The Law Malayalam Translated by Centre for Public Policy Research

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The Law Copyright © 1998 by the Foundation for Economic Education All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer, who may quote brief passages in a review. Foundation for Economic Education 30 South Broadway Irvington-on-Hudson, NY 10533 (914) 591-7230 Publisher’s Cataloging in Publication (Prepared by Quality Books, Inc.) Bastiat, Frederic, 1801-1850 [Loi. English] The law / Frederic Bastiat. — 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes index Preassigned LCCN: 98-73568 ISBN 1-57246-073-3 1. Law and socialism. 2. Law—Philosophy. 3. Socialism and liberty. I. Title. K357.B37

1998

340.115

QBI98-1118

Second edition, August 1998 second printing, September 2000; third printing, October 2001 fourth printing, June 2004 Translated to Malayalam by Centre for Public Policy Research, India. ‘Anitha’, 1st floor,S.A. Road, Elamkulam Kochi, Kerala, India- 682 020 Ph : +91 484 6469117 / 4043895 cppr@cppr.in www.cppr.in Follow us: www.facebook.com/cpprindia www.twitter.com/CPPRIndia www.linkedin.com/company/centre-for-public-policy-research Download Mobile App at Google Play StoreCPPR India This books translation is made possible with the support grant from Atlas Network, Washington DC, USA

BapJw

dn®m¿Uv FªnwKv (Richard Ebeling)

kmº-ØnI kzm-X{- ¥-yØ - n-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ {]Xn-tcm[w Hcn-°epw Hcp Ffp-∏a- p≈ Imc-ya- √ - . Z sh¬Øv Hm^v t\j-y≥kv (The Wealth of Nations) F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ BZw kvanØv C°m-c-y-tØm-Sp≈ _p≤n-ap´v hy-‡ -am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. ]W-amWv GI [\w F∂ ]g-©≥ kn≤m-¥Ø - n-s\-Xn-scbpw 18˛mw \q‰m-≠nse k¿°m¿ \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ°pw ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°pw FXn-scbpw i‡- a mb FXn¿∏p- I ƒ D∂- b n- ® - X n- \ p- t ijw At±lw, t{K‰v {_n´\n¬ kzm-X-{¥-y-h-ym-]mcw Fs∂ Bibw Hcp BZ¿i-cmjv{Sw F∂ kz]v\wt]mse bmWv F∂v ]d-bp-hm\pw aSn-®n-√. At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-bØ - n¬ kmº-ØnI kzm-X{- ¥yw F∂ e£yw km£m-XvI-cn-°m≥ c≠v {][m\ XS- -ßƒ D≠v. H∂m-a-Xmbn s]mXp-P-\-ß-fpsS C°m-c-y-Øn-ep≈ ap≥hn-[n. c≠m-a-tØXpw, adn-I-S-°m≥ ]‰m-Ø-Xpamb ImcWw, ]e hy-‡n-I-fp-sSbpw kz-Im-cy Xm¬ ]-cy- a- m-Wv. Ah¿ kmº-ØnI kzm-X{- ¥-ysØ XpS¿®bmbn FXn¿°p-Ibpw sNøpw. s]mXp-P-\-ß-fpsS ap≥hn[n F∂-Xp-sIm≠v BZw kvanØv (Adam Smith) Dt±-in°p-∂Xv km[m-cW k¿°m¿ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fneq-sS-bpw, \nb-{¥-W-ß-sfbpw Xmc-X-a-y-s∏-Sp-Øptºmƒ kzm-X-{¥y hn]-W\ \b-ß-fpsS ta∑ ImWn°p-∂X - n\v kmº-ØnI hnZ-Kv[¿ ]n≥Xp-S¿∂ IpØgn-™Xpw a\- n-em-°m≥ ]‰m-Ø-Xp-amb hmZ-ßsfbm-Wv. ]e hy-‡n-I-fp-sSbpw kz-Im-cy Xm¬]-c-yßƒ F∂- X p- s Im≠v BZw kv a nØv Dt±- i n- ® Xv k¿°m¿ \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ sIm≠v D¤-hn-°p∂ kzm-X-{¥y a’-c-Øn-ep≈ ]cnanXn-Iƒ sIm≠v em`w 5

D≠m-°p∂ {]tX-yI Xm¬]-cy- ° - m-sc-bm-Wv. Ah¿ k¿°m¿ \nb-{¥-Wß - ƒ am‰m≥ kΩ-Xn-°p-I-bn-√. BZw kvanØns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ta¬ ]d™ c≠v Imc-y-ßfpw H∂n®p {]h¿Øn-®v, cmjv{So-bhpw Bi-b-]-c-hp-amb XeØn¬ kmº-ØnI kzm-X{- ¥yw F∂ kzm-`m-hnI \oXn D≠m-°p-hm≥ kΩXn-°n√ F∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ kmº-ØnI kzm-X{- ¥yw F∂ Bi-bsØ hfsc efn-X-h¬°-cn-®v km[m-c-W-°m-c\v a\- n-em-°m≥ ]‰p∂ hn[-Øn¬ {]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-hp≈ Hcp hy-‡n-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p B hy-‡n-bmWv {]kn≤ {^©v ¢mkn-°¬ DZm-co-Ic- W [\-XX - z- i - m-kv{X-⁄≥ {io. s{^U-dnIv _mÃnbm‰v (Frederic Bastiat) (1801-1850) tkmj-y-en-kØn-s‚-bpw, CS-s]-S¬ hXvI-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw kwc-£W hmZ-Øn-s‚bpw a‰pw Bi-b-ßsf FXn¿°m\pw C√mbva sNøm\pw _mÃnbm‰n\p≠m-bncp∂ {]tX-yI Ignhv kmº-ØnI imkv{X-⁄-cmb H∂n-tesd Ncn-{X-Imc≥am¿ ASn-hcbn´v ]d-™n-´p-≠v. k¿ Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ t{K (Sir Alexander Grey) bpsS hm°p-I-fn¬ ""Xs‚ {]Xn-tbm-Kn-bpsS Bi-b-ßƒ C{X-I≠v hnUvVn-Ø-amWv F∂v tXm∂n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ign-hp≈ as‰m-cmfpw D≠m-bncp-∂n-√. Ct∏mgpw At±-lØ - ns‚ G‰hpw \i-zc- a- mb IrXn-Iƒt]mepw hmbn°p-∂Xv Hcp A\p-`q-Xn-bm-Wv. AØcw hy-‡n-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ _p≤nssh-`-hhpw, Zb-bn-√mØ Ifnbm°epw, Xs‚ FXn-cm-fn-Isf \njv{]-`-am°p∂ ssienbpw Adn-tb-≠Xv Xs∂-bm-Wv.'' eqbnkv lo\n (Lewis Haney) _mÃnbm‰ns\-∏‰n ]d-™Xv ""F{Xbpw D÷-z-ehpw CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-amb ssien-bn¬, F{Xbpw ka¿∞-am-bXpw `mh-\m-P-\n-I-hpam-bXpw hn]-coXm¿∞ {]tbm-Kw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm≠v P\-ßsf ssIbn-se-Sp-°p∂ coXn FtUz¿Uv sslΩ≥ (Eduard Heimann) F∂ kz-Im-cy hn]Wn hna¿iI-\mb Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ _mÃnbm‰ns\∏‰n ]d-™Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv. ""Hcp [ocimen-bmb Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\mWv At±-lw. hy-h-km-b-ß-fpsS ]ptcm K - X - n-bn-eqsS kaq-lsØ ]ptcm-KX - n-bn-te°v \bn-°m-sa∂pw GI]£ob a-√mØ a’-cØ - n-eq-sS-bm-IWw AsX∂pw ka¿∞n® temI {]ikvX FgpØp-Im-c≥.'' Nmƒkv PotU-bp-sSbpw (Charles Gide) Nmƒkv dnÃn-s‚bpw (Charles Rist) hm°p-Iƒ C{]-Im-c-am-Wv. ""]pXp-bpK kwc-£WhmZn-Iƒ hntZi hkvXp°-fpsS IS-∂p-I-b-‰-sØ-∏‰n, Ah-bpsS Hcp cmP-y-tØ-°p-≈ ag-sh≈ ]m®- e n- s \- ∏ ‰n, ]d- b m- X n- c n- ° m- \ p≈ {][m\ Imc- W - ß - f n¬ H∂v _mÃnbm‰v Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≈ sNdpXpw F∂m¬ BZ-cn-t°-≠-Xp-am-bn-´p≈ 6

eLp-te-JI - ƒsIm-≠mWv F∂-XmWv kX-yw. cmP-yß - ƒ XΩn¬ th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ ae-Iƒ°p-≈n-eqsS km[-\-ßƒ ssIam‰w sNøm≥ th≠n SW-ep-Iƒ D≠m-°n-b-Xn-\p-tijw, D≠m-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ Np¶-aq-ey-ap≈ XS- -ßƒ hy-hÿ sNøp∂ hnUvVn-ØsØ C{X \nµ-y-amb `mj-bn¬ hna¿in-°m≥ a‰m¿°pw Ign-bn√''. kwc-£WhmZn-I-fp-sSbpw ]cn-]m-e\hmZn-I-sfbpw Xs‚ i‡-amb hmZ-ßƒsIm≠v _mÃnbm‰v hna¿in-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw At±-l-Øns‚ Xo£vW-amb hna¿i\w A¥- p≈ `mjbnepw At£m`-y-amb hn[-Øn-ep-am-bn-cp∂p F∂p-am{Xw At±lw Xs‚ FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS Dt±-i-ip≤n tNmZyw sNbvXn-cp-∂n√ F∂-Xpam-Wv. ""CXmWv hn√yw kvtIm´v (William Scott) F∂ {^©v ]cn-jvI-cWhmZn-bpsS A`n-{]mb-Øn¬ _mÃnbm‰v Xs‚ FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ°p≈, kaq-lsØ \∂m-°m-\p≈ B{K-lsØ ]q¿Æ-ambn, AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw F∂m¬ Ah-cpsS ]mX icn-b-s√∂v Ahsc t_m≤-y-s∏-SpØn, ]‰p-sa-¶n¬ icn-bmb ]mX-bn-te°v \bn-°p-hm≥ {ian®p''. At±- l - Ø ns‚ ta¬∏- d ™ KpW- ß - f mWv tPmk^v F. jpw]o- ‰ ¿ (Joseph. A. Schumpeter) F∂n-h-sc-s°m≠v _mÃnbm‰v BWv ""Pohn-®ncp-∂-Xn¬sh®v G‰hpw anSp-°-\mb kmº-ØnI ]{X-{]-h¿ØI≥ F∂v ]d-bn-®Xv ''. epUvhnwKv thm¨ ankkv (Ludwing Von Mises) _mÃnbm‰ns\ {]Io¿Øn®Xv ""anSp-°\ - mb ssien h√-`h - ≥ F∂pw, At±lw Fgp-XnbsXms°bpw hmbn-°p-∂Xv icn-bmb kpJw D≠m-°p-∂X - p-amWv '' F∂-Xm-Wv. kwc-£W hmZn-Iƒ°pw AXp-t]m-se-bp≈ Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m¿°pw FXnsc At±lw \S-Ønb hna¿i-\s- Ø-°mƒ henb hna¿i\w C∂p-hsc D≠m-bn-´n√ F∂p am{X-a√ kwc-£-W-hm-Zn-Ifpw CS-s]-S¬ hmZn-Iƒ°pw At±-l-Øns‚ hmZ-ap-J-ßƒs°-Xn-cmbn _p≤n-]q¿∆-amb Hcp adp-]-Sn-t]mepw \¬Im≥ km[n-®n√''. a‰p Nne Fgp- Ø p- I m¿ _mÃnbm‰ns\ ]n≥Xp- S ¿∂p- h - c p- ∂ p- a p- ≠ v . Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ {^©v kzm-X-{¥-y-hn-]Wn [\-X-X-z-im-kv{X-⁄≥ Cu∆v Kntømhns‚ (Yves Guyot) sNdnb ]pkvXI-amb "kmº-ØnI ap≥hn-[n-I-fn¬' s^U-dnIv _mÃnbm‰ns‚ Im¬∏mSp-Iƒ ]n≥Xp-S¿∂p-sIm≠v cNn-®n-´p-≈X - m-sW∂pw AXns‚ Dt±iw Xs∂ kX-yk - w-KX - n-Iƒ hfsc eLp-hmbn´p≈Xpw Ffp-∏a- mbXpamb ssien-bnepw 7

hnh-cn-°m\pw Ffp-∏-Øn¬ Hm¿°m\pw ]‰p∂ Xc-Øn¬ _mÃnbm‰v 50 sIm√w ap≥]v sNbvX-t]mse, sX‰p-Iƒ B¿°pw a\- n-em-Ip∂ hn[-Øn¬ Nq≠n-Im-´p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv F∂pw ]d-™n-´p-≠v. sl‚dn lmknse‰v (Henry Hazliet) "Hcp ]mT-Øn¬ [\-XX - z- i - mkv{Xw' F∂ {KŸamWv _mÃnbm‰ ns‚ ssien-sbbpw Bi-b-sØbpw Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm≠v D≠m- ° nb 20˛mw \q‰m- ≠ ns‚ G‰hpw {]kn- ≤ - a mb IrXn. AXn¬ {KŸ-Im-c≥ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv. _mÃnbm‰ns‚ ""hm´v Cukv ko≥ B‚v hm´v Cukv t\m´v ko≥'' (What is seen and What is not seen) F∂ eLp-te-J-bpsS ]pXp-°nb ]Xn-∏mbn XpS¿®-bm-bpw, GtIm-]-\ambpw Cu IrXnsb ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.'' Hcp henb I®-hS- ° - m-cs‚ aI-\mbn {^m≥knse _tbm¨ (Bayyone) F∂ ÿeØv 1801 Pq¨ 30˛mw Xob- X n- b mWv t¢mUv s^U- d nIv _mÃnbm‰v (Cloade Frederic Bastiat) P\n-®-Xv. At±-l-Øn\v Ggv hb p-≈-t∏mƒ AΩ acn-®p. c≠p-sIm-√-Øn-\p-tijw A—\pw acn-®p. At±lsØ hf¿Øn-bXv At±-l-Øns‚ AΩm-bn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cmWv At±l-Øn\v ]Xn-\mev hb- p-≈t- ∏mƒ At±-lsØ tImtfPv Hm^v tkm¿kn¬ (College of Soreze) tN¿ØXv F∂m¬ ]TnØw apgp-hn-∏n-°msX ]Xnt\gmw hb- n¬ _tbm-Wn¬ D≈ AΩm-hs‚ I®-hS ÿm]-\-Øn¬ tN¿∂p. Ipd®p Ign-™-t∏m-gmWv At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-sØbpw Nn¥sbbpw am‰n adn®v {^©v {]mNo\ kzm-X{- ¥y [\-XX - z- i - m-kv{X-⁄\ - mb (tPm¨ _m]v‰nÃv tkbpsS (Jean Baptist Say) {KŸ-ßsf ]cn-Nb - s- ∏-´X - v. XpS¿∂v At±lw cmjv{Sob [\-XX - z- i - m-kv{XsØ Kuc-ha- mbn ]Tn-°p-Ibpw {^m≥knsebpw {_n´-\n-se-bpw, ]ucm-WnI kzm-X{- ¥y Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS {KŸ-ßƒ a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1825 ¬ aKvdn¨ (Mugron) F∂ ÿeØv ]nXm-a-l-\n¬ \n∂pw Hcp sNdnb ÿew ]n≥Xp-S¿®-hgn, At±-l-Øn\v In´p-Ibpw 1846 ¬ ]mco-knte°v t]mIp-∂-Xp-hsc AhnsS Xßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ahn-sS-bp≈ Ccp]Xv h¿jw _mÃnbm‰v Xs‚ apgp-h≥ ka-bhpw D]-tbm-Kn-®X - v hnhn[ hnjb-ß-fn-ep≈ {KŸ-ßƒ ]Tn-°m\mbn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ D‰ Nßm-Xn-bmb s^enIvkv tImt{Umbn (Felix Coudroy) bpambn Bi-b-ß-fpw- ]p-kvX-Ißfpw ssIam-dp-am-bn-cp-∂p. BZyw tkmj-y-enÃv Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m-c-\mb Iut{Um Xs‚ Iq´p-Im-c≥ _mÃnbm‰ns‚ hy-‡-amb Nn¥-bp-sSbpw 8

Fgp-Øp-I-fp-sS-bpw, hmZ-ß-fp-sSbpw kzm-[o-\-Øn¬ kzm-X-{¥yw F∂ XX-z-im-kv{X-Øn-te°v amdn Nn¥n-®p. 1820 epw 1830 epw hn- h n- [ - ß - f mb kmº- Ø nI hnj- b - ß - s f- ∏ ‰n _mÃnbm‰v D]-\ym-k-ßfpw GI hnjb {]_-‘-ßfpw cNn®p XpS-ßn. F∂m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ t]cv bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏´p XpS-ßn-bXv 1844-˛¬ At±lw {]kn-≤o-I-cn® -kz-Imcy hn]-W-\sØ A\p-Iq-en-®psIm-≠p≈ henb teJ-\Ø - mepw tIm_vsU≥ B‚v Z eoKv (Cobden and The League) F∂ Cw•ojv aqhvsa‚v Hm^v {^o t{SUv ( English Movement for Free trade) F∂ {]_-‘-Øm-ep-amWv. Cu IrXn-Iƒ FgpXn XpS-ßnbt∏mƒ Xs∂ At±lw {_n´ojv B‚n tIm¨ tem eoKv (British Anti Corn Law league) F∂ kz-X-{¥y \nba Iq´m-bva-bpsS BZ-y-Ime t\Xm°-fn¬ Hcm-fmb dn®m¿Uv tIm_vU - \ - p-ambn IØn-S] - m-Sp-Iƒ XpS-ßn. kmºØnI kzm-X{- ¥-yØ - ns‚ Cu c≠p {]tbm-‡m-°fpw hfsc s]s´∂v ASpØ kplr-Øp-°f- mbn. Ah-cn-cp-hcpw kzm-X{- ¥-yØ - ns‚ Bi-yß - ƒ°v ]c-kv]cw ]n≥XpW \¬In. C{]-Im-ca- p≈ IrXn-If- psS hnP-bhpw 1846 {_n´-\nse Im¿jnI kwc-£I {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ A¥yw Ipdn® dn®m¿Uv tIm_vsUs‚ (richard cobden) kz-X-{¥y hym-]mc \S-]-Sn-I-fpsS hnP-bhpw _mÃnbm‰v ]mco-kn-te°v amdm\pw {^©v kzImcy hn]-W\ kwL-S\ cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ AXns‚ Bi-b-ßƒ°p- th≠n "se ent{_ FtN©v ' (Le libre-Hchange) F∂ hm¿Øm- ] {Xw XpS- ß m\pw CS- b m- b n. c≠p h¿j- ° mew At±lw kzm-X{- ¥y hym-]m-csØ kwL-Sn-∏n-°m\pw {]N-cn-∏n-°m\pw Nne-hg- n-®p. BZy Ime-L-´-Øn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ \S-]-Sn-Isf ]n≥Xp-W-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n {]kw-K-ßƒ \S-Øm\pw s]mXp-P\ A`n-{]mbw am‰m-\p≈ teJ-\-ßƒ Xøm-dm-°m\pw {^©v kwc-£W \b-ßsf C√m-Xm-°p∂ \nb-a-ßƒ D≠m-°p-∂-Xn\pw a‰pw hym-]mc hy-h-kmb taJ-e-I-fn¬ \n∂pw \nc-h[n Bfp-Isf BI¿jn-°m≥ At±-lØ - n-\m-bn. ]s£ AXn\v henb {]tbmP\w D≠m-bn-√. k¿°m-cn¬\n∂pw In´p∂ klm-b-ß-fp-sSbpw Ah-Imi-ß-fp-sSbpw KpW-t`m-‡m-°-fmb \nc-h[n {]tX-yI XmXv]-cy {Kq∏p-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ At±l-Øns‚ Bi-b-ßsf A\p-k-yqXw ]n≥Xp-Wbv°m-\p≈ s]mXp P\m-`n-{]mbw D≠m-°m≥ At±-lØ - n\v km[n-®n-√. BZw kvanØv Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Ønb s]mXp-P\ - Ø - ns‚ ap≥hn[nbpw, XmXv]c- y- ß - f- psS i‡nbpw {^m≥kn-se-¶nepw hy-‡-am-bn-cp-∂p. 9

1848 se {^©v hnπ-h-Øn-\p-tijw _mÃnbm‰v cmjv{So-b-Øn¬ Hcp ssIt\m-°n. BZyw {^©v `c-W-L-S\m k`-bnepw ]n∂oSv \nb-a-k-`-bnepw At±lw AwK-ambn. kwc-£W \b-ß-fpsS ]mfn-®-Iƒ Xs‚ Fgp-ØpI-fn¬ Xpd-∂p-Im-ńb At±lw AXn-\p-tijw kmº-ØnI kzm-X{- ¥-yØ - ns‚ ]pXnb i{Xp-hmb tkmj-y-en-k-Øns‚ t\sc Xncn-™p. \nb-a-k-`-bn¬ At±lw s]mXp-a-cm-aØv ]≤-Xn-Iƒs°-Xn-sc-bpw, tZiob sXmgn¬ Dd∏v ]≤-Xn-Iƒs°-Xn-scbpw kzØv hn`-Pn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-scbpw hy-hk - m-bß - ƒ tZi-h¬°-cn-°p-∂X - n-s\-Xn-scbpw DtZ-ym-Kÿ Zpjv{]-`p-Xzw kmaq-ly kmº-ØnI taJ-e-I-fn¬ \S-Øp∂ IS-∂p-I-b-‰-Øn-s\-Xn-sc bpw At±lw i‡-ambn hmZn-®p. F∂m¬ £b-tcmKw aq¿—n-®X - p-aq-ew i_vZw Ipd-™X - p-aq-etam At±lw Fgp-Øn-te°v Xncn-™p. tkmj-ye - n-Ãp-If- psS hmZ-ß-fpsS Akw-_-‘-ßsf Xpd∂p Imń At±lw \nc-h[n D]-\ym -k-ßƒ FgpXn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. 1850 s^{_p-h-cn-bn-emWv _mÃnbm‰v \nb-a-k-`-bn¬ Ah-km-\-ambn h∂- X v . B sIm√sØ hk- ¥ - t Øm- s Sm∏w Xs∂ At±- l - Ø ns‚ Btcm-K-y-ÿnXn hen-b-tXm-Xn¬ tami-am-hp-Ibpw \nb-a-k-`-bn¬ DØ-c-hmZn-X-z-Øn¬\n∂v At±lw Hgn-hm-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. Z£nW {^m≥knse ]nc-Wokv ae-\n-c-I-fmWv B sIm√sØ th\¬Imew At±lw sNe-h-gn®-Xv. £b-tcm-K-Øn-\p≈ NnIn-’-bv°p-th≠n C‰-en-bn-te°v Xncn-°p-∂Xn-\p-ap≥]v sk]vXw-_¿ amk-Øn¬ {^m≥kn¬ Xncn-s®-Øp-Ibpw kzm-X{- ¥y hym-]mc hmZn-If- mb kplr-Øp-°sf ImWp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 49˛mw hb- n¬ 1850 Unkw-_¿ 24˛mw XobXn tdmam \K-c-Øn¬ sh®v At±lw A¥-cn-®p. sÛ-dnIv _mÃnbm‰ns‚ kmº-ØnI kzm-X-{¥-y-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ ùXnI {]_‘w aq∂v hme-y-ß-fn-embn Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. AXn¬ C°-tWm-anIv tkm^n-kw-kv, cmjv{Sob [\-X-X-z-im-kv{X-Ønse Xnc-s™-SpØ {]_-‘ßƒ F∂ t]cn-ep≈ c≠v IrXn-I-fmWv At±-l-Øns‚Xmbn-´p-≈Xv c≠v hme-y-ßƒ Cw•ojn¬ e`-y-am-Wv. B c≠v thmf-y-ß-fn-emWv At±-l-Øns‚ G‰hpw Ipdn°v sIm≈p-∂ lmk-ym-fl-Ihpw Zo¿L-ho-£-W-hp-ap≈ D]-⁄m-k-ßfpw teJ-\-ßfpw D≈-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ Ah-km\ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ At±lw kmaq-ly XX-z-im-kv{XØnepw kmº- Ø nI kn≤m- ¥ - ß - f nepw s]mXp- h mbn Fgp- X nb 10

teJ-\-ß-fn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-´p≠v C°-tWm-anIv lm¿a-Wokv F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn-em-Wv. sl≥dn lmk-nse‰v (Henry Hazlitt) icn-bmbn ]d-™n-´p-≈-Xp-t]mse 1850 ¬ At±lw acn-°p-∂-Xn\v sXm´p-ap≥]v Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≈ hm´v Cukv ko≥ B‚v hm´v Cukv t\m´v ko≥ F∂ D]\ymk-Øn-emWv At±-lØ - ns‚ teJ-\-ß-fpsS tI{µ-_nµp Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-bØn¬ Hcp {]h¿Øn-bp-sStbm Bi-b-Øn-s‚tbm s]s´∂v Df-hm-°p∂ êhpw Zo¿L-Im-e-Øp-f-hm-Ip∂ êhpw XΩn¬ henb hy-X-ym-k-ßƒ D≠m-Ipw. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ]≤-Xn-bn-´X - p-t]msebmbn-cn-°W - s- a-∂n-√. C°mc-y-ß-fn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ hnZq-c-]-cn-Wn-X-^-ew. _mÃnbm‰ns\ \nIp-Xn-I-fnepw k¿°m¿ tPmen-I-fnepw ImWm-hp-∂Xpw ImWm≥ ]‰m-Ø-Xp-amb Bi-bßsf kw_-‘n®v D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. k¿°m¿ \nIp-Xn-Is- f-sIm≠v ImWp∂ êw sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v sXmgnepw Ah-cpsS A≤-zm\w sIm≠v D≠m-Ip∂ tdmUp-I-fpw, ]me-ß-fpw, I\m-ep-I-fp-amWv. F∂m¬ A{]-Imc- a p≈ \nIpXn ]Ww kz- I m- c y taJ- e - I - f nse hy- ‡ n- I - f n¬ \n∂pw FSp-°msX k¿°m¿ Xs∂ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v sXmgn¬ D≠m-°m-sX bpw Ccp- ∂ m¬ ta¬∏- d ™ ]Ww D]- t bm- K n®v kz- I m- c y hy- ‡ n- I ƒ D≠m-°p∂ Imc-y-ß-fmWv ImWmØ êw. kz-Im-cy hy-‡n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw FSp-°msX k¿°m¿ H∂pw D≠m-°p-∂n-√. tkmj-ye - n-Ãp-If- p-sSbpw kwc-£W - h - m-Zn-If- p-sSbpw Bi-bß - f- nse sX‰pw sshcp≤-y-ßfpw Xpd∂p Im´m≥ _mÃn‰v hfsc efn-X-am-bXpw F∂mepw hfsc {]m[m-\-y-ap-≈-Xp-amb ta¬∏-d™ Bi-b-amb Bbp-[-amWv D]-tbmKn-°p-∂X - v. At±-lØ - ns‚ D]-⁄m-kß - f- mb ""[mcm-fn-Øhpw Zu¿e-`y- h - pw, ""XS- ß - fpw Imc-Wß - f- pw'', ""{]b-Xv\ß - fpw ê-ßfpw'' F∂n-hb - n-se√mw IqSn At±lw ImWn-®p-X-cp-∂Xv kz-X¥y-h-ym-]m-c-Øn-\p≈ XS- -ß-fpw, \ntcm-[-\-ßfpw Zmcn-{Z-y-Øn-te°v \bn®p F∂-Xm-Wv. At±lw kqNn- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ Xv \Ωƒ Hmtcm- c p- Ø cpw D]- t `m- ‡ m- ° fpw Dev]m-Z-Icpw F∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp hkvXp \Ωƒ°v D]-tbm-Kn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ H∂p-In¬ AXv \Ωƒ Xs∂ D≠m-°p-Ibpw As√-¶n¬ \Ωƒ°m-hi - y- a- p≈ hkvXp ssIh-i-ap≈ Bƒ°v Bh-i-y-ap≈ Hcp hkvXp \Ωƒ D≠m°n c≠p-h-kvXp-°ƒ XΩn¬ ssIam‰w sNøp-Itbm thWw F∂ bmYm¿ ∞-y-am-Wv. D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ F∂ \nebv°v \Ωƒ°v G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ 11

hkvXp-°ƒ G‰hpw Ipd™ hnebv°v In´-W-sa∂ hnNm-c-am-Wv. thsd hm°n¬ ]d-™m¬ \Ωp°v [mcm-fnØw Bh-i-y-am-Wv. F∂m¬ D¬]m-ZI-cmb \Ωƒ°v \ΩpsS hkvXp-°ƒ hn]-Wn-bn¬ Zu¿e-`-y-ap-≈-Xm-I-W-sa∂mWv B{K-lw. Hcp Xpd∂ a’-ca- p≈ hn]Wn ssIam-‰ß - ƒ kz¥w CjvS{]-Imcw am{Xw \S-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. A{]-Im-c-ap≈ hn]-Wn-bn¬ D]-t`m-‡m°sf In´m\pw IqSp-X¬ hcp-am\w D≠m-Im\pw AXp-aqew \Ωƒ°p th≠ km[-\-ßƒ hmßp-hm\pw D≈ GI am¿§w \Ω-fp-ambn a’-cn-°p-∂h-sc-°mƒ \√Xpw hne-Ip-d™ - Xpw IqSp-Xe - p-amb hkvXp-°ƒ D]-t`m-‡m°ƒ°v hmKvZm\w sNøpI F∂Xp am{X-am-Wv. CX-√msX D≈ Hcp hgn D¬]m-ZI - c- mb \Ωƒ `c-WI - q-SsØ B{ibn°pw \Ωƒ°v kam-[m-\] - c- hpw A{I-a-c-ln-Xhpw Bbn hn]-Wn-bn¬ \n∂pw t\Sm≥ ]‰mØ hkvXp-°ƒ \ΩpsS Ab¬°m-cn¬ \n∂pw `c-W-Iq-S-h-y-hÿ D]-tbm-Kn®v t\Sn-sbSp-°-ep-am-sW∂v _mÃnbm‰v \Ωsf Xm°oXv sNbvXp.

AhXm-cn-I

hmƒ-´¿- C.- hn-eyw-kv-

(Walter E . Williams)

F\n- ° v - 40 hb v - {]m- b ap- ≈ t∏mgm- W v - Rm≥s^Udn-Iv _ - mÃnbm‰n-s≥-d ""\n-baw''- - F∂ ¢m-kn-°¬{KŸw- hm-bn-®Xv.- F\n-°v- Adn-bm-Ø Hcm-fm-Wv- B ]p-kv-XIw- F\n-°v- Ab®p-X∂Xv.- At±ltØm-SvRm≥- F∂pw- ISs∏´h\m-bn-cn-°pw. Cu- ]p-kvX - Iwhm-bn-®Xn-\p-tijw- _mÃnbm‰ns≥-d kn-≤m-¥ßƒC√m-sX kzm-X{¥y- Iem- hn-Zym-`ym-kw- ]q¿-Æam-In-√F∂v- F\n-°v- Dd∏m-bn-´p-≠v- _m-kv‰- ym-‰ns\ hm-bn-®Xn\p-tijw- Fs≥-d Po-hn-Xho£WsØ Hcp-°p-∂Xn\p-th≠n-,- Rm≥- ap-ºv- ]n-≥-XpS¿-∂ hgn-Isf√mwshdp-sXbm-bn-cp-∂p- F∂v- F\n-°v- t_m-[y-am-bn.""\n-baw''- F∂ ]p-kv-XIw- Fs∂ Xm-Xzn-Iam-bn- am-‰nadn-°p-∂Xn-\p-]Icw- kzm-X{¥y-sØbpw- a\p-jys‚ kz`m-hsØbpw- ]‰n-bp-≈ Fs≥-d Nn-¥Iƒ-°vASp-°pw- Nn-´bpw- \¬-In.kzm-X{¥ysØ∏‰n-bp-≈ N¿-®Iƒ- \n-ch[n- XXzNn-¥I∑m¿- \SØn-bn-´p-≠v.- _mÃnbm‰v AXn¬ Hcm-fm-Wv.- F∂m¬- _mÃnbm‰ns≥-d G‰hpwhen-b kw-`m-h\ At±lw- ta¬-∏d™ N¿-®Iƒ- Z¥tKm-]pcßfn¬- \n- ∂ pw- ]p- d tØbv - ° v sIm- ≠ p- h ∂psh∂Xpw- XXz-im-kv-{XØn-s≥-d Kmw-`o-cyw- H´pwIp-dbv-°m-sX kzm-X{¥y-sØ∏‰n-bp-≈ Bibw\n-c£c\p-w-Iq-Sn- a\ n-em-°m≥- km-[n-°pw-hn-[wB°p-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp F∂Xm-Wv.- hy-Iv-Xn- kzm-X{¥yØn-s≥-d [m¿-Ωn-I ta¬-t°m-bv-asb∏‰n- \Ωp-sS \m-´p-Im-sc t_m-[y-am-°p-∂Xn-\v- G‰hpw- \n¿-Æm-bIwhy-Iv-XXtbm-sS AXn-s\∏‰n- kw-km-cn-°p-Ibm-Wv.13

_mÃnbm‰ns≥-d a‰p-≈hsct∏m-seXs∂ `cWIq-Sam-Wv- kz-m-X{¥y-Øns≥-d G‰hpwhen-b FXn-cm-fn-sb∂v- Xn-cn-®dn-™n-´p-≠v.- \n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈ Xp-Sßn-b hr-Øn-sI´ `cWIq-Sw- \S]Sn-Isf \ap-°v- a\ n-em°n- Xcp-hm≥- At±lw B{ibn-®n-´p-≈ hy-Iv-XX Xn-cn-®dn-tb≠Xm-Wv._mÃnbm‰ns‚ Xm-sg]dbp-∂ hm-°p-Ifn¬- CXv- hy-Iv-Xam-Wv.- ""\n-baw- Hcphy-Iv-Xn-bn¬- \n-∂pw- Abm-fp-sS DSakv-YXbn-ep≈- Hcp- km-[\w- FSp-ØvAXn-s≥-d DSakv-YXbn-√m-Ø as‰m-cmƒ-°v- sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xp- Im-Wp-I.AXp-t]m-seXs∂ Hcp- hy-Iv-Xn-°v- as‰m-cp- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS Nn-ehn¬- Kp-WwIn-´p-∂Xv,- (\n-baw-aq-ew- BsW¶n¬-,- In-´p-∂ hy-Iv-Xn-°v- \n-baØn-s≥-d ]n≥-_ean-s√¶n¬- In-´p-∂ Kp-Ww- Ip-‰IcamIp-sa¶n-epw-)- AXv- \n-ba]c am-b sIm-≈bmbn- IW°m-°Ww.- C{]Im-cw- \n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈ bv-°p-≈ Ir-Xy-am-b \n¿-hN\w- \ev-Ip-tºmƒ- `cWIq-SØn-s≥-d an-° \S]Sn-Ifpw- \n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈sbm- ]p-tcm-Ka\Øn-s≥-d t]cn¬\SØp-∂ \n-ba]cam-b Ifshm- BsW∂ hkvX - p-X \ap-°v- \n-cm-Icn-°m≥km-[n-°p-Ibn-√.s{^U-dnIv _mÃnbm‰n\v- \Ωp-sS kzm-X{¥y- {]Jym-]\Øn¬- H∏p-h® hcp-sS Iq-´Øn¬- Ffp-∏w- tNcm-am-bn-cp-∂p-.- A{]Im-cw- kzm-X{¥y-Øn-s‚ ho-£WØn-s≥-dbpw- `cWIq-SØn-s≥-d bYm¿-∞ ISaIfp-sSbpw{]tbm-Iv-Xm-°fp-sS ho-£Ww- Xm-sg]dbp-∂ hm-°p-Ifn¬- hy-Iv-Xam-Wv.""F√m- a\p-jy-scbpw- Xp-eycm-bn-´m-Wv- kr-jv-Sn-®n-´p-≈sX∂pw- Ahcn¬\n-∂pw- FSp-Øp-am-‰m≥- ]‰m-Ø Nn-e AhIm-ißƒ- kr-jv-Sm-hv- sIm-Sp-Øn´p-s≠∂pw- AXn¬- Nn-eXv- Po-hn-Xw,- kzm-X{¥yw-,- kt¥m-jØn-te°p-≈ bm-{X F∂n-hbm-sW∂p-≈ kXy-Øn¬- Rßƒ- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p.- C{]Imcap-≈ AhIm-ißƒ- In-´p-∂Xn-\p-th≠n- a\p-jy-cp-sSbn-Sbn¬- `cW Iq-SsØ D≠m-°n _mÃnbm‰ns≥-d CtX \n-e]m-Sp-Iƒ- Xs∂bm-WvBh¿-Øn-°p-∂Xv.- ""Po-h≥,- Ign-hp-Iƒ,- Dev-]m-Z\w F∂p-]d™m¬hy-Iv-Xn-Xzw-,- kzm-X{¥yw,- kz-Øp-°ƒ- AXm-Wv- a\p-jy≥.- kq-{X°m-cm-b cm-jv-{So-b t\Xm-°ƒ- D≠m-bn-´p-t]m-epw- ta¬-]d™ aq-∂v- ssZhZm-\ßƒa\p-jy-\n-¿-Ωn-Xam-b \n-baßƒ-°v- Ft∏m-gpw ap-∂n-epw- tasebp-am-Wv.''\Ωp-sS ]n-Xm-al∑m¿- `cWIq-SØn\v- sIm-Sp-Ø AtX \ym-bo-IcWam-Wv_mÃnbm‰v sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xv.- At±lØn-s≥-d hm-°p-Ifn¬- ""Po-h≥,- kzm-X{¥yw,kz-Øp-°ƒ- F∂n-h \n-e\n-ev-°p-∂Xv- a\p-jy\v- - \n-baw- D≠m-°n-bXvsIm-≠√.- t\scadn-®v- Po-h≥,- kzm-X{¥yw-, kz-Øp-°ƒ- F∂n-h hfsc 14

tcsØXs∂ D≠m-bXp-sIm-≠m-Wv- a\p-jy-s\ \n-baßƒ- BZy-am-bn\n¿-Ωn-t°≠n-h∂Xv.- - ""\Ωp-sS kzm-X{¥y-Øn-s≥-d {]Jym-]\Øn-epw- \n-baw''- F∂ Cu- ]p-kX v- IØn-epw- X∂n-´p-≈Xn¬- \n-∂pw- ta¬-Øcw- Hcp- {]Jym]\wkzm-`m-hn-Iam-bXpw- Zn-hy-hp-am-b Bb AhIm-ißsf∏‰n- C\n- ]dbm-\n-√._mÃnbm‰v kzm-X{¥y-Øn-s\∏‰n-bp-≈ Xs≥-d {]Xo-£Isf√mw- Atacn-°≥sFIy-\m-Sp-Ifnem-Wv- I≠Xv.- At±lØn-s≥-d hm-°p-Iƒ- C{]Im-cam-Wv.""sFIy- \ m- S p- I fn- t e°v - t\m°q- \n- b asØ AXn- s ≥- d bYm¿- ∞ hym-]v-Xn-bn¬- \n¿-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂ as‰m-cpcm-Py-hpw- Cu- tem-IØn-√.AXn-\m¬-Xs∂ km-aq-ln-I hy-hkv-Y C{Xta¬- Zr-Vam-b ASn-Ød bp-ap-≈ as‰m-cpcm-Py-hpw- tem-IØn-√.- F∂m¬- _m-kv-‰y-m‰v- 1850˛¬- Xs∂ Atacn-°¬- sFIy-\m-Sp-Ifn-se c≠v- t]m-cm-bva- Isf∏‰n- ]d™n-´p-≠v.- AXv""ASn-aØw,- kzm-X{¥y-Øn-s≥-d \n-ba]cam-b ew-L\am-Wv.- kw-c£W Np-¶w,- kz-Øv- AhIm-iØn-s≥-d \n-ba]cam-b ew-L\am-Wv.''_mÃnbm‰v Ct∏mƒ- Po-hn-®n-cp-s∂¶n¬- \n-basØ AXn-s‚ bYm¿-∞ ]cn-an-Xn-bn¬- HXp-°n- \n¿-Øm≥- \Ωƒ-°v- km-[n-°m-ØXn-\v- \n-cm-i\m-tbs\.H∂c \q-‰m-≠n-\p-≈n¬- \Ωƒ- AºXn-\m-bn-cwØn¬- Xcw- \n-baßƒD≠m-°n.- AXn¬- ]e \n-baßfpw- bm-sXm-cp- A\o-Xn-bpw- sNøm-Øh¿°[nIw t]m-epw- A\o-Xn- sNøm≥- `cWIq-SØn-\v- A[n-Im-cw- \ev-Ip-∂h bm-Wv.- Cu- \n-baßƒ- kz-Im-cy-kv-Ym-]\ßfn-se ]p-Ihen- \n-tcm-[n-°p-∂ \n- b aßfpw- km- a q- l n- I kp- c £bv - ° p- t h≠n- \n- ¿ - _ ‘n- X ]n- c n- h p\SØp- ∂ ssek≥- k v - \n- b aßfpw- ASn- k v - Y m- \ Iq- e n- Dd∏m- ° p- ∂ \n- b aßfpw- a‰p- a m- W v . - Hm- t cm- Im- c y- Ø n¬- sshZØam- b n- X\n- ° pX∂n-´p-≈ A[n-Im-cßƒ- kw-c£n-°p-hm-\pw- Xs≥-d {]h¿-Øn-Isf \n-b{¥n-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥- Bhiy-s∏Sp-∂Xp-am-b hy-Iv-Xn-Iƒ-°-v `cWIqS Øns‚ ASp-Øp-\n-∂pw- Ahkm-\w- In-´p-∂Xv- acWam-bn-cn-°pw._mÃnbm‰n-s≥-d A`n-{]m-bØn¬- kam-[m-\]chpw- kz-bsabp-≈Xp-am-b a\p-jy- {]h¿-Øn-Isf \n-b{¥n-°p-∂ \n-baßfpw- kz-Im-cy-X AhIm-is∏ Sp-∂hs\ in-£n-°p-∂ \n-baßfpw- ssZhw Ifn-°m\p-≈ tkm-jy-en-kv-‰pIfp- s S A`n- h m- ⁄ \bm- W v . - km- a q- l n- I Iq- ´ m- b v - a D≠m- ° m- \ p- ≈ Akw-kv-Ir-X ]Zm¿-∞ßƒ- am-{Xam-Wv- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ-°v- s]m-Xp-P\wF∂Xm-Wv.- A{]Im-cap-≈ taem-f∑m¿-°v-,- Ifn-aÆpw- ]m-{X \n¿-Ωm-Xm-hpwXΩn-ep-≈ _‘w-t]m-sebm-Wv- hy-Iv-Xn-Ifpw- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°fpw15

