ønt\-°mƒ 30 aSßv A[nI Nne-hn¬ \nß-fp-sS kabw, ]Ww, {iaw F∂o hn`-hß - ƒ F¥n\v hy¿∞-am-°Ww. \sΩ-°mƒ sa-®s- ∏´ coXn-bn¬ Ipd™ Nne-hn¬ as‰m-cmƒ sN-øp∂ Imcyw \Ωƒ kzbw sN-øm≥ {ian-®n´v?

AXn-ibtei-at\y anSp-°cmb Dev]m-Z-I¿ cmPy-߃ Ah-cp-sS Dev]-∂ßsf B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn ]¶v, \ntcm-[\w , \nIpXn F∂n-h-bn¬ ]pdØp \ndp-Øm≥ {ian-°p-∂-Xns\ FXn¿°p-∂p. Ah¿ Ah-cp-sS Xs∂ XS -ßsf Db¿ØnsIm≠v Xncn-®-Sn°pw. AØ-cw hym]m-c-bp-≤-߃ B¿°pw t\´-ap-≠m-°p-∂n-√. F√m XS- -ßfpw am‰p-Ibpw P\-ßsf Ah¿ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p∂ hym]mcw sN-øm-\\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sN-bvXmhfsc \√-XmWv. {]tXy-In®pw CcpcmPy-ßf- n-tebpw Zcn-Zy-cmb P\-߃°mWv hne Ipd™ Cd-°p-a-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v G‰hpw t\´w.

CXpXs∂ IpSn-tb-‰Ø - n\pw _m[-Ia- m-Wv. Hcp kzX{¥y kaq-lØ - n¬ P\߃ cmPy-߃°n-S-bn¬ k©-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v XS- -ap-≠m-In-√. IpSn-tb-‰°m¿ Ah-¿ sN∂p Ib-dp∂ cmPy-߃°v klm-b-I-c-amb ]pXnb Bi108

kzX{¥ kwc-w`hpw hym]m-chpw

b-ßfpw Du¿÷hpw sIm≠p hcp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v bqtdm-∏n-te°pw hSt° Ata-cn-°-bn-te°pw D≠mb IpSn-tb‰ {]hmlw henb ]ptcmKXnbp≠m°n. Zim-_vZß - f- mbn \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ \nb-{¥-Wß - ƒ Xnc-kv°cn-°pI Ffp-∏-am-bn-cn-°n-√ henb Xmev°m-enI {]iv\-߃°v Imc-Wam-tb°mw. ]t£ kzX{¥kaq-l-Øns‚ hniz-kvX-cp-sS BXy-¥n-I-amb e£yw CXm-bn-cn-°-Ww. kzX{¥y hym]mcw {]h¿Ø-\-ØnkzX{¥ hym]mc `cW {Ia-ap≈ cmPy-߃ thK-Øn¬ hf-cp-Ibpw CXn√mØ cmPy-ß-tf-°mƒ A`n-hr-≤n-bp≈hbpw BIp-∂p. sN-dnb hym]mc \K-c-ß-fmb knwK-∏q-cn-t\bpw tlm-ßvtIm-ßn-t\bpw t\m-°q c≠n\pw kzm`m-hnI hn`-h-ß-fp-sS klmbw hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. 1960˛ Ifn¬ c≠pw kz`m-hnI hn`-hß - ƒ [mcm-fa- p≈ B{^n-°≥, Ico-_n-b≥ cmPy-ßs- f-t]mse Zcn-{Z-am-bn-cp-∂p. C∂v hym]m-chpw kmº-ØnI kzmX-{¥yhpw ImcWw Ah¿ ]e-a-Sßv [\n-I-cm-Wv. hym]m-c-Øns‚ hym]vXn temI Zmcn-{ZysØ henb \ne-bn¬ Ipd-®n-´p-≠v.

Nne Bfp-Iƒ Cd-°p-aXnbpw hntZi \nt£-]hpw A\p-hZ- n-°p∂Xv {]mtZinI P\-X-bp-sS Nqj-W-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°p-s-a∂v t]Sn-°p∂p. kXyw Fs¥-∂m¬ Bcpw Bscbpw hyh-km-bi - m-eI - f- n¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°m≥ \n¿_‘n-°p-∂n-√. F∂m¬ an°-hc- pw hyh-kmbime-If- n¬ Hcp \n›nX Iqen°v sXm-gn-se-Sp-°m-\m-Wn-jvSs- ∏-Sp-∂X - v. Ipd-™Xpw A\n-›n-Xh - p-amb Iqen°v th≠n Np´ kqcy-\n¬ ]mSsØ \Sp HSn-°p∂ sXm-gn-en-t\-°mƒ hntZi \nt£]w IS∂p h∂n-cn-°p∂ hnb‰v\mw t]m-ep≈ cmPy-ß-fnse CØcw hyh-kmb ime-I-fnse sXm-gn-emfnIƒ°v apºv kz]v\w ImWm≥ t]mepw km[n-°m-Xn-cp-∂- kvIq-´¿, sS-en-hn-j≥, a‰p BVw-_c- ß - ƒ F∂nh kz¥am-°m≥ B{K-ln-°mw. sam-ss- _ - ¬ t^m¨, Iøn¬ ]nSn-°p-∂ Iºyq´¿ apX-emb GXv ]cn-jvIrX Dev]-∂Ønepw tem-IØv F√m-bn-SØpw \n∂pap≈ hn`-h-ßfpw ss-h-ZKv≤yhpw {]m]vXnbpw Dƒs]-Sp-∂p. cq]Iev]\ sN-øp-∂b - mƒ Imen-t^m¿Wnb-bn¬ Pohn°mw F∂m¬ \n¿ΩmWw \nb-{¥n-°p∂ Bƒ tlmMv-tImßnepw \n¿h-ln-°p∂ Bƒ ssN-\b - nepw Bbn-cn-°mw. Dev]∂ - Ø - n¬ D]tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂ tem-l-ßfpw a‰p kma-{K-ln-Ifpw Gjy-bn¬ \nt∂m Bkvt{S-en-b-bn¬ \nt∂m Z£nW Ata-cn-°-bn¬ \nt∂m J\\w sN-øp109

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

∂-Xm-bn-cn°mw. Dev]∂w hln®p sIm≠p t]m-Ip-∂Xv {Kokn¬ D≈ jn∏nßv irwJ-et- bm s\-X¿em‚vkn-ep≈ thyma irwJ-etbm BImw D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ Xo¿®-bmbpw tem-IØv F√m-bn-SØp \n∂p-ap-≠v.

P\-߃ a‰p cmPy-ßf- nse Bƒ°m-cp-ambn hym]mcw sN-øp-tºmƒ Ahsc \∂mbn a\- n-em-°m\pw G‰hpw Ipd-™Xv _lp-am-\n-°m\pw XpS-ßpw. hym]m-cn-Iƒ°v Ahsc kzbw a‰p cmPy-ßf- n-tem, h¿§-Øn-tem D≈-hc- n\n∂pw Db¿∂-h-cmbn ImWm≥ ]‰n-√. Ah¿°v t\´-ap-≠m-I-W-sa-¶nAh¿°v a‰p-≈-h-cp-ambn ZmXm-°fpw kl-Im-cn-I-fmbpw D]-t`m-‡m-°fmbpw kam-[m-\-]-c-ambn hym]mcw sNbvtX ]‰q. A¥m-cmjv{S hym]mcw [mc- W bpw kam- [ m- \ hpw D≠m- b n- c p- ∂ p. Ahbv ° v Ah- b p- t S- X mb hnim-k-amb kZv^-e-߃ D≠v. G‰hpw kzmX-{¥yhpw Xpd-∂-Xp-amb kaq-l-߃ G‰hpw kzmX-{¥yhpw Xpd-∂-Xp-amb hym]mcw D≈hbmsW∂-Xn¬ A¤p-X-an-√.

110

6. kzØpw \oXnbpw \oXnbpsS G‰hpw khn-ti-ja- mb A¿∞w Fßs\ P\-ßfpsS {]h¿Ø\-ßfpsS {]Xn-^-e-߃ Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ hnX-cWw sNøWw F∂-Xn-ep]cn Ah¿ Fßs\ ]c-kv]cw _lp-am-\-tØm-Sp-IqSn s]cp-am-dWw F∂Xm-sW∂v A[-ymbw 4 ¬ \Ωƒ a\- n-em-°n. hy‡n-Iƒ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-tcmSpw s]cp-am-dp-∂Xv \nb-{¥n-°p∂ \nb-aß - ƒ ]t£ k¶o¿Æ-am-Wv. CØcw s]cp-am‰ N´-߃ ]cn-]m-en-°p-∂X - n\pw \S-∏n-em-°p-∂X - n\pw, kz-Øv, \nba-hmgvN, a‰p-≈-h-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßsf _lp-am-\n-°¬ F∂n-ßs\ Nne aqe-y-ßfpw kmaq-lnI ÿm]-\-ßfpw Bh-i-yamWv.

kzIm-cy kzØv kzØns‚ A¿∞w Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v G‰hpw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb H∂mWv P\-߃°v kzØv kz¥-am-°m-\p-ff Ign-hv. kzØv DS-aÿ - m-hI - miw sIm-≠¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv \n߃°v Fs¥-¶nepw ssIhiw hbv°p-hmt\m \nb-{¥n-°p-hmt\m Ign-bpw, \n¿Æm-b-I-ambpw B hkvXp-hn¬ \n∂v a‰p≈hsc Hgn-hm-°m\pw Ignbpw F∂-Xm-Wv. AXv \n߃°v h®-\p-`hn-bv°mw, hmS-Ibv°p sImSp-°mw, hn¬°mw, Dt]-£n°mw As√-¶nAXns\ \in-∏n°mw ]t£ a‰p-≈-h¿°v \nß-fpsS Adnthm kΩ-Xtam IqSmsX AXp D]-tbm-Kn°p-hmt\m \nß-fn¬ \n∂v FSp-°p-hmt\m Ignbn-√. \nß-fpsS kzØv Hcn-°epw \nb-a-]-c-ambn \nß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]nSn®p hmßp-hmt\m FSp-°p-hmt\m Ign-bn-√. hy-‡n-Iƒ°v kz-Øp-°ƒ kz-¥a- m-°m≥ Ign-bpw, AXp-t]mse Xs∂ hnhmln-X-cmb Zº-Xn-Iƒ, ]¶p-I-®-h-S-°m¿, kwÿm-]nX kwL-߃, k¿°m-

111

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

cp-Iƒ, s]mXp kan-Xn-Iƒ XpS-ßnb {Kq∏p-Iƒ°pw kzØv kz-¥-am-°phm≥ Ign-bpw. kzØv F∂p-]d- b - p-∂X - v, F√m-bvt∏mgpw Hcp Xp≠-v `qantbm As√-¶n¬ sI´nStam t]mep≈ `uXn-I-am-btXm \n›-e-am-btXm Bb hkvXp-°ƒ Bbncn°n√. Irjn-bn-Sß - f- n¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-∏n-°p∂ arK-ßt- fm, Hcp {St°m As√¶n¬ GsX¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ hkv{Xtam t]mep≈ Ne-\m-flI - a- mb hkvXp°-fm-hmw. GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ `uXn-Ia- √ - mØ hkvXphpw BImw. Hcp t{SUvam¿t°m As√-¶n¬ Fs¥-¶nepw Fgp-Xn-bX - n-t‚tbm dnt°m¿Uv sNbvXX - n-t‚tbm ]I¿∏-hI - m-itam As√-¶n¬ \n߃ cq]-Ie - v]\ sImSpØ F¥n-s‚-sb-¶nepw kz-Im-c-ym-h-Im-itam (t]‰‚v) t]mep≈ _u≤n-I-amb kz-Øp-°tfm Bhmw. Hcp Iº-\n-bnse Hmlcn ]¶m-fn-Øt- am, Bsc-¶nepw \n߃°v Xcm-\p≈ IStam As√-¶n¬ \nß-fpsS kºm-ZytamBImw. BcpsS-sb-¶nepw `qan Hcp {]tXyI Ime-bf-hn-tebv°v \n߃ ]m´-Øn-s\-SpØtXm As√-¶n¬ Hcp tdUntbm \ne-b-Øns‚ Nne Xcw-K-ssZ¿Lyw D]tbm-Kn-bv°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Im-itam Bhmw. At∏mƒ kz-sØ∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv Fs¥-¶nepw ÿn-c-am-btXm `uXn-I-am-btXm Xs∂ Bh-W-sa-∂n√. kz-Øp-°ƒ krjvSn-bv°p-hm\pw Ign-bpw. Hcp {St°m As√-¶n¬ Hcp hkv{Xtam, hy-Xy- kvX LS-Iß - ƒ Iq´n-t®¿Øv \n¿Ωn-bv°p∂ Hcp ]pXnb kzØmWv, Hcp Im¿jnI arKw \mw hf¿Øn hep-Xm-°p∂Xm-Wv. Bfp-Iƒ ]pXnb ]pkvX-I-߃ Fgp-Xp∂p As√-¶n¬ ]pXnb kºmZy ]≤-Xn-Iƒ hnI-kn∏n-s®-Sp-°p-∂p. UnPn-‰¬ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy henb tXmXn-ep≈ samss_t^m¨ Dev]m-Z\ am¿§-߃ krjvSn-bv°p-∂p, XnI®pw ]pXn-sbmcp cq]Øn-ep≈ kz-Øv. {][m-\-am-bpw, \nß-fpsS kz¥w ico-c-Øn-\p-ta¬ \߃°p≈ Ah-Imihpw \n߃ sNøp∂ {]hr-Øn-bpsS KpW-^e - ß - ƒ A\p-`h - n-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Im-ihpw F√mw kz-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Ønhy-‡-amb Imc-W-߃ C√msX \nßsf B¿°pw AdÃp sNøp-hmt\m Pbn-en-e-S-°p-hmt\m Ign-bn-√. as‰m-cmƒ°p th-≠n tPmen sNøp-hm≥ B¿°pw \nßsf \nb-a-]-c-ambn \n¿_-‘n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bn-√. \nß-fpsS Ign-hpw sshZ-Kv[-yhpw Adnhpw {]b-Xv\hpw D]-tbm-Kn®v krjvSn-s®-SpØ H∂n-s\bpw tamjvSn-°p-hmt\m sIm≈-b-Sn-°p-hmt\m Bscbpw A\p-hZn-°p-∂n-√.

112

kzØpw \oXnbpw

kzØpw ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw kz-Im-cy kzØv hy-h-ÿ F√m-bvt∏mgpw AwKn-I-cn°s∏Sp-∂n-s√-¶n-epw, AXn\v a\p-j-y-cm-in-tbmfw Ime-∏-g-°-ap≠-v. ]pcm-X\ ImeØv kz-Im-cy kzsØ∂ Bi-bsØ ]cn-lk - n®n-cp-∂p. Cu ASpØ Ime-Ømbn dj-y, ssN\ XpS-ßnb cmP-y-߃ Irjn-bn-S-ß-fp-sSbpw ^mIvS-dn-I-fp-sSbpw Iq´mb DSa-ÿm-h-Imiw ]co-£n®p t\m°n. F∂m¬ kzIm-cy-kz-Øns‚ {Iam-K-Xamb AwKo-Im-ct- ØmSpw kwc£-Wt- ØmSpw IqSn-bmWv B[p-\nI hym]mcw Db¿∂p-h-∂-Xv. AXv hym-]m-c-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp∂ cmP-y-߃°n-S-bn¬ hfsc-b-[nIw kºØv t\Sn-s°m-Sp-Øp.

Bfp-Iƒ Fs¥-¶nepw H∂v kz-¥-am-°p-tºmƒ, Ah¿°Xp C√m-Xn-cp∂ ka-bt- Ø-°mƒ hfsc IqSp-X¬ Xmev]c- yw AXn \ne-\n¿Øp-∂X - n\pw ]cnt]m-jn-∏n-bv°p-∂X - n\pw ImWn-bv°p∂p F∂v ]cn-ÿnXn hmZn-bmb Kmsc‰v lm¿Un≥ (Garrett Hardin) At±-l-Øns‚ ]pkvX-I-amb Zv {SmPUn Hm^v Z tIma≥kv¬ 1 -Fgp-Xn. AXv F¥vsIm-≠m-sW∂v a\-kn-em-°m≥ Ffp-∏am-bn-cp-∂p. kz-Im-cy kz-Ømb Hcp `qan-bn¬ Iq´mb DS-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-ap-≈nSØv sNøp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ anI® cnXn-bn¬ Irjn sNøs∏Sp∂p. Hcp sI´nSkap-®b - Ø - ns‚ s]mXp-hmb GWn-∏S- n-Ifpw ÿe-ßfpw an°-hmdpw hrØn lo\hpw Po¿Æn-®Xpw Bhpw. F∂m¬ Hcp kz-Im-cy hy-‡n-bp-sSsI´nSw \√ hrØnbpw shSn∏pw D≈-Xmbn kq£n®n-cn°pw. Ah-cp-tS X - √ - mØ F¥n-s\-¶nepw th≠-n ka-bhpw ]cn-{i-ahpw ]mgm-°m≥ P\-߃ Xøm-d√ - . ImcWw Hcp tPmenbpw sNøm≥ Xøm-dm-ImØ a‰p-≈h - cpw AXns‚ ^ew A\p-`-hn-bv°p∂p F∂Xp Xs∂-bm-Wv. kz-Øns‚ kwc-£-Whpw kz-Ø-h-Im-isØ AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂-Xn-eqsS Dev]m-Z\ £a-Xb - p≈ aqe[\w D-≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°p-hm≥ P\-ßsf A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p. Irjn-°m¿°v Ah¿ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ hnf-Iƒ kz-¥-am°m≥ Ign-bp∂p F¶n¬ hnØp ]mIp-∂-Xn\pw [m\-y-߃ hnf-sh-Sp-°p∂-Xn\pw {SmIvS-dp-Iƒ hmßp-∂-Xn\pw Ah¿ IqSp-X¬ D’m-l-`-cn-X-cmbn-cn-°pw. kwcw-`-I¿, Ah-cpsS ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ Fßs\ {]h¿Øn-°-Wsa∂v Xocp-am-\ß - ƒ Ah¿°p-Xs∂ FSp-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw Ds-≠∂pw a‰p-≈h - ¿°v AXn¬ bmsXmcp Ah-Im-ihpw Cs√∂pw a\- n-em-°p-tºmƒ 1. tKc‰v lm¿Un≥, Zv {Sm-PUn Hm^v Z tIma¨kv, kb≥kv 162(3859) 1968, ]n ]n, 1243-8 1.

Garrett Hardin, The tragedy of the commons, Science, 162(3859), 1968, pp. 1243-8.

113

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

^mIvSd- n-If- n¬ \nt£]w \S-Øp-hm\pw ]pXnb D]-Ic- W - ß - ƒ hmßp-hm\pw Dev]m-Z\ irwJ-eI - ƒ hnI-kn-∏n-bv°p-hm-\p-ap≈ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ IqSp-XGs‰-Sp-°p-∂p. kz-Ø-h-Imiw kw-c-£n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏Sp-Ibpw sNøp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ P\-߃ Dev]m-Z\£a-amb aqe-[-\w D≠m°p-Ibpw AXv Dev]m-Z\ £a-X Iq´p-Ibpw AXv apgp-h≥ kaq-lØ - n\pw klm-bI - a- m-hp-Ibpw sNøpw. F∂m¬ kz-Øp-°ƒ sIm≈-bS- n-°s- ∏-Smt\m As√-¶n¬ \in-∏n-°-s∏-Smt\m km[-y-X-bp-s≠-¶n¬ As√-¶n¬ Dev]m-Zn∏n-°p∂ Dev]∂ - ß - ƒ a‰p-≈h - ¿ sIm-≠p-t]m-hp-Itbm sNøp-Ib - m-sW-¶nP\-߃°v Ignhpw ka-bhpw ]Whpw ]cn-{i-ahpw \nt£-]n-°m≥ {]tNmZ\w D≠m-hn-√. CXv apgp-h≥ kaq-lsØbpw tami-ambn _m[n-°p-∂p. kzØpw a‰v Ah-Im-i-ßfpw Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Ønse P\-߃ A\p-`-hn-°p∂ Ah-Imi-ß fpwkzm-X{- ¥-yhpw ASn-ÿm-\a- m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv kz-Øn≥ta-ep≈ \b-Øn-emWv. kz-Im-cy kz-Øn-√msX AhnsS Ah-Im-i-ßfpw kzm-X-{¥-yhpw D≠-m-Im-\nS-bn-√.

DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v P\-ß-fpsS kz-X{¥ambn kwkm-cn-°p-hm\pw a‰p-≈-hcpambn kl-Ic- n°p-hm\pw Hcp cmjv{Sob ]m¿´n-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-bv°p-hm\pw D≈ Ah-Im-iw. kz-Im-cy kz-Øp-°ƒ AhnsS C√m-sb-¶n¬ ˛ F√m hn`h-ßfpw k¿°m-cp-I-fmWv \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬˛ Hcp ÿm\m¿∞n°v Fßs\ {]Nm-cW {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ \S-Øp-hm≥ Ignbpw? Ah-cpsS Bib-߃ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂X - n-\mbn, Ah¿s°mcp ao‰nwKv lmƒ hmS-Ibv°v FSpt°≠-n hcpw, t\m´o-kp-Iƒ A®-Sn-bvt°≠-n hcpw, Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-bßfpw ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpw {]t£-]Ww sNtø≠-n hcpw. F∂m¬ F√m ao‰nwKv ÿe-ßfpwk¿°m-cns‚ DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-epw, A®Sn D]-I-c-W-ßfpw t]∏dpw hnX-cWw sNøp-∂Xv k¿°m¿ \nb-{¥-WØ - n¬ Bbn-cn-°p-Ibpw {]t£-]W am[-y-a-ß-fpsS \S-Øn∏v k¿°m-cns‚ A[o-\-X-bn¬ Bbncn°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ BcpsSbpw {]Nm-cW {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ^e-{]-Zambn XS-bm≥ Ign-bpw.2 (Hcp ÿm\m¿∞n k¿°m-cn-s\-Xn-scbpw AXns‚ Bi-b-߃s°-Xn-scbpw hna¿i-\-߃ D∂-bn-°p∂ hy-‡-nbm-sW¶n¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw AXn-\p≈ km[-yX IqSp-X-em-Wv); AXnepw tami-amb 2. F^v F lmtbIv, Zv tdmUv ‰p sk¿^vUw, dq´vse-UvPv, e-≥, 1944 2.

114

A point made well in F. A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, Routledge, London, 1944.

kzØpw \oXnbpw

Ahÿ Fs¥-∂m¬, P\-߃°v Ah-cpsS kz-¥a- mbn kz-Øp-°ƒ C√msb-¶n¬, hna¿i-Isc Ad-Ãp-sNbvXv \ni_vZ-cm-°m\pw, F¥n\v Ahsc sIm√p-hm≥ t]mepw aSn Im´mØ k¿°m-cns‚ {]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf XS-bm≥ As√-¶n¬ \n¿Ø-em-°m≥ H∂n\pw Ign-bn-√ (CXv sR´-ep-f-hm-°p-∂-XmsW-¶n-epw, CXn-\p≈ DZm-l-c-W-߃ hfsc km[m-c-W-amWv). kz-Øns‚ A`m-hØ - n¬ AhnsS Hcp \o-Xnbpw D-≠m-hn-√. \n߃°v \nßfpsS kz¥w ico-cØ - n≥ta-tem, sXmgn-en-tem, DS-aÿ - X - bvt°m H∂pw AhIm-i-an-√m-sb-¶n¬ Hcp \jvS-]-cn-lm-chpw XcmsX AsXms° ssI°-em°m≥ Ah¿°p Ignbpw. \n߃°v \nß-fpsS ico-c-Øn¬ Ah-Im-i-ans√-¶n¬ Ah¿°p \nßsf A\m-h-i-y-ambn AdÃp sNøp-hm\pw Pbn-ene-S-bv°p-hm\pw sIm√p-hm\pw Ign-bpw; \n߃°v \nß-fpsS sXmgn-enAh-Im-i-an-s√-¶n¬ \nßsf ASn-a-I-fm-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw; \nß-fpsS kzØn¬ \n߃°v DS-aÿ - m-hI - miw C√m-sb-¶n¬ \nßsf sIm≈-bS- n-bv°mw.

AhnsS A\o-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v Hcp kwc-£-Whpw D≠-m-hp-I-bn-√. kz-Øns‚ [m¿Ωn-I-amb {]-tbm-P-\-߃ kzØpw kz-Ø-h-Imi kwc-£-Whpw k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS A[n-Im-c-Øn-s\Xn-scbpw a‰p-≈-h-cpsS _e-{]-tbm-K-Øn-s\-Xn-scbpw P\-߃°v Hcp {][m\ Ih-N-am-Wv. kz-Øp-°ƒ kz-¥-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv, k¿°m-cn-s‚tbm a‰p hy-‡-nI-fp-sStbm GI-]-£o-b-amb \n¿_-‘tam IqSmsX hy-‡n-Iƒ°v kzbw kwc-£n-bv°p-∂-Xn-\pw, Ah-cpsS CjvS-߃ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xn-\pw, Ah-cpsS ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-b߃ {]I-Sn-∏n°p-∂-Xn\pw D≈ Ignhv \¬Ip-∂p. kzØpw AXn-eqsS hf¿∂p hcp∂ hym-]m-cØ - n-s‚bpw hn\n-ab - Ø - ns‚bpw \nb-a-ßfpw hy-‡n-Isf ]c-kv]c {]tbm-P-\-Øn-\p-th≠-n kam-[m-\-]-cambn kl-I-cn-°p-hm≥ A\p-hZn-°p-∂p. CXv Ahsc ASp-Ø-SpØv Xmakn-°p-hm\pw Ah¿ ]c-kv]cw AwKo-Ic- n® \nb-aß - ƒ A\p-kc- n®v X¿°ßtfm A{I-aß - tfm _e-{]-tbm-Kß - tfm C√msX {]IrXn hn`-hß - fpw AhcpsS {ia-Øns‚ {]Xn-^-e-ßfpw ]¶p shbv°p-hm≥ hgn-sbm-cp°p∂p. kzØv kam-[m-\-]-c-amb klI-cWw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-bv°p∂p F∂p am{X-a√ - , kz¥w Pohn-Xc- oXn IqSp-X¬ anI-®X - m-°W - s- a∂v B{K-ln-bv°p∂ GsXm-cmƒ°pw kl-Ic- W - sØ Hcp A\n-hm-cyX B°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

115

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

Bfp-Iƒ°v Ah¿s°-¥mtWm th-≠Xv AXv _e-ambn ssI°-em-°phm≥ Ign-bn-√. kz-Øp-°ƒ ssIam‰w sNøp-hm≥ Ign-bpw, hn¬°p-It- bm, hmS-Ibv°p \¬Ip-I-tbm, ]¶p shbv°p-I-tbm, ]m´-Øn\p sImSp-°pItbm As√-¶n¬ Dt]-£n-°p-Itbm sNømw, ]t£ AXv DS-aÿ - s‚ kΩX-{]-Imcw am{Xta km[-y-am-Iq. IqSp-X¬ kzm-X-{¥-y-ap≈ Hcp kaq-l-ØnCu {][m-\-s∏´ Ah-Im-isØ kwc-£n°p-∂-Xn-\mbn i‡-amb hy-h-ÿIƒ D≠-v, AXm-b-Xv, IS-߃ AS-bv°p-hm-\pw , DS-º-Sn-Iƒ AwKo-I-cn-°phm\pw t]mep≈ \nb-a-߃. CXns\ kzX-{¥-cmb P\-߃ hne-bn-cp-Øp∂-Xv, _e-{]-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS Ah-cpsS hkvXp-°ƒ FSp-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-t\°mƒ IqSp-X¬ [m¿Ωn-I-amb hn`hssIam‰ coXn-bm-bn-´m-Wv. kaq-l-Øn¬ Hcp ]¶v kz-Øns‚ DS-a-ÿ\p am{X-a√ Chbn¬ \n∂p≈ KpW-^-e-߃ In´p-∂Xv. \nt£-]w, aqe-[\ kam-lc- W - w, hym-]mcw F∂nh t{]m’m-ln-∏n-bv°pI hgn kaq-l-Øn\p apgp-h≥ AXns‚ KpW-^-e-߃ e`n°p-∂p. DZm-l-cW-Øn-\v, kz¥w `qanbn√mØ \K-c-hm-kn-Iƒ, Irjn-°m¿ [m\-y-߃ ]cnt]m-jn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-Ibpw Ahsb kz-ta-[bm D]-t`m-‡m-°f- p-ambn hym-]mcw \S-ØpIbpw sNøp-∂-Xn-\m¬ `£n-°p-∂p. AXn\v Irjn-°m-¿°v AhcpsS `qan-bnepw [m\-y-Øn-ep-ap≈ DS-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-Øn-\m-Wv \µn ]d-tb≠Xv. F∂m¬ kz-Øh - I - m-iß - ƒ kwc-£n-°s- ∏-SmØ cmP-yß - f- n¬ CXn\p t\¿ hn]-coX-amWv kw`-hn-bv°p-∂-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v tdm_¿´v apKm-s_(Robert Mugabe) bpsS knw_m-sh-bn¬, bYm¿∞ I¿j-I-cn¬ \n∂pw Ah-cpsS kz¥w `qan Iø-S-°p-hm≥ a‰p-≈-hsc t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.

AXns‚ ^e-ambn I¿jI-sc√mw (Iq-Sp-Xepw sh≈-°m¿) ]mem-b\w sNbvXt∏mƒ AXns‚ A\-¥-c-^ew hfsc tami-amb A`n-hr-≤n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. hy‡-amb `qan DS-aÿ - m-hI - miØns‚ A`m-hØ - n¬ Dev]m-Z\w IpØs\ CSnbp-Ibpw \K-ch - m-kn-Iƒ°v cq£amb `£W-£maw D≠-mh - p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXp-sIm≠-v Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Øn¬ P\-ß-fpsS kz-Ø-h-Im-isØ kwc-£n-t°-≠Xv k¿°m-cns‚ apJ-y-amb I¿Ø-h-y-am-Wv. CXv hy-‡n-Isf \nb-ae - w-LI - c- n¬ \n∂pw i‡-cmb As√-¶n¬ kº-∂c- mb {]am-Wn-am-cn\n∂pw _e-{]-tbm-K-sam∂pw D-≠m-ImsX kwc-£n-°p-∂p. kz-Im-cy kzØv hy-hÿ F√m-h¿°pw kaq-l-Øn¬ Hcp ]¶m-fn-Øw \¬Ip-Ibpw kam[m-\-]-c-amb klh¿Øn-X-z-Øn\v Xmev]-cyw P\n-∏n°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

116

kzØpw \oXnbpw

kz-Øh - I - m-iØ - n¬ \n∂v F√m-h¿°pw t\´-߃ D-≠m-hp-∂p. AXv kz¥w hn`-hß - ƒ \∂mbn ]cn-]m-en-°m\pw Imcy-£a- ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°m\pw AXv hgn DXv]m-Z\ - £ - a- a- mb aqe[\w sI´n∏Sp-°m\pw \ne-\n¿Øm\pw t{]m’mln-∏n-°p-∂p. Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Øn¬ kz-Ø-h-Im-i-sa-∂Xv Nne¿°p am{X-ap≈ Hcp {]tX-yI B\p-Iq-eya√. CsX-√m-h¿°pw th-≠n Xpd-∂n-´ncn-°p∂p AXv F√m-h¿°pw {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-hp-am-Wv.

\nb-ah - mgvN \oXnsbIs≠Ø{]Xn^eßfpw in£-Ifpw sImSp-°p- ∂Xn\v ASn-ÿm-\a- mb \nb-aß - sf bmWv \oXn ]c-ma¿in-°p-∂Xv . CXv ASn-ÿm\s∏Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv BfpIƒ Ah-cpsS {]h¿Øn-If- psS ^e-ambn F¥mtWm A¿ln-°p-∂Xv F∂ \ΩpsS am\p-jn-I] - c- a- mb s]mXp- hnIm-cß - f- n-em-Wv. DZm-lc- W - Ø - n-\v, Hcmƒ a\-]q¿∆-ambn a‰p-≈-hsc D]-{Z-hn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬, A{-IaØn\n-c-bm-bh¿°v \jvS-]-cn-lmcw Abmƒ sIm-Sp-°-W-sa∂pw Abm-fpsS Ip‰-IrX-y-Øn\v A¿l-amb in£ A\p`hn°-W-sa-∂p-ap≈ Imc-y-Øn¬ an°-hmdpw P\-߃ A\p-Iq-en°pw. \Ωp°p kz-¥-ambn cq]-s∏-SpØn FSp-°m-\m-hp∂ H∂√ \nb-a-hmgvN. Ah \ΩpsS {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Hcp `mK-am-Wv. Nne Bfp-Iƒ hni-z-kn-bv°p∂Xv CØcw {]IrXn \nb-aß - ƒ \ΩpsS krjvSn-I¿Ømhv X∂-Xm-sW∂pw AXp \ΩpsS aX-Øn-eqsS shfn-s∏-Sp∂p F∂p-amWv t\mt_¬ tPXmhv kmº-ØnI imkv{X-⁄\pw XXz-Nn-¥-I-\p-amb F^v. F. lmbvIns\ (F.A. Hayek) t]mep≈ a‰p Nne¿°v ]cn-Wm-a-]c-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sm-Wp-≈Xv. Ah¿ hmZn°p-∂-Xv, \nb-a-hmgvN \tΩm-sSm∏w hf¿∂p hcp∂ H∂mWv ImcWw Hcp kmaq-lnI Pohn-bmbn kam-[m-\-]-c-ambn HsØm-cp-an®p Pohn°m≥ AXv \sΩ klm-bn-°p-∂p. c≠p Xc-Øn¬ ]d-™mepw, \ap-°p≈n¬ kzm-`m-hn-Ia- mb \oXn-sb°p-dn-®p≈ Ah-t_m[w kl-Ic- W - s- Øbpw \√ coXn-bn¬ {]-h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp a\p-jy kaq-l-sØbpw {]-N-cn-∏n-°phm≥ klm-bn-bv°p-∂p. \Ωp°v CØcw Ah-t_m-[tam A\o-Xn-sb-°pdn®p≈ Adnthm Cs√-¶n¬ ˛ Bfp-Iƒ sIm≈-bS- n-°s- ∏-Sp-tºmtgm sIm√s∏-Sp-tºmtgm AXn-s\-Xnsc \Ωƒ {]Xn-Ic- n-°msX Ccn-°p-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬˛ \ap°v A[n-I-Imew AXn-Po-hn-°pI C√.

117

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

AXp-sIm≠-v Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Ønse \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k`bvt°m \oXn\-ymbhIp-∏nt\m \oXn Fßs\ Bbn-cn-°-W-sa∂v A\p-im-kn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bn-√. GXp Xc-Øn-ep≈ \nb-a-߃ Ah¿ \S-∏n-em-°n-bmepw AXv {]Ir-Xn-bpsS `mK-amb \nb-a-߃s°mƒ ^e-{]-Ztam anI-®tXm BIm≥ Xc-an-√. Ah¿°p sNøm-hp∂ Hcp Imc-yta D≈q, F¥mWv \nb-a-hmgvN F∂p Is≠-Øp-I.3 s]mXp-hmb \nb-a-Øn-s‚tbm As√-¶n¬ Xt±i \nba hy-h-ÿ-bpsS \SØn-∏ntem Hcmƒ°v CXv a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw. hy-‡nI-ƒ XΩn-ep≈ X¿°-߃, DZm-lc- W - Ø - n-\v, Ab¬°m¿ XΩn-ep≈ AXn¿Øn {]iv\ß - ƒ, CsX√mw tImS-Xn-bn¬ FØp-∂p. B tIkns‚ {]tXyI hkvXpXIƒ ]cnK-Wn®p \oXnbp‡amb Xo¿∏v tImSXn Iev]n-°Ww. Nne Imcy-ßfnhyXykvXhpw Nne Imc-yß - fn¬ kam-\h - pamb c≠-ma- s- Xmcp AXn¿Øn X¿° tIkv hcp-tºmƒ AXn¬ \oXnbp‡amb Xo¿∏v Iev]n-°p-hm≥ tImS-Xn°v as¡mcp ]cn-{iaw \S-tØ≠-n hcp-∂p. \ym-bm-[n-]∑ - m¿ tkz-—m-]c- a- mbn Xocpam\w FSp-°p-∂n-√. Ah¿ ]pXnb kµ¿`-Øn-¬ Zo¿L-Imeambn AwKoIcn® XX-z-߃ As√-¶n¬ \S-]-Sn-{I-a-߃ {]tbm-Kn°p-∂p. Aßs\ Zo¿LIm-e-ap≈ Hcp ]co£W]camb \S-]-Sn-{I-a-Øn-eqsS Ab¬°m¿ XΩnep≈ s]cp-am-‰ß - f- n¬ F¥mWv \oXn-Ic- n-°m-hp-∂s- X∂pw A√m-Øs- X∂pw D≈ s]mXp-hmb Hcp [mcW Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂p. \oXn \nb-a-tam, [m¿Ωn-I-Xtbm As√-¶n¬ ka-X-ztam A√ Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Ønse \nb-a-hm-gvN-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ LSIw Fs¥∂m¬ AXv F√m-hc- nepw Hcp-t]mse {]tbm-Kn-°W - s- a-∂X - m-Wv. Htc kmlN-c-y-Øn-ep≈ hy-X-ykvX Bfp-Iƒ Htc coXn-bn¬ ]cn-]m-en-°-s∏-S-Ww. \nb-ahpw \oXnbpw F√m-bvt∏mgpw H∂mhn-√. DZm-lc-WØ - n-\v, \nbaw F√mbvt∏mgpw P\-ßsf Xpe-y-cmbn ]cn-]m-en-bv°n-√. Ah Nne-t∏mƒ \n¿Ωn®n-cn-°p-∂Xv {]amWn h¿§-ßfm¬ Bbn-cn-°mw, AX-hc- psS kp-lr-Øpsf klm-bn-°p-hm\pw FXn-cm-fn-Isf C√mbva sNøp-hm\pw th≠-nb - m-bn-cn°pw D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂-Xv. CsX√mw A\ymbamb \nb-a-ß-fm-Wv. 3. F^v F tlbvIv, Zv antdPv Hm^v tkmj-y¬ PÃo-kv, bqWn-th-gvkn‰n Hm^v Nn°mtKm {] v, Nn°mtKm 2, 1978 3.

