CES Year in Review 2018-2019

Minda de Gunzburg

Year in Review

Center for European Studies

2018-2019

The Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies (CES) at Harvard is one of the nation’s leading academic institutions focusing on European history, politics and societies. Its mission is to foster research, teaching and discussion on Europe’s past, present and future. This publication highlights some of the people and activities that helped make CES a vibrant intellectual community in the academic year 2018-2019.

Director’s Message It was another exciting year at CES, and true to tradition, it was a lively and collegial place. The Center organized more than 180 events that featured nearly 300 speakers.

Seminar rooms were packed with people eager to discuss European affairs, and Friday lunches frequently ran out of food. This scope of activities was possible thanks to the enthusiastic involvement and contribution of all members of the CES community: its faculty, graduate students, visiting scholars, local affiliates and the entire staff. Thus, my deepest gratitude goes to all of you for your continued support of CES and its mission. I would also like to thank Professor Daniel Ziblatt who stepped in as Acting Director last spring during my sabbatical leave.

This academic year, we will celebrate the 50th anniversary of CES. It began as a small program on Western Europe.

Over the past half century, it evolved into a powerhouse of European studies and the leading university center for the study of Europe in the United States. Generations of scholars associated with CES have published agendasetting work and mentored thousands of students. Our Ph.D. alumni teach European history and politics at prestigious universities in the U.S. and beyond. Prominent scholars of Europe come to Harvard through our visiting scholars program and the John F. Kennedy Memorial Fellowship. By building an academic community that extends across disciplines and across the Atlantic, CES has made Harvard an exciting place to study Europe.

The Center’s mission of bringing the study of European history, politics and societies to Harvard and training future generations of scholars was made possible by the vision and dedication of Guido Goldman who secured its financial stability.

CES R E V I E W 2 0 18 - 2 0 19

As we near CES’s half-century milestone, we also reflect on the unprecedented changes that took place on the European continent during this time. The hope for a united Europe without borders has nearly been fulfilled. Yet, today’s Europe is experiencing an unsettled period, and the European integration process faces a number of profound challenges. The economic, social and political problems and geo-political uncertainties that have beleaguered Europe since the 2008 financial crisis are momentous.

We have been studying and debating these developments and their causes in depth. While the unfolding crisis of the European project worries us as citizens, it also offers exciting intellectual challenges to scholars. European studies is a fascinating field of research full of new questions, ideas and opportunities. CES’s aspiration is to be at the forefront of these debates and to facilitate pathbreaking work by our graduate students, visiting scholars and the faculty associated with the Center.

I warmly invite all members of the CES community and all those interested in European affairs to our seminars, lectures and other events as we continue to discuss Europe’s past, present and future in the next academic year. Only with your continued commitment and support will we remain an active fellowship of scholars and students united in the faith that the future of Europe will be based on peace, freedom, prosperity, solidarity and democracy.

Let us turn our current sense of anxiety into stimulating research, teaching and constructive debates on Europe and its destiny.

Grzegorz Ekiert Laurence A. Tisch Professor of Government & CES Director

3

Angela Merkel at Harvard Angela Merkel at Harvard German Chancellor Angela Merkel served as principal speaker at Harvard’s 368th Commencement, where she was welcomed with a record turnout and standing ovations.

During her visit to campus, CES was honored to host Chancellor Merkel for a discussion with faculty and students on Europe’s policy challenges, transatlantic relations and the study of Europe in the United States.

Chancellor Merkel’s presence at Harvard reaffirmed a long-standing tradition of the University’s engagement with Europe.

Group photo above – Front row (left to right): Daniel Ziblatt, Elaine Papoulias, Charles Maier, Angela Merkel, Grzegorz Ekiert, Kate Brady, and Sophia Becker. Back row: Guido Goldman, Stefan Beljean, Rahel Dette, Urs Gasser, and Briitta van Staalduinen.

Photo right – Chancellor Merkel receiving her honorary degree from Harvard.

CES R E V I E W 2 0 18 - 2 0 19

5

Faculty Profiles Revisiting History Charles Maier reflects on a half century at Harvard

With the end of the academic year, Charles Maier ’60, Ph.D. ‘67, the Leverett Saltonstall Professor of History and CES resident faculty, retired, bringing to a close more than 50 years of teaching at Harvard. When we spoke in his book-lined corner office at Adolphus Busch Hall, Maier, who served as director of CES from 1994 to 2001 and, again, in the fall of 2006, reflected on his career at a changing university, what he’ll miss, what he won’t, and what he’s doing next.

As you begin retirement, you’re starting another book.

Would you tell us about it?

Charles Maier: I’m am trying to write a history of the last 100 years from a different perspective than most historians and journalists have provided. In effect, I am seeking to offer a longterm narrative that can accommodate or allow for an unhappy outcome as well as a triumphant ending. I like to say history is characterized by its surprises, but the task of the historian is to make them seem a little less surprising. I have been surprised and dismayed by Trump’s America and the advent of similar populist outcomes throughout the world, especially since many of us believed that liberal democracy had prevailed as of the 1990s.

Of course, developments may quickly change again, but for now the earlier hopefulness has faded. So how do we conceive of a longer-term history that can make sense of the disappointing events of 2019 as well as those that elated us in 1989?

During your time at the university, what events have been most significant?

Charles Maier: In the 52 years I’ve taught here since getting my Ph.D., I would say there have been two major global upheavals that impacted our politics and the university. One was everything we might associate with the protests against the Vietnam war and

6

with 1968 and after in the broadest sense, when this university was turned upside down, and all the presuppositions about hierarchies of expertise and scholarly objectivity were put into question. Calm returned in the early 1970s, but as I could observe from my involvement in Leverett House and undergraduate teaching, much changed durably with respect to dress, gender relations, expectations of teachers. The other transformation took place in the outer world with the events of 1989–90. As a contemporary historian, I wrote a book, Dissolution, about the collapse of East Germany and the end of the Cold War divisions in Europe. I’d grown accustomed to thinking that a bureaucratic state socialism would exist forever in some sort of stalemate with Western capitalism. Those events led me to allow more for the possibilities for historical change than I had for the previous twenty years, when I remained focused on structural stability.

Would you share your thoughts on the university and how it has changed?

Charles Maier: I believe that Harvard has become a much more imperial university.

Would you elaborate?

Charles Maier: The University had long been a confederation of specialty schools, such as medicine, law, and the business school claiming virtual autonomy; but the college and its faculty seemed clearly at the center. Of course, it is still important – the Harvard BA primarily confers the elite status one associates with the University. But starting with the Kennedy administration, and then the creation of the Kennedy School, the symbiosis of the University and the policy world is stronger. The global ambitions have grown. As a Harvard freshman in 1956-57, I’d meet President Pusey walking across the yard. Today, no matter what Minda de Gunzburg CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES at HARVARD

the affability of our recent presidents, the administration seems more remote. The size and complexity of the administration has grown significantly. The preoccupation with continual fund-raising seems to have grown exponentially. Institutional complacency is a besetting danger. I began my studies in Athens, and I conclude my teaching in Rome.

Of course, the student body has changed as well. In my class there were, maybe, a dozen black students, and several of them were from Africa itself. We do better with diversity now, although not as well in that regard as we should. Certainly, there are more Hispanic, Latino and Asian-American students, which has created a huge demographic change.

One major change concerns the role of women, which is now much healthier. In 1961 I married the “Radcliffe girl,” I had been smitten with on the Harvard Crimson, Pauline Rubbelke, one of the first female editors. Pauline [who passed away six years ago] became a great historian of American independence. We entered graduate school here together, but I think our professors (and certainly the redoubtable female department administrator) always assumed that because she was a woman she was going to have babies and focus on the family. So at times, for example, I was awarded grant money, and she was not. Once the History Department decided they wanted to hire me, her career aspirations seemed secondary. All this has changed, and it is obviously a vastly beneficial change.

Would you share just some favorite memories?

Charles Maier: The interaction with students has always been invigorating. Undergraduates ask questions that force you to explain things, and they don’t get cynical in the same way people in my age group do. They’re not yet world-weary, so to speak.

Some may be melancholy, but they’re not jaded. Graduate students are, in effect, junior colleagues; they can interact on the same level of theoretical sophistication by the time they are into their own research.

featured first-run films and the old Brattle, that introduced us to Bergman and other European art films.

How has Harvard’s involvement or interest in Europe changed?

Charles Maier: This is hard to answer since I had been interested in finding European-oriented courses from my arrival. Harvard culturally always provided a strong component of literature and social science courses on Europe – and some of the most brilliant and original professors taught these, including CES’s own Stanley Hoffmann. Interest in Europe has been reproportioned by the rise of Asia, but I think we’ve always had a fairly lively interest in Europe. And of course the founding of CES has played an important role in anchoring that interest even when the attention of departments has diversified. We have attained the capacity, over the last generation, to send more and more students to Europe as undergraduates. And more European young people seek their education here. That’s a big change. On the other hand, Europe has become much less exotic than it used to be.

If you were to recommend one book on Europe to current Harvard students, what would it be?

Charles Maier: If they wanted some history, maybe the late Tony Judt’s Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945. It is a wonderful synthesis of politics and political ideas for the second half of the twentieth century.

What do you think you’ll miss in retirement?

Charles Maier: I’ll miss teaching, and also participating in thinking about teaching, not being in a department as it thinks about its curriculum and courses. I’ll miss having a voice in that. It was one of the major strengths of the concentration in Social Studies, which I directed for several years in the 1990s. I’ll miss not having undergraduates. I’ll miss not having the brightest graduates – that I won’t be able to help nurture their thinking.

Would your life have been different at another university?

Is there anything you won’t miss?

Charles Maier: I’m sure some things would have been different, but the impulses that have driven me would be roughly the same.

This has been a good institution for me. I am probably too driven to write and attend diverse seminars to have been as fulfilled in a small college. I don’t think I would have done so well in another profession. I did contemplate journalism because I worked a lot at the Crimson, which contributed so many later celebrated writers to the New York Times, but I decided I wanted more time to be reflective, and I loved history.

Charles Maier: I won’t miss grading, especially given general student expectations in an era of pervasive grade inflation. I assume for a while that I’ll be writing letters of recommendation.

Up to just these past two years it claimed perhaps 20 to 25 percent of my time between October and February.

Are there Harvard Square institutions you particularly miss?

Charles Maier: When we were graduate students, there were rather sleazy cafeterias on Mass Avenue where we’d go for lunch.

There was Hazen’s (which closed in 1973) that always offered a beef stew and the Hayes Bickford (which closed in 1970), a larger establishment open all night. Since I worked at the Crimson often until two in the morning, we’d go in there, and we’d encounter all the MBTA workers. Elsie’s was the great sandwich shop at the corner of Holyoke and Mount Auburn, that featured hefty 50-cent roast beef specials. And of course we had two movie theaters, the “UT” with its entrance where the Santander Bank now is, which CES R E V I E W 2 0 18 - 2 0 19

All in all, I feel immensely blessed to have lived in this period.