XΩn-ep-≈ _‘w.- C{]Im-cap-≈ Nn-¥m-KXn-°m-tcm-Sv- _mÃnbm‰n-\p-≈ tZjyw-,- \n-baw- F∂ {KŸØn¬- hy-Iv-Xam-°p-∂p-≠v.- A{]Im-cap-≈ a\p-jy-cm-in-bp-sS `m-hn- `cWm-[n-]∑m-tcm-Spw- \√Xp-sNøp-∂p- F∂v- ]d™p\S°p-∂htcm-S- v- At±lw- Bt£]n-°p-∂Xv- C{]Im-cam-Wv.- ""hr-Øn-sI´ Po-hn-Isf,- \n-ßƒ- C{X hen-bh∑m-cm-Wv- F∂v- \n-ßƒ- Nn-¥n-°p-∂p-thm! \n-ßƒ- a\p-jy-cm-in- hfsc sNdp-Xm-sW∂v- Xo-cp-am-\n-®p- Ign-t™m.\n-ßƒ-°v- F√mw-- ]cn-jv-Icn-°Wsa∂m-tWm.- BZyw- \n-ßsfXs∂ ]cn-jI v- cn-°m-ØsX¥v- ?- B {]h¿-Øn- Xs∂ [m-cm-fw- aXn-bm-hpw.- "_mÃnbm‰v Hcp- ip-`m-]v-Xn- hn-izm-k°m-c\m-bn-cp-∂p.- kzm-X{¥y-Øn-s≥-d c£bv-°pth≠n-bp-≈ At±lØn-s≥-d hm-Kv-hn-em-kw- ^ew- Im-Wpw- F∂v- At±lwhn-iz-kn-®p.- F∂m¬- Ncn-{Xw- At±ltØm-sSm-∏a√.- a\p-jy-cm-in-bp-sS Ncn-{Xw-Xs∂ ]≈n-Ifn-eq-sSbpw- F∂m¬- {][m-\am-bpw- `cWIq-SØnt∑eq-sSbpw- htcWy- h¿-§w- kz-¥w- Im-cy-km-[y-Øn-\m-bn- \SØp-∂ Ir-Xy-am-b hn-thN\hpw-,- \n-b{¥n-°ep-am-Wv.- tIm-Sn-°W°n-\v- \n-c]cm-[nIfm- b hy- I v - X n- I sf an- ° hm- d pw- Ahcp- s S `cWIq- S ßfn¬- X s∂ Acpw--sIm-e sNbv-X k¶SIcam-b Ncn-{Xam-Wp-≈Xv.- c≠p-aq-∂v- \q-‰m-≠pIƒ-°p-tijw- Ncn-{Xw- Fgp-Xp-∂ Hcp- hy-Iv-Xn- a\p-jy-Ip-eØn-se HcpsNdn-b hn-`m-KØn¬- {]tXy-In-®v- ]m-iv-Nm-Xy- tem-IØn¬- hfscIp-d™ Hcp- Im-ebfhn¬- D≠m-bn-cp-∂ a\ n-em-°m≥- ]‰m-Ø Ncn-{XIu-Xp-I ap-≈ "kzm-X{¥yw'--F∂ BibsØ∏‰n- hn-hcn-°p-am-bn-cn-°pw.- A{]Im-c ap-≈ Ncn-{XIm-c≥- kzm-X{¥yw- F∂ Bibw- Hcp- Xm-ev° - m-en-I {]Xn-`m-kamsW∂pw,-- a\p-jy-cm-in- AXn-s≥-d hy-hkv-Ym-]n-X kz-`m-ham-b hn-thN\ cln-Xam-b \n-b{¥WØn-te°pw- Xn-cn-®p-t]m-bn- F∂pw- Fgp-Xpw.C{]Im-cap-≈ t`m-jan-Xm-ﬂIam-b Hcp- hn-ebn-cp-Øp-∂Xv- sX‰m-sW∂vNcn-{Xw- sXfn-bn-°p-sa∂v- Bin-°mw.- tem-IsØºm-Spw- D≠m-bn-s°m-≠ncn-°p-∂ tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v-,- IΩyq-Wn-kv-‰v- Bibßfp-sS XI¿-® {]Xo-£bpsS sNdn-b shfn-®w- \ev-Ip-∂p-≠v.- thsd {]Xo-£m-\n¿-`cam-b Hcp- kw-KXnkm-t¶Xn-I hn-⁄m-\ hn-kv-t^m-S\w-aq-ew- `cWIq-Sßƒ-°v- Ahbp-sS ]u-c∑m-sc∏‰n-bp-ff hn-hcßƒ- tiJcn-°m-\pw- Ahsc \n-b{¥n-°m-\pw]‰m-Ø hn-[Øn¬- hcp-∂ Ahkv-Ybm-Wv.- hn-hn-c km-t¶Xn-Ihn-Zy- \q-X\ [\ ssIam-‰ hn-Zy-Iƒ- F∂n-haq-ew- `cWIq-SØn-\v- \n-b{¥n-°m-\p-≈ Ign-hv- Ip-d™p-hcn-Ibpw- sNethdn-bXpw- BIp-∂p.- cmjv{Sw h¿-≤n-®phcp-∂ Cu- hn-hc km-t¶Xn-I hn-Zy- tem-IØn-se ]u-c∑m¿-°v- ]ckv-]cw16

hn-hcßƒ- a‰pw- ]¶p-shbv-°m-\pw- ssIam-dm\pw- AXv- `cW Iq-Sßfp-sS Adn-thm-,- A\p-hm-Ztam- Iq-Sm-sX sNøp-hm-t\m- km-[n-°pw.- Atacn-°≥sFIy-\m-Sp-Ifn-ep-≈ kzm-X{¥y-Øn-s≥-d `m-hn-sb∏‰n- F\n-°v- ip-`m-]v-Xnhn-izm-ktØm-sS Nn-¥n-°m≥- km-[n-°p-∂Xv- IΩyq-Wn-kØn-s≥-d XI¿-®bpwkm-t¶Xn-I hn-Zy-bp-sS ]p-Xn-b I≠p-]n-Sp-Øßfpw- AtXm-sSm-∏w- _mÃnbm‰n-s‚ Bibßsf Iq-´p-]n-Sn-®p-≈ _ehØm-b kz-Im-cy- hn-]W\ tI{µßfp-am-Wv.- sFIy-\m-Sp-Ifn¬- kzm-X{¥yw- XI¿-∂m¬- AXv- F√m-bnSØpw- XIcpw- F∂v- Dd∏m-Wv.- kz-m-X{¥y-sØ∏‰n-bp-≈ _mÃnbm‰n-s≥-d hy- I v - X am- b Bibßsf Iq- S p- X ¬- ]cn- N bs∏Sp- Ø p- I F∂Xv _lp- a m- \ sØbpw- kv - t \lsØbpw- ho- ≠ pw- ]cn- t ]m- j n- ° m- \ pwAtacn-°bp-sS s]m-Xp-P\ßfn¬- kzm-X{¥yw- F∂ BibsØ ho-≠pw_es∏Sp-Øm-\p-≈ Hcp- {][m-\ \S]Sn-bm-Ipw- F∂v- F\n-°v- tXm-∂p-∂p.-

\n-baw-

s{^U-dnIv _mÃnbm‰v (Frederic Bastiat)

""ssh- I r- X am-- °s∏´ \n- b ahpw- AtXm- s Sm- ∏ whnIrXam- ° s∏´ cm- j v { S- Ø n- s ≥- d t]m- e o- k v A[n-Im-chpw- \n-basØ AXn-s≥-d bYm¿-∞ Dt±iyØn¬- \n-∂pw- hy-Xn-Nen-∏n-®p- F∂p- am-{Xa√ FXn¿Zn-ibn-tebv° - v- AXns\ hen-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-hp-Ibpw sNbv-Xp-! F√m-Øcw B¿-Ønbp-sSbpw- Bbp-[ am-bn- \n-baw- am-dn.- Ip-‰Ir-Xy-ßsf \n-b{¥n-°p-∂Xn\p]Icw- in- £ n- ° s∏tS≠ Hcp- Ip- ‰ Ir- X y- a m- b n\n-baw- am-dn!''CXv- kXy-am-sW¶n¬- AXv- Hcp- Kp-cp-Xcam-b hkv-XpXbm-Wv- Fs≥d \m-´p-Im-cp-sS {i≤ CXntebv°v £Wn-°p-∂Xv- Fs≥d- [m¿-Ωn-Iam-b _m-[y-XbmWv.

Po-hn-Xw- ssZhØn-s≥-d Zm-\wPo-h≥- (`u-Xn-Ihp-w- _u-≤n-Ihpw- [m-¿-Ωn-Ihp-am-b Po-hn-Xw-)- as¡√m kΩm\ßsfbpw Dƒs°m≈p∂ B kΩm\w ssZhZØamWv. F∂m¬- Poh\v kz-bw\n-e\n-¬-∏n-√.- {k„mhv AXns\ \n-e\n¿-Øm-\pwhn-Ikn-∏n-°m-\pw- anI®Xm°m-\p-ap-≈ DØchm-ZnØw\Ωfn-em-Wv- A¿-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv.- AXn-\p-th≠n- \ap-°v]ehn-[ßfm-b Ign-hp-Ifpw- X∂n-´p-≠v.- hn-hn-[ß fm- b {]Ir- X nhn`hßfp- s S \Sp- h n- e m- W v - \sΩ kr-jv-Sn-®n-´p-≈Xv. \Ωp-sS Ign-hp-Isf {]Ir-Xnhn`hßfn¬- {]tbmKn®v \mw Ahsb ]p- X n- b D¬- ∏ ∂ßfm°n am¡p- ∂ p.- Po- h n- X Øns≥d ap≥t]m´p≈ {]bmWØn\v BhiyamWv Cu {]{Inb.Po- h ≥- , Ign- h p- I ƒ,- D¬- ∏ ∂ßƒ- As√¶n¬18

hy- I v - X n- X zw,- kzm- X {¥yw,- kz- Ø v - ˛ CsX√mw- Iq- S n- b Xm- W v - a\p- j y≥.cm-jv-{So-b°mcpsS kq{Xßƒ- F¥pamIs´, ta¬-]d™ aq-∂v- Zm-\ßƒ, a\p-jy\n¿ΩnXamb \nbatØ°mƒ {][m\hpw, t{ijvThpamWv. Po-h≥,- Ign-hp-Iƒ,- D¬∏∂ßƒ- F∂n-h a\p-jy≥- \n-baw- D≠m°nbXpsIm-≠√ \n-e\n¬-°p-∂Xv.- Po-h≥,- Ign-hp-Iƒ- D¬-∏∂ßƒ- F∂n-h BZyta D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv- a\p-jy≥- \n-baßƒ- D≠m-°n-bsX∂mWvhkvX - p-X.-

F¥m-Wv- \n-baw?F¥m- W v - bYm¿- ∞ Øn¬- \n- b aw- ?- AXv - kzbc£bv ° p≈ Hmtcm hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sSbpw AhIm-iØns≥d kwLSnXamb kw-hn-[m-\am-Wv-.\ap-°v- Hm-tcm-cp-Ø¿-°pw- \Ωp-sS hy-IvX - n-Xz-sØbpw,- Po-hs\bpw,- kzm-X{¥ysØbpw,- kz-Øn-s\bpwkw-c£n-°m-\p-≈ ssZhZØam-b kzm-`m-hn-ImhImiap- ≠ v . - ]ca{][m\amb ta¬∏d™ aq∂p Imcyßfpw AhbpsS kw-c£Whpw- ]ckv-]cw- _‘s∏´n-cn-°p-∂p.- GsX¶n-epw- H∂n-s≥-d kw-c£Ww- a‰p- c≠n-s≥-dbpw- kw-c£WsØ B{ibn®ncn°p∂p.- bYm¿∞Øn¬- \Ωp-sS Ign-hp-Iƒ- F∂Xv- \Ωp-sS hy-Iv-Xn-Xz-Øn-s≥-d Xp-S¿-® am-{Xat√?- \Ωp-sS kz-Øp-°ƒ B IgnhpIfpsS Xp-S¿-® am-{Xat√?Hcp- hy-IvX - n-°v- _ew- {]tbm-Kn-®p t]mepw- Abm-fp-sS Po-hs\bpw- kzm-X{¥ysØbpw- kz-Øp-°sfbpw- kw-c£n-°m≥- AhIm-iw- Ds≠¶n¬,- AtX am-\ZﬁØn¬- Hcp- kaq-lØn-\v- kw-LSn-°m-\pw- Ahcp-sS AhIm-ißƒÿmbnbm-bn- kw-c£n-°m≥ Hcp- s]m-Xp- i‡n cq]mIcn°m\pw AXns\ ]n-¥p-Wbv-°m\pw- AhIm-iap-≠v.- AXm-bXv- kaqlØns≥d AhImiw (AXn-s≥-d {]k‡nbpw \nba`{ZXbpw) hy‡nbpsS AhIm-iØn¬- \n∂m-Wv- D¤hn-°p-∂Xv.- kzm-`m-hn-Iambpw-s]m-Xp-hm-bp-≈ AhIm-ißƒkw-c£n-°m≥ cq]oIrXamb kwL_eØn\v hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS AhImiØn\∏pdw bm-sXm-cp- Dt±iy-tam- e£y-tam- D≠m-Im≥- ]m-Sn-√. Hcp- hy-Iv-Xn°v- as‰m-cp- hy-IvX - n-bp-sS Po-hs\bpw- kzm-X{¥y-sØbpw- kz-Øn-s\bpw- l\n°m≥- \n-ba]cam-bn- AhIm-iw- C√mØXp sIm≠p Xs∂ hy-IX v- n-Ifp-sStbm,kw- L ßfp- s Stbm- Po- h s\tbm- kzm- X {¥y- s Øtbm,- kz- Ø n- s \tbml\n-°m≥- kw-LiIv-Xn-°pw- AhIm-iw- C√.A{]Imca√msXbp≈ _e{]tbm-Kw- hy‡nIfpsSbpw kwLßfpsSbpw 19

ImcyØn¬ km[qIcWan√mØXmWv. \Ωp-sS kz-Im-cy- AhIm-ißsf kw-c£n-°p-∂Xn\p am-{Xam-Wv- _e{]tbm-Kw kΩXambn´p≈Xv. \Ωp-sS ktlm-Zcßfp-sS kam-\amb AhIm-ißƒ- \in-∏n-°p-hm-\m-Wv- \Ωƒ-°viIv-Xn- X∂n-´p-≈Xv- F∂v- B¿-°m-Wv- ]dbp-hm≥- Ign-bp-I?- Hcp- hy-Iv-Xn°v- kz-¥am-b- _e{]tbm-KØn-eq-sS as‰m-cp- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS AhIm-isØ C√m-bv-a sNøp-hm≥- \n-ba]cam-bn- Ign-bm-ØXp-t]m-se Xs∂bm-Wvkw-L_ew D]tbm-Kn-®v- A{]Im-cw- \n-ba]cam-bn- sNøm≥- ]m-Sn-√ F∂Xpw.kw-L_ew F∂Xv- sshb‡nI -iIv-Xn-Ifp-sS Hcp- Iq-´m-bv-a A√m-sX as‰m-∂p-a√.CXv- icn-bm-sW¶n¬- Xm-sg ]dbp-∂ Im-cyw- hfsc hy-Iv-Xam-Wv-: \n- b aw- F∂Xv - \n- b a]cam- b kzbc£bv ° p≈ kwLSnXamb kzm`mhnImhIm-iam-Wv.- AXv- kw-LiIvX - n-sb- sshb‡nI i‡n°v ]Icw shbv°emWv. hy-Iv-Xn-Iƒ-°v- kzm`m-hn-Iam-bpw- \n-ba]cam-bpw- sNøm≥AhIm-iap-≈ Im-cy-ßƒ am-{Xta kwLi‡n sIm≠v sNøm≥ ]m-Sp-≈q.AXm-bXv- Po-ht\bpw- kzm-X{¥y-tØbpw- kz-Øp-°tfbpw- kw-c£n-°p-I Hmtcm hy‡nbpsSbpw- AhIm- i ßƒ- \ne\n¿ØpI, IqSmsX \o-Xn-bp-sS hm-gv-N Dd∏p-hcp-Øp-I.-

\o-Xn-bp-Iv-Xhpw- ÿncXbp≈Xpamb Hcp k¿-°m¿ta¬-{]Im-cap-≈ ASn-kv-Ym-\ Bibßfn¬- Hcp- cm-Pyw- sI´n∏SpØm¬ AXn- s e P\ßƒ- ° v - Ahcp- s S Nn- ¥ bnepw- {]h¿- Ø n- b n- e pw- {Iaw ]men°m\mIpsa∂v F\n-°v- tXm-∂p-∂p.- A{]Im-cap-≈ Hcp- cm-Py-Øn¬G‰hpw- efn-Xhpw- kzoImcyhpw, em`{]Zhpw, \nbXambXpw \o-Xn-bp-Iv-X hp-w- ÿncX-bp-≈Xpw- ASn-®a¿-Øm-ØXp-am-b Hcp- k¿-°m¿-, AXn-s≥-d cm-jv-{So-b ap-Jw- F¥p-am-Is´, D≠m-Ip-sa∂m-Wv- F\n- -°v- tXm-∂p-∂Xv.Aßs\bp≈ Hcp `cWØn≥ Iogn¬, F√mhcpw Xm¥mßfpsS B\pIqeyßsfbpw Xßƒ°p≈ DØchmZnØßsfbpw Ipdn®v t_m≤yap≈hcmbncn°pw. hy‡nsb∂ \nebn¬ AwKoIcn°s∏SpIbpw sXmgnseSp°m\p≈ kzmX{¥yw A\p`hn°pIbpw AXns‚ KpW^eßsf \o-Xn-cln-Xam-b CSs]Sen¬- \n-∂pw ap‡ambn ssIhiw sNøpIbpw sNøp∂ bmsXm-cmƒ-°pw- k¿-°m-cp-am-bn- Hcp- X¿-°hp-w D≠mIm≥ hIp∏n√.20

hn-Pbn-®p \n¬°ptºmƒ \mw k¿-°m¿ (tÃ¡v)- kw-hn-[m-\tØm-Sv- \µn ]dtb≠ Bhiyw C√. I¿jI¿ Imemhÿ NXn®Xn\v cmjv{SsØ Ip-‰w- ]dbp-∂Xp-t]m-sebmIpw ]cmPbßƒ°v k¿-°m-cn-s\ Ip-‰w]dbp-I F∂Xv. k¿°m¿ \ap°v A\p`hthZyamIp∂Xv k¿-°m¿- F∂ Cu kw-hn-[m-\w- \¬-Ip-∂ kp-c£n-XXzw- aqeambncn°pw. kz-Im-cy- Im-cy-ßfn¬- k¿-°m-cn-s≥-d CSs]S¬- C√m-ØXp-aq-ew- \Ωp-sS Bhiy-ßfpw- AhbpsS \ndth¡epw bp‡ym\pkrXambn hn-Ikn-°p∂Xm-Wv-. A∂Øn\p aptº kmlnXyin£Ww At\zjn°p∂ Zcn-{Z Ip-Spw-_ßsf \mw Is≠∂p hcn√. kmlnXyw (Literacy) h≥- \Kcßƒ {KmaßfpsS Nnehn¬ Nn-dIn¬- P\s]cp∏amIp∂Xv \ap-°v- Im-tW≠nhcn-Ibn-√.- adn®pw \n-baßƒ- aq-ew- Ct∏mƒ D≠mIp∂ aq-e[\Øn-s≥dbpw- sXm-gn-em-fn-Ifp-tSbpw- P\XXnIfp-tSbpw- hen-b kv-Ym-\Ne\ßƒ Ahkm\n°pw. \Ωp-sS \n-e\n-¬]n\v- B[m-cam-b Im-cy-ßƒ-t]m-epw- Aÿnchpw Zp¿-_ehpam-Ip-∂Xv- cmjv{S \n¿ΩnXamb Cu ]emb\ßƒ sIm≠mWv. AXp-aq-ewk¿-°m-cn-\p-Xs∂ DØchm-Zn-XzßfpsS `mcw {IamXoXambn h¿≤n°p∂p.

\n-baØn-\v ]cn]q¿Æambpw hgn ]ngbv°ptºmƒ \n-baw- AXn-s≥-d bYm¿-∞ ISaIfn¬- HXp-ßn- \n-ev-°p∂n-√ F∂Xv\n¿`mKyIcam-Wv.- Cu hy-Xn-Ne\w- Xm-cXtay-\ A{][m-\am-bXpw- Xm¿-°nIhp-am-b hn-jbßfn¬ am{Xa√Xm\pw. \n-baw- AXn-s≥-d bYm¿-∞ Dt±iyßƒ-s°Xn-cm-bn-´p-Øs∂ {]h¿-Øn-°p-∂p. AXns≥d Xs∂ e£yßƒ \in- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ p.- GXp- \o- X n- b m- t Wm- \n- b aw- s Im- ≠ v - \n- e \n-dp-Øm-≥- Dt±in-®n-´p-≈Xv- B \o-Xn-sb C√m-bv-a sNøm-\pw- \n-baw-aq-ewkw-c£n-°s∏tS≠ AhIm-ißsf ]cn-an-Xs∏Sp-Øm-\pw- C√m-Xm-°m-\pwAtX \n-basØXs∂ D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂ Ahkv-Ybp-≠v.- \n-baw- F∂ kw-LSn-X iIvX - n- XØzZo£bn√mØhcpsS Xm-fØn-s\m-Øv- Xp-≈p-tºmƒ,Ah¿-°v- a‰p-≈hcp-sS kzm-X{¥y-sØbpw- kz-Øn-t\bpw- hy-IvX - n-Xz-tØbpwNq-jWw- sNøm-≥- A]mbtaXpan√msX Ahkcw- Hcp-ßp-∂p. AXvsIm-≈sb kw-c£n-°p-Ibpw- sIm-≈ sNøp-hm-\p-≈ AhIm-iam-bnAXv am-dp-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.- kzbc£sb kwc£n°m\p≈ {iaØn\nSbn¬ AXv kzbc£sbØs∂ Hcp Ip‰am°n am‰nbncn°p∂p. 21

Cu am¿§{`wiw Fßs\ bmYm¿∞yambn? AXp-sIm-≠p-≠m-b `hn-jyØp-Iƒ- Fs¥√mw- ?Xn-I®pw- hy-Xy-kv-Xßfm-b c≠p Im-cWßfm-Wv- \n-baØns≥d hgn sX¡m\p≈ c≠p- Im-cWßƒ.1.- _p≤niq\yamb AXym¿-Øn2.- I]Samb PohImcpWy {]h¿Ø\ßƒ \ap-°v- BZy-sØ Im-cWsØ∏‰n- Ct∏mƒ- kw-km-cn-°mw.-

am-cIam-b Hcp- a\pjy{]hWX kz- k w- c £Whpw kz- h n- I k\hpw F√m- h cpsSbpw s]m- X p- h m- b B{Klßfm-Wv.- F√m-h¿-°pw- XS ßfn-√m-sX Ahchcp-sS Ign-hp-IƒD]tbm-Kn-°m-\pw- Ahchcp-sS A≤zm-\êw- kz-X{¥-am-bn- hn-\n-tbm-Kn°m-\pw- Ahkcap-s≠¶n¬- kaq-l]p-tcm-KXn- \nc¥chpw APøhpambn XpS¿t∂s\. F∂m¬- P\ßƒ-°v- as‰m-cp- s]m-Xp-kz`m-hap-≠v.- Xcw In´ptºmƒ a‰p-≈ hcp-sS sN-ehn¬- Po-hn-°m-\pw- hr≤ns∏Sm\pap≈ {]hWX.- CXv- shdp-wHcp- Ip-‰s∏Sp-Øe√.- hn-jm-Zm-flItam-,- IcpWbn√mØtXm Bb a\ ns‚ kr„nbpa√. Ncn-{Xw- Cu- kXy-Øn\p km-£n-bm-Wv.- \nebv°mØ bp-≤ßƒ,Iq-´∏em-b\ßƒ,- aXØn-s≥-d t]cn-ep-≈ ]o-U\w-,- km¿-∆euInIamb ASn-aØw,- I®hSØn-se I≈ßƒ,- Ip-ØIIƒ- F∂n-h DZm-lcWßƒ.am-cIam-b Cu B{Klw a\p-jy-s≥d kz`mhØn¬ Xs∂ eo\amWv. G‰hpw- Ip-d™ A≤zm-\w sIm≠v Xs≥-d B{Klßƒ kêo-Icn-°m\p-≈ {]mIrXhpw k¿-∆eu-In-Ihpw- A\nb{¥nXhpamb ASn-kY v- m-\ tNmZ\.-

kz-Øpw- sIm-≈bpwa\p-jy-\v- Po-hn-°Wsa¶nepw- Xs≥-d B{Klßƒ- k^eo-Icn-°W sa¶n-epw- \n-c¥cam-b {]bXv-\w- Bhiy-am-Wv.- {]Ir-Xn-hn`hßfn-t∑ep-≈ a\p-jy-s≥-d Ign-hp-Ifp-sS \n-c¥cam-b {]tbm-Khpw- AXn-\m-hiy-am-Wv-.Cu {]{InbbmWv kz-Øn-s≥-d D¤hw.F∂m¬- CtX e£yØn\p th≠n a‰p-≈hcp-sS A≤zm-\Øn-s≥-d ^ew22

X´n-∏dn-°p-Ibpw- D]tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw- sNømsa∂p≈Xpw kXy-am-Wv.sIm-≈bp-sS D¤hw- Chn-sSbm-Wv._p-≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ- Hgn-hm-°p-Isb∂Xv- a\p-jy-s≥-d kz`m-ham-bXn-\m-epwA≤zm-\sa∂Xv- _p-≤n-ap-´p-≈ G¿-∏m-Sm-bXn-\m-epw- sIm-≈sNø¬A≤zm-\tØ°mƒ- Ffp-∏ap-≈ km-lNcyØn¬ a\p-jy≥- sIm-≈sb B{ibn-°p-sa∂Xv- Ncn-{X kXy-am-Wv.- aXØn-t\m-,- [m¿-Ωn-IXbvt- °m- AXn\p XSbnSm≥ Ignbn√. sIm-≈ Ft∏m-gm-Wv- ]ns∂ Ahkm\n°pI?AXv- A≤zm-\sØ°mƒ- _p-≤n-ap-´p-≈Xpw- A]ISIcam-hp-tºm-gp-am-Wv.AXp-sIm-≠v- kw-L_esa∂ iIv-Xn-bp-]tbm-Kn-®v- A≤zm-\Øn-\p- ]IcwsIm-≈sb∂ am-cIamb {]hWXsb XSbp-∂Xm-Wv \n-baØn-s≥-d bYm¿-∞ Dt±iyw- F∂Xv- hy-Iv-Xam-Wv.- \n-baØn-s≥-d Hmtcm \o°hpw kz-Øn-s\ kw-c£n-°p-∂Xpw- sIm-≈sb in-£n-°p-∂Xp-am-IWw.F∂m¬- Hcp- hy-IX v- n-tbm,- hy‡nIfpsS Hcp Iq´tam BWv s]m-Xp-th \nbaw D≠m-°p-∂Xv.- Hcp- A[oi iIvX - n-bp-sS ]n≥-_ehpw- Bio¿-∆m-Zhp-an-s√¶n¬\n-baØn-\v- {]h¿-Øn-°m≥- Ignbm-ØXn-\m¬- A{]Im-cap-≈ HcpiIv-Xn-bn-em-bn-cn-°Ww- \n-baap-≠m-°m-\p-≈ A[n-Im-cw.Cu hkv X pXbpw {]bXv \ clnXamb Bhiyßƒ km[n°m\p≈ a\pjys≥d ta¬∏d™ kzm`mhnIamb hmk\bpw tN¿Øp hmbn°ptºmƒ k¿∆euInIambnØs∂ \nbaØn\p kw`hn® ZnimhyXnbm\Øn\p≈ hniZoIcWambn. \n-baw- A\oXn-sb Xp-cØp∂Xn-\p- ]Icw- A\o-Xn- \S∏n-em-°p-hm-\p-≈ Bbp-[am-bn- am-dp-∂XvFßs\sb∂v- a\ n-em-°m≥- Ct∏mƒ _p-≤n-ap-´n-√.- \n-basØ D≠m-°p∂h¿- \n-baw- D]tbm-Kn-®p-Xs∂ ]ebfhn¬- a‰p- P\ßfp-sS hy‡n kzm-X{¥ysØ ASn®a¿Øepw ASnaØhpw sIm≠v kzØns\ sIm≈ sIm≠pw \in∏n°p∂Xv Cßs\bmWv. CXv- \n-baw- \n¿Ωn°p∂h\v KpWw sNøpw: Abmƒ-°v- A[n-Im-cØn-ep-≈ ]n-Sn-ØØn\v B\p]mXn Ihpambncn°pw.-

\n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈bp-sS CcIƒA\o- X n- s °Xn- s c s]mcpXp- ∂ Xv - AXn\ncbm°s∏´ a\p- j y- s ≥- d 23

kz-`m-ham-Wv.- \n-baw AXv- D≠m-°p-∂h-s‚ em`Øn-\p-th≠n- sIm-≈bv-°vIq-´p\n-¬°p-tºmƒ- sIm-≈ sNøs∏´h¿ \nbaap≠m°p∂hcpsS KWØntebv°v Fßs\bpw IS∂p Ibdm≥ {ian°pw. kam-[m-\]ctam,hn-πhIctam BIs´ am¿§w. sIm-≈sNøs∏´ h¿-§w- A[n-Im-cØnseØnbm¬ AhcpsS {]_p≤XbpsS Afh\pkcn®v C\n∏dbp∂ c≠n-tesX¶n-epw- e£yw \S∏n-em-°m≥- {ian-°pw: H∂p-In¬- sIm-≈ \n¿-Øem-°pI,- As√¶n¬- AXns≥d ]¶p ]‰pI. \n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈bp-sS CcIƒ- A[n-Im-cw- In-´n-°gn-™v- c≠m-asØ am-¿-§w- Xn-cs™Sp-Øm¬- B cm-Py-Øn-s≥-d kv-Yn-Xn- Ijv-Sam-bn-cn-°pw.Aßs\ kw`hn°p∂Xp hsc Hcp- \yq-\]£w- `qcn]£sØ \n-ba]c am-bn- sIm-≈bSn-®p sIm≠ncn°pw. \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-W {]{In-bbn¬- ]s¶Sp°p-hm≥- Ip-d®p-t]¿-°p- am-{Xw- AhIm-iap-≠m-bn-cn-°p∂ ImetØmfw AXßs\bmbncn°pw-.- F√m-h¿-°pw- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-WØn¬- ]s¶Sp-°phm≥- Ahkcap- ≠ m- b n F∂ncn°s´ k¿∆{Xbp≈ sIm≈sIm≠v ]ckv]cw hncp≤ßfmb XßfpsS Xm¬∏cyßƒ k¥pe\w sNøm≥ Ah¿ {ian°pw. kaq-lØn¬- \n-∂pw- A\o-Xn- Xp-S®p-am-‰p-∂Xn-\p- ]IcwA\o-Xn- km¿-∆{Xn-Iam-°p-I F∂¿∞w. sIm-≈bp-sS CcIƒ- A[n-ImcØn-seØn-bm¬- a‰p- h¿§ßtfmSv ]Icw ho´p∂ Hcp kw-hn-[m-\ambn cn °pw- Ah¿- sIm≠phcnI.- \n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈ Ah¿- \n¿Øem°n√. (A{]Im-cap-≈ \n-tcm-[\Øn-\v- Ah¿-°v- D≈Xn-t\°mƒ- Iq-Sp-X¬hn-thIhpw- {]_p≤Xbpw- Bhiy-am-Wv).- Ah¿- XßfpsS Xm¬∏cyßƒ°v hncp≤sa¶nepw ap≥-Km-an-Ifp-sS Zpjn® ]m-X ]n-¥p-Scp-w.- \o-Xn-bp-sS hm-gv-N hcp-∂Xn-\v- ap-ºv- F√m-hcpw- CØcsamchÿ klnt® Xocq F∂ a´mWv: {Iqcamb Hcp Xncn®Sn. Nne¿°v AhcpsS ZpjvsNbvXnIƒ°v, Nne¿°v AhcpsS IYbn√mbvabv°v.

\n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈bp-sS êßƒ\n-basØ sIm-≈bp-sS D]IcWam-°n- am-‰p-∂Xp-t]m-sebp-≈ hr-Øn-sI´ Hcp- am-‰w- kaq-lØn¬- sIm≠p hcm≥ hgnbn√. C{]Im-cap-≈ NypXnbpsS êßƒ- Fs¥√m-am-Wv- ; AXv- hn-hcn-°m≥- \n-ch[n- t]Pp-Iƒ- th≠n-hcpw. G‰hpw- {]ISam-b êßsf ]cm-a¿-in-®v- \ap-°v- Xr-]v-Xcm-Imw.24

BZy-am-bn- AXv- F√m-hcp-tSbpw- a\ n¬- \n-∂v- \o-Xn-bpw- A\o-Xn-bpwXΩnep-≈ hy-Xym-ksØ ambv®p Ifbpw. Hcfthm-fsa¶n-epw- \n-basØ _lp-am-\n-°m-sX Hcp- kaq-lØn-\pw\n-e\n-ev-]n-√.- _lp-am-\n-°s∏tS≠Xm-b \n-baw D≠m-°p-Isb∂Xm-WvG‰hpw- kp-c£n-Xam-b am¿-§w.- \n-bahpw- [m¿-Ωn-I aq-ey-ßfpw- XΩn¬sshcp-≤y-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ,- AXv- ]u-c\n¬ \n∂v [m¿-Ωn-I aq-ey-ßfpw\n-batØm-Sp-≈ _lp-am-\hpw XΩnep≈ {Iq-cam-b Hcp sX-cs™Sp-∏vBhiy- s ∏Sp- ∂ p. Cu- c≠v - sX‰p- I fpsSbpw `hnjyØpIƒ kam\ ambncn°pw. Hcp- hy-IvX - n-°v- CXn-teXv- Xn-cs™Sp-°Wsa∂v \n›bn°pI {]bmkamWv. \n-baØn-s≥-d kz`m-hw-Xs∂ \o-Xn-bp-sS \n-e\n-ev-]n-\v- th≠n-bn-´p-fXm-Wv.a\p-jy-a\ p-Ifn¬- \o-Xn- F∂Xpw- \n-basa∂Xpw- H∂p-Xs∂bm-Wv.\n-bahn-t[bam-bn-´p-≈sX√mw- ss\XnIamsW∂p≈ iIv-Xam-b Hcp[m-cW \Ωƒ-s°√m-h¿-°pw- D≠v.- Cu- hn-izm-kw-aq-ew- ]e hy-Iv-Xn-Ifpw\n-ba]cam-b Imcyßsf√mw \o-Xn-bp‡am-sW∂v- sX‰m-bn- [cn-®p-h®n-´p≠v.- sIm-≈ ]hn-{Xhpw- \o-Xn-bp-Iv-Xhp-am-sW∂v- ]escbpw [cn-∏n-°m≥\n-baØn-s‚ ]n≥-_ew- sIm≠p am{Xw aXn. ASn-aØw,- Ip-ØIhXv° - cWw, \n-b{¥W ßƒ \ymboIcn°pamdv Ahaqew em`w D≠m-°p-∂h¿- am-{Xa√ AXp-aq-ew- Ijv-SX A\p`hn-°p-∂hcn¬ Nn-e¿ -Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.-

tNmZyw sNøp∂hcpsS hn-[nC{]Im-cap-≈ kvY - m-]\ßfp-sS [m¿-Ωn-IXsb∏‰n- kw-ibw- {]ISn-∏n-°p∂ Hcmsf A]ISIm- c n- b m- s bmcp I≠p]nSnØ°mc\mbpw kz]v \ Pohnbmbpw, aqVkz¿§Øn¬ Ignbp∂h\mbpw shdpw XmØznI\mbpw ap{ZIpØn kaq-lØn-s≥-d ASn-kv-Ym-\w-Xs∂ Abmƒ XI¿-°p-sa∂vDd®v- {]Jym-]n-°m≥- F√m- km-[y-Xbp-ap-≠v.- \n-ßƒ- [m¿-Ωn-IXsb∏‰n-tbmcm-jv{- Saow-am-ksb∏‰n-tbm- {]kw-Kn-®m¬- k¿-°m-cn-t\m-Sv- Xmsg∏dbpw hn[w \nthZ\ßƒ \SØp∂ kw-LS\Isfbpw ImWmw. ""CtXhsc \S∂p h∂Xp t]mse kzX{¥ hym]mcØns≥d (kzmX{¥yØnt≥dbpw, kzØnt≥dbpw, \oXnbpsSbpw) am{Xw IÆneqsS imkv{Xw ]Tn∏n®p IqSm. `mhnbn¬ {^©p hyhkmbßsf \nb{¥n°p∂ hkvXpXIfpsSbpw \nbaßfpsSbpw (kzmX{¥ytØbpw, kzØns\bpw, \oXnsbbpw 25

l\n°p∂ hkvXpXIfpsSbpw \nbaßfpsSbpw) ASnÿm\Øn¬ thWw imkv{Xw ]Tn∏n°m≥. \nehnep≈ \nbaßtfmSp≈ _lpam\Øn\v sNdnb coXnbn¬t∏mepw Xpc¶w shbv°p∂Xn¬ \n∂v k¿°m¿ sNe hnep≈ A[ym]I tPmenbnencn°p∂h¿ Pm{KXtbmsS amdn \n¬°Ww''. AXm-bXv- ASn-aØt-Øbpw- Ip-ØIItfbpw- ASn-®a¿-Øen-t\bpw]n-Sn-®p-]dn-tbbpw- \ym-bo-Icn-°p-∂ Hcp- \n-baw- \n-ehn-¬- Ds≠¶n¬,- AXvF¥p- \n-ebn-embnt°ms´, AtX∏¡n ]cm-a¿-in-®p IqSm. ImcWw B \n-baØn-s≥-d _lp-am-\y-X Ip-d°m-sX AXn-s\∏‰n- ]cm-a¿-in-°pI km≤ya√-?- [m¿-Ωn-IXbpw am{Xa√,- cmjv{Saoamwkbpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂XpwCu- \n-baØn-s≥-d ASn-kv-Ym-\Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw:- Hcp- \n-baap-s≠¶n¬AXv- \o-Xn-bp-Iv-Xam-b \n-baam-sW∂ hnizmkØns≥d t]cn¬.\nbaØn\p kw`hn® k¶SIcam-b Cu- am¿§{`wiØns≥d as‰m-cp- ^ewAXv- cm-jv{- So-b hn-izm-kßƒ-°pw- X¿-°ßƒ-°pw- AXneqsS cm-jv{- So-bØn\p-Xs∂bpw DuXns∏cp∏n® {]m[m\yw sImSp°p∂psh∂XmWv.F\n-°v- C°m-cyw- Hcm-bn-cw- hn-[Øn¬- sXfn-bn-°p-hm≥- Ign-bpw.- F∂m¬CubSpØImeØv F√mhcp-tSbpw- a\ n-ep-≈ Hcp hn-jbw!- F√m-h¿°p-w- thm-´hIm-iw- F∂ hn-jbw- am-{Xw- Rm≥ DZmlcWambn FSp°p∂p.