118

This point is made in F. A. Hayek, The Mirage of Social Justice, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1978.

kzØpw \oXnbpw

\oXnbpw [m¿Ωn-IX - bpw H∂-√. Iptd Bƒ°m¿ Icp-Xp-∂Xv hnhm-lØ - n\p apºp≈ ssewKnI _‘w Atß-b‰w kZm-Nm-c-hn-cp≤-am-sW-∂m-Wv. ]t£ AXn\m¬ AXv A\oXn-bmhp-∂n-√. ]c-kv]c kΩ-X-tØmsS \S°p∂ CØcw {]h¿Øn-Iƒ a‰v B¿°pw lm\n-Ic- a- m-hp-∂n-√, AXpsIm≠v \ncp-]-{Zh \nb-a-Øn≥ Iogn¬ CXv sNøp-∂-hsc in£bv°v hnt[-b-cm°p-∂Xv \ymba√. IqSmsX, \nb-aß - ƒ AØcw {]h¿Øn-Isf in£n-°pI-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXv A\o-Xn-I-c-amb \nb-a-ß-fm-hpw. Ah-cpsS s]cp-am‰w Ip‰-Ic- a- m-sW∂v a‰p-≈h - ¿ ]d-bp-∂Xp sIm≠-p am{Xw Ahsc \nbaw in£n°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AhnsS \Ω-fn¬ B¿°pw Hcp kzm-X-{¥-yhpw D-≠m-bncn°p-I-bn-√.

AXp-t]mse Xs∂ ka-X-zhpw \nXnbv°p kam-\-a-√. kXyw Fs¥-∂m¬, Ipd-®p-t]¿ kº-∂cpw Ipd-®p-t]¿ Zcn-{Zcpw BWv F∂Xp-sIm≠-v Hcp kaqlw A\o-Xn-I-c-am-Ip-∂n-√. ka-X-z-apff Hcp kaq-lsØ t]mse Hcp Ak-aXz kaq-lhpw \oXn]q¿∆IamImw. P\-߃ Bscbpw sIm≈-bSn-°msX As√-¶n¬ _ew {]tbm-Kn°msX \nb-am-\p-kr-X-ambn kºØv D-≠m-°p-∂p F¶n¬, Ah-cpsS {]h¿Ø\w \oXn-bp-‡a- m-Wv. kz-Im-cy kzØns\ hna¿in°p∂ Nne¿ hmZn-°p-∂-Xv, tamj-W-Øn-eqsS am{Xta kzØp-°ƒ kºm-Zn°p-hm≥ Ignbq F∂m-Wv. CXv kX-y-a-√. D]-tbm-K-iq-\-yambpwBh-i-y-an-√m-sXbpw InS-°p∂ Hcp hnP-\-`q-an-bn¬ Ah-Im-ihmZw D∂-bn®v BZyw hcp-∂-bmƒ a‰p≈ B¿°pw Hcp t{Zmlhpw sNøp-∂n-√. ]n∂oSv AhnsS Ah¿ Irjn sNbvtXm As√-¶n¬ AhsS \n∂pw hnes∏´ teml-߃ Is-≠Øntbm t\´-߃ D-≠m-°p-tºmƒ AX-hc- psS `mKyam-Wv, AXn¬ a‰p≈ B¿°pw Hcp \jvShpw kw`-hn-°p-∂n-√, AXp-sIm≠v Hcp A\o-Xnbpw AhnsS sNø-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. AXp-t]mse Hcp kwcw-`-I≥ GsX-¶nepw ]pXn-sbmcp Dev]∂ - tam {]{Inbtbm I≠-p] - n-Sn-°p-Ibpw AXv hmßp-hm≥ Xøm-dm-hp∂ D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v hn‰v kºØv D-≠m-°p-∂X - na‰p-≈-h-cmcpw t{Zmln-°-s∏-Sp-∂n√ t\sc-a-dn®v B ]pXn-b I≠p]nSpØ Øn¬ \n∂pap≈ {]tbm-P\w temIw apgp-h≥ e`n-°p-∂p. \oXn \n¿∆lWw (\oXn \S-∏n-em-°¬) Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-lØ - ns‚ apJy e£yw _e-{]-tbmKw Ipd-®p-sIm≠-phcnI-bm-Wv. ]t£ \oXn Fß-s\-bm-bmepw \n¿∆ln°s∏SWw. Bfp-Iƒ a‰p-≈-hsc D]-{Z-hn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ ]ng Npa-Øntbm As√-¶n119

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

Pbn-en-e-St®m Ah¿ in£n-°-s∏-S-W-sa∂v \Ωƒ {]Xo-£n-°p-∂p. AXn\¿∞w Ip‰-hm-fn-Iƒs°-Xnsc _e-{]-tbmKw D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂p. \oXn \S-∏m-°-W-sa-¶n¬ Nne Xc-Øn-ep≈ _e-{]-tbm-K-߃ AX-ym-h-i-y-am-Wv. s]mXp A[n-Im-c-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ CØcw _e-{]-tbm-K-ß-fpsS IpØI \¬-In-s°m≠-v Hcp kz-X{¥ kaqlw Cu {]iv\w ]cn-lc- n-°p-∂p. Ah¿°pam-{Xta _ew{]tbmKn°m≥ Ign-bq, At∏mƒ t]mepw \oXn \S-∏n-em-°phm\pw ]uc-∑msc cmP-yØ - n-\I - Øpw ]pd-Øp-ap≈ i{Xp-°f- n¬ \n∂pw kwc£n°p-hm\pw Hs° am{Xta Cu i‡n-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hq. a‰p hy-‡nIƒ CØcw i‡n-Isf D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂Xv \ntcm-[n-bv°-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. _e-{]-tbm-K-Øns‚ IpØ-Im-[n-Imcw k¿°m-cn-\m-sW-¶n¬ AXv I¿i\-ambpw \nb-{¥-Wh - n-t[-ba- m-bncn°-Ww. a\p-jy- c- m-emWv k¿°m-cp-Iƒ cq]s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv, Hcp a\p-j-y\pw _e-{]-tbm-K-Øn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw \njv]£ambn sNøpsa∂v hnizkn°m\mhn√. CØcw A[n-Im-c-ßsf kz¥w Xmev]c- y- ß - ƒ°v D]-tbm-Ks- ∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p≈ {]tem`\w hfsc IqSpX-em-Wv-.

AXn-\-\p-k-cn-®v, Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Ønse \oXn-h-y-h-ÿ-bn¬ A[n-Imc ÿm]\-ß-fpsS CØcw A[n-Im-c-߃ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠- I¿i\-amb \nb-aß - fpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. DZm-lc-WØ - n-\v, At\-zj - W - Ø - nepw Ad-Ãn-epw, Fßs\ tIkp-Iƒ hnNm-cW \S-ØW - w, Fßs\ in£ hn[n°Ww Fs∂m-s°-bp≈ Imc-y-ß-ƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn¬ _‘-s∏´ A[nIm-c-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS ta¬ I¿i-\-amb N´-߃ Npa-Øn-bn-´p≠v Cu \S]-Sn-{I-aß - f- psS \nb-aß - ƒ Fßs\ Xocp-am-\ß - ƒ FSp-°W - s- a-∂X - ns\ Ipdn-®m-Wv, F¥v Xocp-am\w FSp-°-W-sa-∂-Xns\ Ipdn-®-√. \oXn-\-ymb \S]SnIƒ kX-y-k-‘-ambpw \oXn-bp-‡-ambpw \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\p th-≠n CØcw \nb-a-߃ ]n≥Xp-c-tc-≠Xv AX-ym-h-i-y-a-mWv. \oXn-bvs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ `oj-Wn-Iƒ A[n-Im-cn-If- psS _ew-{]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ A[n-Im-cØ - m¬ hy-‡n-Iƒ A\ymb-ambn Ip‰m-tcm-]W hnt[-b-cm-Im-Xn-cn-°W-sa-¶n¬ Cu N´-°qSv IqSpX¬ ZrV-am-bn-cn-t°≠-Xv B-h-i-y-am-Wv. CXv \oXn°p th≠nbmWv X߃ {]h¿Øn°p∂Xv F∂v Nn¥n°p∂ P\ßfm¬ t]mepw \n¿∆ln°s∏Sm Xncn°m≥ Ffp∏amWv. DZm-lc- W - Ø - n-\v, \ym-bm-[n-]∑ - m¿ Nne-t∏mƒ Nn¥n°pw

120

kzØpw \oXnbpw

Ah-cpsS tPmenbpsS e£yw \nb-a-Øns‚ \S-]-Sn-{I-a-߃ ]n≥Xp-S-cp∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ \oXnbp‡amb-amb Hcp Xo¿∏v ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°pI F∂-XmsW-∂v. ]t£ CØcw \nba]camb ap≥ssI \oXn-°p-ta¬ \ym-bm-[n-]s‚ hy-‡n-]-c-amb A`n-{]mbw ASn-t®¬∏n-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. CXpw Hcp \oXn-\n¿h-lW \S-]-Sn-bpsS A\-¥-c-^-esØ {]h-N-\m-Xo-X-am-°p-∂p, Hmtcm \ym-bm-[n-]-s‚bpw ho£-W-a-\p-k-cn®v Htc kz-`m-h-ap≈ Ip‰-Øn\v hy-Xy- k - vXß - f- mb in£-Iƒ \¬tI≠-n hcp-∂p. CXv A[n-Im-cØ - n¬ Ccn°p∂-h¿°v \oXn-\-ymb Xo¿∏p-I-fn¬ kzm-[o\w sNep-Øp-hm≥ D-b¿∂-tXmXn-ep≈ Ah-k-c-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂p, A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ Ccn-°p-∂-h¿°v \ym- b m- [ n- ] - ∑ msc ssI°qen sImSptØm `oj- W n- s ∏- S p- Ø ntbm kzm-[o-\n-°m≥ Ign-™m¬ Bfp-I-fpsS in£-Iƒ Ah¿°p am‰m≥ Ign-bpw. F∂m¬ Hmtcm tIknepw Dd-∏mbpw ]n≥Xp-S-tc≠- Hcp i‡-amb \nba hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ AhnsS Ds≠-¶n¬ CØcw kzm-[o-\-߃ \nb-{¥n°phm≥ Ign-bpw. tImS-Xn°p ap∂n¬ hcp-∂-h¿°p≈ apJ-y-amb kwc-£W am-Wn-Xv. \oXn-\-ymb \n¿∆l-WsØ \in-∏n-°p∂ as‰mcp kao-]\w kmaq-ly \oXnsb∂ Bi-ba- m-Wv. kz-Øn-s‚bpw hcp-am-\Ø - n-s‚bpw Xpey hnX-cWw IcpXn-°q´n \S-∏n-em-°p-tºmƒ AXv kz-Øn-s‚bpw \oXn-bp-sSbpw XX-z-߃°v FXncmbn \n¬°p∂p. Xpe-y-ambn hnX-cWw sNøWsa-¶n¬ kz-Øv Ipd®p Bfp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw FSpØv a‰p-≈-h¿°v \¬tI≠-n hcp-∂p. P\߃°v kz-Øp-°ƒ ssIhiw hbv°p-hm\pw AhcpsS lnXm\pkcWw AXv hn{Ibw \S-Øp-hm\pw D≈ DS-aÿ - mh-Im-isØ C√m-Xm-°p-Ib - mWv CXv sNøp-∂-Xv. \Ωƒ Hcn-°¬ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v AXn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw \¬In-bm¬ ]ns∂ Bcpw kpc-£n-X-cm-bn-cn°n-√. kwcw-`-߃ C√m-XmIpw; kz-Øp-°ƒ A[n-Im-ch - ¿§-߃°v I≠-ps- I-´m≥ Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ F¥n\p-th≠-n Hcmƒ sh√p-hf- n-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-°W - w, F¥n-\p-th≠-n kz-Øp-°ƒ kºm-Zn-bv°p-hm≥ ITn-\m-≤-zm\w sNø-Ww? F∂n-cp-∂m-epw, DS-aÿ - m-hI - m-iØ - n\p th≠-n \S-∏n-em-°p∂ Hcp-t]m-ep≈ \nb-a-߃ F√m-bvt∏mgpw ]q¿Æ-ambpw hy-‡X D≈-Xm-bn-cn-°n-√. Hcp Xp≠- v `qan- b n¬ D≈ Fs‚ DS- a - ÿ m- h - I miw B `qan°- S n- b nse [mXp]Zm¿∞-ßsf NqjWw sNøp-hm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw F\n°p Xcp∂pt-≠m? Hcp hnam-\-Øn¬ Fs‚ `qanbv°p apI-fn-eqsS Bfp-Iƒ bm{X

121

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

sNøp-∂X - ns\ XS-bp-hm≥ DS-aÿ - m-hI - miw Fs∂ A\p-hZ- n-°p-∂pt≠m?

ASp-Øp≈ ^mIvSd- n-bnse NnΩn-\n-bn¬ \n∂pw han-°p∂ ]pI-bm¬ Fs‚ A¥-co£w aen-\a- m-Ip-∂Xp XS-bm≥ F\n°p Ign-bptam? CØcw hniZmwi-ßfpw Xocp-am-\n-bvt°-≠Xp≠-v.4 Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-lØ - n¬, Ah-sb√mw XpS¿®-bmbn ]cn-tim-[n®pw ip≤o-I-cn®pw bYm¿∞ \oXn-hyhÿIƒ Fs¥∂v Nq≠n°m´m≥ am{Xw {ian°p∂ \ym- b m- [ n- ] - ∑ m- c mXocpam\n°s∏Sp∂p. kzm-`m-hnI \oXn Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-lØ - n¬, F√m \nb-a\ - n¿Ωm-Whpw \nb-a\ - n¿h-lW - hpw \nXn-bpsS XX-zß - sf Xo¿®-bmbpw ]n≥Xp-Sc- Ww ˛ a\p-jy- Ø - z- Ø - n¬ AKm[-ambn thcq-∂n-bn-´p≈Xn\m¬˛ B XX-z-ßsf kzm-`m-hnI \oXn F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.

BZ-ya- m-bn, Hcp \nbaw Adn-bs- ∏-Sp-∂Xpw hy-‡a- m-bXpw ZrV-am-bXpw Bbncn-°-Ww. Hcp \nbaw cl-k-y-am-btXm As√-¶n¬ Ft∏mgpw amdn-s°m≠--ncn-bv°p-∂tXm BsW-¶n¬, hy-‡n-Iƒ°p Adn-bm≥ Ign-bn√ Ah¿ B \nbaw ewLn-°-bmtWm F∂v, AXp-sIm≠-p Xs∂ Ah¿°p Ip‰m-tcm-]W-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw kzbw kwc-£n-°p-hm\pw Ign-bn-√. \nb-a-߃ ap≥Iq´n Adn-bp-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-hbpw IqSn Bbn-cn-bv°-Ww. \nbaw _m[-I-amtWm A√tbm F∂pw \nbaw ew-Ln-®m¬ AXns‚ Zqjy^-e-߃ Fs¥ms° Bbn-cn°pw F∂-dn-bm≥ hy-‡n-Iƒ°v Ign-bWw. Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-lØ - n¬ BsW-¶n¬ t]mepw an°-hmdpw \nb-aß - ƒ sImp-h-cp-∂Xv Xo{h-hm-ZsØ sNdp-°p-hmt\m As√-¶n¬ kwLw tN¿∂p≈ Ip‰-Ir-Xy- ß - ƒ XS-bmt\m t]mep≈ Hcp Dt±-it- ØmsS BsW∂p Icp-XpI, F∂m¬ B \nbaw ]n∂oSv XnI®pw hy-X-y-kvX-amb e£-y-߃°v {]tbm-Kn°p-I-s∏SpIbmsW¶n¬ ]uc-∑m¿ hfsc sNdnb Ip‰-߃°p t]mepw ITn-\-amb in£-Iƒ°p Cc-I-fmbn Xocpw. c-≠m-a-Xmbn \nb-a-߃ Hc-n-°epw ap≥Ime {]m_-e-y-tØmsS D≈-Xm-hm≥ ]mSn-√. Ah `mhn {]h¿ØnIƒ°p am{Xta _m[Iamhq. Aß-s\-b√m 4. Cu Bibw D∂bn-®Xv an¬´¨ {^oUvta\pw tdmkv {^oUvta-\pw, Im∏n-‰-enkw B‚ v {^o-Uw, bqWn-th-gvkn‰n Hm^v Nn°mtKm {] v, 2, 1962 4.

122

This point is raised by Milton Friedman and Rose Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1962.

kzØpw \oXnbpw

F¶n¬ P\-߃ sNøp∂ ka-bØv \nb-a-]-c-am-bn-cp-∂- {]h¿ØnIƒ°v, ]n∂oSv Ah¿ Ip‰mtcm]nXcmhpw. ho-≠pw, kz-X{¥ kaq-l߃ F∂v ]dbs∏Sp∂h CXn¬ ]cm-Pb - s- ∏-Sp-∂p. DZm-lc- W - Ø - n-\v, 2008 ¬ bpssW‰Uv InMvUw \nbaw, AXn\p apºsØ \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWØn¬ ]m m-°nbn-cp∂ Nne \nIp-Xn-˛-c-lnX ]≤-Xn-Isf d±m-°n-b-Xp-aqew B ka-bØv Hcp \nb-ae - w-L\ - hpw \S-Øn-bn-´n-√mØ 3,000 Bfp-Iƒ°v \nIpXn _m[yX Npa-Øn. aq∂m-asØ \oXn-bpsS \nbaw Fs¥-∂m¬ {]mh¿ØnIa√mØ Imcy߃ sNøm≥ \nb-aØ - n\v Ah-Im-is- ∏-Sm≥ Ign-bn-√. ImcWw Nne-t∏mƒ AXnP\-߃°v \nb-a-ew-L\w Hgn-hm-°p-∂Xv Akm-[-y-ambnØocpw. kz-X{¥w F∂v ]dbs∏Sp∂ cmP-y-ßfpw CXn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. {]tXyIn®pw \nba߃ G¡pap´p∂bnSßfn¬ A{]Imcw AKv\nkpc£ \nba߃ sI´nSapSatbmSv- - AKv - \nkpc£ kwhn[m\w D≠m°m≥ Bhiys∏Spw F∂m¬ am‰ßƒ hcpØm≥ Bkq{XW\nba߃ A\phZn °n√.AXn\m¬ Fßs\bmbmepw sI´nSapSabv°v \nbaw ewLnt°≠ Xmbn hcpw. CXnepwAe-´p∂ {]iv\w \oXn-]q¿∆-a-√mØ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ AhcpsS FXn-cm-fn-Isf Ip‰-hn-t[-b-cm°n hnNm-cW sNøp-∂-Xn-\mbn a\-]q¿∆w {]mtbm-Kn-I-a-√mØ \nb-a-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-s®∂p hcmw. kzm-`m-hnI \oXn-bpsS as‰mcp apJ-y-amb \nbaw \nc-]-cm-[n-Xzw A\p-am\n- ° - e m- W v . Bcp- s S- s b- ¶ nepw t]cn- e p≈ Ip‰m- t cm- ] Ww F{X kv]jvSamsW¶nepw Abmƒ Ip‰-°m-c-\m-sW∂v sXfn-bn-°-s∏Spw hsc Ahsc Ip‰-hm-fn-bmbn ImWp-hm≥ Ign-bn-√. \n¿Æm-b-I-ambpw A[n-Imc-ÿm-]-\-ß-fmWv Ah-cpsS Ip‰wsXfn-bn-t°-≠Xv, Ahc√ Ah-cpsS \nc-]c- m-[n-Xzw sXfn-bn-t°-≠Xv F∂mWv A¿∞am°p∂Xv. CXv Ah-cpsS FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS ta¬ hymP Btcm-]-W-߃ NpaØn Ahsc ]oUn-∏n-°p∂- k¿°m¿ {]h¿Øn-Isf XS-bp-∂p. P\-ßsf in£bv°v hnt[-bc- m°pw apºv AhcpsS ta¬ B- t cm- ] n- ® n- c n- ° p∂ Ip‰- ß ƒ tImS- X n- b nsXfn-bn-°-Ww. Ah-km-\sØ apJy XXzw Fs¥-∂m¬ \ym-bm-[n-]-∑mcpw tImS-Xn-Ifpw cmjv{Sob A[n-Im-cn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw kz-X-{¥-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw \S-Øp-∂-h¿°pw hn[n \n¿Æbw \S-Øp-∂-h¿°pw CS-bn¬ A[n-Im-c߃ hn`-Pn®p \¬tI-≠Xv AX-ym-h-i-y-am-Wv. \ym-bm-[n-]-∑m¿ Hcn-°epw 123

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

cmjv{So-b-°m-cpsS shdp-samcp GP‚m-hm≥ ]mSn-√, Ah-cpsS cmjv{Sob ImgvN∏ - m-Sp-Iƒ Hcn-°epw Ah¿ ssIIm-cyw sNøp∂ tIkp-If- p-ambn _‘s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ]mSn√. \ym-bm-[n-]∑ - m¿ cmjv{So-b° - m-cp-ambn ASpØ _‘w ]pe-¿Øp-∂h - c- m-sW-¶n¬ Ah-sc hfsc Ffp-∏Ø - n¬ kzm-[o-\n-°p-hmt\m As√-¶n¬ `oj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp-hmt\m Ign-bpw. At∏mƒ B tImSXn \S-]Sn-Iƒ kX-yk - ‘ - a- mb \oXn-\n¿h-lW - Ø - n-\√ - msX cmjv{So-b°m-cpsS Xmev]c-y-߃ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\p am{X-ambn amdpw. IqSp-X¬ kz-X-{¥-amb kaql-ßf- n¬ \ym-bm-[n-]∑ - msc \nb-an-°p-hm≥ kz-X{¥ kan-Xn-Iƒ D≠-v, As√¶n¬ Ahsc PohnX-Im-e-tØ°v \nb-an-°pw. CXv cmjv{So-b-°m-cpsS CSs]-S¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw Ipd-bv°pw.

\nb-ah - mgvN \nb-a-hm-gvN-bpsS A¿∞w \nb-a-hm-gvN-tbmfw hy-‡-ambn as‰m∂pw Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-lsØ kzX{¥a√m-Ø-Xn¬ \n∂pw th¿Xn-cn-bv°p-∂n-√. GIm-[n-]-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw cmjv{So-b° - m-cp-sSbpw tkz-—m-]c- a- mb tXm∂-ym-kß - t- f-°mƒ hy-‡a- m-bXpw s]mXp-hm-bX - p-amb \nb-aØ - ns‚ XX-zß - f- m¬ ]uc-∑m¿ `cn°-s∏-SWw F∂XmWv Cu Bi-bw. \nb-ak - m-am-Pn-I¿°v Ah¿°n-jvSa- p-≈Xp t]mse sNøphm≥ Ign-bn-√. Ah-cpsS \nbaw Ah-cpƒs∏sS F√m-h-cnepw Xpe-y-ambn _m[Iam°Ww. \nb-ah - m-gvNb - psS e£yw tkz-—m-[n-]X - n-If- mb A[n-Im-cn- IfpsS {]h¿ØnI-fn¬ \n∂pw ]uc-∑msc kwc-£n-bv°p-I- F∂-Xm-Wv. i‡-nI-fp-sS IpØIm-[n-Imcw \Ωƒ k¿°m-cn\p \¬-Ip-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬, A-Xh - ¿ DØchmZnXz tØmsS s]mXp-hmbn Dt±-in-®n-´p≈ Imc-y-߃°pw Nne {]am-Wn-h¿§ßƒ°p am{-X-a-√msX apgp-h≥ kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw KpWØn-\p-th≠-n D]tbm-Kn°p-∂p-sh∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. A[n-Im-cØ - n¬ Ccn-°p-∂h - ¿ Ip‰-߃ sNbvXmepw a‰p-≈h - ¿°p \¬Ip∂ AtX {Inan-\¬ in£ Xs∂ Ah¿°pw sImSp-°p-∂-sX∂v \nb-a-hmgvN Dd-∏m-°p-∂p. Bi-¶bv°p hI \¬Ip∂{X cmP-yß - ƒ Ah-cpsS k¿°mcnse ap≥ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isfbpw \ne-hn-ep≈hscbpw \nb-a-]-cn-[n-bn\n∂pw Hgn-hm-°n-bn-´p≠-v AXns‚ ^e-sa-t∂mWw AØcw t\Xm-°ƒ \oXn\-ym-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw c£s∏´n-´p-ap≠-v. ASn-ÿm\cln-Xhpw (cm-jv{So-b-

124

kzØpw \oXnbpw

]-c-ambn Btcm-]-n-°-s∏-´-h) D]-{Z-h-I-c-hp-amb hnNm-c-W-I-fn¬ \n∂pw {]ikvX hy-‡n-Is- ftbm˛ a‰m-sc-sb-¶n-eptam kwc-£n-°p-∂Xpt]m-ep≈ ]gp-Xp-Iƒ Nne-bn-Sß - f- n¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-s≠ - ¶nepw bYm¿∞-amb \oXn\n¿h-l-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw Btcbpw Hgn®p \n¿Øp-∂n-√. \nb-a-hmgvN A[nImcnIfpsS Ft∏mgpw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn°p-∂Xpw tkz—-]c- hp-amb Xocp-am-\ß - tf°mƒ s]mXp-hm-bXpw Zo¿L-Imew \ne-\n¬°p∂-Xp-amb XX-z-ß-fn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv. \nbaØn\v ap∂n¬ Xpey \nXn, \nb-a-Øns‚ icn-bmb \S-]-Sn-{I-a-߃, Hcp kz-X{¥ \nXn-\-ymb hzyh-ÿ, apJw t\m°m-sX-bp≈ \nXn-\n¿h-l-Ww, tl_n-bkv tIm¿∏kv (hn-Nm-cW IqSmsX Pbn-en¬ AS-®n-cn-°p∂ Bsf tImSXn apºmsI lm\-cm-°phm-\p≈ A\p-im-k-\), A[n-Im-cn-I-fm¬ ]oVn-∏n-°-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°¬ (Cc´ hn]ØvF∂p hnfn-°s- ∏-Sp-∂, Hcmsf Htc Ip‰-Øn\v ho≠-pw ho≠-pw hnNmcW sNbvXv ]oVn-∏n°p∂ coXn), \nc-]-cm-[n-Xzw A\p-am-\n°¬ (Ip‰w sXfn-b-n°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-hsc \nßsf Ip‰-hm-fn-bmbn ImWm-Xn-cn-°¬), \nbaØns‚ ÿnc-Xbpw {]mtbm-Kn-IX - bpw hnizkvXXbpw XpS-ßnb kzm`m-hnI \oXnsb CXv \ap°v Dd∏v Xcp-∂p. \n¿Æm-b-I-ambpw, \nb-a\n¿ΩmWw \S-Øp-∂h - cpw a‰p-≈h - s- c-t∏mse B \nb-aØ - ns‚ ]cn-[n-bnDƒs∏-Sp-∂p. F{X Xs∂ D∂-X∑ - m-cm-bn-cp-∂mepw Ah-cpsS {]h¿Øn-Iƒ Ah¿ DØchmZnIf√ F¶n¬Hcp kaqlw Hcn-°epw kz-X-{¥-am-hpIn√. \nb-a-hm-gvNsb kwc-£n-bv°\nb-a-hm-gvNsb A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Zp¿hn-\n-tbmKw sNøm-Xn-cn°p-hm≥ cmPy߃°v hy-X-ykvX am¿§-ß-fp-≠v. enJnX `c-W-L-S-\, s]mXp-hmb \nb-aØnepw Iogvhg-°-ß-fp-sSbpw ASnÿm\Øn¬D≈ \nXn-\-ymb \S-]-SnIƒ, kzm-`m-hnI \oXn-tbm-Sp≈ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb {]Xn_≤X F∂nh CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. \nb-a-hm-gvNbv°v IqSp-X¬ i‡n ]I-cm≥ enJnX `c-W-L-S\bv°v Ignbpw. {]amWnh¿§-ßfpw Ip’nX Xmev]c- y- ß - fpw A[n-Im-cØ - n¬ kzm-[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xpw ]pXp-Xmbn FgpXn D≠-m-°p∂ `c-W-L-S-\hfs®mSn°m≥ Ah¿°v kzm-[n\w sNep-Øp-hm≥ Ignbpw F∂-Xn-\mepw Hcp ]IzX h∂ cmP-yt- Ø-°mƒ CØcw `c-WL - S- \ - I - ƒ Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m-°m≥ IqSp-X¬ Ffp∏w ]uc-∑m¿ BZ-yambn HØp-Iq-Sp∂ ]pXp-Xmbn cq]w

125

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

sIm≈p∂ Hcp cmP-y-Øm-Wv. tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ hcp∂ hy-X-y-kvX-ß-fmb tIkp-I-fn¬, h¿j-ß-fm-bp≈ Iogvhg-°-ßfpw \nba-hm-gvNsb klm-bn-bv°p-∂p. hy-‡n-Iƒ°v `c-WØn-en-cn-bv°p∂ \nb-ak - m-am-Pn-It- cbpw DtZ-ym-Kÿ - s- cbpw FXn¿°p-hm\pw Ah-cpsS \nXnbpw \nb-a-km-[p-Xbpw tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ tNmZyw sNøp-hm\pw Ign-bpw. kmh-[m-\w, Iogvhg-°ß - ƒ ]n≥Xp-Sc- p∂ Hcp kanXn DtZ-ym-Kÿ A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ ]cn[n \n›-bn-°p-∂p. \nb-ah - m-gvNsb Xmßn-\n¿Øp∂ aq∂m-asØ am¿§w, \oXn-\n-ba- ß - f- p-sSbpw kmaq-lnI tbmPn∏ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ XX-z-ß-fp-sSbpw {]mtbm-KnI-X-Isf Ipdn®v Nc-®-Iƒ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv. kz-X{¥ A`n-{]m-b߃ {]-_e - a- m-hp-Ibpw CØcw Bi-bß - ƒ B¿°p-th-Ws- a-¶nepw N¿® sNøp-hm-\p≈ kzm-X-{¥yw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ A[n-Im-cnIƒ°v Ah-cpsS kz¥w Xmev]-c-y-߃°mbn \nb-a-ß-sf Xncn-adn \S-Øphm\p≈ Ah-kcw \t∂ Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°pw. \nb-a-hm-gvN-bnse N¿®-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Dcp-Øp-cn-bp∂ Hcp apJy Bi-bw, Ah¿ F¥v XX-z-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-ambn `cn-°-s∏-SWw F∂Xv Xncp-am-\n-°phm-\mbn P\-߃ BZ-y-ambn HØp-Iq-Sp-tºmƒ, tamj-W-߃°pw A{I-a߃°papff in£b√msXbpffXpw AhcpsS Zo¿LIme Xm¬]cy߃ °\pkcn®pffXmsW∂h¿°v tXm∂p∂X√msXbpffHcp Imcyßfnepw _e-{]-tbm-K-w Bcpw kΩ-Xn-°n-√, - AXp-sIm≠-v \Ωƒ Imc-y-Im-c-W-tØmSp-IqSn Hcp \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Ø-Ww,AXm-bXv F√m kz-X{¥ kaq-l-ßfpw _e-{]-tbm-K-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw Hcp{]tXyI hn`mKw Bfp-Iƒ a‰p- ≈ - h sc NqjWw sNøp- ∂ Xv XS- b p--∂ s]mXp\nbaßsf ASnÿm\am°Ww. \oXn-\n¿∆lWw \nb-a-hm-gvN-bpsS kwc-£-W-Øn\v Fs¥√mw s]mXp-hmb hgn-Iƒ sXcs™-Sp-Ømepw AXns\ Xo¿®bmbpw klm-bn-°p∂ Nne FSp-Øp-]-db-Ø° LS-I-ßfpw D-≠v. \ym-bm-[n-]-∑m¿, hy-‡n-]-c-ambpw AXn-t\-°m-fp-]cn cmjv{So-b-]-c-ambpw kz-X{- ¥-cm-bn-cn-°W - w Aß-s\ A√-sb-¶n¬ \oXn-\y- mb hy-hÿ - sb Bcpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Itbm _lp-am-\n-°p-Itbm sNøn-√, am{X-hp-a√ \oXn-bpsS 126

kzØpw \oXnbpw

t]cn¬ AX-y-[n-I-amb A\ymb {]h¿Øn-Ifpw sNø-s∏-Spw. an° cmP-y-ßfnepw \ym- b m- [ n- ] - ∑ m¿ A¿l- a mb iºfw e`n- ° m- Ø - h cpw DØchmZnIf√mØ-hcpw \nco-£-W-hn-t[-b¿ BIm-Øhcp-am-Wv, AXpsIm≠-v Ah¿ tIkp-I-fpsS Xo¿∏v Iev]n°p-∂Xv \nb-a-tØ-°mƒ tImgbp-sS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cn°pw. ]I-cw, \ym-bm-[n-]-∑m¿°v Ah-c¿lnbv°p∂ {]Xn^e߃ sImSp-°p-Ibpw XpS¿®-bmbn \nco-£-W-hn-t[-bcm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ CØcw Agn-a-Xn-Iƒ Bh-i-y-ambn hcn-Itbm t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm sNøn-√. \oXn-\-ymb hy-h-ÿbv°v \s√mcp tIm-SXn `c-Whpw IqSn AX-ym-h-i-y-am-Wv. an° cmP-yß - f- n-epw, hfsc sNdn-sbmcp tIkm-sW-¶n¬ t]mepw AXv tImSXn-I-fn-se-Øm≥ amk-ßtfm Nne-t∏mƒ h¿j-߃ t]mepw FSp-tØ-°mw, CXn\p ImcWw DtZ-ym-Kÿ ta[m-hn-Xz- ß - f- psS CS-s]-Se - p-Ifpw tIkp-Iƒ ssIIm-cyw sNøp∂Xn¬ DtZ-ym-K-ÿ¿ ImWn-bv°p∂ Aew-`m-hhpw Xs∂bm- W v . Ingv h g- ° - ß - f n¬ ASn- ÿ m- \ - a mb Hcp \nb- a - h - y - h ÿbv ° v Ign™ImesØ tIkp-I-fp-sSbpw hn[n-I-fp-sSbpw thK-Øn-ep≈ e`yXbpw Bh-iy- a- m-Wv. At∏mƒ AhnsS Ign™ Iogv hg-°ß - f- psS Hcp sdt°m¿Up-Ifpw C-√ F∂ ImcWØm¬ tIkp-Iƒ A\m-hi - y-ambn tImSXn-I-fn¬ FØn-t°≠n hcn-√. an° cmP-y-ß-fnepw, t]meokpw Imc-y-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSpX¬ {]iv\-ß-fpsS `mK-am-bn´p≠-v. Bfp-Isf AdÃp sNøp-hm\pw XShn¬ hbv°p-hm\pw D≈ A[n-Imcw Ah¿°p-≈Xp sIm≠-v Ah¿°p P\-ßf- p-sS-ta¬ Ip‰-߃ Npa-Øp-hm\pw Agn-aX - n-bn-eqsS Ah¿°v t\´ßƒ D≠-m-°p-hm\pw Ign-bpw. DtZ-ym-K-ÿ¿ bYm¿∞-am-btXm As√-¶nkrjvSn®tXm \n m-c-amb {Sm^nIv Ip‰-߃ NpaØn sNdnb ]ng-Iƒ CuSm°p-∂Xv AXn-s\mcp kqN-Ia- m-Wv. CXv \nehnepff kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ `mKambn amdpw ˛ ]t£ Hcn°¬ \Ωƒ Agn-a-Xn-bpsS XX-zsØ Aw-Ko-I-cn®p Ign-™m¬ ChnsS Hcp \nb-a-Øn\pw IqSpX¬ hn\m-i-I-amb Imc-y-ßsf XS-bm≥ Ign-bn-√. t]meokns\ icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ ]cn-io-en-∏n-t°-≠Xpw \nco-£n-t°≠-Xpw AX-ym-h-i-y-am-Wv. Ah-¿s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ ]cm-Xn-Iƒ At\-zj - n-°p-∂X - n\pw \S-]Sn FSp-°p-∂X - n\pw Hcp kz-X{¥ GP≥knsb \ntbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv KpW-I-c-am-bn-cn-°pw.