We’ve had no major wars except for Vietnam, for which I was a little too old to be impacted by personally. We’ve had largely continuous economic prosperity and growth, and we’ve become a much more tolerant country with respect to race and with respect to sexuality. My younger adulthood took place during a great era of confidence in liberal institutions at home and internationally, and an era in which my country’s influence – too often abusive – was often for good. I worry about that all being thrown away. This is what I am concerned with, not with what I’ll miss personally, because I enjoyed a good wave of history. I was surfing on a good wave.

7

Adorno Today

Peter Gordon addresses the philosopher’s relevance

Peter Gordon, Amabel B. James Professor of History and CES resident faculty, co-chairs the Harvard Colloquium for Intellectual History. CES spoke to him about the colloquium, his discipline, and the enduring legacy of Theodor Adorno.

This year, the 50th anniversary of Theodor W. Adorno’s death, you delivered a series of lectures, the Adorno Vorlesungen, at Goethe University Frankfurt. Would you explain the lasting significance of Adorno’s work?

In your introductory essay to the Harvard Colloquium for Intellectual History, you discuss the difficulty in finding any “single, globalized definition” for intellectual history. Would you be willing to summarize what intellectual history is – and what it is not?

Peter Gordon: Adorno ranks among the foremost philosophers of the twentieth century, known for his distinctive style of thinking that he called “negative dialectics.” Inspired by currents in Western Marxism, Adorno directed his attention toward central questions in philosophy, aesthetics, sociology, and cultural criticism. It was a great honor for me to deliver the Adorno lectures. Typically the lectures address various topics and the lectures do not concern Adorno himself. But this year was the 50th anniversary of Adorno’s death (in late summer 1969), so it was decided to invite a speaker who might speak to Adorno’s own philosophical legacy. In the lectures I tried to address the central themes of Adorno’s work, dividing the themes into three topics – materialism, metaphysics, and aesthetics. My chief task was to develop a philosophical argument regarding what Adorno understood as the “sources of normativity” for his own critical efforts.

Peter Gordon: Intellectual history is a hybrid discipline, which is one reason it can be so challenging to define. It borrows promiscuously from neighboring disciplines – political theory, philosophy, and sociology, to name only three. But its chief task is to explore the complex fortune of arguments and intellectuals in historical perspective. This task has been construed in various ways, but my own sense is that intellectual history operates in closest proximity to the history of philosophy. This is my own practice, though working at the boundary line between history and philosophy is today rather uncommon. “Ich sitze zwischen zwei Stühlen,” as the Germans say.

8

Minda de Gunzburg CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES at HARVARD

Adorno specifically addressed fascism, which you tackle in “The Authoritarian Personality Revisited: Reading Adorno in the Age of Trump.” What is Adorno’s relevance today?

Peter Gordon: You refer to an essay that appeared recently in a short book, Authoritarianism: Three Essays in Critical Theory (University of Chicago, 2018) which I co-authored with my colleagues, the political theorist Wendy Brown and the philosopher Max Pensky. All of us tried to speak to the phenomenon of authoritarianism, which for obvious reasons is of urgent concern today. My own essay speaks to Adorno’s participation in the landmark 1950 study in social psychology, The Authoritarian Personality. (In August 2019, a new edition of the book appeared with Verso Press.) Adorno and his coauthors tried to explain how an attraction to fascist or quasifascist politics correlates with, but is not reducible to, deepseated tendencies in the modern character.

Do these issues have any particular relevance to Europe today?

Peter Gordon: Certainly. Much of what is discussed in that study has an unsettling relevance for what we are currently witnessing in various polities not only in Europe but around the globe. This is especially so when one considers the pronounced rise of appeals to xenophobia among far-right nationalist parties in, e.g., Hungary, Poland, Italy, France, and Germany, to name just a few. When one reads The Authoritarian Personality today one cannot help but notice rather striking similarities to the political culture today. There is, for instance, a similar attitude of “tough-mindedness,” of socio-cultural conventionalism allied with the most regressive attitudes regarding sexual, religious, and national identity. And of course there is a striking continuity in patterns of anti-Semitism. I would also mention the strange spectacle of crowds who seem to take pleasure in the theatricalized expression of hatred. Only the cramped optics of an historicism would deny such similarities.

The question one has to ask about such xenophobic trends is whether conventional explanations in social sciences can really suffice. The authors of The Authoritarian Personality were trained in sociology, philosophy, and psychoanalysis: their work offers a model for truly multidisciplinary explanation for a phenomenon that is no less multifaceted.

RESIDENT FACULTY Bart Bonikowski Associate Professor of Sociology Grzegorz Ekiert Laurence A. Tisch Professor of Government & CES Director Alison Frank Johnson Professor of History Peter E. Gordon Amabel B. James Professor of History Peter A. Hall Krupp Foundation Professor of European Studies Patrice Higonnet Robert Walton Goelet Research Professor of French History, Emeritus Maya Jasanoff Coolidge Professor of History Riva Kastoryano Visiting Professor of Sociology and of Government (Fall 2018) Hans-Helmut Kotz Visiting Professor of Economics Mary D. Lewis Robert Walton Goelet Professor of French History Charles Maier Leverett Saltonstall Professor of History Eyal Naveh Visiting Professor of History (Spring 2019) Derek Penslar William Lee Frost Professor of Modern Jewish History Daniel Ziblatt Eaton Professor of the Science of Government & Acting Director (Spring 2019)

CES R E V I E W 2 0 18 - 2 0 19

9

Event Highlights

Eyal Naveh

CES seminar, study group and lecture series play an integral role in ensuring that the discussions at the Center encompass multiple disciplines and topic areas. The following highlights one event from each series.

August Zaleski Memorial Lecture in Modern Polish History “It is Our Court” – Defending the Rule of Law in Poland

Adam Bodnar – Commissionar for Human Rights, Republic of Poland Grzegorz Ekiert – Laurence A. Tisch Professor of Government and CES Director, Harvard University Vlad Perju – Professor of Law, Boston College Law School; Director, Clough Center for the Study of Constitutional Democracy, Boston College

Contemporary Europe Study Group The Brexit Turning Point

Vernon Bogdanor – Research Professor, Center for British Politics and Government, King’s College London James Cronin – Professor of History, Boston College; CES Local Affiliate & Study Group Co-chair, Harvard University Stathis Kalyvas – Gladstone Professor of Government, University of Oxford Pippa Norris – ARC Laureate Fellow and Professor of Government and International Relations, University of Sydney; McGuire Lecturer in Comparative Politics, Harvard Kennedy School; CES Faculty Associate, Harvard University

Director’s Seminar The European Union’s Authoritarian Equilibrium

R. Daniel Kelemen – Professor of Political Science and Jean Monnet Chair in European Union Politics, Rutgers University Daniel Ziblatt – Eaton Professor of the Science of Government & CES Acting Director, Harvard University

10

European Economic Policy Forum E.U.-U.S.A. – A Shriveling Wertegemeinschaft?

Gabriel Felbermayr – President, Kiel Institute for the World Economy; Chair in Economics and Economic Policy, Kiel University Sigmar Gabriel – Member of the German Bundestag; Vice Chancellor of Germany (2013-2018) and Minister of Foreign Affairs (2017-2018); CES John F. Kennedy Memorial Policy Fellow, Harvard University Harold James – Claude and Lore Kelly Professor in European Studies, Princeton University Christian Keller – Head of Economics Research, Barclays Investment Bank Hans-Helmut Kotz – Visiting Professor of Economics, CES Resident Faculty & Seminar Co-chair, Harvard University Robert Z. Lawrence – Albert L. Williams Professor of Trade and Investment, Harvard Kennedy School Eric Nelson – Robert M. Beren Professor of Government, Harvard University Sofia Perez – Associate Professor of Political Science, Boston University; CES Local Affiliate, Harvard University Janusz Reiter – Founder & Chairman, Center for International Relations Dante Roscini – Professor of Management Practice, Harvard Business School; CES Faculty Associate & Seminar Co-chair, Harvard University Mary Elise Sarotte – Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Distinguished Professor of Historical Studies, Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS); CES Associate, Harvard University Christopher Smart – Chief Global Strategist & Head, Barings Investment Institute

Minda de Gunzburg CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES at HARVARD

Grzegorz Ekiert, Adam Bodnar & Vlad Perju (left to right)

Nicolas Prevelakis

Eric Beerbohm & Daphna Renan (left to right)

Martin E. Jay & Peter Gordon (left to right)

Student organizers of the European Conference 2019 (left to right)

CES R E V I E W 2 0 18 - 2 0 19

11

European Election Monitor Series Ukraine on the Eve of Presidential Elections: Between Past and Promise

Mariana Budjeryn – Research Fellow, Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies, Harvard University Myroslava Gongadze – Nieman Fellow, Nieman Foundation, Harvard University; Ukrainian Service Chief and TV Anchor, Voice of America Melinda Haring – Editor, UkraineAlert, Atlantic Council George Kent – Deputy Assistant Secretary for European and Eurasian Affairs, U.S. Department of State

European Union Law and Government Study Group Five Years On: A Stocktaking of the Juncker Commission Elizabeth Golberg – Senior Fellow, Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business &

Government, Harvard Kennedy School Dagmara Koska – Counselor on Climate and Energy, Delegation of the European Union to the United States José Manuel Martinez Sierra – Real Colegio de Complutense, Director & Jean Monnet ad personam Professor for the Study of European Union Law and Government; CES Local Affiliate and Study Group Co-chair, Harvard University Claudia Wiesner – Professor of Political Science, Fulda University of Applied Sciences; CES Visiting Scholar, Harvard University

European Union Study Group France: A Key Player in Europe’s Relationship with China

Philippe Le Corre – Senior Fellow, Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government, Harvard Kennedy School Karl Kaiser – Senior Associate, Project on Europe and the Transatlantic Relationship, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School; CES Study Group Co-chair, Harvard University

Gaetano Salvemini Colloquium in Italian History and Culture A Mind Never at Rest: A Tribute to Franco Modigliani (1918-2003) Francesco Giavazzi – Professor of Economics, Bocconi University Federico Rampini – U.S. Bureau Chief, La Repubblica Charles Maier – Leverett Saltonstall Professor of History & CES Resident Faculty, Harvard University

Guido Goldman Lecture on Germany Europe: An Answer to the German Question?