Bcm-Wv- hn-[n- ]dtb≠Xv- ? dqtkmbp-sS (Rousseau) Nn-¥[m-cIfp-sS {]tWXm-°ƒ ˛ (Ah¿- hfsc ]p-tcm-Kan-®n-´p-s≠∂mWv- Ahcp-sS [m-cW. F∂m¬- Ah¿ 20 \q-‰m-s≠ ¶n-epw- ]n-∂n-em-Wh¿- F∂m-Wv- Rm≥- Icp-Xp-∂Xv),- Rm≥- ]dbp-∂XvAw-Ko-Icn-°n-√m-bn-cn-°mw.- F∂m¬- km¿-∆{Xn-I thm-´hIm-iw,- (B hm-°vA£cm¿-∞Øn¬- FSp-Øm¬)-, F∂ BibsØ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xpw, kw-ibn-°p∂Xpw- Hcp Ip-‰ambn- Im-tW≠Xn-√. km¿-∆{Xn-I thm-´hImiw- Hcp- hn-ip-≤]iph√.- bYm¿-∞Øn¬- km¿-∆{Xn-I thm-´hIm-iØn-s\Xnsc hfsc {][m-\s∏´ FXn¿∏pIfp-≠v.km¿-∆{Xn-Isa∂ {]tbmKw Xs∂ A_≤ PSneamsW∂v BZy-am-bn- ]dbs´.DZm-lcWØn-\v-, {^m≥-kn¬- 36 Zie£w- Bƒ-°m-cp-≠v.- km¿-∆{Xn-I thm-´hIm-iw- Cu 36 Zie£w- thm-´¿-am-sc Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂XmI-Ww.F∂m-¬- G¡hpw DZmcamb kw-hn-[m-\{]Im-cw- t]mepw ]cam-h[n- 9 Zie£wBfp-Iƒ-°p- am-{Xta thm-´hIm-iap-≈q.- AXm-bXv- \m-en¬- aq-∂p`m-Kw26

BfpIsfbpw Hgn-hm-°n-bn-cn°p∂p.- \m-em-a\m-Wv- a‰p- aq-∂p-t]scbpwHgn-hm-°n-bn-´p-≈Xv.- tbmKyXbn√ F∂ Im-cWap-]tbm-Kn-®m-Wv- Cu \mema≥ a‰p- aq∂pt]sc ]pdØp \n¿Øp∂Xv.- km¿-∆{Xn-I thm-´hIm-iw- F∂m¬tbmKyXbp-≈hcp-sS km¿-∆{Xn-I thm-´hIm-iw- F∂m-W¿-∞w.- F∂m¬CXn¬- hkv-Xp-Zm-cam-b Hcp- tNm-Zy-ap-≠v.- Bcm-Wv- tbmKy¿?- Ip-´n-Iƒ,kv-{Xo-Iƒ,- am-\kn-ItcmKap-≈h¿,- `oIcamb Ip-‰Ir-Xyßƒ sNbv-Xh¿ F∂n-h¿- am{Xta AtbmKycmbp≈q?-

kΩXn-Zm-\m-hIm-iw- \n-b{¥n-°m-\p-≈ Im-cWwCu- hn-jbsØ kq-£v-aam-bn- ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬- tbmKyXbpsS ASnÿm\ Øn¬ thm-´hIm-iw- \n¿Æbn°p∂Xns≥d Dt±iyw- a\ n-em-°mw.- Hcpthm-´¿- Cu- AhIm-iw- X\n-°p-th≠n- am-{Xa√ F√m-h¿-°pw- th≠n-bm-Wvhn\ntbmKn°p∂Xv F∂XmWv AXns≥d B[mcw. G‰hpw- \nb{¥nXamb sXcs™Sp-∏v- hyhÿbpw G‰hpw- DZmcamb sXcs™Sp-∏v- hyhÿbpw Cu- Im-cy-Øn¬- Hcp-t]m-sebm-Wv.- F¥m-WvAtbmKyX F∂ Im-cy-Øn¬- am-{Xta Ah XΩn¬- hy-Xym-kap-≈q.- Cuhy-Xym-kw- Hcm-ib]cam-b hy-Xym-ka√, adn-®v- AXns≥d {]tbmKØnep≈ G‰°p-d®n¬- am-{Xam-Wv.\Ωp-sS Im-eL´Øn-se {Ko-°v-˛tdm-a≥- Nn-¥Icnse dn-∏ªn-°∑m¿`hn°p∂Xp t]mse kΩXn-Zm-bIm-hIm-iw- P∑\m- D≈Xm-sW¶n¬{]m-b]q¿-Øn-bm-bh¿- kv-{Xo-Itfbpw- Ip-´n-Itfbpw- thm-´p- sNøp-∂Xvhne°p-∂Xv- A\o-XnbmWv. F¥n\mWv Ahsc hn-e°p-∂Xv- ?- Ah¿°v AXn\p≈ tbmKyXbn√ F∂ ap≥[mcWbpsS _eØn¬. tbmKyXbpsS t]cn¬ BfpIsf Hgn- h m- ° p- ∂ Xn- s ≥- d Dt±iy- s a¥m- W v - ? - ImcWw Hcm-fp-sS thm-´n-s≥-d A\pcW\w Abms-f- am-{Xa√ s]m-Xp-kaq-lsØ ap-gp-h≥- _m-[n-°p-∂Xm-Wv.- Hcp- kaq-lØn-se P\ßƒ°v Ahcp-sS \n-e\n-ev-∏ns\bpw- A`n-hr-≤nsb-bpw- _m[n°p∂ Imcyßfn¬ Nne ap≥IcpXepIƒ thWsa∂v- AhIm-is∏Sm≥- A¿-lXbp-≠v.-

\n-basØ ]cn-an-Xs∏Sp-Øp-I F∂Xm-Wv- DØcwC°m-cy-Øn¬- DØcam-bn- ]dbm-hp-∂Xv- F¥m-sW∂v- F\n-°dn-bmw?AXn-t\m-Sp-≈ FXn¿-∏pw- F\n-°dn-bmw-?- F∂m¬- CØcØn-ep-≈ Hcp27

Bt£]w/hnhmZw- ]cn-lcn-t°≠ kv-Yehpw- CX√.- Rm≥- C{Xam-{Xw\nco-£n°mw \nbaw F¥m-bn-cn-°-Wtam AXm-bn-cp-∂m¬ km¿-∆{Xn-I thm-´hIm-iw- aqew D≠m-Ip∂ hnhm-Z-Øn-t‚-bpw, cm-Py-ßsf kw-L¿-j ]q-cn-Xam-°p-∂Xpw,- DtØPn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw-,- am-‰n-adn-°p-∂Xp-am-b a‰vcm-jv{- So-b kaky-Ifp-tSbpw- {]m-[m-\yw- C√m-XmIpw . F√m-hcp-tSbpw- F√mAhIm-itØbpw- F√m- kz-Øp-°fp-tSbpw- kw-c£WØn-\p- am-{Xam-bn\n-basØ- ]cn-an-Xs∏Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p-sh¶n¬-; hy‡n-I-fpsS Bfl-c-£bpsS kw-LSn-Xcq-]w- am-{Xam-bncp-∂p- \n-basa¶n¬-, ASn-®a¿-Øen-t\bpwsIm- ≈ sbbpw- C√m- X m- ° p- ∂ Xn\pw- in- £ n- ° p- ∂ Xn\pw- am- { Xam- b n\n-basØ- ]cn-an-Xs∏ń-cp-∂p-sh¶n¬- \Ωƒ- ]u-c∑m¿- thm-´hIm-i Øn-s≥-d hym-]v-Xn-sb∏‰n- C{Xtbsd X¿-°n-°p-am-bncp-t∂m- ?Cu- km-lNcy-Øn¬- kΩXn-Zm-bI AhIm-iØn-s≥-d hym-]vX - n- kam-[m-\Øn\pw- \∑bv-°pw- ò-jWn-bm-tWm?- Hgn-hm-°s∏´ h¿-§ßƒ- thm´hIm-iwIn-´p-∂Xp-hsc kam-[m-\am-bn-cn-°n-√ F∂p-hcp-tam-?- thm´-hI - m-ia- p-ff- h - ¿ Ah¿-°v- h∂p-tN¿-∂n-´p-≈ AhIm-isØ F¥p- hn-esIm-Sp-Øpwkwc-£n-°ptam?\n-baw- AXn-s≥-d bYm-¿-∞ Dt±ißfn¬- HXp-ßn- \n-∂m¬- \n-batØm-Sp≈ F√m-hcp-tSbpw- Xm-ev-]cyw- Hcp-t]m-sebm-Ipw.- thm-´p- sNbv-Xh¿thm-´p- sNøm-Øhsc Ijv-Ss∏Sp-Øm≥- At∏mƒ- {ian-°p-∂n-√ -F∂vhy-IvX - at√?-

\n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈ F∂ am-cW Bibwt\sc-a-dn®v Cu- am-cIam-b Bibw- sIm-≠p-h∂Xn-s\∏‰n- Btem-Nn-®vt\m-°q.- kw-LSn-∏n-°p-∂Xn-t≥-dbpw- \n-b{¥n-°p-∂Xn-t≥-dbpw- kw-c£n°p- ∂ Xn- t ≥- d bpw- t{]m- ’ m- l n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ Xn- t ≥- d bpw- adhn¬- \n- b awHcm-fp-sS kz-sØSp-Øv- as‰m-cmƒ-°v- sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.- F√m-hcp-tSbpw- kzØv FSp-Øv- Ip-d®mƒ-°v- am{X-ambn sIm-Sp-°p-∂p,- AXv- I¿-jI\m-Is´,Dev-]m-ZIcm-Is´,- I∏ep-Sakv-Ycm-Is´,- Iem-Im-c∑m-cm-Is´,- lmkyI-em-Im-c\m-Is´ Cu- km-lNcy-Øn¬- F√m- h¿-§ßfpw- \n-baØn¬]n-Sn-apdp-°p-hm≥ kz-m-`m-hn-Iam-bpw- {ian-°pw.Hgn-hm-°s∏´ h¿-§ßƒ- thm-´hIm-iØn-\p-th≠n- i‡-ambn X¿-°n°p-Ibpw- AhIm-is∏Sp-Ibp-w- AXv- In-´n-bn-s√¶n¬- kaq-lsØ am-‰n28

adn-°p-Ibpw- sNøpw.- ]n-®°m-cpw- sX≠n-Ifpw-t]m-epw- Ah¿-°v- thm-´psNøp- h m- \ p- ≈ A\n- t j- [ y- a mb AhIm- i ßfp- s ≠∂v - \n- ß sf t_m-≤y-s∏Sp-Øp-Ibpw- \n-ßtfm-Sv- ]dbp-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.""\n-Ip-Xn- sIm-Sp-°m-sX \Ωƒ-°v- aZy-hpw- ]p-Ibn-ebpw- D∏pw- a‰pwhm-ßp-hm≥- Ign-bp-Ibn-√.- \Ωƒ- sImSp-°p-∂ Cu- \n-Ip-Xn-bp-sS Hcp`m-Kw- \Ωsf°mƒ- ]W°m-cm-bh¿-°v- Cfhp-Ifm-bpw- AhIm-ißfm-bpw\n-baw- sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.- a‰p-≈h¿ sdm-´n-bp-tSbpw- amwkØn-t≥-dbpwCcp- º n- t ≥- d bpw- Xp- W n- I fp- t Sbpw- hn- e Iq- ´ p- h m\m- b n- \n- b asØ D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.- as‰√m-hcp-w- \n-basØ Ahcp-sS kzImcy em-`Øn-\vD]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xp-sIm-≠v- Rßƒ-°pw- Rßfp-sS em-`Øn-\v- \n-basØ D]tbm- K n- ° m≥- B{Klap- ≠ v . Rßƒ- Rß- f psS ta¬]- d ™ AhIm-iØn\v th≠n, AXm-bXv- ]mh-s∏-´-h\pw sNøm-\p-ff Ah-Im-iØn-\p-th≠n \n-batØm-Sm-hiy-s∏Sp-∂p.- \n-ßƒ- \n-ßfp-sS h≥-In-S AhIm-ißƒ- kw-c£n-°m≥- Iq-Sp-∂Xp-t]m-se Rßƒ-°pw- RßfpsS h¿-§Øn-\pw-th≠n- h≥-tXm-Xn¬- `n-£m-S\w- \SØm-\p-w, kw-LSn-X kw-c£Ww- In-´p-hm\pw -th≠n- Rßƒ-°v- thm-´¿-am-cpw- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm°fp-am-tI≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- \n-ßƒ- Rßƒ-°p-th≠n- F√mw- sNøm-sa∂pwRßƒ- `n-£°m-tcm-Sv- C\n]dtb≠.- ]´n-bv-°v- F√pw-IjWw- Fdn-™psIm- S p- ° p- ∂ Xp- t ]m- s e, Rßsf \n- i _v - Z cm- ° m≥- anÃ¿ an- a d¬ (Mr . Mimmerel) Bdp-e£w- {^m-¶v- {]Jym-]n-®Xp-t]m-se, H∂pw- t\m-t°≠.Rßƒ-°v- a‰v- AhIm-ißfp-ap-≠v.- F¥m-bm-epw- a‰p-h¿-§°m¿- Ah¿-°pth≠n- hn- e t]in- b Xp- t ]m- s e Rßƒ- X s∂ Rßƒ- ° p- t h≠n- hn- e t]im-\m-{Kln-°p-∂p.-''- Cu- hm-ZØn-\v- \n-ßƒ-°v- F¥p- adp-]Sn-bp-≠v!

hnIr-X-am-°-s∏´ \nbaw X¿°-ßƒ D≠m-°p∂p \n-basØ AXn-s≥-d bYm¿-∞ Dt±iØn¬- \n-∂p-w- hy-Xn-Nen-∏n-°m-sa∂v kΩXn-°p-∂n-StØm-fw- Im-ew- (kz-Øp-°sf kw-c£n-°p-∂Xn-\p- ]Icwkz-Øp-°sf l\n-°p-∂Xp-t]m-sebp-≈ \nb-aß - ƒ)- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-WØn¬F√m-h¿-°pw- ]s¶Sp-°m≥- Xm-ev] - cy-ap-≠m-Ipw.- AXv- Ahs\ sIm-≈bn¬\n-∂pw- kw-c£n-°p-∂Xn-t\m- As√¶n¬- sIm-≈ sNøp-∂Xnt\m th≠nbm-Wv-.- cm-jv-{So-b kaky-Isft∏m-epw- Xm-Xzn-Ihpw- F√m-Øn-t\bpw AXn-te°v Dƒs°m-f-fn-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-cn-°pw. \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-W k`Ifp-sS ]p-dØp-≠m-Ip-∂Xnt\-°mƒ H´pw- Ip-dhm-bn-cn-°n-√ k`bv-°p-≈n-se 29

kacßfpw-.- CXdn-bm≥- {^©v-, Cw-•o-jv- \n-ba \n¿-Ωm-W k`Ifn¬ \S°p∂ Im-cy-ßƒ- ]cn-tim-[n-t°≠Xn-√ ; Hcp- {]iv-\sØ∏‰n- a\kn-em-°p-∂XvAXn-s≥-d DØcw- Adn-bp-∂Xp-t]m-sebm-Wv.kaq-lsØ \in-∏n-°p-∂Xpw- shdp-∏n-epw- X¿-°Øn-\pw- \n-Xm-¥ t{im-X mIp-∂Xpw CØcw- hnIr-X-am-°-s∏´ \nb-a-ß-fmWv F∂-Xn\v Fs¥¶n-epwsXfn-hv- Bhiyap-t≠m.- sXfn-hv- thWsa¶n¬- 1850˛se Atacn-°≥- sFIy\m-Sp-Ifn-tebv° - v- t\m-°q.- F√m-hcp-tSbpw- kzm-X{¥y-tØbpw- kz-Øn-t\bpwC{Xb[n-Iw- kw-c£n-°p-∂Xpw- \n-baØn-\v- AXn-s≥-d bYm¿-∞ ]cn-[nbn¬\n-dp-Øp-∂Xp-am-b as‰m-cpcm-Pyw- Cu- tem-IØn-en-√.- AXp--sIm-≠p-Xs∂ kaq-lhy-hkv-Y C{Xbpw- iIv-Xam-b ASn-Ødbn¬- \n-ev-°p-∂ thsdm-cpcm-Py-hpw- C√m-sb∂v- tXm-∂p-∂p.- F∂m¬- s]m-Xp- kam-[m-\sØ `o-jWnbm-b c≠p- Im-cy-ßƒ- ........ct≠ c≠p-Im-cy-ßƒ- Atacn-°¬- sFIy-\m-SpIfn-ep-≠v.-

ASn-aØhpw- Np-¶hpw- sIm-≈bm-WvF¥m-Wv- Cu- c≠p- Im-cy-ßƒ- ?- AXv- ASn-aØhpw- Np-¶hp-am-Wv.- Cu- c≠pIm-cy-ßfn¬- am-{Xta Atacn-°≥- sFIy-\m-Sv- F∂ dn∏-ªn-°ns‚ s]mXp hn-Im-cØn-s\Xn-cm-bn- AhnsS \n-baw- sIm-≈°m-cs≥-d thjaWn-bp-∂p.ASn-aØw- \n-ba]cam-bn-Øs∂ kzm-X{¥y-Øn-s≥-d \n-tj[am-Wv.- Np-¶w\n-ba]cam-bn-Øs∂ kz-Øn-s≥-d \n-tj[am-Wv.Cu- c≠v- hy-Iv-Xam-b \n-ba]cam-b Ip-‰Ir-Xy-ßƒ- AXv- ]gb hy-hkv-YbpsS k¶SIcam-b ]n-¥p-S¿-®bm-W.v- - sFIy-\m-Sp-Ifp-sS ]X\Øn\v Im-cWamtb°m-hp-∂Xpw,- Im-cWam-Ip-∂XpamWv- ""\n-baw- A\o-Xn-°p-≈ HcpD]IcWam-bn- am-dn'' F∂Xv- Btem-Nn-°m-≥-t]m-epw- ]‰m-ØXpw- F√mkaq- l Øn- s ≥- d bpw- lr- Z b`m- K Øp- ≈ Xp- a m- b Hcp- Zp- : JkXy- a m- W v - ! ASn-aØw,- Np-¶w F∂n-hsIm-≠p- am-{Xw- \n-basØ hnIr-X-h¬°-cn-®n-´pff sFIy-\m-Sp-Ifn¬- C{Xtbsd ò-Icam-b A\¥cêw- D≠m-°n-sb¶n¬AXv- bq-tdm-∏n¬- F¥v- êap-≠m-°pw.- hnIr-X-am-°-s∏´ \n-basa∂Xv kw-hn-[m-\Øn-s≥-d `m-Kam-°n-bn-´p-≈ - Hcp Bi-bh - p-ambnamdn-bX - p-amb AXv bq-tdm-∏n¬ F¥v A\¥cêap-≠m-Ipw!

c≠v- hn-[Øn-ep-≈ sIm-≈IƒanÃ¿ Im¿-ebdp-sS {]kn-≤am-b {]Jym-]\Øn-s≥-d Bibw- ISsaSp-Øvcm-jv-{So-b°m-c\pw- Fgp-ØpIm-c\p-am-b anÃ¿ Un-.- sam≠-tem-s_¿´v (Mr. De. Montalembert) ]d™p.- ""\ap-°v- tkm-jy-en-kØn-s\Xn-cm-bnbp-≤ap-≠m-°Ww.- an-Ã¿ Nmƒ-kv- Uq∏ns≥-d (Mr. Charles Dupin) A`n{]m-bØn¬- tkm-jyen-kw- F∂ hm-°n-s≥-d A¿-∞w-sIm-≠v- Dt±in-°p-∂Xv\ap-°v- sIm-≈bv-s°Xn-cm-b bp-≤ap-≠m-°Wsa∂m-Wv.-''F∂m¬- F¥p- sIm-≈sb∏‰n-bm-Wv- At±lw- Dt±in-®Xv. sIm-≈ c≠p -hn-[Øn-ep-≠v.- \n-ba]chpw- \n-bahn-cp-≤hpamb sImf-f.\n-bahn-cp-≤am-b sIm-≈ AXm-bXv- in-£m- \n-baßƒ- \n¿-∆Nn-°p-∂Xpwhy-hkvY - sNøp-∂Xp-w- in-£n-°p-∂Xp-am-b Ifhv,- - Aan-Xhy-bw- Xp-Sßn-bhsb tkm-jy-en-kam-bn- hn-fn-°p-hm≥- ]‰p-Ibn-√.- Cu-hI sNdn-b Ip-‰ßƒkaq-lØn-s≥-d ASn-Ødbv-°p-Xs∂ `o-jWn-b√.- F¥m-bm-epw- Cu-hI sIm-≈bv-s°Xn-scbp-≈ \S]Sn-Iƒ- am-\y-∑m-cp-sS DØchn-\v- Im-Øp-\nev-°m-dp-an-√.- tem-Im-cw-`w-ap-X¬-Xs∂ \n-bahn-cp-≤am-b sIm-≈bv-s°Xncm- b n- ´ p- ≈ bp- ≤ ap- ≠ v . - 1848 s^{_p- h cn- b n- s e hn- π hØn- \ v - hfsc ap-ºp-Xs∂ AXm-bXv- tkm-jy-en-kw- F∂ BibØn-s≥-d D¤hØn-\pap-ºp-Xs∂ \n-bahn-cp-≤am-b sIm-≈sb XSbp-∂Xn-\p-≈ t]m-eo-kpwPUv-Pn-am-cpw- Pbn-ep-Ifpw- hn-eßp-Ifp-sam-s° {^m≥-kn¬- \n-ehn-ep-≠mbn-cp-∂p.- \n-baw-Xs∂bm-Wv- Cu- bp-≤w- sNøp-∂Xpw-.- sIm-≈bv-s°Xn-sc \n-baw- Cu- kao-]\w- Xp-ScWsa∂m-Wv- Fs≥-d B{Klhpw- A`n-{]m-bhpw.-

\n-baw- sIm-≈sb ]cn-c£n-°p-∂pF∂m-¬- CXv- F√m-bn-t∏m-gpw- A{]Im-cam-IWsa∂n-√.- Nn-e kabßfn¬\n-baw- sIm-≈sb ]cn-c£n-°p-Ibpw- sIm-≈bn¬- ]s¶Sp-°p-IbpwsNøp-∂p.- A{]Im-cw- hcp-tºmƒ- sIm-≈bp-sS Kp-Wt`m-Iv-Xm-°ƒ-°vsIm-≈ \SØp-tºmƒ- D≠m-tI≠ A]IShp-w- e÷bp-an-√m-Xm-Ip-∂p.Nn-e kabßfn¬- \n-bakw-hn-[m-\ßfm-b PUvP - n-am-tcbpw- t]m-eo-kn-t\bpwPbn-ep-Itfbpw- sIm-≈°m-cp-sS Bhiy-Øn-\\p-kcn-®v- {]h¿-Øn-°m≥\n-baw- klm-bn-°p-Ibpw- sIm-≈sb FXn¿-°p-∂ Ccsb Ip-‰°m-c\mbn- IW°m-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.- bm-sXm-cp- kw-ibhp-an-√ Un-.- sam≠-tems_¿´v {]Xn-]m-Zn-®Xv C{]-Im-c-ap-ff \n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈sbbm-Wv.31

CXv P\ßfpsS \n-ba\n¿-Ωn-Xn-bn¬- sNdn-sbm-cp- Id am-{Xam-Imw. \nb-a]-camb sImf-fsb hen-b t- Im-em-le - ß - s- fm∂pw D≠m-°m-sXbpw ÿm]nXXm¬]-cy-°m-cpsS K¿÷-\-ßƒ Ah-K-W-n®pw XpS®v amt‰-≠-Xm-Wv.

\n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈sb Fßs\ Xn-cn-®dn-bm-w\n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈sb Fßs\ Xn-cn-®dn-bmw-?- AXv- hfsc Ffp-∏ am-Wv.- A{]Im-cap-≈ \n-baw- Hcp-hn-`m-Kw- Bfp-Ifn¬- \n-∂pw- Ahcp-tSXmbXn-s\- ]n-Sn-s®Sp-ØXn-\p-tijw- a‰p-Nn-e¿-°v- sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xm-bn-cn-°p-w.A{]Im-cap-≈ \n-baw-sIm-≠v- Hcp- ]u-c\v as‰m-cp- ]u-cs≥-d Nn-ehn¬Kp-Wßƒ- A\p-`hn-°m-\p-≈ Ahkcw- Hcp-°p-Ibpw- \n-baw- C√m-Xncp-s∂¶n¬- Kp-Wêw- In-ń-b ]u-c≥- Ip-‰Ir-Xyw- sNbv-XXm-bn- IW°m°p-am-bn-cp-∂Xpam-Wv.A{]Im-cap-≈ \n-baßƒ- Xm-akw-hn-\ C√m-bva- sNtø-≠X - m-Wv. As√¶n¬A{]Im-cap-≈ IpSne \n-baßƒ- am-{Xa√ Iq-Sp-X¬- sX‰p-Ifn-te-°p-≈ hgn-bm-Ip-∂Xpw- AXv- Xn-cn-®Sn-Iƒ £Wn-®p-hcp-Øp-∂Xp-am-Ipw.- A{]Imcap- ≈ \n- b aßƒ- AXv - H‰s∏´Xm- s W¶n¬- I q- S n- DS\Sn- C√m- b v - a sNbv-Xn-√m-sb¶n¬- ]S¿-∂v- ]¥en-®v- Hcp- hy-hkv-Ybm-bn- hfcp-∂Xp-am-Wv.A{]Im-cap-≈ \n-baßƒ-aq-ew- em-`w- In-´p-∂h¿- Ah¿-°v- In-ń-bn-´p-≈ AhIm-iw- Xy-Pn-t°≠n-hcp-tºmƒ- iIv-Xam-bn- {]Xn-tj[n-°pw.- Ahcp-sS hy-hkm-bw- kw-c£n-°m-\pw- t{]m-’m-ln-∏n-°m-\pw- k¿-°m-cn-\v- _m-[y-X bp-s≠∂pw- AXv- k¿-°m-cn-s\Øs∂ Iq-Sp-X¬- iIvXn-s∏Sp-Øp-sa∂pwA{]Im-cw- kw-c£n-X hy-hkm-bßƒ- Zcn-{Zcm-b sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°vIq-Sp-X¬- Iq-en- sIm-Sp-°p-sa∂pw- AXv aqew [\hyw D≠m-Ip-sa-s∂ms° Iq-Sp-X¬- kw-Jy-Iƒ- sNehm-°p-sa∂p-sam-s° hm-Zn-°pw.C{]Im-cap-≈ kv-Ym-]n-X Xm-ev-]cy-°m-cp-sS a\w-ab°p-∂ hm-Zßƒ-°vsNhn- s Im- S p- ° m- X n- c n- t °≠Xp≠v.- A{]Im- c ap- ≈ hm- Z ßsf Aw-Ko-Icn-®m¬- AXv- \n-bahn-t[bam-b sIm-≈bv-°p-≈ kw-hn-[m-\wHcp-°p-∂Xm-bn-cn-°pw.- CXv- Ct∏mƒ-Øs∂ \n-ehn¬- h∂p- Ign-™p.- Ct∏mƒ\n-ehn-ep-≈ Cu- aXn-{àw- F√m-hcp-tSbpw- Nn-ehn¬- F√m-htcbpwkº∂cm-°m-sa∂ sX‰m-b k¶ev-]am-Wv- k¶Sn-Xam-°p-∂Xns‚ adhn-¬sIm-≈sb km¿-∆{Xn-Iam-°p-hm-\p-≈ {iaam-Wv.-

\n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈bv-°v- ]e t]cp-Ifp-≠v\n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈ \SØp-∂Xn-\v- hn-hn-[ßfm-b am¿-§ßfp-≠v.- Np¶w Cf-hp-Iƒ, kwc-£-Ww , B\q-Iq-ey-ßƒ,- t{]m-’m-l\w,- ]p-tcm-Ka\ ]c am-b \n-Ip-Xn,- s]m-Xp- hn-Zym-`ym-k kv-Ym-]\ßƒ,- tPm-en-Iƒ- Dd∏m-°¬,em-`ßƒ- Dd∏m-°¬,- [\klm-bw,- G‰hpw- Ip-d™ Iqen \nP-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \n- b aw- F∂n- h C{]Im- c ap- ≈ \n- b a]cam- b sIm- ≈ \SØm- \ p- ≈ kw-LSn-X {iaØn-s≥-d `m-Kam-Wv.- Cu- ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒs°√mw IqSn-bp-ffAXm-bXv- \n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈bv-°p-≈ s]m-Xp- Dt±iy-Øns‚ t]cmWv tkm-jy-en-kw.- C{]Im-capff- Hcp- kn-≤m-¥am-b tkm-jy-en-ksØ sNdp-°m≥as‰m-cp- kn-≤m-¥ßƒ-sIm-≠√m-sX Fßs\ km-[n-°pw-?- \n-ßƒ-°vCu- tkm-jy-en-Ãv kn-≤m-¥w- sX‰pw-,- hn-Uv-Vn-Øhpw-,- No-Øbp-am-sW∂vtXm-∂p-∂p-s≠¶n¬- AXn-s\ \n-cm-Icn-°p-I.- kn≤m¥w F{XI≠pwIq-Sp-X¬- sX‰pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- hn-UvV - n-Øhpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- No-Øbp-am-Ip-∂p-thmA{XI≠pw- Ffp-∏Øn¬- AXn-s\ \n-cm-Icn-°p-hm≥- ]‰pw.- \n-ßƒiIv-Xcm-Ip-hm≥- B{Kln-°p∂p-≠p-sh¶n¬- tkm-jy-en-kØn-s≥-d Hm-tcmXcn-tbbpw- \n-ßfp-sS \n-bahy-hkvY - bn¬- \n-∂pw- ]n-gp-sXdn-bp-I.- CXv- HcpFfp-∏ap-≈ Im-cy-a√.-

tkm-jy-en-kw- \n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈bm-Wvshdpw- iIv-Xn-am-{Xw-sIm-≠v- tkm-jy-en-ksØ sNdp-°m≥- B{Kln-®bmfm- W v - an.- U n. sam- t ≠¬- _ ¿- U v F∂m- t cm- ] Wap- ≠ v . - F∂m¬- CuBtcm- ] WØn¬- \n- ∂ pw- At±lsØ hn- a p- I v - X \m- t °≠Xp- ≠ v . Fs¥∂m¬- At±lw-Xs∂ ]d™n-´p-≠v- ""tkm-jy-en-kØn-s\Xn-sc \Ωƒ\StØ≠ t]m-cm-´w- \n-baØn-\pw- A¥ n-\pw- \o-Xn-°p-w- tN¿-∂Xm-bncn-°Ww.-''F∂m¬- an.- Un.- sam-t≠¬-_¿-Uv- At±lw- Hcp- sX‰m-b N{IØn-\p-≈nem-Wv kzbw {]Xn-jv-Tn-®n-´p-≈sX∂v- F¥p-sIm-≠v- a\ n-em-°p-∂n-√-?\n-basØ D]tbm-Kn-®v- tkm-jy-en-ksØ FXn¿-°p-Itbm, tkm-jy-en-kwXs∂ \n-basØbm-Wv- B{ibn-°p-∂Xv.- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ- \n-ba]c am-b sIm-≈bm-Wv- \S∏n-em-°m≥- B{Kln-°p-∂Xv.- A√m-sX \n-ba hn-cp-≤am-b sIm-≈sbb√.- as‰√m- Ip-ØIIsfbpw-t]m-se tkm-jy-enkv - ‰ p- I fpw- \n- b asØ Bbp- [ am- ° m≥- B{Kln- ° p- ∂ p.- \n- b aw33

tkm-jy-en-kØn-s≥-d `m-KØm-sW¶n¬- B \n-basØ tkm-jy-en-kØn-s\ Xn-cm-bn- Fßs\ D]tbm-Kn-°pw-?- sIm-≈ \n-bahn-t[bam-Ip-tºmƒ AXn- \ v \n- ß fp- s S tIm- S Xn- I sftbm,- \n- ß fp- s S hn- e ßp- I tftbmt]Sn-t°≠Xn-√ F∂p-am-{Xa√ Ahbp-sS klm-bw-t]m-epw- Bhiy-s∏Smw.CXp- XSbm≥- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Wßfn¬- \n-∂pwtkm-jy-en-ksØ ]p-dØm°p-Ibm-Wv- th≠Xv ?- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-W k`Ifn¬- {]thin-°p-∂Xn-\vtkm- j y- e n- k v - ‰ p- I sf XSbp- I bm- W v th≠Xv . - F∂m¬ \n- b a]cam- b sIm-≈ \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-W k`bp-sS ap-Jy- tPm-en-bm-Ip-∂n-StØm-fw-Im-ew\n-ßƒ-°v- AXn-\v- Ign-bp-Ibn-√.- F∂v Rm≥ {]h-Nn-°p-∂p. A{]Im-cwXSbm-sa∂v- hn-Nm-cn-°p-∂Xp-Xs∂ hn-UvVn-Øhpw- km-am-\y- _p≤n°v \n-c°p-∂Xpa√m-ØXp-am-Wv.-

\ap-°v- ap-∂n-se am¿-§ßƒ\n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈ F∂ Xn≥a \ap-°v- F∂t∂bv-°p-am-bn- ]cn-lcnt°≠Xp-≠v.- C{]Im-cw- ]cn-lcn-°m≥- aq-∂v- am¿-§ßtfbp-≈q.1. Ip-d®m-fp-Iƒ-,- Ip-tdbm-fp-Isf sIm-≈bSn-°p-I.2.- F√m-hcpw- F√m-htcbpw- sIm-≈bSn-°p-I.3.- Bcpw- Btcbpw- sIm-≈bSn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.¢n-]v-Xam-b sIm-≈bpwkm¿-∆{Xn-Iam-b sIm-≈bpw-,- sIm-≈bn-√m-bv-abpwXΩn¬- \Ωƒ- Xn-cs™Sp-t°≠Xp-≠v.- \n-baØn-\v- CXn¬- GsX¶n-epwHcp- am¿-§ta ]n-¥p-Scm≥- ]‰p-Ibp-≈q.-

]cn-anXam-bXpw- \n-ba]cam-bXp-am-b sIm-≈:˛ thm-´hIm-iw- ]cn-an-Xs∏Sp-Øn-b hy-hkvY - Ifn-em-Wn-Xp-≈Xv.- tkm-jy-en-kØns‚ IS∂p-Ib‰sØ sNdp-°m≥- Cu- hy-hkv-Ybn-tebv-°v- aSßn-t]m-Imw.-

km¿-∆{Xn-Iam-b sIm-≈:˛ km¿-∆{Xn-I thm´hIm-iw- \n-ehn¬- h∂tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn- C{]Im-cap-≈ Hcphy-hkv-Ybp-sS `o-jWn- \ap-°p-≠v.- ]p-Xn-bXm-bn- thm-´hIm-iw- kn-≤n-® `q-cn-]£w- ]ca-a-X-amb thm-´hIm-iap-≠m-bn-cp-∂ ap≥- hy-hkv-Ybn-se \n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈sb∂ BibsØ km-[q-Icn-°p-∂ \n-baßƒD≠m-°m≥- Xo-cp-am-\n-®p.34

\n-ba]cam-b sI≈bn-√m-Øbhkv-Y:˛ \o-Xn-bp-tSbpw- kam-[m-\Øn-t≥-dbpw- kv-Yn-cXbp-tSbpw- ku-lm¿-±Øn-s≥dbpw- km-am-\y- t_m-[Øn-s≥-dbpw- Bibam-Wn-Xv.- H´pw- aXn-bm-hp-Ibns√¶n-epw- Fs≥-d acWw-hsc s\©p-s]m-´p-am-dv- D®Øn¬- Rm≥- CuBibsØ ]n-¥p-Wbv-°pw.-

\n-baØn-s≥-d bYm¿-∞ Dt±iywsIm-≈sb C√mbva sNøp-∂Xn-\∏p-dw- \n-basØs°m-≠v- Fs¥¶n-epwD]tbm-Kap-t≠m-?- F√m-hcp-tSbpw- AhIm-ißƒ kw-c£n-°p-∂Xn\∏p-dw- \n-basØ Fs¥¶n-epw- bp-Iv-Xn-klam-b Bhiy-Øn-\v- D]tbmKn-°p-hm≥- ]‰p-tam-?- iIv-Xn-bm-Wv- icn-sb∂ Ahkv-Y D≠m-°m-sXbpw\n-baØn-s≥-d hnIrXhXv-°cn-®√m-sXbpw- ta¬-]d™Xn¬- Iq-Sp-X¬Im-cy-ßƒ-°v- \n-basØ D]tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥- ]‰p-Ibn-√.- \ap-°v- Nn-¥n-°phm≥- ]‰p-∂Xn¬ G‰hpw- am-cWam-bXpw- bp-Iv-Xn-cln-Xam-bXp-am-b km-aq-ln-I sshIr-Xam-bn Xo-cpw- AXv. km-aq-ly- _‘ßfn¬- F{XXs∂ Xn-c™m-epw- \n-baw- kwL-SnX \o-Xn-bm-Wv- F∂ an-Xam-b hm-°p-Ifn¬icn-bm-b ]cn-lm-cap-≠v- F∂Xv- Aw-Ko-Icn-t°≠n-hcpw.\o- X n- s b \n- b a]cam- b n- kw- L Sn- ∏ n- ° p- t ºmƒ- AXm- b Xv - iIv - X n- s b D]tbm-Kn-®v kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ B \nbaw D]tbm-Kn-®pw- a\p-jy-s≥-d F√m{]h¿-Øn-Itfbpw- AXv- sXm-gn-em-Is´,- Ir-jn-bm-Is´,- I®hSam-Is´,hy-hkm-bam-Is´,- hn-Zym-`ym-kam-Is´,- Iebm-Is´,- aXam-Is´ Ahsb√mwHgn-hm-°n-s°m-≠Xm-bn-cn-°Ww.- A{]Im-cap-≈ ta¬-]d™ GsX¶n-epw{]h¿-Øn-sb \n-ba]cam-bn- kw-LSn-∏n-®m¬- BbXv A{]Im-cap-≈ {]h¿-Øn-bp-sS G‰hpw- {][m-\s∏´ LSIamb- \o-Xn-sb \in-∏n-®psIm-≠p- am-{Xta ]‰p-Ibp-≈q.- ]u-cs‚ i‡n D]-tbm-Kn-°msX hcp-sa∂v kzm-X{¥y-Øn-s\Xn-sc iIv-Xn-bp-]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv- \o-Xn-s°Xn-sc iIv-XnD]tbm- K n- ° m- s X ]‰p- s a∂v Nn¥n- ° m≥ t]mepw ]‰m- Ø Xpw AXv \n-baØn-s‚ bYm-¿-∞ Dt±isØØs∂ C√m-Xm-°epambn-cn°pw.-

tkm-jy-en-kw- F∂ {`an-∏n-°p-∂ Bibw\Ωp-sS Im-eL´Øn-se G‰hpw- {]Nm-cap-≈ Hcp- AkXyw- Chn-sS {]kIv-Xam-Wv.- \n-baw- \o-Xn-°p-th≠n-bn-´p-≈Xp- am-{Xa√,- s]mXp-P\ 35