AXp-t]mse DtZ-ym-Kÿ hrµ-ßf- psS \nb-a\ - hpw cmjv{Sob kzm-[o-\a- n-√msX 127

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

tbmK-y-X-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cn°-Ww. Ah¿ icn-bmb cnXn-bnDØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzw D≈-h-cm-bn-cn-°-Ww. cmjv{So-b-]-c-amtbm hy-‡n-]-c-amtbm D≈ t\´-߃°p th≠-n Xocpam-\-߃ FSp-°p∂Xv in£n°-s∏-S-Ww. \oXnbpw \nb-a-hm-gvNbpw \ne-\n¬°-W-sa-¶n¬ Xncs™Sp∏p-Iƒ kXyk-‘-ambn \S-Ø-s∏-S-Ww. A[n-Im-cn-Iƒs-°-Xnsc hna¿i-\-ap-b¿Øp∂ ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒ°v Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-bß - ƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ kwkmc kzm-X{- ¥yw D≠-mb - n-cn-°W - w. cl-ky- a- mbn kΩ-Xn-Zm\w tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p≈ kuI-c-yhpw Xncs™Sp∏v {]h¿Ø-\-߃ kX-yk-‘-ambn \S-∏n-em-°phm≥ Hcp kz-X{¥ Xncs™Sp∏v IΩo-j\pw AhnsS D-≠m-bn-cn°-Ww. \oXnbpw kmº-ØnI ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw \nb-a-hmgvN kmº-Øn-I-]-c-ambpw IqSmsX kmaq-ln-I-ambpw {][m-\-s∏´-Xm-Wv. F√m h¿jhpw temI _m¶v _nkn-\k - n¬ G¿s∏-Sp∂Xnse Ffp∏a\p-k-cn®v cmP-y-߃°v Hmtcm ]Zhn \¬Im-dp≠-v. a‰p cmP-y-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw _nkn-\kpw \nt£-ßfpw BI¿jn-°p-I, kz¥w \m´n¬ P\-߃°v XS -ß-sfm-∂p-an-√msX hym-]mcw sNøm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-߃ krjvSn-°p-I, CsXms° kmº-ØnI ]ptcm-KX - n-bp-sSbpw P\-ßf- psS A`n-hr-≤n-bp-sSbpw kp{]-[m\ LS-I-ß-fm-Wv. Cu kqNnI {i≤n-°p-∂Xv \nIp-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw N´-ß-fp-sSbpw kpXm-c-y-X, DtZ-ym-K-ÿ¿°n-S-bn-ep≈ Agn-a-Xn-bpsS Af-hv, F{X-tØmfw A\m-bm-k-ambn P\-߃°v _nkn-\kv XpS-ßm≥ Ign-bpw, kz-Øp-°ƒ cPn-ÿ sNøp-∂X - v, AXn¿Øn-°∏ - p-da- p≈ h-ym- ]mcw, ]m∏-c-ØzsØ ssIIm-cyw sNøp-∂Xv Aßs\ ]eXpw BWv. kmº-Øn-h-y-h-ÿ-bn¬ hfsc kz-X-{¥-amb knwK-∏q¿ (km-aq-lnI kzm-X{¥yw hfsc Ipd-hm-sW-¶n-epw) Ggp h¿j-w temI-]Z- h - n-bn¬ H∂mw ÿm\Øv XpS¿-∂p. Xmc-X-ta-\y kz-X{¥ cmP-y-ß-fmb tlmt¶m-Mv, \yq-kn-em≥Uv, sU≥am¿°v,bpssW-‰Uv InMvUw, bpssW-‰Uv tÉvkv F∂nh ]n∂n-ep-≠v. ASp-Ø-Xmbn hcp-∂-Xv, kmº-ØnI kzm-X-{¥yw Ds≠-¶nepw kmaq-lnI-ambn hfsc \nb-{¥-W-߃ D≈ dn∏-ªnIv Hm^v sImdn-b-bm-Wv. Cu ]Z-hn-bn¬ G‰hpw Xmtg-X-´n¬ hcp-∂-Xv, \nXnbpw \nb-a-hm-gvNbpw Atß-b‰w Zb-\ob-amsW∂ Ip{]kn≤nbpff tImwtKm, sh\-tk-z-e, knw_m-sh, Cdm-°v, Ima-dq¨, s_mfo-hn-b, Dkvs_-°n-ÿm≥ XpS-ßnb cmP-y-ß-fm-Wv.

128

kzØpw \oXnbpw

\nb-a-hm-gvN-bv°p≈ `oj-Wn-Iƒ an°-hmdpw cmP-y-ß-fn¬, {]tX-y-In®pw hnI-kzc cmP-y-ß-fn¬ ]e Xc-Ønep≈ \oXn-h-y-h-ÿ-Iƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p≠-v. k¿°m¿Xe \nb-ahpw \oXnh-y-h-ÿ-Ifpw IqSm-sX, AhnsS ]e-t∏mgpw {]mtZ-in-Ihpw h¿§-]-chpw As√-¶n¬ aX-]-c-hp-amb \nb-a-h-y-h-ÿbpw AXpw IqSmsX kz-Im-c-ytam As√-¶n¬ hy-‡n-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ DS-ºSn N´-ßtfm Hs° \ne-hn-ep≠v. k¿°m¿h-yh - ÿ - b - n¬ Agn-aXn km[m-cW - b - mbn IqSp-Xe - m-bn-cn°pw. {]mtZin-Ihpw aX-]-chpw kz-Im-c-y-hp-amb \nb-a-h-y-h-ÿ-Ifn¬ s]mXp-hmbpw kzm-`m-hnI \oXn-bpsS AKm-[-amb kzm-[o\w D-≠-m-bn-cn-°pw, AXp-sIm≠-p Xs∂ Ah P\-߃°n-Sb - n¬ ]cs° kzo-Im-cy- h - p-am-bn-cn-bv°pw. t\tca-dn-®v, k¿°m¿ hy-hÿ ]e-t∏mgpw A[n-\n-th-i° - m-cmtem As√-¶n¬ Iømfp-∂-hcmtem ASn-t®¬∏n-°-s∏´h Bbn-cn-bv°pw. Ah¿s°-cn-bv°epw A{X kzo-Im-c-yX e`-y-am-In-√, F∂m¬ Ah-cpsS A[n-Im-chpw c£m-[n-Imchpw GsXmcp Agn-anX \S-Øp∂ Bƒ°pw NqjWw sNøm\mbn \n¬°p∂p. k¿°m- c ntem k¿°m- ¿ \oXn- \ - y mb hIp- ∏ p- I - f n- t etbm Bfp- I ƒ k¿°m-¿ A[n-Im-csØ Zpcp-]t- bmKw sNøp-∂Xv ]e-t∏mgpw sX‰mbn ImWp∂n-√. anen-´d- n-bn¬ D≈-hcpw t]men-kp-Imcpw DtZ-ym-Kÿ - cpw F√mw ssI°qen- hmßp-∂p. cmjv{So-b° - m¿ Ah-cpsS kapZm-bØ - ns‚ {]tbm-P\ - Ø - n\p th≠-ntbm Ah-cpsS kz¥w Xmev]-c-y-߃°p th-≠n-tbm- k¿°m-cns\ sIm≈-bS- n-°p-sa∂v {]Xo£n°p∂p. F∂m¬ hy‡n Pohn-XØ - n¬ F¥mWv sXs‰∂p Icp-Xp-∂pthm AXp s]mXp ]Z-hn-bnepw sX‰m-bn-cn-°-Ww. bm{Xbpw Bi-bh - n-\n-ab - hpw hfsc {]bm-kI - c- hpw {]mtZ-inI {]iv\ß - ƒ ASn-b¥nchpw \n¿Æm-bI - h - p-amb {]tZ-iß - f- n¬ CØcw ]e-hn-[Ø - n-ep≈ \nb-a-h-y-h-ÿ-Iƒ {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-tb-°mw.

a\p-jy- m-hI - miw a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-Øns‚ \n¿h-N\w CØcw \oXn-bpsS {]Xn-^e - \ - Øn¬ \n∂pw a\p-jy- m-hI - miw F∂ Bibw Db¿∂p hcp-∂p. P\-ßf- psS a\p-jy- X - z- ] - c- a- mb Ah-Im-iß - f- psS _eØnAh¿ ASnÿm\ kz- m X{¥yØn\v A¿l- c mWv F∂- X mWv CXns‚

129

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

Bi-bw. AXm-bXv kzm-`m-hnI \nbawt]mse, kaq-l-Øns‚ kpXm-c-yamb{]h¿Ø-\sØ Ah-Im-iß - ƒ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-bv°p-∂p, F∂m¬ AhIm-i-߃, {]tXyI-ambpw BtKm-f-w F∂vkΩ-Xn-°-s∏´Xv (F√m-bn-SØpw F√m-hc- nepw {]tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂X - v), A\-ym-[o-\s- ∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[-yX - b - n-√m-Øh (Ah Dt]-£n-°p-hm\pw Ign-bn√ a‰p-≈-h-cm¬ \ncm-I-cn-bv°-s∏-Sm\pw Ign-bn-√) F∂n-h-bm-Wv. a\p-j-ym-h-Im-isØ anI® cnXn-bn¬ a\p-jy kzm-X-{¥yw F∂p hnfn-bv°mw. kz-Øp-°ƒ kºm-Zn-°¬, kzbw \n¿Æ-bw, \nß-fpsS ico-cØ - nepw sXmgnen-ep-ap≈ DS-a-ÿm-h-Im-iw, bm{X sNøp-hm-\pw CjvS-ap-≈n-SØv Xma-kn°p-hm-\p≈ kzm-X{- ¥-yw, \nß-fp-tS-Xmb aX-hn-iz- m-kw- ]n≥Xp-Sc- p-∂X - n-\p≈ kzm-X-{¥yw F√mw CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Ah-bpsS ^e-ambn P\-ßsf Fßs\ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v \nb{¥n°m≥ Ignbpw F∂-Xn¬ ]cn[n \nehn¬ h∂p. \nb-{¥n-°m≥ Ignbpw F∂-Xn¬ ]cn[n \ne-hn¬ ]∂p \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬, ]e-t∏mgpw a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-߃ cmjv{So-b-]-c-amb LS-\bn-eq-sS ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-bv°p∂ \nb-a-]-c-amb Ah-Im-i-ß-fp-amtbm As√¶n¬ kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb am\-Z-WvV-ß-fp-amtbm Bi-b°p-g∏ - Ø - n-em-Ip-∂p. DZm-lc- W - Ø - n-\v, Poh-\° - m¿°v iº-ft- Øm-Sp-Iq-Snb Ah[n \¬Ip∂ \nbaw a\p-j-ym-h-Imia-√, ImcWw CXv BtKm-fmambX-√. Ah _m[Iamhp∂Xvv- Hcp \n›nX sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°p am{X-hpw AØcw BUw_c߃ cmPyßfn¬ am{X-hpam-bn-cn-°pw. am{X-hp-a√ Ahsb Dt]£n-°p-hmt\m \ncm-I-cn-°p-hmt\m Ign-bpw, AXm-bXv Hcp sXmgn-em-fn°v Abm-fpsS kzm-X{- ¥yw \jvSs- ∏-Sp-ØmsX Xs∂ Abmƒ°v A¿ln-bv°p∂ Ah[n ]W-Øn-\p-th≠-n Dt]-£n-°mw. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ ]pcp-j\pw kv{Xo°pw Xpey thX\w thW-sa∂ \nb-ahpw a\p-jy- m-hI - m-ia- √ - , ImcWw Ah a\pjy kzm-X-{¥-y-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-a-√, adn®v sXmgn-ep-S-a-bpsS ta¬ \n¿_‘w sNep-Øp-I-bm-Wv. kwLßfpsS Ah-Im-i-ßfpw a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-a-√. ImcWw Ah BtKmfX-eØ - n¬ {]mtbm-Kn-Ia- √ - .Ata-cn-°b - nse Xt±-io-bc- mb P\-߃°v \eIn-bn-cn-°p∂ {]tX-yI B\pIqey߃shdp-samcp \nb-a] - c- a- mb hnti-jm-

130

kzØpw \oXnbpw

[n-Im-c-am-Wv, a‰p≈-h¿°v Ah A\p-`-hn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. P\-ß-fpsS a\pj-yX - z- sØ Dt±-in-®√ - msX Nne {]tX-yI kwLß-fnse AwK-߃°p am{Xw \¬I-s∏-Sp∂ ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ Fs¥-¶nepw a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-am-In-√. kzm-X-{¥-yßfpw Ah-Im-i-ßfpw I¿Ø-h-y-ßfpw CØcw {]iv\-ßsf°pdn®v hy‡-Xbp≠mhp∂Xv ]c-a-{]-[m-\-am-Wv. a\pj-ym-h-Im-i-ß-fp-ambn tkmj-y¬ am\-Z-WvV-ßfpw \nba B\p-Iq-e-y-ßfpw B-i-b-°p-g-∏-Øn-em-hp-tºmƒ AXv c-≠m-a-tØ-Xn\v sX‰mb A[n-Imcw \¬Ip-Ibpw BZ-yt- Ø-Xns‚ apgp-h≥ Bi-bß - s- fbpw A´n-ad- n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Xpey thX-\w, iº-ft- ØmSp IqSnb Ah[n As√-¶n¬ Nne {Kq∏pIƒ°v {]tX-yI AwKn-Imcw F∂n-h-sbms° A`n-e-j-Wo-b-am-bn-cnbv°mw F¶nepw kX-y-Øn¬ A`n-e-j-Wo-b-amb F√mw a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-a-√. a\p-jy Ah-Im-i-߃ \ap°v kzm-X-{¥yw Dd∏p Xcp-∂p ˛ Ah Hcn-°epw Bcnepw \n_‘nX Bhiy߃ sNepØp∂n√. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, kw kmc kzm-X-{¥-yw, \nb-a-km-[-y-Xtbm IS∏mtSm sNepØp∂n√ AXv AwKoI-cn-°s- ∏-SW - w F∂X√msX. \nß-fpsS A`n-{]m-bß - fpw ImgvN∏ - m-Sp-Ifpw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xnt\m {]t£-]Ww sNøp-hmt\m Bcpw Hcp \yq-kvt]-∏¿ tImf-tam, As√-¶n¬ Hcp tdUntbm tjmtbm Xc-s∏-SpØn Xtc≠Bh-i-y-an-√. Bcpw \n߃ kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xv kz-X-{¥-am-bn-´m-sW∂v Dd-∏m-t°≠ B - h-iy- h - p-an-√, \n߃ F¥mWv ]d-bp-∂s- X∂v {i≤n-bvt°≠Bh-iyw t]mep-an-√.

CX-n\p hn]-co-X-am-bn, kuP-\y hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw a\p-j-ym-hIm-ia- m-sW∂v bpssW-‰Uv t\j≥ {]J-ym-]n-®p. ]t£ kuP-\y hnZ-ym-`y- mkw Hcp a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-a√ ImcWw CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv a‰p-≈-h¿ hnZ-ym`-ym-k-Øn-\p-th≠-n ]W-a-S-bv°m≥ _m[-y-ÿ-cm-sW-∂m-Wv. hnZ-ym-`-ymk hy-hÿbv°v Hcp Nne-hp-≠v˛ ka-bw, ]cn-{i-aw, hkvXp-°ƒ, ]Ww F∂n-hs- b√mw AXn-\p-th≠-n Nne-hg- n-bv°p-∂p. Hcp bYm¿∞ kz-X{¥ kaq-lØ - n¬ kuP\y hnZ-ym-`y- mkw t\Sm≥ B¿°pw Ah-Im-ia- n-√, ImcWw CXn-\p-th≠-nbp≈ kuIc-y-߃ Hcp-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn a‰m-fp-Iƒ ]Ww Nne-h-gn-°p-hm≥ _m[-yÿ-cm-Ip-∂p. (Xo¿®-bmbpw At\Iw Bƒ°m¿ AXn\p Xøm-dmbn hcp∂p≠-v, ]t£ Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øn\v AXn\p th≠-n Bscbpw \n¿_‘n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bn-√).

131

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ sNepØm\nSbpff _m[-yXIfpw Ah \S∏nem°m≥ Bhiyambnhcp∂ \n¿_‘ßfpw AXp krjvSn-t®-°m-hp∂ \mi-ßsf AwKoIcn°msXbpw FSpØp ]d-bm-sX-bpw, an°-t∏mgpw Bfp-Iƒ AhIm-iß - sf Ipdn®v kwkm-cn-°m-dp≠-v. Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-lØ - n¬ t£a-Øn\p Hcp Ah-Im-ihpw C-√. AXv a‰p-≈-hsc klm-bn-°m≥Nne Bfp-Iƒ°v _m[-yXbp≠v F∂v kqNn∏n°p∂p.bYm¿∞Øn¬ Ahsc D]{Zhn°cpXv F∂v am{Xtabpffq.]t£ Hcp t£a kwkvIm-c-tØ-°mƒ tami-am-bncnbv°pw Chn-SsØ Zcn-{Z-cp-sSbpw As√-¶n¬ sshI-e-y-ap-≈-h-cp-sSbpw Ahÿ F∂v CXp-sIm-≠mI-W-sa-∂n-√. t£a {]h¿Ø-\-߃°p≈ \nIpXn Nne-hp-Iƒ sXmgn-en-s\bpw kwcw-`-I-ß-sfbpw \ncq-’m-l-s∏Sp-Øpw, AXp-hgn apgp-h≥ kaq-lhpw Zcn-{Z-am-Ipw, am{X-hp-a√ t£a B\pIq-e-y-߃ B{ibXzsØ t{]m¬kmln∏n°pIbpw sNøp∂p.- Hcp kº∂hpw kz-X{¥hp-amb kaq-l-Ønse am\h-tk-h\ kwL-S-\-Iƒ°v k¿°m¿ GP-≥kn-It- f-°mƒ anI-®c- o-Xn-bn¬ t£a-{]-h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ sNøphm≥ Ign-bpw.

132

7. Bfl-{]-tNm-Zn-X-amb kaqlw I¬∏-\I - ƒ C√m-sX-bp-ff {Iaw Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-lØ - n\v Hcp henb k¿°m-cn-√msX Xs∂ kzbw {]h¿Ønbv°p-hm-\p≈ Ign-hp≠v. AXv Nne-t∏mƒ AXn-ibap-f-hm-°p-∂p≠m-hmw, F∂m¬ a\p- j y- P o- h nXw AØcw DZm- l - c Wßfm¬ kº- ∂ - a m- W v .

Ata-cn-bv°≥ kmº-ØnI hnZ-Kv[≥ Um\n-tb¬ _n ¢o\ns‚ (Daniel B Klein) {]kvXm-h\ t]mse ˛ \n߃ Nn¥n°p∂p-≠m-hmw. Hcp tdmf¿ kvtI‰nMv If-cn-bn¬˛ GI-tZiw \qdn-e-[nIw t]¿, ]n®-sh®p \S-°p∂ Ip´n-Iƒ apX¬ A∏q-∏-\-Ωq-Ω-am¿ hsc, Ah-cpsS jqkp-I-fn¬ ho¬ LSn-∏n-®v, F∂m¬ sl¬sat‰m, ap´n¬ CSp∂ ]mtUm C√msX As√-¶n¬ kvtI‰nMns‚ _me-]mTw t]mepw Adn-bm-sX, F√-hmcpw hy-Xy- kvX thK-Xb - n¬ B Ifn-ÿ-eØv Np‰p-∂p˛ hfsc amc-I-amb A]-I-S-߃ kw`-hn°m-\mbn ImØn-cn°p-∂p F∂ coXn-bn¬ ]t£ kvtI‰nMv sNøp∂h¿ hfsc hnZKvZa- mbn AhnsS Np‰n Id-ßp-∂p, a‰p-≈h - c- p-ambn Iq´n-ap-´msX, HutZ-ym-KnI thKX \nb-{¥-W-tam, kn·¬ sse‰p-Itfm tÃm∏v sse‰p-Itfm Bh-i-y-an√msX Ah¿ hfsc Ffp-∏-Øn¬ Np‰p-∂p.1 Ah-¿°v Nne Bkq-{X-Itcm As√-¶n¬ \nb-{¥-W- G-P≥kn-Itfm, FhnsS As√-¶n¬ F{X thK-Xbn¬ kvtI‰v sNø-W-sa∂v ]d™p sImSp-t°-≠ Bh-iyw hcp-∂n-√. a‰p-≈-hsc kzbw ho£n-®v, Ah¿°v ac-ymZ sImSpØv Iq´n-ap-´-ep-Iƒ Hgnhm-°n-s°m≠v Ah¿ Ah-cpsS kvtI‰nMv Bkzm-Z\w F∂ ]c-kv]c t\´w t\Sp∂p.

1. Um\n-tb¬ _n ¢o≥, dnt¶m-t\m-an-Iv, F hn≥tUm Hm¨ kvt]mt--\n-bkv Hm¿U¿, Hm¨sse≥ sse{_dn Hm^v sse{_dn ( B¿´n-°nƒ) 2006 1.

Daniel B. Klein, Rinkonomics: A window on spontaneous order, Online Library of Liberty (Articles), 2006.

133

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

IqSp-X¬ {it≤-b-am-bn, a\p-jy `mj hfsc LS-\m-]-chpw \ap°v hfsc {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-hp-am-Wv, CXv A[n-Im-cn-I-fm¬ t_m[-]q¿∆w cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvsX-SpØ H∂-√ F∂n-cp-∂mepw. \q‰m≠p-I-fmbn `mjsb cq]-s∏-SpØn-sb-Sp-°p∂ {Kma-dp-I-fpsS XX-z-߃ kzm-`m-hn-I-ambn hf¿∂p hcn-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p, ImcWw Ah \sΩ ]c-kv]cw a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ Ign-hp-≈h-cm-°p-∂p. Ah Zp¿{K-lhpw k¶o¿Æhpw Fgp-Xp-hm≥ _p≤n-ap-´p-≈Xpw BsW-¶n¬ t]mepw \Ωƒ Cu XX-z-ßsf ]n≥Xp-S-cp-∂p. -Hcp k¿°m¿ kan-Xn-Iƒ°pw CØcw k¶o¿Æhpw Zp¿{K-lhpw ^e-{]-Z-hp-amb XX-z-߃ Hcn-°epw krjvSn°m≥ ]‰n√. Ah \tΩm-sSm∏w hnI-kn®p h∂-Xm-Wv. a\p-jy kaq-l-Øns‚ an° `mK-ßfpw Cßs\ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. \Ωƒ Fßs\ s]cp-am-dW - s- a∂v DtZ-ym-Kÿ - c- m¬ A\p-im-kn-°s∏-Sp-∂n√, F∂n-cp-∂mepw \Ωƒ Nn´-bmbpw ]Xn-hmbpw ap≥Iq´n ]d-bm-hp∂ hn[Ønepw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS {]Ir-Xn-bpsS `mK-amb \tΩm-sSm∏w hf¿∂p-h∂ Nne ASn-ÿm\ \nb-a-߃°-\p-k-cn®pw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.

Ahsb ]n≥Xp-Sc- p-∂X - n-eqsS hnim-ea- m-bXpw Db¿∂-Xe - Ø - n-ep-≈X - p-amb kmaq-lnI Nn´-Isf \Ωƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p. a‰p-≈-h-cp-ambn kam-[m-\-]-cambn hym-]m-c-Øn-te¿s∏-Sm≥ \sΩ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂ efn-X-amb \nb-a-߃ A¥m-cmjv{S Itºmf kºZv hyhÿ krjvSn®p. AXn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu temIw apgp-h≥ kl-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \nbaw \bn-°p∂ kaq-l-߃ Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-lØ - n¬ h-y‡ - n-Iƒ°n-Sb - n¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ \nba߃ Hcp k¿°m¿ \nb-{¥nX kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ \nb-a-tØ-°mƒ P\-߃°v hnim-eX \¬Ip-∂p. kz-X{¥ hy-‡n-Iƒ°v, A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ {]tX-y-I-ambn A\p-h-Zn-®n-´p≈ Nne Imc-y-ß-tf°mƒ {]tX-y-I-ambn \ntcm[n-°s- ∏-´n-´n-√mØ At\Iw Imc-yß - f- n¬ GXp thW-sa-¶nepw sNøp-hm≥ Ignbpw. CXn-\¿∞w Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ Ab-hp-h-cpØp-hm\pw amdn-s°m≠v C-cn°p∂ kml-N-c-y-߃°-\p-k-cn-®v, DØ-c-hpIƒ°p ImØp-\n¬°msX {]Xn-I-cn-°m\pw cq]-s∏-Sm\pw Ignbpw F∂m-Wv. Cu \nb-aß - ƒ ˛ Itºm-fh - y-hÿ - b - nse kzØn-t‚bpw DS-aÿ - m-hI - m-iØ - nt‚bpw \nb-aß - ƒ t]mep-ff- h - ˛ h¿j-ßf- m-bn cq]s∏´h GXv {]mh¿Øn134

Bfl-{]-tNm-Zn-X-amb kaqlw

I-amhpw GXm-hn√ F∂ hnth-IsØ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂p. kml-Nc-y-߃ amdp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v Ah tbmPn-°p-Ibpw amdp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p, h¿j-ß-fm-bp≈ ]cn-£-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw sX‰p-I-fn-eq-sSbpw et£m-]e£w P\-ß-fp-am-bp≈ ]c-kv]c kl-h¿Ø-X-z-Øn-eq-sSbpw Imc-y-߃ icn-bmw-hÆw A]-{K-Yn®v Ah am‰-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. Fßs\ a‰p BfpItfmSv s]cp-am-dW - s- a-∂p≈ s]cp-am‰ N´-ßf- pw, Fgp-Xs- ∏-´n-cn-°p∂ kzm`m-hnI \nb-aß - sf {]I-Sa- m-°m≥ {ian-bv°p∂ \nb-a] - c- a- mb N´-߃, hfsc-b-[n-I-ap≈ ]co-£-WtI-kp-Isf Dcp-hm-°n-s°m≠ph-cp∂ s]mXphmb \nb-a-߃ F∂n-h-sb√mw Ah-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

Cu \nbaw \bn-°p-∂, Bfl-{]-tNm-Zn-Xa- mb kaqlw shdpw krjvSn-]c- hpw A\p-cq-]a- m-°m-hp-∂Xpw am{X-a√ - , tI{µ-Øm¬ \n¿t±-in-bv°s- ∏-Sp∂ H∂nt\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿Æ-amImw. `mj-sb-t∏m-se, \ap-°m¿°pw CXns‚ F√m \nb-a-ßfpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bm-Ø{X k¶o¿Æ-am-Im≥ CXn\pw Ign-bpw, F∂n-´pw AXv Ct∏mgpw \√ coXn-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂p. Nne A[n-Im-c-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS B⁄-Iƒ°v ASn-ÿm-\-am-bp≈ Hcp kaqlw, hep-∏-Ønepw kz-`m-h-Ønepw A\n-hm-c-y-ambpw A[n-Im-cn-IfpsS a\ v FØp-∂-{X-X-e-Øn-te°v ]cn-an-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. F∂m¬ Bbnc-°W - ° - n\v h¿j-ßf- n¬ am\p-jnI kl-h¿Øn-Xz-Øn-eq-sSbpw cq]-s∏´ \na-bß - f- n¬ ASn-ÿm-\s- ∏-Sp-Øn-bp-ff Hcp kaqlw IqSp-X¬ hnim-ehpw AKm-[h - p-amb hnthIw {]Xn-^e - n-∏n°pw . tI{µ-Øm¬ `cn°-s∏-Sp∂ kaqlw hfsc Ipd-®p-t]-cpsS \nb-{¥n-Xamb \n]p-WX - sb B{i-bn-®n-cn-bv°p∂p, F∂m¬ \nbaw \bn-°p∂ kaqlw hf-sc-b-[nIw t]cpsS \n]pWXbpsS kmcmwiw ]d-bp-∂p. k¿°m¿ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ an°-t∏mgpw Im´p∂ A_≤w Fs¥-∂m¬, kmaqln-I-ambpw kmº-Øn-I-]-c-ambpw ]c-kv]-c-h-y-h-lm-c-ßfpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ \nb-a-ß-tf-°mƒ Hcp kaq-l-tØtbm As√-¶n¬ kºZv hy-h-ÿ-tbtbm anI® cnXn-bnepw bp‡n-]q¿∆-ambpw Bkq-{XWw sNøm≥ Ignbpw F∂Xm-Wv. Cu k¶o¿Æ \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ hnth-ItØ hfs®mSn®pw \ncm-Ic- n®pw Ah¿ Xo¿®-bmbpw Imcy-ßsf IqSp-X¬ tamiam-°p-∂p.

NnX-dnb Adnhpw i‡nbpw Bfl-{]-tNm-Zn-Xa- mb, \nbaw \bn-°p∂ kaq-lØ - n¬ ImWp∂ kl-Pa- mb 135

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

hnth-Ihpw \n]p-W-Xbpw Hcp tI{µØn¬ A√ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. CXv Xmßn-\n¿Øs∏Sp∂Xv et£m-]-e£w hy-‡n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºm-gm-Wv. A[n-Imcw F√#mh-cn-ep-ambn NnX-dn-°n-S-∂m¬ hy-‡n-Iƒ°v Pohn-X-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS kz¥w sNdp-InS ]co£-W-߃°v ]cn-{i-an-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw. Ah-¿°v sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw Ah-k-c-ßfpw Gs‰-Sp-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw, AXv a‰p-≈-h¿°v `oj-Wn-bm-Ip∂n-√, F∂m¬ B sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ hnP-bn-®m¬ Ah F√m-h¿°pw Xnc-s™Sp-°p-hm\pw AXn¬ \n∂pw {]-tbm-P-\-߃ t\Sp-hm\pw e`-y-am-bn-cn-°pw.

AXv ]co-£-W-ßsfbpw amdp∂ kml-N-c-y-߃°-\p-k-cn®v tbmPn®p t]mIp-hm\pw t{]m’m-l\w \¬Ip-∂p. CXv am‰ß-fpsS temIØv Db¿∂ Af-hn¬ hnP-bn-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-kcw Bfl-{]-tNm-Zn-Xa- mb kaq-lØ - n\v \¬Ip-∂p. CXn\p hncp-≤-ambn k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-߃ F√m-h¿°pw th≠n Xocp-am-\ß - s- f-Sp-°p-∂p, X∂n-anØw F√m-hc- p-sSbpw Pohn-XØn\pw kºØn\pw A]-IS- k - m-[y- X Gdp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Ah¿°v, kz-X{¥ hy‡nIƒ sNøp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ {i≤-tbmsS {]h¿Øn-t°≠n-h-cp∂p, As√-¶n¬ IqSp-X¬ henb A_-≤-ß-fn¬ sIms≠-Øn°pw. CXns‚ ]cn-W-X-^eambn kzX-{¥-a-√mØ kaq-l-߃ kmh-[m-\-Ønepw Ipd™ hnP-b-Øn-epta cq]-s∏-´p-h-cq.

Xo¿®-bm-bpw, Bfl-{]-tNm-Zn-X-amb kaq-l-Øn\pw kºZv hy-h-ÿbv°pw Hcn-bv°epw ]q¿Æ-ambpw Ip‰-a-‰Xm-Im≥ Ign-bn-√. Ah a\p-jy {]-h¿Ø\-ßf- psS Dev]∂ - ß - f- mWv (a\p-jy- ≥ cq]-Ie - v]\ sNøp-∂X - s- √-¶n-epw) am{Xhp-a√ a\p-jy- ¿ Hcn-bv°epw ]q¿Æ-c√ - . DZm-lc- W - Ø - n-\v, \Ωp-s°m-cn-°epw `mhn ap≥Iq´n ImWm≥ Ign-bn√, AXp-sIm≠v \Ωƒ Ahbntebv°v A\pcq]-s∏-Sm≥ {ian-°p-tºmƒ A_-≤-߃ D≠m-tb-°mw. \Ωp-t°m-cp-cpØ¿°pw D≈ hnhcw Xo¿®-bmbpw `mKn-Ihpw Xt±-io-b-hp-am-bn-cn-bv°pw.

F∂m¬ kz-X{¥ am\p-jnI kl-h¿Øn-Xzw \ne-\n¬°p∂ temI-Øv, Cu `mKn-Ihpw Xt±-io-b-hp-amb Adnhv Akm-am-\y-amb _p≤p-bp-f-fXpw A\p- c q- ] - I - h p- a mb Hcp kaq- l - s Øbpw kºZv h- y - h - ÿ - s bbpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øn¬ Fßs\ G‰hpw anI® coXn-bn¬ a‰p-f-f-h-cpambn tbmPn-®p-t]m-Im-sa∂v P\-߃ kzbw Is≠-Øp-∂p. ]n∂oSv Ah¿ a‰p-ff F√m-h-cp-tSbpw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn tbmPn®v t]mIm≥ {ian °p-∂p. Hcp Xnc-°p≈ sdbn¬th tÃj-\n¬, ]pd-tØbv°v t]mIp-hm≥ 136

Bfl-{]-tNm-Zn-X-amb kaqlw

AhnsSbp≈ ]e hgn-Ifn¬ H∂n¬IqSn IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ F√m-hcpw {ian°p-∂p As√-¶n¬ AI-tØ°v IS-∂p-h-cp-hm-\p≈ ]e hgn-I-fnH∂n¬IqSn F√m-hcpw Ah-cpsS s{Sbn-\n¬ Ib-dp-hm-\mbn Xnc-°p-]nSn®v IS-∂p-h-cp-∂Xpt]m-se-bmWv. Ah¿ Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw \n›-b-ap≠v Ah¿s°-tßm-t´-°mWv t]mtI≠-sX∂v. Ah-cpsS hgn A{X-t\-tc-bpf-fX - m-bn-cn-°n-√. kam-\a- \ - kvIc- psS C-Sb - n-eqsS Ah¿°p hf™pw ]pf™pw t]mtI≠-n hcpw, a‰p-≈-h¿ Ah-cpsS t\¿°v hcp-tºmƒ Ah¿ Ah-cpsS Zni am‰p-∂p. Hcp Iem-]- _m-[nX {]tZiw t]mse CXv ImWs∏-Spw, F∂m¬ Ah¿ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw XΩn¬ bmsXmcp Iq´n-ap´pw C√msX Ah-c-h-cpsS e£-y-ÿm-\-tØ°v FØn-t®-cp-∂p. GsX-¶nepw A[n-Imcn-Iƒ°v \qdn-e-[n-Itam As√-¶n¬ Bbn-c-Øn-e-[n-Itam hcp∂ Ah¿ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-tcmSpw Ft∏mƒ Fßs\ t]mI-W-sa∂v \n¿t±iw sImSp-t°≠n hcn-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬ Hcp-]t£ Ah¿ Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Ah-cpsS e£yÿm-\-sØ-Øm≥ aWn°q-dp-Itfm As√-¶n¬ Znh-k-ßtfm th≠n-h-cpw. tI{µo-Ir-Xa- mbn Cu {]iv\w ]cn-lc- n-bvt°-n hcn-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬ AXp IqSpX¬ k¶o¿Æ-ambn Xncp-∂p. F∂m¬ Hcp Bfl-{]-tNm-Zn-X-amb kaq-lØn\v CØcw {]iv\-߃ hfsc efn-X-ambpw ka-b-Øn-\p-≈nepw ]cn-lcn-bv°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw.

kln-jvWpX kln-jvWp-X-bpsS A¿∞w C{]-Imcw, Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Ønse P\-߃ Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw a‰p-≈h-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn tbmPn®pt]mtI≠n hcp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p Xs∂ P\-߃ a‰p-≈-h-tcmSv, Bcp-sS-sb-¶nepw {]h¿Øn-Itfm Pohn-XcoXn-Itfm Aw-KoI-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bm-ØXpw Hcp ]t£ Ah¿°v sR´ep-f-hm-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ D≈-Xm-sW-¶n¬ t]mepw Ah-cpƒs∏sS D≈-htcmSv kln-jvWpX ImWn-t°-≠Xv kp{]-[m-\-amWv. Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-lØ - n¬, \Ωp-°n-jvSa- √m F∂ Imc-WØ - m¬ Bcp-sSbpw GsX-¶nepw {]h¿Øn-Isf XS-bm≥ \ap°v Ign-bn-√. Ah-cpsS {]h¿Ø\-߃ a‰p-≈-h¿°v lm\n-I-c-am-Ip-tºmtgm As√-¶n¬ lm\n-I-c-am-Im≥ km[-yX Ds≠∂v tXm∂p-tºmtgm am{Xta \Ωp°v AXn¬ CS-s]-Sm≥ Ignbq. tPm¨ Ãph¿´v an¬ AXv hy-‡-ambn imco-cnIamb lm\n F∂p hy‡-ambn ]d-™n-´p≠v. sR´¬, [m¿Ωn-tcmjw As√-¶n¬ NΩ¬ Ch137