Sigmar Gabriel – Member of the German Bundestag; Vice Chancellor of Germany (2013-2018) and Minister of Foreign Affairs (2017-2018); CES John F. Kennedy Memorial Policy Fellow, Harvard University Karl Kaiser – Senior Associate, Project on Europe and the Transatlantic Relationship, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School

Harvard Colloquium for Intellectual History Adorno and the Dialectic of Aesthetic Sublimation

Martin E. Jay – Ehrman Professor of History, Emeritus, University of California, Berkeley Peter E. Gordon – Amabel B. James Professor of History, CES Resident Faculty & Seminar Co-chair, Harvard University

Jews in Modern Europe Study Group Writing a Common History Textbook in a Conflict Zone: The European Model and the Israeli-Palestinian Case

Eyal Naveh – Professor of History, Tel Aviv University; Visiting Professor of History & CES Resident Faculty, Harvard University Derek Penslar – William Lee Frost Professor of Modern Jewish History, CES Resident Faculty & Study Group Co-chair, Harvard University

Özyeğin Forum on Modern Turkey Making Germans out of Turks and Arabs? Holocaust Memory and Inclusion/Exclusion of Immigrants

Esra Ozyurek – Associate Professor in Contemporary Turkish Studies, European Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science Colin Brown – Assistant Teaching Professor of Political Science, Northeastern University; Local Affiliate, CES, Harvard University

Seminar on Social Exclusion and Inclusion Social Inequality in a Cross-National Perspective: The Case of the Working Homeless

Jutta Allmendinger – President, WZB Berlin Social Science Center; CES Senior Fellow, Harvard University Michèle Lamont – Professor of Sociology and African-American Studies, Robert I. Goldman Professor of European Studies, Director, Weatherhead Center for International Affairs; CES Faculty Associate & Seminar Co-chair, Harvard University

Seminar on the State and Capitalism Since 1800 How Distributional Conflict over Public Spending Drives Support for Anti-Immigrant Parties Charlotte Cavaillé – Assistant Professor, Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan Sofia A. Perez – Associate Professor of Political Science, Boston University; CES Local Affiliate, Harvard University Cathie Jo Martin – Professor of Political Science, Boston University; CES Local Affiliate & Seminar Co-chair, Harvard University Torben Iversen – Harold Hitchings Burbank Professor of Political Economy, CES Faculty Associate & Seminar Co-chair, Harvard University

Southern Europe in the European Union Study Group Demographic Challenges in Southern Europe

Jacob Kirkegaard – Senior Fellow, Peterson Institute for International Economics Sebastian Rinken – Deputy Director, Institute for Advanced Social Studies (IESA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC) Sebastián Royo – Acting Provost and Professor of Government, Suffolk University; CES Local Affiliate & Study Group Co-chair, Harvard University

Visiting Scholars New Research on Europe Seminar

Chaired by Arthur Goldhammer, the 25 CES Visiting Scholars presented their work during this weekly seminar.

Jacek E. Giedrojć Gallery - Opening Event The Dream of a United Europe: From the Marshall Plan to Brexit

Christiane Lemke – Professor of Political Science, Leibniz University of Hannover; CES Visiting Scholar, Harvard University Mary Elise Sarotte – Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Distinguished Professor of Historical Studies, Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS); CES Associate, Harvard University Sir Paul Tucker – Chair, The Systemic Risk Council; Deputy Governor, The Bank of England (2009-2013); CES Senior Fellow, Harvard University Daniel Ziblatt – Eaton Professor of the Science of Government & CES Acting Director, Harvard University

12

Christiane Lemke

Minda de Gunzburg CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES at HARVARD

Eleni Varvitsiotis & Stefan Kornelius

Nicole Menzenbach

Bernard Cazeneuve

Monica Macovei

CES R E V I E W 2 0 18 - 2 0 19

Seth Johnston, Irfan Hemani, Douglas Alexander, Muriel Rouyer & Philip Rathgeb (left to right)

13

Public Officials and Thought Leaders at CES 2018-2019 Douglas Alexander – Senior Fellow, The Future of Diplomacy Project, Harvard Kennedy School; Chair of UNICEF, United Kingdom

Marco Buti – Director-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, European Commission

Adam Bodnar – Commissioner for Human Rights of the Republic of Poland

Pascal Brice – General Director, Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons (OFPRA)

Bernard Cazeneuve – Prime Minister of France (2016-2017)

John Dalhuisen – Senior Fellow, European Stability Initiative (ESI) Karen Donfried – President, The German Marshall Fund of the United States (GMF); CES Senior Fellow

Steven Erlanger – Chief Diplomatic Correspondent in Europe, The New York Times Stratos Efthymiou – Consul General of Greece in Boston

Sigmar Gabriel – Member of the German Bundestag; Vice Chancellor of Germany (20132018) and Minister of Foreign Affairs (20172018); CES John F. Kennedy Memorial Policy Fellow, Harvard University

Elizabeth Golberg – Director of Smart Regulation, European Commission (20022005); Senior Fellow, Harvard Kennedy School

14

Sigmar Gabriel speaking to students in advance of the inaugural Guido Goldman Lecture on Germany

João Pedro de Vasconcelos Fins do Lago – Consul General of Portugal in Boston

Stefan Kornelius – Foreign Policy Editor, Süddeutsche Zeitung Dagmara Koska – Counselor on Climate and Energy, Delegation of the European Union to the United States

Philippe Le Corre – Special Assistant for International Affairs and Senior Policy Adviser on Asia, Ministry of Defense of France (20042007); Senior Fellow, Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government, Harvard Kennedy School;

Monica Macovei – Member of the European Parliament, European Conservatives and Reformists, Romania; Minister of Justice, Government of Romania (2004-2007)

Arnaud Mentré – Consul General of France in Boston

Nicole Menzenbach – Consul General of Germany in Boston

Angela Merkel – Chancellor of Germany

Alina Polyakova – Fellow, Center on the United States and Europe, The Brookings Institution

Michalis Psalidopoulos – Alternate Executive Director, International Monetary Fund

Daniela Schwarzer – Director, The German Council on Foreign Relations

Fidel Sendagorta – Director General for North America, Asia and the Pacific, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Spain (2015-2018); Rafael del Pino-MAEC Fellow, Project on Europe and the Transatlantic Relationship, Harvard Kennedy School

Federica Sereni – Consul General of Italy in Boston

Constanze Stelzenmüller – Robert Bosch Senior Fellow, Center on the United States and Europe, The Brookings Institution

Nuno Severiano Teixeira – Professor of Political Science, NOVA University of Lisbon; Minister of Defense (2006-2009); Minister of Home Affairs (2000-2002) of the Portuguese Republic Sir Paul Tucker – Chair, The Systemic Risk Council; Deputy Governor, The Bank of England (2009-2013); CES Senior Fellow, Harvard University

Eleni Varvitsiotis – EU Correspondent, Kathimerini Johannes Vogel – Member, German Bundestag; Secretary-General, Free Democratic Party in North-Rhine Westphalia; CES John F. Kennedy Memorial Policy Fellow, Harvard University

Lamberto Zannier – High Commissioner on National Minorities, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)

Minda de Gunzburg CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES at HARVARD

Visiting Scholars &

New Research on Europe

The CES Visiting Scholars Program was established at the time of the Center’s inception to identify and enable outstanding social scientists of modern Europe to access and benefit from Harvard’s extensive intellectual resources. While in residence at the Center for up to a year, Visiting Scholars present and receive feedback on their research in the weekly “New Research on Europe Seminar,” have full access to Harvard’s library system and establish connections with faculty, scholars, students and a distinguished network of their peers from around the world.

Participants include eminent scholars of European studies, as well as academics and policy practitioners who serve or have served as presidents of major universities, think tanks and foundations and ministers of education, finance, and culture.

Photo: Christopher Wratil and Philip Erbentraut (left and right), John F. Kennedy Memorial Fellows Marta Grzechnik, German Kennedy Memorial Fellow (center)

25 Scholars

8 Disciplines

12 Countries

Colonial Dreams

GERMAN KENNEDY MEMORIAL FELLOW REFLECTS ON POLAND’S PAST Just because Poland never had colonies doesn’t mean it didn’t have colonial aspirations.

That’s the premise Marta Grzechnik (photo previous page) began with as she studied “Colonialism on the Margins: Polish Colonial Plans in the Interwar Period” as German Kennedy Memorial Fellow and Visiting Scholar at CES in 2018-2019. Grzechnik is the second recipient of the German Kennedy Memorial Fellowship.

Grzechnik, assistant professor at the Institute of Scandinavian Studies at the University of Gdansk, was looking at Poland’s Maritime and Colonial League when she uncovered how Poland began to consider colonization of nonEuropean areas in the 1930s.

The League was established in 1918 and was originally focused on navigation on rivers and the Baltic Sea. However, the roots of Poland’s

colonial ambitions began even earlier. “In the 19th century, a lot of Poles emigrated,” she says, detailing Polish settlements in South America, and in particular Brazil. Instead of allowing these immigrants to integrate into their new homelands, she says, there grew a feeling that their home country “should organize those communities. They should have some structure, some leadership, in terms of teachers and priests so they would keep their Polish identity,” she says.

This idea of exporting Polish communities expanded in the 1920s and ‘30s, as, through the Maritime and Colonial League, Poland joined other European nations in seeking the natural resources of Africa, notably in Angola, Liberia, and Madagascar. Although such commercial ventures, like the earlier Polish settlements, weren’t colonies, per se, they embodied the same aims of economic

exploitation and nationalistic expansion.

Although World War II and the Communist takeover put a stop to these colonial aspirations, the legacy remains. In some ways, says the historian, it has become more toxic. “Unlike countries that did have colonies, like Great Britain or France, we did not work through ideas about our relations to nonEuropeans, toward race,” says Grzechnik. “We are a completely white country. We do not have a framework for those questions.”

In this context, she says, the questions raised by her work are particularly relevant. “When you see what is happening in Europe today you have to question: What is your responsibility?,” she asks. “What is your complicity toward what is happening in other parts of the world?”

Stopping the Slide

ANALYZING DEMOCRACY’S DECLINE

Dimitri A. Sotiropoulos While studying the backsliding of democracy and democratic innovations in European democracies, Dimitri A. Sotiropoulos had a revelation. The Visiting Scholar, a professor of political science at the University of Athens, came to CES to analyze the strategies that governing elites in contemporary European democracies use to control political institutions and counter institutional innovation, maneuverings that have resulted in the backsliding of representational democracy.

However, during his time here, Sotiropoulos, who has focused his research on the Western Balkan states at various stages of integration into the European Union, found his vision of the problem broadening.

16

“Most of my colleagues justifiably focus on two major aspects,” says Sotiropoulos.

The first locus has been “leaders who have been engineering mismanagement of democratic institutions in order to stay in power,” he explains. “The second focus is on political discourse or ideology, which, over time, has become less tolerant towards democratic rights, has become more amenable to fake news and propaganda.”