Xm-ev-]cy-Øn-\v- th≠n-bn-´p-≈sX∂Xm-Wv.- \n-baw- F√m- ]u-c∑m¿-°pwAhcp-sS im-co-cn-Ihpw- am-\kn-Ihp-am-b Ign-hp-Iƒ- kz-X{¥y-am-bnFXn-¿-∏n-√m-sX D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv- Dd∏v- \ev-Ip-Ibp-w- [m¿-Ωn-Iam-bn- kz-bw\∂m-hm≥- Ahkcsam-cp-°p-Ibpw- sNbvX - m¬- am-{Xw-t]m-c, cm-Pyw- ap-gp-h≥A`n-hr-≤n-bpw hn-Zym-`ym-khpw- [m¿-Ωn-I aq-ey-ßfp-ap-≠m-Ihm\pw \n-bawaq-ew- Ign-bWsa∂Xm-Wv.- CXm-Wv- tkm-jy-en-kØn-s≥-d {`an-∏n-°p-∂ ap-Jw.Rm≥- Bh¿-Øn-°s´ \n-baw-sIm-≠p-≈ ta¬-]d™ c≠v- D]tbm-KßfpwXΩn¬- sshcp-≤y-ßfp-≠v.- \Ωƒ-°v- GsX¶n-ep-sam-∂v- Xn-cs™Sp-t°≠ Xp- ≠ v . - Hcp- ]u- c \v - Htc kabw- kz- X {¥\p- w - ]cX{¥\p- a m- I m≥Ign-bp-Ibn-√t√m.-

_ew-{]tbm-Kn-®p-≈ km-tlm-Zcyw- AhIm-ißsf \in-∏n-°pwanÃ¿ Un-.- eam¿-ń≥ (Mr. De . Lamartine) Hcn-°¬- F\n-° - v- C{]Im-c sagp-Xn- ""Xm-¶fp-sS kn-≤m-¥w- Fs≥-d ]cn-]m-Sn-bn¬- ]Ip-Xn- am-{Xam-Wv Xm-¶ƒ- kzmX-{¥-sØ-]‰n ]d™hkm-\n-∏n-®p.- Rm≥- km-tlm-Zcy-hpwIq-Sn- Dƒ-s∏Sp-Øn-bn-Sp-≠v.-''- Rm-≥- At±ltØm-Sv- ]d™ DØcw- C{]Imcam-Wv.- ""Xm-¶fp-sS ]≤Xn-bn-se c≠m-w- `m-Kw- H∂mw- `m-KsØ \in-∏n-°pw''.km-tlm-Zcyhp-w- kz-bw-k∂≤Xbpw- XΩn¬- th¿-]n-cn-°m≥- F\n-°vIgn-bn-√.- kzm-X{¥y-sØ \n-ba]cam-bn- \in-∏n-®√m-sX \n-ba]cam-b km-tlm-Zcy-sØ \S∏n-em-°m≥- Fßs\ km-[n-°p-sa∂v F\n-°v- a\ nem-Ip-∂n-√.- AXv- \o-Xn-sb Nhp-ń-bc°p-∂ êap-≠m-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.-

\n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈bv-°v- c≠v- thcp-Ifp-≠v BZy-tØXv- Rm≥- t\csØ ]d™n-´p-≈ a\p-jy-s≥-d B¿-Øn-bm-Wv.c≠m-a-tØXv sX‰m-b klm-\p-`q-Xn-bmWv. sIm- ≈ sb∂ hm- ° p- s Im- ≠ v - Rm≥ Dt±in- ° p- ∂ sX¥m- W v - F∂Xv hn-hcn-t°≠Xp-s≠∂v F\n°v tXm∂p∂p.-

sIm-≈ DSakv-Ym-hIm-isØ \in-∏n-°pwCu- hm-°v- km[m-cW D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-f-fXv t]mse hy-Iv-XXbn-√m-ØXpwDd∏n-√m-ØXpw- Dt±i-am-bn-´p-≈Xpw- Be-¶m-cn-I-am-bn-´p-f-f-Xp-amb A¿-∞ Øn-e√ Rm≥ D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv.- im-kv-{Xo-bam-bn- Aw-Ko-Icn-®n-´p-≈ 36

A¿-∞Øn-em-Wv.- AXm-bXv- kzØv F∂-Xns‚ hn]-co-X-amb Bi-b-ØnemWv ChnsS D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - v. DZm-lcWam-bn- Iq-en-,- `q-an,- ]Ww- Aßs\ ]eXpambn Hcm- f p- s S DSakv - Y Xbn- e p- ≈ kz- Ø n- s ≥- d Hcp - ` m- K wAbm-fp-sS kΩXan-√m-sXbpw Abmƒ-°v- \jvS- ]cn-lm-cw- sIm-Sp-°m-sXbpw_e{]tbm-Knt®m NXn-t®m- AXn-ehIm-ian-√m-Ø as‰m-cp-Ø\v- ssIam-dnbm¬- kz-Øn-s\ ewL-\-s∏-SpØnsb∂v- Rm-≥- ]dbpw.- Hcp- sIm-≈ \SØn-sb∂pw- Rm≥- ]dbpw.F√m-bn-t∏mgpw F√m-bn-SØpw C{]Im-cap-≈ {]h¿-Øn-sbbm-Wv- \n-bawXStb≠Xv.- F∂m¬- \n-baw-Xs∂ \n-baw-aq-ew- XStb≠ Hcp- {]h¿-ØnsNøp-Ibm-sW¶n¬- AXv- sIm-≈Xs∂bm-sW∂pw-, kaq-lØn-s≥-dbpwA`n-hr-≤n-bp-sSbpw- Zr-jv-Sn-bn¬- am-∏¿-ln-°m-Ø, AhIm-ißfp-sS taep-≈ IS∂p-Ib‰am-sW∂pw- Rm≥- ]dbpw.- F∂m¬ C{]Im-cap-≈ \n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈sIm-≠v- Kp-Ww-In-´p-∂ hy-Iv-Xn-°v Cu- sIm-≈bn-¬ DØchm-Zn-Xz-an√. Cu- sIm-≈bp-sS ap-gp-h≥- DØchm-Zn-Xzw- \n-baØn-\pw\n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-\pw- kaq-lØn-\p-w- am-{Xam-Wv.- Chn-sSbm-Wv- cm-jv-{So-b A]ISw- Hfn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. sIm- ≈ sb∂Xv - ap- d n- s ∏Sp- Ø p- ∂ Hcp- hm- ° m- s W∂v - thZ\tbm- s S Rm-\dn-bp-∂p.- ap-dn-s∏Sp-Øm-Ø as‰m-cp- hm-°v- In-´m≥- Rm≥- {ian-s®¶nepw- ^eap-≠m-bn-√.- \Ωp-sS N¿-®bn¬- C{]Im-cap-≈ Hcp- {]tIm-]-\]-c-amb hm-°v- D]tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥- F\n-°v- Hcn-°epw,- {]tXy-In-®v- Ct∏mƒ, Xm-ev-]cy-an-√.- \n-ßƒ- hn-iz-kn-®m-ep-an-s√¶n-epw- Bcp-sSbpw- [m¿-Ωn-I aq-ey-ßsftbm,- Dt±iy-ßtftbm- FXn¿-°m≥- F\n-°v- Dt±iy-an-√ F∂v- Rm≥{]Jym]n-°s´.- Rm≥- FXn¿-°p-∂Xv- Rm≥- sXsdd∂v- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂ BibsØbm-Wv- \o-Xn-cln-Xsa∂v- F\n-°v- tXm-∂p-∂ Hcp- kw-hn-[m\sØbm-Wv.- Htcm-cp-Ø¿-°pw- \Ωƒ- B{Kln-°m-sXXs∂ h∂p-tN-cp∂ em`hpw Im-cWadn-bm-sX \Ωf\p-`hn-°p-∂ _p-≤n-ap-´p-Ifpw- D≠m-°p-∂ A\o-Xn-bn¬ AXn-jv-Tn-Xam-b hy-hkv-Ysbbm-Wv.-

sIm-≈bp-sS aq-∂v- hy-hkv-YIƒtkm-jy-en-kw,- IΩyq-Wn-kw,- kp-c£n-XXzw- F∂n-hbv° - m-bn- hm-Zn-°p-∂hcpsS Dt±iip-≤n- Chn-sS tNm-Zyw- sNøs∏Sp-∂n-√.- cm-jv-{So-b t_m-[hpwcm-jv-{So-b `o-cp-Xzhpw- _m-[n-®v- Hscgp-Øp-Im-c≥- am-{Xta A{]Im-cw- sNøpIbp-≈q.- F∂m¬- Hcp- Im-cyw- ]dbs´ kp-c£n-XXz-hm-Zhpw- IΩyq-Wn-khpw,37

tkm-jy-en-khpw- Htc sNSn-bp-sS hf¿-®bp-sS Hm-tcm- L´ßfm-Wv.- ap-gp-h≥sIm-≈bp-am-bXn-\m¬- IΩyq-Wn-kØn¬- kp-c£n-XXz-sØbpw- \n-ba ]cam-b sIm-≈sbbpw hyIv-Xam-bn- Z¿-in-°m-hp-∂Xp-am-Wv.km¿-∆{Xn-I sIm-≈bm-bXn-\m¬- IΩyq-Wn-kØn¬ sIm-≈ IqSp-X¬ {]Xy-£am-Wv. {]tXyI hn`m-Kß - f- nepw hy-hkm-bßfn-epw- HXp-ßn- \n-¬°p∂Xn-\m¬- kp-c£n-XXz- hm-ZØn¬- sIm-≈sb Iq-Sp-X¬- hy-Iv-XXtbm-sS Z¿-in-°m≥- Ign-bpw.- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ta¬-]d™ aq∂v hy-hkvY - Ifn¬h®v- G‰hpw- Ahy-Iv-Xam-bXp-w- Xo-cp-am-\an-√m-ØXpw- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ hn-Ik\Øn-s≥-d G‰hpw- Bﬂm¿∞am-b L´w- tkm-jy-en-kam-Wv.Bﬂm¿-∞X Ds≠∂tXm,- C√∂sXm- A√ Chn-SsØ {]iv\ - w.- hy-IvX - n-IfpsS Dt±iy-hp-a√ Chn-SsØ {]iv-\w.- Rm≥- t\csØ ]d™Xp-t]m-se \n- b a]cam- b sIm- ≈ bp- s S `m- K n- I am- b ASn- k v - Y m- \ w- ]tcm- ] - I m- c X-¬]-cXbmWv.- sXddm-b ]tcm-]-Im-c-X-Xv]-c-X-bm-sW-¶n¬IqSn C{]Imcap-≈ Hcp- hn-iZo-IcWØn-s≥-d ASn-kv-Ym-\Øn¬- s]m-Xp-hm-b sIm-≈ sIm-≠v- s]m-Xp-\∑ ssIhcn-°m-sa∂ s]m-Xp-P\Øn-s≥-d B{Kl A`n-em-jßfp-sS aqey-Øn¬ AXn-s≥-d D¤hhpw- kz-`m-hhpw- \ap-°v]cn-tim-[n-°mw.-

\n-baw- Icp-Øm-Wv \n-baw- \o-Xn-sb kw-LSn-∏n-°p-∂Xn-\m¬- tkm-jy-en-ÃpIm¿ tNm-Zn°p-∂Xv F¥vsIm≠v \nb-a-Øn\v sXmgn-en-t\bpw hnZym-`ym-k-tØbpw aXtØbpwkw-LSn-∏n-®p-Iq-Sm- F∂Xm-Wv.\n-basØ F¥p-sIm-≠v- Cu- Dt±iy-ßƒ-°v- D]tbm-Kn-®p-Iq-S?\o-Xn-sb \in-∏n-°m-sX \n-baØn-\v- sXm-gn-en-t\bpw- hn-Zym-`ym-ksØbpwaXsØbpw- kw-LSn-∏n-°m≥- ]‰p-Ibn-√ F∂Xm-Wv- DØcw.- \n-baØn-s‚ASn- k v - Y m- \ w- Icp- Ø mWv F∂Xn- \ m¬- Icp- Ø ns‚ hy- h kv - Y m- ] n- X I¿-Ωßfn¬- Iq-Sp-X¬- \n-baØn-s≥-d hy-hkv-Ym-]n-X I¿-Ωßsf \n-ba ]cam-bn- \o-´m≥- ]‰p-Ibn-√m-sb∂Xm-Wv.\n-bahpw- IcpØp-w Hcp- hy-IvX - n-sb \o-Xn-bp-sS AXn¿-hcºp-Iƒ-°p-≈n¬\n- d p- Ø p- t ºm- ƒ - AXv - B hy- I v - X n- s °Xn- s c Iq- S p- X em- b n- H∂pwsNøp-∂n-√.- B hy-Iv-Xn- a‰p-≈h¿-°v- D]{Zhw- sNøp-∂n-√ F∂p-am-{Xam-Wv38

\n-jv-I¿-jn-°p-∂Xv.- B hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS hy-Iv-Xn-Xz-Øn-tem,- kzm-X{¥y-Øn-temkz-Øp-°fn-tem- CSs]Sp-∂n-√.- t\sc adn-®v- Ahsb kw-c£n-°p-Ibm-Wv.At∏mƒ- \n-baw- {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-Ibm-Wv.- F√m-hcp-tSbpw- AhIm-ißsf Xp-ey-am-bn- kw-c£n-°p-Ibm-Wv.-

\n-baw- Hcp- \n-tj[am-b Bibam-Wv \n-baØn-t≥-dbpw- \n-ba]cam-b {]Xn-tcm-[Øn-s≥-dbpw- D]{ZhIca√mØ kXv-{]h¿-Øn- hfsc hy-Iv-Xam-Wv.- AXn-s≥-d D]tbm-Ky-X hy-Iv-Xhpw\n-bakm-[p-X tNm-Zyw- sNøm≥- ]‰m-ØXp-am-Wv.Fs≥-d Hcp- kp-lr-Øv- Hcn-°¬- \n-co-£n-®Xp-t]m-se \n-baØn-s≥-d \n-tj[cq-]am-b Bibw- Hcp- bm-Ym¿-∞y-am-Wv .- \n-baØn-s≥-d Dt±iyw\o-Xn-bp-sS hm-gv-Nbm-Wv- F∂ {]kv-Xm-h\ hfscIr-Xy-am-b Hcp- {]kv-Xmh\b√.- AXm-bXv \n-baØn-s≥-d Dt±iyw- A\o-Xn-bp-sS hm-gv-N XSbp-I sb∂Xm-Wv.- A\o-Xn-°v- am-{Xam-Wv- \o-Xn-°√ kz-¥am-b \n-e\n-ev-]p-≈Xv.A\o-Xn-bn-√m-Xm-Ip-tºmƒ- am-{Xam-Wv- \o-Xn- ssIhcn-°p-∂Xv.F∂m¬- \n- b aw- AXn- s ≥- d kzm- ` m- h n- I {]Xn- \ n- [ n- b mb IcpØv ap- J m- ¥ n- c w- Hcp- sXm- g n¬- \n- b {¥Ww As√¶n¬- Hcp- hn- Z ym- ` ym- k ]≤Xn-tbm- hn-jbtam- As√¶n-¬- Hcp- aX]cam-b hn-izm-ktam- Pm-Xn-tbm\S∏n-em-°p-tºmƒ- \n-baw- \n-tj[cq-]n-b√.- AXv- km-£m-Øm-b HcpIm-cy-am-bn- P\ßƒ-°\p-`hs∏Sp-∂p.- AXv \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-s≥-d A`n-{]m-bw- P\ßfp-sS A`n-{]m-bØn-\v- ]Icw- hbv-°p-∂p.- \n-ba\n¿-ΩmXm-hn-s≥-d sNbv-Xn-Iƒ- P\ßfp-sS sNbv-Xn-Iƒ-°v- ]Icam-Ip-∂p.A{]Im-cw- kw-`hn-°p-tºmƒ- P\ßƒ-°v- N¿-® sNøp-Itbm,- Xm-cXaywsNøp-Itbm,- ap-≥-Iq-´n- Im-cy-ßƒ- \n-iv-Nbn-°p-Itbm- sNtø≠ Im-cy-an-√.AsX√m-w- \n-baw- Ah¿-°p-th≠n- sNbv-Xp-sIm-≈pw.- P\ßƒ-°v- _p-≤niIv-Xn- Bhiy-an-√m-Ø Hcp- Im-cy-ambn h¿Øn-°p∂p.- Ah¿- a\p-jy-c √m-Xm-Ip-∂p.- Ah¿-°v- hy-IvX - n-Xz-hpw- kzm-X{¥y-hpw,- kz-Øpw- C√m-Xm-Ip-∂p.kz-m-X{¥y-sØ l\n-°m-ØXpw- _e{]tbm-KtØm-sS \S∏m-°p-∂Xp-am-b Hcp- sXm-gn¬- \n-basØ∏‰n-tbm-,- kz-Øn-s\ l\n-°m-ØXpw- _e{]tbmKØn-eq-sS \S∏m-°p-∂Xp-am-b Hcp- kz-Øp-ssIam-‰ \n-basØ∏‰n-tbmBtem-Nn-®v- t\m-°q.- Cu- \n-baßfp-sS sshcp-≤y-ßsf ka\z-bn-∏n-°m≥]‰m-Øn-StØm-fw- Im-ew- A\o-Xnbn-√m-sX sXm-gn-en-t\bpw- hy-hkm-bsØbpw39

\n-baw-aq-ewkw-LSn∏n°p-hm≥ ]‰n-√m-sb∂v- \n-ßƒ-°v- kΩXn-t°≠n-hcpw.-

cm-jv-{So-b]cam-b kao-]\wHcp- cm-jv-{So-b°m-c≥- At±lØn-s≥-d Im-cym-ebØn¬- H‰-°ncp-∂vkaq-lsØ ho-£n-°p-tºmƒ- At±lw kaq-lØn-se AkaXzw- I≠vZpxJn-°p-∂p.- \Ωp-sS \n-ch[n- ktlm-Zc∑m-cp-sS C√m-bv-aIsf At±lwIp- ‰ s∏Sp- Ø p- I bp- w - A{]Im- c ap- ≈ C√m- b v - a Iƒ- kz- Ø n- s ≥- d bpwBUw_cØn- s ‚bpw- tem- I sØ Xm- c Xayw- sNøp- t ºmƒ- hfsc Zp-xJn°p-∂p. cm- j v - { So- b °m- c ≥- Xt∂m- S p- X s∂ tNm- Z n- t °≠ tNm- Z yw- Cu- kv - Y n- X nhn-tijØn-\v- Im-cWw- ]gb Io-gS°epw- sIm-≈n- hbv-∏p-Ifpw- ]p-Xn-b Im-eØn-se \n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈bp-at√ F∂Xm-Wv.- At±lw- Xm-sg ]dbp-∂ Bibw- ]cn-KWn-t°≠Xp-≠v.- F√m- P\ßfpw- \∑bpw- DZm-Ø hp-am-b Im-cy-ßƒ- B{Kln-°p-∂Xp-sIm-≠v,- hy-IvX - n-bp-sS DØchm-Zn-Xz-Øn\v- A\p-kr-Xam-bn- ]p-tcm-Ka\Øn-\v- G‰hpwhen-b {]bXv-\hpw- G‰hpw]caam-b kaXz-hpw- ssIhcn-°p-∂Xv- \o-Xn-bp-sS Ahkv-Ysb ]cn-KWn®m¬- aXn- b m- h n- t √? F∂Xm- W v . ssZh- Z - Ø - a mbn a\p- j y- I p- e - Ø n\v Inń-bn-´p-ff hy‡n-]-c-amb DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xy-Øn\v A\p-kr-X-ambn \∑-tbm, Xn∑tbm Xnc- s ™- S p- ° p- h m\pw AXp- a q- e - a p- ≠ m- I p∂ in£tbm k¬^- e hpw A\p- ` - h n- ° - W - s a∂ Biw Df- f - X m- h nt√ \∑sbtbm,Xn-∑tbsbm- kzo-Icn-°m-\p-≈ Ahkchpw- AXp-≠m-°p-∂ in-£tbsbmKp-Wtamt]m-seXs∂bp-≈ hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS DØchm-Zn-Xz-Øn-\\p-kr-Xam-b Im-cy-ßfn¬- ]t£ cm-jv{- So-b°m-c\v- C{]Im-cap-≈ Nn-¥bn-√.- At±lØns≥-d a\ v- \n-ba]csa∂v- tXm-∂n-∏n-°p-∂ kw-LS\Ifn-epw- \o-°pt]m-°p-Ifn-epw- Iq-ń-t®cep-Ifn-ep-am-Wv.- At±lw- Xn-∑bn¬- \n-∂p-≈ tam-N\Øn-\v- {ian-°p-∂Xv, Xn-∑sb D≠m-°n-b Im-cy-ßƒ- ho-≠pw- Iq-´p-∂Xn\pw- AXv- kv-Ym-]\hXv-°cn-°p-∂Xn-epw- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv .- AXm-bXv- \n-ba ]cam- b sIm- ≈ \Ωƒ- \o- X n- Hcp- \n- t j[ Bibam- s W∂v - I≠p.k¿-§mflIam-b \n-ba\S]Sn-Ifn-epw- GsX¶n-epw- \n-ba]cam-b sIm-≈ F∂ Bibw- C√m-sXbp-t≠m?-

\n-bahpw- klm-\p-`q-Xn-bpw]Wan-√m-Ø \n-ch[n- hy-Iv-Xn-Ifp-≠v F∂v- \n-ßƒ- ]dbp-Ibpw- \n-ßƒ40

\n-baØn-s≥-d t\sc Xn-cn-bp-Ibpw- sNøpw.- F∂m¬- F√m-htcbpw]m-eq-´m-\p-≈ iIvXn- \n-baØn-\n-√.- F√m-h¿-°pw- ]m¬- sIm-Sp-°m-\p-≈ t{im-X n¬- kaq-lØn-\v- ]p-dØp-\n-∂v- \n-baØn-\v- In-´p-∂n-√.- s]m-XpJP\m-hn-tebv-°v- a‰p- ]u-c∑m-scbpw- a‰p- h¿-§ßtfbpw- \n¿-_‘n-®v]n-cn-°p-∂sXm-gn-®v- Hcp- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-tStbm,- Hcp- h¿-§Xn-t≥-dtbm- am-{XwKp-WØn-\p-th≠n- H∂pw s]m-Xp- JP\m-hn¬- hcp-∂n-√.- F√m- hy-Iv-Xn-Iƒ°pw- Ahch¿- s]m- X p- J P\m- h n- ¬ - C´ kw- J y- I ƒ- ]n≥- h en- ° mwF∂p-s≠¶n¬- \nbaw kXy-Øn¬ Bscbpw- sIm-≈bSn°p∂-X-√- F∂v kXy-am-bn- ]dbmw.- F∂m¬- C{]Im-cap-≈ HchkvY - sIm-≠v- ]Wan-√m-Øh\vbm-sXm-∂pw- In-´p-∂n-√.- AXv- hcp-am-\kaXzw- F∂ Bibw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p∂p-an-√.- a‰p-≈hcn¬- \n-s∂Sp-Øv- thsdNn-e¿-°v- sIm-Sp-°p-∂ Hcp- kaXzhXv-°cW kw-hn-[m-\am-bn- am-dm≥- \n-baØn-\v- Ign-bpw.- Aßs\ \n-bawsNøp-tºmƒ- AXv- sIm-≈bv-°p-≈ D]IcWam-bn- am-dpw.Cu- Bibw- a\ n-¬-h®v- \Ωƒ-°v- Np-¶ßtfbpw- k_v-kn-Un-ItfbpwDd∏m°nb em-`ßtfbpw- tPm-en-Itfbpw- kaq-l\∑bv° - p-≈ ]≤Xn-Isf√mws]m-Xp- hn-Zym-`ym-ksØbpw- ]p-tcm-Ka\am-b \n-Ip-Xn- hy-hkv-Ytbbpws]m-Xp-acm-aØn-s\bpw- ]‰n- ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ- Ahsb√mw- \n-ba ]cam-b sIm-≈bn¬- \n-∂pw- kw-LSn-Xam-b A\o-Xn-bn¬- \n-∂pw- D¤hn°p-∂Xm-Wv- F∂v- \n-ßƒ-°v- a\ n-em-°mw.-

\n-bahpw- hn-Zym-`ym-khpwhn-Zym-`ym-kw- th≠{Xbn-√m-Ø \n-ch[n-bm-fp-Iƒ- Ds≠∂p-]d™v- \n-ßƒ\n- b aØn- s ≥- d t\sc Xn- c n- ™ p.- F∂m¬- \n- b aw- km¿- ∆ {Xn- I am- b n{]Im-iw- ]cØp-∂ Adn-hn-s≥-d sISm-hn-f°√.- Adn-h-v D≈hcpw- C√m-ØhcpwDƒ-s°m-≈p-∂ kaq-lØn¬- \n-e\n-ev-°p-∂ H∂m-Wv- \n-baw.- kaq-lØnse Nne¿-°v- ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm-\pw- Nn-e¿-°v- ]Tn-°p-hm-\p-ap-≈ Bhiy-ap-≠v.hn-Zym-`ym-ksa∂ Im-cy-Øn¬- \n-baØn-\v- c≠p- Im-cy-ßsf sNøm-\p-≈q.]Tn°p-Ibpw- ]Tn-∏n-°p-bpw- F∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-sb kz--X{¥y-am-bpw- \n¿-_‘nXcln- X am- b pwhn- S p- I tbm- As√¶n- ¬ - Nn- e ]u- c ∑m- c n- ¬ - \n- ∂ pwA≤ym-]I¿-°v- sIm-Sp-t°≠ iºfw- bm-sXm-cp- {]Xn-^ehp-an-√m-sX ]nSn®p- hm-ßp-Ibp-w- sNømw.- F∂m¬ c≠m-asØ am¿-§Øn¬ \n-bawkzm-X{¥y-tØbpw kz-Øn-t\bpw- ewLn®v sIm≠v sImff \S-Øp-∂p.

\n-bahpw- [¿-Ωhpw[m¿-Ωn-I aq-ey-hpw- aXhp-an-√m-Ø \n-ch[n-bm-fp-Ifp-s≠∂v- ]d™v- \n-ßƒ\n-baØn-s≥-d t\sc Xn-cn-bpw.- \n-baw- IcpØmWt√m?- [m¿-Ωn-I aq-ey-Ønt≥-dbpw- aXØn-s≥-dbpw- Im-cy-Øn¬- _e{]tbm-Kw- F{X \n-c¿-∞Iam-sW∂vRm≥- \n-ßtfm-Sv- ]dtb≠Xn-√t√m.- kz-bw- Nn-¥n-°p-∂ tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ°v- Cu- hy-hkv-Yn-Xn-Ifpw- kaXzßfp-ap-≠m-°p-∂ `o-am-Im-cam-bXpw \n-ba]cam-bXp-am-b sIm-≈ I≠n-s√∂v- \Sn-°m-\m-hn-√.- F∂m¬- Ah¿C{]Im- c ap- ≈ \n- b a]cam- b sIm- ≈ sb a‰p- s Im- ≈ Ifn¬- \n- ∂ pwAhcn¬- \n-∂p-Xs∂bpw t_m-[]q¿-∆w- th¿-]n-cn-°p-Ibpw- AXn-s\ {`an-∏n-°p-∂ hm-°p-Ifm-b kzm-X{¥yw,- sFIyw-,- kw-LS\ Xp-Sßn-b hm-°pIƒ- D]tbm-Kn-®v- adbv-°p-Ibpw- sNøpw.- \Ωƒ- \n-batØm-Sv- \o-Xn-am-{XwBhiy-s∏Sp-∂Xp-sIm-≠v- \Ωƒ- ktlm-Zcy-tØbpw- sFIy-tØbpwkw-LS\tbbpw- FXn¿-°p-∂p-sh∂v- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ- [cn-°p-∂p.tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ- \Ωsf hy-Iv-Xn-Xz-hm-Zn-Ifm-bn- ap-{ZIp-Øp-∂p.\n¿-_‘n-X kw-Lw- tNcp-∂Xn-\v- am-{Xta Rßƒ- FXn¿-°p-∂p-≈q.kzm-`m-hn-Iambn kw-Lw- tNcp-∂Xn-s\- Rßƒ- \n-cm-Icn-°p-∂n-√m-sb∂vtkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Itfm-Sv- Dd∏p-]dbs´.- Rßfp-sSta¬- ASn-t®ev-]n-°p-∂ kw-LS\Isf \n-cm-Icn-°p-∂Xp-sIm-≠v- kz-mX - {¥y-am-b kw-LS\Isf RßƒFXn-¿° - p-∂p-sh∂v- Icp-Xcp-Xv.- Rßƒ- bYm¿-∞ km-tlm-Zcy-sØ FXn¿°p-∂n-√.- adn-®v- _ew-{]tbm-Kn-®p-≠m-°p-∂ km-tlm-Zcy-sØ \n-cm-Icn-°Ww.Rßƒ- Ir-{Xn-aam-bn- D≠m-°n-b sFIy-sØbmWv \n-cm-Icn-°p-∂Xv- AXvhy- I v - X n- b p- s S DØchm- Z n- X z- s Ø C√m- X m- ° p- ∂ Xv - Hgn- ® v - as‰m- ∂ pwsNøp-∂n-√ F∂Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv.- Rßƒ- ssZhln-Xa\p-kcn-®p-≈ a\p-jyIp-eØn-s≥-d kzm-`m-hn-I sFIy-sØ \n-cm-Icn-°p-∂n-√.-

Nn-e hm-°p-Isf∏‰n-bp-≈ hn-{`m-¥nkaq-lhpw- k¿-°m-cpw- XΩn-ep-≈ hy-Xym-ksØ kw-_‘n-®v- ,tkm-jy-en-k Øn- \ v - AXn- s ≥- d ap- t ∂m- S n- b m- b n- ´ p- ≈ kn- ≤ m- ¥ ßsft∏m- s eXs∂, Bi-b° - p-g∏ - a- p≠v.- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂, Rßƒ- Gs‰-SpØv sNøp-∂X - ns\tNm-Zyw- sNøp-tºm-ƒ- AXv B \S-]-Sn-s°-Xnsc Xs∂-bp-ff sh√p-hn-fnbm-sW∂v tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ- [cn-®v- him-Ip-w.Rßƒ- k¿- ° m¿- h I hn- Z ym- ` ym- k Øns\ FXn¿- ° p- t ºmƒ- Rßƒ42

hn-Zym-`ym-kØn-\p-Xs∂ FXn-cm-Wv- F∂m-Wv- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ ]dbp-I.HutZym-KnI aXsØ FXn¿°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Rßƒ- aXhn-tZz-jn-Ifm-WvF∂m-Wv- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ- ]dbp-I.- k¿-°m¿- _e{]tbm-KØn-eq-sS sIm-≠p-hcp-∂ kaXz-sØ Rßƒ- FXn¿-°p-tºmƒ- Rßƒ- kaXz-Øn\p-Xs∂ FXn-cm-sW∂v- Ah¿ ]dbpw-.- Aßs\ t]mIp∂p Btcm-]Wßƒ k¿-°m¿- `£y-[m\yßƒ- D≠m-°p-∂Xn-s\ FXn-¿-°p-tºmƒ- tkm-jy-en-kv‰p-Iƒ- a\p-jy¿- `£Ww- Ign-°p-∂Xns\ Xs∂ FXn¿-°p-∂hcmWv Rßƒ F∂m-tcm-]n-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wn-Xv.

tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- Fgp-Øp-Im-cp-sS kzm-[o-\w\n-baØn-\v- \n-baØn-en-√m-ØXm-b [\w,- im-kv-{Xw,- aXw- F∂n-hbnbpw Ah- hgn - bYm¿-∞ A`n-hr-≤n-bpw D-≠m-°m≥- Ign-bp-sa∂ A_≤ [m-cW cm-jv-{So-b°m¿-°v- Fßn-s\bp-≠m-bn-?- s]m-Xp Im-cy-ßsf∏‰n -bp-≈ \Ωp-sS ]p-Xn-b Fgp-Øp-Im-cp-sS kzm-[o-\w- sIm-≠m-tWm? C°m-esØ Fgp-Øp-Im¿-, {]tXy-In-®v- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- Nn-¥m-KXn-°m-cm-b Fgp-Øp-Im¿-, ASn-kY v- m-\am-°p-∂Xv- Hcp- s]m-Xp-hm-b kn≤m-¥a- mWv.- Ah¿a\p-jy-cm-in-sb c≠m-bn- hn-`Pn-°p-∂p.- Fgp-Øp-Im-cs\m-gn-sIbpf-f-h¿ s]m- X p- P \w- BZy- s Ø KWØn- ¬ . Fgp- Ø p- I m- c ≥- Abmƒ- am- { Xwc≠m-asØXpw G‰hpw- {][m-\s∏´Xp-am-b KWØn-¬- s]Sp-∂p.- CXva\p-jy-s≥-d Xet®m-dn¬- IS∂pIq-Sn-bn´p≈ G‰hpw- Akm-[m-cWhp-wK¿-`n-jv-Shp-am-b Hcp- [m-cWbm-WnXv.s]m-Xp-Im-cy-ßsf∏‰n- FgpXp∂-h¿ P\ßƒ bm-sXm-cp- hn-thItam,kz-¥am-bn- Nn-¥n-°m≥- iIv-Xn-tbm- t{]c-Wtbm C√m-Øhcm-Wv- F∂ [m-cWbn-em-Wv- Xp-Sßp-∂Xp-Xs∂.- C{]Im-cap-≈ Fgp-Øp-Im¿- P\wF∂Xv- PU hkv-Xp-hm-sW∂pw- A\-°-a-s‰mcp AWp-hm-sW∂pw-,Iq-Sn-b]£w Xs≥-d \n-e\n-ev-]n-s\∏‰n- bm-sXm-cp- tthh-em-Xn-bp-an-√mØ kky-Pm-ea- m-sW∂pw [cn-°p-∂p.- as‰m-cm-fp-sS Bhiy-Øn-epw- Icp-Øn-\pwA\p-kcn-®v- cq]-s∏-SpØn FSp-°m-hp∂ Ft¥m Bbn-´mWv IW°m°p-∂Xv.- GXm≠v e£-W-samØ Iem-]q¿Æ-amb ]e-hn-[-cq-]-ßƒ. k¿°m-cn-s\-]‰n Fgp-Xptºmƒ Cßs\ Nn-Xdn-In-S°p-∂ hkv-Xp-°sf, a\p-jy-sc GtIm-]n-∏n-®v- C—bpw ]mS-hhpw Dff {Inbm-ﬂ-Ihpw km¿∆eu- I n- I - h p- a mb {]tem` i‡n kwLm- S - I t\m, \nb- a - \ n¿Ωm- X m- t hm, 43

At\z-jI - t\m Hs° Xßƒ Xs∂-bm-sW∂v [cn-°m≥ Cu Fgp-Øp-Im¿ aSn-°m-dn-√. tXm-´°m-c≥- acsØ Im-Wp-∂ AtX am-\kn-Im-hkv-YtbmsS-bmWv Cu- tkm-jy-en-kv‰- v- Fgp-Øp-Im¿- s]m-Xp-P\sØ Im-Wp-∂Xv.- Hcp- tXm-´°mc≥- Hcp- sNSn-sb hr-Øm-Ir-Xn-bn-epw- NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-epw- ]m-{Xßfp-sS BIr-Xn-bn-epw- a‰pw- sh´n- icn-bm-°p-∂Xp-t]m-se Hcp- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰vFgp-Øp-Im-c≥- a\p-jy-sc X∂n-jvS- {]Im-cw- KWßfn-epw- kt¶Xßfn-epwIq-Sp-Ifn-epw- tPm-en- kvY - eßfn-epw- a‰p-]e km-aq-ly- hy-hkvY - Ifn-ep-am-°nam-‰pw.- Hcp- tXm-´°m-c\v- Abm-fp-sS ]Wn-°p-th≠n- IØn-Ifpw,- tIm-Sm-en,]m-cbpw- a‰pw- th≠t]m-se Hcp- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- Fgp-Øp-Im-c\pw- a\p-jy-sc Xs≥-d `m-h\bv-°\p-krX-ambn am-‰m≥- \n-basa∂ iIv-Xn- Bhiy-am-bnhcp-w. Cu- Bhiy-Øn-\p-th≠n- Abmƒ- Np-¶ \n-baßfpw- \n-Ip-Xn\n-baßfpw- hn-Zym-`ym-k \n-baßfpw- a‰pw I≠p-]n-Sn-°pw.-

tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ-°v- ssZham-Im-\m-Wv- Xm-ev-]cywkaq-l hy-hkv-Yn-Xn-Iƒ- D≠m-°m-\p-≈ Akw-kv-Ir-X hkv-Xp-am-{Xam-Wvtkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ-°v- s]m-Xp-P\w.- Xßfp-sS Zu-Xy-sØ∏‰n- Fs¥¶n-epwkw-ibw- Ah¿-°p-≠m-hp-Ibm-sW¶n¬ Ah¿- Hcp- sNdn-bhn-`m-Kw- a\p-jysc ]co-£WØn-\v- hn-t[bcm-°p-hm-\pw- aSn-°p-Ibn-√.- F√m- hy-hkv-Yn-XnIfpw- ]co-£n®pt\m-°pI F∂ Bibw- {]kn-≤am-Wv.- Hcp- tkm-jy-en k - v‰- v- t\Xm-hv- Xs≥-d ]co-£Wßƒ-°v sh≠n Hcp- Pn-√bpw- AXn¬- Xm-akn°p-∂bm-fp-Itfbpw- hn´v Xcp-hm≥ Kuc-h-ambn `c-W-L-S\m \n¿-ΩmW k`-tbmSv Bhiy-s∏´Xv- Ncn-{Xam-Wv.Hcp- b{¥ap-≠m-°p-∂h≥- bYm¿-∞ b{¥w- D≠m-°p-∂Xn-\p- ap-ºvAXn-s≥-d Hcp- sNdn-b cq-]ap-≠m-°p-∂p-, ]co-£-W-Øn\v th≠n am{Xw ckX{¥⁄≥- cmk-hk - vXp-°t- fbpw I¿j-I≥ hnØn-t\bpw `qan-tbbpw ]mgm°n If-bp-∂p, CsX√mw kam-\m-am-Wv. Hcp- tXm-´°m-c\v- Abm-fp-sS sNSn-Ifpw- Hcp- ckX{¥-⁄\v Abm-fp-sS cm-k hkv-Xp-°fpw- Hcp- im-kv-{X⁄\pw- Abm-fp-sS b{¥ßfpw- HcpIr-jn-°m-c\v Abm-fp-sS hn-Øp-Ifpw- Bbp-ff _‘w-Xs∂bm-Wv- Xm-\pwa\p- j y- c m- i n- b pw- XΩn- e p- ≈ Xv - F∂mWv Hcp- tkm- j y- e n- k v - ‰ v - F√mBﬂm¿-∞Xtbm-sSbpw- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂Xv.44

19- ˛ mw- \q- ‰ m- ≠ n- s ≥- d Fgp- Ø p- I m¿- kaq- l sa∂Xv - \n- b a⁄cpsS _p-≤n-bn¬- DZn-® Hcp- Ir-{Xn-a kw-hn-[m-\am-sW∂v- [cn-®Xn¬- A¤p-X an-√.- km{º-Zm-bnI hn-Zym-`ym-kØn-s≥-d ^eam-b Cu- Bibw- \Ωp-sS cm-Py-sØ F√m- Fgp-Øp-Im-scbpw- _p-≤n- Po-hn-Isfbpw- kzm-[o-\n-®n-´p≠v.- Cu- Fgp-Øp-Im-cpw- _p-≤n- Po-hn-Ifpw- hy-Iv-Xn-Isfbpw- \n-ba\n¿-ΩmXm-°sfbpw- Im-Wp-∂Xv- Ifn-aÆnt\bpw Ipi-h-t\bpw ImWp-∂-Xp -t]m-se-bm-Wv. Ah¿- hy-IvX - n-Ifp-sS lr-ZbØn-ep-≈ Bibßfpw- hn-thIhpw- Aw-Ko-Icn°p-hm≥- Xøm-dm-Ip-tºmƒ-t]m-epw- Cu ssZhn-I Zm\-ßƒ amc-Iß - f- m-sW∂v Icp-Xp-∂p. Cu c≠v- Ign-hp-Iƒ- hy-Iv-Xn-IsfØs∂ \in-∏n-°p-∂Xn\pw am{Xta klm-bn-°p-Ibp-ffq F∂v Ah¿ hn-Nm-cn-°p-∂p.- \n-ba\n¿-ΩmXm-°ƒ- hy-IX v- n-Isf Ahcp-sS BibØn-\\p-kcn-®v- {]h¿-Øn-°m≥- kΩXn®m¬- AXv- Ahsc aX-Øn-\p-]Icw- \n-co-iz-chm-ZØn-tebv-°pw- Adn-hn-\p]Icw- Adn-hn-√m-bva- bn-tebv° - pw- Dev] - m-Z\Øn-\p-w- ssIam-‰Øn-\pw- ]IcwZm-cn-{Zy-Øn-tebv-°pw- \bn-°p-sa∂v- Ah¿- Nn-¥n-°p-∂p.-

a\p-jy-cm-in-sb tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ- shdp-°p-∂pCu- Fgp-Øp-Im-cp-sS A`n-{]m-bØn¬- `cWm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ-°pw- \n-ba\n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ-°pw- ta¬]-d-™-Xn\pw hncp-≤-ambn Nne tNmZ-\-Iƒ ssZho-Iambn In´nbn´p-≠v. AXv- Ah¿-°p-am-{Xa√ tem-IØn-\p-ap-gp-h≥- th≠n-bpff hc-Zm-\-am-sW∂v Ah¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.--Ahcp-sS A`n-{]m-bØn¬- a\p-jycm-in- sX‰n-tebv° - pw- No-Øbn-tebv° - pw- \o-ßp-tºm-ƒ- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ\∑-am{Xw Imw£n-°p-∂p.- a\p-jy-cm-in- Ccp-´n-tebv° - v- \o-ßp-tºmƒ- \n-ba\n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ- shfn-®am-bnhcp-∂p.- Im-SØØn-tebv-°pw- \p-Wbn-tebv-°pwa\p-jy≥- Iq-∏p-Ip-Øp-tºmƒ- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ- amey-ßƒ am{Xw B{K-ln-°p-∂p. CXmWv kXy-sa∂v- Xo-cp-am-\n-s®Xn-\m¬- a\p-jy-Ip-eØns≥-d kzm-`m-hn-I Nn-¥m-[m-cIƒ°v ]Icw Xß-fpsS Nn¥m-[m-c-Iƒ ]Icwhbv° - p-Ibpw- AXv- Dd∏n-°p-hm≥- _e{]tbm-Kw- thWsa∂v- iTn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.\n-ßƒ- XXz- Nn-¥t- btbm,- cm-j{v- SobtØtbm- Ncn-{XtØtbm ]‰n GXp {KŸw adn-®p-t\m-°n-bmepw- AXn-se√mw- ¢mkn-°¬ Adn-hn-s≥-d k¥Xn-sb∂pwtkm- j y- e n- k Øn- s ≥- d AΩsb∂pwhn- f n- ° m- h p- ∂ Cu Nn- ¥ Iƒ45

thcp-]n-Sn-®p-In-S°p-∂Xm-bn- Im-Wmw.- a\p-jy-cm-in- Hcp PU hkvXphm-sW∂pw AXn-\v Po-h\pw- LS\bpw- [m¿-Ωn-I aq-ey-ßfpw- A`n-hr-≤n-bpwIn-´p-∂Xv- k¿-°m¿- F∂ {]kv-Ym-\Øn¬- \n-∂m-sW∂p-w Dff Bibw\n-ßƒ-°v- Cu ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-se√mw Im-Wmw.- AXn-t\°mƒ- Ijv-Swa\p-jy-cm-in- \m-iØn-tebv-°v- hgp-Xn- hoWp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-F∂pw AXn- s \ XS™p- \ n- d p- Ø p- ∂ Xv - \nba \n¿- Ω m- X mhn- s ≥- d am- { ¥n- I Ic-ßfmsW∂p-w Dff Cu {KŸßfnse \n¿÷o-h-amb hm-Zam-Wv.- Cukm{º-Zm-bnI Nn-¥m-[m-c Ft∏m-gpw- ]dbp-∂Xv- \n¿÷o-h-amb kaq-lØns≥-d ]n-∂n¬- A{XXs∂ X¿°m-Xo-X-amb kzm[o-\-ap-ff A[n-Im-c -tI-{µ-ßsf tZym[n-∏n-°p∂ Hcp hm°m-tb-°mw.