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

sbms° lm\n- I - c - a mb {]h¿Øn- I - f n¬ Dƒs∏- S p- s a- ¶ n¬, ChnsS GI-tZiw F√m {]h¿Øn-Ifpw \ntcm-[n-t°≠-n hcn-Ibpw AhnsS kzmX-{¥yw C√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw sNøpw. GXv Xc-Øn-em-bmepw CØcw s]cp-am-‰Mm-Mse \ntcm-[n-°m≥ B{K-ln-®h - c- psS [m¿ΩnI tcmjw AØcw \ntcm[-\-߃ \S-∏m-°m-\p-ff kzmX-{¥ysØ CjvS-s∏-Sm-Ø-h-cpsS [m¿ΩnI tcmj-hp-ambn Xpe\w sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F{X A[n-Ihpw hnIm-c-\n¿`-chp-amWv Ccp-`m-Khpw F¶nepw Ah¿°nS-bn¬ ]c-kv]c [mc-Wb - n-se-Øm≥ Hcp \njv]£ - a- m¿§-hp-an-√. Hcp kz-X{¥ kaqlw Bb-Xn-\m¬ X¿°-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-hm≥ tk\-tbtbm t]meo-knt\m kao-]n-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p∂n-√, c≠v Iq´cpw ]c-kv]cap≈ A`n-{]m-b-ß-tfmSpw s]cp-am-‰-tØmSpw Pohn-Xc- o-Xn-It- fmSpw kln-jvWpXm at\m-`m-ht- ØmsS ]cn-lc- n®v apt∂m´p t]mI-Ww. CXv [m¿Ωn-I-amb Aew-`m-hw t]mse-b-√. Hcp Ip´n-bpsS amXm]n-Xm-°ƒ B Ip´n-bpsS NoØ kz-`m-hß - ƒ \ncq-’m-ls- ∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°p∂Xv kln-jvWp-X-bmbn IW-°m-°m≥ Ign-bn-√, F∂m¬ Ah¿ B Ip´nbpsS [m¿Ωn-I-amb hnZ-ym-`-ym-ksØ Xnc-kvI-cn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. apXn¿∂n-h¿ \ap°v sR´-ep-f-hm-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ s]cp-am-dn-bm¬ \ap°v Ahsc hyXy-ÿ-amb coXn-bn¬ s]cp-am-dm≥ t{]cn-∏n-°m-\p-ff F√m AhIm-ihpw D≠v. Ahsc \n¿_-‘n-°m-\m-hns√¶nepw P\-߃ [m¿Ωn-I[-bn¬ hntbm-Pn-°p-Ibpw Ah-bn¬ \n∂v Xncs™Sp°m≥ \njv]-£amb Hcp-hg- nbpw C√ F∂Xv sIm≠v F√m [m¿Ωn-IX - bpw Hcp-t]mse {]k‡-amWv F∂ Bi-b-ap-ff kZm-Nm-c-ap-ff Bt]-£n-IX Xs∂-b√ klnjvWp-X. \ΩpsS [m¿Ωn-I-amb As√-¶n¬ aX-]-c-amb XX-z-߃ a‰-D-≈h-cp-tS-Xn-t\-°mfpw t{ijvTa- m-sW∂v hni-zk - n-°p-hm-\p≈ ]q¿Æ-amb AhImiw \ap-°p≠-v, ]t£ \ΩpsS Bi-bß - ƒ \n¿_-‘] - q¿∆w Bcn-te°pw ASn-t®¬∏n-°-cp-Xv. kln-jvWp-Xbpw sshPm-X-yhpw sXc-s™-Sp-°epw P\-s∏-cp-∏-Ønse h¿≤n®p hcp∂ sshPm-X-y-߃ a‰p-≈-h-tcmSv klnjvWXp ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ _p≤n-ap-´-pIƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p≠--v. Ffp-∏-amb A¥¿t±-iob bm{X-Ifpw IpSn-tb-‰-ß-fpsS \nb-{¥-W-ßfpsS Abhpw, \ΩpsS IqSp-X¬ BtKm-f-h-ym-]-I-amb kºZv hy-h-ÿbpw Hs°, Ipd-®p Zi-I-߃°p apsºßpw C√m-Xn-cp∂ hn[w ]e cmP-y-ß-fn-sebpw P\-k-aqlw hn`n-∂-ß-fmbn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\p≈ Imc-W-ßfn¬ NneXp am{X-amWv. 138

Bfl-{]-tNm-Zn-X-amb kaqlw

Nne Bfp-Iƒ hmZn°p∂Xv, h¿≤n® hc-Wm-flI D]m-[n-Iƒ hy-Xy- kvX h¿§]-c-am-b, kmwkvIm-cn-I-am-b, tZio-b-]-c-amb, `mjm-]-c-amb As√-¶n¬ aX]-c-amb kwL-ßsf IqSp-X¬ AI-‰p-Ibpw kΩ¿±w h¿≤n-∏n°p-Ibpw AXv kln-jvWp-Xsb C√m-Xm-°p-Ibpw sNøp-sa-∂m-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS AtX h¿§-Øn¬s∏´ a‰p-≈-h-cp-ambn kl-I-cn®v hf-c-W-sa∂v amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ B{K-ln-t®-°mw, am{X-hp-a√ Ah¿°v Ahcp-tS-Xmb kz¥w kv°qfp-Iƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-sa-¶nk¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-ß-fm¬ \n¿t±-in-°-s∏´ kv°qfp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-°-p∂-Xnt\-°mƒ a‰p-≈-h-cp-ambn AI-ep-hm-\p≈ km[-yX hfsc IqSp-X-em-bn-cn°pw. hmkvXh - Ø - n¬ Ip´n-Iƒ ASp-Øp≈ kv°qfp-If- n¬ BWv kzm`m-hn-Ia- mbpw Ab-°s- ∏-SpI F∂-Xn-\m¬, k¿°m¿, kv°qfp-If- psS ÿe-߃ \n¿Æbn-°p-tºmƒ kv°qfp-I-fpsS GIo-I-cWw kzm-`m-hn-I-ambpw Ipd-hm-bn-cn°pw. Htc hwiØn¬s∏´ Bfp-Iƒ ASp-Ø-SpØp Xma-kn-°m≥ CjvSs∏-Sp-tºmƒ kv°qfp-If- nse Ip´n-If- psS FÆ-Øn¬ ]e hn`m-Kß - f- p-sSbpw H∂n-®p-tN-c-ens‚ Ipdhv AhnsS {]Xn-^en-°p-∂p.F∂m¬ amXm-]n-Xm°ƒ°v kv°qfp-Iƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ Ah¿ a‰p{]tZ-i-ß-fn-ep≈ kv°qfp-Ifpw sXc-s™-Sp-tØbv°mw As√-¶n¬ \√ A≤-ym-]I-cp-≈, kwKn-Xw, As√-¶n¬ ]e `mj-Iƒ ]Tn-∏n-bv°p∂ F∂nßs\, Ah¿ hwi-sØ-°mfpw {]m[m-\yw sImSp-°p∂ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ D≈ kv°qfp-Iƒ sXc-s™-Sp-tØ-bv°mw. hwio-b-amb th¿Xn-cn-°-ep-Iƒ XnI®pw kzm-`m-hn-I-am-Wv, P\-߃ AhcpsS AtX kwL-Øn¬ \n∂pw kplr-Øp°-sfbpw kl-{]-h¿Ø-Iscbpw sXc-s™-Sp-°p-hm≥ {ian-°q. ]t£ AXn\pw a‰p kaq-Zm-b-ßtfmSv Ak-ln-jvXp-X-tbmsS s]cp-am-dp-∂-Xn\pw XΩn¬ henb hy-X-ym-k-ßfp≠-v. FhnsS Nne {Kq∏p-Iƒ a‰-D-≈-h-cpsS Ah-Im-i-sØbpw B\p-Iqe-y-ß-sfbpw \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂pthm hn\m-i-Icamb hwiob {]iv\-߃ AhnsS DS-se-Sp-°p-∂p˛ as‰m-c¿∞-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬ FhnsS Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ XX-z-߃ ewLn-°-s∏-Sp-∂pthm AhnsS CØcw hn\m-i-I-c-amb {]iv\-߃ Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂p. kln-jvWp-Xbv°v auen-I-hm-Zn-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ `ojWn a‰p-≈h - t- cmSp≈ kln-jvWp-Xbv°v t\cn-tS≠-n hcp∂ G‰hpw henb `ojWn 139

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

[m¿Ωn-I-hpw, {]X-y-b-im-kv{X-]-c-am-bXpw As√-¶n¬ aX-]-c-hp-amb auenI-hm-Z-am-Wv. aX-]-c-ambn ISpØ ImgvN-∏-m-Sp-Iƒ D≈ A[nIw Bfp-Ifpw Nn¥n-°p-∂Xv kz-h¿§-cX - nbpw As√-¶n¬ hnhm-lØ - n\p apºp≈ ssewKnI-_‘ - ß - fpw Ad-∏p-fh - m-°p-∂Xpw e÷m-Ic- hpw sR´-ep-fh - m-°p-∂Xpw As√-¶n¬ A[m¿Ωn-Ihpw BsW-∂m-Wv. Ah¿ ssZh\n-µ, Bcm-[-\maq¿ØnI-fpsS hn{K-lß - ƒ \n¿Ωn-°¬, aX-{K-Ÿß - sf \ntj-[n-°¬, aXØns‚ [m¿Ωn-Ia- mb XX-zß - sf Ah-KW - n-°¬ As√-¶n¬ a‰p aX-ßf- psS hnim-k-ßsf ]n≥Xp-S-c¬ F∂nh ip≤-amb Xn∑-bmbn IW-°m°mw.

CsXm-s°-b-h¿°v aXn-bmb Imc-W-ß-fmWv CØcw s]cp-am‰-߃ \nba-ew-L-\hpw in£n°-s∏tS-≠Xm-sW∂pw hcp-Øn-Øo¿°p-hm≥. ]t£ Hcm-fpsS {]h¿Øn-Iƒ F{X-tØmfw Ad∏pw sR´epw a‰p-≈-hcn¬ Dfhm-°n-bm-epw, aX-]c- a- mb ImgvN∏ - m-Sn¬ Ah¿ F{X-tØmfw ZpjvI¿-Ωn-I-fmbn hn[n-bv°-s∏-´m-epw, Ah¿ a‰p-≈-h-sc imcn-cn-I-ambn D]-{Z-hnbv°p-Itbm As√-¶n¬ Aßs\ sNøp-sa∂v `oj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm sNbvXn-´n-√m-sb-¶n¬ Ahsc XS-bm≥ Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-lØ - n¬ B¿°pw A[n-Im-c-an-√. Ch-sb√mw `b-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Itfm bYm¿∞ D]-{Z-htam D≠m°p-∂n√ F∂-Xn-\m¬ Hcp aX-Ønse AwK-ßsf Cu {]hr-Øn-Isf hna¿in°p-Ibpw Ah-bvs°-Xnsc hmZn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-XneqsS Ah-bpsS t{]m‡m-°sf aX kaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw XS-bm\m-hn√. ]t£ k¿°m¿ Dƒs∏-sS B-scbpw, CØcw ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fpsSbpw {]h¿Øn-If- p-sSbpw Imc-WØ - m¬ Hcm-sfbpw \nb-{¥n°p-hm-t\m, \o°w sNøp- h m- t \m, AdÃp sNøp- h m- t \m, Pbn- e n- e - S - ° p- h m- t \m, ]oVn-∏n-°p-hm-t\m, icn-c-£Xw hcp-Øp-hmt\m, \mSp-I-S-Øp-hmt\m As√-¶n¬ h-[-in-£bv°p hnt[-b-\m-°p-hmt\m Hcp kz-X{¥ kaqlw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√. temI-Ønse an° ASn-ÿm\ aX-{K-Ÿß - f- pw a‰p≈-ht- cm-Sp≈ kln-jvWpXsb AwKn-I-cn-bv°p-∂p≠vv. F¶nepw Nne A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Ah-cpsS kzm¿∞-Xm-ev]-c-y-߃°mbn Ahsb hy-X-ykvX coXn-bn¬ hym-J-ym-\n-®n´p≠v. hntZi i‡n-Iƒ Hcp cmP-ysØ Ah-cpsS Iogn¬ B°p-tºmƒ AXns‚ aX-sØ-°qSn kzm-b-Ø-am-°p-∂p, AXns‚ [m¿Ωn-Ihpw \nXn\-ym-b] - c- h - p-amb XX-zß - sf h-yX - n-Ne - n-∏n®v Ah-cpsS kz¥w `c-WØ - n\v A\pkr- X - a m- ° p- ∂ p. Nne k¿∆m- [ n- ] - X y- a p≈ k¿°m- c p- I ƒ Ah- c psS

140

Bfl-{]-tNm-Zn-X-amb kaqlw

{]Xybimkv{X-Øn\pw A[n-Im-c-Øn\pw Hcp `oj-Wn-bmbn I≠-v aX-ßsf ]q¿Æ-ambpw ASn-®-a¿Øp-hm≥ t]mepw {ian-®n´p≠-v. Hcp kz-X{¥ kaql-Øn¬ auen-Ih - mZw aX-]c- a- m-bX - mtWm As√-¶n¬ {]X-yb - i - m-kv{X-]c- a- mtWm F∂Xv Hcp Kuc-h-ap≈ hnj-bta A√. Bcp-tSbpw {]h¿Øn-I-tfm, kZmNm-c-tam, aXtam As√-¶n¬ {]X-y-b-im-kv{Xtam hy-X-y-kvX-am-sW∂p IcpXn Ah-cp-sS-ta¬ _ew-{]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp kz-X-{¥-k-aqlw A[n-Im-cw \¬Ip-∂n-√. cmjv{So-b-]-c-amb icn kln-jvWp-Xbv°v IqSp-X¬ \nKq-Va- mb `oj-Wn-bp-ap≠v, cmjv{So-b] - c- a- mb icn (s]mfn-‰n-°¬ Id-Iv‰vs\- v). AhnsS \S-∏n-en-cn-°p∂ {]am-Wn-am-cpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw A`n-{]m-bß - fpw AwKo-Ic- n-°p-hm≥ kmaq-ln-Ia- mbpw cmjv{Sob-ambpw hy-‡n-I-fp-sS-ta¬ kΩ¿±w sNep-Øp∂hn-S-ß-fn¬ CXv \ne\n¬°p-∂p. s]mXpth, \S-∏n-en-cn-°p∂ A`n-{]m-bß - t- fmSv hntbm-Pn∏v {]I-Sn-∏n°p-∂-hsc NnØ-{`aw ]nSn-s]-´-h-sc∂pw As√-¶n¬ Ip_p-≤n-Isf∂pw ap{Z-IpØn ]cn-lm-k-y-cm-°p-∂p, kX-y-Øn¬ hntbm-Pn∏v {]I-Sn-∏nbv°p-∂h - c- psS A`n-{]m-bß - sf NnØ-{`-aØ - m-ep-≈s- X∂pw Ip_p-≤nbmDf-f-sX∂pw ]d™v \in-∏n-bv°p-I-bmWv CXns‚ e£yw. CXv AØcw A`n-{]m-b-ßsf N¿®-Iƒ°p ]cn-K-Wn-bv°p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw A\m-bm-kambn _ln-jvI-cn-°p-hm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p. am{X-hp-a-√, {]amWn h¿§-ßfpsS ImgvN∏ - m-Sp-Iƒ bYm¿∞-am-bXpw ZrV-hp-am-bX - m-sW∂v CXv {]kvXmhn-bv°p-∂p, kX-y-Øn¬ Aß-s\-b-s√-¶n¬ IqSn-bpw.

CØcw \S-]S- n-Iƒ \nKq-Va- mb Hcp _e-{]-tbmK coXnsb Ah-ew-_n-bv°p∂p. Fß-s\-sb-∂m¬ hy-Xy- kvX A`n-{]m-ba- p-≈h - sc If-¶s- ∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ B kaq-lØ - n¬ Ah-cpsS PohnXw Zp -la- m-hp-∂p. DZm-lc- W - Ø - n-\v, a\pj-y-\n¿Ωn-X-amb Imem-hÿm hy-Xn-bm-\-Øn\v sXfn-sh-¥mWv F∂v tNmZ-yap-b¿Øp∂ Hcp k¿∆-I-em-ime A≤-ym-]-I\v Nne-t∏mƒ tPmen \ntj-[nt®°mw As√-¶n¬ ÿm\-°-b‰w \ntj-[n-t®-°mw. Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-lØn-¬, sXmgn-ep-S-aIƒ Ah-cp-ambn hntbm-Pn-∏p-≈-hsc tPmen-bvs°-Sp°-Ws- a∂v \n¿_-‘h - pan√ am[-ya- ߃°v hnhm-Zh - n-jb - ß - ƒ dnt∏m¿´p sNøW-sa-∂p≈ _m[-yX - b - p-an-√. ]t£ FhnsS hnZ-ym-`y- m-kÿ - m-]\ - ß - tfm As√¶n¬ am[-y-a-ßtfm As√-¶n¬ k¿°m-cns‚ \S-Øn-∏n-ep≈ IpØ-Itbm \yq\-]£ A`n-{]m-ba- p-ff- h - c- psS A`n-{]m-bß - ƒ Hgn-hm-°p∂Xv - bYm¿∞ 141

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

_e-{]-tbm-K-am-bn-cn-°pw. kln-jvWp-Xbpw kX-y-Øn\p th≠-n-bp≈ At\-z-j-Whpw Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Ønse kln-jvWpX aX-]-c-ambpw As√-¶n¬ {]X-yb-im-kv{X-]c- a- mb hy-Xy- m-kß - f- nepw Im´p∂ kln-jvWp-Xt- b-°mfpw A∏pdw FØn-\n¬°p-∂p. DZm-lc- W - Ø - n\v, {]I-Sn-∏n-bv°p-hm-\p≈ k - z- m-X{- ¥-yhpw kwkm- c w, Fgp- Ø v , {]t£- ] Ww As√¶n¬ at‰- s Xmcp am[- y - a hpw sk≥k¿jn-∏n-√msX {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ kzm-X{- ¥-yw F∂nh CXn¬ Dƒs∏Sp-∂p.

Nne Bfp-Iƒ sk≥k¿jn∏v C√mØ temIsØ AKm-[-amb DXvI-WvTmP\-Ia- m-bn- I-cp-Xmw. Hcp kz-X{¥ temIØv apt∂m-´p-hb - v°s- ∏-Sp∂ hm°pI-tfm, k¶¬∏-ß-tfm, hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-ßtfm Bi-b-ßtfm [mcmfw t]cnsR´-ep-f-hm-°n-tb-°mw. ]t£ Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Øn¬ Bfp-I-fpsS kwkmc kzm-X-{¥-y-sØ XS- -s∏-Sp-Øp-hmt\m Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßsf ad®p hbv°p-hmt\m \ap°v Ah-Im-i-an-√, Hcp ]t£ Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xv \Ωp°v F√m-h¿°pw tbmPn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bm-ØtXm, Ip‰-Ic- a- mbn tXm∂pItbm As√-¶n¬ kZm-Nm-ch - n-cp-≤a- mbn Hs° tXm∂p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ t]mepw.

Xo¿®-bm-bpw, Nne kwkm-c-ß-fn¬ As√-¶n¬ {]kw-K-ß-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn°-s∏-Sp∂ hm°p-Iƒ a‰p-≈h¿°v A]-I-S-ap≠m-°p-∂-Xn\p Imc-W-amIp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AhnsS Nne \nb-{¥-W-߃ kwkmc kzm-X-{¥-y-Øn¬ th≠n-h-cp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Hcmƒ Hcp Xotb-‰-dn-\-IØp \n∂v Xo F∂p hnfn-®p-Iq-hp-∂p. Cßs\ \ncp-Øc- h - m-Z] - c- a- mbn a‰p-≈h - ¿°v ]cn-°p-Iƒ ]‰m-hp∂ coXn-bn¬ A]-IS- Ø - n\p Imc-Wa- m-Ip-∂h - ¿°v \Ωƒ DNn-Xa- mb in£ \¬Ipw. AXp-t]mse \Ωƒ Ip´n-If Nne hm°p-Iƒ tIƒ°mXncn°p-hm\pw Nne Nn{X-߃ ImWphmXn-cn-°p-hm\pw Icp-X¬ FSp-°p-∂p, ImcWw AXv Ahsc tami-amb kz-`m-h-Øn-te°v \bn-°p-sa∂v \Ωƒ hni-z-kn°p-∂p. kv°qfp-I-fpsS ]cn-k-c-ß-fn¬ ab-°p-a-cp-∂p-I-fpsS hy‡-amb ]c-k-y-߃ _n¬t_m¿Up-I-fn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-hm≥ \Ω-sfm-cn°epw A\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bn-√. Bfp-Iƒ°v icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ hnh-c-߃ \¬IpI Fs∂mcp i‡-amb kwK-Xnbpw Ahn-sS-bp≠v. DZm-l-c-WØn-\v, kn\naIfpsS Xcw-Xn-cn-bv°¬ t]mep-≈h - , AXv P\-ßsf Ah¿°v Ak-z-ÿ-X-b-p-≠m°p∂ Imc-y-ß-fn¬ A_-≤-Øn¬ sN∂p-Nm-Sp-∂-Xn\n∂pw kwc-£n-°p-∂p.{]tX-yI hm°p-Iƒ, Nn{X-߃, hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Zß - ƒ, 142

Bfl-{]-tNm-Zn-X-amb kaqlw

Bi- b - ß ƒ F∂nhbpsS {]t£- W - ß sf ]q¿Æ- a mbpw XS- b p∂ sk≥k¿jn∏n¬ \n∂v CXv hfsc hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. Hcp bYm¿∞ kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Øn¬ Hcp sk≥k¿jn∏v D-≠m-bn-cn°m≥ Ign-bn-√, ImcWw AXv kpXm-cy-X-bnepw sXc-s™-Sp-°-enepw ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv {]h¿Ønbv°p-∂-Xv. P\-߃°v hnth-I-]q¿∆w sXc-s™-Sp-°-W-sa-¶ntem F√mh-cp-sSbpw `mhn-bpsS ]ptcm-KX - n°p-th≠n ]pXnb Bi-bß - ƒ°v {ian°W-sa-¶ntem sXc-s™-Sp-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-ß-fpsS e`-y-Xsb Ipdn®v Ah¿ Xo¿®-bmbpw t_m[-hm≥am-cm-bn-cn-°-Ww. sk≥-k¿jn∏v CØcw Ah-kc- ß - ƒ°pw sXc-s™-Sp-°e - p-Iƒ°pw XS-bn-Sp-tºmƒ AXv \Ωp°v ]ptcm-K-Xnsb \ntj-[n-°p-∂p. sk≥k¿amsc hni-z-kn-bv°p-hm\pw \ap°v Ign-bn-√. kX-yhpw A[n-Imchpw (A-[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-ß-fpw) c≠pw c≠-p Imc-y-ß-fm-Wv. Nne Bi-b-߃ {]N-cn-∏n-bv°p-∂Xv \ntcm-[n-bv°p-∂X - n\v A[n-Im-cØ - n¬ Ccn-bv°p-∂h - ¿°v Ah-cp-tSXmb - ˛-kzbw ]cn-]m-e\w t]mep≈ ˛ Imc-W-߃ D-≠m-Ipw. sk≥-k¿am¿°v P\-ß-fpsS anI® Xmev]-c-y-߃ kwc-£n-bv°-W-sa∂v Dt±-i-y-aps≠--¶n¬ t]mepw Ahcpw A{]-am-Zn-X-z-ap-≈-h-c-√. Ah¿°v hnthI-Øns‚ IpØ-Itbm, F¥mWv kX-yw, F¥mWv Ak-Xyw F∂-Xn-s\-°pdn®v {]tX-yI Adn-thm D≠m-bn-cn-bv°n-√. N¿®-Ifpw hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-ßfpw A\p-`-h-ßfpw am{Xta AXv \n¿Æ-bn-bv°p-Ibp≈q. sk≥k-¿am¿ kXysØ A_-≤Ø - n¬ aqSn-sh-°p-∂p. kX-ysØ aqSn-sh-bv°p-∂p. Ah¿ \ntcm-[n-°p∂ Bi-b-߃ icn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v HSp-hn¬ sXfn-bp-sa∂v Ah¿°v Hcn-°epw Dd-∏n°p-hm≥ t]mepw Ign-bn-√. Nne Bƒb-߃ an°hmdpw sX‰m-bn-cn-bv°mw, ]t£ AXn¬ kX-yØ - ns‚ Hcw-is- a-¶nepw D≠mhmw, AXv N¿®-I-fn-eqsS shfn-®ØpsIm≠p hcm≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cn-bv°pw. a‰p Bi-bß - f- psS kX-yß - ƒ hy-‡a- mbn hcp-∂Xn\v Nne-t∏mƒ Ime-߃ FSptØ°mw. \mw kXyhpw D]-Im-c-{]-Z-hp-amb Bi-b-߃ aqSn-sh-°p-∂n√ F∂v Dd-∏m°m≥ Dff Hcp am¿§w, AXn-t‚-Xmb F√m KpW-tZm-j-h-i-ßfpw N¿®bn-eqsS ]pd-Øp-hcpw F∂ {]Xo-£t- bmsS F√m Ai-bß - t- fbpw {]t£]Ww sNøpI F∂-Xm-Wv. CXp-sIm≠¿∞-am-°p-∂X - v, P\-ßsf Ah-cpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ hmZn-°p-hm≥, Hcp-]t£ `qcn-`mKw t]cpw Ak-µn-Kv≤-am-bXm-sW∂p Dd-∏n-bv°p∂ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ t]mepw, A\-ph-Zn-°p∂p F∂mWv . kXyw AØcw Hcp a’- c - Ø n- e qsS i‡n- s ∏- S p- I tbm Dffq.

143

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

C°m-cWw sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Bbn-cn-°-Ww, 1587 apX¬ 1983 hsc tdma≥ ItØm-en°v N¿®v, ]pW-ymf ]Z-hn-bn-tebv°v ip]m¿i sNø-s∏-Sp∂ Hcmƒs°-Xnsc hmZn°p-hm≥ 'sNIp-Øms‚ h‡m-hns\' \nb-an-®n-cp-∂Xv. \ΩpsS hnizm-k-ßsf tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°p-∂Xv D]-tbm-K-{]-Z-am-Wv. Hcm-fpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ sX‰m-sW∂v \Ωƒ hni-z-kn°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ B A`n-{]m-bsØ am\n®v AXv sX‰m-sW∂v sXfn-bn-°Ww, A√msX AXns\ \n»-_vZ-am-°-cp-Xv. tkm{I-´okv (Socretes)apX¬ Ctßm-´v, kz¥w A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-ßfpw ImgvN∏ - m-Sp-Ifpw ImcWw Ip‰m-tcm-]W - h - n-t[-bcm-bh - c- psS DZm-lc- W - ß - ƒ sIm≠v Ncn{Xw \nd-™n-cn-°p-∂p. CØcw Ip‰m-tcm-]-W-߃ As√-¶nhnNm-c-W-Iƒ ]et∏mgpw P\-ßsf \n»-_vZ-cm-bncn°m≥ t{]cn∏n°p∂p, Ah-cpsS Bi-bß - ƒ ]n¬°m-eØv icn-bm-sW∂p AwKo-Ic- n-bv°s- ∏Spw F∂p Dd∏p-s≠-¶n¬ IqSn. tdma≥ ItØm-enIv N¿®ns‚ D{K-tIm]w `b-∂n-´v, \nt°m-fkv tIm∏¿\n-°kv (Nicolas Copernicus), D]-{K-l-߃ kqc-ys\ hew-sh-bv°p∂p F∂ At±-lØ - ns‚ hnπ-hm-flI kn≤m-¥s- Ø 1543 ¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ac-W-Øn\p sXm´p-apºp hsc {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-√.

At±-l-Øns‚ inj-y≥ Keo-entbm Keoen (Galileo Galilei) aX-t{Zm-lhn-Nm-cWbv°p hnt[-b\ - m-hp-Ibpw injvSI - mew ho´p-XS- ¶ - e - n¬ Ign-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CØcw `oj-Wn-Iƒ kX-ysØbpw N¿®-Is- fbpw ]ptcm-KX - n-sbbpw ASn-®a- ¿Øp-∂p, CXv kaq-lsØbpw IqSmsX ]oVn-∏n-°s- ∏-Sp∂ ssZh\n-tj-[n-I-tfbpw A]-I-S-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Zß - ƒs°m∂pw A\p-aX - n-bn-√msX \Ωƒ shdpsX \S-∏n-ep≈ Bi-b-ßsf AwKo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ B Bi-b-߃ \ne-\n¬°p∂Xv kpc£n-X-a-√mØ Hcp ASn-Ø-d-bn-em-bn-cn-°pw. \ncq-]Wm-fl-I-a-√mØ AwKoIm-ca- m-bn-cn°pw Ah-bp-tS-Xv. A¿∞-]q¿Æ-amb kX-yß - ƒ°p ]Icw Ah shdpw a≠Ø-cß - f- mbn Xocpw. ]pXnb Bi-bß - ƒ BX-y¥ - n-Ia- mbn Db¿∂p hcp-tºmƒ Ah Xo£vWhpw `wK-s∏-Sp-Øp∂Xpw Bbn-Øo-cpw.

P\-߃, \mw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn hntbm-Pn-°p-∂-Xmb Imcy-߃ ]d-bpIbpw sX‰m-sW∂v \mw ZrV-ambn hniz-kn-°p∂ Bi-b-߃ {]I-Sn-∏n-°pI-bpw AKm-[-ambn sR´n-∏n-°p-∂Xv F∂v \mw Icp-Xp∂ Imcy-߃ sNøpIbpw \ΩpsS [m¿Ωn-Ibpw aX-]-c-hp-amb hnizm-k-ßsf ]cn-l-kn-°pIbpw sNbvXm¬ AXv Akz-ÿ-am-bn-cn-°pw. F∂m¬ CØcw Imc-y-ß144

Bfl-{]-tNm-Zn-X-amb kaqlw

fn-ep≈ kln-jvWpX shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv kzm-X{- ¥-yt- Øm-Sp≈ \ΩpsS {]Xn⁄m-_-≤-Xbpw hy-X-ykvX Bi-b-߃ ASn-®-a¿Øp-∂-Xn\p ]Icw N¿® sNøp-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS \Ωƒ IqSp-X¬ ]ptcm-KXn D≠-m°pw F∂pw ]pXnb kXy-߃ thK-Øn¬ Is≠Øpw F∂p-ap-ff hni-zmkhpamWv. \ntcm-[\߃ \ΩpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-XØ - n¬ \ne-hn¬ Bk-zZ- n®p sIm≠n-cn-°p∂ ]e Imc-yß - fpw \ntcm-[n-°m-s∏-´m¬ \Ωƒ tIm]m-Ip-ec- m-Ipw. \n¿`m-Ky- h - i - mAh-bn¬ ]e-Xn-s\bpw CXn\Iw Xs∂ \ntcm-[n®p Ign-™n-´p≠-v. 2 \ncp-]-{Zh \nbaw ]d-bp-∂-Xv, Fs¥-¶nepw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ a‰p-≈-h¿°v lm\n-IcamIp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ As√-¶n¬ A]-I-S-I-c-amb `oj-Wn-sbm∂pw C√m-sb-¶n¬ Ahsb \ap°v XS-bm≥ bmsXm-c-h-Im-ihpw C√m-sb-∂mWv. F∂m¬ At\Iw {]h¿Ø-\-߃, lm\n-I-c-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnG¿s∏-Sp-∂h¿°v Xs∂ lm\n-I-c-am-sW∂ ImcWw ]d™v \ntcm-[n°s∏Sp-∂p≠-v. ab-°p-a-cp∂v D]-tbm-Kw, ]pI-h-en, aZyw Aßs\bp≈ At\Iw Imc-y-߃ \ntcm-[n-°p-∂-Xn\v ]n∂nse ImcWw CXm-Wv. ]t£ CXnse Hcp {][m\ {]iv\s- a-¥msW∂psh-®m¬ P\-ßsf Ah-¿°p-Xs∂ lm\nI-c-am-Ip∂ {]h¿Øn-Iƒ sNøp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw kwc-£n-°p∂ \ym-bo-Ic- Ww GXv {]h¿Ø-\ß - sfbpw \ntcm-[n°p-hm\pw Ahsc A\ph-Zn-°p-∂p. ]©-kmc IqSp-Xe - S- ß - nb ]m\o-bß - ƒ IpSn-°p-∂X - v, sImgp∏p IqSnb Blm-cß - ƒ Ign-°p-∂X - v, A]-IS- I - c- a- mb ImbnI hnt\m-Zß - f- n]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xv, thi-ym-hr-Øn-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂Xv As√-¶n¬ kz-h¿§ c- X - n, hy-Xy- k - vXa- mb as‰mcp aXw kzo-Ic- n-bv°¬ As√-¶n¬ A[n-Im-cn-Isf tNmZyw sNø¬ Ch-sbms° P\-߃°v lm\n-I-c-am-sW∂pw As√-¶nA]-IS- I - c- a- mb Ah-ÿb - n¬ sIms≠-Øn-°p-sa∂pw hmZn-°p-hm≥ hfsc Ffp-∏-am-Wv. CØcw Imc-y-߃ Xo¿Øpw Aßs\ Xs∂-bm-sW∂v hmZn°p-∂ P\-ß-fpsS FÆ-a-\p-k-cn-®v, Hcn-°¬ Cu XXzw \jvS-s∏´p Ign™m¬ kzm-X-{¥-ysØ Xs∂ ASn-®-a¿Øp∂ Imew hnZq-c-am-bn-cn-°n-√.

2. \ntcm-[-\-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ \sÃmcp NÀ¨bv¡v ImWp-I, tPm¬ aotUm-hvt{Im^väv (F-Un.), s{]mln-_o-j³kv, C³Ìn-ä-yq«v Hm^v C¡-tWm-anIv A^tbÀkv, e--³, 2008.

2.

For an excellent discussion of prohibitions, see John Meadowcroft (ed.), Prohibitions, Institute of Economic Affairs, London, 2008.

145

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

\ntcm-[\ - ß - ƒ°v ]e-t∏mgpw {]tbm-Kn-Ia- mbn \miw hcp-Øp∂ ^e-ßfpw D≠v. cl-ky- a- mb Nne hkvXp-°f- psS Bh-iy- I - X IqSn hcp-tºmƒ, Ahsb \nco-£n-bv°p-hm\pw \nb-{¥n-bv°p-hm-\pw {]bm-ka- m-Ipw, am{X-hp-a√ {Inan\-ep-Iƒ Ah-bpsS hnXcWw Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, bpssW-‰Uv tÉvkn¬ aZy hnev]\ Hcp {Inan-\¬ Ip‰-am-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ, AXn\v \ntcm-[-\-ta¿s∏-Sp-Ønb \q‰m≠-v apX¬ C∂v hscbpw {Inan-\am^nbbpsS km∂n-[yw Ah¿°v \nb-{¥n-bv°p-hm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hn[w hf¿∂p-sIm≠-n-cn-°p-∂p. bpF-kv-F-bnse an° `mK-ß-fnepw XpS-cp∂ NqXm-´Ø - n\pw thiym-hr-Øn°pw FXn-cmb \nb-a\ - n-tcm-[\w CØcw tkh\-߃ {]Zm\w sNøm\pw Ah-bpsS Bhiyw \nd-th-‰m\pw Xøm-dmb Ip‰hm-fn-Iƒ°v {]tNm-Z-\-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. \ntcm[\߃ P\-߃°v AhcpsS s]cpam¡ßfpsS A\¥c^e߃ F¥mbncn°psa∂v a\ nem°phm\pff Ahkcw \ntj[n°p∂p. P\߃ Ct∏mgpw ab-°p-a-cp-∂p-Iƒ hmßp-hm≥ Xmev]-cyw ImWn-°p-∂p≠v, AsXmcp \ntcm-[nX hkvXp-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ AXv D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂Xp sIm≠p≈ Zqj-yh - i - ß - f- psS icn-bmb hnh-cß - ƒ P\-߃°v e`n-°p-hm≥ {]bmk-am-Wv. CXv hmßp∂ D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v Ah-bpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw ]cntim-[n-°p-∂X - n\pw {]bm-ka- m-bn-cn-°pw. ab°pacp∂n\Snabmb P\-߃°v NnIn¬kbpw kmaq-ln-I- klmbhpw Bh-i-y-ambn hcp-∂-h¿°v AXv tXSm≥ hfsc _p≤-ap-´p≈ Imcyam-Wv AXv AhcpsS Xs∂ Ip¡w kΩXn°emWv. am{X-hp-a√ P\-߃°v a‰p A]-I-S-I-c-amb AhÿIsfbpw t\cn-tS-≠n hcp-∂p. \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-amb acp-∂p-Iƒ kpc-£n-X-amb Ah-ÿbn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bm-ØX - n-\m¬, AWphnapIvXa√mØ kqNn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-sXms° FbvUvkv t]mep≈ amcI tcmK-߃ ]I-cp-hm-\p≈ A]-IS- I - c- a- mb km[-yX - I - ƒ hfsc IqSp-Xe - m-Wv. kX-yØ - n¬, an°-hmdpw acp-∂p-Iƒ IqSp-X-embpw Zqj-y-amIp-∂Xv Ah \nb-a-hn-cp-≤am-Ip-tºm-gm-Wv. 3

3. an¬´≥ {^oUvta≥ B‚ v tdmkv {^oUvta≥, Im∏n-‰-enkw B‚ v {^oUw, Nn°mtKm bqWn-th-gvkn‰n {] v, C≥kv‰n-‰yq´v Hm^v C°-tWm-an-Iv- A-^-tbgvkv,e -≥- , 2008 3.

146

A point made strongly in Milton Friedman and Rose Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL, 1962.