Using what he calls the university’s “unparalleled resources,” as well as access to other visiting scholars, professors, and researchers at CES to analyze ways in which leadership both acts and also manipulates institutions, such as the media and judiciary, over the last academic year Sotiropoulos found another factor at play. “I started thinking about the third aspect, which has nothing to do with leadership or political discourse,” he says. In addition to these top-down threats to democracy, he saw a populace increasingly open to easy answers and willing to surrender democratic norms.

“There has been a receptive audience, both to populist leaders and also to other leaders who have engineered their stay in power by using various, less than democratic tools,” he says. “Without the legitimacy that society has afforded to such leaders the mismanagement of democratic institutions would not have taken place.”

To counter these challenges, Sotiropoulos proposes a comprehensive embrace of these teetering democracies. “The only possible way of moving forward in order to manage all these challenges simultaneously would be to make progress on the front of further European integration of candidate member states,” he says. Bringing these states into the fold, possibly by loosening economic requirements while keeping the strict social and political criteria, “would strengthen democracy,” he says. “New member states would become much more familiar with the requirements of a modern, liberal, democratic regime,” he says, noting that such a move would have the additional benefit of compelling the current EU states to accept the union’s increasingly multicultural nature.

Minda de Gunzburg CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES at HARVARD

The 1960s and Soft Power

HOW STATES AND FOUNDATIONS PROMOTED THE WEST Amid all the turmoil, the 1960s were also years of outreach. Developed nations sought to aid – and influence – new and emerging countries, particularly in post-colonial Africa. This outreach, during the so-called “First Decade of Development,” made unlikely partners of governments and non-state organizations.

Democrats had the Friedrich Ebert Foundation and the Christian Democratic Union had the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, while the Free Democratic Party had the Friedrich Naumann Foundation, she says.

This partnership, during this period, was the subject of Visiting Scholar Lucile Dreidemy’s research during her year at CES. In particular, the historian, an associate professor of German Studies and member of the Centre de Recherches et d’Etudes Germaniques (CREG) at the University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, has been studying the interaction of foundations in the United States and West Germany and their respective governments in this Cold War period, in what she describes as “the emergence of development policies against the backdrop of policies of containment and decolonization in Africa.”

These non-governmental organizations worked across state lines, says Dreidemy, noting that the Ford Foundation had funded German efforts. “They also exchanged ideas,” she says.

Using the vast resources available as a visiting scholar, including foundation publications that are difficult to find in Europe, and thanks to several interviews with influential actors of that period, she was able to get better insight into these political networks and their engagement in post-colonial Africa.

In the U.S. during the 1960s, Dreidemy explains, the Ford Foundation was “overwhelmingly dominant.” In Germany, “the idea was that the political parties should not directly finance political education,” she says.

Instead, “they all established a foundation for such policies, such as giving grants, funding research, and also funding training programs in Germany and abroad.” As a result, the Social

“I also went through the archives of the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations, and I saw for instance that the Ford Foundation was working together with the Ebert Foundation on training African trade unionists in West Germany to try to fight against the growing influence of the Soviet Union in the newly independent countries.”

John F. Kennedy Memorial Policy Fellows Sigmar Gabriel Member of the German Bundestag; Vice Chancellor of Germany (2013-2018) and Minister of Foreign Affairs (2017-2018)

Lucile Dreidemy Both countries and their affiliated foundations “wanted to promote two core ideas, Western democracy and free market,” she says.

“There is a lack of critical perspectives in the existing literature on political and philanthropic foundations,” says Dreidemy. Her research, she hopes, will shed light on the use of developmental aid’s “soft power,” and how these collaborations between state and non-state actors “contributed to establish or maintain the hegemonic power of the Western states in the global South.”

Fellows & Affiliates

Johannes Vogel Member of the German Bundestag and Secretary General of the Free Democratic Party in NorthRhine Westphalia

New Local Affiliates Including these latest members, CES now has a network of 66 Local Affiliates.

Volha Charnysh Assistant Professor of Political Science, MIT

Omer Bartov John P. Birkelund Distinguished Professor of European History & Professor of German Studies, Brown University

Myra Marx Ferree Alice H. Cook Professor of Sociology (Emerita), University of Wisconsin-Madison

CES R E V I E W 2 0 18 - 2 0 19

Sean McGraw Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of Notre Dame

Johannes Vogel

17

GRADUATE PROGRAMS

Alex Mierke-Zatwarnicki, Briitta van Staalduinen and Andreas Wimmer (left to right) CES believes strongly in the value of field work for scholars of European studies. Thanks to an endowment originally provided by the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation, the Center awarded Dissertation Research Fellowships for 13 students to support one year of field research in Europe for the academic year 2019-2020. CES also awarded Dissertation Completion Fellowships to enable four students to complete their dissertations in 2019-2020.

Dissertation Research Fellowship Recipients

Dissertation Completion Fellowship Recipients

Francesca Bellei (Comparative Literature) – Europe’s South: Cultural Hegemony and Appropriation of the Past

Lorenzo McClellan (History) – The Secularization of Pleasure and Pain: The Emergence of Utilitarianism

Hayley Fenn (Music) – Breath, Gravity, Giants, and Death: Towards a Theory of Puppetry and Music

Siyu Cai (Comparative Literature) – Music and Exile in Twentieth-century German, Italian, and Polish literature

Mina Mitreva (History) – The Radical Left in Germany and Austria, 1918-1938

Ben Goossen (History) – The Year of the Earth (1957-1958): Cold War Science and the Making of Planetary Consciousness

Hannah Cohen (Visual and Environmental Studies) – On the Question of Aesthetic Authorship, 1971-Present Rachelle Grossman (Comparative Literature) – Communism and continuity: Yiddish writing in postwar Poland Hanno Hilbig (Government) – Fiscal Decentralization, Local Governance and Voting Behavior Emily Kanner (Slavic Languages & Literatures) – The Magic Lantern in Russian Literature and Culture

Bo Yun Park (Sociology) – The Changing Scripts of Political Leadership, 1933-2019 Briitta van Staalduinen (Government) – Ethnicity and Social Mobility in the Welfare States of Europe Christopher Williams-Wynn (History of Art and Architecture) – Critical Systems: Conceptual Art in a Global Information Age, 1968-1980

Ian Kumekawa (History) – The Imperialization of the British State, 1914-1948 Joseph la Hausse de Lalouviere (History) – Enslavement and Empire in the French Caribbean, 1793-1851

Madeleine Wolf (Romance Languages & Literatures) – The Noise of the Text: Dissonance and Disruption in NineteenthCentury French Literature

Aden Knaap (History) – Judging the World: International Courts and the Origins of Global Governance, 1899-1945

18

Minda de Gunzburg CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES at HARVARD

Supporting Graduate Student Initiatives This year, CES offered funding to its Graduate Student Affiliates to support the following discussions, workshops, and an art show.

Graduate Student Affiliate Alex Mierke-Zatwarnicki spearheaded the coordination.

25 Years of Studying the Far Right: Reflections on the Fourth Wave A discussion with Cas Mudde, Stanley Wade Shelton UGAF Professor, University of Georgia School of Public and International Affairs Student Organizers & Chairs: Alex Mierke-Zatwarnicki & Briitta van Staalduinen, Ph.D. Students in Government Nation Building: Why Some Countries Come Together While Others Fall Apart A discusion with Andreas Wimmer, Lieber Professor of Sociology and Political Philosophy, Columbia University Student Organizers & Chairs: Alex Mierke-Zatwarnicki & Briitta van Staalduinen, Ph.D. Students in Government (photo opposite page) Writing Retreat During the J-Term, CES offered a writing retreat for Graduate Student Affilaites to offer them a quiet, semi-structured space to work on a writing project, such as their dissertation, qualifying paper, or conference paper.

Student Organizer: Stefan Beljean, Ph.D. Student in Sociology History Lessons – A Multimedia Presentation For her capstone project for her secondary field in Critical Media Practice, Argyro Nicolaou P.h.D. ‘19 created a multimedia installation at the Arthur B. Sackler Gallery and gave a lecture performance on her dissertation.

New Graduate Student Affiliates Graduate students are a vital part of the CES community and have been central to the Center’s mission since its founding in 1969.

Harvard and MIT graduate students in the social sciences with an interest and research area focus in Europe are encouraged to apply to become Graduate Student Affiliates of CES. Graduate students are eligible to apply from their first year of graduate school studies.

This year, CES granted affiliation to 13 new students. They join a group of 39 other graduate students who joined CES in prior years.

Caterina Chiopris Ph.D. Student in Political Economy and Government Noah Daponte-Smith Ph.D. Student in Government Matias Alberto Giannoni Ph.D. Student in Political Economy, MIT

Hannah Pinkham Ph.D. Student in History Joonas Tuhkuri Ph.D. Student in Economics, MIT

Sonja Grassmugg Ph.D. Student in History

Lukas Wolters Ph.D. Student in Political Science, MIT

Nathan Grau Ph.D. Student in History

Bo Yun Park Ph.D. Student in Sociology

Jermain Heidelberg Ph.D. Student in Germanic Languages and Literatures

Note: Unless otherwise noted, all graduate students are enrolled at Harvard University.

Kaila Howell Ph.D. Student in History of Art & Architecture

A full listing of CES Graduate Student Affiliates can be found on the website.

Aden Knaap Ph.D. Student in History

52 Graduate Student Affiliates

CES R E V I E W 2 0 18 - 2 0 19

Armando Miano Ph.D. Student in Economics

17 Disciplines

19

GRADUATE STUDENT PROFILE

History Lesson

Reviewing the history of migration through a different lens Migration – the movement of people from one place to another – is an undertaking as old as humanity itself. Even while concerns about migration dominate the news cycle and inform political discussion, global nation states as we know them would not exist without the first steps of migrants across what would become a country’s borders. In modern times, narratives of migration and displacement have become intertwined, leading to impassioned debates focused more on present circumstance than the events – and history – that force populations to leave their homes.

For literature scholar and filmmaker Argyro Nicolaou, Ph.D. ’18, stories, images, and film have the power to unlock new understandings of migration. Through her filmmaking efforts and literary studies in comparative literature, which include her doctoral dissertation, she leverages these media to illuminate Europe’s relationship with the Mediterranean and focus on the narrative dimensions of forced displacement.

“I started thinking about my dissertation at a time when historical and cultural amnesia about Europe’s connections to the Mediterranean was fueling a rising xenophobic political discourse around migrants in Europe, amidst a wide-scale migration crisis” she explains. “I consider my work one way of using the humanities to respond to politics.” In her dissertation, she analyzed literary and visual representations of Mediterranean migration involving the Greek world from antiquity to the present, drawing in part from her own experience as the daughter of a Greek Cypriot forced to flee her home in 1974. Nicolaou asks how people who have been forcibly displaced from their homelands represent their experiences in literature, film, and art.