\n¿-_‘n-X sXm-gn-en-\pff \ymbo-I-cWw eq-bn- ]Xn-\m-em-a≥ (Loui XIV) cm-Pm-hn-s≥-d cm-Pk`bn-se Aw-Kam-bn-cp-∂ tUm-^n≥- (Douphin) F∂ Nn-¥Is≥-d Kp-cp-hm-bn-cp-∂ t_m-kpthbp-sS (Bossuet)hm-°p-Iƒ- \ap-°m-Zyw- Im-Wmw.""Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-Im-cn¬ G‰hpw- Bg-Øn¬ ]Xn™ (Bcp -]-Xn®p?) kz-`m-hwAhcp-sS tZikv-t\lam-Wv.- cm-Py-Øn-\v- D]tbm-K{]Za√m-Xm-bn-cn-°m≥Hcm-sfbpw- A\p-hZn-®ncp-∂n-√.- F√m- hy-Iv-Xn-Iƒ-°pw- \n-baw- Hm-tcmtPm-en-Iƒ- A\p-im-kn-°p-Ibpw- Ah¿- AXv- Xßfp-sS k¥Xn- ]cºcIƒ°v- ssIam-dp-Ibpw- sNbv-Xn-cp-∂p.- Hcm-ƒ-°v- c≠v- sXm-gn¬- A\p-hZ\o-b am-bn-cp∂n-√. Hcp- tPm-en- hn´v as‰m-∂n-te°v amdp-Ibpw km[y-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. -F∂m¬- \n-bahpw- hn-thIhpw- F√m- hy-Iv-Xn-Ifp-w- ]Tn-®n-cn-°Wsa∂v\n¿-_‘hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. bm-sXm-cp- Im-cWhim-epw- aXsØbpw cm-Py-sØ \n-bakw-ln-Xsbbpw ]‰n-bp-ff ARvXX s]mcp-Øp-Iq-Sm-ØXm-bn-cp-∂p.- Hm-tcm- sXm-gn-seSp-°p-∂h¿-°pw- Hcp {]tXy-I `q-]cn-[n\n- i v - N bn- ® n´p≠mbn- c p∂p (Bcm¬- ? - ) F√m- h cpw- \n- b aw- A\p- k cn°Wsa∂p-≈ hy-hkvY - bp≠m-bn-cp-∂p. (Bcp-≠m°n ?) Bcp-≠m-°n-bXmbn-cp-∂p.- \√ \n-baßfn¬- G‰hpw- \√Xv- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ A¤p-XIcamb I≠p-]n-Sn-Øßfm¬- \n-d™p-\n-ev-°p-∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p Cu-Pn-]v-Xv-.Ahn-sS Po-hn-Xw- kp-Jhpw- im-¥hp-am-°m\p-ff H∂n-s\-°p-dn®pw Dt]£ \n-e\n-∂n-cp-∂n-√. t_m-skbp-sS A`n-{]m-bØn¬- P\ßƒ-°v- Ahcn¬\n-∂p-Xs∂ H∂pw- In-´p-∂n-√.- tZi-kvt\-lw, kº∂X,- I≠p-]n-Sn-Øßƒ,im-kv-{Xw,- ar-Kkw-c£Ww- F∂o- th≠ F√mw-Xs∂ \n-baØn-s≥-d 46

\SØn-∏p-sIm-≠v- `cn-°p-∂hcn¬- \n-∂v- P\ßƒ-°v- In-´p-∂Xm-Wv.- kaq-l Øn-s‚ t\Xm-hn-s\ Aw-Ko-Icn-°p-Ibpw- _lp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw- am{Xta P\-ßƒ sNtø-≠q.

]n-Xr-Xp-ey-am-b k¿-°mcn\v Hcp- \ym-bo-IcWwkaq-lØn-s≥-d F√m- ]p-tcm-KXn°pw ASn-kv-Ym-\w- k¿-°m-cm-sW∂vhm-Zn-® t_mkpth Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-ImcpsS Imcy-Øn¬- ]m-ń-t\bpw- Kp-kv-Xntbbpw- hne-a-Xn-°m-Ø-h-sc∂ Btcm-]-WsØ XSp-°m≥ t]mepw AXp]-tbm-Kn-®p. ""AsXßs\ ]‰pw?- ta¬-]d™ IeIƒ- I≠p-]n-Sn-®Xp-Xs∂ Cu-Pn]vjy≥ ssZham-b s]m-kn-eq-kn-s≥-d Nm≥-kn-e¿ F∂v- Icp-Xs∏ Sp-∂ {Sn-kv-an- PnÃv (Trismegistus) BWv ''. t_mkpthbp- s S A`n- { ]m- b Øn¬- F√mw- ap- I fn¬- \n- ∂ p- hcp- ∂ p -sh∂p-≈ hn-izm-kw- t]¿-jy-°m¿-°p-w D≠v.""Hcp- cm-PIp-am-cs≥-d {]m[-anI Npa-X-e-I-fn-sem∂v km-bp-[tk\sb \n- b {¥n- ° p- ∂ Xn- \ v - D≠m- ° n- b n- ´ p- ≈ Hm- ^ o- k p- I ƒ- t ]m- s e Xs∂ Ir-jn-∏Wn-°v- \n¿-t±ißƒ- \ev-Im\pw Hm-ô-kp-Iƒ- D≠m-bn-cp-∂p..... cm-Pm-[nIm-ctØm-Sp-≈ D¬°-S-amb _lp-am-\w- t]¿-jy≥- P\Xsbbpw {]tem-`n-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. BIam-\w- kzm-[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v.-''t_mkpthbp- s S A`n- { ]m- b Øn¬- alm- _ p- ≤ n- a m- ∑ m- c m- s W¶nepw ]ń-I-sfbpw IpXn-I-c-Isfbpw t]mse {Ko°p-Im¿°v - hy-Iv-Xn-]cam-bnbm-sXm-cp- Np-aXem-t_m-[hp-an-√mbn-cp∂p.- G‰hpw- efn-Xam-b Ifn-Iƒt]m-epw- Ah¿-°p-≠m-°m-\p-≈ Ign-hv- Ah¿-°n-√.- ]ń-Itfbpw- Ip-Xn-c Itfbpw-t]m-se.kz-Xth _p-≤n-am-∑m-cpw- ss[cy-im-en-Ifp-am-b {Ko-°p-Im-sc - Cu-Pn-]v-Xn¬\n-∂pw- h∂ cm-Pm-°∑m-cpw- Ip-Sn-tb‰°m-cp-am-Wv- hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-ØXv. Cu-Pn-]v-Xy≥- `cWm-[n-Im-cn-Ifn¬- \n-∂m-Wv- {Ko-°v- P\X hym-bm-aßƒIp-Xn-c ]¥-bw, Hm´-]-¥bw tX¿ ]-¥bw F∂n-h-sbms° ]Tn-®Xv.F∂m-¬- Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-Im-cn¬- \n-∂pw- Ah¿ ]Tn-® G‰hpw- \√]m-Tw- A\pk-c-W-bp-f-f-h-cm-bn-cn-°m-\m-Wv. s]mXp-\∑bv°v th≠n \na-b-Øm¬ ]c-ph-s∏-Sm≥ kzb-a-\p-h-Zn-°m-\m-Wv.

\njv-{In-bam-b a\p-jy-cm-in- F∂ Bibw]n-∂o-Sv- h∂ Kp-cp-°∑m-cpw- Fgp-Øp-Im-cpw- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°fpwkm- º Øn- I hn- Z Kv - ≤ cpw- XXz- N n- ¥ I∑m- c p- w - ]cn- t ]m- j n∏ns®- S pØ ta¬-∏d™ ]u-cm-Wn-I kn-≤m-¥ßƒ F√mw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv P\Øn-\vIn-ń-bsX√mw- Ah¿°v _mly-amb Hcp t{km-X n¬- \n-∂m-sW∂m-Wv.DZm-lcWØn-\v- Uyq-°v Hm^v _¿KWvUn- (Duke of Burgundy) bpsS Kp-cp-hpw- B¿-®p-_n-j∏pw- Fgp-Øp-Im-c\p-am-b ^n\n-eq¨ (Fenelon) F∂ hyIv-Xn-sb \ap-t°m¿-°mw.eq-bn- 14-˛mw- cm-Pm-hn-s≥-d `cWiIv-Xn-bv-°v- km-£n-bm-bn-cp-∂p- At±lw.At±lw- hf¿-∂p-h∂Xv- ]ucm-Wn-IXsb Bcm-[n-°p-∂ bm-Ym-kv-Yn-I ]T\Øn-eq-sSbm-Wv Xm\pw kzm-`m-hn-Iam-bpw- a\p-jy-cm-in- \n-jv-{In-bam-bncn-°Wsa∂ Bibw- At±lw AwKo-Ic- n-®p, kº∂Xbpw- Zm-cn-{Zy-hpw.- \√ Im-cy-ßfpw- No-Ø Im-cy-ßfpw- Hcp- P\Xbv-°p-≠m-Ip-∂Xv- \n-bahpw\n-ba \n¿-Ωm-Xm-°fpw- P\Xbn¬- {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂ ]p-dta \n∂p-ff iIv-Xnkzm-[o-\w -sIm-≠m-sW∂v- At±lwhn-iz-kn-®p. AXp-sIm-≠v""Dt´m]y Hm^v kmse‚w'' (Otopia of Salentum) F∂ Ir-Xn- At±lwa\p-jy-cm-in-tbbpw AXns‚ F√m- Xm-ev-]cy-ßtfbpw- Ignhp-Itfbpwtam-lßtfbpw IqSn \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-s≥-d ]caam-b hn-thN\Øn-\vhn-´p-sIm-Sp-°p∂p.- F¥p -hn-jbap-s≠¶n-epw- AXn¬ Xo-cp-am-\saSp°p-∂Xv- P\ßf√. Ah¿°v th≠n cm-PIp-am-c\m-Wv-. cmPy-sa∂ BIrXn-bn-√m-Ø Hcp- amw-k]n-fiØn\v Po-h≥- sImSp-°p-∂ BflmWv cm-PIpam-csa∂v At±lwhn-iz-kn-®p. cm-PIp-am-c\n¬- Nn-¥bp-w- Zo¿L-ho-£W - hpw ]ptcm-KX - nbpw kwLm-S\ - Ø - ns‚ XXz-ßfpw F√mw IpSnsImf-fp∂p F∂v At±lwhn- i z- k n- ® p.- AXn- \ m¬- X s∂ F√m- DØchm- Z n- X z- ß fpwcm-PIp-am-c\n¬- \n-£n-]v-Xam-bn.- ^n\n-eq¨ - (Fenelon)s≥-d "sSe-am-°kv ' (Telemacus)se 10-˛mw ]pkvXIw apg-h≥ -Cu Bibw kmXq-I-cn-°p-∂Xm- W v . - a - s ‰√m hn[Ønepw Rm≥- _lp- a m- \ n- ° p- ∂ Cu- {]ikv X Ir-Xn-bp-sS Nn-e `m-Kßƒ- D≤cn-®p-sIm-≠v- Rm≥- Xr-]v-X\m-Imw.-

tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ- hkv-Xp-XIfpw- bp‡nbpw Xakv-°cn-°p-∂pF¥pwhn-iz-kn-°m\pf-f- bm-Ym-ÿn-XnI Nn¥-I-cpsS B h√mØ Ignhv sIm≠v Xs∂ ^n\n-eq¨ Cu-Pn-]vX - p-Im-cp-sS s]m-Xp-hm-b kt¥m-jØns‚ 48

B[m- c w- Ahcp- s S hnth- I - a √ F∂v Icp- X p- ∂ p. hkv X p- X - I fpw bp‡n-tbbpw ]cn-K-Wn-°m-tX-bm-Wn-Xv. Ahcp-sS cm-Pm-°∑m-cp-sS _p- ≤ n- s sh`ham- W v - Ah- I m- i - s ∏- S p∂p "G‰hpw- A`n- I m- a y- a mbn ÿnXn -sN-øp∂ kº∂am-b \Kcßtfbpw- {Km-ao-W tXm-´ßtfbpwIm-Wm-sX \Ωƒ-°v- Ccp-I-c-I-fn-te°pw IÆv ]m-bn-°m-≥- hø. Hcn-°epwXcn-in-SmØ kph¿Æ [m\y-ßƒ \nd™ Irjn-bn-S-ßƒ Bń≥-]‰ßƒ\n-d™ ]p¬-taSp-Iƒ, `q-an-bp-sS hcZm-\w-sIm-≠v- Irjn-°m-cpsS t\cp-ff ]gh¿-§ßfp-sS I\w-aq-ew- Iq-™v- \S-°p∂ sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ,- Hm-S°p-g¬ Km\w sIm≠v Ae-sbm-en-Iƒ krjvS- n-°p∂ Bń-Sb∑m-¿- F∂n-ßs\, Kpcp{]- J ym- ] n- ° p∂p "" _p- ≤ n- a m- \ m- b cm- P m- h v - `cn- ° p- ∂ {]PIƒ k¥p-jv-Scm-Wv ''. kº∂Xbpw- CuPn-]vXns‚ kar-≤nbpw \n-co-£n-°m≥- At±lw Fs∂ D]tZin-®p.- Cu-Pn-]vX - n-se 22,-000 \Kcßsf Rm≥- Im-WWsa∂v- At±lwBin-®p.- \Kcßfn-se \√ t]m-eo-kv- \n-baßsfbpw- ]m-hs∏´h\vA\p-Iq-eam-bpw ]W°m-cs\Xn-scbp-ap≈ \o-Xn- \n¿-hlWtØbpw A®S°tØbpw- `m-jtbbpw- sXm-gn-en-t\bpw- Ietbbpw- kaNn-ØXtbbpwIp-dn-®v- Ip-ń-Iƒ-°v- sIm-Sp-°p-∂ \√ hn-Zym-`ym-ksØbpw- At±lwBZcn-®p.- aX]cam-b NSßp-Ifp-sS Ir-Xy-Xbpw- a\p-jy-cp-sS \n-kzm¿∞Xbpw- \√Xn-t\m-Sp-≈ _lp-am-\hpw- ssZh`bØnep-ff in£-Whpw F√mw At±-lsØ BI¿jn-®p. At±lw- Ft∏m-gpw- Bcm[-\t- bmsS t\m°n°≠p ""Hcp- _p-≤n-am-\m-b cm-Pm-hv- C{]Im-cw- `cn-°p-∂ cm-Py-sØ {]PIƒkt¥m-jhm-∑m-cm-Wv.-''

tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ-°v- P\ßsf ]´m-f-Nn´ ]Tn-∏n-°Ww {Io‰ns\ Ipdn-®p-ff s^tem-s‚- kvXpXnKoXw CXn-ep-a-[nIw sImXn-∏n-°p∂-Xm-Wv. Kpcp-]-d-bp-∂p. "" ant\m-kns‚ - \n-baØn-s≥-d êam-Wv- \mw- Cu Zzo]n¬ A¤p-X-ß-sf-√mw. BZyta Xs∂ Ipń-Isf sXmgn-en-s‚bpw anX-hy-b-Øn-s‚bpw Pohn-X-ssi-en-tbmSv ioe-am-°n-b-Xv. At±lw- Ip-ń-Iƒ°v- \n¿_-‘n-Xa- m-°nb hn-Zym-`ym-kw-sIm-≠v- Ahcp-sS ico-cw- iIvX - n-bp-≈Xpwkp-Zr-Vhp-am-Ip-∂p. Im-cWw- F√m C{µnb kpJ-ßfpw ico-chpw- a\ pwZp¿-_es∏Sp-Øp∂p.- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ \∑-sIm≠v AP-øX t\Sp-Ibpw Io¿Øn kºmZn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂m-√msX as‰mcp B\µhpw Ah¿°v- A\p-hZ\o-ba√.- a‰p P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ in-£m¿-l-a-√mØ aq-∂v49

sX‰p-Iƒ- ˛- B¿-Øn,- Im-]Syw-,- \µn-bn-√m-bav- F∂n-hbmWv. s]m-ß®w,- [q¿Øv F - ∂n-h Chn-sS in-£n-°s∏tS≠ . Im-cWw- {Io‰v F∂ Zzo]n¬- CsXm∂pw tI´p-tIƒ-hn-t]m-ep-an-√.- Chn-sS hn-eIq-Sn-b ho-´p-km-[\ßtfm,- Kw-ò-c ßfm-b Xp-Wn-Øcßtfm,- hen-b hn-cp-∂p-Itfm,- BUw_c sIm-´m-cßtfmA\p-hZ\o-ba√.Aßs\ Kpcp G‰hpw- \√ Dt±itØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-Xs∂ Xs≥-d CØm-°b - nse P\-ßsf hm¿sØ-Sp-°m\pw Xs‚ hn-Zym¿-∞n-Isf k÷-cm-°p-∂p. B Bibßfp-sS aln-a Du-ń- Dd∏n-°p-hm≥- am¿-§Z¿-in- kmse‚-Øns‚ DZm-lcWw- Dcp-hn-Sp-∂p.CØcw- XXz-Nn-¥bn¬- \n-∂m-Wv- \ap°v BZy-ambn- cm-jv-{So-b BibßƒIn-ń-bn-´p-≈Xv.- Hcp- Irjn- im-kv-{X⁄≥- I¿-jIs\ Ir-jn-°mbn asÆmcp-°p-hm≥]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xp-t]m-se P\ßsf ssIImcyw sNøm-\mWv CØcw Bi-b-ßƒ \sΩ]Tn-∏n-°p∂Xv.

kp{]kn-≤am-b Hcp kw⁄ : Zpjn® Hcmibwalm-\m-b sams≠kvIyq (Montesquie) F¥v ]d-bp∂p F∂v \ap°v {i-≤n°mw. Cu- hn-jbtØm-Sp-≈ A`n-{]m-bw- \ap-°v- {i≤n-°mw.I®hSØn-s≥-d Du¿-÷w- \n-e\n-dp-ØWsa¶n¬- F√m- \n-baßfpw- I®hS Øn-\v- A\p-Iq-eam-tI≠Xv- Bhiy-am-Wv.- I®hSØnse em-`ßfp-sS B\p- ] m- X n- I - a mb ho- X w- h bv - ∏ n- s ≥- d ASnÿm- \ Øn¬- kpJ- a - a mbn Zcn-{Zcm-b ]u-c∑m¿-°pw- a‰p-≈h¿- sNøp-∂Xp-t]m-se kpJ-a-ambn tPm-ensNøm-\p-ff Ahkcw- Cu- \n-baßƒ- D≠m-°Ww.- Xß-fpsS kv-Ym-\w\n-e\n-dp-Øm-\p-w- Iq-Sp-X¬- t\Sm-\pw- tPmen sNbvtX Xocq F∂ \ne-bn¬ [\n-I-tcbpw ]nSn®v \n¿ØWw. kº∂Xsb C√m-Xm-°p-∂-Xm-hWw \nb-a-ßƒ. bYm¿-∞ Xp-ey-Xbm-Wv- P\m-[n-]Xy-Øn-se cmjv{S-Øns‚ Bﬂm-sh¶nepwAXv- km-£m-Xv° - cn-°m≥- hen-b _p-≤n-ap-´m-Wv.- AXn¬ \o°vt]m°n-√mØ Hcp \ne-]mSv KpWw sNø-Ws- a-∂n-√. kº-Øn-ep-ff A¥-csØ Ipd°m\pw ]cn-[n-°p-f-fn¬ \ne-\n¿Øm\pw DX-Ip∂ Hcp sk≥kkv aXn-bmIpw AXn\v tijw [\n-I-cpsS ta¬ A[n-I-`mcw Npa-Øp-Ibpw ]mh-s∏-´-h\v Bizm-kt- a-Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂ \nb-aß - ƒ sIm≠v Ak-aX - zsØ ka-Xz-ambn am‰p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. 50

Chn- s Sbpw- \Ωƒ- _ew- { ]tbm- K n- ® v - Xp- e y- X ssIhcn°m- \ p- ≈ \n-baØn-s‚ {iaßsf Im-Wp-∂p.{Ko-kn¬- c≠p-Xcw- dn-∏ªn-°p-Iƒ- D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- ssk\ym-[n-jvT-am-bn-cp∂ kv-]m¿-´ I®hSØn¬- D∂n-b GY≥kv. kv-]m¿-´ ]u-c∑mcpsS \njv{In-bXzhpw GY≥kv tPm-en-tbm-Sp-≈ A`-\n-th-ihpw t{]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-I bm-bn-cp-∂p.- Cu- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm°-fpsS A¤p-X-I-c-amb _p≤n-i‡n {i≤n°pI: F√m- hy-hkv-Ym-]n-X BNm-cßtfbpw- C√m-bv-a sNøp-∂ kpk-ΩX-amb ]e KpW-ß-sfbpw am‰n ad-n°p∂ kw-hn-[m-\sØ tem-IwAXn-ibtØm-sS Im-Wp-∂p-sa∂v- Ah¿- ap≥-Iq-ń-bdn-™n-cp-∂p.\o-Xn-bp-sS Bflm-hns\ - sNdp-In-S If-hn-t\mSv tbmPn-∏n®v sse°¿Kkv (Lycurguss) At±lØn-s≥-d \Kcam-b kv-]m¿-´bn¬- kv-Yn-cX krjvSn®p.AXn-\t±lw ]q¿Æ-amb AS-a-XzsØ ]q¿Æ-kzm-X-{¥-tØmSv Iq-ńIe¿-Øn-. G‰hpw \nIr-jvS-amb hnizm-k-ßsf G‰hpw anX-Xz-tØmsS ]pe-cp-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn-®p.- - AXn-\p-th≠n- , Iebpw- hym-]m-hbpw- kºØpwkp-c£bpw- hn-`hßfpw- At±lw \K-c-Øn\p \n-tj[n-®p.- ùXn-I-amb t\ámbn-cp-∂n√ kv-]m¿´ (Sparta) bn¬ DXv-I¿-tj—-bpsS ASn-kv-Ym-\w. a\p- j y≥- aIt\m,- `¿- Ø m- t hm,- ANv - O t\m- A√m- X n- c p- ∂ Xp- s Im- ≠ v kzm-`m-hn-Iam-b kvt- \lØn\v {]I-Sa- m-hm≥ hgn-If- n-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- ]mXn-hrXyw t]mepw A`n-e-j-Wo-b-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu- hgn-°v-, sse°¿ Kkv kv]m¿´sb AXn-s≥-d alXz-Øn-te°pw Io¿Øn-bn-te°pw \bn-®p.- {Ko-kn-se hyh-ÿ-IsfIpdn-®p-ff CtX HuZXyw Agn-aXn- \n-d™Xpw- No-™fn-™ Xp-am-b \Ωp-sS ]pXp-bp-KØn-\pw- Bh¿-Øn-®p tIƒ°mw. DZm:- hneyw s]≥ (Mr . Mimmerel) Hcp- bYm¿-∞ sse°¿ K m-bn-cp-∂p. bp-≤am-bn-cp-∂p sse°¿K- ns‚ e£y-sa¶n¬ kam-[m-\am-bn-cp-∂ps]∂ns‚ e£yw. F¶n-epw- Ah¿- XΩn-ep-≈ km-ay-X {]ISam-bn-cp-∂p.kzm-X{¥ya\p-jy-cp-sStaep-≈ Ahcp-sS [m¿-Ωn-Iamb A¥ v- ap≥[m-cW-If- n¬ \n∂pw {àßfn¬ \n∂pw IcIbdm≥- Ahsc A\p-hZn®Xn-\m¬ -Xß-fpsS P\XIsf ]p-Xn-b hgn-bn-eq-sS \bn°m≥ Ah¿°v Ign™p ]cmtKz F∂ cmPyw P\\∑°v th≠n Xs∂ \nba-\n¿Ωm-Xm-°-fm¬ hm¿sØ-Sp-°-s∏´ P\-X-bpsS DZm-lcW-am-Wv. Hcp- hy-Iv-Xn- DØchp-Iƒ]p-ds∏Sp-hn-°p-I F∂Xv- Abm-fp-sS Po-hn-XØn-se G‰hpwhen-bkt¥mjam- b n- IW°m- ° p- I bpw- A{]Im- c w- sNøp- I bp- a m- s W¶n¬51

AXv- kaq-ltØm-Sp- sNøp-∂ Ip-‰am-sW∂v- kw-iban-√.- F∂m¬- P\ßsf Iq-Sp-X¬- k¥p-jvS-cm-°m-\mbn Ahsc `cn-°p-I F∂Xv- Hcp- D∂X Bibam-Wv.kam-\am-b hyhvkY- kvY - m-]n-°Wsa∂m-{Kln-°p-∂h¿- C{]Im-cw- sNøWw.1.- πm-t‰m-bp-sS dn-∏ªn-°n¬- ]d™Xv- kzØp-°fpw s]m-Xp- DS-a-ÿ-X-bnem-°W - w. 2.- πm-t‰m- \n¿-t±in-®Xp-t]m-se ssZhßsf _lp-am-\n-°Ww. 3.- BNm-cßƒ- ]cn-c£n-t°≠Xp-≈Xp-sIm-≠v- hn-tZin-Isf P\ßfpam-bn- CSs]Sp-hm≥- A\p-hZn-°cp-Xv.4.- hym-]m-cw ]u-c∑m¿-°p-]Icw- k¿-°m¿- sNøWw.5. \n-b\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ- BUw-_cßƒ-°v- ]Icw- IeIƒ- hn-XcWw- sNøWwAh¿- B{K-l-ß-f√ Bh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰-Ww.

t]Sn-s∏Sp-Øp-∂ Hcp- Bibw""hr-Øn-sI´ coXn-bn¬ {`an-®n-cn-°p-∂-h¿''- sam-t≠m-kv-Iyq C{]Im-cw]d™Xn-\m¬- AXv- Kw-`o-cam-sW∂pw DZm-Øam-sW∂pw {]Jym-]n-°p-am-bncn-°pw.- F∂m¬- F\n-°v- Fs≥-d A`n-{]m-bw- ]dbp-hm≥- ss[cy-ap-≠v ! ""F¥v C{]Im-cap-≈ A`n-{]m-bw DZm-Øam-sW∂v- kz-t_m-[tØm-sS Fßs\ \n-ßƒ- ]dbpw?- ''- Cu Bibw- t]Sn-s∏Sp-Øp-∂XmWv ! shdp° s∏tS≠Xp-am-Wv ! sam-t≠m-kI v- yqhns‚ ta¬-]d™{]Im-cap-≈ teJ\ßƒhm-bn-®m¬- Xs∂ a\p-jy-tcbpw- kzm-X{¥ytØbpw- kzØn-t\bpw- a\p-jycm-in-sb Øs∂bpw- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ-°v- Ahcp-sS _p-≤n- - {]tbm-Kn°m-\p-≈ hkvXp-°-fm-bmWv At±lw I≠sX∂p hy‡-am-Ipw.

P\m-[n-]Xy-hm-Zn-Ifp-sS t\Xm-hvC\n Cu- hn-jbØn¬- dq-tkm- ]dbp-∂sX¥m-sW∂v- t\m-°mw.- s]m-Xp hn-jbßfn-se Cu- {]ap-J Fgp-Øp-Im-c\m-Wv- P\m-[n-]Xy-hm-Zn-Ifp-sS ]ctam- ∂ X t\Xmhv . - km- a q- l y- LS\ P\ßfp- s S A`o- j v S Øm¬ A[n-jv-Tn-Xam-sW∂v- At±lw hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p-sh¶n-epw- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm - X m- ° fp- s S km- ∂ n- [ y- Ø nse a\p- j y- c m- i n- b p- s S \njv { In- b Xzw F∂ kn-≤m-¥w- a‰m-sc-°mfpw Aw-Ko-Icn-®n-´p-≈bm-fm-Wv.52

alm-\m-b cm-PIp-am-c∑m¿- hfsc Np-cp-°ta D≠m-Ip-∂p-≈p-sh¶n¬alm-\m-b \nba\n¿-ΩXm-hv- AXn-epw- Ip-dt®bp-≈q-sh∂Xv- kXy-at√?cmP-Ip-am-c≥ \n-ba\n-¿-Ωm-Xm-hv- D≠m-°n-b ]m-X ]n-¥p-S¿-∂m¬- am-{Xw- aXn.\n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hv- Hcp- b{¥Øn-s≥-d {kjvSm-hmWv.- cm-PIp-am-c≥- b{¥w{]h¿-Øn-∏n-°p-∂bmƒ am{X-am-Wv. F∂m¬- hy-Iv-Xn-Iƒ-°v- Cu- Im-cy-Øn¬- F¥m-Wv sN-øm-\p-f-fXv ?- Ah¿Nen-°p-∂ Hcp b{¥w-t]m-sebm-Wv.- bYm¿∞-Øn¬- A - h¿ b{¥ap-≠m-°m≥D]tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂ Hcp Akw-kv-Ir-X ]Zm¿-∞w- am-{Xam-bt√ IW-°m°-s∏-Sp-∂X - v. Hcp- Ir-jn- hn-ZKv-≤\pw- Ir-jn-°m-c\p-w- XΩn-ep-≈ _‘w- Xs∂-bmWv Hcp\n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hpwcm-PIp-am-c\pw- XΩn¬- \n-e\n-ev-°p-∂ _‘w. Hcpcm-Pm-hpw- {]Pbpw- XΩn-ep-≈ _‘w-, Ir-jn-°m-c\pw- Abm-fp-sS Ir-jn`q-an-bpw XΩn-ep-ff- Xv.- a\p-jy-cm-in-bn¬- \n-∂pw- F{X D∂Xam-b kvY - m-\ØmWv- Cu- cmjv{S-ao-am-km-Nn-¥Iw {]Xn-jv-Tn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.- dq-tkm- \n-ba\n¿-ΩmXm-°sf `cn-°p-I-bmWv Xß-fpsS tPm-en- Fßs\ sNøWsa∂v- Ahsc Xm-sg]dbp-∂ hn-[Øn¬- At±lw ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.Hcp- cm-Py-Øn-\v- kv-Yn-cX ssIhcn-°p-Ibm-Wv- thW-sa-¶n¬- Ahn-SpsØ hn`n∂ {[ph-ßsf G‰hpw- ASp-∏n-®v- sIm-≠p-hcn-°pI-bmWv- th≠Xv.`n-£°m-scbpw- ]W°m-scbpw- sh®p-s]m-dp-∏nt°≠-Xn-√. Hcp- cm-Py-Øn-s≥-d `q-an- hn-fhv- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥- ]‰m-ØXm-sW¶n-tem- cm-PywAXn-se P\ßsf Dƒ-s°m-≈p-hm≥- ]‰m-Ø{X sNdp-Xm-sW-¶n-tem, hy-hkmbhpw- IeIfpw- t{]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-IbmWv th≠-Xv. Ah-bpsS D¬-]∂ßsf I®hSw- sNbv-Xv- B cm-Py-Øn-\m-hiy-ap-≈ `£Ww- t\Sp-Ibpw- sNømw.Hcp- cm-Py-sØ `q-an- ^e`q-bn-jv-Thpw, ]t£ B cm-Py-sØ P\ßƒ- Ip-dhpam-sW¶n-¬- \n-ßƒ- Ir-jn-bn-tebv-°v- {i≤ Xn-cn-°p-I.- Im-cWw- AXvP\kw-Jy- h¿-≤n-∏n-°pw.- AhnsS Iesb \n-tcm-[n-°p-I Im-cWw- Ie Hcpcm-Py-sØ P\kw-Jy- Ipd-bv°mt\ D]-I-cn°q. Hcp- cm-Py-Øv- FØn-s∏-Sm-hp∂ hnkvXr-X-ß-fmb IS¬-Xo-cap-s≠¶n¬ISen¬- hym-]m-c I∏ep-Iƒ- \n-dbv° - p-I; \n-ßƒ-°v hfsc \√Xpw- F∂m¬sNdp-Xp-am-b Po-hn-Xap-≠m-Ipw.- IS¬-Øo-cw- sNs∂-Øns∏´m¬ ZpjvI-camb a\- p- I - s f- s Im- ≠ p- \n- d ™ncn- ° - b m- s W- ¶ n¬, P\- ß sf 53

{]mIr- X - c m- b n- hn- S p- I . Ah¿ a’yw `£n®v Pohn- ° - s ´. Ah¿ Xo¿®-bmbpw k¥p-jvS-cmbpw Nne-t∏mƒ IqSp-X¬ \∂mbpw Pohn°pw. Npcp-°n-]d- ™ - m¬, s]mXp-hmb kn≤m-¥ß - ƒ°-∏pdw Hmtcm P\-Xbv°pw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb {]tXyI kml-N-cy-ß-fp-≠v. hkvXp-X-Iƒ kml-N-cy-ßƒ °-\p-kr-X-amb \nb-a-ßƒ D≠m-Im≥ Imc-W-am-Ipw. Ign-™ Im-eßfn¬- Pq-X∑m¿-°pw- Cu- ASp-Ø Im-eØv- Ad_n-Iƒ-°pwaXw Ah-cpsS {][m-\-amb e£y-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Im-cWw- CXp-Xs∂ bm-Wv.- AYo\nb-°m¿°v k - m-ln-Xy-w e£y-am-bn-cp-∂t- ∏mƒ, Sb-dn\pw hym]mcwe£y-am-bn-cp-∂t∏mƒ- tdm-U≥-am¿-°v- \m-hn-I hrØnbpw kv]m¿´bv°v bp-≤hp-w- tdm-an-\v- [¿-Ωhpw- {]Ya e£y-am-bXv- CtX Im-cWØm-em-Wv.""\n-baßfp-sS kØ''- F∂ IrXn-bp-sS I¿Ømhv \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ- GXphn-t[b\bm-Wv- ta¬-]d™ e£y-Øn-tebv° - v- kvY - m-]\ßsf \bn-t°≠XvF∂v- hn-hcn-®n-´p-≠v.- F∂m¬- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ-°v- Ahcp-sS icn-bmb e£ysØ]‰n ]ni-Ip- ]-‰p-Ibpw- Ah¿- ta¬-]d™ hkv-Xp-XIƒ-°vhn-cp-≤am-b- XXzßfn¬ Du∂n {]h¿-Øn-°p-Ibpw- sNbv-Xm-¬?- Ah¿sXcs™Sp- Ø XXzw- Nn- e t∏mƒ- ASn- a Ø krjv S n°mw- Nn- e t∏mƒkzm-X{¥y-hpw-. Nn-et∏mƒ- [\hpw- a‰p Nn-et∏mƒ- P\s∏cp-∏hpw- Nn-et∏mƒkam-[m-\hpw- a‰p Nn-et∏mƒ- shń-∏n-Sp-Øhp-ap-≠m-°n-bm-tem?- C{]Im-cwe£y-Øn¬-∏‰n-bp-≈ Bi-bI - p-g∏w {ItaW \n-basØ Zp¿-_es∏Sp-ØpIbpw- `c-W-L-S-\°v `wKw hcp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpw.- \n-ehn-ep-≈ hy-hkvYsb \in-∏n-°p-Itbm,- am-‰n-adn-°p-Itbm- sNøp∂Xp-hsc cmjvS-Øn-s‚ {]t£m-`-ßƒ \S°pw.- Io-gS°m-≥-]‰m-Ø {]Ir-Xn- Ahfp-sS km-{aym-PywXn-cn-®p-]n-Sn-°p-Ibpw- sNøpw.km{am-PysØ Xn-cn-®p-]n-Sn-°m≥- am{Xw AP-ø-bmWp {]Ir-Xn-sb-¶n¬ km{am-Pyw shń-]n-Sn-t°≠ Bhiyw BZyta \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-Xm-hn\v D≠m-bncp-∂n√ F∂v dqt m F¥p-sIm-≠v k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂n-√. hfsc Ffp-∏-Øn¬ sX‰p-Iƒ hcp-Øn-tb-°m-hp∂ sse°¿§-kv, tkmf≥, dqt m F∂n-h¿ Bcp-tSbpw CS-s]-S-en-√msX P\-ßƒ Ah-cpsS s\k¿§n-I-amb tNmZ- \ - s Im- ≠ p- X s∂ ê- ` q- b n- j v T - a mb aÆn¬ Irjn sNøm\pw hnkvXr-Xhpw kpK-a-hp-amb IS¬Øo-c-Øv hym]mcw sNøm\pw XpS-ßpsa∂v F¥p-sIm≠v At±lw ImWp-∂n√ ?