Bfl-{]-tNm-Zn-X-amb kaqlw

tNmZ-yw : P\-ßsf Ah-cn¬\n∂pw Xs∂ \Ωƒ kwc-£n-t°-≠Xt√? th≠. \n߃°v \nß-fn¬ \n∂pw Xs∂ kwc-£n-°s- ∏-SW - s- a∂v B{Kl-apt≠m? As√-¶n¬ \nßfpsS PohnXw Fßs\ Pohn-°-W-sa∂v \n߃ Xs∂-bmWv Xocp-am\w FSp-t°-≠sX∂v \n߃ hnNm-cn-°p∂pt-≠m? \Ωp°pth≠-n \√Xpw NoØbpw F¥m-sW∂p Xncp-am-\n°p∂-Xn\v k¿°m-cns\ A\p-hZ- n-®m¬ AXv ^e-{]-Za- m-bn-cn-°n-√, Zqscbp≈ DtZ-ym-Kÿ - ¿°v a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂X - nt-\° - mfpw anI® coXn-bn¬ \Ωƒ Gs‰Sp°p∂ sh√phnfnIƒ \ap°v kzbw Adn-bphm≥ Ign-bpw. AXv A]-I-S-I-c-amb Ah-ÿ- BWv.k¿°m¿ F√mhcpw lm\n-Ic- a- m-sW∂v kΩ-Xn-°p∂ hkvXp-°sf \ntcm-[n°p-hm≥ XpS-ßp-w, ]s£ Hcn-°¬ B XXzw AwKoI-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øm¬, Ah¿°v F√mw \ntcm-[n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw. sIms°bv≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - n¬ \n∂pw, ]pI hen-°p-∂X - n¬ \n∂pw, aZyw IpSn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw, sImgp∏p IqSnb `£-W-߃ Ign-°p∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw As√-¶n¬ ]©-kmc IqSnb ]m\o-b-߃ IqSn°p∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw \Ωƒ XS-b-s∏-S-Wtam? hym-bm-a-߃ sNøp-∂-Xn\pw A]-I-S-I-c-amb Imbn-I-hn-t\m-Z-߃ Dt]-£n-°p-hm\pw, ]ffnbnt]mIp-∂-Xn\pw \nb-a-ß-fm¬ \Ωsf \n¿_-‘n-t°-≠Xpt≠m? A]I-S-I-c-amb ]pkvX-I-߃ hmbn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw As√-¶n`cWI¿Øm°sf hna¿in-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw \Ωsf \ntcm-[n-t°≠Xpt-≠m? Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-lØ - nse DØcw C√ F∂m-bn-cn°pw.

P\߃ \ΩpsS [m¿Ωn-IX - sb [n°-cn-°p-Itbm As√-¶n¬ A]-IS-Ic- amw hn[-Øn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw sNøp-Itbm sNbvXm¬ \Ω-fXv AhtcmSv ]d-bW - w. ]t£ Ah¿ a‰p-≈h - ¿°v bmsXm-cp-hn[ D]-{Z-hhpw D-≠m-°m-Øn-St- Ømfw Ahsc XS-bp-hm≥ \ap°v Ah-Im-ia- n-√.

D√m-kØ - nt\m t\cw-t]m-°nt\m th≠-n ab-°p-ac- p∂p D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - nepw As√-¶n¬ NqXm-´Ø - n¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂X - nepw As√-¶n¬ ho´n-en-cp∂v kplrØp-°-tfm-sSm∏w aZ-y-]n-°p-∂-Xnepw Hcp Zqj-yhpw ImWmØ AYhm kX-y-k-‘-cmb P\-ßsf CØcw \ntcm-[-\-߃ Ip¡hmfnIfm°p∂p, kX-y-Øn¬ CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Hcp-hn-[-Ønepw a‰p-≈-h¿°v tZmjI- c - a m- I p- ∂ n- √ . am{X- h p- a - √ , \n m- c - a mb Imc- y - ß fn¬ \nb- a - Ø ns\

147

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

\nµn°p∂Xv IqSp-X¬ A]-I-S-]-c-amb Ip‰ßfnte°vv sIms≠-Øn-°pIbpw sNøpw.

A[nIw \ntcm-[\ßfpw Hcn-°epw {]mtbm-Kn-Ia- m-bn-cn-°n-√. bpssW-‰Uv tÉvknse aZy \ntcm-[\ - w, cl-ky- a- mb aZy D]-tbm-KØ - n-te°v sIms-≠Øn®p, F∂m¬ CXv \nb-{¥n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-an-√. I¿°iamb ab-°pa-cp∂p hncp≤\nb-a-߃°pw henb ]ng-I-ƒ°pw, temIØns‚ ]e `mKØpw \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ ]e \qdp tImSn- tUmf¿ aqe-ya- p≈ acp∂p hym-]m-csØ XS-bm≥ Ign-™n-´n-√. s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fnse s]cp-am‰ coXn-Iƒ As√-¶n¬ {]h¿Ø\ coXn-Iƒ C√m-Xm-°p-hm≥ {ian-°p-∂Xv hn\m-i-I-cam-Wv. CØcw \ntcm-[-\-ßfpw \nb-{¥-W-ßfpw ^e-h-Øm-I-W-sa-¶n¬ AXn\v hn]p-e-amb \nco-£-Wßfpw \n¿_-‘-ambn \S-∏n-em-°p-hm-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw AX-ym-hi-yambn hcp-∂p. CXv kzm-X-{¥-y-Øn\v `oj-Wn-bmbn Xocp-∂p. am{X-hp-a√ CXv bYm¿∞-Øn¬ tZmj-I-c-amb Ip‰-Ir-X-y-ßsf At\-z-jn°p-∂-Xn\n∂pw hnNm- c W sNøp- ∂ - X n¬ \n∂pw \nb- a - \ - S - ] - S n- I ƒ°mbpff hn`hßsf hy-Xn-N-en-∏n-°p-∂p. t]meo-kn\pw tImS-Xn°pw Agn-a-Xn-bpsS Ah-k-c-߃ CXv Xpd-∂p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p. NqXm-´hpw As√-¶n¬ ab-°pa-cp∂p D]-tbm-Khpw hfsc Ipd™ Af-hntem As√-¶n¬ H´pw Xs∂ tZmjw a‰p-≈-h¿°v D-≠m-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ IqSn-bpw, AXn-\p≈ ]ng in£ hfsc hep-Xm-Wv, AXp-sIm-≠p Xs∂ CØcw {]h¿Øn-I-fn¬ G¿s∏´n-cn-bv°p-∂-h-cn¬ \n∂pw henb XpI-Iƒ ssI°qen hmßp-hm≥ DtZ-ymK-ÿ¿°v Ign-bp-∂p. s]mXp kz-Im-cy s]cp-am-‰-߃ Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-lØ - nse \nb-aß - ƒ s]mXp s]cp-am-‰w \n›bn°p∂p˛ hy-‡n-Iƒ Fßs\ ]c-kv]c _lp-am-\-tØmsS s]cp-am-dp-∂p F∂Xv. F∂m¬ kz-Im-cy s]cp-am-‰-߃ ˛ B Hcp kz-Im-cy Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ _‘-s∏´n-cn-°p∂ hy-‡n-Isf am{Xw _m[n°p∂ H∂m-Wv. CXv a‰p-≈h - ¿°v tZmjI-c-ambn _m[n-°p-hm≥ Imc-W-am-Ip-s∂-¶n¬ am{Xta AsXmcp \nb-a-]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp∂ hnj-b-am-Ip-∂p-≈q.

Hcp kz-X{¥ kaq-l-Øn¬, bYm¿∞- tZmjhpw tZmj-am-Im-hp∂ A]-I-Skm[-y-X-bpw AhymPamsW∂v hfsc {i≤m-]q¿∆w a\- n-em-t°≠-Xv

148

Bfl-{]-tNm-Zn-X-amb kaqlw

AX-ym-h-i-y-am-Wv. hnj-߃ hn¬°p-hm≥ P\-ßsf A\p-h-Zn-°-Wtam? a\p-j-y\v tZmj-ap-≠m°mØ [mcmfw D]-tbm-K-߃ hnj-߃°p-≠v, Ah hn¬°p-hm≥ A\p-hZ- n-°p-∂X - n-t\-°mƒ, tZmj-^e - ß - ƒ D≠-mI - m-\p≈ km[-yX Ah \ntcm-[n-°-s∏-Sp-tºm-gm-Wv. hnj-߃ hn¬°p-∂-h-cp-sS bpw hmßp-∂-h-cp-sSbpw t]cp hnh-c-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv DNn-X-ambn-cn-°pw, At∏mƒ AXv hn¬°p-∂-h¿°v Ahsc s]s´∂v I≠-p-]n-Sn°p-hm≥ km[n°pw Fs∂mcp t_m[w Ft∏mgpw D-≠m-hpw, ]t£ AXnIqSp-X¬ H∂p-an-√. 4 s]mXp aZ-y-]m-\-Øn-s\-Xnsc Hcp \nbaw D-≠m-tI≠-Xpt≠-m? Hcp thi-yme-btam NqXm´ tI{µtam \S-Øp-∂-Xn-s\-Xnsc \nbaw thWtam? thWw, Ah¿ A{I-a-߃°v Imc-W-am-Ip-s∂-¶n¬ am{Xw, AX-s-Im-≠p Xs∂ At\Iw cmP-y-߃ Ahbv°v ssek≥kp-Iƒ A\p-h-Zn-®n-´p≠-v, ]t£ IqSp-X-embpw CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ _m[n-°p-∂Xv AXn¬ G¿s∏-Sp∂-hsc am{X-am-Wv. Ah-sc Ipdn-t®m¿°p-tºmƒ a‰p-≈-h¿°v Ah-tcmSv shdp-∏p-≠m-Ip-∂p, F∂m¬ a‰p-≈h - ¿°v hkvXp-\n-jvTa- mb tZmj-߃°v Imc-Wa- m-Ip∂p F∂√msX F¥n-s‚-sb-¶nepw t]cn¬, CØcw {]h¿Ø\-߃ \ntcm-[n-°p-hm≥ \Ωƒ A\p-h-Zn-®m¬, a\p-j-y-cpsS Hcp {]h¿Ø\-ßfpw kZm-NmchmZn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw kpc-£n-X-am-hn-√.

Ah[n Znh-k-ß-fn¬ Bfp-Isf hym-]mcw sNøp-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-Wtam? _lp-`m-cy- X - zw A\p-hZ- n-°W - tam? AX-hc- psS kz¥w Imc-yß - f- m-Wv, \Ωfpambn _‘-s∏-´X - √ - , AXv Hcmƒ°pw tZmj-Ic- a- m-Ip-∂p-an-√. Hcp kz-X{¥ kaql-Ønse \nb-a-߃ \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv hy-‡n-I-fpsS kzm-X-{¥yw kwc-£n°p-∂X - n\pw hym-]n-∏n-°p-∂X - n\pw th≠-nb - m-Wv, A√msX Nne Bfp-If- psS kZm-Nmc߃ a‰p-≈hcn-te°v ASn-t®¬∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠-n-b-√.

F∂n-cp-∂m-epw, Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øn¬ P\-߃°v \ncp-]-{Zh \nbaw ewLn-bv°mØ coXn-bn¬ Ah-cpsS kz¥w kz-Øn-t∑¬ \nb-a-߃ Xømdm-°phm≥ Ahsc A\p-h-Zn-®n´p≠-v. At\Iw cmP-y-ß-fn¬, s]mXp ÿeß-ƒ (tjm∏nwKv amfp-Iƒ t]mep-≈-h) cmjv{Sob A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS \nb{¥-W-Øn¬ Bbn-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw Ah kzIm-cy DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-emWv 4. tPm¨ Ãph¿´v an¬, Hm¨ en_¿´n, 1859, Hm¨ en_¿´n B‚ v AZ¿ Ft -bvkv, HmIvkvt^m¿Uv bqWn-th-gvkn‰n {] v, HmIvkvt^m¿Uv, 2008 4.

This and the following points are made well in John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, 1859, in John Stuart Mill, On Liberty and other Essays, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2008.

149

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

{]h¿Øn-°p-∂X - v. 2005¬ sX°p-In-g° - ≥ Cw•≠-nse ªqhm-´¿ tjm∏nwKv sk‚¿ AhnsS ssZh-\nµm hN-\-ßfpw ]pI-h-enbpw eLpteJIƒ CSp-∂Xpw apJw ad-bv°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ hkv{X-߃ (in-tcm-h-kv{-X-߃ Dff hkv{X߃ t]mep-≈-h) [cn-°p-∂Xpw \ntcm-[n-®p. a[y Cw•≠-nse, tNmt¢‰v \n¿Ωm-Xm-hmb tPm¿÷v ImUvs_dn (George Cadbury)ÿm]n®Xpw At±-l-Øns‚ XX-z-߃ A\p-k-cn®v Hcp kz-Im-cy {SÃn≥ Iogn{]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xm-amb ^mIvSdn Su-¨ t_m¨hn-t√-bn¬ ]c-k-y-amb aZ-y-hn-ev]\ A\p-h-Zn°p-∂n-√. ªqhm-´dpw t_m¨hn-t√bpw kz-Im-cy kzØp-°f- m-bXn\m¬ Ah¿ ]q¿Æ-ambpw Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-iß - ƒ°p-≈nXs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p {]h¿Øn-®n-cn°p∂Xv.

\nkzm¿∞X kn≤m¥Øns‚ {]iv\ß - ƒ kz-X{¥ kaq-lhpw kz-X{¥ kºZv hy-h-ÿbpw AXn-epƒs∏-Sp-∂-h-csS kzbw Xmev]-c-y-߃ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-sX∂ Nn¥ At\Iw Bƒ°msc Atem-k-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p≠-v. Ah¿ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂Xv a‰p-≈h - c- psS Xmev]c- y- ß - ƒ°pw ]ptcm-KX - n°pw \nk-zm¿∞-ambn B{K-lnbv°p-∂- \nkzm¿∞Xkn≤m¥Øn\m¬ \bn°s∏Sp∂ Hcp temI-sØbm-hpw. F∂m¬ CXv {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X{]iv\-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-te-°mhpw \bn-°p-∂-Xv. 5 a‰p-≈-hsc klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v am¿§-\n¿t±-i-߃ C√ BZyambn, a‰p-≈- Bfp-If- psS Xmev]c- y- ß - ƒ - F¥m-bn-cn°p-sa∂v Fßs\, Ft∏m-sg-¶nepw \Ωp°v Adn-bp-hm≥ Ign-bpw? Ah-cpsS a\- p-If- n-tet°m aqe-y-ß-fn-tet°m t\cn´v IS-∂p-sN-√phm≥ Hcp am¿§-hp-an-√. Ah-cpsS Xm¬]cyØn\-\p-kc- n®v \Ωƒ Imc-yß - ƒ sNøp-hm≥ {ian-°p-Ib - m-sW-¶n\Ωƒ Xo¿®-bmbpw hfsc henb A_-≤-߃ krjvSn-°p-I-bmhpw sNøp∂-Xv. B¿s°-¶nepw Ah-cpsS ]nd-∂mƒ Znhkw H´pw tbmPn-°mØ As√¶n¬ DNn-X-a-√mØ Hcp kΩm\w Ft∏m-sg-¶nepw kzo-I-cn-t°≠-n h∂n-´ps≠-¶n¬ IpSpw-_° - mcpw kplr-Øp-°fpw t]mepw Ah-cpsS CjvSß - sf Fßs\ sX‰mbn a\- n-em-°p∂p F∂-h¿°v Adn-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

5. IqSp-X¬ hni-Zmw-i-߃°v, amthm bpjn, Zv ]mc-tUmIvkv Hm^v samdm-en-‰n, tSmw Pn ]mƒa¿ Zv samdm-en‰n Hm^v Im∏n-‰-en-kw, ÃpU‚ vkv t^m¿ en_¿´n B‚ v A‰vekv ^ut≠-j≥, A¿en-Mv´¨, hn F 2011 5.

150

For a fuller explanation of this, see Mao Yushi, The paradox of morality, in Tom G. Palmer, The Morality of Capitalism, Students for Liberty and Atlas Foundation, Arlington, VA, 2011.

Bfl-{]-tNm-Zn-X-amb kaqlw

\ne-hnse kwkvImcw Hcp apgp-h≥ kaq-l-sØbpw ]cn-]m-en®p sIm-≠pt]m-Ip-hm≥ A]-c-ym-]vX-am-bn-´mWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. a‰p-≈-h¿ \ap°v Xcp∂ hkvXp-°sf hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn ImWp-∂Xv Aev]w _p≤n-ap-´p≈ Imc-y-am-Wv. Hcp ]t£ \Ωƒ Ahsb shdp-°p-∂ps≠-¶- nepw \µn-tbmsS \Ωƒ B kΩm\w kzo-I-cn-°p-∂p. CXn-\¿∞w \nkzm¿∞]camb Hcp kaq-lw F¥mWv a‰p-≈-h¿ icnbv°pw B{K-ln°p-∂-sX∂v Hcn-bv°epw IrX-y-ambn a\- n-em-°p-∂n√ F∂m-Wv. Hcp hnXc-W-°m-c-\n¬ \n∂pw D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v th≠-Xv IrX-y-ambn In´n-bn-√m-sb¶n¬ AX-h¿ ]d-bp-I-bpw, Ah-cpsS hym-]mcw as‰-hn-tS-bvs°-¶nepw am‰psa∂v `oj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ kzbw Xmev]-c-y-ß-fn¬ ASn-ÿm\-amb kºZv hy-hÿ ]q¿Æ-ambpw CXn¬ \n∂pw hn]-cn-X-am-Wv. kzbw Xmev]c- y- w, P\-߃°v Bh-iy- a- mb Dev]∂ - ß - ƒ anI® KpW-\n-eh - m-cØ - nepw km[n-°p-∂n-S-tØmfw Iqd™ hne-bnepw e`-y-am-°p-hm≥ hnX-c-W-°msc t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂p. \nkzm¿∞Xkn≤m¥w Ielw krjvSn-°p∂p a\-]q¿∆w a‰p-≈h - sc klm-bn-°p-hm≥ {i-an-°p-I- F∂XmWv I®hShn\na-bß - ƒ°v {]tNm-Z\ - s- a¶n¬, Ahn-sSbpw C∂sØ kzbw Xmev]c- y temIØv \S-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse A{Xbpw kΩ¿±-߃ hmßp-∂-h¿°pw hnev°p-∂h¿°pw CS-bn¬ D-≠m-Ipw. hnev]-\-°m¿°v B\p-Iq-e-y-߃ e`n-°p-∂Xn-\mbn hmßp-∂-h¿ Db¿∂ hne-bv°v hmßp-hm≥ Xøm-dm-Ipw. hmßp∂-h¿°v IqSp-X¬ B\p-Iq-e-y-߃ e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn hnev]-\-°m¿ hneIƒ Xmtg°v sIm≠-ph - c- pw. CXv C∂v kw`-hn°p-∂X - ns‚ Hcp {]Xn-_nw_w am{X-am-Wv. Hcp hn]Wn kºZv hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ kzbw Xmev]-c-y-߃ D≈ Bfp-Iƒ ]ckv]cw Ie-ln-°p-∂p, F∂m¬ hne-t]i-en-eqsS B Ie-lß - ƒ Ah¿°p Xs∂ ]cn-l-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw. a‰p-≈-h-cpsS {]tbm-P-\-߃ am{X-amWv Dt±-in-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ AhnsS Ie-l-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-hm≥ Hcp am¿§hpw D≠-m-hn-√. Hmtcm \nkzm¿∞hmZnbpw a‰p-≈-h-cpsS em`-Øn-\mWv As√¶n¬ a‰p-≈h - ¿°v anI-®Xp \¬Ip-hm-\mWv \n¿_‘w ]nSn-°p-∂X - v. At∏mƒ c-≠p Iq´cpw Hcp CS-]m-Sn¬ t\´w B{K-ln-°p-∂n-√m-sb-¶n¬ Ah-cpsS kz¥w Bh-i-yß-fpsS ASnb¥cÿnXn Hcp Xocpam\ØnseØm≥ Ahsc klm-bn-°p-I-bn-√.

151

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

kzbw Xmev]-c-yhpw em`w A\pam\n°epw kzbw Xmev]-cyw ZmXm°tfbpw D]-t`m-‡m-°-sfbpw e£-y-an-Sp-∂p, AXneqsS Hcp hn\n-ab - Ø - ns‚ B\p-Iq-eyw AXns‚ Nne-hn-t\-°mƒ Ihn-™p\n¬°p∂p F∂p Dd∏p hcp-Øp∂p. Hcp \nkzm¿∞aXnbmb-, bmsXmcp emt`—bp-an-√msX tPmen sNøp∂ hnX-c-W-°m-c≥ Ah-cpsS ka-bhpw A≤-zm-\-Øn\pw Hcp Nne-hp-an-√m-bn-cp∂p F∂ sX‰mb hnh-c-ß-fmhpw F√m-h¿°pw \¬Ip-I. D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ, Cu sX‰mb Adnhv apJ-hn-es- °SpØv Ah-cpsS Bh-iy- ß - f- p-ambn hnX-cW - ° - m-cs\ ]c-hi - \ - m-°p-∂p. hnXc-W-°m¿°v B tkh\w \¬Ip-∂-Xv \nc-kn-°p-hm≥ Hcp am¿§hpw D≠-mh - n-√, CXns‚ {]tbm-P\w hfsc Ipd-hm-sW-¶n¬ t]mepw As√-¶nNne-hv hfsc IqSpXem-sW-¶n¬ t]mepw Ah¿°v B tkh\w XpS-tc≠nhcp-∂p.

DZm-lc- W - Ø - n-\v, XpI¬ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v Ah-cpsS ap∂n¬, km[-\ß - ƒ dn∏-b¿ sNøp-∂X - n-\mbn Bfp-If- psS Hcp \o-≠ \nc Xs∂ ImtW≠-n hcpw. kz¥w Xmev]c- y- a- p≈ hn]Wn kºZv hy-hÿ - b - n¬, CØcw hym-]m-cn-Iƒ AhcpsS km[-\-߃ dn∏-b¿ sNbvXm¬ aqe-y-an-√m-sb-¶n¬ AXp Xpd∂p ]dbp-Ibpw As√-¶n¬ Ah¿ AXn\p hf-sc Db¿∂ hne kqNn-∏n-bv°pIbpw sNøpw.At∏mƒ D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ Xocp-am-\n°pw AXns\-°p-dn®v Bh-em-Xn-s∏-SWtam F∂v. hn]Wn Bh-iy- ß - sf ssIIm-cyw sNøpIbpw F¥n- \ mWv aqe- y - s a∂v a\- n- e m°n ]cn- { i- a - ß ƒ AXn- t e°v tI{µoIcn°pIbpw sNøp-∂p.

Hcp \njv]£ temIØv, Bfp-Iƒ F√m-Øc- Ø - nepw Ab¬°msc klmbn-°p-∂X - n-\mbn Xnc°v Iq´p-w˛ DZm-lc- W - Ø - n\v Hcp hoSv \n¿Ωn-°p-hm≥.

F∂m¬ {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambpw Nnehp Npcp-°-ens‚ `mK-ambpw Nn¥n-®m¬, sXmgn¬ hnZ-Kv[c- √ - mØ Abm-fpsS kplr-Øp-°f- psS klm-bØ - m¬ hoSp \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mfpw IqSp-X¬ anI-®Xv hn]-Wn-bn-ep≈ GsX-¶nepw hnZKv≤ Krl\n¿ΩmXmhns\ G¬∏n-°p-∂-Xm-hpw \√Xv. B Ab¬°mcpsS Ign-hp-Iƒ at‰-sX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ tPmen-I-fn¬ ka¿∞-ambn {]tbm-P\ - s- ∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™m¬ \jvShpw eLq-Ic- n-°p-hm≥ km[n-bv°pw.

Hcp hn]Wn, Bfp-Iƒ F¥n-emtWm IqSp-X¬ Ign-hp-≈h - c- m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv AXn-tebv°v Ah-cpsS ka-bhpw ]cn-{i-ahpw ^e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°phm≥ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂p.

152

Bfl-{]-tNm-Zn-X-amb kaqlw

tNmZ-yw : Zcn-{Z-cmb Bfp-Iƒ°v Xmßm-hp∂ coXn-bn¬ hne-Iƒ \nb-{¥W-hn-t[-b-amt°≠Xpt-≠m?

C√. hne-Iƒ Zu¿e-`y- X - b - psS kqN-\bmWv. FhnsS IqSp-Xepw FhnsS Iqdhpw Ds-≠∂v Ah \tΩmSv ]d-bp-∂p. Ah Dev]m-Z-I-tcmSv IqSpX¬ Bh-i-y-ambn hcp∂ Dev]-∂-ßsfIpdn®v ]d-bp-∂p, D]-t`m-‡m°-tfmSv H∂p hmßp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw ]n¥n-cn-bp-hm\pw As√-¶n¬ ]Ic-am-bp-≈Xv tXSp-hm\pw ]d-bp-∂p. CXv km[mcWbmbn H´pwXs∂ ^e{]Za√mØ Zu¿e-`yw Dff hkvXp°fpsS ]cnanX hn¬]\hne bnte°v \bn°p∂p.

Hcp-Zm-l-cWw hmSI \nb-{¥-Ww, e£yw Xmßm-\m-hp∂ hmS-I-bnhoSp-Iƒ e`-y-am-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]t£ kX-y-Øn¬ Ah¿ sNøp-∂Xv hoSp hn]-Wnsb \mi-Øn-tebv°v \bn-bv°p-Ibpw As√-¶n¬ hoSp-Iƒ In´mXm-°p-Ibpw BWv. ho´p-Sa- ÿ - ¿°v A-hc- psS hkvXp-hn\v A¿l-amb aqeyw In´msX hcp-tºmƒ hoSp hn]-Wn-bn¬ \n∂pw Ah¿ Ah-cpsS hkvXp-°ƒ ]n≥h-en- ° - p-∂p. Ipd-®m-fp-Iƒ°v AX-ym-hi - y- a- m-bXv Xmßm\m-hp-∂n-s√-¶n¬, AXn-\p≈ anI® ]cn-lmcw hn]Wn hy-h-ÿ-bnssII-S-Øp-I-b√, adn®v Ah¿°p th-≠p∂ ]Ww˛ kz-Im-cy [¿Ωÿm-]-\-߃ hgntbm As√-¶n¬ \nIpXn bn¬ \n∂pw Iqd™ hcpam\ ]≤-Xn-bn-eq-sStbm \¬Ip-Ib - m-Wv sNtø≠Xv. At∏mƒ Ah¿°v as‰-√m-hs- cbpw t]mse AtX Imc-y{- ]m-]vXn-tbm-sSbpw a’-cm-[n-Iy- a- p≈ hn]-Wn-bn¬ \n∂pw th-≠Xv hmßp-hm≥ Ign-bpw. hn]-Wn-ÿ-esØ [m¿Ωn-IX kX-yØ - n¬ kzbw Xmev]c- y- ß - ƒ ASn-ÿm-\a- m°n {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp kzX{¥ hn]Wn kºZv hy-hÿ AXns\ Hcn-°epw A[m¿Ωn-I-am-°p-∂n-√. hn]-Wn-bn¬ Bfp-Iƒ A`n-hr-≤n-{]m-]n-°p-∂X - v, a‰p-≈h - c- p-ambn Ah¿°mh-i-y-ap≈ km[-\-߃ hnX-cWw sNbvXv ]c-kv]cw tbmPn®p {]h¿Øn°p-tºmƒ am{X-am-Wv. kmaq-lnI hncp-≤-amb s]-cp-am-‰-߃ As√-¶n{]h¿Ø-\-߃ in£n-°-s∏-Spw; kΩ-X-cmb At\Iw Bfp-Iƒ I®hSw sNøp-hm≥ Xøm-dmbn \n¬°p-tºmƒ F¥n\p \Ωƒ Hcp {]mIrX\mb a\p-j-y-hn-tZ-z-jn-tbmSp hym-]m-c-Øn¬ G¿s∏-SWw?

153

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

hn]Wn bmsXmcp _e-{]-tbmK kΩ¿±-hp-an√msX hfsc A\m-bm-k-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p∂p F∂v Dd∏p hcp-Øp-hm-\mbn AhnsS \nb-a-ßfpw \nehn-ep≠-v. F∂m¬ Hu]-Nmcn-I-amb \nb-a-߃°v F√m {]tXyI tIkp-Ifpw ssIIm-cyw sNøp-hm≥ Ign-bn-√. hn]Wn A\n-hm-c-y-ambpw hni-zm-k-y-Xbn¬ B{i-bn-°p-Ibpw Ah hni-zm-k-tbm-K-y-am-b-h¿°v A¿lamb {]Xn^-ehpw \¬Ip-∂p. kzbw Xmev]-c-y-߃ BWv hn]-Wn-bpsS {]h¿Ø\ i‡n, F¶n¬t]mepw At\-ym-\yw {]tbm-P\ - ß - ƒ \¬Ip∂ [m¿Ωn-IX - sb hn]Wn t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂p.

Iº\nIfpsS kmaq-lnI DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzw At\Iw Bfp-Iƒ Bh-iy- s- ∏-Sp-∂Xv I®hSÿm]-\ß - ƒ IqSp-X¬ [m¿ΩnI-ambn {]h¿Øn-°W - s- a∂pw kwL-Sn-Xa- mb kmaq-lnI DØ-ch - m-Zn-Xz- ß - ƒ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°-W-sa∂pw BWv. At\Iw A¥¿t±-iob I®hSÿm]\-߃ \√]uc-∑m-cm-Im≥ Ah¿ F¥mWv sNøp-∂-sX∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂- Ct∏mƒ hm¿jnI dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-bv°p∂p≠-v.

F∂m¬ hy-‡n-Iƒ°p am{Xta DØ-c-hm-Zn-X-z-ap-≈-htcm As√-¶n¬ \ncpØ-ch - m-Zn-Xz- a- m-bh - t- cm, [m¿Ωn-Itcm As√-¶n¬ A[m¿Ωn-Itcm BIp-hm≥ Ign-bq. {Kq∏p-Iƒ°v Ah-cp-tS-Xmb {]tX-yI [m¿Ωn-IX - s- bm∂pw C√. Hcp cmP-yØ - n-t\m, \K-cØ - n-t\m, hwi-Øn-t\m, h¿§-Øn-t\m, ¢∫p-Iƒt°m As√¶n¬ Hcp Iº-\nt°m [m¿Ωn-Itam As√-¶n¬ A[m¿Ωn-Itam BIp-hm≥ Ign-bn-√, AXnse hy-‡-nIfmb AwK-߃°p am{Xta AXn\p Ign-bq.

Xo¿®-bmbpw, _nkn-\kv t\Xm-°ƒ Ah-cpsS ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ [m¿Ωn-Iamb Hcp kwkvImcw hf-¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂Xv \ap°v CjvS-am-Wv. ]t£ [m¿Ωn-I-Xbpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-X-zhpw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS {]Xn-^-e-\-am-Wv˛ AØcw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ D≠-m-Ip-∂Xv hy-‡n-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv, {Kq∏p-I-fneq-sS-b-√. kwL-SnX kmaq-lnI DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz kwcw-`w, kX-y-Øn¬ ]uc kw_-‘-ambXpw t£a-]-c-hp-amb ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS Nnehns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzw _nkn\-kp-Imcn¬ G¬∏n-°p-∂-Xns‚ Hcp DZyaamWv. _nkn-\-kp-Im¿, {]m-tZinI kv°qfp-Iƒ°pw kmap-Zm-bnI {Kq∏p-Iƒ°pw a‰pw [\-k-lm-b-߃ \¬In Ah-cpsS DØ-ch - m-Zn-Xzw Fßs\ t_m[-ys- ∏-Sp-Øm-sa∂v {ian-bv°p∂p. Cßs\ sNøp-∂Xv Ah-cpsS \s√mcp _nkn-\kv Bi-b-am-Wv; F√m‰n-\p-ap-]-cn, {]mtZinIkv°qfp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Ah¿°v tPmen°msc sXc154

Bfl-{]-tNm-Zn-X-amb kaqlw

s™-Sp-t°≠-n hcp-∂p, Ah-cp-am-bn Hcp BtcmKyIcamb_‘w \ne\n¿Øn-bm¬ am{Xta CØcw sXc-s™-Sp-°-ep-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ Ffp-∏-amIq. F∂m¬ CX-h¿ sNøp-∂Xv \oXn-im-kv{X-Øns‚ t]cn¬ \n¿_-‘nX-cm-b-√, `mchmlnIfpw Hmlcn DS-a-Ifpw tN¿s∂-Sp-°p∂ Hcp _nkn\kv Xoc-pam\w am{X-am-Wv. _nkn-\k - p-Iƒ AXns‚ icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ a’-cm-[n-Iy- a- p-≈X - m-sW-¶n¬, hmWn-P-y-]-c-ambn _nkn-\-kns\ klm-bn-°mØ {]mtZ-inI ]≤-Xn-Isf klm-bn°p-hm-\mbn A[nI ]Ww D-≠m-In-√. ÿm]-\ß - ƒ°v CØcw ]≤Xn-Iƒ°v apS-°p-hm≥ ]Ww Ds-≠¶n¬ AXp kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv hn]Wn icn-bmb cnXn-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂n√ F∂p-X-s∂-bmWv (DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, k¿°m¿ N´-߃ a’-cm-[n-Iy- Ø - n¬ \n∂pw Iº-\n-Isf kwc-£n-bv°p∂p).bYm¿∞a¬kchn]Wnbn¬ cmjv{Sob]cn]mSnbpsS ka¿∞{]Xn ]mZ\amb {]mtZinI]≤XnIƒ Xffn°fbpIbpw em`ap≠m°pIbpw sNbvX a¡v ÿm]\ßtfmSv tXm¡v t]mhp∂p. kX-yØ - n¬ CØcw kmap-Zm-bnI ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v ]Ww hn\n-tbm-Kn°p-tºmƒ _nkn-\kv sNøp∂ Bfp-Iƒ°v B ]Ww anI® coXn-bn¬ Nne-h-gn®p F∂p-d∏p hcp-Øp-hm\pw Ign-bp-∂n-√. P\-߃°v icn°pw Bh-i-y-ambn hcp∂ Dev]-∂-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw \¬In Ah-cpsS apJy e£-y-amb em`Øn-te°v {i≤ tI{µo-Ic- n-°p-hm≥ _nkn-\k - p-Imsc D]-tZ-in-°p-∂Xv \√Xm-bn-cn-bv°pw.˛ CXn-eqsS Ah¿°v kzØv IqSp-X¬ kºm-Zn-°p-hm\pw Aßs\ ]tcm-]Imc {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Xmßm-\m-hp-Ibpw sNøpw.

155

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

8. kzImcyh¬°cWhpw BtKmfh¬°cWhpw IpSntb‰hpw kmt¶XnIhnZybpw `qanbn¬ Hcn°¬ H‰s∏´pInS∂ncp∂ aqeIsfm∂pw Ct∏mƒ Aßs\b√. sSenhnj≥, tdUntbm, C‚¿s\‰v, a‰v hn\nabam[ya߃ F∂nh a‰p PohnXcoXnIsfbpw kwkv°mcßtfbpw, hwißtfbpw, a\pjytcbpw, cmjv{Sßtfbpw, k¿°m¿ LS\Itfbpw \Ωnte°v ASn∏n°p∂p. hnam\k©mchpw, thKXtbdnb D]cnXe KXmKXhpw IqSpX¬ ÿe߃ t\cn´v kµ¿in°p∂Xv km[yam°p∂p.

CXv k¿°mcpIƒ°v AhcpsS sX‰pIsf aqSnhbv°m≥ _p≤nap´p≠m °p∂p. kz¥w ]uc∑mcn¬\n∂v AhcpsS IpdhpIsf aqSnhbv°m≥ XßfpsS {]tZiØn\vNp‰pw k¿°m¿ Hcp aXn¬ sI´p∂Xn¬ C\n Hcp {]k‡nbpan√. temIØnse a‰v `mKßfpambp≈ kaqlam[ya ßfneqsSbp≈ ssZ\wZn\ kº¿°^eambpw D]{Kl߃ {]t£]Ww sNøp∂ hntZi SnhnIfneqsSbpw B ]uc∑m¿ an°hmdpw a‰nSßfnep≈ Xnfßp∂ Ahkcßsf°pdn®v t\ctØXs∂ t_m[hm∑mcmbncn°pw.

X¬^eambn ]e cmjv { Sßfpw temIØns‚ t\¿°v hmXnASbv°m\p≈ {ia߃ \n¿Ønbncn°p∂p. Ah¿ Ct∏mƒ k©mcnIƒ°pw a‰v kµ¿iI¿°pambn Xpd∂v sImSpØncn°p∂p.

Ign™ Ipd®v Zim_vZßfn¬ djy, ssN\, hnb‰\mw, _¿a (aym≥a¿) F∂nhbpw a‰pap≈ ]e henb cmjv{Sßfpw A¥mcmjv{SkaqlØnse IqSpX¬ Xpd∂ AwKßfmbn´p≠v. C∂v A^vKm\nÿms‚ P\kwJybpsS A©nsemcp `mKw AhcpsS PohnXØns‚ GsX¶nepw Hcp `mKw hntZiØv hkn® hcmWv.

156

kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-Whpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-Whpw

Bibhn\nabw ]pXnbtemIØv P\߃ am{Xa√ bm{X sNøp∂Xv ˛ Bibßfpw AhtcmsSm∏w Hcp bm{X Xcam°p∂p. P\߃°v {]h¿Øn°m\pw Nn¥n°m\pw kwkmcn°m\pw kzmX{¥yap≈ hyXykvX temIßfpsS IYIfpambn k©mcnIƒ hcp∂p. kztZinIƒ hntZiØv t]mbn k©mcnIƒ ]d™ IYIƒ kXyamsW∂v A¤pXtØmsS a\ nem°p∂p.

P\߃°v , C‚¿s\‰pw D]{KlSnhnbpw e`yamsW¶n¬ Ah¿ tIƒ°p∂Xv IYIƒ Ah¿ kv{Io\n¬ ImWp∂XpsIm≠v ÿncoIcn° s∏Sp∂p. hmWnPyØn\pw CtX ^eamWp≈Xv. Hcp cmPyw A¥mcmjv{Shn]W\ Øn\v Xpd∂psImSpØm¬ AhnSpsØ ]uc∑m¿ a‰v kwkv°mcßfn\n∂p≈hcpambn I®hSw sNøm\pw Ahcpambn kulrZw ÿm]n°m\pw a‰pPohnXcoXnIsf a\ nem°m\pw XpSßpw.