Life in Motion The answer, according to Nicolaou, begins with recognizing the paradoxical role the Mediterranean plays in shaping Europe’s sense of itself. The sea functions as a political and social border, separating Europe from southern and eastern Mediterranean countries at the same time that Europe invokes the Mediterranean as the source of its cultural heritage. In fact, Mediterranean migrations have shaped Europe for millennia.

“To look at the world from a moving, provisional perspective – as opposed to a secure and settled perspective – is to have a radically different understanding of history and geography,” she says, noting that forced displacement is not just a legal status or a physical experience. “Studying literature and art about displacement, it becomes clear that the condition of being forced to move has an effect on how writers and artists understand the world.” This is reflected in the formal choices they make in their works. Stories of journeys, references to home, and travel “from here to there,” appear frequently, as do the forms of transportation that enable them – boats especially. In form, “many of these works acknowledge the inability to know something completely,” she says. Another common feature is a sense of temporariness. Often authors and artists refuse a linear narrative.

Nicolaou points to The Club, a novel by the Greek Egyptian writer Stratis Tsirkas, which is set in a temporary bed and breakfast for refugees in Jerusalem during World War II. “The novel is narrated from the perspectives of multiple characters, which are never synthesized into a whole,” she explains. “Going against the tradition of the omniscient narrator, Tsirkas offers a refracted and fragmented account of the story.”

Over the course of her dissertation research in Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Morocco, and Tunisia, Nicolaou gleaned further insights through fieldwork and archival research. In Cyprus, she interviewed internally displaced poets writing in Turkish, Greek, and English. In Athens, she conducted archival research regarding Greeks displaced to the Middle East during World War II, gaining access to journals that provided new insights into Tsirkas’s trilogy, Drifting Cities.

Rehabilitating Memory As a graduate student, Nicolaou began writing and producing films and decided to pursue a secondary field in Critical Media Practice (CMP), which gave her the visual tools to prioritize more artistic thinking.

For her CMP capstone project, she developed a two-part work titled “History Lesson” that engages with the same questions that motivated her dissertation but approached them through multimedia installation and performance. “History Lesson” proposes an alternative history of the island of Cyprus based entirely on film. The piece grapples with what has been remembered and forgotten about the Greek-backed military coup and Turkish invasion of Cyprus in the summer of 1974;

take notes in exercise books similar – with one exception – to those from Nicolaou’s childhood: For the booklets she had printed for the installation, Nicolaou replaced government-approved images of pre1974 Cyprus with film stills of the same iconic sites that appeared on the original exercise books.

Nicolaou sees these films as a counterpoint to officially sanctioned remembrances of and amnesias about pre-1974 Cyprus in the post1974 Republic of Cyprus. “The fact that the island was captured on camera in its pre-1974 state gave these films a different quality than anything I’d ever seen before,” she said in her performance. While she approaches her materials differently as a scholar and a filmmaker, in both realms she believes that “art and literature have the potential to be important and unexcavated sources of historical information.”

Going Deep After defending her dissertation in September 2018, Nicolaou joined the Department of Media and Performance at the Museum of Modern Art. There, she is conducting curatorial research in preparation for an exhibition called “Just Above Midtown: 1974 to the Present,” scheduled for fall 2022. Just Above Midtown (JAM) was an art gallery in New York founded by artist and activist Linda Goode Bryant that embraced the work of African American artists, artists of color, and self-taught artists.

JAM organized ground-breaking exhibitions and first supported many artists now recognized as essential figures of the second half of the 20th century. Although New York’s art scene in the 1970s is a new topic for Nicolaou, her approach to researching this unheralded moment is

“I consider my work one way of using the humanities to respond to politics.”

– Argyro Nicolaou the action resulted in a divided island, with Greek Cypriots—like Nicolaou’s mother—moving south and Turkish Cypriots moving north, separated by a United Nations Buffer Zone.

“Nicolaou’s ‘History Lesson’ is brilliant on many levels, chiefly in the way it provides a novel way to review Cyprus’ well-examined past,” said Elaine Papoulis, CES executive director, which partially funded Nicolaou’s dissertation research and her capstone presentation. “It fosters liberation from preconceived cognitive boundaries and, perhaps most importantly, rehabilitates memory into a wellspring of hope for the future.”

In the piece’s performance component, Nicolaou reveals History Lesson’s autobiographical roots. As a child, she heard stories from her mother about fleeing the northern city of Varosha as a teenager and she remembers vividly her mother repeatedly watching Attila ’74: The Rape of Cyrus, Michael Cacoyannis’s documentary about the aftermath of the Turkish invasion. Her primary education was filled with admonitions to “never forget” pre-1974 Cyprus; even her school exercise books were illustrated with iconic images of northern Cyprus, meant to keep the collective memory of lost territory alive, despite the fact that she was part of a generation without first-hand memory of those places.

The second part of “History Lesson” recounts the history of Cyprus through films shot on the island before the 1974 division. The viewer is invited to sit at a classroom desk and put on headphones to watch a video composed of film clips, including a British instructional film, the Peter Sellers pirate caper Ghost in the Noonday Sun, and Otto Preminger’s Exodus, starring Paul Newman and Eva Marie Saint, while listening to a lesson in geography, cartography, geopolitics, and natural history delivered in a professorial tone. Viewers are invited to

similar to the method she applied in her dissertation. “It’s about going deep into a moment of time and unearthing a narrative by looking not only at the artists’ work and their archives, but also looking at the social, cultural and political context for their work,” she explains.

Working in a museum setting has given Nicolaou another window onto the relationship between her scholarship and filmmaking. “I love that I’m in a space that takes the resources of research and the interdisciplinarity that is a feature of my media work and scholarship and gives it to so many people,” she says. “Having access to film and media work in the museum has also transformed the way I approach my own media practice. Being in the museum has made me want to continue writing and making media as much as I can.”

Six CES Graduate Students earn Ph.D.s Training graduate students has always been a central mission of CES. This year, the following students completed their degrees:

Jacob Samuel Abolafia

CES DISSERTATION WORKSHOP The CES Dissertation Workshop provides graduate students with a collegial, stimulating environment in which to present their research to peers and faculty members and receive valuable feedback.

This year, CES graduate student affiliates Mina Mitreva and Adan Knaap coordinated the workshop.

The following students presented their research:

22

Elissa Berwick (Comparative Politics and Methodology, MIT) “Substate Nationalism and the Scope of Redistribution: Evidence from Spain” Louis Gerdelan (History) “Prophecies of Doom or the Doom of Prophecy?

Debates over the Astrological Prediction of Disasters in the Atlantic World, c.1650-1700” Ian Kumekawa (History) “Lugers and Londonderry: World War I, Ireland, and the Origins of Modern British Gun Control”

Jacob Samuel Abolafia (Government) Charles Clavey (Government) Barnaby Crowcroft (History) Chase Foster (Government) Dominika Roksana Kruszewska (Government) Argyro Nicolaou (Comparative Literature)

Deirdre DeBruyn Rubio (Islamic Studies, Religion and Society) “Sacred/Secular Space: The Politics of Space and Interfaith for French Muslim Communities in Paris” Mikko Silliman (Education Policy & Program Evaluation) “Can Schools Help Close Immigrant-Native Gaps in Later Outcomes?”

Mina Mitreva (History) “Anarcho-Syndicalism from Wilhelmine to Weimar Germany, 1914-1930”

Lucas Melvin Mueller (History, Anthropology, Science, Technology, and Society (HASTS), MIT) “Risk on the Negotiation Table: Contaminants, Global Commodity Trade, and Experts after Empire” Note: Unless otherwise noted, all graduate students are Ph.D. candidates at Harvard University.

Minda de Gunzburg CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES at HARVARD

UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMS

Karl Oskar Schulz

Each year CES provides undergraduate students at Harvard with opportunities to experience Europe and develop an enduring interest in European studies by supporting the following initiatives: Secondary Field in European History, Politics, and Societies

The Center oversees the Secondary Field in European History, Politics, and Societies (EHPS), which offers undergraduates the opportunity to pursue interdisciplinary studies in contemporary European politics, history, and social and cultural developments.

In 2019, Spencer Ma became the 6th Harvard College student to complete this secondary field in European studies since it was launched in 2016.

Konrad Adenauer Fellowship

Offering mentorship as well as financial support for graduating seniors who seek to pursue masters studies and research at German universities, the Konrad Adenauer Fellowship is presented by CES in conjunction with the Konrad-AdenauerStiftung (KAS). This year, Casey Goggin ’19 (Joint Concentration in Government and Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies) was awarded the fellowship.

Senior Thesis Grants

To promote undergraduate interest and study in Europe, CES funds research for students at Harvard College who are writing senior theses focused on Europe. Since 1979, grants for juniors pursuing a senior thesis in European studies have been made possible through the generous endowment of the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation, which established the Krupp Foundation Fellowship in European Studies. This year, 12 rising seniors spent the summer in Europe conducting research and

CES R E V I E W 2 0 18 - 2 0 19

experiencing the cultures while pursuing projects ranging from “Understanding Non-Secular Feminism” to “Diplomatic Culture in the French Restoration.” Three senior thesis grant recipients were awarded the Stanley H. Hoffman Undergraduate Research and Travel Grant.

Internship Grants

CES internships provide experiential learning opportunities to Harvard College students in a variety of public, private, and research institutions. Students return from these opportunities with new perspectives, a deeper understanding of Europe, and skills gained from exposure to different sectors in an international environment. This year, 19 students had their internships funded

by CES, allowing them to explore opportunities ranging from duties at the Institute for Historical Justice and Reconciliation in the Netherlands to the Center for Hellenic Studies in Greece.

Four of these internship recipients were also awarded the Stanley H. Hoffman Undergraduate Research and Travel Grant. Molly Levens ’20 received the Real Colegio Complutense Grant, which provides funding for eight weeks of research in Spain, where she studied at the Basque Culinary Institute.

12 Senior Thesis Grants

19 Internships

13+ Countries 23

College Student Profiles Visiting Hungary to study and help

Sara Bobok’s thesis about politics in Hungary comes to surprising conclusions Sara Bobok received a CES Senior Thesis Grant in 2018 to research and write her thesis. CES Director Grzegorz Ekiert and CES Local Affiliate Nikolas Prevelakis served as her advisors during this process. The thesis earned her the Thomas Temple Hoopes prize. This profile was of part of the Harvard Gazette’s commencement series featuring stellar graduates of 2018. It was slightly modified from the original.

Sara Bobok ’19 has always been of two worlds, at home in both and neither. Born near Budapest, Hungary, she moved to the U.S. at age two when her parents — an internist and a mathematician and software engineer — emigrated in search of economic opportunity, eventually settling in a suburb of Schenectady, N.Y. Unlike many immigrants, while growing up Bobok returned to her native land every year. “It was difficult in Hungary to express what it was like to live in America,” she said, “and difficult in America to explain that I’m not entirely American. The language we spoke, the foods we ate, the culture we grew up in, and also my family’s values were Hungarian.”