\n¿_-‘n-X-amb A\p-k-c-W-bmWv tkmjy-en-Ãp-I-fpsS e£yw -D]⁄m-Xm-°fn-epwkw-Lm-SIcn-epw- \n¿-t±iIcn-epw- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm°fn-epw- kaq-lsØ \n-b{¥n-°p-∂hcn-epw- `o-Icam-b DØchm-Zn-Xz-am-Wvdqt m Nm¿-Øp-∂Xv.- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ahscs°m-≠v- ]cam-h[n]Wn-sbSp-∏n°pI-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚ e£yw cm-jv-{So-b P\-X-bpsS \n¿-Ωn-Xn- Gs‰Sp-°p-hm-≥- Xo-cp-am-\n-®n-´p-≈ GsXm-cp-h\pw- kz-bwhn-iz-kn-t°≠Xv- Abm-ƒ-°v- a\p-jy-kz-`m-hsØ cq]m-¥-c-W-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ X∂n¬Øs∂ ]q¿Æ-\m-bp-ff Hmtcm hy‡n-tbbpw am‰n Xß-fn¬ henb Hcp ]q¿Æ-k-Xy-Øns‚ `mKw am{X-am°n AXn¬- \n-∂v- Po-hn-Xhpw{]tNm-Z\hpw- ssIh-cn-°m≥ Ign-hp-f-f-h-cm-°m≥ Ignbpw F∂-XmWvP\ßfp- s S ssIh- c n- ° m≥ \n¿- Ω n- X n- Gs‰Sp- ° p- ∂ Hcp hy‡n a\p-jy-¿°v {]Ir-Xn-bn¬- \n-∂v- In-´p-∂ kzm-X{¥y-hpw- `u-Xn-Iam-b B \n-e\n-¬∏n\p ]Icw `m-Kn-Ihpw- [m¿-Ωn-Ihp-am-b \ne-\n¬∏n\v ]I-cw shbv°m\pw Ah\p LS-\m-]-c-amb IqSp-X¬ i‡n-]-I-cm≥ X\n-°vIgn-hp-s≠∂v- hn-iz-kn°Ww. Np-cp-°n-]d™m¬- Hcp- cm-jv-{So-b a\p-jy-s≥-d \n¿-Ωm-Xm-hv- a\p-jy-s≥-d kzm-`m-hn-I iIv-Xn-Isf am-‰n- Ah≥ {]Ir-Xym- A\y-am-b a‰p-Nn-e i‡n-Iƒ D≠m-°n- sIm-Sp-t°≠Xp-ap-≠v.]m-hw- a\p-jy- kz-`m-hw!- C{]Im-cap-≈ dq-tkm-bp-sS injy-∑m-cpsS Iøn¬ G¬∏n-°p∂ Hcp- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS A¥ n-s‚ KXn F¥mIpw?

a\p-jy-cm-in-sb D¤-h-s∏-SpØn FSp-°m-\p-ff \n-ba \n¿-Ωm-Xm-°fp-sS B{Klwa\p- j y- c m- i n- s b \n- b a\n¿- Ω m- X m- h v - cq- ] t`Zw- sNøp- ∂ hn- j bØn¬sdbv-\m-fns‚ A`n-{]m-bw- \ap-°v- ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.\n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hv- BZyw Im-em-hkv-Y,- hm-bp-,- aÆv F∂n-h ]cn-KWn-°Ww.Abm-fp-sS ]°ep-≈ hn-`hßfm-Wv- Abm-fp-sS ISa \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xv. GXp- {]tZiØn-\p-th≠n-bm-tWm- \n-baw- \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂sX∂v- BZyw ]cn- K Wn- ° Ww.- IS¬- Ø o- c Øv - Pohn- ° p- ∂ P\Xbv - ° v - \m- h n- I {][m-\am-b \n-baw- D≠m-IWw.- Dƒ-{]tZisØ kw-_‘n®msW-¶n¬ \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hv- B {]Ir-Xn-sbbpw aÆn-s≥-d ^e`q-bn-jv-TXsbbpw]cn-KWn-°Ww.55

\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-s≥-d ssh`hw kz-Øp-°fp-sS hn-XcW{Iaw- \n-ivN - bn-°p-∂Xnem-Wv- {][m-\am-bpw- {]IS-am-IpI.- Hcp- ]p-Xn-b tImf\n- Hcp- cm-Py-Øvÿm]n-°p-I-bm-sW∂v {]IS-am-Ip-I.- Hcp ]pXnb tImf\n Hcp cmPyØv ÿm]n-°p-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬ Xs‚ Ip-Sp-w_ - sØt]m-‰m≥- aXn-bm-b kvY - ew- Hmtcm hy‡n°pw sIm-Sp-°Wsa∂v- s]m-Xp-sh ]dbmw.- Xcn-in-ń-cn-°p∂ Hcp Zzo]n¬ \nßƒ \nß-fpsS k¥Xn ]c-º-c-Isfs°m≠p P\-hmkw ÿm]n-°pI-bm-sW-¶n¬ kXy-Øn-s≥-d hn-Øp-Ifpw- hn-Ik\Øn-s≥-d s]m-cp-fpwIq-Sn- hn-Xdn-bm¬-am-{Xw- aXn;as‰m-∂pw- sNtø≠Xn-√.- F∂m¬- Hcp- P\Xsb Ah-cpsS `qX-Im-e-tØm-Sp-IqSn Hcp- ]p-Xn-b cm-Py-Øn-tebv-°v- am-‰n{]Xn-jvTn°p-Ibm-sW¶n¬- anSp°v A{]Im-cap-≈ P\ßfn¬- Xn-cp-Ømhp-∂Xpw- am-‰m-hp-∂Xp-am-b BNm-cßfpw- A]ISIca√m-Ø A`n-{]mbßfpw- am-{Xw- am‰n \S-°pI F∂Xn-em-Wv.- ta¬-{]Im-cap-≈ A`n-{]m-bßfpwBNm-cßfpw- kvY - n-cam-°m-Xn-cn-°Wsa¶n¬- ASp-Ø Xeap-dbv° - p-th≠nAXn-\p tijn-bp-≈ Hcp- s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-`ym-k k{ºZm-bw- cq-]s∏Sp-ØWw.sNdp-∏°m-sc ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xn-\pw- D]tZin-°p-∂Xn-\pw- _p-≤n-bpw- Ign-hpap-≈bm-fp-Isf BZyw- Hcp-°m-sX Hcp- tImf\n - kv-Ym-]n-°m≥- Hcn-°epwcm-Pm-thm-,- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-thm- ap-Xn-ccp-Xv. P\-ß-fpsS BNm-cßfpw- s]cp-am-‰-co-Xn-Ifpw ip≤o-I-cn-°m≥ B{Kln°p-∂, kq-£va- Xbp-≈h\mb Hcp \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-\v- Hcp- ]pXn-b tImf\nhen-b AhkcßfmWv- Xp-d∂p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xv.- At±lØn-\v- Ign-hpw\∑bp-ap-s≠¶n¬- Xs‚ hcp-Xn-bn-ep-ff kv-Yehpw- P\ßfpw- kaq-lØn\p-th≠n-bp-≈ Hcp- \√ ]≤Xn- krjvSn-°m≥ At±lØn-\v- {]tNm-Z\w\ev-Ipw.- Cu ]≤Xn Ahy-‡-ambn am{Xta ap≥Iqń ImWm≥ km[n-°q. ImcWw F√m kn≤m-¥-ß-fp-tSbpw Aÿn-c-Xsb AXv B{i-bn-®n-cn°p-∂p. ap-≥I - q-ń- Im-Wm-\p-w- hy-IX v- am-bn- Xo-¿∏ - m-°m-\pw- Ign-bmØ k¶o¿ÆX-Ifpw km-lNcy-ßfpw- a‰pw- AXn¬- \n∂v Bhn¿-`hn-°pw.-

a\p-jy-sc Fßs\ ssIImcyw sNø-W-sa∂v \n-ba \n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ°v e`n-°p∂ \n¿t±iw ""Hcp- Im¿-jn-I- A≤ym-]I≥- hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ-°v- ¢m-kv- FSp-°p-∂Xp-t]m-sebmWv- \n-ba\n-¿-Ωm-Xm-°tfm-Sv- P\ßsf Fßs\ ]cn-]m-en-°mw- F∂ hnj-b-Øn-ep-ff sdbv-\m-fp-sS (Raynal) \n¿-t±ißƒ''-. 56

I¿-jIs≥-d BZy-sØ \n-baw- Im-em-hkv-Ybm-Wv.- Abm-fp-sS hn-`hß fm-Wv- Abm-fp-sS \S]Sn-{Iaw \n¿Æ-bn-°pI.- BZyw- Abm-fp-sS {]tZiw]cn-KWn-°Ww.- Abm-fp-sS `q-an-bn¬- Ifn-aÆm-sW¶n¬- C∂ Imcy-ßƒ sNøWw.- AsX√mw- aWem-sW¶n¬- as‰mcpXcØn¬- ]Wn-sbSp-°Ww.`qan-sb shń-sØ-fn®v \∂m-°m≥ B{Klap-≈ I¿-jI\v- ]e hgn-Ifpap-≠v.- Abmƒ-°v- Ign-hp-s≠¶n¬- Abm-fp-sS A[o-\X - b - n-ep-ff hfw Xs∂ Fßs\ aptºm´v t]mI-W-sa-∂-Xn¬ Abmƒ°v hy‡X \¬Ipw Adnbphm≥ km-[n-°pw.- Hcp- Im¿-jn-I A≤ym-]I\v `qan-bn¬- F¥psNøWsa∂p≈ ]≤Xn- Ahy-‡-ambn-am-{Xsa ap≥-Iq-ń- ]dbp-hm≥km-[n-°p-Ibp-≈q.- Im-cWw- ap≥-Iq-ń- Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-hm-\pw- hy-IX v- am-b \S]SnsbSp-°p-hm-\pw- ]‰m-Ø km-lNcyw- ]et∏m-gpw- Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-w.F∂m-ep-sas≥-d D∂Xam-b Fgp-Øp-Im-sc ! \n-ßƒ- C{]Im-cw- hn-thN\ cln-Xam-bn- am-‰n-adn-°p-∂ Ifn-aÆpw- aWepw- hfßfpw- F√mw- a\p-jycm-sW∂v- Hm¿-°Ww.- Ah¿- \n-ßƒ-°v- ka∑m-cm-Wv.- Ah¿- \n-ßsf t∏m-se Xs∂ _p-≤n-bp-≈,- kz-X{¥cmb a\p-jy-cm-Wv.- \n-ßsft∏m-seXs∂ Ah¿-°pw- \n-co-£n-°p-hm-\pw- Nn-¥n-°p-hm-\pw- ap≥-Iq-ń- Bkq-{XWwsNøm\pw- Xßƒ°v th≠n Xo-cp-am-\saSp-°m\pw Dff Ign-hv- ssZhwsIm-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v.-

Xm-ev-°m-en-I GIm-[n-]Xyw\n-bahpw- \n¿-Ωm-Xm-hpw- F∂ hn-jbØn¬- ""aªn''- (Mably)]dbp-∂XvtIƒ-°q.- D≤cn-® hm-Iy-ßƒ-°v- ap-ºv-, kp-c£sb Xr-WhXv-°cn-®p°p∂XpsIm-≠v- \n-baw tX™p-am-™p-t]m-Ip-sa∂v- aªn- kn≤m-¥n°p-∂p. At±lw- hm-b\°m-tcm-Sv- C{]Im-cw- ]dbp-∂p.""Cu- km-lNcy-Øn¬- k¿-°m-cn-s≥-d {]h¿Ø-\w- hfsc A]cym-]X v- am-sW∂vhfsc hy-Iv-Xam-Wv.- k¿-°m-cn\v- ]p-Xn-b {]iv-\ßƒ- sIm-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠n-cp∂m¬- Cu {]iv\w X\n-sb ]cn-lc- n-°s- ∏Spw sX‰p-Isf in-£n-°p-∂Xn\p ]I-cw A`n-e-j-Wo-b-ambsXt¥m AXn\v IqSp-X¬ {]Xn-^ew \¬Im≥ {i≤n-°p. A{]Im-cw- sNbv-Xm-¬- \n-ßƒ- \n-ßfp-sS cm-Py-sØ bu-∆\kar≤am-°pw.- kzX{¥ a\p-jy¿- Cu- \S]Sn-{IasØ∏‰n- A⁄cm-bn-cp-∂Xn\m¬- Ah¿-°v- Ahcp-sS kzm-X{¥y-w Xs∂ \jvS- am-bn! km-[m-cW k¿-°m¿\S]Sn-Iƒ-sIm-≠v- \in-∏n-°m≥- ]‰m-Ø{X Xn-∑ hep-Xm-bn-´p-s≠¶n-¬57

hen-b iIv-Xn- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂ Akm-[m-cWamb Hcp tImSXn ÿm]n-°pI Hcp- sNdn-bIm-etØbv-°v-. ]u-c∑m-cp-sS `m-h\bv°v iIv-Xn-°v- I\Ø {]lcw Xs∂ \¬I-Ww. 20 `m- K ßfn- e m- b n- aªn- Xs≥- d Z¿- i \w- C{]Im- c w- ka¿∏n- ° p∂p.]ucm-Wn-I hn-Zym-`ym-kØn¬- \n-∂v- Dcp-Øn-cn-™n-´p-≈ Cu Nn-¥Ifp-sS kzm-[o-\w-aq-ew- Hcp-Im-eØv- F√m- hy-Iv-Xn-Ifpw- AhscØs∂ a\p-jy-cmin-bp-sS ap-Ifn¬- kz-bw- {]Xn-jv-Tn-°m≥,- AXp-hgn- Ahcp-tSXm-b hgn-°v Im-cy-ßƒ- \n-b{¥n-°m-\pw- kw-LSn-∏n-°m-\pw-, Bin-®p.-

kºØv- Xpey-am-bn- ho-Xn°pI F∂ tkmjy-enÃv Bh-iyw \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°tfbpw- a\p-jy-cm-in-tbbpw- ]‰n-bp-≈ sIm-≠n-bm-°n(Condillac)s‚ A`n-{]m-bw- \ap-°v- {ihn-°mw.- sse°¿K- n-t‚bpw tkmf-t‚bpw thj-a-Wn-™mepw {]t`m! Cu- teJ\w- hm-bn-®p-Xo-cp-∂Xn-\p- ap-ºp-Xs∂ Atacn-°bn-tebpwB{^n-°bn-tebpw- Im-S∑m¿-°v- \n-baw- \n¿Ωn®p \¬In- ckn-°p-I. B \m-tSmSn-Isf kvY - n-cam-b ho-Sp-Ifn¬- Xf®n-Sp-I.- Ahsc BSp-hf- ¿Øm≥ ]Tn-∏n-°p-I.- Ahcn¬- {]Ir-Xym-ep-≈ km-aq-ly- Aht_m-[w- hf¿-Øp-hm≥{ian-°p-I.- a\p-jy-kl-P-amb ISaIƒ- \n¿-∆ln-°m≥- Ahsc \n¿_-‘nX- c m°mw. Ah¿°v cpNn- ° mØ hn[- a p- f f in- £ Iƒ- Ah¿- ° v sIm-Sp-°p-I.- Aßs\ Hmtcm \nb-at- Øm-sSm∏w Cu {]mIr-X¿°v Hcp Xn∑ ssItamiw hcn-Ibpw Hcp\∑ ssIh-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.- F√m-h¿-°pw\n-baßƒ- D≠m-bn-cp-∂p- F∂m¬- hfsc°p-d®mfp-Iƒ-am-{Xta kw-Xr-]vXcmbn-cp-∂p-≈q.- F¥m-Wn-Xn-\p- Im-cWw? s]m-Xp-hmb Xm-ev-]cy-Øns‚ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ Ip-Sp-w_ - ßsf H∂n®v \n¿ØpI F∂Xv kaq-lØ - ns‚ bYm¿-∞ Dt±iy-sa∂v- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ-°v- Xs∂bp-≈ A⁄Xbm-Wv Imc-Ww. \n-baØns‚ ]£-cm-lnXyw ssIhcn-°m≥- c≠p- Im-cy-ßƒ- thWw.- AXv]u-c∑m¿- XΩn¬- kz-Ø- n- epw- A¥ n-epw Dff kaXz-am-Wv.- \n-baw]u-c∑m-sc F{XI≠v- ka∑m-cm-°p-∂p-thm- A{XI≠v- ]u-c∑m¿°v AXv £Wn-I-am-Ipw. F√m- P\ßfpw- kz-Øn-s≥-dbpw- A¥ n-s≥-dbpwImcy- Ø n¬ ka∑m- c m- I pI;- B kaXzsØ- Aÿn- c - s ∏- S p- Ø m\pw ]gp-Xp-Is- f-√mw \nbaw sIm≠v aqSp-Ibpw sNøpI F∂m-sW-¶n¬ P\ßƒ 58

B¿-Øn,- AXn-tam-lw-,- aSp-∏v- Ip-ip-ºv-,- [m-cm-fn-Øw,- ]I,- Akq-b,DZm-ko-\X Xp-Sßn-bh sIm-≠v- Akz-ÿ-cm-hp-I-bn-√t√m?kv-]m¿-´ F∂ cm-Py-sØ∏‰n- \n-ßƒ- t\Sn-b Adn-hv- CØcØn¬- \n-ßsf klm-bn-°mw.- Im-cWw- tem-IØv- as‰m-cn-SØv- kaXz-Øn-eq-∂n-b kzm-`m -hn-I \n-batØmSv- C{Xam-{Xw- tN¿∂v \n¬°p∂ \nb-a-ßƒ D≠m-bn-´n-√.

tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- Fgp-Øp-Im-cp-sS sX‰p-Iƒa\p-jy-cm-in-Xs∂ Ne\an-√m-Ø Hcp- hkv-Xp-hm-sW∂pw- AXv- alm-\m-b Hcp- cm-Pm-hn¬- \n-t∂m,- \n-ba\n¿-ΩmXmhn¬- \n-t∂m,- Hcp- AXn-_p-≤nam-\n¬- \n-t∂m- ap-Jam-Is´,- iIv-Xn-bm-Is´ Ne\m-Xv-aIXbm-Is´,- Po-h≥ Xs∂bm-Is´ kzo-Icn-°p-hm≥- Xøm-dm-sW∂pw Dff- hn-izm-kw.- 17-˛18 \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p F∂Xv hnNn-{X-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. ImcWw Cu \q‰m≠pIƒ ]ucm-Wn-I-Xsb Ipdn-®p-ff ]T\w sIm≠v kºp-jvS-ambn-cp-∂p. Cu- ]ga {Ko-kn-epw- tdm-an-epw- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-epw F√mw Zr-iy-am-bncp-∂p. IcpØnt‚bpw NXn-bp-tSbpw _eØn¬- Xß-fpsS CjvS{- ]-Imcw a\p-jy-cm-in-sb hm¿sØ-Sp-°p∂ a\p-jy-¿ km¿∆-{Xn-Ia- m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ AXp-sIm≠v- Cu- kv-Yn-Xn-hn-tijw- \√Xm-sW∂v- sXfn-bn-°s∏´n-´n-√.a\p-jy-cpw- kaq-lhpw- sa®-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-hp-≈Xm-bXp-sIm-≠v- Ncn-{XØns≥-d Bcw-`Øn¬- sX‰p-Ifpw,- A⁄Xbpw,- ASn-aXz-hpw,- A‘hn-izmkßfpw,- GIm-[n-]Xy-hpw- IqSp-X¬ Af-hn¬ It≠°mw F∂v am{Xta AXv sXfn-bn-°p-∂p-ffq.- ap-tº {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≈ Fgp-Øp-Im¿- {]m-No-\ kw-hn-[m-\ßsf- ta¬ hnh-cn® {]Imcw a\- n-em-°n-bX - n¬ sX‰n-√. F∂m¬ Ah¿°v sX‰v ]‰n-bXv ta¬-]d™ ]gIn-b kw-hn-[m-\ßƒ- Xs∂ BZchn\pw A\p-I-c-W-Øn-\p-ambn sh®p-\o-´p-∂-Xn-em-Wv. _men-ihpw F¥pw hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xp-amb am\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-tbmsS- Ir-{Xn-aXzw- \n-d™ ]ucm-WnI kaq-lØ - ns‚ A¥ pw- [m¿-Ωn-I aq-ey-ßfpw- kt¥m-jßfpwBUw-`cßfpw- kXy-am-sW∂pXs∂ hn-iz-kn-®p.- Im-ew- Ign-bp-t¥m-dpwAdn-hv- shfn-s∏-Sp-Ibpw hf-cp-Ib - pw- sN-øp-sa∂pw Adn-hn-s≥-d hf¿-®°v B\p-]m-Xn-Ia- mbn IcpØv icn-tbm-sSm∏w \n¬°p-sa∂pw kaqlw AXns\ Xs∂ Xncn®v ]nSn-°p-sa∂pw Ah¿ a\- n-em-°n-bn-√.

kzm-X{¥y-sa∂m-se¥m-Wv- ? \mw Ct∏m-ƒ- Im-Wp-∂ cm-jv-{So-b kacw- F¥m-Wv- ? kzm-X{¥y-Øn-\pth≠n59

bp-≈ P\ßfpw- ss\k¿§n-Ia- mbn kacam-Ip-∂Xv.- B t]cp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ temIsØ ]nSn-®p I - p-ep-°p-Ibpw lrZ-ba- n-Sn∏v h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ kzmX{¥yw F¥mWv ? bYm¿-∞Øn¬- AXv- F√m- kzm-X{¥y-ßfp-tSbpw,- AXm-bXv- a\ m-£n-°\pkr-Xam-bn- {]h¿-Øn-°p-∂Xn-\p-≈ kzm-X{¥y-w,- hn-Zym-`ym-k, kw-LS\, bm-{X, kzm-X{¥y-w,- sXm-gn-seSp-°m-\p-≈Xpw- I®hSw- sNøp-∂Xn-\p-am-b kzm-X{¥yw Ch-bpsS Hcp- ktΩf\at√?- Np-cp-°Øn¬-, kzm-X{¥yw- F∂Xv- Hcphy-Iv-Xn°v A\y-s≥-d kzm-X{¥y-sØ IS∂p-Ibdm-sX, Xs≥-d hn-hn-[ßfmb Ign-hp-Iƒ- {]tbm-Kn-°p-hm-\p-≈ AhIm-iat√ ?- kzm-X{¥y-sa∂Xv- F√mGIm-[n-]Xy- {]hWXItfbpw-, \n-ba]cam-b GIm-[n-]Xyw- AS°w-, XI¿-°et√?- Ahkm-\ambn´v hn-ebn-cp-Øen¬- kzm-X{¥yw- F∂Xv\n-basØ AXn-s≥-d bp-Iv-Xnkl-amb taJebn¬, AXm-bXv- A\o-Xn-sb in- £ n°enepw- hy- I v - X n- b p- s S kz- b c£bv - ° p- ≈ Ah- I m- i - Ø ns‚ \n-ba]cam-b kwLm-S-\-Øn\pw HXp-°n- \n-¿Øet√?a\p-jy-cm-in-bp-sS kzm-X{¥y-Øn-tebv-°p-≈ kzm-`m-hn-I Hgp-°n-\v hen-b Afhn¬- XS- ß - ƒ D≠v. {^m≥-kn¬- {]tXy-In-®pw.- CXn-\v- {][m-\ Im-cWws]m-Xp- hn-jbßfn-ep-≈ \Ωp-sS Fgp-Øp-Im¿-°p s]mXp-hm-bp-ff,- Ah¿]Tn-® ]gb ]m-Tßfn¬- \n-∂v- D¤hn-°p-∂ am-cWam-b Hcp B{Klam-Wv.a\p-jy-cp-sS F√m-hcp-tSbpw- ap-Ifn¬- kz-bw- {]Xn-jv-Tn-®v- Xm¥m-ß-fpsS B{Kl{]Im-cw- F√m-‰n-t\bpw kw-LSn-∏n-°p-hm-\pw- \n-b{¥n-°m-\pw{Ias∏Sp-Øm-\p-ap-≈ Ahcp-sS B{Klam-Wv.-

a\p-jy-kv-t\l]cam-b tkz—m-[n-]Xyw kaq-lw- kzm-X{¥y-Øn-\p-th≠n- bXv\n® bm-{XsNøp-tºmƒ- kaq-lØns≥-d ap-ºn¬- kz-bw- {]Xn-jv-Tn-®n-´p-≈ ta¬-]d™ {]kn-≤cm-bh¿-°v17, 18 \q-‰m-≠p-Ifp-sS Bibßfm-Wv- a\ n-ep-≈Xv.- Ahcp-sS km-aq-lyI≠p-]n-Sp-Øßfp-sS a-\pjy-Xz-]cam-b tkzm-Nv-Om-Zn-]Xy-Øn-\v- a\p-jy-cmin-sb Ah-cpsS kmaq-ly- I-≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-ß-fmb a\p-jy-Xz-]-c-amb tkz—m[n-]-Xy-Øn\v hn-´p-sIm-Sp-°p-hm-\m-Wv- Ah¿-°v- Xm-ev-]cy-w.- dq-tkm-sbt∏mse Ahcp-sS kz-]v-\Øn-ep-≈ s]m-Xp- \∑sb∂ CW°ap-≈ Ie∏ s]m-Xp-P\ßfp-sS Np-aen¬- h®p-sIm-Sp-°p-hm-\m-Wv- Ah¿-°m-{Klw.CXv- 1789 se Im-eL´Øn¬- {]tXy-In-®pw- kXy-am-Wv.- B ]gb `cW{Iaw60

\in-® kaq-lØn-s≥-d Np-aen¬- Ir-{Xn-aam-bpw k¿-∆ iIv-Xn-Xz-ap-≈Xp -am-b ]p-Xn-b kw-hn-[m-\ßfn¬- h®v- Nm¿-Øm-\p-≈ {iaßƒ- \S∂n-cp-∂p.A°m-esØ {]ap-Jcm-b Fgp-Øp-Im-cp-sSbp-w- cm-jv-{So-b°m-cp-tSbpwBibßƒ- {i≤n-®m-epw.""PÃv ]pWym-fs‚ (Saint Just) hm-°p-Iƒ- C{]Im-cam-Wv ''- \nba\n¿-Ωm-XmhmWv `m-hn-sb Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv. a\p-jy-\∑ F¥m-sW∂v- Xo-cp-am-\nt°≠Xpw- a\p-jy¿- Fßs\bm-IWsa∂v- Xo-cp-am-\n-t°≠Xpw- \n-ba \n¿-am-Xm-hm-Wv.tdm_vkv]n-b¿ (Robespierre) {]Pm-[o-\- cmPyX{¥w- F¥n-\m-tWm- \n-ehn¬h∂Xv- AXn-tebv-°p-≈ cm-Py-Øn-s≥-d `u-Xn-Ihpw- [m-¿-Ωn-Ihp-am-b iIv-Xn-sb \bn-°em-Wv- Hcp- `c-WØns‚ Np-aXe._nt√m¿Uv shd-∂kv (Billaud - Varennes) kzm-X{¥y-Øn-tebv-°v- Xn-cn-®phcp-∂ P\X ]pXp-b-Xmbn DS-se-Sp-°-Ww.- ]gb A_≤ kn-≤m-¥ßsf \in- ∏ n°m\pw, P\ßfp- s S ]gb BNm- c ßsf am- ‰ m- \ pw- sX‰mb klm- \ p- ` q- I sf Xn- c p- Ø m- \ pw- A\m- h iy- a m- b Xn- s \ Ip- d bv - ° m- \ pwZp-io-eßsf \in-∏n-°p-hm\pw- sI¬ ∏p-ff Hcp- iIv-Xn-bpw- NSp-eam-b {]h¿-Øn-bpw- AXy-¥w- Bhiy-am-Wv.ekp¿Kkv kv]m¿-´≥- dn-∏ªn-°n-s≥-d ASn-kv-Ym-\w- \n¿-Ωn-®Xv- hn-´pho-gv-Nbn-√m-Ø kp-Jt`m-K \n-tj[Øn-em-Wv.tkmfs‚ Zp¿-_ehpw- F√m-htcbpw- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂Xn-\p-≈ ASn-kv-Ym-\ kz-`m-hw- GP≥-dvk - n-s\ ASn-aXz-Øn-tebv° - v- \bn-°pw.- Cu- DZm-lcWßƒk¿-°m¿- F∂ hy-hkv-Ybp-sS im-kv-{Xw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂Xm-Wv.se s]¬´n-tb¿ (Le Pelletier) :- a\p-jy-s≥-d A[:]X\Øn-s≥-d hym-]v-Xn]cn-tim-[n-®m¬- Hcp- km¿-h{Xn-I ]cn-jv-IcWØn-s≥-d Bhiy-ap-s≠∂vHcp- s]m-Xp-P\X Bhn¿-`hn-t°≠Xp-s≠∂pw- hy-Iv-Xam-Wv.-

tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ-°v- GIm-[n-]Xyw- thWw a\p-jy¿- Akw-kv-Ir-X ]Zm¿-∞am-sW∂v- ho-≠pw- AhIm-is∏Sp-∂p≠v. Ah¿-°v- kz-bw- \∂m-Im≥- Ign-bp-Ibn-s√∂pff [mc-Wb - p-≠v.- PÃv ]pWymfs‚ A`n-{]m-bØn¬- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ-°v- am-{Xta P\ßsf \∂m°m≥61

Ign- b p- b p- ≈ q.- \n- b a\n¿- Ω Xm°ƒ- P\ßƒ- F{]Im- c am- I Wsa∂v Nn-¥n-°p-tºmƒ- A{]Im-cw-Xs∂ P\ßƒ- BhpIbpw- sNøpw.- dq-tkm-sb sam-Øam-bn- A\p-Icn-°p-∂ tdm-_n kv-s]bdn-s≥-d A`n-{]m-bØn¬, s]m- X p- k aq- l w- F¥n\p- t h≠n- b p- ≠ m- t bm,- AXn- t ebv - ° p- ≈ bm- { X Xp-Scp-∂Xv- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-s≥-d DØchn¬- \n-∂m-Wv.- Fhn-tS-°m-Wvt]m-tI≠sX∂v- Xo-cp-am-\n-®m¬- ]n-s∂ cm-Py-Øn-se ù-Xn-Ihpw- [m¿-Ωn-I hp-am-b iIv-Xn- {]tbm-Kn-®v- B Zn-ibn-tebv-°v- \o-ßp-I F∂Xp- am-{Xsa `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ Np-aXebp-≈q.- Cu- kabØv- cm-Py-sØ P\ßƒap-gp-h≥- \n-jv-{In-bcm-bn-cn-t°≠Xm-Wv. _n√yw hm¿\o-kns‚- Bibßƒ{]Im-cw- P\ßƒ-°v- bm-sXm-cp- ap-∂`n-{]m-bhpw- Zb Xp-Sßn-b B{K-lß - tfm hn-Im-cßtfm- D≠m-Im≥- ]m-Sn-√m-ØXpw- ap≥hn-[n-Itfm Ah¿-°v- \n-ba \n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ- A\p-hZn-®n-ń-√m-Ø Hcm-{Klhpw- ]m-Sn-√m-ØXp-am-Wv.- At±lwHcp-]Sn-Iq-Sn- IS∂v- Hcm-fp-sS am-{Xw- hn-´p-ho-gvN - bn-√m-Ø kp-Jt`m-K \n-tj[wHcp- cm-Py-Øn-s≥-d ASn-kv-Ym-\ in-ebm-sW∂v- ]dbp-∂p.tdm_v -kv-]n-b-dns‚ A`n-{]m-bØn¬- km-[m-cW k¿-°m¿- kw-hn-[m-\ßƒ°v - ]cn- l cn- ° m≥- Ign- b m- Ø {X ISpØ Xn- ∑ bp- s ≠¶n¬- \∑sb ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°m≥- GIm-[n-]Xyw-t]m-ep-w- \√Xm-Wv- F∂ Bibw- ap-t∂m´p-hbv-°p-∂p.- ""Akzm-`m-hn-I \o-Xn-\n¿-∆lW kv-Ym-]\ßƒ- Ip-d®pIm- e tØbv - ° v - Akm- a m- \ y- A[n- I m- c ßfp- ≈ Xpw- ]u- c ∑m- c p- s S `m-h\ssh`hØn-\v- I\Ø BLm-Xw- Gev-]n-®p- Nn-et∏mƒ- {]h¿Øn-t°≠n-hcpw.-''- Cu- kn-≤m-¥w- Bcpw- ad∂n-ń-√.- tdm-_v kv-]n-bdnsb ho≠pw {i≤n-°q.""dn-∏ªn-°≥- `cWhy-hkv-Ybp-sS ASn-kv-Ym-\w- \∑bm-Wv.- A{]Im-cap-≈ \∑ kv-Ym-]n-°m≥- `bw,- \oXn-,- Zb F∂n-h D]tbm-Kn-t°≠n-hcpw.\Ωp-sS cm-Py-Øv- kzm-¿-∞Xbv-°v- ]Icw- [m¿-Ωn-IXbpw- kXy-k‘Xbv-°v]Icw- aln-abpw- kz-`m-hØn-\p-]Icw- BNm-cßfpw- ISaIfpw- _m-ly t- am-Sn-bp-sS \n-jTv- q-chm-gN v- bv° - p-]Icw- hn-thIØn-s≥-d km-{am-Pyw- Zm-cn-{ZytØmSp-≈ i{Xp-Xbv-°v- ]Icw- Xn-∑tbm-Sp-≈ i{Xp-Xbpw- [n-°m-cØn-\p-]IcwA¥ pw- s]m-ß®Øn-\p- ]Icw- alm-a\kv-IXbpw- [\Øn-\p-]Icwaln-atbm-Sp-≈ kv-t\lhpw- \√ Iq-´p-Im-¿-°v- ]Icw- \√ P\XbpwIYm-bp-Iv-Xn-]Icw- Ign-hp-w- \∑kw-`m-jWØn-\p- ]Icw- {]Xn-abpwXn-f°Øn-\p- ]Icw- kXy-hpw- kp-Jt`m-Kßfp-sS aSp-∏n-\p- ]Icwkt¥m-jØns‚- {]kcn-∏pw- alXz-Øn-s≥-d Aev-]XcØn-\p- ]Icw62

a\p-jy-s≥-d aln-abpw- \√ s]cp-am-‰hp-w- D]tbm-Kiq-\y-am-bXpw- Zp-jn-®Xp am-b P\Xbv-°v- ]Icw- Zm-\io-ecpw- kt¥m-jhm-\m-b P\XIfpw ˛ Np-cp-°n-]d™m¬- cm-Py-`cWØn-s≥-d F√m-hn[ hr-Øn-tISp-ItfbpwXn-∑Isfbpw am-‰n- dn-∏ªn-°n-s≥-d \∑tbbpw- A¤p-Xßtfbpw- sIm-≠phcp-hm≥- Rßƒ- B{Kln-°p-∂p.-

GIm-[n-]Xy- Al¶m-cwtdm-_n- kv-]nb¿ _m-°n-bp-≈ a\p-jy-cm-in-bp-tSXn¬ \n-∂pw- F{X D∂Xnbn-em-Wv- AtZlsØXs∂ {]Xn-jvT- n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xvv.- - At±lØn-s≥-d hm-°pIfn-se Al¶m-cw- {]ISam-Wv.- At±lw- am-\h[¿-ΩØn-s≥-d alØm-b Db¿-sØgp-t∂ev-]n-\v- th≠n-b√ \n-esIm-≈p-∂Xv.- \√co-Xn-bn¬- \S°p∂ Hcp- `c-WI - q-SØ - n¬- \n-∂pw- At±lw- AXv- {]Xo-£n-°p-∂n-√.- At±lØn\v- kz-bw- am-\hcm-in-sb DS®p-hm¿-°Ww.- AXpw- _e{]tbm-KØn-eq-sS Hcp- hn-πh k¿-°m-cn-s\ \bn-t°≠ [m¿-Ωn-Iaq-ey-ßsf kw-_‘n-®p-≈ At±lØn-s≥-d Hcp- {]kw-KØn¬- \n-∂m-Wv- At±lØn-s≥-d ta¬-]d™ ]gIn-bXpw- XΩn¬- s]m-cp-Øs∏Sm-ØXp-am-b {]Jym-]\ßƒ- FSp-Øn-´p≈Xv.- tdm-_n kv]nbdpw GIm-[n-]Xy-sa∂ Bibw- Hcp- hn-tZi iIv-Xn-bpsS B{IaWsØ sNdp-°p-hm-\pw- FXn-cm-fn-Isf ASn-®a¿-Øp-hm-\pwaXn-bm-bn-´p-≈X√ F∂Xv- {i≤n-t°≠Xm-Wv. bYm¿-∞Øn¬- At±lØns≥-d [m¿-Ωn-I aq-ey-ßƒ- _eam-bn- cm-Py-Øp-Xs∂ ASn-t®ev-]n-°p-hm-\p≈ Hcp- D]m- [ n- b m- b n- ´ m- W v - GIm- [ n- ] Xy- s Ø Im- W p- ∂ Xv . - At±lwAhIm-is∏Sp-∂Xv- C{]Im-cap-ff GIm-[n-]Xyw ]p-Xn-b `cWLS\ hcp-∂Xn-\p- ap-ºp-≈ Hcp- Xm-ev° - m-en-I kw-hn-[m-\am-sW∂Xm-Wv. F∂m¬bYm¿-∞Øn¬- At±lØn-s≥-d Dt±iyw- {^m≥-kn¬- \n-∂pw `bsØ D]-tbm-Kn®v kzm¿-∞Xbpw- A`n-am-\hpw- BNm-cßfpw- kz-`m-hßfpw ]cn-jvI - m-cßfpw- [\tØm-Sp-≈ kvt- \lw- \√ Iq-´p-tNcep-Ifpw- \¿-ΩhpwZm-cn-{Zyhpw- Im-am-kIv-Xn- C√m-sXbm-°p-I F∂Xn¬- Ip-d™ as‰m-∂p-an√.- tdm-_v kv-]nb¿ At±lw-Xs∂ hn-tijn-∏n-® ta¬-{]Im-cap-≈ A¤pXßƒ- h∂√m-sX \n-bahm-gv-N ho-≠pw- ]p-ecp-hm≥- A\p-hZn-°p-Ibn-√.-