CXv IqSpX¬ DZmcam°m\p≈ k¿°mcnt∑ep≈ kΩ¿±w IqSpw. kzmX{¥ysØ t\cn´v ImWpIbpw A\p`hn°pIbpw sNøp∂ P\߃ ]ptcmKXn t{]m¬kmln∏n°m\pw A`nhr≤n hym]n∏n°p∂Xnepw D≈ AXns‚ hn]peamb i‡n a\ nem°p∂p. Ah¿°v B ]ptcmKXn bptSbpw A`nhr≤nbptSbpw Hcp ]¶v Ah¿°mbn thWw. kmt¶XnIhnZy, hmWnPyw, IpSntb‰w, hnt\mZk©mcw, BtKmfhn]Wn F∂nh kzX{¥kaqlØns‚ h‡m°fmWv.

Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØns‚ hf¿® apXemfnØØns‚ tSm]vUu¨ kao]\w A√. apºv H∂pan√mXncp∂nSØv Hcp kzX{¥ kaqlw krjvSn°pIsb∂Xv Ffp∏ap≈ Hcp tPmenb√. ]pXnb k¿°mcpIfpw A¥mcmjv{S klmbkwLS\Ifpw Hm^okv \n¿hlWØnencn°p∂ F√m DtZymKÿhrµßsfbpw am‰n ÿm]n °pI, k¿°mcn\pIognep≈ henb hyhkmbßsf kzImcyhXv°cn°p ∂Xpwt]mep≈ hepXpw \mSIobhpamb am‰ßfnemWv apJyambpw {i≤ tI{µoIcn°p∂Xv. ]et∏mgpw CØcw kao]\߃ Hcp Zpc¥amWv . A[nImcw hy‡n]camb Xmev]cy߃°p th≠n Zpcp]tbmKs∏SpØp∂ Hcp kwkvImcw Ct∏mgpw \ne\n¬°p∂XpsIm≠pw {]mtZinI 157

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

hn]WnbpsSbpw a’cßfpsS {]mtZinIamb Hcp [mcW C√mØXpsIm≠pw At\Iw kzImcy hXvIcW{ia߃ (1980 IfpsS Ahkm\Øn¬ saIvknt°mbn¬ kw`hn®Xpt]mse) Ahkm\w tÉns‚ IpØI apXemfnØsØ CjvS°mcpsS ssIøn¬ sIms≠Øn °p∂p. s]mXpP\߃°v apºp≠mbncp∂ tÉv apXemfnXØn¬\n∂pw Cu kzP\apXemfnØw H´pw hyXykvXambn ImWs∏Sp∂n√. am{Xhpa√, \oXn\ymb hyhÿnXnbpsS ]cnh¿Ø\\S]SnIƒ ZiI߃ FSp°psa∂ Xn\m¬, CØcw kzP\]£]mXw tImSXnIfm¬ tNmZyw sNøs∏SmsX apt∂m´p s]mbvs°m≠ncn°mw. AXpsIm≠p P\߃ tÉv \nb{¥nX{]iv\ßsfsb∂t]mseXs∂ kzImcykwcw`sØbpw tZmj tØmsS am{Xta ImWp∂p≈p. At\Iw t]¿ hnizkn°p∂Xv kaqe]cnjvIcWhmZnIƒ°pw hnπhImcn Iƒ°pw am{Xta, {]amWn h¿§ßsf AhKWn®v s]mXpP\߃°pth≠n ]pXpXmbn Fs¥¶nep sams° sNøm≥ Ignbq F∂v.

kzmX{¥yØns‚ t_m´w ˛ A]v kzm[o\i‡nIƒ tSm]v˛Uu¨ apXemfnØØns‚ kao]\w ]cmPbs∏Sm≥ ImcWw Ah¿ kmaqlnI \nba kwÿm]\ßfpsS ASnÿm\]camb \ne]mSpIfnepw {]h¿Ø\ßfnepw B\pIqeyßfnepw am‰ßƒ hcpØmsX AhbpsS _mlycq]Øn¬ klmbIamIp∂ XcØn¬ am‰ßƒ hcpØphm≥ {ian®XmWv. Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØns‚ k¿§mflKXbpw ]ptcmKXnbpw hfcp∂Xv, Fßs\ P\߃ ]ckv]cw kzX{¥ambn klIcn®pw HcpatbmsS bpw Pohn°p∂p F∂Xns\ \n¿Æbn°p∂Xv, \nba]chpw [m¿ΩnI]chp amb N´ßfpsS amXrIbneqsSbmWv. \ap°v AØcsamcp {]h¿Ø\ \nbaßfpsS amXrI sIm≠phcm≥ Ign™mepw, AØcw \nba߃°p≈n¬ \n∂psIm≠v P\߃°v AhcpsS kz¥w PohnXw sI´n∏Sp°m≥ kzmX{¥yw \¬Inbmepw, At∏mƒ apgph≥ P\ßfpsSbpw kzm`mhnIamb Du¿÷hpw A`nemjßfpw hyhÿm\pkmcamb am‰ßfnte°v \bn°pw.

DZmlcWØn\v, P\߃°v Hcp ]pXnb _nkn\kv XpSßp∂Xn\pw BflhniymktØmSpIqSn AXv ky¥ambn \SØphm\pw kyØnt∑kpc£nXamb DSaÿmhImiw t\Sphm\pw Dev]mZ\£aXbp≈ aqe[\w 158

kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-Whpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-Whpw

kamlcn°p∂Xn\pw kyX{¥ambn hym]mcw \SØphm\pw Ahsc A\phZn°p∂p F∂p IcpXpI. Cßs\ sNøp∂XneqsS kmºØnI hf¿® ssIhcn°p∂ Xn\pw hyhÿm\pkmcamb kmaqlnI ]cnjvImc߃ DtØPn∏n°p∂Xn\pw hgnsbmcp°p∂ \nbaßfpw t{]m’ml\ßfpw \Ωƒ krjvSn°p∂p. P\߃ sNdnb _nkn\kpIƒ XpSßpw, Fßns\ _nkn\kv sNøWsa∂pw A`nhr≤n t\Sphm\pw Ignbpsa∂v ]Tn°mw˛ kmºØnIamb t\´ßƒ am{Xa√ Ah¿ t\Sp∂Xv ]t£ h¿≤n® Bflhnizmkhpw IqSnbmWv. IqSpX¬ Bflhnizmkap≈ Hcp kaqlØn\v, DtZymKÿhrµßtfbpw k¿°m¿ hyhkmbßsfbpw \hoIcn °p∂Xpt]mep≈ _rlXv A[nImc \nbp‡ {]iv\ßfpambn t]mcmSphm≥ Ignbpw. AXpsIm≠v \Ωƒ apgph≥ tÉv kwÿm]\ ßsfbpw ]cnjvIcn°phm≥ {ian°p∂Xv henb \nebn¬ XpSßcpXv. apgph≥ \nbakwÿm]\hyhÿIfnepw hyhÿm\pkmcamb am‰ßƒ sIm≠phcp∂ Xn\mbn B\pIqeyßsf \S∏nem°ns°m≠v sNdnb \nebn¬ XpSßpIbmWv th≠Xv. 1

kzØhImiw {]hrØnbns]dphnse kzØhImiw 1990s‚ XpS°Øn¬ {][m\ambpw, kmºØnI hnZKv≤\mbncp∂ sl¿Wm≥tUm Un tkmt´mbm¬ (Fernando De Soto) kzm[o\w sNepØs∏´ s]dphnse kzØhImiØnse ]cnjvImc߃ AXoh Xmev]cyapW¿Øp∂ Hcp DZmlcWamWv. DtZymKÿ ta[mhnXzØns‚bpw AgnaXnbpsSbpw ^eambn Hcp ]pXnb _nkn\kv s]dphn¬ cPnÿ sNøWsa¶n¬ GItZiw Hcp h¿jtØmfw th≠nhcpsa∂v Un tkmt´m BhemXns∏´p. kzØv kz¥am°p∂Xn\pw kam\khntijXIƒ D≠mbncp∂p. CXpImcWw et£m]e£w sNdpkwcw`I¿°v AhcpsS IrjntØm´ßtfm, sNdp _nkn\kpItfm As√¶n¬ hoSpItfm \nba]cambn kz¥am°m≥ Ign™n√. AXv AhcpsS kwcw`߃ hn]peoIcn°p∂Xn\mbn \nt£]ßtfm As√¶n¬ hmbv ] Itfm e`yamIp∂Xn\v _p≤nap´m°n. Ah¿°v AhcpsS hoSpItfm As√¶n1. Rm³ BZw kvan¯v CâÀ\m-j-WÂ, ]oäÀ bMv, Ìo^³ sP. amÌntbmSpw AhcpsShnZKv² Adnhn\v ISs¸«ncn¡p¶p 1.

I am grateful to Peter Young and Stephen J. Masty of Adam Smith International for their expert insights on this.

159

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

_nkn\t m hn¬°phm≥ Ign™n√. am{Xhpa√ AhcpsS kzØn≥tatem As√¶n¬ _nkn\ ntem D≠mIp∂ X¿°ßƒ ]cnlcn°phm≥ tImSXnbpsS klmbw tXSphm≥t]mepw Ign™n√. s]dphn¬ c≠pXcØnep≈ kmºØnIhyhÿ \nehnep≠mbncp∂p.

H∂v \nba]cn[n°p≈nepw \nbakm[pXbneqsS F√m kmºØnI B\pIqeyßfpw \nba]camb kwc£Whpw A\p`hn°p∂hcpw as‰m∂v AhcpsS hoSpIfpw _nkn\ pIfpw \nba]cambn \ne\n¬°mØ Xn\m¬ Zmcn{ZØnte°v X≈nhnSs∏´ et£m]e£w sNdpInS kwcw`I¿. \nba]ca√mØ sNdpInS _nkn\ pIfn¬\n∂pw \nIpXn ]ncn°m≥ IgnbmØXpImcWw k¿°mcns‚ hcpam\hpw Ipd™p. am{Xhpa√ Ah¿°v bmsXmcp \nba]camb kwc£Whpw e`n°mØXn\m¬ Cu kwcw`Isc {Inan\epIfpw IΩyqWnÃv hmZnIfmb Kdn√Ifpw (Shining Path Guerillas) A\mbmkw NqjWw sNbvXp. Hcp ]pXnb _nkn\ v cPnkv‰¿ sNøp∂Xn\v \nehnep≈ DtZymKÿ ta[mhnXzØns‚ \nb{¥W߃ FSpØpIfbpIbpw _nkn\ v \SØp∂Xn\p ssIhiap≠mbncnt°≠ H´pan° ssek≥kpIfpw s]¿an‰pIfpw Dt]£n°pI, CXmbncp∂p Un tkmt´mbpw a‰p≈hcpw apt∂m´p sh® \n¿t±i߃ As√¶n¬ ]cnlmcam¿§ßƒ. BZyambn Zie£Øn¬ IqSpX¬ s]dqhnb≥ IpSpw_߃°v AwKoIrX `q AhImiw t\Sns°mSpØ `q ]cnjvImcßfpw AXn¬ D≠mbncp∂p.

AXns‚ ^eambn, DSaÿ¿°v AhcpsS _nkn\ v hn]peoIcn°phm≥ hmbv] FSp°phm\pw hkvXphIIƒ hmßphm\pw hn¬°phm\pw kzmX{¥yw In´nbtXmsS sNdpInS _nkn\kpIƒ A`nhr≤n t\Sn. P\߃°v aqe[\w D≠m°m\pw kºmZn°phm\pw Ign™tXmsS ]m¿∏nSkuIcy߃ ]ptcmKan°pIbpw c£I¿Øm°ƒ AhcpsS a°ƒ°v hnZym`ymkw \¬Ip∂Xn\mbn IqSpX¬ ]Ww Nnehgn°phm\pw XpSßn. ]cnjvImc߃ hna¿i\clnXambncp∂n√. Nne BfpIƒ hmZn°p∂Xv, `q{]amW߃ \oXn bp‡a√mbncp∂p F∂mWv. AXn\h¿ ]dbp∂ ImcWw Bcv F¥v A\u]NmcnIambn ssIhiw sh®ncp∂p F∂v ÿm]n°phm≥ _p≤nap´mbncp∂p F∂XmWv. a‰pNne¿ hmZn°p∂Xv, `q{]amWw Zcn{Z¿°pw sNdpInS kwcw`I¿°pw tase h≥InS 160

kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-Whpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-Whpw

IpSntb‰°m¿°v IqSpX¬ ta¬t°mbvaIƒ \¬Insb∂Xpw, CXneqsS Zcn{Zcmb I¿jI¿ B{ibn®ncn°p∂ s]mXp`qanIƒ Ah¿°p \jv S s∏´p F∂pw Cu DSaÿX A\utZymKnIsa¶nepw \∂mbn {]h¿Øn®ncp∂ ]m´hyhÿsb A´nadn®p F∂pamWv. a‰pNne¿ hmZn°p∂Xv, Cu `q]cnjvImc߃ A{X°v ta∑bp≈Xmbncp∂n√, am{Xhpa√ kmºØnI ]ptcmKXn°v hensbmcp XS w P\ßfpsS kwkv°mcw AhcpsS A`nemj ßfnt∑¬ ASnt®ev]n® ]cnanXnIfmWv. apºv H∂pw \nehnen√mXncp∂nSØv \√ coXnbn¬ {]h¿Øn °p∂ Hcp hn]Wn ÿm]ns®Sp°p∂Xv hfsc ITn\amWv. Hcp AtIzdnbØn\n∂pw ao≥ kq∏v D≠m°phm≥ hfsc Ffp∏amWv , ]t£ ao≥ kq∏n¬\n∂pw Hcp AtIzdnbw D≠m°pI Ffp∏a√. F¥mbncp∂mepw a‰p cmPy߬ s]dphnse ]cnjvImc߃ ]I¿Øphm≥ {ian®p. em‰n≥ Atacn°bnsebpw B{^n°bnsebpw ]e cmPy߃°pw Un tkmt´m t\cn´v D]tZi߃ sImSpØp.

]n¥pWbv°p∂ ]cnjvImc߃ ]t£ \√coXnbn¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂ kzØhImi߃ apJyamIptºmgpw, a‰p ]n¥pWtbIp∂ ]cnjvImcßfpw A\nhmcyamWv. DZmlcWØn\v, AhnsS \√coXnbn¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂ hmbv], sNdpInS hmbv]m hn]WnIƒ A\nhmcyambpw D≠mbncnt°≠XmWv, CXv Zp¿LSamb N´ßƒ°pw DtZymKÿ ta[mhnXzØn\pw Ffp∏Øn¬ Aa¿® sNøm\mhn√.

(Xmev]cyapW¿Øp∂ G‰hpw \s√mcp DZmlcWw, _w•mtZin¬ sNdpInS hmbv]Iƒ \¬Ip∂ {Kmao¨ _m¶v. {KmaoW hyhkmb߃°v CXv sNcphmbv]Iƒ \¬Ip∂p. kz¥ambn `qanbn√mØ h\nXm kwcw`I¿°v hb¿se v sSet^m¨ D]tbmKn®v t]t^m¨ tkh\ØneqsS hmbv]Iƒ e`yam°p∂Xpw CXnepƒs∏Sp∂p.)

AhnsS hnizmktbmKyambXpw Imcy£ahpamb Hcp \nbahyhÿbpw AXymhiyamWv, F¶n¬ am{Xta P\߃°v AhcpsS X¿°ßfpw a‰pw thKØnepw hnizmktØmsSbpw ]cnlcn°phm≥ Ignbq. \nba hyhÿbnte°v Hcp {]tXyI ]cnjvImcw ]m m°phm\pw FSp°p∂Xp hsc \ap°v ImØncnt°≠Xn√. hy‡nKXtI pIfn¬ \n∂v krjvSn° s∏´ kmam\y\nbaw hfsc thKØnep≈XmWv. {]mtZinIP\XbpsS \oXnt_m[Øn\\pkcn®v, ÿm]nXamb Iogvhg°ßfpsS LS\bn161

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

Hcp {]mtZinI \nbahyhÿbpw AhnsS BZyta \ne\n¬t°≠XmWv. F∂m¬ DSaÿmhImi LS\, hy‡n]camb _m[yX, Hmlcn ]¶mfnØap≈hcpsS AhImi߃, ]m∏cXzw XpSßnb _nkn\ v {]h¿Ø\ßsf kw_‘n®p≈ ASnÿm\\nba߃ \Ωƒ cq]oIcnt°≠Xpw AXymhiyamWv. Hcp hn]Wnbnte°v {]thin°phm≥ XS ߃ krjvSn°p∂ \nbaßsf \Ωƒ eLqIcnt°≠Xpw A\nhmcyamWv F∂m¬ am{Xta ]pXnb Bib߃ DSseSp°q. DZmlcWØn\v, t\∏mfnse `cWm[nImcnIƒ ˛ 1950Iƒ°v apºv ]pdwtemIhpambn bmsXmcp _‘hpw ]pe¿Ønbn cp∂n√mØ cmPyw ˛ kzImcy Iº\nIƒ AhnSsØ sSet^m¨ kwhn[m\w \SØn°p∂Xv P\ßfn¬ `oXnbpfhm°pw F∂ ImcWØm¬ Ah¿ AXns‚ kºq¿Æamb hnev]\ XnckvIcn®p.

F∂m¬ ]pXnb BfpIƒ°v {]thi\m\paXn \¬Ip∂ ]pXnb ssek≥kpIƒ \¬Im≥ kΩXn®p. Cu ]pXnb Iº\nIfpsS {]thi\w t\∏mfnse sSet^m¨ kwhn[m\sØ h≥ hnPbam°n Xo¿Øp.

C\nbpw IqSpX¬ DZmlcW߃ ChnsSbp≠v. sNdnb _nkn\ pIfpw ]pXnb hn]WnIfpsS {]thi\hpw hf¿∂p, IqSpX¬ tPmen km[yXIƒ krjvSn°s∏´p, ]ptcmKXn h¿≤n®p, D]t`m‡r tkh\߃ IqSpXsa®s∏´p, {][m\ambpw hcpam\hpw kºØpw D≠m°p∂Xn¬ kzmX{¥y Øn\p≈ AXn{][m\amb ]¶v P\߃°v a\ nem°phm≥ km[n®p.

CXv F{XtØmfw ]n¥pW kamlcn°p∂p A{XtØmfw Ipdth P\߃ auenIambXpw F∂m¬ BXy¥nIambn \nb{¥W i‡nbp≈ D]m[nIƒ B{Kln°q.

Im¿jnI ]cnjvImc߃ kzØhImi߃ {]m_eyØn¬ D≈Xns‚ t\´ßƒ°v DZmlcWamWv djybnsebpw ssN\ bnsebpw hnb‰v\mansebpw Im¿jnI ]cnjvImc߃.

AhnSsØ IΩyqWnÃv k¿°mcpIƒ `qanbnepw Im¿jnIkwcw`ßfnepw Iq´ambp≈ DSaÿmhImiØn¬ F√mbnSØpw Irjn Bcw`n®p. B kapZmb߃ `qan D]tbmKn°p∂Xn\pw ]WnsbSp°p∂Xn\pap≈ AhImi߃ \nb{¥n°pIbpw kaXzm[njvTnXamb Hcp hnXcW k{ºZmbw ASnt®ev]n°pIbpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ CsXmcp Zpc¥ambn

162

kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-Whpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-Whpw

cp∂p. B kapZmb߃ hfsc hepXpw, \nb{¥W hnt[ba√mØXpw ta[mhnXzap≈Xpw Bbncp∂p. hy‡nIƒ°v AhcpsS A≤zm\Øns‚ ^ew a‰p≈h¿°pIqSn ]¶pshbv t °≠nhcp∂Xn\m¬ Ah¿°v ITn\m≤zm\w sNøphm\pw As√¶n¬ Dem]mZ\£aX Iq´phm\pw Xmev]cyw Xosc Ipdhmbncp∂p.

Cu s]mXp DSaÿmhImiXXzw Dt]£n°phm≥ ssha\kyw D≠mbncp∂p F¶nepw 1970 s‚ Ahkm\tØmsS hn\miIcamb Cu tkmhnb‰v amXrIbn¬ ssN\ hn´pt]mbn. Hcp IpSpw_ DØc hmZnXz hyhÿ \nehn¬ h∂p, IpSpw_߃°v AhcpsS kz¥w `qanbn]WnsbSp°mw. CXv A≤zm\hpw ^ehpw XΩnep≈ _‘sØ ]p\cp÷ohn∏n®p. ssN\bnse Im¿jnItaJe A`nhr≤n {]m]n®p. [m\yw, ]cpØn, FÆ°pcp°ƒ XpSßnb hnfIfn¬ bYm{Iaw 5, 8, 14 iXam\ tØmfw hm¿jnI h¿≤\tbmsS 1980 s‚ XpS°Øn¬ ssN\bnse Im¿jnI kºØv thKØn¬ hf¿∂p. 2 ]t£ Cu XpS°Ønse hf¿® A[nIImew \o≠p\n∂n√. Cu hyhÿ At∏mgpw A]cym]vXambncp∂p. aÆns‚ hyXykvXßfmb KpW߃ Xpeyam°mw F∂ {]Xo£bn¬ Hcp hnkvXrXamb ÿew \¬Ip∂Xn\p ]Icw Xp≠pIfmbn´mbncp∂p IpSpw_߃°v `qan A[nImcnIƒ \¬In bncp∂Xv. Hmtcm IpSpw_Øns‚bpw A≤zm\w ]e Xp≠p ÿeßfnembn NnXdn InS°p∂Xn\m¬ anI®coXnbnep≈ k{ºZmb߃ \S∏nem°pI A{]tbmKnIambncp∂p. Xp≠pIƒ°nSbnep≈ hgnIƒ IrjnbnSØns‚ \s√mcp ]¶v FSpØp. am{Xhpa√ hnXcW kwhn[m\w Hmtcm IpSpw_ß fpsSbpw {]tXyIamb A≤zm\tØbpw Dev]mZ\£aXtbbpw IW°n seSpØncp∂n√.

AXpsIm≠v, kmt¶XnIambn `qanbpsS DSaÿmhImiØn¬ am‰ßƒ hcptØs≠∂v Xocpam\n°pIbpw F∂m¬ Hcp `qan D]tbmK AhImihyhÿ AhXcn∏n°pIbpw sNbvXp. CXv IpSpw_߃°v Hcp `qanbn¬ Zo¿LImew ]WnsbSp°p∂Xn\v AhImiw \¬IpIbpw, 2. IqSpX¬ hnhc߃°v ImWpI, thmƒ^vKmMv Imkv]¿, Z kn®yq≥ FIvkvs]cnsa‚v, Hmkvt{Senb≥ tP¿W¬ t^m¿ ssN\okv A^tbgvkv, 7, s^{_phcn 1981, ]n]n 163˛72 2.

For details, see Wolfgang Kasper, The Sichuan experiment, Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, 7, February 1981, pp. 163ñ72.

163

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

AXn¬ \n∂pw hnfshSp°phm\pw hcpam\w t\Sphm\pw AØcw AhImi߃ a‰p≈hcnte°v ]Icphm\pw Ahsc A\phZn°pIbpw sNøp∂p. ho≠pw, Hcp kzX{¥ hn]WnbpsS As√¶n¬ kzØhImißfpsS ImgvN∏mSn¬ \n∂pw Cu hyhÿbpw ]q¿Æambpw ^e{]Zambncp∂n√. k¿°mcns‚ kamlcWhpw hne \n¿Æb kwhn[m \hpw I¿jI¿°v AhcptSXmb Xocpam\߃ FSp°p∂Xn\p≈ Ignhns\bpw AhcpsS kz¥w A≤zm\Øns‚ apgph≥ ^eßsfbpw A\p`hn°p∂Xn\p≈ AhImitØbpw A´nadn°p∂p. `qanbpsS Hcp bYm¿∞ hn]Wnbn √msX, Xp≠pÿeßfpsS GIoIcWØnt\m kwtbmP\Ønt\m hfsc Npcpßnb km[yXItf D≠mbncp∂p≈q. F∂m¬ {ItaW Hcp `q D]t`mKhn]Wn Xpd∂p h∂p.

DZmlcWØn\v, hS°≥ Knjyhnse tabv´¨ Iu≠nbn¬ {Kmahmkn Ifpw DtZymKÿcpw `qan ]m´Øns\Sp°p∂ Imebfhv 20 h¿jtØ°v ÿncoIcn®ncp∂p, CXv IpSpw_߃°v Zo¿LIme ]≤XnIƒ BhnjvIcn°phm≥ klmbIambn. HkyØmbn sImSp°phm\pw AhcpsS ]m´w ssIam‰w sNøphm\pw Xp≠p`qanIƒ kwtbmPn∏n°phm\pw D≈ A[nImcw I¿jI¿°v \¬Inbncp∂p. Irjn sNømsX InS°p∂ `qanIfpw ]camh[n D]tbmKs∏SpØphm\p≈ {]tNmZ\ßfpw D≠mbn cp∂p. AXns‚ ^eambn IqSpX¬ ÿe߃ Irjn°mbn D]tbmKs∏SpØn, IpSpw_߃ aÆns\ kwc£n°phm≥ XpSßnb Xn\m¬ AXns‚ ^e]pjvSn h¿≤n°pIbpw sNbvXp. B[p\nI D]IcW߃ D]tbmKn®pXpSßn. 1995˛¬ tabv ´ ¨ amXrI ]n≥XpScphm≥ a‰p {Kmaßsfbpw tZiob k¿°m¿ t{]m’mln∏n®p.

Aßs\ kzØhImi hyhÿ°v kam\amb H∂v F√mbnSØpw {]Ncn°m≥ XpSßn.

sh≈Øn\p≈ AhImiw k¿°mcnt\°mfpw anI® coXnbn¬ hn\ntbmKn°phm≥ kzØhImi Øn\v Ignbp∂ as‰mcp A]q¿∆amb hn`hamWv sh≈w. bpssW‰Uv tÉvknse hc≠ ]Sn™md≥ {]tZißfn¬ sImSpwhcƒ®bpsS `ojWn Hcn°¬ k¿∆km[mcWambncp∂p. sh≈Øns‚ Zu¿e`yw sIm≠√ adn®v CXv hn\ntbmKn°p∂Xn\p≈ ITn\amb \nbahyhÿIƒ sIm≠mbn 164

kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-Whpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-Whpw

cp∂p CXv kw`hn®ncp∂Xv. DZmlcWØn\v, Hcp Acphnbn¬\n∂pw BcmtWm BZyw sh≈w FSp°p∂Xv, ]n∂oSv hcp∂hcn¬\n∂pw ap≥KW\ Abmƒ°mbncn°pw. F∂m¬ Cu Bhiyw \ne\n¿ØnsIm≠p t]mIp∂Xn\v, AhcpsS sh≈Øn\p≈ Bhiyw IpdhmsW¶nepw Ah¿°v AXv Ignbp∂{X NqjWw sNtø≠nbncp∂p.

1990 s‚ XpS°Øn¬ tam≠m\bpw AcntkmWbpw t]mep≈ kwÿm\߃ sh≈Øn\p≈ BfpIfpsS AhImi߃ hn]W\w sNøphm≥ A\phZn°m≥ XpSßn. Ct∏mgpw AhnsS At\Iw N´ßƒ Cu hn]Wnsb Xf¿Øm≥ \nehn¬ Ds≠¶nepw, sh≈Øns‚ D]tbmKw Aaqeyamb coXnbn¬ \S°p∂ps≠∂v Dd∏phcpØphm≥ AXv klmbn°p∂p. sh≈w D]tbmKn°m\p≈ AhImiw Bhiym\pkcWw hmßphm\pw hn¬°phm\pw Ignbp∂XpsIm≠v, anXamb D]tbmK ap≈h¿ (B¿°mtWm sh≈w Ipd®p]tbmKn°phm≥ Ignbp∂h¿ As≈¶n¬ ]pXp°n D]tbmKn°p∂h¿) ip≤amb sh≈w D]tbmKn °m\p≈ AhcpsS AhImiw AXp IqSpX¬ Bhiyap≈h¿°v sImSp°p∂p. CsXms°bmWv sh≈Ønep≈ AhImißfpsS hn]Wn sIm≠p≈ KpW߃, CXv ]Sn™md≥ bpssW‰Uv tÉvkn¬ BIam\w {]Ncn°pIbpw sNøp∂p.

kzImcyhXvIcWØns‚ \n¿ΩmWX{¥w k¿°m¿ \nb{¥WØnep≈ hyhkmb߃ an°hmdpw P\߃°v sXcs™Sp°phm\p≈ Ahkc߃ \¬ImØ IpØIIƒ Bbncn°pw. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ Ah¿°v KpWta∑ Ipd™ hkvXp°ƒ °pt]mepw Db¿∂ hneIƒ CuSm°phm≥ IgnbpIbpw CuSm°pIbpw sNøp∂p. A[nImcnIfpsS ssIsøØpwZqcØv GsX¶nepw GP≥knIfpsS NpaXebnemsW¶n¬t]mepw Ah km[mcWbmbn A[nImcn{]amWnIfptStbm AhcpsS kplrØp°fptStbm \nb{¥W Ønembncn°pw. am{Xhpa√ CsXms° an°hmdpw \nb{¥n°p∂Xv `cWcwKsØ {]amWnamtcm As√¶n¬ Ah¿°v th≠s∏´htcm Bbncn°pw.

DZmlcWØn\v, Cdm\nse Hcp ImcpWy{]h¿Ø\ {SsÃ∂p IcpXs∏Sp∂ t_m≥bmUvkv BWv AhnSsØ kzØv hnIk\Øns‚bpw Im¿jnItaJebpsSbpw \n¿ΩmWtaJebpsSbpw jn∏nßn s‚bpw 165

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

AS°w A©nsem∂v kmºØnI t{kmX pIsfbpw \nb{¥n°p∂Xv. XpS°Øn¬ jm XpSßnb CXv Hcp ImcpWy{]h¿Ø\{SÃv As√∂pw adn®v `cWIqSØns‚ c£m[nImcØn\pw em`Øn\pw th≠nbp≈ D]m[nbmWv F∂v ]cs° hna¿i\w D≠mbncp∂p. F∂n´pw, 1979 se hnπhØn\ptijw A[nImcØn¬ h∂ ]pXnb k¿°mcpw AXns\ BZmbIcambn I≠Xn\m¬ Dt]£n°phm≥ Xømdmbn√. AXpsIm≠h¿ \ne\n¬°pIbpw \nIpXnbnfhpw a‰m\pIqeyßfpw kz¥am°pIbpw k¿°mcnte°v I≠psI´p∂ kzImcy hkvXphIIƒ Ahcnte°v FØpIbpw sNbvXp. Ah¿ \ne\n¬°p∂Xv Zcn{ZcpsS D∂a\Øn\p th≠nbmWv F∂p ]dbp∂ps≠¶nepw A£cm¿∞Øn¬ AhcpsS {]tbmP\߃ FØp∂Xv A[nImcØn¬ Ccn°p∂hcnte°mWv. k¿°m¿ \nb{¥nX _nkn\kpIƒ kzImcyhXvIcn°ptºmƒ, kzImcy DSaÿmhImiØns‚ Du¿÷kzeamb ^e߃ D≠mhpIbpw DtZymKÿ ta[mhnXz IpØIIƒ°nSbnse hgnsbmcp°p Ibpw kpXmcyamb hmWnPy CS]mSpIfneqsS AgnaXn C√mXmhpIbpw sNøWw. CXv Cu hyhkmb ßfpsS aqe[\w XncnsI s]mXpP\ßfpsS ssIIfn seØn°p∂Xn\v klmbn°pIbpw sNømw. ]t£ Cu t\´ßƒ ssI hcn°Wsa¶n¬ AXn\p≈ ho£Ww, {]m]vXn, {i≤m]q¿∆amb \b cq]o IcWhpw F√mw BhiyamWv. AhnsS Hcp GI \n¿ΩmWX{¥an√. k¿°m¿ \nb{¥nX hyhkmb ßfpsS kzImcyhXvIcWw cmjv{Sobhpw IqSmsX kmºØnIimkv{X]c hpw Bb ImcyamWv. Hmtcm hyhkmbßfpw hyXykvXamWv. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ hyXykvXßfmb kao]\ßfpw BhiyamWv. hyhkmb߃ ]e XcØnepw hen∏Øn epap≈hbmWv, AhbpsS ]cnjvImc߃ XS s∏SpØp∂ hyXykvX Xmev]cyßfp≈ kwLßfpw D≠v. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ apgph≥ P\Xbpw B{ibn°p∂ sh≈w, sshZypXn t]mep≈ Ahiytkh\߃°v XmcXtay\ Ipd®mfpIsf _m[n°p∂ \n¿ΩmWtaJebnse Iº\nIfn\n∂pw XnI®pw hyXykvXamb kao]\amWv Bhiyw. sNdnb kwcw`ßfpsS ImcyØn¬ Ahsc hmWnPy\SØn∏pIm¿°v hn¬°p∂Xv {]mtbmKnI amWv, {]tXyIn®pw ]pXnb Bibßfpw IqSpXaqe[\hpap≈ hntZiØp≈ B¿s°¶nepw. F∂m¬ k¿°m¿ 166

kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-Whpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-Whpw

Iº\nIƒ hntZinIƒ°v hnev°p∂Xv hnhmZ]camtb°mhp∂XmWv. h≥InSkwcw`I¿°v, Hmlcn hnev]\bneqsS s]mXpP\ßsfIqSn Iº\nbpsS DSaÿmhImiØnte°v Dƒs∏SpØp∂Xv hfsc {]tbmP\IcamWv. AhnsS ]pcmX\amb Htc Hcp Hmlcnhn]Wn am{Xta D≠mbncn°q F∂p≈XpsIm≠pw A[nIw P\߃°pw Hmlcn F¥msW∂v AdnbmØXp sIm≠pw AXns\ Ipdns®mcp Aht_m[¢m v Bhiyambhcpw. tkmhnb‰vhmgvN XI¿∂Xn\ptijw, djy Hcp {]amW]{X kzImcyhXvIcWw (hu®¿ ss{]hss‰tkj≥) Bcw`n®p. CXv k¿°m¿ kwcw` ßfn¬ s]mXpP\߃°v Xpey]¶mfnØw ^e{]Zambn \¬In. ]t£ ]n∂oSv an°hmdpw P\ßfpw AhcpsS HmlcnIƒ hfsc Ipd™ hne°v hn¬°pIbpw Ahkm\w Ah ]pXnb {]amWn h¿§ßfnep≈ _nkn\kv {]`p°∑mcpsS \nb{¥WØn¬ BhpIbpw sNbvXp.

hn]Wn XXzßfpsS AhXcWw kzImcyhXvIcWØns‚ `mKambn IpØIIƒ XI¿t°≠Xv AXy¥m t]£nXamWv . k¿°mcpIƒ Nnet∏mƒ Nn¥nt®°mw AhcpsS IpØImhImiw \ne\n¿ØnsIm≠v I®hS߃ hn¬°p∂ XneqsS IqSpX¬ hcpam\w t\Smsa∂v, ]t£ Aßs\ IpØImhImiw XpS¿∂pw \ne\n∂m¬ AXv s]mXpP\߃°v Atßb‰w tZmjIcambncn°pw. k¿°mcns‚ IpØImhImiw a’cap≈ LSIßfneqsS C√mXm°n bm¬ AXv Zo¿LImetØ°v k¿°mcn\pw s]mXpP\߃°pw t\´ap≠m°pw. AhcpsS IpØIm[n]Xyap≠mbncp∂ ap≥KmanI tf°mƒ ]pXnb kwcw`߃ IqSpX¬ Xg®p hfcpIbpw IqSpXDu¿÷kzehpw \ho\hpambncn°pw.

1996se tKm´namebnse sSet^m¨ kwhn[m\ßfpsS kzImcyhXvIcWw CØcw taJeIfn¬ a’cØn\p≈ {]m[m\yw sXfnbn°p∂p. AhnsS sSentImw taJebnse IpØImhImiw kzImcy hXvIcn°p∂Xn\papºv, sSentImw hn]Wn a’cØn\p≈ hmXnepIƒ Xpd∂psImSpØp. hmbp XcwKßfpw (Fb¿ thhvkv) kzImcyhXvIcn®Xv sshZypXIm¥nI kv s ]Iv { Sßfn¬ kzØhImi߃ \nehn¬ hcpØpIbpw AXv hn\nabcwKsØ ]pXnb Iº\nIƒ°v hfsc A\mbmkw hmßphm\pw D]tbmKn°phm\pw Ign™p. CXns‚ ^ew a’cØns‚ hfsc henb hn]peo IcWhpw, Db¿∂ XeØnep≈ hcWm[nImchpw hn]peamb 167

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

hym]v X n Bbncp∂p. \nc°pIƒ, em‰n≥ Atacn°bnse G‰hpw Ipd™XmhpIbpw samss_¬ sSet^m¨ D]t`m‡m°fpsS FÆw Hcp Zim_vZØn\pw Ipd®v tasebp≈ Imebfhn\p≈n¬ \qdpIW°n\v aSßv A[nIcn°pIbpw sNbvXp. 3

icnbmb coXn kzmbØam°kzImcyh¬°cWØns‚ cmjv{Sobhpw \n¿ΩmWX{¥hpw icnbmbn \S∏nem°m≥ ]cnjvI¿Øm°sf klmbn°p∂ [mcmfw A¥mcmjv{S A\p`hßfpw {]mhoWyhpw D≠v.