Though she and her parents and younger brother were active in the expat Hungarian community, they had no extended family nearby. “I had great opportunities here, but wish I could have gotten to know my cousins better,” she said. She found another sort of family on her visits, though. “A big turning point in my life

24

happened when I was 14,” she recalled. It was when she spent 10 days working with her aunt in a foster-home “orphanage” in Galospetreu, Transylvania, a region of Romania with a Hungarian ethnic minority.

“I thought I was going to teach an English program for the kids,” she said, “but I realized on the first day that of all the things they needed in the world, fluency in English wasn’t one of them. My entire worldview shifted in terms of how I’d seen my life and what was important to me. Probably my third day there I completely broke down. I remember asking how the world could be so unfair just because someone was born in a different place.” Since that revelation, Bobok has returned to the orphanage annually, for anywhere from two to six weeks, getting to know the 30 or so 3to 17-year-olds who live there.

Most of the children she meets are there because of neglect or economic scarcity, and often when they leave the orphanage, they are subject to the same cycles of poverty their parents were.

“But they work and love their children and are very respectable,” she said. “They live in poverty, but it seems clear there’s always something they took away from the home.” Bobok, too, has taken something away from her time there. “I think I owe a lot of who I am today to the orphanage teaching me such serious lessons so early on.”

Minda de Gunzburg CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES at HARVARD

Last year, in addition to a brief stint at the orphanage, Bobok spent three months conducting participant observation research with Hungary’s far-right party, Jobbik, including time in the party’s youth summer camp, for her senior thesis. In the course of her extensive research she was surprised to find that a disproportionate number of young people in the party — approximately a quarter of them — identify as social liberals. The reason behind this apparent paradox, Bobok discovered, rests in a redefinition of Hungarian patriotism through a realignment of young people’s political priorities. Her advisers at CES, which underwrote her research in 2018, were no less than stunned by her scholarship.

“Her hypothesis, which I believe is correct, is the first in-depth study on the mindset, worldview, and motivations of these people,” said Nicolas Prevelakis, the assistant director of curricular development at the Center for Hellenic Studies and Bobok’s thesis supervisor. “I believe it’s the only such study that’s been done in Hungary. Typically students do 25 or maybe 30 interviews; she did 70 or 80, and her findings are not only extremely important for Hungary but also for the fact that she identified a trend that goes way beyond Hungary.”

Grzegorz Ekiert, the Laurence A. Tisch Professor of Government and director of CES, calls Bobok “one of those very special students Harvard is fortunate to have.” He recalls that in her first course with him, “Capitalism and Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe,” “she was not pleased with my introductory lecture, finding it too opinionated and critical of Hungarian politics. She was not shy to tell me this.” The two continued the

conversation well after the semester ended, and Ekiert maintains that he learned nearly as much from her as she did from him.

Bobok is “not happy till she gets at the heart of things,” Prevelakis added, “and she’s willing to do a lot of work for that. That is very unusual, not only among students but among people in general.

A lot of people would say, ‘I have the answer, let’s move on.’ But she has a commitment to the truth. She’s winning one award after another, which I think is well deserved.”

Bobok has been asked to speak at four conferences. She won the Kathryn W. Davis Prize for Undergraduate Research and the Hoopes Prize, which recognizes the best senior theses on campus. She also received a Pforzheimer Public Service Fellowship, with which she intends to spend nine months in Hungary studying sex trafficking, which she called a “massive crisis” in the country. She plans to decipher “what the trafficking pipeline looks like in Hungary” and then try to identify possible points of intervention, ultimately designing a prevention curriculum that she’ll take to middle schools, high schools, and children’s homes.

It may seem far afield from her work with the political far right and her time at the orphanage, but from Bobok’s perspective they’re all of a piece. “I’m open to anything that will increase my potential of having an impact on these kids I’m working with,” she said, adding that she may eventually get a law degree and work in children’s aid in Hungary. “Ultimately, I hope to make it my life’s work to keep using the resources I was so lucky to have been given in my life to somehow help people who were not afforded those same advantages.”

Three students awarded prestigious Hoopes Prize Each year, Harvard’s Faculty of Arts and Sciences awards the Thomas Temple Hoopes Prize to undergraduates who have produced outstanding senior theses. In May 2019, three recipients of CES Senior Thesis Grants in the previous academic year were honored with this prize: • Sara Bobok for her submission entitled “The Paradox of Nemzeti: Liberals in the Hungarian Far Right”— nominated by Nicolas Prevelakis, Assistant Director of Curricular Development, Center for Hellenic Studies, Lecturer on Social Studies & CES Local Affiliate.

• Emily Brother for her submission entitled “From the Page to Performance: A Lecture-Recital Exploring the Interpretive Possibilities in Frédéric Chopin’s Preludes, Op. 28”— nominated by Suzannah Clark, Professor of Music.

• Julia Fine for her submission entitled “Civilized Man Cannot Live Without Cooks: Food and Empire in Colonial India”— nominated by Maya Jasanoff, Coolidge Professor of History & CES Resident Faculty, and Alan Niles, Lecturer on History and Literature.

CES R E V I E W 2 0 18 - 2 0 19

Julia Fine

25

European Studies Concentrator Turns Passion into Reality Coming from California, where an hours-long road trip may not even leave the state, Spencer Ma ’19 has long been fascinated by the proximity and diversity of the European Union.

“In Europe, you can just hop on a train and travel maybe an hour and be completely immersed in a different world,” says Ma, who received his degree in economics with a secondary concentration in European History, Politics, and Societies (EHPS) in May 2019. “How a conglomeration of different countries that have vastly different cultures, completely different ways of government and economy, could come together and form, not only a monetary union but also a political union as well,” he adds. “That was always fascinating to me.”

This fascination led him to CES in 2016, just as it began offering the secondary field of concentration.

For Ma, who had also studied French, the secondary concentration in European studies made sense. “If you look at the track of my college career, the underlying regional commonality between a lot of classes was Europe,” he says.

The summer after his sophomore year, Ma got to experience the workings of the EU firsthand, thanks to a CES summer internship to the European Parliament. In Brussels, Ma conducted research for the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats of Europe (ALDE), contributing to policy analyses and recommendations.

“The job was always different, which I found incredibly exciting,” said Ma. He primarily worked for the Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO) and the Foreign Affairs (AFET) committees, “researching everything from trade barriers and the flow of goods to humanitarian crises,” he said.

“One day I would be doing research on a particular committee in the European Parliament. And another day I could be attending meetings all day, engaging in negotiations with other parties.”

His time there had tangible results when he was tasked with drafting a resolution on the humanitarian crisis following the kidnapping of

26

Afgan Mukhtarli, an Azerbaijani journalist. It also built on the interest in international relations fostered by Ma’s time with Harvard Model U.N., which he joined his freshman year. As a member of the student organization’s traveling team, which competes around the country, he discovered a love of debating, researching international relations, and, as he puts it, “just being able to immerse myself into that kind of discussion.”

For Ma, all these interests converged. “One of the highlights of my internship was being able to actually apply the knowledge I had gained in Model United Nations,” he says.

These interests further dovetailed Ma’s senior year, when he served as the Secretary General of the Harvard World Model U.N. With over 2,500 participants from 115 countries, the World Model U.N. travels to a different city each year. This past year, it was held in Madrid.

“I was able to use some of the resources that CES provided to contact officials in Spain and people that we could talk to in terms of getting really awesome speakers,” says Ma. Among those speakers was King Felipe VI of Spain, who gave the keynote address.

Next year, Ma will join L.E.K. Consulting in New York, a position that will “improve my business analytical skills,” he says. “That can lead to a wide variety of options.”

Before starting his work life, Ma plans a summer trip back to Europe, visiting with the friends he made through Model U.N. and CES, which he credits as having “a huge influence on my college career.”

“Especially because of that internship that they provided, but also because of the guidance and constant resources they have given me,” says Ma. “I recommend CES and the internships that they offer to everyone. CES was not only a resource but was also a defining force of my college career.”

Minda de Gunzburg CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES at HARVARD

Senior Thesis Grantee Reconsiders Memory in Berlin For Kate Brady ‘19, the past is always present.

“What’s interesting about memory is that it’s constantly evolving,” says the Piedmont, S.C., native. For Brady, a social studies concentrator who wrote her thesis on Berlin’s Holocaust Memorial or the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, this evolution continues to play a role. “Memory is constantly collaborating with culture in a way that we really can’t pin down,” she says.

For Brady, it’s also personal. “I’ve always been interested in World War II history, because my grandfather fought for the United States in the war, and my mom has always been fascinated,” says Brady. “So I grew up as a kid reading a lot of Holocaust books, a lot of World War II historical fiction.”

Although Brady only began studying German at Harvard, she quickly became immersed in both the language and the history. Thanks to CES funding, she was able to live and research in Berlin for eight weeks during the summer of 2018, gaining an in-depth perspective on the complicated interaction between memory and culture through time.

Here, again, having a personal connection helped.

“When you’re interviewing people, they want to know why you’re interested in this topic. And, so, it was helpful to say, ‘I’m really interested in memory, but I’m also interested in World War II, because of my grandpa,’ she says. “Also, coming from South Carolina, I grew up around a lot of discussion about how to talk about the Civil War and remember slavery.”

Her thesis, “German Politics and Historical Memory on a Monumental Stage: Berlin’s Memorial to the Murdered Jews,” which she will continue to research next year when she returns to Berlin on a Fulbright scholarship, tackles three distinct questions. The first covers the history of memory in politics. Specifically, she looks at how memory has helped define “foreign policy and domestic issues in the Federal Republic in Germany since 1945,” she says. “How it was used to define national identity both at home and abroad.”

CES R E V I E W 2 0 18 - 2 0 19

She then moves on to the debate about this specific memorial, a debate that was interrupted by the reunification of East and West Germany. Finally, she looks ahead at how this debate is continuing to evolve. The controversy surrounding the memorial’s use of one contractor, Degussa, a subsidiary of a company that had manufactured Zyklon B, the gas used in the Holocaust gas chambers, as well as the rise of the far right Alternative for Germany party all highlight how history as well as memory continues to shape the national debate.

“There’s a lot of talk right now about populism and democracy, and what’s democratic,” says Brady.

“I wanted to consider that they’re challenging democratic norms.”

Those issues were particularly vibrant for Brady in part because the senior thesis grant enabled her to live in Berlin, close to the memorial. “Thanks to the CES grant, I spent my whole summer in Berlin doing interviews and trying to get the story of this monument,” she says. Such proximity was vital to understanding these questions. “There were nights when I just needed to walk through the memorial and think about it, or of sit back and look at it,” she says.