GIm-[n-]Xy-Øn-tebv-°p-≈ t\cn-´√m-ØXm-bn-´p-≈ Hcp- hgnF∂m¬- ta¬-]d™ am-\y-∑m¿- AXm-bXv- ]cn-jv-I¿-Øm-°ƒ,- \n-ba⁄¿,Fgp-Øp-Im¿- Xp-Sßn-bh¿- a\p-jy-cm-in-°p-ta¬- t\cn-´p-≈ GIm-[n-]Xyw63

ASn-t®ev-]n-°p-hm≥- B{Kln-°p-∂hc√.- Ah¿- A{]Im-cw- t\cn-´p-≈ \S]Sn-sbSp-°p-hm≥- Ign-bm-Ø{X an-Xhm-Zn-Ifpw- a\p-jy- kv-t\ln-Ifpam-Wv.- AXn-\m¬- Ah¿- A{]Im-cap-≈ Hcp- GIm-[n-]Xy-tØbp-w- ka{Km[n-]Xy-tØbpw- GIin-em- hm-ZtØbpw- \S∏n-em-°m≥- \n-basØ- D]tbmKn-°p-∂p.- Ah¿- \n-baw- D≠m-°p-hm≥- am-{Xw- B{Kln-°p-∂p.- C{]Im-cap-≈ {`m-¥≥- Bibw- {^m≥-kn¬- \Sam-Sp-∂p-s≠∂v- Im-Wn-°phm≥- F\n-bv-°v- amªn-˛sd-bv\m¬ dqtkm, s^\tem¨ Xp-Sßn-bhcp-sS ap-gp-h≥- Ir-Xn-Ifpw- sams≠-kvtIm-bp-sSbpw t_msk - Xp-Sßn-bhcp-tSbpwhen-b teJ\ßfpw- Chn-sS ]I¿-tØ≠n-hcpw.- AXp-am-{Xa√ I¨-sh≥j\nse ap-gp-h≥- \S]Sn-Ifpw- Chn-sS D≤cn-t°≠n-hcp-w.- Rm-≥- A{]Imcw- sNøp-∂n-√.- Rm≥- AXn-s\∏‰n- ]cm-a¿-in-°p-Iam-{Xta sNøp-Ibp-≈q.-

s\t∏m-fn-b\v- th≠Xv- Ne\m-ﬂIa√m-Ø a\p-jy-cmins\t∏m-fn-bs\ (Neppolean) CtX Bibßƒ- hen-btXm-Xn¬- kzm-[o-\n®n-´p-s≠∂ Im-cyw- A¤p-Xs∏Sp-Øp-∂X√.- At±lw- Cu- Bibßsf s\t©m-Sv- tN¿-Øv- hbv-°p-Ibpw- hym-]Iam-bn- D]tbm-Kn-°p-IbpwsNbv - X p. Hcp- ckX{¥⁄s\t∏m- s e ap- gp- h ≥- bq- t dm- ] y- t \bpw s\t∏m-fn-b≥ Xs‚ ]co-£-W-im-e-bmbn IW-°m-In-I. F∂m¬- Ip-d®pIm-ew- Ign-™t∏mƒ- ]co-£W ]Zm¿-∞ßƒ- Xs∂ At±lØn-s\Xn-sc Xn-cn-bpIbpw sNbvXp. hfscb[n-Iw- am-\kn-Iam-bn- XI¿-∂ s\t∏m-fn-b≥- sk≥-dv- sleo-\bn¬h®v- a\p-jycm-in-bp-sS kz-¥w- Ign-hp-Ifn-se Nn-eXn-s\ Aw-Ko-Icn-®Xm-bnIm-Wmw.- A{]Im-cw- At±lw- kzm-X{¥y-tØm-Sp-≈ Xs≥-d FXn¿-∏v- Ip-d®p.F∂m-epw- At±lØn-s≥-d acW]{XØn¬- Xs≥-d aIt\m-Sv- ]Tn-°m-\m-hiys∏Sp-∂ ]m-Tw- C{]Im-cam-bn-cp-∂p ""`cn-°p-I F∂m¬- kt¥m-jhpwhn-Zym-`ym-khpw- [m¿Ωn-I aq-ey-ßfpw- Iq-´p-Ibpw- hf¿-Øp-Ibp-am-Wv.-''CXn-\p-tijw- CtX A`n-{]m-bap-≈ tamd-√n (Morelly), _m_q^v (Babeuf), Hmh≥ (Owen), skbn‚v sska¨ (Saint Simon), t^mdn-sb¿ (Fourier) F∂n- h cpsS hm- N Ißƒ- Chn- s S {]Xn- ] m- Z n- t °≠Xn- √ .- F∂m¬eqbnkv ªm- ß n- (Loui Blang)s≥- d Hm¿- K ss\tkj≥- Hm- ^ v - te_¿(Organisation of Labour) F∂ ]p-kv-XIØn-se Nn-e hcn-Iƒ- C{]Im-camWv . ""\Ωp- s S ]≤Xn- { ]Im- c w- kaq- l Øn- \ v - Ne\m- ﬂ IX hcp- ∂ Xv 64

A[n-Im-cØn¬- \n-∂m-Wv ''- C{]Im-cap-≈ Ne\m-flIX kaq-lØn-\vIn-´p-∂Xv- eqbnkv ªmßn-s≥-d A`n-{]m-bØn¬- Hcp- ]≤Xn-bn-eq-sSbm-Wv.At±lØn-s≥-d ]≤Xn- kaq-lØn¬- ASn-t®ev] - n-°em-Wv.- kaq-lsa∂XpsIm-≠v- Dt±in-°p-∂Xv- a\p-jy-cm-in-bm-Wv.- Aßs\hcp-tºmƒ- a\p-jy-cmin-°v- Ne\m-flIX In-´p-∂Xv- eqbnkv ªm-ßn¬ \n-∂m-Wv.P\ßƒ-°v- C{]Im-cap-≈ ]≤Xn- \n-cm-Icn-°m-t\m-, kzo-Icn-°m-t\mAhIm-iap-s≠∂v- thWsa¶n¬ ]dbmw.- AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ P\ßƒ-°vIn´p∂ D]-tZ-i-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°m\pw \ncm-I-cn-°m\pw Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v. F∂m¬- eqbn ªm-ßn-s≥-dv- A{]Im-cap-≈ Hcp- hy-hkv-Ysb a\ n-em-°p∂n-√.- At±lØn-s≥-d ]≤Xn-sb \n-ba]cam-bn- \n-baØn-s≥-d iIv-XnD-]tbm-Kn-®v- P\ßfn¬- ASn-t®ev-]n-°m-\m-Wv- At±lw- Dt±in-°p-∂Xv.\Ωp- s S ]≤Xn- b \p- k cn- ® v - k¿- ° m¿- hym- h km- b n- I ]p- t cm- K XnDd∏m-°p-∂ \n-baßƒ- am-{Xw- D≠m-°n-bm¬- aXn.- as‰√m- Im-cy-Øn-epwkzm-X{¥yw- \n-e\n-dp-ØWw.- k¿-°m¿- kaq-lsØ Cu Nmbvhn¬ Cd-ßm≥ X° hn[- Ø n¬ \n¿Øn- b m¬ am- { Xw- aXn.- kzm- ` m- h n- I iIv - X n- b p- s S klm-bØm¬- kaq-lw- Xm-t\ Du¿-∂p-hcn-Ibpw- Hcp- hy-hkv-Ym-]n-X kw-hn-[m-\w- kzm-`m-hn-Iam-bn- ]cn-Wan-°p-Ibpw- sNøpw.F∂m¬- eqbnkv ªmMv- Dt±in-® Cd°w- F¥m-Wv ? AXv- Hcp- Zp-c¥Øntebv - ° v - \bn- ° pt∂m? As√¶n¬- \∑bn- t ebv - ° v - \bn- ° pt∂m? At±lØn-s‚ Bibw icn-bm-sW¶n¬- kaq-lw- F¥p-sIm-≠v- kz-ta[bmAhn-tSbv-°v- Nen-°p-∂n-√?- (kaq-lw- Ne\m-flIas√∂pw- AXn-s\ Nen-∏n-°p-Itb \n-hr-Øn-bp-≈q F∂p-am-Wt√m)- F¥p-]tbm-Kn-®m-WvNen-∏n-°p-∂Xv ?- (""A[n-Im-cw''-) Cu- A[n-Im-cØn-tebv-°p-≈ iIv-XnBcp- \ev-Ipw-?- (kw-ibw- F¥v b{¥Øn-s≥-d D]⁄m-Xm-hv- C°m-cy-Øn¬eqbn ªm-Mv-).-

tkm-jy-en-kØn-s≥-d Zq-jy-hebwNe\m-ﬂIa√m-Ø a\p-jy-kaq-lsa∂ Bibhpw- alm-∑m¿- \n-bawD]tbm-Kn-®v- P\ßsf Nen-∏n-°p-∂ Bibhpw- Cu- c≠v- Im-cy-ßfn¬ \n-∂pw- \ap-°v- tam-N\an-√.C{]Im-cap-≈ kaq-lØn¬- kzm-X{¥yw- D≠m-Iptam?- F¥v- kzm-X{¥y-amWvanÃ¿ eqbnkv ªm-Mv- ?- kzm-X{¥y-sa∂Xv- Bcpw- Zm-\w- sNøp∂ AhIm-ia√.65

Ahkm-\am-bn- ]dbt´, kzm-X{¥yw- F∂Xv- Hcp- hy-Iv-Xn-°v- \n-baØn-s≥-d ]cn-c£Wbn¬- \n-bahmgv-Nbv-°p-≈n-epw- Hcp- a\p-jy-s≥-d Ign-hp-Iƒ{]tbm-Kn-°m-\pw- Ah hn-Ikn-°m-\p-≈ Ahkcam-Wv.CXv- Hcp- shdpw- \n-c¿-∞Iam-b hy-Xym-ka√.- CXn-s≥-d A¿-∞hym-]vX - n- hfsc Bg-ap-f-fXpw- CXn-s≥-d ^ew- {]hNn-°m≥- ]‰m-ØXp-am-Wv.- Hcp- a\p-jy≥bYm¿- ∞ Øn¬- kz- X {¥\m- I Wsa¶n¬- Abm- f p- s S Ign- h p- I ƒD]tbm-Kn-°phm-\pwhn-Ikn-∏n-°p-hm-\p-ap-≈ Ahkcßƒ- In-´Wsa∂vkΩXn-®m¬- A{]Im-cw- kz-bwhn-Ikn-°p-hm-\p-≈ Ahkcw- t\Sm-\p-≈ hn-Zym-`ym-kw- kaq-lØn-se F√m- ]u-c∑m¿-°pw- AhIm-is∏´Xm-Wv. ]u-c∑m-¿°v DXv-]m-Zn-∏n-°m-\p-≈ Bbp-[ßƒ-°p-≈ AhIm-iw- kaq-lØnse F√m ]uc-∑m¿°pw kzm-`m-hn-Iam-bpw- D≠m-Ip-∂Xm-Wv.- Fs¥∂m¬DXv-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-hm-\p-≈ Bbp-[ßƒ- C√m-sX a\p-jy-\v {]h¿-Øn- sNøm≥km-[y-am-Ip-∂X√.- cm-Py-Øn-s≥-d \S]Sn-Iƒ-aq-ea√m-sX kaq-lØn\pw hy-Iv-Xn-Iƒ°pw ta¬-{]Im-cam-hiy-ap-≈ hn-Zym-`ym-khpw- \n¿-Ωn-°m-\p-≈ D]IcWhpw- Fßs\ sIm-Sp-°p-hm-\m-hpw.kz-mX - {¥yw- A[n-Im-camWvv.- F∂m¬- Cu- A[n-Im-cØn¬- Fs¥m-s° ASßnbn-´p-≠v ?- hn-Zym-`ym-kØn-\p-≈ AhIm-ihpw- ]Wn-bm-bp-[ßƒ-°p-≈ AhIm-ihpw-.- Bcm-Wv- hn-Zym-`ym-khpw- DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-\p-ff Bbp-[-ßfpw \evt- I≠Xv ?- F√m-h¿-°pw- sIm-Sp-°m\pff kaq-lØn-\m-Wv.- kaq-lw- F¥v\S]Sn-Iƒ- {]Im-cam-Wv- DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-\p-ff Bbp-[-ßƒ AXn-√m-Øh\vsIm-Sp-t°≠Xv?- `c-W-IqS \S]Sn-Iƒ- D]tbm-Kn-®v- cm-Pyw- `c-W-IqSw CXvBcn¬- \n-∂v- FSp-Øp-sIm-Sp-°pw.AXn-\p-Øcw- hm-b\°m¿- \ev-It´.- Cu- Nn-¥ \Ωsf Ftßm-´m-Wv\bn-°p-∂sX∂pwhm-b\°m¿- a\ n-em-°s´.-

P\m-[n-]Xy-hm-Zn-Ifp-sS kn-≤m-¥w\Ωp-sS ap≥-Km-an-Isf AXv- A¤p-Xs∏Sp-Øp-ambn-cp∂ Hcp- ]p-Xn-b kv-Yn-Xn-hn-tijw- kw-Pm-Xambn´p-≠v.- B kn-≤m-¥w- aq-∂v- DZm-lcWßsf ASn-kv-Ym-\am-°n-bn-´p-≈Xm-Wv.1.- a\p-jy- kaq-lØn-s≥-d ap-gp-h\m-bn-´p-≈ \n-iv-Nem-hkv-Y.2.- \n-baØn-s≥-d k¿∆-i-‡n. 3.- sX‰p-]-‰mØ \nba \n¿Ωm-Xmhv.66

ASn- a p- X ¬- ap- S n- h sc P\m- [ n- ] Xy- h m- Z n- I ƒ {]Jym- ] n- ° p- ∂ hcp- s S ]cn-]m-h\am-b Nn-”ßfm-Wv- ta¬-]d™ aq-∂v- kn-≤m-¥ßƒ.P\m-[n-]Xy-hm-Zn-Ifp-sS km-aq-ln-Iam-bn- Nn-¥n-°p-sa∂pw- {]Jym-]n-°p-∂h cm-Wv- P\m-[n-]Xy-hm-Zn-Ifm-bXp-sIm-≠v- Ah¿-°v- a\p-jy- kaq-lØn¬\n- o-aam-b hn-izm-kap-≠v.- Ah¿- km-aq-ln-Iam-bn- Nn-¥n-°p-∂p-sh∂vAhIm-is∏Sp-∂Xp-sIm-≠v- Ah¿- a\p-jy-cm-in-sb shdpw- IfnaÆn-t\°mƒIp- d ®p- I q- S n- \√Xm- b n- ´ m- W v - IW°m- ° p- ∂ Xv . - Cu- sshhn- ≤ y- ß sf Ip-d®p-Iq-Sn- \∂m-bn- \ap-°v- ]cn-tim-[n-°m-w.cm-jv-{So-b A[n-Im-cßsf∏‰n-bp-≈ N¿-® \S°p-tºmƒ- P\m-[n-]Xyhm-Zn-bp-sS at\m-`m-hw- F¥m-bn-cn-°pw.- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-s\ sXcs™Sp°p-tºmƒ- P\ßsf Abmƒ- Fßs\ ]cn-KWn-°pw?- At∏mƒ- P\m-[n]Xy-hm-Zn-Ifp-sS DØcw- P\ßƒ-°v- kz-ta[bp-≈ _p-≤n-ssh`hw- Ds≠∂pw, Ah¿-°v- Im-cy-ßsf Xn-cn-®dn-bm-\p-≈ G‰hpw- \√ Ign-hp-s≠∂pw-, Ahcp-sS Xo-cp-am-\w- Ft∏m-gpw- icn-bm-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw-, s]m-Xp-hm-b HcpXo-cp-am-\w- sX‰p-Ibn-√m-sb∂pw- a‰p-am-bn-cn-°pw-, F∂m¬ kΩXn-Zm-bI AhIm-iw- apg-ph-\mbpw km¿-∆{Xn-Iam-°m≥- ]‰p-Ibn-√ F∂pw ]d-bmw. thm-´v- sNøp-∂ kabØv- Hcp- thm-´tdm-Sv- Abmƒ-°v- _p-≤n-iIv-Xn-bp-s≠∂vDd∏p-XcWsa∂v- \n-jv-I¿-jn-°m≥- ]‰p-Ibn-√.- Hcp- thm-´¿-°v- \√bm-sf Xn-cs™Sp-°m-\p-≈ _p-≤n-iIvXn-bpw- Xo-cp-am-\saSp-°m-\p-≈ Ign-hps≠∂pw- \ap-°v- hn-iz-kn-°m-t\ ]‰p-∂p-≈q.- F∂m¬- P\ßƒ-°v- sX‰p]‰n-bm-tem?- \Ωƒ- {]t_m-[\Øn-s≥-d Im-eL´Øn-et√ Po-hn-°p-∂Xv.P\ßsf Ft∏m-gpw- sI´n-bn-´n-cn-°p-Ibm-tWm? Ah¿- Ahcp-sS AhImißƒ- t\Sn-sbSp-ØXv- alØm-b {]h¿-Øn-Iƒ- sIm-≠pw- Xym-KßƒsIm-≠p-at√?- Ah¿-°p-≈ _p-≤n-iIv-Xn-bpw- hn-thIhpw- Ah¿- \n-ch[nXhW sXfn-bn-®n-´p-≠t√m! Ah¿- {]m-b]q¿-Øn-bm-bhct√?- Ah¿-°vkz-¥w- Xocp-am-\ßsfSp-°p-hm≥- Ign-hp-≈hct√ ?- Ah¿-°v- G‰hpw- \√XvGsX∂v- Adn-hp-≈hct√ ?- P\ßƒ-°p-th≠n- Xo-cp-am-\saSp-°m-\pwIm-cy-ßƒ- sNøm-\pw- sI¬-∏p-s≠∂v- kz-bw- {]Jym-]n-®v- P\ßfp-sS ap-Ifn¬kz-bw- {]Xn-jv-Tn-°m≥- Xt≥-dSap-≈ Hcp- hy-Iv-Xn-tbm,- Hcp-Iq-´w- hy-Iv-Xn-Ifpap-t≠m-?- C√,- C√.- P\ßƒ- kz-X-{¥-cm-Wv, As√-¶n¬ Ah¿ kzX-{¥ -cm-hWw. Ah¿- Ahcp-sS Im-cy-ßƒ- t\m-°n- \SØm≥- B{Kln-°p-IbpwAh¿- AXv- sNøp-Ibpw- sNøpw.67

F∂m¬- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-s\ sXcs™Sp-Øp-Ign-™m¬- Abm-fp-sS hm-°p-Ifpw- kz-cØn-epw- hen-b am-‰ßƒ- hcpw.- P\ßƒ- \n-ivN - em-hkvY - bntebv-°pw- \nt›-X-\-bn-te°pw At_m-[m-hkv-Ybn-tebv-°pw- Xn-cn-®pt]m-hp-Ibpw- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hv- A{]-am-Zn-Xz-Øn-te°pw IS°p-IbpwsNøp-w.- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hm-Wv- C\n Imcy-ßƒ Im-cy-ßƒ- kw-LSn-°p-Ibpw, Xp-Sßp-Ibpw,- \n¿-t±in-°p-Ibpw,- Nen-∏n-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂Xv.- GIm-[n]Xy-Øn-s≥-d ap-lq¿-ØsaØn-b kv-Yn-Xn-bn¬- a\p-jy- kaq-lØn-\vap-´p-aS°n-bm¬- am-{Xw- aXn.- \Ωƒ- ta¬-]d™ am-cIam-b Bibw- in-c mhln°p-∂p. sXcs™Sp-∏v- kabØv- _p-≤n-am-∑m-cpw- [¿-Ωn-jv-Tcpw- F√mwXn-I™Xp-am-bn-cp-∂ P\Øn-\v- Ct∏mƒ- bm-sXm-cp- KXn-bp-an-√m-sX AYhmFs¥¶n-epw- KXn-bp-s≠¶n¬- AXv- ]X\Øn-tebv-°p-≈ Xm-tgm-´p-≈ Cd°w- am-{Xam-bn- Xo-cp-∂p.-

kzm-X{¥y-sa∂ Bibw- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Ifp-sS Im-gv-N∏m-Sn¬F¶n-epw- a\p-jy¿-°v- Ip-ds®m-s° kzm-X{¥yw- tht≠?- F∂m¬- anÃ¿ I¨-kn-Ud‚v (Mr. Considerant) \Ω-sf hn-iz-kn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv- kzm-X{¥ywIp-ØIhXv-°cWØn-tebv-°v- Xo¿®-bmbpw \bn-°p-sa-∂mWv. kz-mX - {¥y-sa∂m¬- a’cam-sW∂p-≈Xv- \ap-°v- Adn-hp-≈ Im-cy-am-Wv.- F∂m¬eqbnkv ªm-Mn-s≥-d A`n-{]m-bØn¬- a’csa∂ kw-hn-[m-\w-, I®hS°msc \in- ∏ n- ° m- \ pw- P\ßsf k¿- ∆ \m- i Ønte°pw \bn- ° p- ∂ Xm- W v . AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv- kzm-X{¥y-Øn-s≥-d Afh\p-kcn-®v- kz-X{¥ a\p-jy¿\in-°p-∂Xpw- C√m-Xm-Ip-∂Xpw.- (kzn‰-k¿em‚nepw,- tlm-f≠n-epw,- Cw-•≠nepw-, Atacn-°≥- sFIy-\m-Sp-Ifn-epw- a’cap-≠m-°n-b ^ew- an. eqbnkv ªm-Mn-s≥-d Xo¿-®bm-bpw- ]cn-tim-[n-t°≠Xm-Wv). anÃ¿ eqbnkv ªm-Mv ]dbp-∂Xv- a’cw- Ip-ØIhXv-°cWØn-tebv-°v\bn-°pw- F∂Xm-Wv.- AtXIm-cWßƒ-sIm-≠v- At±lw- \ΩtfmSv ]d-bp∂-Xv. Ip-d™ hn-eIƒ- Iq-Sn-b hn-eIfn-tebv-°v- \bn-°p-sa∂pw- DXv]m-ZI {]{In-bsb a’cw- XI¿-®bn-tebv° - v- \bn-°p-sa∂p-am-Wv.- Iq-Sm-sX a’cw hmßn-°p-hm-\p-ff tijn-sb \in-∏n-°p-sa∂pw- a’-ci - ‡ - n-Iƒ DXv]m-Z\ {]{In-bsb Iq-´p-sa∂pw- AtXkabw- D]-t`m-KsØ Ip-dbv° - p-sa∂p-am-Wv.C{]Im-cam-sW¶n¬- kz-X{¥ a\p-jy¿- Dev-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xv- D]t`m-KØn\s√∂pw- kzm-X{¥yw- F∂Xn-\¿-∞w- P\ßfp-sS {`m-¥pw- ASn-®a¿-Øep68

am-sW∂pw- AXv- ]cn-lcn-°m≥- an.- eqbnkv ªm-Mn-s≥-d \n-iv-Nbam-bpwthWsa∂p-am-Wv.-

tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ-°v- F√m- kzm-X{¥y-tØbpw- `bam-WvF{]Im-cap-≈ kzm-X{¥y-am-Wv- P\ßƒ-°v- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hv- kΩXn-®psIm-Sp-t°≠Xv ?a\km-£n-b\p-kcn-®v- Nn-¥n-°p-hm-\p-≈ kzm-X{¥y-am-Wv.- (A{]Im-cap-≈ kzm-X{¥yw- A\p-hZn-®m¬- P\ßsf√mw- Cu- Ahkcw- D]tbm-Kn-®v\n-co-iz-chm-Zn-IfmIp-sa∂ Ahkv-Y \Ωƒ-°v- Im-tW≠n-hcpw-).F¶n¬- hn- Z ym- ` ym- k Øn- \ p- ≈ kzm- X {¥y- a m- t Wm- sIm- S p- t °≠Xv - ? (A{]Im- c am- b m¬- am- X m- ] n- X m- ° ƒ- A≤ym- ] Isc ]Ww- s Im- S p- Ø v kzm-[o-\n-®v- Ahcp-sS Ip-ń-Isf A[m¿-Ωn-Ihpw- sX‰p-am-b Im-cy-ßƒ]Tn-∏n-°m≥- {ian-°pw.- am-{Xa√ sZtb-gvk - ns‚ A`n-{]m-bØn¬- hn-Zym-`ym-kwtZio-bam-bn kz-X{¥y-am-°n-bm¬- AXv- tZio-ba√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw- \Ωp-sS Ip-ń-Isf, \Ωƒ- Xp¿-°n-Ifp-tSbpw- ln-µp-°fp-tSbpw- Bibßƒ]Tn- ∏ n- ° p- I bpw- sNøpw.- F¥m- b m- e pw- \Ωp- s S hn- Z ym- ` ym- k Øn¬\ap-°p-≈ \n-ba]cam-b GIm-[n-]Xyw-aq-ew- \Ωp-sS Ip-ń-Iƒ-°v- tdm-an-s‚alØm-b Bibßƒ- ]Tn-°p-hm-\p-≈ ku-`m-Kyw- ssIh∂n-´p-≠v.-)F¶n¬- sXm-gn¬-]cam-b kzm-X{¥y-amtWm- sIm-Sp-t°≠Xv.- (A{]Im-cwh∂m¬- a’cam-bn-cn-°pw- êw.- D]t`m-Kw- sNøm-Ø Dev-]∂ßƒ-aq-ewI®hSßƒ- \in-°p-Ibpw- P\ßƒ-Xs∂ C√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw- sNøpw).F¶n¬- I®hS kzm-X{¥y-am-tWm- sIm-Sp-t°≠Xv.- (Np-¶ ho-XØn-s≥-d A∏kv-tXm-e∑m¿- ho-≠pw- ho-≠pw- sXfn-bn-®Xp-t]m-se I®hS kzm-X{¥ywA{]Im-cw- I®hSw- sNøp-∂bm-sfØs∂ \in-∏n-°p-sa∂Xv- F√m-h¿-°pwAdn- b m- h p- ∂ Xm- W v . - AXp- s Im- ≠ v - ]p- t cm- K Xn- thWsa¶n¬- I®hS kzm-X{¥y-sØ ASn-®a¿-tØ≠Xv- Bhiy-am-Wv.-)F¶n¬- kw-LSn-°m\p-≈ kzm-X{¥y-am-tWm- sIm-Sp-t°≠Xv.- (F∂m¬ tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- Nn-¥m-KXn-{]Im-cw- bYm¿-∞ kzm-X{¥y-hpw- kz-ta[bm-bp-≈ kw- L S\Ifpw- sshhn- ≤ y- c q- ] ßfn- e m- W v - \n- e bp- d ∏n- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv . tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Isf kw-_‘n-®n-StØm-fw- kw-LSn-°m-\p-≈ AhIm-iwASn-®a¿-Øn-bXp-sIm-≠v- P\ßsf bYm¿-∞ kzm-X{¥y-Øn-\p-th≠nHØp-Iq-Sm≥- t{]cn-∏n-°p-Itbbp-≈q.-)69

a\p-jy-kaq-lw- F√m-Øcw- \m-ißfn-te-°pw- A]ISßfn-te-°pw- kZmNen-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂bhkv-Ybm-Wp-≈Xv- F∂v- km-aq-ln-I P\m-[n-]Xyhm-Zn-Iƒ- Dd®v- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p-≠v.- P\ßƒ-°v- bm-sXm-cp-hn-[ kzm-X{¥yw- A\phZn-°m≥- P\m-[n-]Xy- km-aq-ly-hm-Zn-Ifp-sS a\ v- A\p-hZn-°p-∂n-√.Cu- Nn-¥m-[m-c \sΩsIm-≠v- FØn-°p-∂Xv- Nn-e hy-Iv-Xam-b tNm-Zy-ßfnte°m-Wv.- P\ßƒ- cm-jv-{So-b°m¿- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂Xp-t]m-se C{Xam-{XwIgn-hp-sI´hcpw- A[m¿-Ωn-Icpw- hn-hcan-√m-Øhcp-am-sW¶n¬- Ah¿-°vthm- ´ v - sNøp- h m- \ p- ≈ AhIm- i sØ F¥n- \ m- W v - Ch¿- C{Xam- { XwDXv-IrjvSam-b BthitØm-sS ]cn-c£n-°p-hm≥- shºp-∂Xv.-

Aam-\p-jn-Iam-b Bibwa\p-jy-Xz-Øn-s≥-d kw-Lm-SIsc∂v- {]Jym-]n-°p-∂ ta¬-]d™hcp-sS {]hr-Øn-, Rm≥- Ahtcm-Sv- ]et∏mgpw- tNm-Zn-®n-´p-≈Xpw- F\n- ° - v- Hcn-°epwadp-]Sn- In-ń-bn-ń-√m-ØXpamb tNm-Zy-Øn-tebv-°m-Wv- \sΩ \bn-°p-∂Xv.a\p-jy- kaq-lØn-s≥-d kzm-`m-hn-I KXn- C{Xam-{Xw- No-Øbm-bXv- kzm-X{¥yw\ev - I p- ∂ Xpw- kp- c £n- X a√m- Ø Xp- a m- s W¶n- ¬ - Cu- kw- L m- S Icp- s S kz-`m-hhpw- KXn-bpw- F√m-bn-t∏m-gpw- C{X\√Xm-Ip-∂Xv- F¥p-sIm-≠v-?\n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°fpw- Ah¿- \n-ban-® {]Xn-]p-cp-j∑m-cpw- a\p-jy-cm-in-bn¬s∏Sp- ∂ hct√?- a\p- j y- I p- e w- D≠m- ° n- b Xn- \ v - ]pdsa hn- i n- j v - S am- b at‰sX¶n-epw- hkv-Xp-°ƒ-sIm-≠v- D≠m-°n-bXm-tWm-, Ahsc D≠m-°n-bn´p-ff- Xv- kaq-lsØ \n-b{¥n-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬- AXv- P\ßfp-sS kzm-`m-hn-Iamb hgn-]n-g®Xm-b kz-`m-hw-aq-ew- A\n-hm-cy-am-b k¿-∆\m-iØn-te-°v\bn-°p-sa∂Xm-Wv, kwLm-S-I-cpsS A`n-{]mbw \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒAhIm-is∏Sp-∂Xv- C{]Im-cap-≈ BfllXym-]cam-b hgn-bn¬- \n-∂v- Ah¿P\ßsf \√ Zn-ibn-te°v- \bn-°p-sa∂Xm-Wv A{]Im-cam-sW¶n¬\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ°pw - kw-Lm-SI¿-°pw- a\p-jy-kaq-lØn-\v- ap-Ifn-em-b Ahsc {]Xn-jv-Tn-°m≥- Ah¿-°v- kz¿-§Øn¬- \n-∂v- _p-≤n-iIv-Xn-bpw- \∑bpwIn-ń-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww-.- A{]Im-cap-≈ \∑bp-w- _p-≤n-iIv-Xn-bpwAh¿-°p-s≠¶n¬- AXv- Ah¿- sXfn-bn-°s´.\Ωƒ- BSp-Ifp-w- Ah¿ Bń-Sb∑m-cp-am-Ip-∂ kv-Yn-Xn-hn-tijap-≠m-Ipw.B kvY - n-Xn-hn-tijØn¬- Ah¿-°v- \Ωtf°mƒ- ta∑ D≠m-IWat√m,- BbXn\m¬- \n-a\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°fpw- kw-Lm-SIcpw- ta¬-]d™ kzm-`m-hn-I ta∑ 70

sXfn-bn-°Wsa∂v- Bhiy-s∏Sm≥- \Ωƒ-°v- AhIm-iap-≠v.-

kz-bw- Xn-cs™Sp-°m-\p-≈ kzm-X{¥y-sØ tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ\n-cm-Icn-°p-∂p tkm-jy-en-kv‰- p-Iƒ-°v- ]p-Xn-b km-aq-ly-{Iaw- I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂Xn-t\m,- {]Ncn∏n-°p-∂Xn-t\m,- ]ckyw- sNøp-∂Xn-t\m,- AX√ Ahcn¬-Øt∂bpw- AhcpsS Nn-ehn-epw- Ahcp-sS tNZØn-epw- \S∏n-em-°p-∂Xns\ Rm≥- FXn¿°p-∂p-sh∂v sX‰n-≤cn-°cp-Xv.- Rm≥- FXn¿°p-∂Xv- \n-baw-aq-ew- _eambn- Ahcp-sS Bibßƒ- ASn-t®ev-]n-°p-∂Xn-t\bpw- AXn-\p-≈ Nn-ehv\Ωƒ- \ev-Ip-∂ \n-Ip-Xn- ]WØn¬- \n-∂pw- Cu-Sm-°p-∂Xn-t\bp-am-Wv.Rm≥- ta¬-]d™ hnhn-[ßfm-b km-aq-ly- Nn-¥Ifp-sS {]tbm-Iv-Xm-°sf AXm-bXv- Iys_\n-ÃvkpIƒ (Cabenists), t{SmUp-sl-\-msk≥Uv (Troduhenesd) Imhn- ‰ okv (Cavitises), t^mdn- b - d nÃv k v (Fourierists), bqWn- t h- g v k n- ‰ dnÃv k pIƒ (Universitarists), - { ]qtUm- W nÃv k pIƒ (Proudhonists), Ahcp-sS Bibw- shSn-bWsa∂√.- Rm≥- \n-jv-I¿-jn°p-∂Xv- Ch¿-s°√m-w s]m-Xp-hm-bn´p-ff Hcp Bibw- shSn-bWsa∂pam-{XamWv.- AXm-bXv- Ahcp-sS hym-]m-c \n-baßfpw- {Ko-°v-,- tdm-a≥[m¿-Ωn-I aq-ey-ßfpw- hm-bv-]m- _m-¶pIƒ- F∂ Bibhpw- km-aq-ly-]≤XnIƒ- F∂ Bibhpw- \Ωp-sSta¬- ASn-t®ev] - n-°p-Ibpw- \Ωsf hn-hn-[XcwK-Wßfm-°p-Ibp-w sNøp-∂Xv- Ahkm-\n-∏n-°Wsa∂p-am-{Xam-Wv.ta¬-]d™ ]≤Xn-Iƒ- thWtam- th≠tbm- F∂Xv- \Ωƒ-Xs∂ Xo-cp-am\n-°m-\p-≈ AhIm-iw- \n-tj[n-°cp-sX∂pw- \ΩfpsS- ta¬- ta¬-]d™ Bibßƒ- t\cn-t´m--- A√m-sXtbm- ASn-t®ev] - n-°cp-sX∂pw- \Ωƒ-°v- ta¬]d™ Bibßƒ- \Ωp- s S Xm- e v - ] cy- ß ƒ- ° v - hn- c p- ≤ am- s Wt∂m,a\km-£n-°v- hn-cp-≤am-sWt∂m-,- tXm-∂p-∂p-s≠¶n¬- BbXv- \n-cIm-cn-°m\≈ AhIm-ißƒ- thWw- F∂Xp-am-{Xam-Wv.F∂m¬- Cu- kw-Lm-SI¿-°v- \n-Ip-Xn- ]Ww- \n¿_‘ambn - thWsa∂pwAhcp-sS ]≤Xn-Iƒ- \S∏n-em-°m≥- \n-baØn-\v- iIv-Xn-thWsa∂pw\n¿-_≤am-Wv.- Cu- B{Klw- \o-Xn-cln-Xhpw- ASn-®a¿-Øepw- BsW∂vam-{Xa√,- a\p-jy-cm-in- Ign-hp-sI´Xm-sW∂pw- kw-Lm-SI¿-°v- sX‰p-]‰n-bn√m-sb∂p-ap-≈ [m-cWbn¬- \n-∂pw- D¤hn-®n-´p-≈XpamWv.-

{^©v- hn-πhØn-s≥-d Im-cWßƒBibßfp- s S Cu- sshcp- [ y- ß ƒ- k¶SIcamWv F∂v ]dbt´,{^m≥-kn-se kw-`hßfn¬- kzm-`m-hn-Iam-bp-w- CXv Im-Wmw.- DZm-lc-WØ - n\v AhIm-ißƒ- Ir-Xy-am-bn- ]d™m¬- cm-jv-{So-b AhIm-ißƒ- t\Sn-sbSp°p-∂Xn-\v- bq-tdm-]y-≥I - m-cn¬- ap-∂n-´p- \n-∂ncp-∂Xv- {^©p-Im-cm-Wv.- F∂m¬Cu- hkv-Xp-X {^©v- ]u-c∑m-sc bq-tdm-∏n-seXs∂ G‰hpw- ISn-™mWn´hcpw- h©n-°s∏´hcpw- `cn-°s∏´hcp-am-Ip-∂ P\XbmIp-∂Xn¬- \n-∂pwXS w- \n-∂n-√.- a‰p- cm-Py-ßfn¬- \n-∂pwhn-`n-∂am-bn- GXp-kabØpwhn-πhw- hcm-hp-∂ cm-Py-am-bn- {^m≥-kv- am-dn.- CXv- Hcp- kzm-`m-hn-I ]cn-Wm-awam-{Xam-Wv.""A[n-Im-cam-Wv- kaq-lsØ Nen-∏n-°p-∂Xv ''- F∂v- an.- eqbnkv ªm-Mv{]Jym-]n-®Xv- ta¬-]d™ Bibßƒ- cm-jv-{SX{¥⁄¿- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂nStØm-fw- Im-ew- Cu- kv-Yn-Xn-hn-tijw- Xp-Scp-IXs∂ sNøpw.- am-\h¿\n-iv-Necm-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw- Ahcp-sS t£aw- h¿-≤n-∏n-°phm-\p-w- Ah¿-°vIgn-hn-√m-sb∂v- [cn-°p-Ibpw- Ahcp-sS _p-≤n-iIv-Xn-bpw- Du¿-÷hpwsIm-≠v- Ahcp-sS kt¥m-jw- h¿-≤n-∏n-°m≥- Ah¿-°v- kz-bw- Ign-hn-s√∂v[cn-°p-bpw- F√m-Øn-\pw- \n-basØ B{ibn-°p-Ibp-w- sNøp-∂Xp-aq-ewCu- kv-Yn-Xn-hn-tijw- Xp-Scp-IXs∂ sNøpw.- Cu- Ahkv-Y B´n-≥-]‰hpwB´n-Sb\pw- XΩn-ep-≈ _‘wt]m-sebm-Wv.-