CXn\v apJyambpw th≠Xv {]{Inb ]q¿Æambpw kpXmcyhpw s]mXpP\߃°v AXn¬ ]s¶Sp °phm≥ Ignbp∂Xpw Bbncn°Ww. Aßs\b√m F¶n¬ B ]cnjvImc߃ s]mXpsh AwKoIcn°s∏Sn√.

DZmlcWØn\v, B{^n°bnse Nne k¿°mcpIƒ Ahiytkh\ßfmb sh≈w, _m¶nMv XpSßnb taJeIfnse hyhkmb߃ Nne hntZi \nt£]Icpambn klIcn®v kzImcyhXvIcn®p. ]t£ Xt±inbcmb P\߃°v AXn¬ DSaÿmhImiw t\Sp∂Xn\p≈ bmsXmcp Ahkc hpw Xpd∂psImSpØn√. CXv shdpsamcp cmjv{Sob]camb \njv¶f¶X am{Xa√, adn®v kaXz ]cn]me\Øn\mbp≈ Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØnse XXz߃°pw hn]coXhpamWv. IqSpXembn, DSaÿmhImiw IqSpX¬ hn]peam°p∂Xnt\°mƒ Ipd®mfpIfpsS B kzImcy hXvIcn® hyhkmbßfpsS \nb{¥Ww k¿°mcnep≈ A[nImcnIfpsS kplrØp°fpsS ssIIfnte°v Xncn®v Bhpw. CXv IqSpX¬ kzImcyhXvIcWw F∂ BibsØ Zpjn∏n°p Ibpw a‰p k¿°m¿ A[o\Xbnep≈ hyhkmbßsf hn]Wn XXz߃ AhXcn∏n°p∂ DZyaØn¬ \n∂pw ]n≥amdm≥ t{]cn∏n°pIbpw sNøpw.

GXp ]pXnb DZyahpw AgnaXn°mcmb {]amWnh¿§ßƒ°√msX s]mXpP\߃°v D]Imc{]Zambncn°psa∂v P\ßsf ho≠pw ]d™p hnizkn∏nt°≠Xp≠v . Ignbp∂nStØmfw IqSpX¬ hn]Wnbnse a’c߃ Ignbp∂{X thKØn¬ AhXcn∏n°p∂Xmhpw CXv 3. ImWpI, shbv¨ F sebv´¨, sK‰nwKv ss{]hss‰tkj≥ ssd‰v: F tIkv ÃUn, C≥Ãn‰yq´v Hm^v C°tWmanIvkv A^tbgvkv tªmKv, e≠≥ 2013.

3.

168

See, Wayne A. Leighton, Getting privatisation right: a case study, Institute of Economic Affairs blog, London, 2013.

kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-Whpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-Whpw

Dd∏m°m\p≈ \√ am¿§w.

k¿°m¿ C√msX a\pjytkh\߃ Nne s]mXptkh\߃ k¿°mcn\m¬ am{Xta \¬Im≥ Ignbq Fs∂mcp ap≥[mcW D≠v, {]tXyIn®pw a\pjytkh\ßfmb BtcmKyw, hnZym`ymkw, t£a{]h¿Ø\߃ apXembh.

NnecpsS A`n{]mb{]Imcw CØcw Ahiytkh\ßfpsS {]m[m\yw Ah hn]Wnbn¬ Cd°m≥ ]‰mØ{X {][m\amWv . a¬kc_p≤nbp≈ kzImcytkh\ZmXm°sft]mse D]t`m‡m°sf Xr]vXns∏SpØn PohntXm]m[n kºmZnt°≠ Ahÿ \nIpXn∏WwsIm≠v {]h¿Øn°p∂ tkh\ZmXm°ƒ°v C√. cmjv{Sob°msc kzm[o\n®pw AhcpsS Bhiy߃ AwKoIcn®ns√¶n¬ tkh\kv X w`\w F∂ `ojWn apg°nbpamWv Ah¿ _P‰v h¿≤n∏n°p∂Xv . AhcpsS {i≤ k¿°mcnemWv P\ßfne√. km[mcW k¿°m¿ \nb{¥nX tkh\ZmXm°ƒ t\cnSp∂Xnt\°mfpw a’cw kzImcy ÿm]\ ߃°v t\cntS≠n hcp∂p. ]et∏mgpw k¿°m¿ tkh\ZmXm°fpambn a’cn°p∂Xv \nbahncp≤ambncn°pw.

AXpsIm≠v k¿°m¿ taJebnep≈ tkh\ZmXm°ƒ Ah¿ \evIp∂ tkh\߃ \hoIcn°pItbm kaImenI {]k‡ntbmsS tkh\߃ \¬IpItbm sNøp∂n√. ImcWw AhcpsS D]t`m‡m°ƒ°v AØcw tkh\߃ e`yam°p∂Xn\mbn as‰ßpw t]mIm\n√. ]t£ Fßs\sbms° Bbmepw an° k¿°mcpIfpw s]mXptkh\ß fpsS \SØn∏v Ahcn¬ Xs∂ tI{µoIcn°phm\mWv CjvSs∏Sp∂Xv, P\߃ F√mbvt∏mgpw AhcpsS IpØI ta[mhnXzØn\pNp‰pw a‰p am¿§ßƒ At\zjn®p Is≠Øp∂p. k¿°mcnXc ZmXm°fpw A\u] NmcnI ZmXm°fpw CØcw tkh\߃ hfsc anI® coXnbn\¬Ip∂Xn\v temIw apgph\pw [mcmfw DZmlcWßfp≠v.

k¿°m¿ C√msXbp≈ hnZym`ymkw hnZym`ymkØns‚ Imcyw DZmlcWambn FSp°mw. A[nIw BfpIfpw k¶¬∏n°p∂Xv kzImcy hnZym`ykw kº∂¿°v am{Xw D≈ Imcysa∂mWv. F∂m¬ hnZym`ymk hnZKv[\mb s{]m^k¿ sPbnwkv Sqen (Prof. James Tooley) C¥ybnepw, Lm\, ss\Pocnb, sI\nb XpSßnb cmPyßfnepw 169

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

c≠p h¿jambn \SØnb ]T\ßfn¬ Is≠ØnbXv AXn\p hn]coXamWv. Cu cmPyßfnse G‰hpw Zcn{Z taJe Ifnep≈ IqSpXkv°qƒIp´nIfpw k¿°mcnXc kv°qfpIfnembncp∂p t]mbncp∂Xv. hfsc A[nIw Zcn{ZtaJeIfmb sslZcm_mZv , A{Im, emtKmkv F∂nhnSßfn¬ aq∂n¬ H∂v As√¶n¬ AXnt\°mƒ Ipd®p k¿°m¿ kv°qfpItf D≠mbncp∂p≈q. aq∂n¬ c≠v As√¶n¬ AXnt\°mƒ IqSpX¬ kv°qƒIp´nIfpw kzImcykv°qfpIfnembncp∂p s]mbvs°m≠ncp∂Xv, Ahbn¬ ]e kv°qfpIƒ°pw k¿°m¿ AwKoImcw t]mepan√mØh Bbncp∂p. an°hmdpw Cu k¿°mcnXc kv°qfpIfpw \SØnbncp∂Xv kzImcy DSaÿcmbncp∂p. hfsc Ipd®pt]¿°v [¿Ω tkh\ ÿm]\ßfpsS klmb߃ e`n®ncp∂p, F∂m¬ B¿°pw k¿°m¿ klmbw In´nbncp∂n√. c£mI¿Øm°fn¬ \n∂pw hmßp∂ Xp—amb ^okmWv AhcpsS GI hcpam\w. 4 Aßs\sbms° BsW¶n¬ t]mepw, kzImcy kv°qfpIfnse t\´ßƒ hfscb[nIw Db¿∂XmsW∂v Sqen Is≠Øn. sslZcm_mZn¬, IW°nse icmicn am¿°v k¿°m¿ kv°qfpIfn teXnt\°mƒ GItZiw A©n¬ Hcp aSßv Db¿∂Xmbncp∂p, AXpw k¿°m¿ taJesb At]£n®v hfsc Ipd®v (3/4) iºfw hmßn®v A≤ym]I¿ ]Tn∏n°p∂ kzImcy kv°qfpIfn¬. a‰p \nehmcßfpw AtXt]mse Db¿∂XpXs∂bmbncp∂p. k¿°m¿ kv ° qfpIfnse A≤ym]I¿ AhcpsS sUkvIpIfn¬ XeNmbvNv Ddßp∂Xv Sqen Is≠Øn. am{Xhpa√ A≤ym]I¿ an° Znhkßfnepw hcmXncn°p∂Xpw k¿°m¿ kv ° qfpIfnse Hcp henb {]iv \ amWv . kzImcy kv ° qfpIfnªmIvt_m¿Uv, Ifnÿe߃, sUkvIpIƒ, IpSnsh≈w, tSmbve‰v XpSßnb F√m kuIcyßfpw t`Zs∏´ coXnbn¬ Hcp°nbn´p≠v. (kzImcy kv ° qfpIfn¬ 96 iXam\Øn¬ IqSpXepw tSmbv e ‰v kuIcyw {]Zm\wsNøptºmƒ ]IpXn k¿°m¿ kv°qfpIfnte AXv e`yambp≈q.)

AØcw kv°qfpIfn¬ hnZym¿∞n ˛ A≤ym]I A\p]mXw GItZiw k¿°m¿ kv°qfpIfnteXns‚ ]IpXnbneSpØp am{Xta D≈q.

Zcn{ZtaJeIfn¬ kzImcyhnZym`ymkØn\p≈ {]m[m\ysØ°pdn®v k¿°mcpIƒ t_m[hm∑mc√. ssN\okv k¿°mcns‚ IW°n]¿∆X{]tZiamb Km≥kphn¬ shdpw 44 kzImcy kv°qfpItf D≈q, F¶nepw SqenbpsS KthjI¿ 696 FÆw Is≠Øn, AXn¬ 593 kv°qfp 170

kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-Whpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-Whpw

Ifnembn G‰hpw hnZqcamb Dƒ\mS≥ {Kmaßfnse 61,000 Ip´nIƒ ]Tn°p∂p≠v. `qcn`mKhpw \SØnbncp∂Xv I¿Øm°fpw {KmaoWcpambn cp∂p. Km≥kphnse icmicn hm¿jnI hcpam\w 150 tUmfdmbncp∂p F¶nepw Ah¿ IqSpX¬ A`nhr≤n t\Sn. k_vkldm≥ B{^n°bnse G‰hpw henb tNcn{]tZißfmb Int_d, (sI\nb) 750,000 Hmfw P\kwJybp≈ AhnsSt]mepw 12,000 hnZym¿∞nIƒ ]Tn°p∂ 76 kzImcy kv°qfpIƒ Sqen Is≠Øn.

IrXyambn ]d™m¬, temIØnse Nne G‰hpw Zcn{Zamb ÿeßfnt]mepw kzImcy ÿm]\ ߃°v k¿°m¿ ÿm]\ßtf°mfpw anI® coXnbnep≈ hnZym`ymkw \¬Iphm≥ IgnbpIbpw \¬IpIbpw sNøp∂p. am{Xhpa√ CXns‚ Nnehv ]mhs∏´ IpSpw_߃°v AXv Xmßmhp∂{X IpdhmWv. hnZym`ymkcwKØv k¿°m¿ Hcp Bhiyambn ImWp∂n√. k¿°m¿ \SØp∂ kv°qƒ ]≤XnIƒ hfsc hn]peamb kº∂cmPy ßfn¬ CXpt]mep≈ a’c߃ sIm≠phcphm\pw hnZym`ymkØnc£I¿Øm°ƒ°v IqSpX¬ hcWkzmX{¥yw \¬Iphm\pw Ah¿ hfscb[nIw B{Kln°p∂Xn¬ AXnibs∏Sms\m∂pan√. 1991kzoU≥ Hcp ]pXnb ]≤Xn BhnjvIcn®p. AXn≥{]Imcw kv°qfpIfpsS ASnÿm\ NnehpIƒ°p≈ ]Ww k¿°m¿ XpS¿®bmbn \¬Ip∂tXm sSm∏w emt`— C√mØXpw D≈Xpw Bb {Kq∏pIƒ AhcpsS kz¥w kv ° qfpIƒ Bcw`n°pIbpw, AhcpsS kv ° qfntes°Øp∂ hnZym¿∞nIfpsS FÆØns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ k¿°m¿ ^≠pIƒ t\Sphm\pw km[n°pw. A≤ym]I bqWnb≥ t]mep≈ hna¿iI¿ BZyw CXns\ FXn¿Øncp∂p F¶nepw Ct∏mƒ Ah¿ AXns\ ]n¥pWbv°p∂p. ]pXpXmbn XpSßnb BbncØntesd kv°qfpIfpsS ˛ {]tXyIn®p _p≤napt´dnb Zcn{ZtaJeIfn¬ D≈ ˛ Imcy{]m]vXnbnepw \thm∞m\Ønepw KpW\nehmcØnepw D≠mb {]`mhw AØcØn ep≈XmWv. Ct∏mƒ a‰p cmPyßfpw AtX amXrI ]n≥XpScp∂p≠v.

k¿°mcns‚ ]n¥pWbn√msX BtcmKy]cn]me\w an°hmdpw cmPyßfpw k¿°mcns‚ A[nImc]cn[nbn¬ \ne\n¿Ønbncn °p∂ as‰mcp kp{][m\ taJebmWv BtcmKy]cn]me\w. ]et∏mgpw \nba]cnc£°pw \nIpXn∏WwsIm≠p≈ [\klmbØmepw a‰p \nb{¥W߃sIm≠pw a¬kcØn¬\n∂v Ah kwc£n°s∏Sp∂p.

171

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

ho≠pw, CXv {i≤tI{µoIcn°p∂Xv tcmKnIƒ°v anI® tkh\߃ \evIp∂Xne√, adn®v k¿°mcn¬\n∂pw In´p∂ IqSpX¬ ]WØnte°pw Db¿∂ IpØIm[nImcßfnepamWv. bpssW‰Uv tÉvkv ]et∏mgpw AhcpsS kzX{¥hn]Wn F∂pIcpX s∏Sp∂ BtcmKy]cn ]me\ hyhÿbpsS Db¿∂ Nnehns\°pdn®v hna¿i\hnt[bamImdp≠v. Xo¿®bmbpw CXv Nnehv IqSnbXmWv; ]t£ kXyØn¬ CXv temIØnse G‰hpw {IaoIcn°s∏´ Hcp hyhÿbmWv, am{Xhpa√ CXns‚ BtcmKy]cn]me\Øn\p≈ k¿°mcns‚ {]Xnio¿j Nnehv temIØn¬ aq∂maXmbn CSw ]nSn®ncn°p∂p (t\m¿th°pw eIvkw_¿Kn\pw ]n∂n¬). \nIpXnbpw \nb{¥W \nbaßfpw BtcmKy C≥jpd≥kn\p tPmenbpambn _‘n∏n°p∂p, CXv P\߃ tPmen bn√mXncn°ptºmƒ C≥jpd≥kv ]cnc£bn√mØ AhÿbnB°p∂p. AtXkabw sXmgnemfnIƒ saUn°¬ sN°∏n\pw ip{iqj°pw, Ah¿°Xns‚ Bhiyw Cs√¶n¬t]mepw Bhiys∏Sp∂p (tUmIvS¿am¿ AXv t{]m’mln∏n°p∂p) ImcWw AXns‚ NnehpIƒ hln°p∂Xv sXmgnepSaIƒ BsW∂p≈XmWv . Hcp saUn°C≥jpd≥kv DSºSnbn¬ Fs¥√mw Dƒs∏SpØWsa∂pw Ah Fßs\ hn¬°Wsa∂pw N´ßƒ \n¿t±in°p∂p (DZmlcWØn\v, AhcpsS kz¥w \m´n¬ am{Xta C≥jpd≥kv Iº\nIƒ {]h¿Øn°phm≥ ]mSp≈q, AXhsc kmºØnIambpw tZmjIcambn _m[n°p∂p).

AXpt]mseXs∂, tUmIvS¿am¿°v tcmKnIsf ]cntim[n°Wsa¶nssek≥kv thWw, CXv Xocpam\n°p∂Xpw \S∏nem°p∂Xpw tUmIvS¿am¿ Xs∂bmWv. Ah¿ IqSpX¬ tUmIvS¿am¿ B cwKtØ°v hcp∂Xn\v XS w \n¬°pIbpw AhcpsS thX\w Iq´phm≥ \n¿_‘nXcm°pIbpw sNøp∂p. Aßs\ CØcw F√m \nbaßfpw bpFknse BtcmKy]cn ]me\w IqSpX¬ Nnehp≈Xm°n am‰p∂p. t\scadn®v, bYm¿∞Øn¬ bpFknt\°mfpw kº∂amb Hcp sNdnb cmPyamb knwK∏q¿, Atacn°bpsS k¿°m¿ Iognep≈ BtcmKy ]≤XnIƒ°v hcp∂ {]Xnio¿j Nnehns‚ GItZiw Bdn¬ H∂p Nnehm°p∂p. IpSpw_߃ hcpam\Øns‚ A©n¬ Hcp `mKw AhcpsS `mhn BtcmKy]cn]me\Øn\pw dn´b¿sa‚n\ptijap≈ PohnXØn\pw, ]m¿∏nS NnehpIƒ°pw a‰pambn an®w ]nSnt°≠ Bhiyta CXn\p hcp∂p≈q (Zpc¥ßƒ aqeamIp∂ saUn°¬ NnehpIƒ°v k¿°m¿ 172

kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-Whpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-Whpw

^≠ns‚ ]≤XnIƒ Ds≠¶nepw). kXysas¥∂psh®m¬, P\߃ AhcpsS kz¥w ]Ww AhcpsS kz¥w BtcmKy]cn]me\ ]≤XnIfn\nt£]n°pIbpw sNøp∂XpsIm≠v Ah¿°v IqSpX¬ aqeyw In´phm≥ Xm¬]cyw D≠mhpIbpw AXpsIm≠pXs∂ kzImcy tUmIvS¿amcpw ¢n\n °pIfpw P\߃°v anI® ]cnNcW߃ \¬Iphm≥ a’cn°pIbpw sNøp∂p. kzn‰vk¿em≥Un¬, k¿°m¿ \SØp∂ Hcp C≥jpd≥kpw C√; P\߃ C≥jpd≥kpw saUn°¬ tkh\ßfpw kzImcy ZmXm°fn¬ \n∂pw e`yam°p∂p. k¿°mcns‚ I¿Øhyw k_vknUnIƒ sImSp°pI F∂Xv am{XamWv , tkh\ZmXm°ƒ°√, ]t£ ASnÿm\ BtcmKy]cn ]me\wt]mepw Xmßm≥ IgnbmØ tcmKnIƒ°v. AXnsIm≠p ho≠pw, Atacn°°mcn¬ \n∂pw hyXykvXambn, kznkv ]uc∑m¿ BtcmKy]cn]me \Øn\v Ah¿ Nnehgn°p∂ ]WØn\p IqSpX¬ aqeyw B{Kln°p∂ hcmWv. an° bqtdm]y≥amcpw IcpXp∂Xv kzn‰vk¿em≥Unse hn]peamb kzX{¥ hn]Wn hyhÿsb temIØnse G‰hpw anI® BtcmKy]cn ]me\ hyhÿbmbn´mWv.

k¿°mcn√msXbp≈ t£a{]h¿Ø\߃ Zcn{Z\mb Hcp hy‡n°pth≠n sNtø≠ G‰hpw hensbmcp t£a{]h¿ Ø\w Abmƒ°v iºfap≈ Hcp tPmen Xcs∏SpØn sImSp°pI F∂p≈XmWv. F∂m¬ k¿°mcns‚ Iogn¬ \SØp∂ t£a{]h¿Ø\ ߃ tPmen C√mXm°pIbmWv sNøp∂Xv. bqtdm∏n¬ an°bnSØpw kmaqlnI C≥jpd≥kn\pth≠n XpI Is≠Øp∂Xv tPmen sNøp∂ hcn¬\n∂pw \n›nX \nIpXn CuSm°nbn´mWv, CXv sXmgnepSaIfpsS Nnehv h¿≤n∏n°pIbpw, ]pXnb tPmen°msc \nban°p∂Xn\v Ah¿ ssha\kyw ImWn°pIbpw sNøp∂p. AXn\¿∞w IqSpX¬ BfpIƒ sXmgnen√mbva B\pIqey߃°v A¿lcmsW∂mWv, At∏mƒ AXn\p XpI Is≠Øphm\pw IqSpX¬ \nIpXnIƒ NpatØ≠n hcp∂p. CXv XI¿®bnte°p≈ Hcp NpgnbmWv. Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠ns‚ ]IpXnhsc kzoU≥ kzX{¥hpw, \nIpXn Ipd™Xpw A`nhr≤nbpsSbpamb Hcp cmPyambncp∂p. ]ns∂ 1970 apXCtßm´v c≠v ZiIßfmbn, AhcpsS hym]Iamb t£a {]h¿Ø\ ]≤Xn Iƒ°v XpI Is≠Øp∂Xns‚ `mKambn Db¿∂ \nIpXnIƒ NpaØphm≥ 173

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

XpSßn. (kXyØn¬ 1976¬ Hcp kzoUnjv FgpØpImcn AhnSsØ \nIpXn \nc°v 102 iXam\w hsc FØn sb∂v ]cmXns∏SpIbp≠mbn ). CØcw Db¿∂ \nIpXnIƒ AhnSsØ tPmensbbpw kwcw` ßsfbpw {]XnIqeambn _m[n® apJy XS ßfmbncp∂p. 1990¬ Cu ]≤Xn ]n≥hen°p∂Xphsc kzoUs‚ hf¿® hfsc Xmgv∂ \nebnembncp∂p. kzX{¥ cmPy߃ kº∂cmIm≥ {ian°p∂p, kº∂ cmPy߃ Bhiyap≈h¿°v ImcpWy tkh\klmb߃ e`yam°phm\mbn IqSpX¬ NnehnSp∂p. k¿°m¿ kz¥ambn Bhnjv I cn°p∂ t£a{]h¿Ø\߃°v P\ßfn¬\n∂pw \nIpXn CuSm°n XpI Is≠ØmsX sNøp∂ CØcw {]h¿Ø\߃ [m¿ΩnIambpw BtcmKy{]ZamWv. t£a{]h¿Ø\ßfnse B\pIqey߃ k¿°m¿ A[nImcnIfpsS kplrØp°ƒ°v \¬IpItbm FXncmfnIfn¬ A[nI \nIpXnIƒ NpaØpItbm sNøp∂XpsIm≠v am{Xa√. bYm¿∞ ImcpWy{]h¿Ø\w F∂p]dbp∂Xv kzta[bm Hcmƒ as‰mcmƒ°v sImSp°p∂XmWv, A√msX _ew {]tbmKn®v sNøn°p∂X√. k¿°m¿ t£a{]h¿Ø\ßfpsS as‰mcp {]iv\sa∂p ]dbp∂Xv Ah¿ B{inXXzØns‚ Hcp kwkvImcw krjvSn°p∂p F∂XmWv. hepXpw s]mXptkhIcm¬ {]h¿Øn∏n°p∂XpambXn\m¬ Hcp bYm¿∞ [¿Ωÿm]\w sNøp∂Xpt]mse Bhiyßfpw Ignhpw hy‡n]cambn hnebncp Ønbpw A¿lcmbhsc Is≠ØpIbpw sNøp∂Xn\p]Icw \nbaßfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ {]h¿Øn°phmt\ Ignbp∂p≈q. CXv P\ßsf Ah¿ A¿lcmsW∂v sXfnbn°m≥ \nbaßsf hfs®mSn °phm≥ t{]cn∏n°p∂p. Nnet∏msgms°, ]mhs∏´ IpSpw_߃, IqSpX¬ B\pIqey߃ e`n°p∂Xn\mbn AhcpsS kmlNcy߃ a\∏q¿∆w hfsc tamiambn Nn{XoIcn°p∂p, CXv bYm¿∞Øn¬ \Ωƒ t\Sm\m{Kln°p∂ e£y߃°v t\sc hn]coXambncn°pw. bpssW‰Uv InMvUw t]mep≈ G‰hpw ]gbXpw hepXpamb t£acmjv{S cmPyßfnDtZymKÿ¿ Ct∏mƒ IW°m°p∂Xv aq∂mw Xeapdbnse B{inXXz sØbmWv, AXmbXv BcpsS amXm]nXm°fpw A∏q∏\ΩqΩamcpw Cu B\pIqeyßsf B{ibn®v Pohn®ncp∂pthm B IpSpw_Ønse aq∂mw Xeapd°mcpw Aßs\Xs∂ Pohn°p∂p. kzImcy BXpctkh\ ÿm]\߃ t{]m¬kmln∏n°p∂ kzbwc£ 174

kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-Whpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-Whpw

IqSpX¬ am\pjnIhpw, DtØPn∏n°p∂Xpw ^e{]Zamb am¿§w BWv 1940IfpsS apºv bpsI bn¬ sXmgnemfn h¿§ßfpsS t£aØn\mbn Hcp hninjvSamb hyhÿbp≠mbncp∂p. t£acmjv{Sw AXv XqØv Ifbp∂ hsc. sXmgnen√mbv a thX\w, saUn°¬ C≥jpd≥kv , acWm\¥c NSßpIƒ t]mep≈hbpsS \SØn∏n\mbn AwK߃ F√m BgvNbnepw AhcptSXmb kw`mh\Iƒ \¬Ipambncp∂ kulrZkwL ߃ Bbncp∂p Ah. Ah¿ km[mcWbmbn Hcp {]tXyI tPmenbn{i≤ tI{µoIcn®ncp∂p, AXpsIm≠h¿°v B sXmgnemfnIfpsS {]tXyI Bhiy߃°\pkcn®v {]h¿Øn°phm\pw Ignbpw. et£m]e£w IpSpw_߃, {]tXyIn®pw ]mhs∏´ IpSpw_߃ CXn¬ GsX¶nepw Hcp kanXnbn¬ AwKßfmIm≥ Xm¬]cys∏´p. k¿°mcns‚ CSs]SC√msX F√mh¿°pw t£aw Xo¿®bmbpw km[yamWv.

a\pjykvt\l]camb taJesb ]p\cp÷ohn∏n°Db¿∂ tÉvkv t£a{]h¿Ø\kwhn[m\ßfp≈ cmPyßfn¬ Xmakn °p∂ At\Iw P\߃ hmZn°p∂Xv, \nIpXn ]WØneqsSbp≈ kmaqlnI B\pIqey߃°pw s]≥j\pIƒ°pw D≈ DZmcX kzImcy BXpctkh\Øn\pw a\pjykv t \l{]h¿Ø\߃°pw D≠mIn√ F∂mWv. Xo¿®bmbpw k¿°mcpIƒ°v a‰p P\ßfpsS ]Ww sIm≠v IqSpX¬ hnimea\kvIXtbmsS {]h¿Øn°phm≥ Ffp∏amWv, am{Xhpa√ ASpØ P\n®phogm≥ t]mIp∂ Xeapdbpw Ah¿°p th≠n IS_m[yXsbms° AS®pXo¿°pw F∂dnbmhp∂XpsIm≠v AXncpIhn™ B\pIqey߃ hmKvZm\w sNøphm\pw cmjv{Sob°m¿°v AXoh Xmev]cyamWv. CXpXs∂ kmaqlnIt£a{]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ \n∂pw cmjv{Sob°msc Hgn®p\n¿ØWsa∂Xns‚ {][m\ ImcWambXpw. AXpIqSmsX cmjv{SØns‚ B\pIqey߃ hfsc Db¿∂XmsW¶nAXv IpSpw_߃°v Ah¿°pth≠n kºmZn°phm\p≈ D’mlw \jvSs∏SpIbpw hy‡nIƒ°v B\pIqeyßsf B{ibn®v Pohn°p∂ Xnt\°mƒ ]WnsbSpØv Pohn°p∂Xn\p≈ t{]cWbpw \jvSs∏Spw. AXnt\°mƒ IqSpX¬, CØcw t£a{]h¿Ø\߃ \√ coXnbn\S∏nemhWsa¶n¬ AXn\pth≠n ]Ww Is≠Øphm≥, tPmen sNøp∂hcpsS \nIpXn \nc°pIƒ IpØs\ Iqt´≠Xmbn hcpw.

F∂Xp sIm≠v CsX√mw Dt±iyip≤ntbmsS D≈XmsW¶nepw, CXns‚

175

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

Ahkm\^ew P\ßfpsS {]Xo£ Isfbpw B{Klßsfbpw \in∏n°pIbpw Ahsc Hcp B{inXXz PohnXØnte°v X≈nbnSpIbpw Bbncn°pw. kzmX{¥yØns‚ ]mXbneqsS k©cn°Wsa∂v B{Kln°p∂ cmPy߃ AhcpsS hn]peamb t£a{]h¿Ø\ hyhÿsb hfsc sNdpXm°nbpw IqSpX¬ {]mtZinIam°nbpw sIm≠phcnIbmWv BZyw sNtø≠Xv. Nne coXnIfnep≈ hy‡nKXcq]Ønte°v CXns\ th¿Xncn°phm≥ Ignbpw.

CXv IpSpw_ßsf AhcpsS DØchmZnXzsØ°pdn®v t_m[hm∑mcm°p hm\pw Ah¿ bYm¿∞ \nIpXnZmbIcm¬ klmbn°s∏SpIbmsW∂pw adn®v hnkvXrXamb Hcp kwhn[m\Ømes√∂pw a\ nem°phm\pw klmbn°pw. Cu hyhÿsb Cßs\ hnLSn∏n®psIm≠phcp∂Xv kzImcy taJebnse ZmXm°fm¬ {]h¿Ø\߃ IqSpX¬ Imcy£a am°p∂Xn\v A\phZn°p∂p.

Nnenbnse s]≥j≥ kwhn[m\w HcpZmlcWw BWv. 1981¬ B cmPyw AhnSsØ ]cmPbs∏´Xpw \oXnbp‡hpa√mØ s]≥j≥ kwhn[m\ sØ hy‡nKX A°u≠pIfnte°v am‰n. sXmgnemfnIƒ AhcpsS s]≥j\pth≠n an®w ]nSn°phm≥ _m≤yÿcmbn, ]t£ Ah¿°v ]e kzImcy ZmXm°fn≥\n∂pw AhcpsS XpI \∂mbn ssIImcyw sNøp∂hsc sXcs™Sp°phm≥ Ign™ncp∂p. Cu kwhn[m\w kºmZyØn\mbp≈ hy‡n]camb DØchmZnXzw t{]m’mln∏n °pIbpw sXmgnemfnIƒ°v anI® BZmbw \¬IpIbpw sNbv X p. ]e `qJWv V ßfn¬ \n∂p≈ At\Iw cmPy߃ Cu kwhn[m\w ]n¥pScp∂p≠v. knwK∏qcnse sl¬Øv tkhnMv A°u≠v kwhn[m\w as‰mcpZmlcWw BWv. CXv hy‡n Ifnepw IpSpw_ßfnepw hfscb[nIw DØchmZnXzw G¬∏n°pIbpw AhcpsS kz¥w BtcmKy ]cn]me\Øn\pw a‰mhiy߃°pw an®w ]nSn°phm≥ P\ßsf t{]cn∏n°pIbpw sNøp∂p. bpssW‰Uv InMvUØnse kplrZvkaql߃, s]mXp B\pIqey߃ hy‡n]chpw kzImcyhpamb A°u≠pIfmbn hnLSn∏n°p∂Xphgn Ffp∏w ]p\x krjvSn°mhp∂ Hcp amXrIbmWv. ]cmPbamb tÉv klmb߃ CØcw am¿§ßeneqsS ]cnjvIcn °ptºmƒ, hy‡nIƒ°v sXmgn¬ tXSphm\pw k¿°mcns\ B{ibn°p∂ 176

kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-Whpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-Whpw

Xn\p]Icw AhcpsS kz¥w ]cn{iaØnepw IpSpw_°mcpsS klmbß sfbpw B{ibn®p Pohn°phm≥ Ahsc t{]cn∏n°p∂p. AhnsS Ct∏mgpw kzImcy ImcpWy{]h¿Ø\Øns‚bpw a\pjy kvt\lØns‚bpw BhiyIX D≠v. ]t£ AXv IqSpX¬ ssIImcyw sNømhp∂ A\p]mX Ønembncn°pw. \Ωƒ I≠Xpt]mse, kzmX{¥yhpw Xmgv∂ \nIpXn \nc°pIfpw P\߃°v DZmcaXnIfmhm\p≈ B{Klßfpw kºØpw \evIp∂Xn \p≈ \s√mcp am¿§amWv, henb cmPyhpw Db¿∂ \nIpXnbpw C√mXm°p∂ Hcp {]tNmZ\w.

BtKmfhXvIcWhpw hmWnPyhpw BtKmfhXvIcWØns‚ kZv^e߃ t\∏mfns\t]mse ]e cmPyßfpw Fßs\ IqSpX¬ BtKmfoIcn°s∏´ hn]WnIƒ Ahsc _m[n°pw F∂Xn¬ DXvIWvTmIpecmWv. ]t£ CØcw DXv I Wv T Ifn¬ `qcn`mKhpw Aÿm\ØmWv , am{Xhpa√ BtKmfoIcWØns‚bpw hmWnPyØns‚bpw km[Iamb t\´ßƒ KWyamWv. hn]WnhneIfpsS LS\°v \µn, \ap°nt∏mƒ temIsØ hnsSbpap≈ BfpIfpambn t\cnt´m A√msXtbm hym]mcw \SØmw. \Ωƒ [cn°p∂ hkv{X߃, \Ωƒ Ign°p∂ `£W߃, \ΩpsS hoSpIfnepw Hm^okpIfnepw hyhkmbimeIfnepap≈ D]IcW߃ F∂nhsb√mw AXnibIcamw hn[w hnhn[ßfpw hnZqcßfpamb Dev]∂ßfmWv. ]t£ hn]WnIfpsS BtKmfoIcWw c≠v coXnbn¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂p. temIØns‚ \m\m`mKßfn¬\n∂pw km[\߃ hmßp∂Xn\v kº∂cmjv{Sßsf klmbn°pI am{Xa√. CXv hnZqc cmPyßfnse P\߃°v AhcpsS Dev]∂߃ A¥mcmjv{S hn]WnIfn¬ FØn®v AhcpsS kz¥w A`nhr≤n Db¿Øphm≥ Ahkcw \¬IpIbpw sNøp∂p. DZmlcWØn\v, GXv [m\yw Hcp {]mtZinI Irjn°mc≥ hnfbn°Ww? ap≥Imeßfn¬ [m\yßfpsS hne\nehmcw Adnbphm\p≈ GI am¿§w {]mtZinI I®hS°mtcm As√¶n¬ tÉv GP≥knItfm Bbncp∂p. Xo¿®bmbpw Ah¿°v AhcptSXmbkz¥w Xmev]cy߃ D≠mbncn°pw. Imemhÿ t]mep≈ LSIßsf B{ibn®v {]mtZinI hne\nehmcw ]et∏mgpw hyXnNen°mw. am{Xhpa√ {]mtZinI hn]WnIƒ \√ t]mse {IaoIcW߃ H∂pw C√mØhbpw Bbncp∂p. C∂v Hcp I¿jI\v Hcp samss_¬ t^msWSpØv hn]WnhneIfpsS ]´nI 177

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

e`yamIp∂ A\h[n sh_v s sk‰pIƒ ]cntim[n°mw `mhnbnse hnebpƒs∏sS, GItZiw F√m hnfIfpsSbpw temIØnse FÆa‰ F√m hn]WnIfn sebpw hneIƒ Adnbphm≥ Ignbpw. Ct∏mƒ I¿jI¿°v AhcpsS hnfIƒ kwLSnX A¥mcmjv{S hn]WnIfn¬ ap≥Iq´n Adnbmhp∂ hneIfn¬ hn¬°phm≥ km[n°pw.