Even after her research summer was completed, Brady found CES an invaluable resource. “It’s not just the grant, it’s the support. It’s the guidance,” she says, citing opportunities to present her research and receive feedback. “What I really like about CES is that it brings a certain perspective,” she says. “They bring in great academic speakers. They also bring in MPs and former central bankers.”

“Having the opportunity to meet people at Harvard, on campus, coming from Europe just really helped me solidify my thesis topic,” says Brady. “There were so many special opportunities to share my work and get feedback from really wise individuals.”

27

Front row: Roshni Chakraborty, Mercedes Sapuppo, Emily Markowitz, Vanessa Ruales Navas, May Wang, Benjamin Roy, and Russel Reed.

Middle row: Madison Pagel, Natalie Dabkowski, Barbara Oedayrajsingh Varma, and Herkus Gudavicius. Back row: James Kitch, Ian Lutz, and William Matheson. (left to right)

INTERNSHIP GRANT RECIPIENTS Andrew Aoyama (History and Literature & Middle Eastern Studies, 2021) Research Assistant to Suzy Hansen of The New York Times Magazine – Istanbul, Turkey Roshni Chakraborty (Social Studies, 2021) Mayday Rescue – Amsterdam, The Netherlands Natalie Dabkowski (Government, 2021) Institute for Historical Justice and Reconciliation (IHJR) – The Hague, The Netherlands Inês Fernandes (Economics, 2021) German Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) – Cologne, Germany Herkus Gudavicius (Social Studies, 2021) The Centre for Applied Nonviolent Action and Strategies (CANVAS) – Belgrade, Serbia

Molly Leavens (Special Concentration, 2020) Basque Culinary Center – San Sebastian, Spain * Real Colegio Complutense Grant Recipient

Ian Lutz (Social Studies, 2021) UK Parliament, MP Thomas Brake – London, United Kingdom Emily Markowitz (Social Studies, 2021) Teneo – London, United Kingdom William Matheson (Government, 2021) OECD, Secretary General – Paris, France * Stanley H. Hoffmann Undergraduate Research and Travel Grant Recipient

Alexis Mealey (Philosophy & Government, 2021) Center for Hellenic Studies – Nafplio, Greece

* Stanley H. Hoffmann Undergraduate Research and Travel Grant Recipient

Ana Luiza Nicolae (Undeclared, 2022) Apolitical – London, United Kingdom

James Kitch (Undeclared, 2022) Center for Transport Economics – Oslo, Norway

Barbara Oedayrajsingh Varma (Psychology, 2021) Apolitical – London, United Kingdom

Mirnes Kukic (Social Studies, 2021) The Centre for Applied Nonviolent Action and Strategies (CANVAS) – Belgrade, Serbia

Madison Pagel (Government, 2020) Institute for Historical Justice and Reconciliation (IHJR) – The Hague, The Netherlands

* Stanley H. Hoffmann Undergraduate Research and Travel Grant Recipient

28

Grace Pan (Social Studies, 2020) Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Tallinn, Estonia Minda de Gunzburg CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES at HARVARD

Pablo Rasmussen (Government; Secondary in European History, Politics, and Societies, 2020) Innovation Policy Internship Program – Strasbourg, France * Stanley H. Hoffmann Undergraduate Research and Travel Grant Recipient

Mercedes Sapuppo (Undeclared, 2022) Human Rights Watch – Amsterdam, The Netherlands Karl Oskar Schulz (Undeclared, 2022) Research Assistant to Johannes Vogel, Member of the German Bundestag & CES John F. Kennedy Memorial Policy Fellow – Berlin, Germany TowerBrook – London, United Kingdom

SENIOR THESIS GRANT RECIPIENTS Lily Jacobs (Social Studies, 2020) Understanding Non-Secular Feminism: Agency and Recognition in French Muslim Feminist Movements Isabella Kwasnik (History, 2020) Victimhood Nationalism: The Impact of Property Restitutions in Polish-Jewish Relations Matthew Keating (Government, 2020) European Union Member States’ Approaches to Evaluating and Supporting LGBTQ Asylum Seekers

*Stanley H. Hoffmann Undergraduate Research and Travel Grant Recipient

Drake Marshall (History, 2020) World War I and the Birth of Modern Combined Arms Tactics

Emma Potvin (History, 2020) Diplomatic Culture in the French Restoration, 1816-1831 Russell Reed (Special Concentration, 2020) The Killing of a Sacred Ape: Colonial Racial Science and Gorilla Conservation in the Albertine Rift Benjamin Roy (Classics, 2020) The Reception of the Classics by Neo-fascist Political Organizations in Modern Greece Vanessa Ruales Navas (Social Studies, 2020) Effect of Freedom of Expression Jurisprudence and Corporate Perception on UK Food Labeling

* Stanley H. Hoffmann Undergraduate Research and Travel Grant Recipient

Alexandra Todorova (History, 2020) The Aryan Vikings of Hedeby: Danish Archaeology in the Shadow of the Third Reich Rebecca Thau (History and Literature & Romance Languages and Literatures, 2020) Re-Judaization and Algerian-French Thinkers: Jewishness for Jacques Derrida and Helene Cixous May Wang (Comparative Literature, 2020) Evolutionary Theory and Literary Framing in Nineteenth-Century French and English Literature Selena Zhao (Government, 2020) Understanding Democratic Dysfunction in Northern Ireland’s Power-Sharing Institution * Stanley H. Hoffmann Undergraduate Research and Travel Grant Recipient

Senior Thesis Conference At the end of November, eight of the 2018 Senior Thesis Grant recipients presented their preliminary findings at the annual CES Senior Thesis Conference. Faculty and fellow students were present to offer constructive feedback.

Photo (left to right): Dimitri Sotiropolos, Hannah Callaway, Eliza Ennis, Sara Bobok, Bella Roussanov, and Aidan Connaughton.

CES R E V I E W 2 0 18 - 2 0 19

29

The long, deep ties between Harvard and Germany In 1971, Guido Goldman, co-founding director of the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies (CES), walked into a meeting with West Germany’s thenfinance minister, Alex Möller, hoping for a gift to help support the center. He left with a sweeping offer that he couldn’t have imagined.

“I was kind of blown away,” said Goldman, recalling that meeting. He had envisioned a $2 million gift to the Center, then known as the Western European Studies program, as a way for Germany to the U.S. for the aid it had given in the years following the world wars. “I said to the finance minister, ‘It’s just my feeling that Germany should say thank you for all this assistance,’” Goldman said.

“After I made my little speech in German — because he spoke no English — he said, ‘I completely agree with you, and we will do it, and you will help us design [the initiative].’”

Goldman, astonished, inquired, “Could you tell me in what dimensions of financing you have in mind?” Möller replied, “‘I have in mind a gift of 250 million marks’ — which was $65 million.” In the end, $1 million of the gift went to CES and the rest became the German Marshall Fund of the U.S., one of the most important trans-Atlantic organizations.

Note: This article has been edited from the original version, which was published in the Harvard Gazette in advance of the Commencement address of Chancellor Angela Merkel on May 30, 2019.

Yet the moment between Goldman and Möller was just another part of the longstanding history of connections between Harvard and Germany.

In the latest of these links, German Chancellor Angela Merkel was the principal speaker at Harvard’s 368th Commencement, the fourth postwar German chancellor to do so. She also received an honorary degree from the University, as have five chancellors before her: Konrad Adenauer (1955), Willy Brandt (1963), Ludwig Erhard (1965), Helmut Schmidt (1979), and Helmut Kohl (1990).

German President Richard von Weizsäcker was the speaker in 1987.

In advance of Merkel’s visit, the Harvard Gazette surveyed a number of key developments between Germany and Harvard during the 19th and 20th centuries, which ultimately speak to efforts in U.S., German, and European history to encourage transAtlantic relations and academic study. The connections have included art collections, fellowships and scholarship programs for German students and professionals to study at Harvard, and research and study-abroad opportunities for Harvard students and faculty to travel to Germany.

Coming together through art One of the most notable links started in the later 19th century, when Harvard looked to the German university model for inspiration.

By the mid-1800s, German universities were among the most admired in the world, so respected that students who studied at Harvard would often go to Germany for postgraduate studies. At the time, Harvard had many notable German professors — Kuno Francke joined the German department in 1884; Hugo Münsterberg began teaching philosophy and psychology in 1892; the philologist H.C.G. von Jagemann arrived on campus in 1898 — and many Harvard professors had spent a year or more studying in Germany.

In his 1869 inaugural address, Harvard President Charles W. Eliot announced changes he intended to make that were modeled in part on the German system and were then-novel ideas in the U.S.: Introducing an elective system so students could choose some of their own courses, expanding the library, revamping the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and creating professional schools that would go on to become the School of Business and the Graduate School of Design.

Eventually, Francke, Münsterberg, Jagemann, and two other German faculty members — George Bartlett and Hugo Schilling — began working to bring German art to Harvard, leading to creation in 1901 of the Germanic CES R E V I E W 2 0 18 - 2 0 19

in North America dedicated to the study of the countries of Central and Northern Europe, including Holland, Scandinavia, Switzerland, and Austria, and it made Harvard a key link in the relationship between the U.S. and Germany at a time when relations between the two nations didn’t go far beyond immigration.

The following year, German Kaiser Wilhelm II made a large pledge of German art and architecture replicas to the museum, some of which were monumental in size and cultural significance, such as the 13th century Golden Portal from the Church of Our Lady in Freiberg. In return, Harvard hosted Wilhelm’s brother, Prince Henry, in 1902 and presented him with an honorary degree. During the ceremony, the prince read from a telegram the Kaiser sent congratulating him on the degree, calling it the “highest honor which America can bestow.”

Despite such moments of goodwill, however, relations between the nations soured as the First World War broke out, and by April 1917 the U.S. had joined the allies in the fight against Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. That dampened the opening of the museum’s new home, Adolphus Busch Hall, which was funded by the co-founder of the AnheuserBusch brewing company, who was a German immigrant. The building was completed that same year but did not open until 1921 because of the political climate (though the official reason given was “lack of coal” for heating).

The museum would close again during World War II — and the U.S. Army used the building.

During the war, arts funding dried up and by the time the troops moved on, the Germanic Museum was nearly broke. Edmée Busch Reisinger Greenough, one of Adolphus’ 13 children, helped the museum get back on its feet with donations totaling $205,000 in 1948 and 1949. The museum was renamed the Busch-Reisinger Museum in honor of her contributions.

Almost 30 years later, in 1987, Harvard officials, who worried about the lack of climate control in Busch Hall, moved the majority of the artwork to temporary quarters in the Fogg Museum while Werner Otto Hall, an addition to the Fogg funded by another German entrepreneur, was being built. The collection moved to Otto Hall when it opened in 1991.

Busch Hall, now home to CES, continues to house much of the founding collection of medieval art plaster casts.