`c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ hn-]p-eam-b iIv-XnCu- Bibw- \n-ehn-ep-≈n-StØm-fw- `c-WI - q-SØ - ns‚bpw- cm-Py-Øn-s≥-dbpwDØchm-Zn-Xzw- hfsc hep-Xm-Wv.- cm-jv-{So-b`cWsØ B{ibn-®m-Wv- \√ ^eßfpw- No-Ø ^eßfpw- kz-Øpw- Zm-cn-{Zy-hpw- kaXz-hpw- AkaXz-hpw\∑bpw- Xn-∑bpw- \n-esIm-≈p-∂Xv.- cm-Py-Øn-s≥-dbpw- `cWØn-s≥-dbpwNp-aen-em-Wv- F√mw.- F√mw- sNøp-∂Xpw- Gs‰Sp-°p-∂Xpw-, AXp-sIm-≠pXs∂ F√m-Øn-\pw- DØchm-Zn- cm-Py-hpw- `cWIqS-hp-am-Wv. \Ωƒ-°v \√Xv h∂m¬ AXv- `cWØn-s‚ Ignhpw AXp-hgn- \Ωƒ-°p≈ Nm-cn-Xm¿-∞y-hpw- Ds≠∂v hcp-In¬, AXp-t]m-seXs∂ \Ωƒ-°vB]Øp-hcp-tºmƒ- AXn-s≥-d Ip-‰hpw- `cWhpw- cm-Py-hpw- hln-°Ww.- F¥psIm-s≠∂m¬- \Ωp-sS hy-Iv-Xn-Xz-hpw- kz-Øp-°fpwcm-Py-Øn-s≥-d hn-{In-b Øn-et√?- \n-baw- k¿-∆iIv-Xn-bp-≈Xt√?72

cm-Pyw- hn-Zym-`ym-kØn-ep-≈ Ip-ØI Gs‰Sp-°p-tºm-ƒ- Ip-Spw-_\m-Y∑m¿°p-≈ {]Xo-£Iƒ-°pw- cm-Pyw- DØcw- ]dtb≠n-hcpw.- A{]Im-cap-≈ {]Xo-£Iƒ- XI¿-∂m¬- AXn\v- DØchm-Zn-bpambncn-°pw-?- hy-hkm-bßsf {Iao-Icn-°p-tºmƒ- cm-Pyw- ]p-tcm-KXn- Dd∏p-Xcp-∂ Icm-dn-em-Wv- G¿-s∏Sp∂Xv.- As√¶n¬- hy-hkm-bßƒ-°p-≈ kzm-X{¥yw- \n-tj[n-°p-∂XvhnVv-Un-Øam-Wv.- At∏mƒ- hy-hkm-bßƒ- XI¿-∂m¬- Bcm-bn-cn-°pwDØchm-Zn? Np-¶ßƒ- G¿-s∏Sp-Øn- I®hSØn-s≥-d kaXp-e\m-hkvY - bn¬- CSs]Sp-∂ k¿-°m¿- I®hSsØ A`n-hr-≤n-s∏Sp-Øm-hp-∂ Icm-dn-em-Wv- G¿-s∏Sp-∂Xv.A{]Im-cap-≈ I®hSØn¬- \jv-Sw- kw-`hn-®m¬- Bcm-Wv- DØchm-Zn? kap-t{Zm-ev-]m-ZI hy-hkm-bßƒ-°v- kzm-X{¥y-Øn-\p-]Icw- kw-c£Wwhm-Kv-Zm-\w-sNøp-∂ k¿-°m¿- B hy-hkm-bsØ em-Ìcam-°m-sa∂v- Dd∏p\ev-Ip-Ibm-Wv- sNøp-∂Xv.- F∂m¬- AXv- \n-Ip-Xn-Zm-bI\v Hcp- _m-≤y-X Bhp-Ibm-sW¶n¬- AXn-\v- DØchm-Zn-bm-cm-Wv- ?AXp-sIm-≠v- F√m- ]cm-Xn-Iƒ-°pw- k¿-°m-¿- DØchm-Zn-Ifm-Wv.- Hm-tcmtXm-¬-hn-bpw- ho-≠pw- Hcp- {^©v- hn-πhØn-s≥-d km-[y-X Iq-´p-Ibt√ sNøp-∂Xv.CXn-\v- Hcp- ]cn-lm-csa¥m-Wv ?- \n-baØn-s≥-d hym-]v-Xn- A\¥am-bnIq-ń-°q-ń- AXp-hgn- k¿-°m-cn-s≥-d DØchm-Zn-Xzw- ho-≠pw- Iq-´p-Ibm-tWm.k¿-°m¿- thX\w- Iq-´m\p-w- \n-b{¥Ww- G¿-s∏Sp-Øm-\p-ap-≈ DØc hm-Zn-Xzw- Gs‰Sp-Øtijw- AXn-\v- km-[n-°m-sX h∂m¬- Bhiy-ap-≈ F√mhcp-tSbpw- ]cn-c£Wtas‰Sp-Øv- AXn-\v- km-[n-°m-sXh∂m¬- sXm-gn¬cln-X¿-°p-≈ ]n-¥p-W Gs‰Sp-Øv- A{]Im-cw- sNøm-Xn-cp-∂m¬- ]en-i cln-X hm-bv] - \evI - mw.- F∂v- Gs‰Sp-Øv- A{]Im-cw- sNøm-Xn-cp-∂m¬- F¥mWv- êw.- an. Un. eam¿ńs‚ (Mr. De. Lamartine) hm-°p-Iƒ- AXm-bXvcm-Py-Øn-s≥-d Dt±iw-Xs∂ t_m-[hXv° - cWhpw- hn-Ik\hpw- iIvX - n-s∏SpØepw- Bflo-bam-°epw- k¿-t∆m-]cn- P\ßfp-sS a\ n-s\ ip-≤o-Icn°p-Ibp-am-Wv- F∂m-Wv.- F∂m¬- k¿-°m-cn-s≥-d Hm-tcm- ]n-ghp-IfpwCXp-aq-ew- A\n-hm-cy-am-b hn-πhØn-tebv-°v- \bn-°p-Ibn-t√ ?-

cm-jv-{So-bhpw- [\Im-cy-hpw(Cu- N¿-®bp-sS Xp-S°Øn¬- \Ωƒ- kv-]¿-in-®p-t]m-b cm-jv-{So-bhpw- [\ Im-cy-hpw- XΩn-ep-≈ _‘sØ∏‰n- Iq-Sp-X¬- Nn-¥n-°mw)-.cm-jv-{So-b XXz-im-kv-{Xw- bp-Iv-Xn-°\p-kr-Xam-bn- D≠m-°p-∂Xn-\p- ap-ºv[\Im-cy- im-kv-{Xw- hn-Ikn-∏n-t°≠Xm-hiy-am-Wv-.- [\XXz-im-kv-{Xw- a\p-jys≥-d Xm-ev-]cy-ßƒ- sshhn-Zym-ﬂIam-tWm,- tN¿-®bp-≈Xm-tWm- F∂vXo-cp-am-\n-°p-∂Xm-Wv.- Hcp- `cWIq-SØn-s≥-d bYm¿-∞ Np-aXeIƒXo-cp-am-\n-°p-∂Xn-\v- cm-jv-{S\o-Xn-bp-≠m-°p-∂Xn-\p- ap-ºv- ta¬-]d™ [\Im-cy-im-kv-{Xw- Adn-tb≠Xp-≠v.[\im-kv{- Xw- ]p-tcm-Kan-®m¬- DS≥-Xs∂ cm-jv{- SX{¥w- Xp-Sßp-∂ kabØpXs∂bpw- Cu- {][m-\s∏´ tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- DØcw- In-t´≠Xp-≠v.- F¥m-Wv\n-baw?- AXv- F{]Im-cam-Wv- th≠Xv-?- AXn-s≥-d hym-]v-Xn-bpw- ]cn-an-Xn-bpwF{XtØm-fam-Wv.- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°fp-sS \o-Xn-Icn-°m-hp-∂ A[nIm-cßƒbpIv-Xn-]cam-bn- Fhn-sS Ahkm-\n-°Ww.CXn-\p-≈ DØcw- Hcp- kw-ibhp-an-√m-sX Rm≥- ]dbmw-.- \n-basa∂m¬A\o-Xn-sb XSbp-∂Xn-\p-th≠n- cq-]o-Icn-®n-´p-≈ s]m-Xp-hm-b iIv-Xnbm-Wv.- Np-cp-°n-]d™m¬- \n-baw- \o-Xn-bm-Wv.-

\n-ba\n¿-Ωm-WØn-s≥-d bYm¿-∞ Np-aXeIƒ\n-ba \n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-\pw- \Ωp-sS hy-Iv-Xn-Xz-Øn-t∑epw- Bkv-Xn-bv-°p-taepw]caam- b A[n- I m- c ap- ≠ v - F∂p- ] dbp- ∂ Xv - icn- b √.- hy- I v - X n- I fpwkz-Øp-°fpw- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-\v- ap-ºp-Xs∂ \n-e\n-∂n-cp-∂p.- \n-ba \n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-s≥-d Np-aXe hy-Iv-Xn-Ifp-tSbpw- kz-Øp-°fp-tSbp-w- kp-c£ Dd∏p-hcp-Øem-Wv.\Ωp-sS a\ n-s\bpw- Bibßtfbpw,- Dt±ißtfbpw- hn-Zym-`ym-ktØbpwA`n-{]m-bßtfbpw- tPm-en-Itfbpw- hym-]m-ctØbpw- Ign-hp-ItfbpwD√m-kßtfbpw- {Iao-Icn-°p-I F∂X√ \n-baØn-s≥-d bYm¿-∞ Dt±iyw.A{]Im-cap-≈ {]h¿-Øn-Iƒ- sNøm-\p-≈ kzm-X{¥y-sØ kw-c£n-°p-IbpwAXn-t∑ep-≈ IS∂p-Ib‰sØ sNdp-°p-Ibp-am-Wv-.A{]Im-cw- sNøm≥- \n-baØn-\v- iIv-Xn-bp-sS ]n-¥p-W thWsa∂p-≈XpsIm-≠v- AXn-s≥-d \n-ba]cam-b \S∏n-em-°¬- A{]Im-cw- _e{]tbm-Kw74

th≠ kv-YeØp-am-{Xam-Wv.- CXm-Wv- \o-Xn.kz-bw- {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥-th≠n- _ew- {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xn-\v- F√m-h¿-°pwAhIm- i ap- ≠ v . - A{]Im- c w- X s∂ hy- I v - X n- I fp- s S ta¬- { ]Im- c ap- ≈ AhIm-iØn-s≥-d HØp-Iq-S¬- am-{Xam-b Iq-´m-b iIv-Xn- \n-ba]m-eI am-bn- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv- kaq-lsØ kz-bw- {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥- am-{Xam-bncn-°Ww.- AXn-\√m-sX A{]Im-cap-≈ iIv-Xn- \n-ba]cam-bn- as‰m-cpIm-cy-Øn-\v- D]tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥- ]‰p-Ibn-√.\n-baw- F∂Xv- hy-Iv-Xn-Ifp-sS kz-bw-{]Xn-tcm-[Øn-\p-≈ AhIm-iØn-s‚ kw-LSn-X cq-]am-Wv.- AXv- \n-baap-≠m-°p-∂Xn-\v- ap≥-]p-Xs∂bp-≈ Xp-am-Wv.- \n-basa∂m¬- \o-Xn-bm-Wv.-

\n-bahpw- klm-\p-`q-Xn-bpw- H∂√ \n-baØn-s≥-d Dt±iyw- hy-Iv-Xn-Isf Aa¿-® sNøp-Ibpw- Ahcp-sS kz-Øp-°ƒ- sIm-≈bSn-°ep-a√.- \n-baw- am-\thm-]Im-c]cam-b Im-cy-ßƒsNøp-∂p-≠m-Imw.- F∂m¬- \n-baØn-s≥-d ]caam-b Dt±iyw- hy-IvX - n-Itfbpwkz-Øp-°tfbpw- kw-c£n-°p-I F∂Xm-Wv.\n-baØn-s≥-d \SØn-∏n¬- AXv- hy-Iv-Xn-Isf ASn-®a¿-Øp-Ibpw- kz-Øp°ƒ- sIm-≈ sNøp-∂p-s≠¶n¬- \n-baw- a\p-jy-kv-t\l]cam-sW∂v]dbp-hm≥- ]‰p-Ibn-√.- CXv- Hcp- hn-tcm-[m-`m-kam-Wv.- hy-Iv-Xn-Itfbpwkz-Øp-°tfbpw- _m-[n-°m-sX \n-baw- \S∏n-em-°m≥- km-[n-°p-Ibn-√.F∂m¬- A{]Im-cw- kw-c£Ww \ev-Im-sX \n-baw- \S∏nem-°p-tºmƒAXv- hy-IvX - n-kzm-X{¥y-Øn-t≥-dbpw- kz-Øn-s≥-d AhIm-itØbpw- \n-cm-Icn°em-Wv.\n-baw- \o-Xn-bm-Wv.- hy-Iv-Xhpw- efn-Xhp-w- Ir-Xy-hpw- _‘n-Xhp-amWv.- AXvF√m-h¿-°pw- Im-Wm-hp-∂Xpw- A\p-`hn-°m-hp-∂Xp-am-Wv.- Fs¥∂m¬\o-Xn- Af°m-hp-∂Xv- kYn-cam-b am-‰an-√m-ØXp-am-Wv.- \o-Xn- CXn¬Iq-Sp-Xtem- Ip-dthm- A√.F∂m¬- Cu- ]cn-[nhn-´v- \n-baw- D≠m-°n-bm¬- AXm-bXv- \n-baØn-\vaX]cam-tbm,- {`m-¥o-bam-tbm,-- tem-tIm-]Im-c{]Zam-tbm,- hyhkm-bn-Iam-tbm,km-ln-Xy-]cam-tbm- Xp-ey-s∏Sp-Øm-sX Iem-]cam-tbm- D≈ \n-dw- sIm-Sp-°pIbm-sW¶n¬- AXv- ]cn-[n-sh°m-Ø kv-Yeßfn¬- tNt°dp-Ibpw75

hy-Iv-XX C√m-ØXpw- Ir-Xy-X C√m-ØXpw- \S∏m-°m≥-]‰m-Ø km-¶ev-]n-I tem-IsØØp-Ibpw- AXn-\p-]p-dta \n-ch[n-bm-b km-¶ev] - n-I tem-Ißfn¬hy-hlcn-°p-Ibpw- H∂v- H∂n-t\m-Sv- a’cn-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂ Ahkv-Y bp-≠m-Ipw.- CXn-\v- Im-cWw- tem-tIm-]Im-c{]Zhpw- km-tlm-Zcy-hpw- F√mw]cn-[n-bn-√m-Ø BibßfmWv.- \o-Xn- F∂Xv- ]cn-[n-bn¬- \n-ev-t°≠ hy-hkv-Ybp-am-Wv.- ]cn-[n-bn-√m-sX Xp-Sßn-bm¬- Fhn-sSbm-Wv- \n-dp-Øp-I.\n-baw- AXn-s\ Fhn-sSXs∂ Xfbv-°pw?-

IΩyq-Wn-kØn-tebv-°p-≈ DXv-Ir-jv-S ]m-X an. Un. sk‚v ss{Ibn°v (Mr. De. Saint - Cricq), an. Fw.-B¿.Un. kmenUn (Mr. M.R.D. Saild) s≥-d A`n-{]m-bØn¬- tem-tIm-]Im-cw- F∂Xv- Nn-e hyhkm-bn-I KWßfn¬- am-{Xw- \n-ev-t°≠Xm-Wv.- At±lØn-s≥-d A`n-{]mbØn¬- D]t`m-Iv-Xm-°sf \n-b{¥n-®v- Dev-]m-ZI¿-°v- Kp-Wap-≠m-°em-Wv\n-baØn-s≥-d {]h¿-Øn.an.- I¨-kn-Ud≥-dv- (Mr.Considerant) sXm-gn-em-fn- kw-Lßfp-sS XesXm´∏\m-Wv.- At±lØn-s≥-d A`n-{]m-bØn¬- \n-baw-sIm-≠p-≈ Dt±iywsXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°v- Bhiy-am-b hkv{- Xßfpw- ho-Sp-Ifpw- `£Wßfpw- AXvBhiy-am-b a‰p- Pohn-Xku-Icy-ßfpw- Dd∏p-hcp-Øp-I F∂Xm-Wv.an.- eqbn- ªm- M v - (Mr.Loui Blaang) ]dbp- ∂ Xv - ta¬- ] d™ G‰hpwNp-cp-ßn-b Dd∏p-Iƒ- ]cn-]q¿-Æ km-tlm-Zcy-Øn-s≥-d Xp-S°w- am-{Xam-sW∂pwF√m- sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°pw- Dev] - m-Z\ km-a{Kn-Iƒ-,- Nn-ehn-√m-Ø hn-Zym-`ym-khpwDd∏p- hcp-Øp-∂Xm-bncn-°Ww- \n-basa∂Xv.thsd Hcm-fp-sS \n-co-£WØn¬- ta¬-]d™ hy-hkv-YIsf√mw- D≠m-°nbm-epw- ]n-s∂bpw- AkaXz-hpw- \n-e\n-ev° - p-sa∂pw- AXn-\m¬- F√mw- Ah¿°pw- AXm-bXv- FØn-t®cp-hm≥- G‰hpw- _p-≤n-ap-´p-≈ kv-YeØvPo-hn-°p-∂bmƒ-°p-th≠n- BUw-_chpw- km-ln-Xy-hpw- Iebp-w- Dd∏phcp-Øp-∂Xm-bn-cn-°Ww- \n-baw- F∂Xm-Wv.ta¬-]d™ hm-Zßƒ-s°√mw- IΩyq-Wn-kØn-tebv-°p-≈ DXv-Ir-jv-S ]m-Zßfm-Wv.- A{]Im-cam-sW¶n¬- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Wsa∂Xv- F√m-hcp-sSbpwB¿-Øn-bp-tSbpw- `m-h\m-iIv-Xn-bp-tSbpw- bp-≤°fam-bn- am-dpw. Ct∏mƒXs∂ A{]Im-cam-Wv.76

Hcp- kp-kv-Yn-c `cWIq-S¯n-s³-d ASn-kv-Ym-\w\n- b aw- \o- X n- X s¶bm- W v . - Cu- Bib¯nÂ- Hcp- efn- X hpw- \o- - p \n-ev-¡p-¶Xp-am-b `cWIq-Ss¯ k¦ev-]n-¡m-hp-¶Xm-Wv.- A\o-Xn-sb CÃm-Xm-¡p-¶Xn-\p-am-{Xw- {i²n-¡p-¶ kw-LSn-X iIv-Xn-bp-Å Hcp- kÀ-¡mcn-s\Xn-sc GsX¦n-epw- sNdn-btXm-Xn-ep-Å FXnÀ-t¸m,- Iem-]tam,- hn-¹hwXs¶bp--m-Ip-sa¶v- {]hNn-¡m³- BÀ-s¡¦n-epw- ss[cy-ap--m-Ip-tam.A{]Im-cap-Å `cW¯n³-Io-gnÂ- Gähpw- Iq-Sp-XÂ- ]p-tcm-Ka\hpwA`n-hr-²n-bpw- D-m-hp-Ibpw- AXv- kaam-bpw- hn-XcWw- sN¿s¸Sp-IbpwsN¿pw.- a\p-jy-s³-d Hgn-¨p-Iq-Sm³-]äm-¯ Zo-\§Ä-¡v- At¸mÄ- Bcpw`cWIq- S s¯ Ip- ä w- ]dbp- I bp- a n- Ã .- `cWIq- S ¯n- s ³- d {]hÀ- ¯ nA\o-Xn-sb ASn-¨aÀ-¯Â- am-{Xam-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ- taÂ-]dª D¯chmZn-Xzw- `cWIq-S¯n-\p--m-hp-Ibn-Ã.- Im-em-hkv-Ybp-sS am-ä¯n-\v- `cW Iq-S¯n-\v- D¯chm-Zn-Xzw- CÃm-¯Xp-t]m-seXs¶ taÂ-]dªhÀ-¡v- AXvD¯chm-Zn-bm-hp-Ibn-Ã.taÂ-]dª {]Jym-]\¯n-\v- Hcp-Zm-lcWw- C{]Im-cam-Wv.- Iq-Sp-XÂIq-en- In-«p-¶Xn-t\m,- ]en-icln-X hm-bv-] In-«p-¶Xn-t\m-,- \nÀ-½m-tWm]IcW§Ä- In-«p-¶Xn-t\m- A\p-Iq-eam-b Np-¦¯n-t\m,- kÀ-¡mÀtPm- e n- t ¡m- th- n - \o- X n- \ ym- b tIm- S Xn- I Ä- s ¡Xn- s c P\§Ä- kacw -sNbv - X Ncn- { Xap- t - m - ? - F´p- s Im- s - ¶ mÂ- \o- X n- \ ym- b tIm-SXn-Ifp-sS A[n- I m- c ]cn- [ n- b nÂ- t h- taÂ- ] dª Im- c y- § sf¶pw- FÃm- h À- ¡ padn-bmw.- AXp-t]m-seXs¶ `cWIq-Sw- AXn-s³-d bYmÀ-° Np-aXeIfnÂHXp-§n-\n-¶mÂ- \n-ba¯n-s³-d ]cn-[n-bn-ep-Å Im-cy-§sfÃmw- taÂ-]dª Im-cy-§sf¶v- FÃm-hÀ-¡pw- t_m-[y-am-Ipw.F¶mÂ- km-tlm-Zcy-¯n-s³-d kn-²m-´¯n-em-Wv- \n-baw- D-m-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶sX¶v- {]Jym-]n-¨p-w- \n-ba¯nÂ- \n-¶m-Wv- FÃm- \·bpw- Xn-·bpw D-mIp-¶sX¶v- AhIm-is¸«pw- hy-IX v- n-]cam-b A]IShpw- km-aq-ln-I Ak´pen-Xm-hkv-Ybv-¡pw- \n-bas¯ D¯chmZn-bm-¡p-Ibpw- sNbv-XmÂ- ]cm-XnIfp-tSbpw- Ip-g¸§fp-tSbpw- Akz-kvX - XIfp-tSbpw- hn-¹h§fp-sSXs¶ A\´an-Ãm-¯ Xp-SÀ-¨bv-¡p-Å hm-Xn-ep-IÄ- Xp-d¡em-bn-cn-¡p-aXv.-

\o-Xn- F¶Xn-\À-°w- AhIm-i kaXz-am-Wv \n-baw- F¶mÂ- \o-Xn-bm-Wv.- - \n-baw- atäsX¦n-ep-am-Ip-sa¦nÂ- AXv- Xn-I¨pw77

Akm-[m-cWhp-am-Wv.- F√m- AhIm-ißfpw- Hcp-t]m-sebt√?- F¥vAhIm-iØn-s≥-d _eØn-em-Wv- Ft∂m-Sv- an.-an-an-d¬ (Mr. Mimeren), an.-Un. aneq¨ (Mr. D. Melun), an.-Xn-b¿ (Mr. Thiers), an. eqbn ªmßv (Mr. LouicBlaang) F∂n-hcp-sS km-aq-ly- ]≤Xn-Iƒ-°\p-kr-Xam-°m≥Bhiy-s∏Sp-∂Xv.- \n-baØn-\v- A{]Im-cap-≈ [m¿-Ωn-I AhIm-iwDs≠¶n¬- F¥p-sIm-≠v- Cu- am-\y-∑m-tcm-Sv- Fs≥-d ]≤Xn-Iƒ- Aw-Ko-Icn°m≥- Bhiy-s∏´p-Iq-Sm?- F\n-°p-am-{Xw- ta¬-]d™ BZ¿-icm-jv-{Sw kz-]v-\w-Im-Wm-≥- D≈{X `m-h\m- hn-em-kw- {]Ir-Xn- X∂n-√m-sb∂v- Fßs\ Icp-Xmw?- ]e `m-h\m- hn-em-kØn¬- H∂n-s\ \n-baw- Fßs\bm-WvXn-cs™Sp-°p-∂sX∂v- hy-hkvY - m-]n-X `cWIq-SsØ AXv- \S∏n-em-°m≥D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.\n-baw- \o-Xn-bm-Wv.- s]m-Xp-sh ]dbp-∂Xp-t]m-se Cu- BibØn≥- Io-gn¬\n-baw- lr-Zban-√m-ØXpw- hy-IX v- n-]chpw- \n-co-£chm-X]chp-am-b H∂m-sW∂v]dbn-t√?- \n-baam-Wv- a\p-jy-cm-in- F∂p- hn-iz-kn-®v- `cWIq-SsØ Bcm-[n-°p-hm≥- am-{Xw- Ign-hp-≈ Hcp- hn-Vv-Un-Ø k¶ev-]am-Wn-Xv.Fs¥m- c p- hnVv U n- Ø w- ! `cWIq- S Øn- s ≥- d Bcm- [ I¿- kz- X {¥ya\p-jy-cn-√m-sb∂v- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂hcm-Wv.- \Ωƒ-°v- \n-baØn¬- \n-∂p-wDu¿-÷w- In-´n-bn-´n-s√¶n¬- as‰m-cp- Du¿-÷hpw- \Ωƒ-°n-√m-sb∂v- hcp-tam?\Ωp-sS Ign-hp-Ifp-sS kz-X{¥am-b D]tbm-KsØ kw-c£n-°p-hm≥am-{Xam-bn- \n-basØ ]cn-an-Xs∏Sp-Øn-bm¬- \Ωp-sS Ign-hp-Iƒ- D]tbmKn-°m-≥- ]‰m-sX hcp-tam- ?- \n-baw- \Ωsf Nn-eXcw- aXßƒ- kw-LSn-X {]kv-Xm-]\ßfn-epw- hn-Zym-`ym-k co-Xn-Ifn-epw- sXm-gn¬- \n-b{¥Wßfn-epwhym-]m-c \n-b{¥Wßfn-epw- [¿-Ω {]h¿-Øn-Ifn-epw- G¿-s∏Sm≥- \n¿-_‘n°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬- \Ωƒ- \n-co-iz-chm-XØn-tebv-°pw- B¿-Øn-bn-tebv-°pwGIm-¥Xbn-tebv-°pw- Zp-cn-XØn-tebv-°pw- Iq-∏p-Ip-Øpw- F∂m-tWmhn-h£n-t°≠Xv- ?- \Ωƒ- kz-X{¥cm-sW¶n¬- ssZh iIvX - n-bpw- ssZh \∑bpw\Ωƒ- Xn-cn-®dn-bp-Ibn-√m-sb∂m-tWm.- a\p-jy¿- Xt∂bpw- Iq-´p-Iq-Sp-Ibns√∂pw--]ckv-]cw- klm-bn-°p-Ibn-s√∂pw- kv-t\ln-°p-Ibn-s√∂pw`m-Ky-lo-\cm-b ktlm-Zcßsf kvt- \ln-°p-Ibn-s√∂pw- {]Ir-Xn-bp-sS clkyßsf∏‰n- ]Tn-°p-Ibn-s√∂pw- \Ωp-sS Ign-hp-Iƒ- ]cam-h[n- Iq-´p-Ibns√∂p-am-tWm- CXn-\¿-∞w.-

A¥ n-tebv-°pw- ]p-tcm-KXn-bn-tebv-°p-ap-≈ ]m-X \n-baw- \o-Xn-bm-Wv.- Cu- \n-baØn-s≥-d \o-Xn-bn-eq-sSbm-Wv- AXm-bXv- AhImißfp-sS hm-gv-Nbpw- kzm-X{¥y-Øn-s≥-d iIv-Xn-bpw- kp-c£bpw- DØc hm-Zn-Xz-hpw- kv-Yn-cXbpw- F√m-h¿-°pw- In-´p-∂Xv.- F√m-hcp-tSbpw- bYm¿∞ hn-\bhpw- A¥ pw- Xn-cn-®dn-bp-∂Xv- Cu- \o-Xn-bp-sS \n-baØn-eq-sSbmWv.- a\p-jy-¿- Dd∏m-bn-´p-w- F∂m¬- km-h[m-\Øn-epw- ssZhw- \n-iv-Nbn-®n´p-≈ am-\hn-IXbp-sS kam-[m-\]q¿-Æhpw- \n-iv-Nn-Xhp-am-b ]p-tcm-KXn-bntebv-°v- \o-ßp-∂Xv- a\p-jy-_‘ßfn-ep-≈ Ip-g∏ßƒ-°p-≈ {]Xn-hn-[nkzm-X{¥y-Øn¬- Is≠Øm-\m-Ipw.- CXv- sskZm-¥n-Iam-bpw- icn-bm-sW∂vF\n-°v- tXm-∂p-∂p.- GXp- hn-jbsØ∏‰n-bp-≈ N¿-®bm-bm-epw- AXv- aX]camIs´ Xm-Xzn-Iam-Is´,- cm-jv-{So-bam-Is´,- km-ºØn-Iam-Is´,- AXv- kar-≤nsb∏‰n-bp-≈Xm-Is´,- [m¿-Ωn-IXsb∏dn-bp-≈Xm-Is´,- kaXz-sØ∏‰n-tbmAhIm-isØ∏‰n-tbm-,- \o-Xn-sb∏‰n-tbm- hn-Ik\sØ∏‰n-tbm,- DØchmZn-Xz-sØ∏‰n-tbm,- klIcWsØ∏‰n-tbm,- kz-Øn-s\∏‰n-tbm,- sXm-gn-en-s\∏‰ntbm,- hym-]m-csØ∏‰n-tbm,- aq-e[\sØ∏‰n-tbm,- Iq-en-sb∏‰n-tbm,- P\kwJy-sb∏‰n-tbm,- km-ºØn-IØn-s\∏‰n-tbm,- `cWIq-SsØ∏‰n-tbm,- GXphn-jbsØ∏‰n-bpw- Rm≥- Fs≥-d im-kv-{Xo-b N{Ihm-fw- Xp-d°p-tºmƒF√mw- Htc Hcp- ]cn-kam-]v-Xn-bn-em-Wv- FØn-t®cp-∂Xv.- AXv- kz-m-X{¥yam-Wv.- F√m- {]iv-\ßƒ-°p-ap-≈ DØcam-Wv.-

Hcp- BibØn-s≥-d km-£yw\Ωp-sS A\p-`hßƒ- ta¬-∏d™ Im-cyw- km-£y-s∏Sp-∂n-t√ ?- tem-IØns\ ap-gp-h≥- ho-£n-°p-I G‰hpw- kam-[m-\hpw- [¿-Ωhpw- kt¥m-jIchpam-b P\Xbp-ap-≈ cm-Py-ßƒ- GXm-Wv- ?- hy-IvX - n-]cam-b Im-cy-ßfn¬- G‰hpwIp-d®v- CSs]Sp-∂ `cWIq-Sßfp-≈ cm-Py-ßfn-em-Wv- kam-[m-\hpw[m¿-Ωn-Ihpw- kt¥m-jhp-ap-≈ P\XIsf Im-Wm≥- km[n-°p-I.- Ahn-sS `cWIq-SsØ hfsc ]cn-an-Xam-bn- am-{Xsa A\p-`hs∏Sp-Ibp-≈q.hy-IX v- n-Iƒ-°v- G‰hpwhen-b e£y-hpw- kz-X{¥am-b A`n-{]m-bØn-\v- G‰hpwhen-b kzm-[o-\ iIv-Xn,- `cW]cam-b iIv-Xn- hfsc Ip-d®v- efn-Xhpw\n-Ip-Xn- hfsc eLp-hpw- GIm-¥hpw- kaXz-ap-≈Xp-am-bXpw- s]m-Xp{]Xn-tj[w- G‰hp-w- Ip-d™Xpw- G‰hpw- Ip-d®v- \ym-bo-IcWap-≈Xp-am-b hy-Iv-Xn-Ifpw- kw-Lßfpw- DØchm-Zn-Xz-ßƒ- s]s´∂v- Gs‰Sp-°p-∂Xpam-bXv- X∑q-ew- kz-Yth hn-Ieam-b [m¿-Ωn-I aq-ey-ßƒ-°p-≈ a\p-jy-cp-sS 79

[m¿-Ωn-I aq-ey-ßfp-sS kv-Yn-cam-b hf¿-®bpw- hym-]m-chpw- kw-LS\Ifpwhfsc Ip-d®v- \n-b{¥Whpw- sXm-gn-en-\pw- aq-e[\Øn-\pw- P\ßƒ-°v- G‰hpwIp-d®p-am-{Xap-≈ \n¿-_‘n-X am-‰ßƒ- a\p-jy≥- Ahcp-sS kzm-`m-hn-I io-eßƒ-°\p-kcn-®v- s]cp-am-dp-∂Xv- a\p-jy-s≥-d I≠p-]n-Sp-Øßƒ- ssZh \o-Xn-tbm-Sv- tN¿-∂p-≈hbp-am-Ip-∂Xp-am-Wv. Np-cp-°n-]d™m¬- Cu- Bibw]n- ¥ p- S cp- ∂ h¿- tem- I Øn- s e G‰hpw- k¥p- j v - S cp- w - [m¿- Ω n- I cpwkam-[m-\{]n-bap-≈hcp-am-Ipw.- a\p-jy-cm-in- A]q¿-Wam-sW¶n-epw- F√m{]Xo-£bpw- AhIm-ißfp-sS AXn¿- hcºp-Ifn¬- \n-∂p-sIm-≠p-≈ a\p- j y- c p- s S kzm- X {¥y- h pw- kzm- ` m- h n- I hp- a m- b {]h¿- Ø n- b n- e mWv . km¿-h{Xn-I \o-Xn- \S∏n¬- hcp-Øp-∂Xn-\√m-sX \n-bahpw- iIv-Xn-bpwD]tbm-Kn-°s∏Sp-hm-≥- ]mSp-≈X√.-

a‰p-≈hsc `cn-°m-\p-≈ B{KlwHcp- Im-cyw- ]dtb≠Xp-≠v- tem-IØv- hfsc Iq-Sp-X¬- ""alm-∑m-''-cp-≠v. \n-ba \n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ,- kw-Lm-SI¿,- \∑ sNøp-∂h¿,- P\ t\Xm-°ƒ,cm-jv-{S]n-Xm-°ƒ- Aßn-s\ ]ecpw- a\p-jy-Ip-eØn-\p- ap-Ifn¬- hfsc Iq- S p- X ¬- Bfp- I ƒ- AhscØs∂ {]Xn- j v - T n- ° p- ∂ p- ≠ v . - Ah¿A{]Im-cw- kw-LSn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw- `cn-°p-∂Xpw- klm-bn-°p-∂Xpw- HcpsXm-gn-em-bn- am-‰n-bn-cn-°p-Ibm-Wv.At∏mƒ- Nn-e¿- ]dbpw- ""\n-ßfpw- CXp-Xs∂bs√ sNøp-∂Xv.-''kΩXn-®p-,- ]t£ Rm≥- as‰m-c¿-∞Øn-em-Wv- sNøp-∂Xv- F∂v- kΩXn-t°≠nhcp-w.- Rm≥- ]cn-jv-I¿-Øm-°fp-sS Iq-sS Iq-Sn-bn-´p-s≠¶n-epw- AXvP\XIsf shdp-sX hn-Sp-hm≥- AXv- Ahsc t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂Xn-\p-th≠nbm- W v . - Rm≥- P\ßsf sh≥t°m- k n≥ (Vancausion) Abm- f p- s S Hmt´m-sa-t‰m¨ (Automaton) t\m-°n-bXp-t]m-seb√ t\m-°p-∂Xv.- Fs‚ ico-c im-kv-{X⁄≥- a\p-jy- ico-csØ kzo-Icn-°p-∂Xp-t]m-sebm-WvRm≥- sNøp-∂Xv.- Rm≥- P\ßsf A{]Im-cw-Xs∂ ko-Icn-°p-∂- p.- Rm≥]Tn-°m≥-,- _lp-am-\n-°m≥- am-{Xta B{Kln-°p-∂p-≈q.Hcp- hn-Jym-X bm-{Xn-I≥- ]d™ Hcp- IYbn-set∏m-sebm-Wv- F\n-°v a‰vF√m-hcn-ep-ap-≈ kao-]\w.- Cu- bm-{Xn-I≥- Hcp- Zn-hkw- Hcp- Im-´m-f Iq-´Øn¬- sN∂p-s]´p.- Hcp- ]n-©p-Ip-™v- At∏mƒ- Ahn-sS P\n-®tXbp≈q.- B Ip-™n-s\ Ahn-sSbp-≈ am-{¥n-Icp-tSbpw- ap-dn-sshZy-∑m-cp-sSbpw80

ssZh⁄cp-tSbpw- Iq-´w- NcSp-Ifpw- IΩep-Ifpw- sIm-fp-Øp-sam-s° bm-bpw- B Ip-™n-\v- Np-‰pw- Iq-Sn.- Hcp- Ip-ń-bp-sS aq-°n-se Zzm-cßƒhn-S¿-Øn-bn-s√¶n¬- B Ip-ń-°v- kp-K‘ {Zhy-ßfp-sS aWw- Xn-cn-®dn-bn-√.as‰m-cp-Ø≥- ]d™p.- Ip-ń-bp-sS tXm-f‰w-hsc sNhn-bp-sS amw-kfam-b Io-gv`m-Kw- hen-®v- \o-ń-bn-s√¶n¬- Cu- Ip-ń-bv-°v- sNhn- tIƒ-°m≥]‰p-Ibn-√.- Cu- Ip-ń-bp-sS IÆv- Rm≥- hy-Xym-ks∏Sp-Øn-bn-s√¶n¬Ip-ń-bv-°v- kq-cy-civ-an-Isf Hcn-°epw- Im-Wm≥- Ign-bn-√.- as‰m-cp-Ø≥Ip-ń-bp-sS Im-ev- Xm≥- hf®n-s√¶n¬- Ah\v- Hcn-°epw- t\sc \n-ev-°m≥]‰p-Ibn-s√∂pw- C\n-sbm-cp-Ø≥- Ip-ń-bp-sS Xebn¬- ASn-®n-√m-sb¶n¬ Nn-¥n-°m≥- ]‰p-Ibn-s√∂pw- ]d™p.bm-{Xn-I≥- t£m-`tØm-sS Cu- h¿-Øam-\w- \n-dp-Øp-hm-\m-hiy-s∏´p.Xp-S¿-∂v- Abmƒ- C{]Im-cw- ]d™p- ""ssZhw- Fs¥m-s° sNbv-Xn-´p-t≠mAsX√mw \√Xm-bn-´m-Wv- sNbv-Xn-´p-≈Xv- ssZhtØ°mƒ- Adn-hp-s≠∂vAhIm-is∏St√.- Cu,- km-[p- Po-hn-°p-∂Xn\v- Bhiy-am-b AhbhßƒssZhw- \ev-In-bn-´p-≠v Ah D]tbm-Kn-®p-w- Adn-™pw- hym-bm-aw- sNbv-Xp-wkz-X{¥am-bpw- hn-Ikn-°p-Ibp-w- iIv-Xn-s∏Sp-Ibp-w- sNøs´.-''-

\ap-°v- kzm-X{¥yw F¥m-sW∂v a\-kn-em-°mw Hm-tcm- a\p-jy¿-°pw- Ahcp-sS hn-[n-b\p-kcn-®v- km-£m-Xv-°cn-°m-\p-≈ Ign-hp-Iƒ- ssZhw- \ev-In-bn-´p-≠v.- ssZhw- Hcp- km-aq-ln-I LS\bpwam-\p-jn-I LS\bp-w- Hcp-°n-bn-´p-≠v.- kzm-X{¥y-Øn-s≥-d ip-≤hm-bp-hn¬Cu- km-aq-ln-I LSIßƒ- kz-Nv-Oµam-bn- hn-Ikn-°m-\p-≈ Ign-hpwAhbv° - v- ssZhw- \evI - n-bn-´p-≠v.- AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ap-dn-sshZy-∑m-cp-sSbpwkw-Lm-SIcp-tSbpw- klm-bw- Bhiy-an-√.- Ahcp-sS NßeIfpw- Ip-Sp-°pIfpw- NhWIfpw- a\p-jy-\m-hiy-an-√.- A{]Im-cap-≈ Ir-{Xn-aam-b kw-hn-[m\ßƒ- ]p-dØp-t]m-Is´.- `cW°m-cp-sS tXm-∂y-hm-kßfpw- Ahcp-sS km-aq-ln-I ]≤Xn-Ifpw- Ahcp-sS tI{µo-Ir-X hy-hkv-Ybpw- Ahcp-sS Np-¶ßfpw- k¿-°m¿- kv-°q-fp-Ifpw- k¿-°m¿- aXßfpw- kzm-X{¥y[\klm-bhpw- _m-¶v- Ip-ØIIfpw- Ahcp-sS N´ßfpw- ]cn-an-Xs∏SpØep- I fpw- \n- I p- X n- a q- e ap- ≈ kaXz- h ¬°cWhpw- Ahcp- s S [m¿-Ωn-Iam-b kZm-Nm-cy- aq-ey-ßfpw- ]p-dØp-t]m-Is´.-

\∑Zm-Xm-°fpw- \n-ba\n¿-Ωm-Xm-°fpw- kaq-lØn-t∑¬- ASn-t®ev-]n-® ]ehn-[ kw-hn-[m-\ßƒ- Im-cWw- Ah¿- Xp-Sßn-bn-SØp-Xs∂ Xn-cn-s®Ønbn-´p-≠m-Ipw.- F√mw- ta¬-{]Im-cap-≈ F√m- kw-hn-[m-\ßtfbpw- \n-cm-Icn°p-I.- kzm-X{¥y-sØ ]co-£n-°p-I.- kzm-X{¥yw- F∂m¬- ssZhtØm-Sp-≈ hn-izm-ktØbpw- ssZhØn-s≥-d {]h¿-Øn-Itfm-Sp-≈ Aw-Ko-Im-cam-Wv.-