\yqkvem‚v hgn Xpd°p∂p hmWnPyØnepw hym]mcØnepap≈ \nb{¥W߃ Dt]£n®psIm≠v hnIk\Øns‚ ]mXbn te°v Xncn®ph∂ \yqknem‚v Hcp DØa DZmlcWamWv. 1980IfpsS XpS°Øn¬ CØcw \nb{¥Wßsf henb Afhn¬ B{ibn®ncp∂Xn\m¬ B cmPyw Atßb‰w ASn®a¿Ø s∏´Xpw kmºØnI {]Xnk‘n hfsc cq£hpambncp∂p. F∂m¬ 1984 Bcw`tØmsS AXv kwc£WhmZßsf Dt]£n°pIbpw AXns‚ A¥mcmjv{S hym]mcw IqSpX¬ hnimeam°pIbpw temI hn]Wn a’c Ønte°v AXns‚ hn]Wn Xpd∂psImSp°pIbpw sNbvXp. hyhkmb taJe°pw Im¿jnI taJe°pw \¬Inbncp∂ k_vknUnIƒ \n¿Ø em°n. hfsc \nb{¥nXambncp∂ sXmgn¬ hn]Wn Dƒs∏sS Xt±iob hn]WnIsf√mw ]p\{IaoIcn®p. t{SUv bqWnb≥ AwKXz߃ kzta[bm D≈Xm°pIbpw DSºSnIƒ sXmgnemfnIfpw sXmgnepSaIfpw XΩnIqSnbmtemNn®p≈ Xocpam\߃°v hn´psImSp°pIbpw sNbvXp. kzm[o\i‡nIfpw, k¿∆Iemime A≤ym]Icpw, aXt\Xm°∑mcpw bqWnb≥ sXmgnemfnIsf NqjWw sNøp∂ DtZymKÿcpw Dƒs∏sS bp≈ F√m hna¿iIcpsSbpw, Cu ]p\{IaoIcWw Hcp (kzo‰vtjm∏v) kmºØnI ÿnXn krjvSn°psa∂ B]¬kqNIamb {]hN\ßsX‰msW∂v CXv sXfnbn®p. icmicn thX\w Db¿∂p. thX\ DSºSnIƒ hfsc thKØn¬ ]cnlcn°s∏´p. kacapdIƒ ]qPyØn\v AcnInFØn. sXmgnen√mbva Ipd™p, {]tXyIn®pw amthmcn, IpSntb‰°m¿, a‰p Zcn{Z¿ As√¶n¬ Xmtg°nSbnep≈ P\߃ F∂nhcpsS CSbnsXmgnen√mbvabpsS Afhv XzcnXKXnbn¬ Ipd™p. temIØnse G‰hpw kzmX{¥yhpw a’c _p≤nbp≈ cmPyßfn¬ H∂mbn \yqknkm≥ amdn. 5

kmwkvImcnI kzXzw hn]WnIfpsS BtKmfhXvIcWw AhcpsS cmPyßfpsS X\Xmb

178

kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-Whpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-Whpw

kzXzsØbpw kwkv I mcsØbpw \in∏n°psa∂v Nne BfpIƒ hymIpes∏Sp∂p. {]tXyIn®pw, Atacn°≥ {_m≥UpIfpsS {]NmcWw Hcn°¬ khntijambncp∂ cmPy߃ \ncmimP\Iamb kam\Xbnte°v Xncnbm≥ XpSßpsa∂ DXvIWvT Db¿Øp∂Xpw ]Sn™md≥ km[\ß fpw s]cpam‰ßfpw a‰p cmPyßfnep≈hsb \in∏n°psa∂Xpw BWv ChnSsØ {]iv\w. am{Xhpa√ temIØnse alØmb kwkvImc߃ Ahtb°mƒ Xp—ambhbm¬ Iogvs∏SpØs∏Spsa∂v Ah¿ `bs∏Sp∂p.

Xo¿®bmbpw kmºØnIhpw kmaqlnIhpamb kwkvImc߃ amdns°m ≠ncn°bmWv. Hcp {]tXyI cmPyØnse hntijs∏´ Hcp Dev]∂w C∂v a‰p cmPyßfpsS henb sXcphpIfnepw \ap°v ImWmw. sshhn[yhpw \m\mXzhpw A{]Xy£amIpIbmsW∂v CXpsIm≠¿∞an√. t\scadn®v, F√m cmPyßfnepap≈ P\߃°v Ah¿ apºv D≠mbncp∂Xnt\°mƒ sshhn[yw Ct∏mƒ e`yamIp∂p. DZmlcWØn\v , bpssW‰Uv InMvUØnse ]uc∑m¿°v HcpImeØv AhcpsS cmPyØv {]kn≤ambncp∂ kuayhpw A[nIw thhn®Xpamb `£W߃ IqSpX¬ Ignt°≠nhcn√.

Ah¿°n t∏mƒ C¥y≥, hnb‰v\maokv, em‰n≥ Atacn°≥, Cdm\nb≥, awtKmfnb≥, t]mfnjv, FÆa‰ a‰t\Iw `£Wßfpw hn¬°p∂ dtÃmd‚pIfpw tSIv Fth tjm∏pIfpw kq∏¿ am¿°‰pIfpw Is≠Ømw. a‰p cmPyßfnse P\߃°pw CtX sshhn[yam¿∂ Ahkcw e`n°p∂p.

Hcp ImeØv CØcw sshhn[yw BkzZn°phm≥ `mKyw e`n®h¿ F√mbnSØpw bm{X sNøphm≥ aXnbmthmfw kº∂cmb Ipd®p t]¿ am{Xambncp∂p. CXv Hmtcm cmPyßfnsebpw kwkvImc߃ \jv S s∏SpØp∂n√, adn®v F√m kwkv I mcßfpw F√mh¿°pw BkzZn°phm\mbn Ahkc߃ e`n°pIbmWv sNøp∂Xv. BtKmfoIcWØn¬\n∂v Ahsc kwc£n°Wsa∂h¿ ]dbp∂ t]mse kwkvImc߃ Hcn°epw \n›ehpw am‰ßƒ°p hnt[bamImØXpa√.

Hcp cmPyØns‚ kwkvImcw F√mbvt∏mgpw amdns°m≠ncn°p∂p. Hcp kwkvImcw IqSpX¬ kPohhpw ktNX\ambXpw Bbncp∂m¬ IqSpX5. Cu ]cnjvImcßfpsS inev]nbn¬\n∂p≈ IqSpX¬ hnhcW߃°mbn ImWpI, tdmP¿ U•kv, ‰phm¿Uv t{]mkv]cn‰n, tUhnUv t_‰vta≥, Hm¢m≥Uv, \yqknem≥Uv, 1987.

5.

For an outline by the architect of these reforms, see Roger Douglas, Toward Prosperity, David Bateman, Auckland, NZ, 1987.

179

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

]pXnb kmwkvImcnI Bib߃°v AXv ImcWamIpIbpw At∏mƒ kwkv I mc߃ IqSpX¬ amdpIbpw sNøp∂p. C∂v an°hmdpw Du¿÷kzeamb cmPyßfnse Ie, kwKoXw, kmlnXyw, PohnX coXnIƒ, ^mj≥ XcwKßfpw Hcp \q‰m≠n\papºv AhnsS Xmakn®ncp∂h¿°v XnI®pw A]cnNnXamWv. Hcp kwkvImcw a‰p kwkvImc߃°p ap∂n¬ Xpd∂p Im´s∏Sptºmƒ Ah ]ckv]cw ]pXnb ]pXnb Bib߃ B¿÷n°pIbmWv. AXv P\߃°v AhcpsS PohnXcoXn°pw kabØn\pw tbmPn® LSI߃ sXcs™Sp°phm≥ Ahkcw \¬Ip∂p. A¥mcmjv{S hym]mcßfn eqsS \ap°v a‰p hntZicmPyßfnse kwkvImc XXz߃ ImWphm\pw a\ nem°phm\pw AXn¬\n∂pw D]tbmK{]ZambXv \ΩpsS kwkvImchpambn kwtbmPn∏n°phm\pw Ignbp∂p. F∂m¬ CØcw am‰ßƒ BtKmfhXvIcWsa∂ Bibw DSseSp°p∂Xn\v hfsc°mew ap≥]v Xs∂ \S°p∂p≠mbncp∂p. \ΩpsS kwkvImcØn¬ h∂ am‰ßfn¬ \Ωƒ IqSpXepw ]›mØ]n °p∂Xv, \ΩpsS kwkvImcØn\v \jvSs∏´ G‰hpw h¿Æm`amb As√¶nalØmb`mK߃, hntZi kwkvImc ßfpsS ta¬t°mbva sIm≠√ kw`hn®ncn°p∂Xv, AXv XnI®pw B[p\nIhXvIcWØns‚ A\¥c ^eßfmWv. ]pcmX\amb A\pjvTm\߃, k{ºZmb߃, tZiob hkv{X[mcWcoXnIƒ Chsb√mw A{]Xy£ambXv BtKmfhXvIcW Øns‚ ^eamb√, adn®v \ΩpsS PohnXcoXnIƒ Xs∂ amdnbXpsIm≠mWv. HcpImeØv I¿jIkaqlØn\v kp{][m\ambncp∂ {]tXyIImeßsf {]Xn\n[m\w sNbnXncp∂ BtLmj߃, C∂v \Ωfn¬ ]IpXntbmfwt]¿ \Kcßfn¬ hkn°p∂ temIØv Hcp A\pcW\hpw A√msXbmbn amdnbncn°p∂p. 6 Hcp]t£ CsXms° kwkvImcw Xs∂ amdp∂Xpw Bbncn°mw. temI Øn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂ ]e kwkvImcßfpw A[nImcØnencp∂h¿ P\ßfnte°v \n¿_‘]q¿∆w ASnt®¬∏n®h Bbncp∂p. an°hmdpw 6. acntbm h¿Kmkv entbmkm, Zv Iƒ®¿ Hm^v en_¿´n, C≥ tSmw Pn ]m¿a¿, Zv samdmen‰n Hm^v Im∏n‰enkw, ÃpU‚vkv t^m¿ ens_¿´n B‚v A‰vsekv ^ut≠j≥, A¿enMv´¨, hn F 2011.

6.

180

For these points, see Mario Vargas Llosa, The culture of liberty, in Tom G. Palmer, The Morality of Capitalism, Students for Liberty and Atlas Foundation, Arlington, VA, 2011.

kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-Whpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-Whpw

kzmX{¥yw Ipd™ cmPyßfnse kwkvImc߃ kXyØn¬ tZmjIcßfp ambncp∂p. ]ptcmKan® bm{XmkuIcyßfpw hn]peamb tNmZyw sNøep Ifpw Nne cmPy߃°v Nne Iq´ßsf ssZ\wZn\ambn \nµn°pIbpw ASn®a¿ØpIbpw As√¶n¬ hnthN\߃°p hnt[bam°pIbpw sNøp∂, AhcpsS kwkvImcw \ne\n¿ØnsIm≠pt]mIp∂ Imcyw AXoh Zp¿LSw ]nSn®Xmbn am‰n. tNmZyw : kº∂cmPy߃ temIØnse IqSpX¬ kºØpw ssI°em°p∂pt≠m?

C√. kºØv IgnhneqsSbpw kwcw`ßfneqsSbpw Du¿÷w, ]cn{iaw, kwLS\, \nt£]߃ F∂nhbneqsSbpw \n߃ D≠m°nsbSp °p∂ H∂mWv. kº∂cmPy߃ Xo¿®bmbpw kºØv t\Sp∂p≠v, ]t£ AXpt]mse Ah¿ AXv krjvSn°p∂pap≠v. Ah¿°pth≠n am{Xa√, Ah¿ I≠p]nSpØ߃ \SØp∂Xpw {][m\s∏´ Dev]∂߃ hnIkn∏ns®Sp°p∂Xpw F√mhcpsSbpw PohnX߃ sa®s∏SpØp∂Xn\pw IqSnbmWv, {]tXyIn®pw Cu `qapJsØ ]mhs∏´ P\ßfpsS PohnX\nehmcw Db¿Øp∂Xn\pth≠n.

DZmlcWØn\v, sshZycwKsØ apt∂‰w £bw, atednb t]mep≈ amcItcmKßsf Cu temIØv \n∂pw XpS®p\o°p∂Xn\v klmbIambn. P\nXI kmt¶XnIhnZy s\√ns‚bpw AXpt]mep≈ a‰p [m\yßfpsSbpw hnfhv h¿≤n∏n°p∂Xn\pw hnfIƒ \in∏n°p∂ Iran IoSßfn¬ \n∂pw Ahsb kwc£n°phm\pw klmbn°p∂p. ]pXnb kma{KnIƒ sI´nS \n¿ΩmWw Nnehv Ipd™Xpw kpc£nXhpam°p∂p. kº∂cmPy߃°v \oXnbp‡a√msX A]lcns®Sp°m\mbn AhnsS sbmcp ÿncamb kºØv hnXcWan√. t\scadn®v, kº∂cmPyßfnse sshZKv[yw a‰p≈h¿°v ]pXnb Ahkc߃ krjvSn°p∂p.

kam[m\Øns‚ {]m[m\yw BZw kvanØv (Adam Smith)Hcn°¬ FgpXn: (Hcp cmPyØns\ G‰hpw tamiamb arKobXzØn¬\n∂v G‰hpw Db¿∂ kar≤nbnte°v Db¿Øm≥ kam[m\w, Xmgv∂ \nIpXnIƒ, klnjvWpXbp≈ \oXn \n¿∆lWw 181

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

F∂Xn¬ IqSpXsem∂pw Bhiyan√.

7

kar≤amb Hcp kzX{¥ kºZv h yhÿ°v A\nhmcyambn th≠Xv kztZiØpw hntZiØpap≈ kam[m\amWv. bp≤wsNøp∂ ]uctk\ Ifmtem As√¶n¬ AXn{Ian®pIS°p∂ ssk\yØn\mtem AhcpsS kºØv sIm≈bSn°s∏Spsa∂v Ah¿ hnizkn°p∂p F¶n¬ P\߃ kwcw`ßfntem Dev]mZ\£aXbp≈ aqe[\߃ kamlcn°p∂Xnt\m \nt£]n°m≥ Xømdmhn√. cmPy߃ AhnSsØ P\߃ hym]mcw \SØp∂ a‰p cmPyßfpambn kwL¿jØn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂Xpw hfsc hncfamWv. km[\߃ AXn¿Øn IS∂n√msb¶n¬ ssk\yw IS°pw.8 19˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ Pohn®ncp∂ {^©v kmºØnI imkv { X⁄\pw cmjv{Sob°mc\pamb s{^UdnIv _mÃym‰n‚ (Frederic Bastiet) hm°pIƒ CXv shfnhm°p∂p. kam[m\wsIm≠v kmºØnI]cambpw kmwkv I mcnI]cambpw KpWßfp≠v. ]cn{iaßfpw hn`hßfpw hn\mi{]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ \n∂v Dev]mZ\£aXbp≈ {]h¿Ø\ßfnte°v Xncn®phnSm≥ kam[m\w Ahkcsamcp°p∂p. CXv aqe[\ kamlcWØn\pw kº∂amb kzX{¥ kºZv hyhÿsb krjvSn°phm\p≈ kmlNcysamcp°p∂p.

P\ßsf AhcpsS IpSpw_ßfpsSbpw AhcpsSXs∂bpw `mhn Xocpam\n°m≥ CXv A\phZn°p∂p. kmwkvImcnIhpw hnZym`ymk]c hpamb {]hrØnIfnte¿s∏Sm≥ Bhiyamb kabhpw kºØpw hnizmkhpw CXv \¬Ip∂p. BfpIfp sSbpw km[\ßfpsSbpw BibßfpsSbpw kzX{¥k©mcw kam[m\w km[yam°p∂p. ]ckv]c [mcWIfpw kº¬kar≤nbpw ]pXpaIfpw CXv {]Ncn∏n°p∂p.

BZw kvanØns‚ (Adam Smith) as‰mcp ho£Wambncp∂p, \ap°v kº∂cmhm≥ at‰sX¶nepw Hcp cmPysØ Zcn{Zamt°≠ Bhiyan√.

7. 1755se {]`mjWw, UpKƒUvkvddph¿´v, A°u≠v Hm^v sse^v B‚v ssd‰nßkv Hm^v BZw kvanØv, F¬ F¬ Un, sk£≥4,25.

8. _mkvddn‰m‰v C{]Imcw ]d™Xns¥fnhn≈ ]s£ Ah¿ A{]Imcw At±lØns‚ A`n{]mbsØ A\pam\n°p∂p.

7.

8.

182

Lecture in 1755, quoted in Duguld Stewart, Account of the Life and Writings of Adam Smith LLD, Section IV, 25.

There is no evidence that Bastiat actually said these words, but they sum up his point of view.

See Frederic Bastiat, Bastiats. The Law, Institute of Economic Affairs, London, 2001 [1850].

kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-Whpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-Whpw

F∂Xv \ΩpsS D]t`m‡m°ƒ kº∂cmbncn°p∂XmWv \ap°v t\´w.9 AXpt]mse Xs∂ \Ωƒ i‡cmhp∂Xn\pth≠n a‰p≈hsc Xf¿tØ≠ Bhiyan√. c≠p Iq´¿°pw kam[m\Øns‚ KpW߃ t\Sm≥ Ignbpw. kam[m\Øn\mbn Xo¿®bmbpw ]et∏mgpw t]mcmSWw. kºØpw P\ßfpw kwc£n°s∏SWw. AXymhiyhn`h߃ {Ias∏SpØnsIm≠p t]mIp∂Xn\v k¿°mcns‚ \nb{¥nXamb CSs]S¬ BhiyamWv. ]t£ k¿°mcpIƒ hepXmIptºmƒ ]et∏mgpw ssk\nIta[mhnXz Ønte°v amdmdp≠v . cmPyØns‚ kpc£nXXzØn\v XymKhpw sFIyhpw ssk\nIi‡nbpw AXymhiyamsW∂v AhImis∏´psIm≠v Ah¿ Zmcn{ZsØbpw kzmX{¥an√mbvasbbpw aqSnshbv°phm≥ {ian°pw. kzX{¥kaqlßfnse P\߃ AhcpsS cmPytØmSv Iqdp Ipd™h¿ A√, F∂m¬ Xpd∂Xpw kzX{¥hpamb Hcp kaqltØmSpw AhcpsS IpSpw_tØmSpw, kplrØp°tfmSpw D]t`m‡m°tfmSpw k∂≤ kwLS\ItfmSpw BWv P\߃°v {]Xn_≤X. A√msX Hcp GIm[n ]XntbmtSm, Hcp ]XmItbmtSm As√¶n¬ Hcp tZiob hnImctØmtSm A√.

Nne BfpIƒ Nn¥n°p∂Xv kam[m\w krjvSn°p∂Xn\v am¿§w Hcp cmjv{SmXoX temI k¿°m¿ cq]oIcn°p∂Xv BsW∂mWv. A¥mcmjv{S kanXnIƒ A`n{]mb hyXymk߃ ]d™p Xo¿°p∂Xn\pw kwL¿j km[yXIƒ Ipd°p∂Xn\pw D]Imc{]ZamsW¶nepw \ΩpsS \nehnep≈ tZiob k¿°mcnt\°mƒ GsX¶nepw XcØn¬ Ah an®XmsW∂v k¶¬∏n°m\mhn√. CXns‚ A]mcamb hym]vXnbpw, P\ßfn¬ \n∂p≈ IqSnb AI¬®bpw IW°nseSpØm¬ A[nImcw hn]peoIcn°m\pw Zpcp]tbmKw sNøm\pw D≈ CXns‚ {]hWX hfsc A[nIambncn°pw. temIØns‚ at‰sX¶nepw `mKØv t]mbmepw AXn¬\n∂pw c£t\Sm≥ B¿°pw Ignbn√. C√, kam[m\w hf¿Øm\p≈ G‰hpw anI® am¿§w k¿°mcpIsf hepXm°pIb√ adn®v sNdpXmbn cq]oIcn°pIbpw, a\pjyPohn F∂ \nebn¬ P\߃°v ]ckv]cw klIcn°phm\pw AhcpsS At\ym\amb kmlNcyßsf sa®s∏SpØphm\pw D≈ kzm`mhnI {]hWXsb B{ibn°pIbpw BWv. 9. BZw kvanØv , Zv sh¬Øv Hm^v t\j≥,1776, _p°v4, A≤ymbw 3, `mKw 2.

9.

Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776, Book IV, ch. III, Part II.

183

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

9. hmZw Npcp°ØnkzmX{¥yØn\mbp≈ hmZw kzmX{¥yw A`nhr≤nsb krjv S n°p∂p. kzmX{¥ysØ kzoIcn® kaql߃ kº∂cmbn´p≠v. kzoIcn°mXncp∂h¿ Zcn{Zcmbn XpS¿∂p. ]s£ Hcp kzX{¥kaqlw A`uXnIXeØnepw Db¿∂XmWv. CXv hy‡nIƒ XΩnep≈ ]ckv]c hnizmkØns‚bpw klIcWØns‚bpw ASnÿm\ØnemWv {]h¿Øn°p∂Xv, A[nImcØns‚bpw _e{]tbmKØns‚bpw A√. AXnse ]uc∑m¿ KmVamb kmwkvIm cnI, kZmNmc, hy‡n_‘߃ ]men°p∂p. Ah¿ s]mXphmb \∑°v th≠n hy‡nIƒ XΩnep≈ kz`mhkhntijX kzta[bm AwKoIcn°p ∂p Cu \nba߃ AhcpsS ta¬ ASnt®ev]n°p∂Xp sIm≠√msX AhcpsS k¿°mcpIƒ°v `cn°s∏Sp∂hcpsS AwKoImcw D≠v IqSmsX Ah¿ A[nImcZp¿hn\ntbmKw sNømXncn°m≥ \nbaßfm¬ kzbw \nb{¥n°s∏Sp∂p.

Hcp kzX{¥kaqlw am\pjnI IgnhpItfbpw I≠p]nSpØßtfbpw \hoIcWtØbpw kzX{¥am°p∂p. CXv apºn√mXncp∂ kºØv krjvSn°m≥ ]cym]vXam°p∂p. A{XXs∂ kzX{¥ a√mØ cmPyßfnse {]amWnIsft∏mse a‰p≈hsc NqjWw sNbvX√ kzX{¥kaqlØnse P\߃ kº∂cmIp∂Xv. a‰p≈hsc IqSpX¬ Zcn{Zam°n Ah¿°v IqSpX¬ kº∂cmIm≥ Ignbn√. a‰p≈h¿°v th≠sX√mw \evInbpw AhcpsS PohnXw sa®s∏SpØnbpw am{Xta Ah¿°v kº∂cmIm≥ ]‰pIbp≈p.

184

hmZw Npcp-°-Øn¬

\nb{¥nX k¿°m¿ an°hmdpw P\߃, \oXn \S∏nem°m\pw, hy‡nIƒ°v X\nsb FSp°m\mhmØ Xocpam\߃ FSp°phm\pw k¿°m¿ BhiyamsW∂v hmZn°p∂p. F∂m¬ Hcphn[w P\ßfpw k¿°mcns‚ A[nImcw \nb{¥nXamIWsa∂v kΩXn°p∂p. ]uc∑m¿°v A]ISw hcp∂Xv XSbm\mWv kzX{¥kaqlØnse k¿°m¿ \nesIm≈p∂Xv. CXv, a\pjysc kam[m\]cambv H∂n®v klIcn°m≥ {]m]vXcm°p∂ kzm`mhnI \nba߃ ˛ \oXn \ne\n¿ØpIbpw \S∏nem°pIbpw sNøp∂p.

Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØnse k¿°m¿ \nbahyhÿbm¬ ]cnanXs∏´n cn°p∂p. CXnse \nba߃ F√mh¿°pw Hcpt]mse _m[IamWv. CXnse t\Xm°ƒ°v kz¥w t\´ßƒ°mbn P\ßsf ]‰n°mt\m, kplrØp°ƒ°v hgnhn´ klmb߃ sNøphmt\m, i{Xp°ƒs°Xnsc A[nImcw D]tbmKn°mt\m km[n°n√. A[nImctØmsSm∏w hcp∂ AgnaXn Ipdbv°p∂Xn\mbn AhcpsS A[nImcßfpw ]Zhnbnse Imem h[nbpw ]cnanXamWv. P\m[n]Xyÿm]\ßfmb kzX{¥hpw kpXmcyhpw Bb sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ, kzX{¥kw`mjWØn\p≈ AhImiw, {]Xn\n[nIfpsS ]Zhnbnse Imemh[n, `cWLS\mN´ßƒ F∂nhsb√mw cmjv { Sobt\Xm°fpsS A[nImcØn\v ]cn[n \n›bn°p∂p.

Akmam\y kaXzw kzX{¥kaqlØns‚ kmºØnI i‡n kn≤m¥Øns‚ {][m\ KpWt`m‡m°ƒ kmºØnI kzmX{¥yw D≈hcmWv. ]cX{¥kaql Ønse {]amWnIƒ°v am{Xw e`n®ph∂ncp∂Xpw Ipd®v sIm√w apºv hsc kz]v\w ImWm≥t]mepw km[n°mØXpamb kuIcy߃ kzX{¥kaql Ønse ]mhs∏´ P\߃ BkzZn°p∂p. `uXnIkaXzw ASnt®ev]n°m≥ Hcp kzX{¥kaqlw {ian°p∂n√. kºØpw hcpam\hpw kaXzoIcn°m\p≈ {iaw hn]coX^eapfhm°p∂ XmsW∂v AXv AwKoIcn°p∂p. CXv kzbw sa®s∏Sp∂Xn\pw, ITn\m≤zm\Øn\pw, kwcw`߃°pap≈ {]tNmZ\w \jvSs∏SpØp∂p. apgph≥ kaqlØns‚bpw Dev]mZ\£aX h¿≤n°p∂ aqe[\krjvSn

185

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

bn¬\n∂v P\ßsf \ncp’mln ∏n°p∂p. CXv ]pXnb kºØpw ]pXnb aqeyhpw krjvSn°p∂Xn¬ \n∂v P\ßsf XSbp∂p. kzmX{¥an√mØ kaqlØnen√mØ ]e {][m\ kaXzßfpw kzX{¥ kaqlw AwKoIcn°s∏´ncn°p∂p. Hmtcm a\pjyPoh\pw hnes∏´Xpw kwc£n°s∏tS≠Xpw Bbn IW°m°s∏Sp∂p. \nbaØn\v apºnkaXzap≠v. hn[n Xo¿∏pIƒ \nßfmcmW∂m{ibn®√ adn®v hkvXpX IfpsS ASnÿm\ØnemWv. ]uc∑m¿°v cmjv{Sob kaXzw D≠v. Ah¿°v sXcs™Sp∏n¬ a’cn°m\pw thm´v sNøm\pw A[nImcnIƒ°v F{XXs∂ Ak¥jvSIcamsW¶nepw kz¥w cmjv{Sob A`n{]mbw {]ISn∏n°m\pw kzmX{¥yw D≠v. IqSmsX Ah¿°v AhkckaXzap≠v.

P\߃ sXmgnenepw hnZym`ymkØnepw AhcpsS h¿§w, aXw, hwiw As√¶n¬ at‰sX¶nepw {]tXyIXIfpsS t]cnep≈ hnthN\w A\p`hn°p∂n√.

Hcp kzX{¥ kºZv hyhÿ Hcp kzX{¥kaqlw AXns‚ P\߃°v AhcpsS kmaqlnIhpw hy‡n]chpamb sXcs™Sp°epIƒ t]mse kmºØnI]cambp≈ sXcs™Sp°en\pw kzmX{¥yw \¬Ip∂p. Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØnse P\߃ kzta[bm D≈ hn\nabßfneqsS aqeyw krjvSn°p∂p. kzX{¥ hn\nab߃ c≠pIq´¿°pw anI®Xp \evIp∂p, Aßs\b√m F¶nAhcXp sNøn√. a‰p≈hcpambn klIcn®pw Ah¿°pth≠ Dev]∂߃ \¬Inbpw, Ctßm´p Bhiyap≈Xv Ahcn¬\n∂pw hmßnbpw hy‡nIƒ A`nhr≤ns∏Sp∂p. t\´ßfpsS {]Xo£ a‰p≈h¿°v F¥mWv Bhiysa∂v Is≠Øphm\pw AXp hnXcWw sNøphm\pw kwcw`I¿°v t{]m’ml\w \¬Ip∂p. Ipdhns\bpw A[oI e`yXsbbpw Ipdn®pw, F¥v Dev ] mZn∏n°Wsa∂pw F¥v kq£n°Wsa∂pw hneIƒ Bibhn\nabw \SØp∂p. CXneqsS kabw, Ignhv, ]cn{iaw, aqe[\w a{dp hn`h߃ F∂nh ASnb¥nc Bhiyw D≈nStØbv°v kzbtah BI¿jn°s∏SpIbpw {]m[m\yw Ipd™ D]tbmKßfn¬\n∂v Zqsc t]mhpIbpw sNøp∂p. P\߃ F¥v sNøWsa∂v k¿°m¿ ]dtb≠ Bhiyw AhnsSbn√.

186

hmZw Npcp-°-Øn¬

Hcp kzX{¥kaqlw \√ coXnbn¬ {]h¿Ønbv°phm≥ Fßs\ P\߃ ]ckv]cw klIcn bv°Ww F∂Xns\°pdn®v kzoImcyamb Hcp \nba N´°qSv am{Xta Bhiyap≈q. DSaÿmhImiØn\pw hkvXp°ƒ ssIam‰w sNøp∂Xn\pap≈ \nbaßfpw DSºSnIfnse hyhÿIƒ ]men°p∂Xn\p≈ Icm¿ \nbaßfpw Chbn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂p. P\߃°v _nkn\kpIƒ sI´n∏Sp°Wsa¶nepw km[\߃ hn\nabw sNøWsa¶nepw kzImcykzØv AXymhiyamWv. ]t£ a‰p kzmX{¥y߃ \nb{¥nbv ° pIbmsW¶n¬ cmjv { Sob {]h¿Ø\ßfpw Xpd∂ hmZ{]XnhmZßfpw Akm≤yambnØocp∂p.

\oXnbpw \nbahmgvNbpw \nbak`mwKßfm¬ A\pimknt°≠ H∂√ \oXn. \nbahmgv N a\pjykz`mhØns‚ Hcp `mKamWv, hy‡nIƒ°nSbn¬ kam[m\]camb klIcWØn\v t{]cW \¬Ip∂XmWv \ΩpsS Hcp ImXemb `mKw. Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØnse P\߃°v Cu kzm`mhnI \oXnbv°v AhcpsS a\pjyXzØn\m¬ AhImiap≠v. kzm`mhnI \oXn{]Imcw \nba߃, hy‡hpw \n›nXhpw Bbncn°Ww, Ah P\ßsf ka∑mcmbn ImWWw, Ah Akm[yambXv B{Kln°p∂n√, Ah ap≥Ime {]m_ey ap≈X√ IqSmsX in£Iƒ ap≥Iq´n ImWmhp∂Xpw Ip‰Ønt\mSv s]mcpØap≈ Xpw Bbncn°Ww. \oXnbp‡amb hnNmcWtbmSpIqSnbXpw hnNmcW bn√msX Zo¿LIme XShn√msXbpw D≈ bp‡amb \nba\S]SnIƒ F√m Imcyßfnepw D≠mbncn°Ww. Ip‰mtcm]Whnt[bcmIp∂ P\ßsf Ah¿ Ip‰°mcmsW∂p sXfnbp∂Xphsc \nc]cm[nIfmbn ImWWw, Hcp Ip‰Øns‚ t]cn¬ ]eXhW hnNmcW sNbvXv ]oUn∏n°phm≥ ]mSp≈X√. AhcpsS cmPyw, kwkv I mcw, h¿§w As√¶n¬ aXw CsX√mØn\pw D]cnbmbn an°hmdpw F√mhcpw CØcw \nba߃ AwKoIcn°p∂p.

Cu kzm`mhnI \oXnbpw \nbahmgvNbpw Dd∏phcpØp∂Xn\v cmjv{Sob t\Xm°fpsS kzm[o\Øn¬\n∂pw ap‡amb Hcp kzX{¥ \oXn\ymb hyhÿ BhiyamWv. AXpt]mse t]meokpw kzX{¥ambncnt°≠Xv AXy¥mt]£nXamWv. kzmX{¥yw \ne\n¬°Wsa¶n¬ t]meoknepw \oXn\ymb hyhÿbnepw ssI°qenbpw AgnaXnbpw s]mdp°mhp∂X√.

187

Hcp kzX{¥ kaq-l-Øns‚ ASn-Ød

Bfl{]tNmZnXamb kaqlw Hcp kzX{¥kaqlw Bfl{]tNmZnXamb kaqlamWv. kam[m\]camb klIcWsØ t{]m’mln∏n°p∂ \nba߃ ]n≥XpScp∂ hy‡nIfpsS {]h¿Ø\ßfneqsSbmWv CXv cq]w sIm≈p∂Xv. CXv tasebp≈ cmjv{Sob cmjv{Sob A[nImcnIfm¬ ASnt®ev]n°s∏Sp∂X√. ]ckv]ct\´Øn\mbn klIcn°phm≥ P\߃ F√m Imcyßfnepw tbmPnt°≠Xn√. Nc°v ssIam‰w sNøp∂h¿ hnebn¬ am{Xw tbmPn®maXn. F∂m¬ B klIcWw ^ehØmIm≥ hy‡nIƒ a‰p≈hcpsS Bibßtfbpw \S]SnItfbpw klnjvWpXtbmsS ImWWw. Hcp kzX{¥ kaqlw hy‡nItftbm k¿°mcnt\tbm a‰p≈hcpsS {]h¿Øn Ifn¬ CSs]Sm≥ A\phZn°p∂Xv bYm¿∞ tZmjw hcp∂XpXSbm≥ am{XamWv. kzbw Db¿∂ [m¿ΩnI\nehmcap≈hsc∂p Nn¥n°p∂hcmF√mhcptSbpw kzmX{¥yw sh´nIpdbv°∏Sp∂Xns\Xnscbp≈ F√m XS ßfpw, AhcpsS s]cpam‰w AwKoIcn°m≥ ]‰mØtXm Ip‰IcambtXm BbXn\m¬ P\ßfpsS kzmX{¥yw ]cnanXs∏SpØp∂XneqsS \o°s∏Sp∂p. a‰mfpIfpsS Bibßfpw PohnXcoXnIfpw am\n°p∂Xv kaqlØn\v KpWw sNøpw. kXyw F√mbvt∏mgpw {]ISambncn°n√, AXv BibßfpsS kwhmZßfneqsSbmWv Db¿∂phcp∂Xv . sk≥k¿am¿ sX‰mb Bibßsf am{Xta ASn®a¿Øq F∂v \ap°v hnizkn°phm≥ Ign bn√. `mhnbn¬ kaqlØn\v hfsc {]tbmP\s∏Sp∂ Bibßfpw {]h¿Ø\coXnIfpw Ah¿ A_≤Øn¬ ASn®a¿Øntb°mw.

kzmX{¥yØns‚ temIw A[nImctamlnIfmb k¿°mcpIƒ°v AhcpsS IgnhptISpIƒ temIØns‚ a‰p`mKßfn¬ \n∂pw ad®p]nSn°phm≥ IqSpX_p≤nap´p≈ AhÿbmWv C∂v kwPmXambn sIm≠ncn°p∂Xv. AXns‚ ^eambn, IqSpX¬ IqSpX¬ cmPy߃ hym]mcØn\mbpw SqdnkØn\mbpw Xpd∂p sImSp°pIbpw Aßs\ ]pXnb Bib߃ {]Ncn°pIbpw sNøp∂p. kmºØnIhpw kmaqlnIhpamb kzmX{¥yØns‚ t\´ßƒ IqSpX¬ P\߃ a\ nem°pIbpw Ah¿ AXv Bhiys∏SpIbpw sNøp∂p.

188

hmZw Npcp-°-Øn¬

kzmX{¥yw \nehnen√mØ HcnSØv [m¿ΩnIXbpw Hcp kzX{¥kaqlØn s‚ kwhn[m\hpw krjvSn°p∂Xv hfsc {iaIcamb H∂mWv. Ahsb H∂mbn ASnt®¬∏n°p∂Xn\p ]Icw sNdnb tXmXn¬ Bcw`n®v P\ßsf kzX{¥ambn {]h¿Øn°m≥ A\phZn°pIbpw AhcpsS {]h¿Ø\ ßfneqsS Hcp kzX{¥kaqlw krjvSn°pIbpamWv \√Xv. CXns‚ Hcp apJyamb `mKsa∂v ]dbp∂Xv kzØhImi߃ ÿm]n°pIbmWv. At∏mƒ P\߃°v _nkn\kpIƒ Bcw`n°phm\pw AhcpsS kzØp°ƒ Bcpw I≠psI´n√ F∂ BflhnizmktØmsS hym]mcw \SØphm\pw Ignbpw. ]cnjvImc߃ bYm¿∞ kmºØnI kzmX{¥yw \¬IWw. A√msX ssa{Xo apXemfnØsØ A√. At\Iw k¿°mcpIƒ k¿°m¿ ÿm]\߃ kzImcyhXvIcn°p∂p F∂hImis∏´psIm≠v AhcpsS kplrØp°ƒ°pw _‘p°ƒ°pw AhbpsS DSaÿmhImiw ssIamdpIbmWv bYm¿∞Øn¬ sNbvXXv. bYm¿∞ am‰ßƒ D≠mIWsa¶nkmºØnI ]cnjvImcßfn¬ apgph≥ P\ßfpw ]¶mfnIfmhWw. A¥mcmjv{S hym]mcØneqsS cmPy߃°v \jvSw kw`hn°p∂n√. a’c hn]Wnbn¬ \n∂pw {]mtZinI Dev]mZIsc kwc£n°p∂Xv hneIƒ Dbcp∂Xn\pw {]mtZinI D]t`m‡m°ƒ°v \nehmcan√mØh hmtß≠n hcp∂Xn\pw ImcWamIp∂p. A¥mcmjv { S hym]mc kaqlØn`mKamhpI hgn {]mtZinI kwcw`I¿°v ]pXnsbmcp hn]Wnbpw Ahkc ßfpw e`n°p∂p. aq∂p ZiIßfn¬ Bbn Cu hym]mcØnse Xpd∂p sImSp°¬ \qdp tImSnbne[nIw P\ßsf ISpØ Zmcn{ZØn¬ \n∂pw IcIb‰nbn´p≠v. kzmX{¥yw kXyØn¬ a\pjyNcn{XØnse G‰hpw A]ISIc a√mØXpw Dev]mZ\£aXbp≈Xpamb i‡nIfn¬ H∂mWv.

189