While its ties to the German government aren’t as direct as they were in its early years, the museum remains true to its mission, with particularly strong holdings of Vienna Secession art, German expressionism, and Bauhaus-related materials.

“The museum came out of this very particular moment between Harvard and Germany at the end of the 19th century,” said Lynette Roth, the Daimler Curator of the BuschReisinger Museum. “What I always try to emphasize now is not to forget that history but also try and show how the museum has grown and changed.”

Rebuilding connections During much of the second half of the last century, Germany worked with Harvard to rebuild its relationship with the U.S. Twenty-five years to the day after U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall announced the European Recovery Program — commonly known later as the Marshall Plan — at Harvard’s 1947 Commencement, then-Chancellor Brandt announced the creation of German Marshall Fund during a 1972 convocation at Sanders Theatre, again making Harvard a key locus of U.S. and German relations.

Much of the work between Germany and Harvard happened out of CES, founded in 1969 by Goldman ’59, Ph.D. ’69, and Buttenwieser University Professor Stanley Hoffmann, who was who was born in Vienna and escaped Paris just days before Germany’s invasion. Throughout its history, the Center has been known for having a strong focus on the study and betterment of Germany and all of Europe. On June 6, 1974, CES and the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen and Halbach Foundation partnered to establish fellowships for students and the Krupp Foundation Professorship in European Studies at Harvard. The foundation’s $2 million gift was meant for “the strengthening of relations between America and Europe” and was the first partnership between an American university and a private German foundation.

The Program for the Study of Germany and Europe produced research papers, lectures, conferences, and workshops on the study of contemporary Germany and Europe. And the Konrad Adenauer Fellowship sponsors graduate and undergraduate students interested in studying and researching at German universities after completion of their studies at Harvard.

31

CES also manages the John F. Kennedy Memorial Fellowship, a hallmark of transAtlantic dialogue between American and German scholars. It was launched in 1967 to honor the slain president, a 1940 Harvard College graduate. In 1963, Kennedy made a landmark visit to then-West Germany, giving his famous “Ich bin ein Berliner” speech before a half-million residents in support of freedom.

Five months later, two days after Kennedy’s assassination, the cabinet of West German President Heinrich Lübke met to develop a plan to commemorate the visit. That turned

“It’s a program that was always built around this idea that Germans would come to America, would understand America better, would go back to Germany, and would be able to communicate what America is all about,” Risse said.

Through high-profile programs such as these, Harvard and its experts remained steady players in German and U.S. relations. They are often called when new initiatives arise across the Atlantic. Take, for example Urs Gasser, executive director of the Berkman Klein Center

Over more than a century, the connections have spanned everything from curriculum reform to art collections to trans-Atlantic fellowships. into the fellowship, which was funded by the government and private donations from German industry to allow fellows to spend an academic year at Harvard. The program has brought more than 100 German social scientists, politicians, and journalists to the University, and in 2017 expanded to include non-German scholars from the European Union.

for Internet & Society and a professor of the practice at the Law School. Last year he was tapped to become a member of Merkel’s German Digital Council, which advises her government on topics like the role of data and digitizing systems and works on projects such as streamlining applications. “If Angela Merkel calls you and says, ‘Look, I need your advice,’ you’re likely to say yes,” Gasser said.

“It was really meant to be a trans-Atlantic bridge of academic and cultural exchange,” said Elaine Papoulias, executive director of CES. “Programs like this are really important when, diplomatically, countries bilaterally hit low points. The recipients of the fellowship who come really develop quite an attachment academically and personally to the community here. The community here becomes their second family.”

Beth Simone Noveck ’91, A.M. ’92, is also on the council. She is a law professor at New York University and served as New Jersey’s first chief innovation officer, and from 2009-2011 was the deputy chief technology officer for the U.S.

At the Harvard Kennedy School (HKS), another program was started in 1983, said Mathias Risse, the Lucius N. Littauer Professor of Philosophy and Public Administration and director of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy. The McCloy Fellowship, the program recruits about six German masters’ students a year to study at HKS. It was named after John J. McCloy, the first civilian high commissioner of occupied Germany, and has more than 200 alumni and an annual conference in Berlin.

32

Another example is Karl Kaiser, senior associate for the Project on Europe and the Transatlantic Relationship at HKS’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs.

Since the 1970s, he’s been a member of the Council of Environmental Advisors of Germany.

Kaiser has served as an expert member for several commissions of the German Parliament on issues like the expansion of the European Union. He was also a political advisor to Chancellors Brandt and Schmidt, and to Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher in the Kohl administration.

Goldman, along with helping establish the German Marshall Fund, Kennedy Fellowship, and McCloy Fellowship (with Kaiser), was

also asked by the German government to help create the German Academic Exchange Service’s Centers of Excellence. They were founded in 1990 at Harvard, Georgetown University, and the University of California, Berkeley to encourage more collaboration in the humanities and social sciences between the U.S. and Europe and to promote the study of Germany.

Continuing cultural exchange Many of the more recent connections between Harvard and Germany are based on a continuing cultural exchange of ideas in the same vein as the Kennedy and McCloy fellowships. At the Medical School, for example, an immunology program allows students to do a summer rotation at Ludwig Maximilian University and Technical University, both in Munich.

“It’s an exchange of scientific ideas, a sharing of techniques and teaching methods, and an opportunity for students to learn at a high-level institution from the other side of the Atlantic,” said Ulrich H. von Andrian, the Edward Mallinckrodt Jr. Professor of Immunopathology.

Harvard’s Germanic Languages and Literatures Department offers a similar work-abroad program for students that helps them gain professional experience while exploring German language and culture, said Andreea Florescu D’Abramo, the department administrator. Last year, students interned at companies, nonprofits, and universities in cities including Berlin, Frankfurt, Hamburg, and Munich.

Harvard College also offers summer programs for students to study abroad in Berlin and Vienna for eight weeks.

The campus is also home to the Harvard Business School Association of Germany e.V., a nonprofit formed in 1997 to support and organize activities for HBS alumni in Germany, and the Council of the German American Conference at Harvard e.V., whose annual conference connects nearly 1,000 American and German leaders in business, politics, and academia to Harvard students who are interested in Germany for panels, speaking programs, and other networking opportunities.

“All these great, like-minded people stay in touch,” said Fabian Baldauf ’17, chairman and founding member. “Over the years, it’s grown into a really powerful network.”

Minda de Gunzburg CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES at HARVARD

Dream of A United Europe Art Exhibit Revisits Europe’s Early Optimism

Marking the 70th anniversary of the signing of the NATO treaty, CES’s new exhibit “Dream of a United Europe” took a look back to the Marshall Plan – the seed for a dream that started at Harvard. On June 5, 1947, on the steps of the University’s Memorial Church, U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall announced the European Recovery Program (ERP), which, at the time, was the largest international economic aid program in history. The ERP, or Marshall Plan as it came to be known, provided nearly $13 billion dollars in aid to politically and economically stabilize Europe after the devastation of WWII. In 1950, the U.S.-based Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) which administered the ERP, announced an art competition in Marshall Plan countries, offering prizes for the best posters that aesthetically represented “IntraEuropean Cooperation for a Better Standard of Living.” A jury of prominent graphic artists from each participating country selected 25 posters from among 10,000 entries. All 25 winning posters were printed and exhibited throughout

Bettina Burch, Jan Kubasiewicz & Daniel Ziblatt (left to right) CES R E V I E W 2 0 18 - 2 0 19

Europe to promote the ERP and a shared sense of European cooperation, unity and recovery.

These posters were on display at the Jacek E. Jacek E. Giedrojć Gallery, including the first prize winning poster “All Our Colours to the Mast” by Dutch artist Reyn Dirksen. The exhibit was made possible thanks to Andres de Riva, HKS MPA ’18, who had painstakingly collected these posters over years to commemorate his maternal grandfather’s service in World War II. How the sense of hope depicted in the posters played out subsequently was the subject of a discussion on “The Dream of a United Europe: From the Marshall Plan to Brexit.” Although the bright images in the gallery stressed the optimism of the time, the speakers – Mary Elise Sarotte, Chrsitiane Lemke and Sir Paul Tucker – presented a picture of a Europe that was born with difficulties and would face greater challenges as for the first time, a member prepares to leave.

Andres de Riva 33

ABOUT CES The Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies (CES) was founded in 1969 at Harvard’s Faculty of Arts and Sciences to promote the interdisciplinary understanding of European history, politics, economy and societies. Its mission is to: • Foster innovative research on and the study of Europe among Harvard faculty as well as graduate and undergraduate students.

• Facilitate the training of new generations of scholars and experts in European studies.

• Encourage vibrant discussions on European history and contemporary affairs which nurture the exchange of ideas across disciplines, sectors, generations, and across the Atlantic.

Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies Harvard University 27 Kirkland Street at Cabot Way Cambridge, MA 02138 617.495.4303 ces@fas.harvard.edu ces.fas.harvard.edu Follow us: @EuropeAtHarvard

CES CES YearYear in Review 2018-2019 in Review 2018-2019 Front Cover: Chancellor Angela Merkel and Guido Goldman, CES Co-founding Director Back Cover (clockwise): Elaine Papoulias, CES Executive Director; Charles Maier, Leverett Saltonstall Professor of History and CES Resident Faculty; Guido Goldman, CES Co-founding Director; Grzegorz Ekiert, Laurence A. Tisch Professor of Government and CES Director; Daniel Ziblatt, Eaton Professor of the Science of Government and CES Acting Director (Spring 2019) Inside Covers: Photography Details of Credits: art displayed in Adolphus Busch Hall David Elmes – All photography, unless otherwise noted.

Photography Credits:

David Elmes – All photography, unless otherwise noted Photos page 5

(middle) German Chancellor Angela Merkel, principal Editorial & Creative:

Commencement speaker, stands with her honorary degree.

Gila Naderi, Communications Manager, Jon Chase/Harvard Staff 368th Harvard Commencement. gilanaderi@fas.harvard.edu Photographer. © 2019 The President and Fellows of Harvard

College

© Copyright reserved by the Minda de Gunzburg Center (bottom) Chancellor Angela Merkel in discussion with for European Studies, Harvard University

representatives of the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies at Harvard © Presse- und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung/Guido Bergmann Molly Akin – p. 6; p. 16; p. 17 (photo top); 19-21; 26-27 Tessalina Halpern – p. 11 (photo top left) Jean Hangarter – p. 33 Martha Stewart – p. 13 (photo center) Eva Vidan – p. 28-29 Xenia Viragh (Class of 2019) – p. 25

Editorial & Creative: Gila Naderi – CES Communications Manager

27 Kirkland Street © Unless otherwise noted, copyright reserved by at theCabot Way Cambridge, Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, MA 02138 617.495.4303 Harvard University

ces@fas.harvard.edu ces.fas.harvard.edu Follow us: @EuropeAtHarvard

Where Harvard & Europe Meet